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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lunar_features', 'title': 'List of lunar features', 'header': ['Name', 'Dia', 'Name Origin'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dorsum Arduino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Arduino', 'summary': 'Dorsum Arduino is a wrinkle-ridge at 24°54′N 35°48′W / 24.9°N 35.8°W / 24.9 ; -35.8 in the border region between Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Imbrium on the Moon . It is 100 km long and was named after Italian geologist Giovanni Arduino in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '107 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Arduino ( 1714-1795 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Arduino_(geologist)', 'summary': 'Giovanni Arduino ( October 16 , 1714 - March 21 , 1795 ) was an Italian geologist who is known as the Father of Italian Geology . Arduino was born at Caprino Veronese , Veneto . He was a mining specialist who developed possibly the first classification of geological time , based on study of the geology of northern Italy . He divided the history of the Earth into four periods : Primitive , Secondary , Tertiary and Volcanic , or Quaternary .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Azara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Azara', 'summary': 'Dorsum Azara is a wrinkle ridge at 26°42′N 19°12′E / 26.7°N 19.2°E / 26.7 ; 19.2 in Mare Serenitatis on the Moon . It is 103 km long and was named after Spanish naturalist Félix Manuel de Azara in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '105 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Félix Manuel de Azara ( 1746-1811 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felix_de_Azara', 'summary': 'Félix Manuel de Azara ( 18 May 1742 - 20 October 1821 ) was a Spanish military officer , naturalist , and engineer .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Bucher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Bucher', 'summary': 'Dorsum Bucher is a wrinkle ridge at 31°00′N 39°00′W / 31.0°N 39.0°W / 31.0 ; -39.0 in the border region between Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Imbrium on the Moon . The name of the feature was approved by the IAU in 1976 . It is approximately 85 km long , extending from the vicinity of Gruithuisen crater to the area west of Delisle crater . The south end of the dorsum is a low hill of terra material that predates the mare lava . The ridge was named after Walter Hermann Bucher , a German-American geologist and paleontologist .'}]}, {'value': '90 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Hermann Bucher ( 1889-1965 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Hermann_Bucher', 'summary': "Dr. Walter Hermann Bucher ( March 12 , 1888 - February 17 , 1965 ) was a German-American geologist and paleontologist . He was born in Akron , Ohio to Swiss-German parents . The family then returned to Germany where he was raised . In 1911 he was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Heidelberg with a focus on geology and paleontology . The same year he returned to the U.S. and joined the University of Cincinnati as a lecturer . By 1924 he was a professor of geology at the institution . His early works were on paleontology , and he performed studies of stromatolettia , oolites , and ripple-shaped markings . Later he concentrated on the Earth 's crust diastrophism problem and proposed firstly ( immediate and independent [ clarification needed ] with Mikhail Tetyaev ) the pulsation hypothesis of the Earth developing . In 1935 he became president of the Ohio Academy of Sciences . In 1940 he joined the Columbia University , specializing in structural geology . It is thought that at this time he worked as a consultant on the Manhattan Project , hypothesizing how the detonation of the atomic bomb could affect the Earth 's crust . In the same year he joined the National Research Council , as a consultant as chairman of the Division of Geology and Geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Buckland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Buckland', 'summary': "Dorsum Buckland is a large wrinkle ridge at 20°24′N 12°48′E / 20.4°N 12.8°E / 20.4 ; 12.8 in Mare Serenitatis on the Moon , 369 km long . It was named after British geologist William Buckland in 1976 . Dorsum Buckland 's ridges are 200 to 300 meters high and were formed by compressional stresses near the center of the basin , possibly over buried basin structures ."}]}, {'value': '380 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Buckland ( 1784-1856 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Buckland', 'summary': 'William Buckland DD , FRS ( 12 March 1784 - 14 August 1856 ) was an English theologian who became Dean of Westminster . He was also a geologist and palaeontologist . He wrote the first full account of a fossil dinosaur , which he named Megalosaurus . His work proved that Kirkdale Cave had been a prehistoric hyena den , for which he was awarded the Copley Medal . It was praised as an example of how scientific analysis could reconstruct distant events . He pioneered the use of fossilised faeces in reconstructing ecosystems , coining the term coprolites . Buckland followed the Gap Theory in interpreting the biblical account of Genesis as two widely separated episodes of creation . It had emerged as a way to reconcile the scriptural account with discoveries in geology suggesting the earth was very old . Early in his career Buckland believed he had found evidence of the biblical flood , but later saw that the glaciation theory of Louis Agassiz gave a better explanation , and played a significant role in promoting it .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Cayeux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Cayeux', 'summary': 'Dorsum Cayeux is a wrinkle ridge at 1°36′N 51°12′E / 1.6°N 51.2°E / 1.6 ; 51.2 in Mare Fecunditatis on the Moon . It is approximately 95 km long and was named after French geologist Lucien Cayeux in 1976 by the IAU . Dorsum Cayeux begins on the north side of Taruntius P crater and trends to the northwest past Taruntius K crater , and then it curves back to the northeast and flattens out into the mare surface northwest of Smithson crater . The ridge is probably a continuation of Dorsa Geikie , which ends on the south side of Taruntius P crater ( i.e. , the object that created Taruntius P impacted the ridge ) .'}]}, {'value': '84 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucien Cayeux ( 1864-1944 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucien_Cayeux', 'summary': 'He also published a number of scientific papers .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Cloos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Cloos', 'summary': 'Dorsum Cloos is a wrinkle-ridge at 1°00′N 91°00′E / 1.0°N 91.0°E / 1.0 ; 91.0 in Mare Smythii on the Moon . It is 103 km long and was named after German geologist Hans Cloos in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '100 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hans Cloos ( 1885-1951 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hans_Cloos', 'summary': 'Hans Cloos ( November 8 , 1885 - September 26 , 1951 ) was a prominent German structural geologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Cushman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Cushman', 'summary': 'Dorsum Cushman is a wrinkle ridge at 1°00′N 49°00′E / 1.0°N 49.0°E / 1.0 ; 49.0 in Mare Fecunditatis on the Moon . It is 86 km long and was named after American micropaleontologist Joseph Augustine Cushman in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '80 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Augustine Cushman ( 1881-1949 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Augustine_Cushman', 'summary': 'Joseph Augustine Cushman ( January 31 , 1881 - April 16 , 1949 ) was an American geologist , paleontologist and foraminiferologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Gast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Gast', 'summary': 'Dorsum Gast is a wrinkle ridge at 24°00′N 9°00′E / 24.0°N 9.0°E / 24.0 ; 9.0 in Mare Serenitatis on the Moon . It is 65 km long and was named after American geochemist and geologist Paul Werner Gast in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': '60 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Werner Gast ( 1930-1973 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Werner_Gast', 'summary': 'Paul Werner Gast ( September 11 , 1930 - May 16 , 1973 ) was an American geochemist and geologist . He was born in Chicago , and attended Wheaton College , Illinois , whence he graduated in 1952 . He earned a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1957 . After graduation , he taught at the University of Minnesota until 1965 when he became professor of geology at Columbia . In 1969 Paul Gast assumed leadership of the geo-science management of the Manned Spacecraft Center in preparation for Apollo mission sample return from the Moon . He served as chief scientist of the Apollo Lunar Science Staff . He was one of the science consultant group known unofficially as the Four Horsemen , along with Jim Arnold , Bob Walker and Gerry Wasserburg . He died at the age of 43 , being survived by his wife , Joyce Rinehart , and two sons and a daughter . During his career he pioneered the study of rare earth elements in examining the crust , mantle , and interior of the planet . He led the development of the use of rubidium-strontium and uranium-lead radiometric dating methods for rocks , particularly for samples returned from the Moon . His examinations of trace elements resulted in new understanding of how volcanic fluids originate .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Grabau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Grabau', 'summary': 'Dorsum Grabau is a wrinkle ridge at 29°24′N 15°54′W / 29.4°N 15.9°W / 29.4 ; -15.9 north of Timocharis crater in Mare Imbrium on the Moon . It is 124 km long and was named after American paleontologist Amadeus William Grabau in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '121 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amadeus William Grabau ( 1870-1946 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amadeus_William_Grabau', 'summary': 'Amadeus William Grabau ( January 9 , 1870 - March 20 , 1946 ) , the father of Chinese geology , was an expatriate American geologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Guettard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Guettard', 'summary': 'Dorsum Guettard is a wrinkle-ridge at 10°00′S 18°00′W / 10.0°S 18.0°W / -10.0 ; -18.0 in Mare Cognitum on the Moon . It is 40 km long and was named after French geologist and mineralogist Jean-Étienne Guettard in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '40 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Etienne Guettard ( 1715-1786 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Etienne_Guettard', 'summary': 'Jean-Étienne Guettard ( 22 September 1715 - 7 January 1786 ) , French naturalist and mineralogist , was born at Étampes , near Paris . In boyhood , he gained a knowledge of plants from his grandfather , who was an apothecary , and later he qualified as a doctor in medicine . Pursuing the study of botany in various parts of France and other countries , he began to take notice of the relation between the distribution of plants and the soils and subsoils . In this way his attention came to be directed to minerals and rocks . In 1746 , he communicated to the Academy of Sciences in Paris a memoir on the distribution of minerals and rocks , and this was accompanied by a map on which he had recorded his observations . He thus , as remarked by W. D. Conybeare , first carried into execution the idea , proposed by Martin Lister years before , of geological maps . In the course of his journeys he made a large collection of fossils and figured many of them , but he had no clear ideas about the sequence of strata . He made observations also on the degradation of mountains by rain , rivers and sea ; and he was the first to ascertain the existence of former volcanoes in the district of Auvergne . In 1759 , Guettard was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . He died in Paris on 7 January 1786 . His publications include :'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Heim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Heim', 'summary': 'Dorsum Heim is a wrinkle ridge at 32°00′N 29°48′W / 32.0°N 29.8°W / 32.0 ; -29.8 in Mare Imbrium on the Moon . It is 148 km long and was named after Swiss geologist Albert Heim in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '148 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albert Heim ( 1849-1937 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Heim', 'summary': "Albert Heim ( 12 April 1849 - 31 August 1937 ) was a Swiss geologist , noted for his three-volume Geologie der Schweiz . Born in Zürich , he was educated at Zürich and Berlin universities . Very early in life he became interested in the physical features of the Alps , and at the age of sixteen he made a model of the Tödi group . This came to the notice of Arnold Escher von der Linth , to whom Heim was indebted for much encouragement and geological instruction in the field . In 1873 he became professor of geology in the polytechnic school at Zürich , and in 1875 professor of geology in the university . In the same year he married Marie Heim-Vögtlin , Switzerland 's first woman physician . In 1882 he was appointed director of the Geological Survey of Switzerland , and in 1884 the honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred upon him at the University of Berne . He was especially distinguished for his researches on the structure of the Alps and for the light thereby thrown on the structure of mountain masses in general . He traced the plications from minor to major stages , and illustrated the remarkable foldings and overthrust faultings in numerous sections and with the aid of pictorial drawings . His initial misinterpretation of the Glarus Alps as resulting entirely from folding rather than from a major thrust fault , an error which he acknowledged in 1901 , did not detract measurably from his considerable contributions . His work , Mechanismus der Gebirgsbildung ( 1878 ) , is now regarded as a classic , and it served to inspire Professor C Lapworth in his brilliant researches on the Scottish Highlands ( see Geol . Mag ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Higazy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Higazy', 'summary': 'Dorsum Higazy is a wrinkle ridge at 28°00′N 17°00′W / 28.0°N 17.0°W / 28.0 ; -17.0 in Mare Imbrium on the Moon . It is 63 km long and was named after Egyptian geologist Riad Higazy in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '60 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riad Higazy ( 1919-1967 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riad_Higazy', 'summary': 'Riad Abdel-Magid Higazy ( 1919-1967 ) was an Egyptian earth scientist . The wrinkle ridge Dorsum Higazy on the Moon is named after him .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Nicol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Nicol', 'summary': 'Dorsum Nicol is a wrinkle ridge on the Moon at 18°00′N 23°00′E / 18.0°N 23.0°E / 18.0 ; 23.0 in Mare Serenitatis near the border of Mare Tranquilitatis . It is 44 km long and was named after Scottish physicist William Nicol in 1976 . To the south of Dorsum Nicol are the Rimae Plinius and Plinius crater , and to the southeast is the small crater Brackett . To the north and perpendicular to Dorsum Nicol are the Dorsa Lister .'}]}, {'value': '50 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Nicol ( 1768-1851 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Nicol_(inventor)', 'summary': 'Dr William Nicol FRSE FCS ( 18 April 1770 - 2 September 1851 ) was a Scottish geologist and physicist who invented the Nicol prism , the first device for obtaining plane-polarized light , in 1828 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Niggli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Niggli', 'summary': 'Dorsum Niggli is a wrinkle ridge at 29°00′N 52°00′W / 29.0°N 52.0°W / 29.0 ; -52.0 in Oceanus Procellarum on the Moon . It is 50 km long and was named after Paul Niggli in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '50 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Niggli ( 1888-1953 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Niggli', 'summary': "Paul Niggli ( 26 June 1888 - 13 January 1953 ) was a Swiss crystallographer who was a leader in the field of X-ray crystallography . Niggli was born in Zofingen and studied at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ( ETH ) in Zurich and the University of Zurich , where he obtained a doctorate . His 1919 book , Geometrische Kristallographie des Diskontinuums , played a seminal role in the refinement of space group theory . In this book , Niggli demonstrated that although X-ray reflection conditions do not always uniquely determine the space group to which a crystal belongs , they do reveal a small number of possible space groups to which it could belong . Niggli used morphological methods to account for internal structure and , in his 1928 Kristallographische und Strukturtheoretische Grundbegriffe , he took up what is essentially the reverse process , the task of establishing the connection between space lattices and external crystal morphology . The great aim of his life was to integrate the whole field of Earth sciences . In 1920 , Niggli became the lead scientist at the ETH 's Institut für Mineralogie und Petrographie , where he brought his systematic approach to the study of crystal morphologies using X-ray diffraction . In 1935 , Niggli and his doctoral student Werner Nowacki ( 1909-1988 ) determined the 73 three-dimensional arithmetic crystal classes ( symmorphic space groups ) . Niggli retired from the Institute in 1949 . He was also professor of mineralogy at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule and at the University of Zurich . Niggli succeeded Paul Heinrich von Groth ( 1843-1927 ) as editor of Zeitschrift für Kristallographie . In 1948 , Niggli was awarded the Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Oppel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Oppel', 'summary': 'Dorsum Oppel is a wrinkle ridge at 18°42′N 52°36′E / 18.7°N 52.6°E / 18.7 ; 52.6 in Mare Crisium on the Moon . It is 298 km long and was named after the German paleontologist Albert Oppel in 1976 . The ridge trends north from Yerkes crater . Peirce and Swift craters lie to the east of the Dorsum .'}]}, {'value': '268 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albert Oppel ( 1831-1865 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Oppel', 'summary': 'Carl Albert Oppel ( 19 December 1831 - 23 December 1865 ) was a German paleontologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Owen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Owen', 'summary': 'Dorsum Owen is a wrinkle ridge at 25°00′N 11°00′E / 25.0°N 11.0°E / 25.0 ; 11.0 in Mare Serenitatis on the Moon . It is 33 km long and was named after British geologist George Owen of Henllys in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '50 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Owen ( 1552-1613 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Owen_of_Henllys', 'summary': 'George Owen of Henllys ( 1552 - 26 August 1613 ) was a Welsh antiquarian , author , and naturalist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Scilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Scilla', 'summary': 'Dorsum Scilla is a wrinkle ridge at 32°48′N 60°24′W / 32.8°N 60.4°W / 32.8 ; -60.4 in Oceanus Procellarum on the Moon . It is 108 km long and was named after Agostino Scilla in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '108 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agostino Scilla ( 1639-1700 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agostino_Scilla', 'summary': 'Agostino Scilla ( 10 August 1629 - 31 May 1700 ) was an Italian Baroque painter , paleontologist , geologist , numismatist , and a pioneer in the study of fossils and in scientific illustration . He is known for his paintings and also in the history of paleontology for the book La vana speculazione disingannata dal senso ( Vain Speculation Undeceived by Sense , 1670 ) which was introduced to English audiences by William Wotton of the Royal Society in 1696 . He was among the first to promote a scientific understanding of fossils in contrast to fantastic Biblical and divine interpretations .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Termier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Termier', 'summary': 'Dorsum Termier is a wrinkle ridge at 11°00′N 58°00′E / 11.0°N 58.0°E / 11.0 ; 58.0 in Mare Crisium on the Moon . It is 90 km long . It was named after French geologist Pierre-Marie Termier in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '90 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierre-Marie Termier ( 1859-1930 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Termier', 'summary': 'Pierre-Marie Termier ( July 3 , 1859 - October 23 , 1930 ) was a French geologist .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Thera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Thera', 'summary': "Dorsum Thera is a wrinkle ridge at 24°24′N 31°24′W / 24.4°N 31.4°W / 24.4 ; -31.4 in Mare Imbrium on the Moon . It is approximately 7 km long . NASA proposed to be named in honour of Dr A. Kontaratos ' contribution to the space program ( notably rescue of Apollo 13 mission ) . Nevertheless , Dr Kontaratos asked for the Dorsum to be named 'Thera ' , after his place of origin ( Thera - aka Santorini ) . It was named in 1976 . To the northeast are Courtney crater and Catena Yuri . To the southwest is Mons Vinogradov . The nearest prominent crater is Euler located to the south-southeast ."}]}, {'value': '7 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greek feminine name', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greek_language', 'summary': 'Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά , elliniká ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece , Cyprus , Albania and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea . It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language , spanning at least 3,500 years of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems . The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world , West Asia and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , and Turkey and by the Greek diaspora . Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .'}]}, {'value': 'Dorsum Von Cotta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorsum_Von_Cotta', 'summary': 'Dorsum Von Cotta is a wrinkle ridge at 23°12′N 11°54′E / 23.2°N 11.9°E / 23.2 ; 11.9 in Mare Serenitatis on the Moon . It is 183 km long and trends south to north at approximately the lunar 12th parallel . It was named after German geologist Bernhard von Cotta in 1976 . To the east of the dorsum is Hornsby crater located and to the west is the collapse feature known as Aratus CA . To the south is Dorsum Buckland .'}]}, {'value': '199 km', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Bernard von Cotta ( 1808-1879 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Bernard_von_Cotta', 'summary': 'Carl Bernhard von Cotta , known as Bernhard von Cotta ( 24 October 1808 - 14 September 1879 ) , was a German geologist .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Other features -- Dorsum', 'section_text': 'These features are wrinkle ridges commonly found on lunar mare . [ further explanation needed ]', 'uid': 'List_of_lunar_features_8', 'intro': 'The surface of the Moon has many features, including mountains and valleys, craters, and maria - wide flat areas that look like seas from a distance but are probably solidified molten rock. Some of these features are listed.'}
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What is the diameter of the lunar feature named after a German-American geologist and palaeontologist ?
90 km
0aa1240b85ad56e6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'title': 'Brazil at the 2003 Pan American Games', 'header': ['Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hudson de Souza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_de_Souza', 'summary': 'Hudson Santos de Souza ( born February 25 , 1977 ) is a Brazilian middle distance runner who competes mostly over 1500 metres . He has broken a number of South American records in middle-distance events . He has won twice at the South American Cross Country Championships , with gold medals in the short race in 2002 and 2006 . He also won the junior bronze medal in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , from Tuesday , August 5 , to Saturday , August 9 , 2003 . The competition comprised track and field events plus marathon races and three racewalking events , with a total of 46 contests taking place .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 5000 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Men's_5000_metres", 'summary': "The Men 's 5,000 metres event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on Tuesday August 5 , 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '5 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Brazil men 's national basketball team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Brazil_men's_national_basketball_team", 'summary': "The Brazil national basketball team is governed by the Brazilian Basketball Confederation ( Portuguese : Confederação Brasileira de Basketball ) , abbreviated as CBB . They have been a member of the International Federation of Basketball ( FIBA ) , since 1935 . Brazil 's national basketball team remains among the most successful in the Americas . It is the only team besides the United States , that has appeared at every FIBA Basketball World Cup , since it was first held in 1950 . Throughout its history , the Brazilian national team has won two FIBA World Cup gold medals ( 1959 and 1963 ) , three Summer Olympic Games bronze medals ( in 1948 , 1960 and 1964 ) , four FIBA AmeriCup gold medals ( 1984 , 1988 , 2005 and 2009 ) , and six Pan American Games gold medals ( 1971 , 1987 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , and 2015 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'This page shows the results of the basketball tournament at the 2003 Pan American Games , held in the Palacio de los Deportes Virgilio Travieso Soto in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic from August 2 to August 8 , 2003 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugo Hoyama Thiago Monteiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugo_Hoyama', 'summary': 'Hugo Hoyama ( born May 9 , 1969 ) is a retired Brazilian table tennis player of Japanese origin who has won several medals in single , double and team events in the Latin American Table Tennis Championships . Along with Gustavo Tsuboi and Thiago Monteiro , Hoyama was part of the winning team at the 2007 Pan American Games and 2011 Pan American Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thiago_Monteiro_(table_tennis)', 'summary': 'Thiago Farias Monte Monteiro ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ tʃiˈaɡu mõˈtejɾu ] ; born June 15 , 1981 in Fortaleza , Ceará ) , is a Brazilian table tennis player . He has won several medals in single , double , and team events in the Pan American Games and currently plays for Angers Vaillante in France . He is referred to as the next Hugo Hoyama and is currently ranked # 1 player in Brazil and # 21 in France . Thiago participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece but was eliminated by Li Ching ( Hong Kong ) losing 4 - 1 . He also competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics playing for the Brazilian team and singles . He played in the team event at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Along with Gustavo Tsuboi and Hugo Hoyama , Monteiro was part of the winning team at the 2007 Pan American Games and 2011 Pan American Games . Along with Hoyama , Monteiro has also received the bronze medal in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Table tennis competitions at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo were held in August 7 to 13 , 2003 at the Table tennis center . The winners of the tournament secured a place at the 2004 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's doubles", 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Márcia Narloch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Márcia_Narloch', 'summary': "Márcia Narloch ( born 28 March 1969 in Joinville ) is a female marathon runner from Brazil , who won the gold medal in the women 's marathon at the 2003 Pan American Games . She represented her native country in four consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 1992 ( Barcelona , Spain ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , from Tuesday , August 5 , to Saturday , August 9 , 2003 . The competition comprised track and field events plus marathon races and three racewalking events , with a total of 46 contests taking place .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's marathon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Women's_marathon", 'summary': "The women 's marathon event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on Saturday , 9 August 2003 . Brazil 's Márcia Narloch won the title , defeating title defender Érika Olivera from Chile ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vanderlei de Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanderlei_de_Lima', 'summary': 'Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima ( born 11 August 1969 in Cruzeiro do Oeste , Paraná , Brazil ) is a former long-distance runner who specialised in marathons . While leading the marathon after 35 km at the 2004 Summer Olympics , he was attacked by a former Irish priest Cornelius Neil Horan . Following the incident he fell back from first to third place , winning the bronze medal . He was later awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal for sportsmanship for that race . Horan was defrocked by the Catholic Church the following year in January 2005 . De Lima won the Tokyo International Marathon in 1996 and the Hamburg Marathon in 2004 . He won the South American Cross Country Championships in 1995 , and the marathon at the Pan American Games twice consecutively in 1999 and 2003 . He lit the Olympic cauldron and carried the Olympic flame during the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , from Tuesday , August 5 , to Saturday , August 9 , 2003 . The competition comprised track and field events plus marathon races and three racewalking events , with a total of 46 contests taking place .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's marathon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Men's_marathon", 'summary': "The men 's marathon event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on Saturday , 9 August 2003 . Brazil 's title defender Vanderlei de Lima once again proved to be the best marathoner , clocking a winning time of 2h 19m 08s ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joana Cortez Bruna Colósio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joana_Cortez', 'summary': "Joana Amorim Cortez dos Santos ( born 11 January 1979 ) is a retired Brazilian tennis player . In her career , Cortez won seven singles and 26 doubles titles on the ITF Women 's Circuit . On 17 September 2001 , she reached her best singles ranking of world number 204 . On 5 November 2001 , she peaked at number 115 in the doubles rankings . Cortez represented Brazil at the 2000 Summer Olympics in women 's doubles , reaching the second round with Vanessa Menga . A year previously , the pair won gold at the 1999 Pan American Games . Cortez won gold again in 2003 , partnering Bruna Colósio , and in 2007 won bronze with Teliana Pereira in Rio . Playing for Brazil at the Fed Cup , Cortez had a win-loss record of 23-14 . Cortez played and lost two doubles matches in Grand Slam events , at the 2001 US Open and in 2002 in Australia . After retiring from the professional tour , she became a beach tennis player ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bruna_Colósio', 'summary': 'Bruna Colósio ( born 13 October 1980 ) is a retired Brazilian tennis player . Colósio has won the Gold medal partnering Joana Cortez at the 2003 Pan American Games , as well as two singles and eleven doubles titles on the ITF circuit in her career . On 21 July 2003 , she reached her best singles ranking of world number 291 . On 12 January 2004 , she peaked at number 193 in the WTA doubles rankings . Playing for Brazil at the Fed Cup , Bruna has a win-loss record of 7-6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Tennis at the 2003 Pan American Games was played at the Centro Nacional de Tenis .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Doubles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Women's_Doubles", 'summary': "The women 's doubles event at the 2003 Pan American Games was held at Centro Nacional de Tenis in Santo Domingo from August 6 to August 9 . Brazilians Bruna Colósio and Joana Cortez won the gold medal by defeating the Puerto Rican pair of Kristina Brandi and Vilmarie Castellvi in the final , 6-4 , 7-5 . The Bronze medal was awarded to both semifinalists ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Scheidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Scheidt', 'summary': 'Robert Scheidt ( born April 15 , 1973 ) is a Brazilian sailor , who has won two gold medals , two silver medals and a bronze from five Olympic Games and a Star Sailors League Final . He is one of the most successful sailors at Olympic Games and one of the most successful Brazilian Olympic athletes , being one of only three to earn five medals along with fellow sailor Torben Grael. , and the only sailor to win medals in both dinghy and keelboat classes .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Laser class", 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ricardo Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricardo_Santos_(sailor)', 'summary': 'Ricardo Winicki Santos ( born 8 May 1980 in Rio de Janeiro ) is a Brazilian windsurfer . He has competed at the Olympics since 2000 , firstly in the Mistral One Design Class , and currently the RS : X ( sailboard ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': "Men 's sailboard", 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayane Camillo Thalita Nakadomari Ana Maria Maciel Gabriela Andrioli Fernanda Cavalieri Natália Eidt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2019_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Gymnastics competitions at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima , Peru were held between July 27 and August 5 , 2019 at the Polideportivo Villa El Salvador , which also hosted the karate competitions . The artistic competitions took place between July 27 and 31 . The rhythmic competition took place between August 2 and 5 . The trampoline competition took place between August 4 and 5 . 24 medal events were contested ; 14 in artistic gymnastics ( eight for men , six for women ) , eight in rhythmic ( all for women ) and 2 in trampoline ( one per gender ) . A total of 184 ( gymnasts will qualify to compete : 114 in artistic ( 57 per gender ) , 46 in rhythmic , and 24 in trampoline ( 12 per gender ) .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's rhythmic group all-around", 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hudson de Souza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_de_Souza', 'summary': 'Hudson Santos de Souza ( born February 25 , 1977 ) is a Brazilian middle distance runner who competes mostly over 1500 metres . He has broken a number of South American records in middle-distance events . He has won twice at the South American Cross Country Championships , with gold medals in the short race in 2002 and 2006 . He also won the junior bronze medal in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , from Tuesday , August 5 , to Saturday , August 9 , 2003 . The competition comprised track and field events plus marathon races and three racewalking events , with a total of 46 contests taking place .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Men's_1500_metres", 'summary': "The Men 's 1,500 metres event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on Saturday August 9 , 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vicente de Lima Édson Ribeiro André da Silva Claudinei da Silva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicente_de_Lima', 'summary': "Vicente Lenílson de Lima ( born June 4 , 1977 ) is a Brazilian sprinter specializing in the 100 metres , 200 metres , and the 4×100 metres relay . De Lima represented Brazil at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . The 37.90 seconds were not enough to beat the 37.61 seconds of the United States , but De Lima , Edson Ribeiro , André da Silva and Claudinei da Silva managed to finish before the Cuban team who timed 38.04 seconds . At the 2003 World Championships he and his teammates won the silver medal at the 4x100 metres relay . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing he competed at the 100 metres sprint and placed 3rd in his heat , just 0.06 after Usain Bolt and 0.02 after Daniel Bailey in a time of 10.26 seconds . He qualified for the second round in which he ran slower with 10.31 , resulting in a sixth place and elimination for the semi finals . Together with José Carlos Moreira , Sandro Viana and Bruno de Barros he also competed at the 4x100 metres relay . In their qualification heat they placed fourth behind Trinidad and Tobago , Japan and the Netherlands . Their time of 39.01 was the seventh out of sixteen participating nations in the first round and they qualified for the final . There they sprinted to a time of 38.24 seconds , the fourth time after the Jamaican , Trinidad and Japanese teams . De Silva would retroactively be awarded the bronze medal for the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics following the demotion of the Jamaican team in 2017 for Nesta Carter 's failed anti-doping test ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Édson_Ribeiro', 'summary': 'Édson Luciano Ribeiro ( born December 8 , 1972 ) is a Brazilian sprinter competing mostly in 100 metres . He has been successful on regional level , and won two Olympic medals with the Brazilian 4 x 100 metres relay team . His personal best time achieved in 1998 , is 10.14 seconds .'}, {'url': '/wiki/André_da_Silva', 'summary': 'André Domingos da Silva ( born 26 November 1972 in Santo André , São Paulo ) is a Brazilian athlete who competed mainly in the 100 and 200 metres . He competed for Brazil in the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta , United States in the 4 x 100 metre relay where he won the bronze medal with his teammates Arnaldo da Silva , Robson da Silva and Edson Ribeiro . In the 2000 Summer Olympics held in Sydney , Australia he was again part of the Brazilian 4 x 100 metre team with Edson Ribeiro and newcomers Vicente de Lima and Claudinei da Silva and this time the team won the silver medal . da Silva competed in 4 consecutive Olympics , in the 100 metres in Barcelona , 1992 ; the 100 metres and relay in Atlanta , 1996 ; the 200 metres and relay in Sydney , 2000 ; and the 100 metres and relay in Athens , 2004 . He was a part of the gold medal winning 4x100 relay at the 1999 Pan Am Games as well as the Universiade winner in the individual 100 metres that same year . His personal best times are 10.06 seconds over 100 m and 20.15 seconds over 200 m .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Claudinei_da_Silva', 'summary': 'Claudinei Quirino da Silva ( born November 19 , 1970 in Lençóis Paulista ) is a retired Brazilian sprinter who competed primarily in 200 metres .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic , from Tuesday , August 5 , to Saturday , August 9 , 2003 . The competition comprised track and field events plus marathon races and three racewalking events , with a total of 46 contests taking place .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 100 metres relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Men's_4_×_100_metres_relay", 'summary': "The men 's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2003 Pan American Games was held on August 8-9 . The original winners , the United States , were later disqualified after one of their members , Mickey Grimes , was found guilty of ephedrine doping ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Meligeni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Meligeni', 'summary': 'Fernando Ariel Meligeni ( born April 12 , 1971 ) , nicknamed Fininho ( Portuguese for little green ) , is an Argentine-born Brazilian former professional tennis player . He won 3 singles titles and reached the semi-finals of both the 1999 French Open and the 1996 Summer Olympics . He was well-known because of his capacity of fighting at the court , taking matches to the limit ( tiebreaks and five sets ) . His favorite surface was clay . Meligeni is considered by critics one of the best tennis players to represent Brazil , in both singles and doubles .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Tennis at the 2003 Pan American Games was played at the Centro Nacional de Tenis .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_–_Men's_Singles", 'summary': "The men 's singles event at the 2003 Pan American Games was held at Centro Nacional de Tenis in Santo Domingo from August 4 to August 10 . Fernando Meligeni won the gold medal by defeating Marcelo Ríos in the final , 5-7 , 7-6 ( 8-6 ) , 7-6 ( 7-5 ) . It was the final match of Meligeni 's career . The Bronze medal was awarded to both semifinalists ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruno Amorim Dante Bianchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Amorim_(sailor)', 'summary': 'Bruno Bethlem de Amorim ( born 22 October 1975 in Rio de Janeiro ) , also known as Bebum , is a Brazilian sailor gold medallist in the Pan American Games , the South American Games , and the Snipe World Championships . He started sailing Optimist at the age of eleven , moving to Europe , 470 and Snipe later on his career . His biggest accomplishments have come in the Snipe class , where he has won the Brazilian National Championship 9 times ( 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 and 2013 ) , twice the South American Championship ( 2000 and 2018 ) , the Pan American Games ( 2003 ) and the South American Games ( 2006 ) , and twice the World Championships ( 2009 and 2013 ) , where he also won the bronze medal in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Snipe class', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayane Camillo Thalita Nakadomari Ana Maria Maciel Gabriela Andrioli Fernanda Cavalieri Natália Eidt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2019_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Gymnastics competitions at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima , Peru were held between July 27 and August 5 , 2019 at the Polideportivo Villa El Salvador , which also hosted the karate competitions . The artistic competitions took place between July 27 and 31 . The rhythmic competition took place between August 2 and 5 . The trampoline competition took place between August 4 and 5 . 24 medal events were contested ; 14 in artistic gymnastics ( eight for men , six for women ) , eight in rhythmic ( all for women ) and 2 in trampoline ( one per gender ) . A total of 184 ( gymnasts will qualify to compete : 114 in artistic ( 57 per gender ) , 46 in rhythmic , and 24 in trampoline ( 12 per gender ) .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's rhythmic group ribbons", 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayane Camillo Thalita Nakadomari Ana Maria Maciel Gabriela Andrioli Fernanda Cavalieri Natália Eidt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2019_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': 'Gymnastics competitions at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima , Peru were held between July 27 and August 5 , 2019 at the Polideportivo Villa El Salvador , which also hosted the karate competitions . The artistic competitions took place between July 27 and 31 . The rhythmic competition took place between August 2 and 5 . The trampoline competition took place between August 4 and 5 . 24 medal events were contested ; 14 in artistic gymnastics ( eight for men , six for women ) , eight in rhythmic ( all for women ) and 2 in trampoline ( one per gender ) . A total of 184 ( gymnasts will qualify to compete : 114 in artistic ( 57 per gender ) , 46 in rhythmic , and 24 in trampoline ( 12 per gender ) .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's rhythmic group hoops + balls", 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luiz Camilo Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Judo Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held from August 1 to August 17 , 2003 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There were seven weight divisions , for both men and women . Cuba dominated the women 's competition ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 73 kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flávio Canto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flávio_Canto', 'summary': "Flávio Vianna de Ulhôa Canto ( born April 16 , 1975 in Oxford , England ) is a Brazilian judoka who competed in Men 's 81 kg Judo . He won the bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics . He is founder and president of the Instituto Reação , and also presenter of the TV shows Corujão do Esporte on TV Globo and Sensei on SportTV ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Judo Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held from August 1 to August 17 , 2003 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There were seven weight divisions , for both men and women . Cuba dominated the women 's competition ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 81 kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Brazil men 's national handball team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Brazil_men's_national_handball_team", 'summary': 'Brazil national handball team is the national handball team of Brazil and is governed by the Confederação Brasileira de Handebol .'}]}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Handball Tournament at the 2003 Pan American Games took place at Handball Hall in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There was two competitions with one each for each gender . Cuba was the defending champion in the men 's while Brazil were the defending champion in the women . The tournament took place between August 2 to 11 with the winning sides of both the mens and womens tournament will directly qualify for the 2004 Olympic Handball Tournaments . That nation would be Brazil who would win both tournaments over Argentina ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edinanci Silva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edinanci_Silva', 'summary': 'Edinanci Fernandes da Silva ( born August 23 , 1976 in Sousa , Paraíba ) is a judoka from Brazil , who won the gold medal in the half heavyweight division ( - 78 kg ) at the Pan American Games . A resident of São Paulo , she represented the country at four consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 1996 in Atlanta , Georgia . Edinanci was born intersex . In the mid-1990s she had surgery , in order to live and compete as a woman .'}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Judo Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held from August 1 to August 17 , 2003 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There were seven weight divisions , for both men and women . Cuba dominated the women 's competition ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 78 kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mário Sabino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mário_Sabino', 'summary': "Mario Sabino Júnior ( September 23 , 1972 - October 25 , 2019 ) was a Brazilian judoka , who won the gold medal in the half heavyweight division ( - 100 kg ) at the 2003 Pan American Games . In the final he defeated Canada 's Nicolas Gill . He represented his native country a year later at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . Sabino died at age 47 on October 25 , 2019 , after being shot in Bauru ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Judo Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held from August 1 to August 17 , 2003 in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic . There were seven weight divisions , for both men and women . Cuba dominated the women 's competition ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Brazil_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games_0', 'intro': 'Brazil competed at the 2003 Pan American Games, held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from 1 to 17 August 2003.'}
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What is the athlete 's nickname who competed in the event that was played at the Centro Nacional de Tenis ?
Fininho
0aa1e7e2c7109e4d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia', 'title': 'List of oldest buildings and structures in Halifax, Nova Scotia', 'header': ['Place', 'Address', 'Description', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': "St. Paul 's Anglican Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Paul's_Church_(Halifax)", 'summary': "St. Paul 's Church is an evangelical Anglican church in downtown Halifax , Nova Scotia , within the Diocese of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island of the Anglican Church of Canada . It is located at the south end of the Grand Parade , an open square in downtown Halifax with Halifax City Hall at the northern end . Built during Father Le Loutre 's War , it is the oldest surviving Protestant church in Canada and the oldest building in Halifax . There is also a crypt below the church . Close to the church is the St. Paul 's Church Cemetery . The official chapel of the church was the Little Dutch ( Deutsch ) Church . Saint Paul 's was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1981 . In 1981 , it was designated a Municipal Registered Heritage Property by the former City of Halifax , and in 1983 it was designated a Provincially Registered Heritage Property both under the provincial Heritage Property Act ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Parade , 1749 Argyle Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Parade_(Halifax)', 'summary': "The Grand Parade ( sometimes incorrectly referred to as Parade Square ) is an historic military parade square dating from the founding of Halifax in 1749 . At the north end of the Grand Parade is the Halifax City Hall , the seat of municipal government in Nova Scotia 's Halifax Regional Municipality . At the south end is St. Paul 's Church . In the middle of Grand Parade is the cenotaph built originally to commemorate the soldiers who served in World War I. Centrally located in Downtown Halifax , the square remains an important civic space used for numerous events including musical performances , political demonstrations , the annual New Year 's Eve celebrations , Remembrance Day ceremonies , and Christmas tree lighting ."}]}, {'value': 'Oldest building in Halifax ( 1750 ) ; Early Palladian church ; second and oldest surviving Protestant church in Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palladian', 'summary': "Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio ( 1508-1580 ) . What is recognised as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of his original concepts . Palladio 's work was strongly based on the symmetry , perspective , and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans . From the 17th century Palladio 's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the style known as Palladianism . It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century . In Britain , Palladianism was briefly in vogue during the 17th century , but its flowering was cut short by the onset of the English Civil War and the imposition of austerity which followed . In the early 18th century it returned to fashion , not only in England but also , directly influenced from Britain , in Prussia . Count Francesco Algarotti may have written to Lord Burlington from Berlin that he was recommending to Frederick the Great the adoption in Prussia of the architectural style Burlington had introduced in England , but Knobelsdorff 's opera house on the Unter den Linden boulevard , based on Campbell 's Wanstead House , had been constructed from 1741 . Later in the century , when the style was falling from favour in Europe , it had a surge in popularity throughout the British colonies in North America , highlighted by examples such as Drayton Hall in South Carolina , the Redwood Library in Newport , Rhode Island , the Morris-Jumel Mansion in New York City , the Hammond-Harwood House in Annapolis , Maryland and Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello and Poplar Forest in Virginia . The style continued to be utilized in Europe throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries , where it was frequently employed in the design of public and municipal buildings . From the latter half of the 19th century it was rivalled by the Gothic revival in the English-speaking world , whose champions such as Augustus Pugin , remembering the origins of Palladianism in ancient temples , deemed it too pagan for Anglican and Anglo-Catholic worship . However , as an architectural style it has continued to be popular and to evolve ; its pediments , symmetry and proportions are clearly evident in the design of many modern buildings today ."}]}, {'value': '1750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Little Dutch ( Deutsch ) Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Dutch_(Deutsch)_Church', 'summary': "Little Dutch ( Deutsch ) Church is the second oldest building in Halifax , Nova Scotia after St. Paul 's and was built for the Foreign Protestants ."}]}, {'value': '2393 Brunswick Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Second oldest building in Halifax - Oldest known surviving church in Canada associated with the German-Canadian community , 1756-60', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadians_of_German_ethnicity', 'summary': 'German Canadians ( German : Deutsch-Kanadier or Deutschkanadier , pronounced [ ˈdɔʏ̯tʃkaˌnaːdi̯ɐ ] ) are Canadian citizens of ethnic German ancestry . The 2016 Canadian census put the number of Canadians of German ethnicity at over 3.3 million . Some immigrants came from what is today Germany , while larger numbers came from German settlements in Eastern Europe and Imperial Russia ; others came from parts of the German Confederation , Austria-Hungary and Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': '1756', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sambro Island Light', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sambro_Island_Light', 'summary': 'Sambro Island Lighthouse is a landfall lighthouse located at the entrance to Halifax Harbour , Nova Scotia , on an island near the community of Sambro in the Halifax Regional Municipality . It is the oldest surviving lighthouse in North America and its construction is a National Historic Event .'}]}, {'value': 'Sambro Island , off Highway 349 , Sambro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sambro,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': 'Sambro is a rural fishing community on the Chebucto Peninsula in the Halifax Regional Municipality , in Nova Scotia , Canada . Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the head of Sambro Harbour , the community is immediately west of the entrance to Halifax Harbour . Sambro is located at the end of Route 306 . Sambro Island is located within the community southeast of the harbour and is home to the Sambro Island Lighthouse , the oldest operational lighthouse in the Americas ( since 1758 ) . It stands 62 feet on the top of the rocky island . The original lens from the lighthouse is on display at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax .'}]}, {'value': 'Oldest lighthouse in North America', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1758', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Carleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Carleton', 'summary': "The Carleton ( also known as the Carleton House and Carleton Hotel ) is a building on Argyle Street in Halifax , Nova Scotia , built in 1760 as the home of Richard Bulkeley . Apart from two churches , Bulkeley 's home is the oldest building in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 1760 ) . It was reported to have been made from the ruins of Fortress Louisbourg . Since 1786 his residence has been known as The Carleton ( See Image of original house ) ."}]}, {'value': '1685 Argyle Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest commercial building in municipality ; built as residence of colonial administrator Richard Bulkeley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Bulkeley_(civil_servant)', 'summary': 'Richard Bulkeley ( 26 December 1717 - 7 December 1800 ) was an influential administrator in Nova Scotia from 1749 to 1800 . Historian Phyllis Blakeley writes that Bulkeley , assisted 13 governors and lieutenant governors from Cornwallis to Wentworth . In half a century of service he took part in the founding of Halifax , the immigration of New Englanders and loyalists , and the prosperity of the French revolutionary wars . During his lifetime , known for hosting dignitaries and grand parties , he was known as the Father of the Province . When he died , he was the last surviving settler who arrived with Cornwallis .'}]}, {'value': '1760', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morris House ( Halifax )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morris_House_(Halifax)', 'summary': "Morris House ( also known as the Morris Office ) is the oldest wooden residence in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( circa 1764 ) and the former office of Charles Morris ( surveyor general ) . The house was originally located at 1273 Hollis Street , and since January 2013 has been located at 2500 Creighton Street . The Morris family used the house as their office for eighty years . There were four generations of the Morris family , a dynasty of Surveyor Generals of Nova Scotia , who used the building as their office . Due to the efforts of the Heritage Trust of Nova Scotia and others , the house has been salvaged from demolition in 2009 . The original property was owned by Dennis Heffernan who sold it to Charles Morris Jr. in 1777 , who likely had his father stay with him . A Raman spectroscopic chemical analysis study at Saint Mary 's University revealed that the interior paints and wallpaper contained 19th century inorganic pigments such as basic lead carbonate ( white lead ) , lead carbonate , barium sulfate , calcium carbonate ( chalk ) , and chromium ( III ) oxide ( chrome green ) . The exterior was painted with a modern synthetic pigment , copper phthalocyanine ( Phthalocyanine Blue BN ) . Local design firm Breakhouse partnered with eyecandy SIGNS INC. to design and build the monument sign that honours the life and home of Charles Morris . The sign is installed at the original location of the house . The house has been moved to Charles St in the North End of Halifax ."}]}, {'value': '2500 Creighton Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oldest wooden home in Halifax , moved from its original location at 1273 Hollis Street to avoid demolition', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1764', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Manor House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Manor_House', 'summary': 'Scott Manor House was built sometime between 1769 and 1772 and is now a museum in Bedford , Nova Scotia . It is the second oldest house in the Halifax Regional Municipality , after the Morris House , and was built by Joseph Scott on the land once owned by his brother Captain George Scott . The house was built next to Fort Sackville , which was under the command of Joseph Scott ( 1760 ) .'}]}, {'value': '15 Fort Sackville Drive , Bedford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Sackville_(Nova_Scotia)', 'summary': "Fort Sackville was a British fort located in present-day Bedford , Nova Scotia that was built during Father Le Loutre 's War . The British built the fort adjacent to present-day Scott Manor House , on a hill overlooking the Sackville River to help prevent French , Acadian and Mi'kmaq attacks on Halifax . The fort consisted of a blockhouse , a guard house , a barracks which housed 50 soldiers , and outbuildings , all encompassed by a palisade . Not far from the fort was a rifle range . The fort was named after George Germain , 1st Viscount Sackville ."}]}, {'value': 'Built on the land of Captain George Scott adjacent to Fort Sackville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Scott_(army_officer)', 'summary': "George Scott ( unknown - 1767 ) was British army officer stationed in Acadia who fought in Father Le Loutre 's War and the French and Indian War . He first served 40th Regiment of Foot since 1746 and then became captain in 1751 . In 1753 he took command of Fort Lawrence . He made contact with the spy Thomas Pichon . Scott relinquished command of Fort Lawrence in the autumn of 1754 . Preparations were then being made for an attack on Beauséjour , and he was appointed to command one of the two battalions of Shirley 's Massachusetts troops ( John Winslow was appointed to the other ) . He played a considerable part in the brief siege . When Monckton departed Beausejour in November Scott was left in command in the Chignecto area . The commander of the light troops was Major George Scott , an officer of Major General Peregrine Thomas Hopson 's 40th Regiment of Foot , who was familiar with irregular tactics . Orders issued on 12 May 1758 , stated that the rangers , and light infantry , appointed to act as rangers , are to be commanded by Major Scott . He was to serve with distinction both during the Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) and later with Major General James Wolfe at Battle of the Plains of Abraham . He also was employed in the Petitcodiac River Campaign and the St. John River Campaign against the Acadians ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fort_Sackville_(Nova_Scotia)', 'summary': "Fort Sackville was a British fort located in present-day Bedford , Nova Scotia that was built during Father Le Loutre 's War . The British built the fort adjacent to present-day Scott Manor House , on a hill overlooking the Sackville River to help prevent French , Acadian and Mi'kmaq attacks on Halifax . The fort consisted of a blockhouse , a guard house , a barracks which housed 50 soldiers , and outbuildings , all encompassed by a palisade . Not far from the fort was a rifle range . The fort was named after George Germain , 1st Viscount Sackville ."}]}, {'value': '1770', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quaker Whaler House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quaker_Whaler_House', 'summary': 'The Quaker Whaler House is the oldest building in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia ( 1785 ) . Built by William Ray , a Quaker and cooper from Nantucket who moved to Dartmouth in 1785-86 as a whaler . Its materials and construction methods closely resembles Quaker architecture in Nantucket , such as the asymmetrical facade design and stone foundation . The Quakers settled in Dartmouth for six years ( 1786-1792 ) before many of them left for England . The most well-known Quaker was abolitionist Lawrence Hartshorne .'}]}, {'value': '57 Ochterloney Street , Dartmouth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nantucket architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nantucket', 'summary': 'Nantucket /ˌnænˈtʌkɪt/ is an island about 30 miles ( 50 km ) by ferry south from Cape Cod , in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . Together with the small islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget , it constitutes the Town of Nantucket , and the conterminous Nantucket County . As of the 2010 census , the population was 10,172 . Part of the town is designated the Nantucket CDP , or census-designated place . The region of Surfside on Nantucket is the southernmost settlement in Massachusetts . The name Nantucket is adapted from similar Algonquian names for the island , perhaps meaning faraway land or island or sandy , sterile soil tempting no one . Nantucket is a tourist destination and summer colony . Due to tourists and seasonal residents , the population of the island increases to at least 50,000 during the summer months . The average sale price for a single-family home was $ 2.3 million in the first quarter of 2018 . The National Park Service cites Nantucket , designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1966 , as being the finest surviving architectural and environmental example of a late 18th- and early 19th-century New England seaport town .'}]}, {'value': '1785', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Privateer 's Warehouse , Historic Properties", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Historic_Properties_(Halifax)', 'summary': "The Historic Properties ( also known as Privateers ' Wharf ) are warehouses on the Halifax Boardwalk in Halifax , Nova Scotia that began to be constructed during the Napoleonic Wars by Nova Scotian businessmen such as Enos Collins , a privateer , smuggler and shipper whose vessels defied Napoleon 's blockade to bring American supplies to the British commander Duke of Wellington . These properties helped make Halifax prosperous in Canada 's early days by aiding trade and commerce , but they were also frequently used as vehicles for smuggling and privateering . During the War of 1812 , two of the most successful Nova Scotian privateer ships during this time period were the Liverpool Packet and the Sir John Sherbrooke . Folk singer Stan Rogers made the Privateers Wharf famous in his songs Barrett 's Privateers and Bluenose . The Pontac House is named for the renowned Great Pontack ( Halifax ) , which was located there just after the founding of Halifax ( 1749 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1869 Upper Water Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Commercial grouping reflecting Halifax 's 19th century development", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1790', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Bower ( Halifax , Nova Scotia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia', 'summary': "Halifax , officially known as the Halifax Regional Municipality ( HRM ) , is the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia . It had a population of 403,131 in 2016 , with 316,701 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour . The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996 : Halifax , Dartmouth , Bedford , and Halifax County . Halifax is a major economic centre in Atlantic Canada , with a large concentration of government services and private sector companies . Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence , Dalhousie University , Saint Mary 's University , the Halifax Shipyard , various levels of government , and the Port of Halifax . Agriculture , fishing , mining , forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of the municipality ."}]}, {'value': '5918 Rogers Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Two story house with a distinctive mansard roof', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1790', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'York Redoubt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/York_Redoubt', 'summary': "York Redoubt is a redoubt situated on a bluff overlooking the entrance to Halifax Harbour at Ferguson 's Cove , Nova Scotia , Canada , originally constructed in 1793 . It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '300 Fergusons Cove Rd , Fergusons Cove', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ferguson's_Cove,_Nova_Scotia", 'summary': "Ferguson 's Cove is a suburban community within the Halifax Regional Municipality Nova Scotia on the western shore of Halifax Harbour between Purcell 's Cove and Herring Cove along Route 253 . The first 3 digits of the postal code in the area are B3V ."}]}, {'value': 'Major seaward defences of Halifax Harbour until World War II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halifax_Harbour', 'summary': "Halifax Harbour ( Jipugtug in Mi'kmaq language ) is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia , Canada , located in the Halifax Regional Municipality ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_War_II', 'summary': "World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed ."}]}, {'value': '1793', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince of Wales Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Tower', 'summary': 'The Prince of Wales Tower is the oldest martello tower in North America and is located in Point Pleasant Park , Halifax Regional Municipality , Nova Scotia , Canada . It was built in 1796 by Captain James Straton and was used as a redoubt and a powder magazine . Restored , it was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1943 .'}]}, {'value': 'Point Pleasant Park , 5530 Point Pleasant Drive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Park', 'summary': 'Point Pleasant Park is a large , mainly forested municipal park at the southern tip of the Halifax peninsula . It once hosted several artillery batteries , and still contains the Prince of Wales Tower - the oldest Martello tower in North America ( 1796 ) . The park is a popular recreational spot for Haligonians , as it hosts forest walks and affords views across the harbour and out toward the Atlantic . Plays are performed in the park every summer by a professional theatre company called Shakespeare by the Sea . The performances take place at Cambridge Battery , and include both Shakespearean productions and original musicals based on classic fairy tales for audiences of all ages . The company also operates the 80-seat Park Place Theatre in the lower parking lot of the park , which is used as a rain venue during the summer , and for fall/winter indoor productions . Point Pleasant Park is owned by the British government under the administration of the Minister of the Department of Canadian Heritage and is leased to Halifax Regional Municipality for a ceremonial 1 shilling per year . The original lease for the land was negotiated by Sir William Young in 1866 .'}]}, {'value': 'Oldest Martello Tower in North America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martello_Tower', 'summary': 'Martello towers , sometimes known simply as Martellos , are small defensive forts that were built across the British Empire during the 19th century , from the time of the French Revolutionary Wars onwards . Most were coastal forts . They stand up to 40 feet ( 12 m ) high ( with two floors ) and typically had a garrison of one officer and 15-25 men . Their round structure and thick walls of solid masonry made them resistant to cannon fire , while their height made them an ideal platform for a single heavy artillery piece , mounted on the flat roof and able to traverse , and hence fire , over a complete 360° circle . A few towers had moats or other batteries and works attached for extra defence . The Martello towers were used during the first half of the 19th century , but became obsolete with the introduction of powerful rifled artillery . Many have survived to the present day , often preserved as historic monuments . In the second half of the 19th century , during the premiership of Lord Palmerston , there was another spate of tower and fort building . The Palmerston Forts are also circular in design and resemble Martello towers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_America', 'summary': "North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere . It is also considered by some [ quantify ] to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5% of the earth 's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5% of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably around the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso-Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492 , with the beginning of the transatlantic migrations - the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . Owing to Europe 's colonization of the Americas , most North Americans speak European languages such as English , Spanish or French , and their states ' cultures commonly reflect Western traditions ."}]}, {'value': '1796', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alex McLean House', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1328-1332 Hollis Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgian-style house , built by a prominent Halifax businessman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1799', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '1750-1799', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of oldest buildings and structures in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada that were constructed before 1935.'}
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Where is the address of the place that was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1962 ?
Fergusons Cove
0aa384a981d05d9b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fraternal_Order_of_Eagles_buildings', 'title': 'List of Fraternal Order of Eagles buildings', 'header': ['', 'Building', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles Hall ( San Diego , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagles_Hall_(San_Diego,_California)', 'summary': 'The Eagles Hall in San Diego , California is a Classical Revival building designed and built in 1917 and significantly modified in 1934 according to designs by the same architects . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 . It is a three-story monumental building . The modified building has 18,000 square feet ( 1,700 m2 ) on a 100 by 96 feet ( 30 m × 29 m ) plan .'}]}, {'value': '1917 built 1934 renovation1985 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '733 Eighth Ave. 32°42′47″N 117°9′21″W / 32.71306°N 117.15583°W / 32.71306 ; -117.15583 ( Eagles Hall ( San Diego , California ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Diego , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego,_California', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'Major renovation in 1934 gave work to impoverished Eagles members in a WPA -like , but private , effort . Classical Revival architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Works_Project_Administration', 'summary': "The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration ) was an American New Deal agency , employing millions of job-seekers ( mostly unskilled men ) to carry out public works projects , including the construction of public buildings and roads . It was established on May 6 , 1935 , by Executive Order 7034 . In one project , Federal Project Number One , the WPA employed musicians , artists , writers , actors and directors in large arts , drama , media , and literacy projects . The five projects dedicated to these were : the Federal Writers Project ( FWP ) , the Historical Records Survey ( HRS ) , the Federal Theatre Project ( FTP ) , the Federal Music Project ( FMP ) , and the Federal Art Project ( FAP ) . In the Historical Records Survey , for instance , many former slaves in the South were interviewed ; these documents are of great importance for American history . Theater and music groups toured throughout the United States , and gave more than 225,000 performances . Archaeological investigations under the WPA were influential in the rediscovery of pre-Columbian Native American cultures , and the development of professional archaeology in the US . The WPA 's initial appropriation in 1935 was for $ 4.9 billion ( about 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP ) . Headed by Harry Hopkins , the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States , while developing infrastructure to support the current and future society . Above all , the WPA hired workers and craftsmen who were mainly employed in building streets . Thus , under the leadership of the WPA , more than 1 million km of streets and over 10,000 bridges were built , in addition to many airports and much housing . The largest single project of the WPA was the Tennessee Valley Authority , which provided the impoverished Tennessee Valley with dams and waterworks to create an infrastructure for electrical power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Classical_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles Home ( Evansville , Indiana )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagles_Home_(Evansville,_Indiana)', 'summary': 'The Eagles Home is a historic building located in Evansville , Indiana . It was designed by Evansville architect Harry Boyle and was built in 1912 . It has served as a clubhouse , college , and law firm . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . It currently serves as the Evansville office of the Jackson Kelly law firm .'}]}, {'value': '1912 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '221 NW 5th St. 37°58′27″N 87°34′18″W / 37.97417°N 87.57167°W / 37.97417 ; -87.57167 ( Eagles Home ( Evansville , Illinois ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evansville , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana', 'summary': "Evansville is a city in , and the county seat of , Vanderburgh County , Indiana . The population was 117,429 at the 2010 census , making it the state 's third-most populous city after Indianapolis and Fort Wayne , the largest city in Southern Indiana , and the 232nd-most populous city in the United States . It is the commercial , medical , and cultural hub of Southwestern Indiana and the Illinois-Indiana-Kentucky tri-state area , home to over 911,000 people . The 38th parallel crosses the north side of the city and is marked on Interstate 69 . Situated on an oxbow in the Ohio River , the city is often referred to as the Crescent Valley or River City . As a testament to the Ohio 's grandeur , early French explorers named it La Belle Rivière ( The Beautiful River ) . The area has been inhabited by various indigenous cultures for millennia , dating back at least 10,000 years . Angel Mounds was a permanent settlement of the Mississippian culture from 1000 AD to around 1400 AD . The European-American city was founded in 1812 . Three NYSE companies ( Accuride , Berry Global , and OneMain Financial ) are headquartered in Evansville , along with the global operations center for NYSE company Mead Johnson . Three other companies traded on the NASDAQ ( Escalade , Old National Bank , and Shoe Carnival ) are also headquartered in Evansville . The city is home to public and private enterprise in many areas , as Evansville serves as the region 's economic hub ."}]}, {'value': 'NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles Temple ( Akron , Ohio )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagles_Temple_(Akron,_Ohio)', 'summary': "The Eagles Temple was a prominent Fraternal Order of Eagles building in downtown Akron , Ohio , United States . With its high-styled Art Deco architecture , it was home to an organization with thousands of members , and it was designated a historic site when not yet sixty-five years old . Akron 's Eagles aerie arranged for the construction of the building in 1917 , contracting with the architectural firm of Boenisch , Kraus , and Helmkamp for the design . Founded in 1904 , its new occupants were among the oldest local chapters of the FOE , which itself was established just six years before the Akron chapter . The original building was a large Neoclassical structure with a traditional masonry facade . Little more than a decade passed , and the members were no longer satisfied with the appearance of their meeting place ; they rehired the original contractor to convert its appearance to the new Art Deco style with its early modern architecture influences . Construction was completed in 1930 , by which time the Great Depression had begun , but the aerie remained financially strong . As the members saw it as their duty to help the poor in such dire times , the building was opened to assist non-members , and aerie money was spent on financing dinners for the indigent . In some months , the kitchens served more than eighteen thousand charity meals . Following the Second World War , the aerie continued to grow , with a membership roll surpassing eight thousand at points in the 1950s . By the late 1960s , the original building had become insufficient for the aerie 's needs , due largely to transportation : the early members had commuted via streetcars , but with the rise of the automobile , there was nowhere for thousands of cars to be parked . A new building was finished in 1968 , with extensive parking space , and the Temple was left empty ."}]}, {'value': '1918 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '131-137 E. Market St. 41°5′3″N 81°30′47″W / 41.08417°N 81.51306°W / 41.08417 ; -81.51306 ( Eagles Temple ( Akron , Ohio ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akron , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akron,_Ohio', 'summary': "Akron ( /ˈækrən/ ) is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Summit County . It is located on the western edge of the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) south of Cleveland . As of the 2018 Census estimate , the city proper had a total population of 198,006 , making it the 119th-largest city in the United States . The Greater Akron area , covering Summit and Portage counties , had an estimated population of 703,505 . The city was founded in 1825 by Simon Perkins and Paul Williams , along the Little Cuyahoga River at the summit of the developing Ohio and Erie Canal . The name is derived from the Greek word signifying a summit or high point . It was briefly renamed South Akron after Eliakim Crosby founded nearby North Akron in 1833 , until both merged into an incorporated village in 1836 . In the 1910s , Akron doubled in population , making it the nation 's fastest-growing city . A long history of rubber and tire manufacturing , carried on today by Goodyear Tire , gave Akron the nickname Rubber Capital of the World . It was once known as a center of airship development . Today , its economy includes manufacturing , education , healthcare , and biomedical research ; leading corporations include Gojo Industries , FirstEnergy , Huntington Bank , and Charter Spectrum . Notable historic events in Akron include the passage of the Akron School Law of 1847 , which created the K-12 system ; the popularization of the church architectural Akron Plan , the foundation of Alcoholics Anonymous , the Akron Experiment into preventing goiters with iodized salt , the 1983 Supreme Court case City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health ; and portions of the 2014 Gay Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Art Deco architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Deco_architecture', 'summary': 'Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles Building-Strand Theater , Alliance , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagles_Building-Strand_Theater', 'summary': 'The Eagles Building-Strand Theater is a building built in 1921 in Alliance , Ohio , also known as the Wallace Building . It historically served as a meeting hall and as a theater . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 . It opened as the Strand Theatre in May 1927 , and it closed in 1960 .'}]}, {'value': '1921 built 1997 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '243 E. Main St. 40°55′18″N 81°6′10″W / 40.92167°N 81.10278°W / 40.92167 ; -81.10278 ( Eagles Building-Strand Theater )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alliance , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alliance,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Alliance is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio . Most of the city is located in northeast Stark County while a small portion is in adjacent Mahoning County approximately 16 miles ( 26 km ) northeast of Canton , 27 miles ( 43 km ) southwest of Youngstown and 51 miles ( 82 km ) southeast of Cleveland . The population was 22,322 as of the 2010 census . Alliance was established in 1854 by combining three smaller communities . The city was a manufacturing and railroad hub for much of the 20th century and is also associated with the state flower of Ohio , the scarlet carnation , and is known as The Carnation City . The University of Mount Union , a private liberal arts college established in 1846 , is located in Alliance . Most of the city is part of the Canton-Massillon , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , while the small portion of the city in Mahoning County is within the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman , OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Renaissance architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renaissance_architecture', 'summary': 'Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 16th centuries in different regions , demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture . Stylistically , Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture . Developed first in Florence , with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators , the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities . The style was carried to France , Germany , England , Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact . Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry , proportion , geometry and the regularity of parts , as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient Roman architecture , of which many examples remained . Orderly arrangements of columns , pilasters and lintels , as well as the use of semicircular arches , hemispherical domes , niches and aedicula replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Eagles ' Temple ( Canton , Ohio )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Eagles'_Temple_(Canton,_Ohio)", 'summary': "The Eagles Temple or Eagles ' Temple in Canton , Ohio is a Spanish Colonial Revival building designed during 1927-28 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . It is a five-story building designed by architect Albert Thayer . It is the only building built for the Canton Aerie 141 , which was founded in 1901 , and was the oldest chapter of the Fraternal Order of Eagles in Ohio ."}]}, {'value': '1927 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '601 S. Market St. 40°47′41″N 81°22′32″W / 40.79472°N 81.37556°W / 40.79472 ; -81.37556 ( Eagles Temple ( Canton , Ohio ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canton , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton,_Ohio', 'summary': "Canton ( /ˈkæntən/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Stark County , Ohio , United States . It is located approximately 60 miles ( 97 km ) south of Cleveland and 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Akron in Northeast Ohio . The city lies on the edge of Ohio 's extensive Amish country , particularly in Holmes and Wayne counties to the city 's west and southwest . Canton is the largest municipality in the Canton-Massillon , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Stark and Carroll counties . As of the 2010 Census , the population was 73,007 , making Canton eighth among Ohio cities in population . Founded in 1805 alongside the Middle and West Branches of Nimishillen Creek , Canton became a heavy manufacturing center because of its numerous railroad lines . However , its status in that regard began to decline during the late 20th century , as shifts in the manufacturing industry led to the relocation or downsizing of many factories and workers . After this decline , the city 's industry diversified into the service economy , including retailing , education , finance and healthcare . Canton is chiefly notable for being the home of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the birthplace of the National Football League . 25th U.S. President William McKinley conducted the famed front porch campaign , which won him the presidency of the United States in the 1896 election , from his home in Canton . The McKinley National Memorial and the William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum commemorate his life and presidency . Canton was also chosen as the site of the First Ladies National Historic Site largely in honor of his wife , Ida Saxton McKinley ."}]}, {'value': 'Spanish Colonial Revival architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'The Spanish Colonial Revival Style ( Spanish : Arquitectura neocolonial española ) is an architectural stylistic movement arising in the early 20th century based on the Spanish Colonial architecture of the Spanish colonization of the Americas . The Panama-California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego , highlighting the work of architect Bertram Goodhue , is credited with giving the style national exposure . Embraced principally in California and Florida , the Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles Building ( Dayton , Ohio )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagles_Building_(Dayton,_Ohio)', 'summary': 'The Eagles Building built in 1916 is an historic Fraternal Order of Eagles meeting hall-office building located at 320 South Main Street in Dayton , Ohio . It is also known as the City Mission . On November 4 , 1982 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places'}]}, {'value': '1916 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '320 South Main St. 39°45′17″N 84°11′24″W / 39.75472°N 84.19000°W / 39.75472 ; -84.19000 ( Eagles Building ( Dayton , Ohio ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayton , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio', 'summary': "Dayton ( /ˈdeɪtən/ ) is the sixth-largest city in the state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County . A small part of the city extends into Greene County . The 2018 U.S. census estimate put the city population at 140,640 , while Greater Dayton was estimated to be at 803,416 residents . This makes Dayton the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Ohio and 63rd in the United States . Dayton is within Ohio 's Miami Valley region , just north of Greater Cincinnati . Ohio 's borders are within 500 miles ( 800 km ) of roughly 60 percent of the country 's population and manufacturing infrastructure , making the Dayton area a logistical centroid for manufacturers , suppliers , and shippers . Dayton also hosts significant research and development in fields like industrial , aeronautical , and astronautical engineering that have led to many technological innovations . Much of this innovation is due in part to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and its place in the community . With the decline of heavy manufacturing , Dayton 's businesses have diversified into a service economy that includes insurance and legal sectors as well as healthcare and government sectors . Along with defense and aerospace , healthcare accounts for much of the Dayton area 's economy . Hospitals in the Greater Dayton area have an estimated combined employment of nearly 32,000 and a yearly economic impact of $ 6.8 billion . It is estimated that Premier Health Partners , a hospital network , contributes more than $ 2 billion a year to the region through operating , employment , and capital expenditures ."}]}, {'value': 'Prairie School architecture , Renaissance architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_School_architecture', 'summary': "Prairie School is a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style , most common in the Midwestern United States . The style is usually marked by horizontal lines , flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves , windows grouped in horizontal bands , integration with the landscape , solid construction , craftsmanship , and discipline in the use of ornament . Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide , flat , treeless expanses of America 's native prairie landscape . The Prairie School was an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture in symphony with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement , with which it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of mass production . The term Prairie School was not actually used by practitioners of the style . Architect Marion Mahony , for example , preferred the phrase The Chicago Group . Its term was coined by H. Allen Brooks , one of the first architectural historians to write extensively about the movement and its work ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Renaissance_architecture', 'summary': 'Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 16th centuries in different regions , demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture . Stylistically , Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture . Developed first in Florence , with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators , the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities . The style was carried to France , Germany , England , Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact . Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry , proportion , geometry and the regularity of parts , as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient Roman architecture , of which many examples remained . Orderly arrangements of columns , pilasters and lintels , as well as the use of semicircular arches , hemispherical domes , niches and aedicula replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles Building ( Lorain , Ohio )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagles_Building_(Lorain,_Ohio)', 'summary': 'Eagles Building is a building in Lorain , Ohio . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . The building has a concrete frame , which was the result of a steel shortage due to World War I .'}]}, {'value': '1918 built 1986 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '575 Broadway 41°27′57″N 82°10′31″W / 41.46583°N 82.17528°W / 41.46583 ; -82.17528 ( Eagles Building ( Lorain , Ohio ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lorain , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio', 'summary': "Lorain /ləˈreɪn/ is a city in Lorain County , Ohio , United States . The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on Lake Erie , at the mouth of the Black River , approximately 30 miles west of Cleveland . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 64,097 , making it Ohio 's tenth largest city , the third largest in Greater Cleveland , and the largest in Lorain County by population . The city is notable for its deindustrialized economy , formerly being home to the American Ship Building Company Lorain Yard , Ford Motor Company Lorain Assembly Plant , and United States Steel Corporation 's sprawling steel mill on the city 's south side . The city faces many similar issues to other Rust Belt cities , including population decline and urban decay . Poverty in the city is above the national average at 26.2% , lower than Cleveland 's 36% but higher than neighboring Elyria 's 22.2%"}]}, {'value': 'Classical Revival architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classical_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fraternal Order of Eagles Building ( Richmond , Virginia )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fraternal_Order_of_Eagles_Building_(Richmond,_Virginia)', 'summary': 'The Fraternal Order of Eagles Building is a historic Fraternal Order of Eagles clubhouse located in Richmond , Virginia . It was built in 1914 , and is a three-story , three bay by six bay , rectangular brick building in the Neoclassical Revival style . In 2005 , the building was renovated into apartments with a commercial space in the basement . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '1914 built 2006_ NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '220 E. Marshall St. 37°32′49″N 77°26′20″W / 37.54694°N 77.43889°W / 37.54694 ; -77.43889 ( Fraternal Order of Eagles Building ( Richmond , Virginia ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richmond , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia', 'summary': "Richmond ( /ˈrɪtʃmənd/ ) is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) and the Greater Richmond Region . Richmond was incorporated in 1742 and has been an independent city since 1871 . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 204,214 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 228,783 , making Richmond the fourth-most populous city in Virginia . The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029 , the third-most populous metro in the state . Richmond is at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles ( 71 km ) west of Williamsburg , 66 miles ( 106 km ) east of Charlottesville , 91 miles ( 146 km ) east of Lynchburg and 92 miles ( 148 km ) south of Washington , D.C . Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 and encircled by Interstate 295 , Virginia State Route 150 and Virginia State Route 288 . Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest , Chesterfield to the south , Varina to the southeast , Sandston to the east , Glen Allen to the north and west , Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast . The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy , and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown from 1609 to 1611 . The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 . It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780 , replacing Williamsburg . During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's Give me liberty or give me death speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson ."}]}, {'value': 'Colonial Revival architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture', 'summary': "The Colonial Revival architectural style seeks to revive elements of American colonial architecture . The beginnings of the Colonial Revival style are often attributed to the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 , which reawakened Americans to the architectural traditions of their colonial past . Fairly small numbers of Colonial Revival homes were built c. 1880-1910 , a period when Queen Anne-style architecture was dominant in the United States . From 1910-1930 , the Colonial Revival movement was ascendant , with about 40% of U.S. homes built during this period in the Colonial Revival style . In the immediate post-war period ( c. 1950s-early 1960s ) , Colonial Revival homes continued to be constructed , but in simplified form . In the present-day , many New Traditional homes draw from Colonial Revival styles . While the dominant influences in Colonial Revival style are Georgian and Federal architecture , Colonial Revival homes also draw , to a lesser extent , from the Dutch Colonial style and post-medieval English styles . Colonial Revival homes are often eclectic in style , freely combining aspects from several of these prototypes . Although associated with the architectural movement , Colonial Revival also refers to historic preservation , landscape architecture and garden design , and decorative arts movements that emulate or draw inspiration from colonial forms . Cyril M. Harris 's American Architecture : An Illustrated Encyclopedia noted that Colonial Revival houses are usually the result of a rather free interpretation of their prototypes ; they tend to be larger , may differ significantly from the houses they seek to emulate , and often exaggerate architectural details ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fraternal Order of Eagles ( FOE ) Aerie No . 2059', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fraternal_Order_of_Eagles_(FOE)_Aerie_No._2059', 'summary': 'The Independent Order of Odd Fellows ( IOOF ) Hall No . 148 , also known as Fraternal Order of Eagles ( FOE ) Aerie No . 2059 , is a meeting hall building in Carnation , Washington . It was built in 1895. listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . In 1985 the building was listed as a King County , Washington historic site . The building has a prominent gambrel roof which gives it a barn-like appearance . The building is currently occupied by a business named River Run Anglers The east bank of the Snoqualmie River is a few hundred yards away .'}]}, {'value': '1895 built 1999 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3940 Tolt Ave. 47°38′39″N 121°54′51″W / 47.64417°N 121.91417°W / 47.64417 ; -121.91417 ( Fraternal Order of Eagles ( FOE ) Aerie No . 2059 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carnation , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnation,_Washington', 'summary': 'Carnation is a city in King County , Washington , United States . The population was 1,786 at the 2010 census . It was historically known as Tolt and lies at the confluence of the Snoqualmie and Tolt rivers . The city is located east of Redmond and south of Duvall on State Route 203 .'}]}, {'value': 'NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles Auditorium Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagles_Auditorium_Building', 'summary': 'The Eagles Auditorium Building is a seven-story historic theatre and apartment building in Seattle , Washington . Located at 1416 Seventh Avenue , at the corner of Seventh and Union Street , the Eagles Auditorium building has been the home to ACT Theatre since 1996 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) on July 14 , 1983. has two stages , a cabaret , and 44 residential apartments . From the outset , the building was also in part an apartment building , originally under the name Senator Apartments : the four-story grand ballroom was surrounded on three sides by apartments . with many of the apartment buildings located near streetcar lines . The current configuration of the building , under the official name Kreielsheimer Place , has two stages , a cabaret , and 44 residential apartments . The elaborately terracotta-covered building ( designed by the Henry Bittman firm ) has been known at times in the past as the Eagles Temple and as the Senator Hotel . The building was Aerie No . 1 of the Fraternal Order of Eagles ( which was founded in Seattle ) . It was one of several places where Martin Luther King , Jr. spoke November 10 , 1961 , on his only visit to Seattle . The building also served as the home of the Unity Church of Truth from the mid-1950s until 1960 , and was a major rock concert venue from the mid-1960s until 1970 . Among other groups , the Grateful Dead performed here eight times in 1967 and 1968 .'}]}, {'value': '1924-25 built 1983 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1416 7th Avenue 47°36′39″N 122°19′56.7″W / 47.61083°N 122.332417°W / 47.61083 ; -122.332417 ( Eagles Auditorium Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seattle,_Washington', 'summary': "Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes ."}]}, {'value': 'Elaborately terracotta -covered Renaissance Revival architecture historic theatre and apartment building , home to ACT Theatre since 1996 with two stages , a cabaret , and 44 residential apartments . The building was Aerie No . 1 of the Fraternal Order of Eagles ( which was founded in Seattle )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terracotta', 'summary': "Terracotta , terra cotta or terra-cotta ( pronounced [ ˌtɛrraˈkɔtta ] ; Italian : baked earth , from the Latin terra cocta ) , a type of earthenware , is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic , where the fired body is porous . Terracotta is the term normally used for sculpture made in earthenware , and also for various practical uses including vessels ( notably flower pots ) , water and waste water pipes , roofing tiles , bricks , and surface embellishment in building construction . The term is also used to refer to the natural brownish orange color of most terracotta , which varies considerably . [ citation needed ] This article covers the senses of terracotta as a medium in sculpture , as in the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines , and architectural decoration . Asian and European sculpture in porcelain is not covered . Glazed architectural terracotta and its unglazed version as exterior surfaces for buildings were used in Asia for some centuries before becoming popular in the West in the 19th century . Architectural terracotta can also refer to decorated ceramic elements such as antefixes and revetments , which made a large contribution to the appearance of temples and other buildings in the classical architecture of Europe , as well as in the Ancient Near East . [ citation needed ] In archaeology and art history , terracotta is often used to describe objects such as figurines not made on a potter 's wheel . Vessels and other objects that are or might be made on a wheel from the same material are called earthenware pottery ; the choice of term depends on the type of object rather than the material or firing technique . Unglazed pieces , and those made for building construction and industry , are also more likely to be referred to as terracotta , whereas tableware and other vessels are called earthenware ( though sometimes terracotta if unglazed ) , or by a more precise term such as faience . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Renaissance Revival architecture ( sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance ) is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation Renaissance architecture nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Renaissance humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid- and later nineteenth century : Neo-Renaissance might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called Italianate , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) . The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets - all deemed Renaissance - illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ACT_Theatre', 'summary': 'ACT Theatre ( originally A Contemporary Theatre ) is a regional , non-profit theatre organization in Seattle , in the US state of Washington . Gregory A . Falls ( 1922-1997 ) founded ACT in 1965 and served as its first Artistic director ; at the time ACT was founded he was also head of the Drama Department at the University of Washington . Falls was identified with the theatrical avant garde of the time , and founded ACT because he saw the Seattle Repertory Theatre as too specifically devoted to classics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fraternal_Order_of_Eagles', 'summary': "Fraternal Order of Eagles ( F.O.E . ) is an international fraternal organization that was founded on February 6 , 1898 , in Seattle , Washington , by a group of six theater owners including John Cort ( the first president ) , brothers John W. and Tim J. Considine , Harry ( H.L . ) Leavitt ( who later joined the Loyal Order of Moose ) , Mose Goldsmith and Arthur Williams . Originally made up of those engaged in one way or another in the performing arts , the Eagles grew and claimed credit for establishing the Mother 's Day holiday in the United States as well as the impetus for Social Security in the United States . Their lodges are known as aeries ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles Lodge Building', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13-15 S. Mission St', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wenatchee , Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wenatchee,_Washington', 'summary': "Wenatchee ( /wɛˈnætʃiː/ weh-NA-tchee ) is a city located in north-central Washington and is the largest city and county seat of Chelan County , Washington , United States . The population within the city limits in 2010 was 31,925 . In 2018 , the Office of Financial Management estimated the population at 34,329 . Located at the confluence of the Columbia and Wenatchee rivers near the eastern foothills of the Cascade Range , Wenatchee lies on the western side of the Columbia River , across from the city of East Wenatchee . The Columbia River forms the boundary between Chelan and Douglas County . Wenatchee is the principal city of the Wenatchee-East Wenatchee , Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Chelan and Douglas counties ( total population around 110,884 ) . However , the Wenatchee Valley Area generally refers to the land between Rocky Reach and Rock Island Dam on both banks of the Columbia , which includes East Wenatchee , Rock Island , and Malaga . The city was named for the nearby Wenatchi Indian tribe . The name is a Sahaptin word that means river which comes [ or whose source is ] from canyons or robe of the rainbow . Awenatchela means people at the source [ of a river ] . The city of Wenatchee shares its name with the Wenatchee River , Lake Wenatchee and the Wenatchee National Forest . Wenatchee is referred to as the Apple Capital of the World due to the valley 's many orchards ."}]}, {'value': 'Art Moderne ] ] . Included in Downtown Wenatchee Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Downtown_Wenatchee_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Downtown Wenatchee Historic District , located in Wenatchee , Washington , is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The district , encompassing 34 acres ( 14 ha ) , is a collection of commercial , mixed-used , and warehouse buildings located in the central business district of Wenatchee downtown . It contains a total of 57 contributing and 32 noncontributing properties . The district was added to the National Register of Historical Places in 2008 . The Old Post Office Building and the Old Post Office Annex had also been previously listed in the National Register as a single individual property in 1977 .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eagles Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagles_Club', 'summary': 'The Rave/Eagles Club ( commonly known as simply The Rave , formerly known as the Eagles Club and Central Park Athletic Club and Entertainment Center or commonly Central Park Ballroom ) is a concert venue and landmark in Milwaukee , Wisconsin .'}]}, {'value': '1924 built 1986 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2401 W. Wisconsin Ave 43°2′17.6″N 87°56′35.49″W / 43.038222°N 87.9431917°W / 43.038222 ; -87.9431917 ( Eagles Club )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milwaukee , Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Milwaukee ( /mɪlˈwɔːki/ , locally /mɪˈ-/ ) is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States . The seat of the eponymous county , it is on Lake Michigan 's western shore . Ranked by its estimated 2018 population , Milwaukee was the 31st largest city in the United States . The city 's estimated population in 2018 was 594,511 . Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee metropolitan area which had a population of 2,043,904 in the 2014 census estimate . It is the third-most densely populated metropolitan area in The Midwest , surpassed only by Chicago and Detroit , respectively . Milwaukee is considered a Gamma global city as categorized by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network with a regional GDP of over $ 105 billion . The first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic Jesuit missionaries , who were ministering to Native Americans , and fur traders . In 1818 , the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area , and in 1846 , Juneau 's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the city of Milwaukee . Large numbers of German immigrants arrived during the late 1840s , after the German revolutions , with Poles and other eastern European immigrants arriving in the following decades . Milwaukee is known for its brewing traditions , begun with the German immigrants . Beginning in the early 21st century , the city has been undergoing its largest construction boom since the 1960s ."}]}, {'value': 'Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Late_19th_and_20th_Century_Revivals_architecture', 'summary': 'In the United States , the National Register of Historic Places classifies its listings by various types of architecture . Listed properties often are given one or more of 40 standard architectural style classifications that appear in the National Register Information System ( NRIS ) database . Other properties are given a custom architectural description with vernacular or other qualifiers , and others have no style classification . Many National Register-listed properties do not fit into the several categories listed here , or they fit into more specialized subcategories .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of notable buildings of the Fraternal Order of Eagles . The Eagles have a significant built legacy in a number of cities and towns across the United States . The Eagles were founded in Seattle , Washington . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX in the United States ( by state then city or town )', 'uid': 'List_of_Fraternal_Order_of_Eagles_buildings_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable buildings of the Fraternal Order of Eagles. The Eagles have a significant built legacy in a number of cities and towns across the United States. The Eagles were founded in Seattle, Washington.'}
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The Eagles Lodge Building in the Downtown Wenatchee Historic District was built in what year ?
1927
0aa47dd38994deaa
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Barcelona', 'title': 'List of libraries in Barcelona', 'header': ['Name', 'Locality', 'District', 'Opened', 'Named after', 'Transport links'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arús', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Pienc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Pienc', 'summary': "Fort Pienc ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈfɔɾ piˈɛŋ ] ) is a neighborhood in the Eixample district of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Its name stems from a former military fortification which existed there until the 19th century called Fort Pius , Pienc is an adjective in Catalan meaning related to the name Pius . There has been a strong Chinese presence in the area since the 2000s . The Arc de Triomf is the main attraction in the area , located in Passeig de Lluís Companys-Passeig de Sant Joan , while L'Auditori is an important concert hall . The National Theatre of Catalonia is another of its cultural centres , as is the General Archive of the Crown of Aragon , near Parc de l'Estació del Nord . The General Catalana de Electricidad building is a fine piece of modernisme or local art nouveau architecture . La Monumental is the only extant bullring in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Eixample', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eixample', 'summary': "The Eixample ( pronounced [ əˈʃamplə ] ; Catalan for 'expansion ' or 'Expansion District ' ; Spanish : Ensanche ) is a district of Barcelona between the old city ( Ciutat Vella ) and what were once surrounding small towns ( Sants , Gràcia , Sant Andreu etc . ) , constructed in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Its population was 262,000 at the last census ( 2005 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder , freethinker and philanthropist Rossend Arús', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freethought', 'summary': 'Freethought ( or free thought ) is an epistemological viewpoint which holds that positions regarding truth should be formed only on the basis of logic , reason , and empiricism , rather than authority , tradition , revelation , or dogma . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , a freethinker is a person who forms their own ideas and opinions rather than accepting those of other people , especially in religious teaching . In some contemporary thought in particular , freethought is strongly tied with rejection of traditional social or religious belief systems . The cognitive application of freethought is known as freethinking , and practitioners of freethought are known as freethinkers . Modern freethinkers consider freethought as a natural freedom from all negative and illusive thoughts acquired from the society . The term first came into use in the 17th century in order to indicate people who inquired into the basis of traditional religious beliefs . In practice , freethinking is most closely linked with secularism , atheism , agnosticism , anti-clericalism , and religious critique . The Oxford English Dictionary defines freethinking as , The free exercise of reason in matters of religious belief , unrestrained by deference to authority ; the adoption of the principles of a free-thinker . Freethinkers hold that knowledge should be grounded in facts , scientific inquiry , and logic . The skeptical application of science implies freedom from the intellectually limiting effects of confirmation bias , cognitive bias , conventional wisdom , popular culture , prejudice , or sectarianism .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philanthropy', 'summary': 'Philanthropy consists of private initiatives , for the public good , focusing on quality of life . Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives , which are private initiatives for private good , focusing on material gain , and with government endeavors , which are public initiatives for public good , e.g. , focusing on provision of public services . A person who practices philanthropy is a philanthropist . Philanthropy is different from charity , though there is some overlap . Charity aims to relieve the pain of a particular social problem , whereas philanthropy attempts to address the root cause of the problem .'}]}, {'value': 'Arc de Triomf Tetuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_de_Triomf_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Arc de Triomf is a Rodalies de Catalunya and Barcelona Metro interchange complex . It is named after the adjacent triumphal arch of the same name near which it is situated , in the Barcelona district of Eixample in Catalonia , Spain . The Rodalies station is served by Barcelona commuter rail service lines R1 , R3 , R4 and R7 , as well as Girona commuter rail service line RG1 and regional line R12 . The Barcelona Metro station is served by TMB-operated line L1 . The complex is located near Estació del Nord , Barcelona 's main bus station ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tetuan_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Tetuan is the name of a station in the Barcelona metro network , located in central Barcelona , in the Eixample district . It 's served by L2 . It was opened in 1995 , along several other stations in the line . It 's located under Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes and Plaça de Tetuan , and can be accessed from the entrances located on Carrer de Casp-Passeig de Sant Joan and Carrer de la Diputació-Passeig de Sant Joan ."}]}, {'value': 'Barceloneta - La Fraternitat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barceloneta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barceloneta,_Barcelona', 'summary': "La Barceloneta ( Catalan pronunciation : [ lə βəɾsəluˈnɛtə ] ) is a neighborhood in the Ciutat Vella district of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . The neighborhood was constructed during the 18th century for the residents of the Ribera neighborhood who had been displaced by the construction of the Ciutadella of Barcelona . The neighborhood is roughly triangular , bordered by the Mediterranean Sea , the Moll d'Espanya of Port Vell , and the El Born neighborhood . This neighborhood has its own flag , and is serviced by its own stop on the Barcelona Metro line 4 . This is a good starting point for whatever itinerary there may be to adventure through La Barceloneta . The yellow line , L4 , which is the metro line that stops at La Barceloneta , is the most popular for pickpocketing . The neighborhood can also be discovered by taking Las Gorondrinas , which leave from the front port of the Columbus monument . This way the marine strip can be discovered , but the real charm of this neighborhood is by getting lost in the side streets or alleyways . Torre Sant Sebastià is the terminus of the Port Vell Aerial Tramway ; opened in 1931 , it connects La Barceloneta with Montjuïc across Port Vell . La Barceloneta is known for its sandy beach ( which made an appearance in Don Quixote , book 2 ) and its many restaurants and nightclubs along the boardwalk . Over the past several years the quality of the sand on the beach has become a source of continued controversy . In February 2008 , the World Health Organization began an inquiry designed to ascertain whether the sand meets WHO beach health and safety guidelines ."}]}, {'value': 'Ciutat Vella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciutat_Vella', 'summary': "Ciutat Vella ( Catalan pronunciation : [ siwˈtad ˈbeʎə ] , meaning in English Old City ) is a district of Barcelona , numbered District 1 . The name means old city in Catalan and refers to the oldest neighborhoods in the city of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Ciutat Vella is nestled between the Mediterranean Sea and the neighborhood called l'Eixample ( the Extension ) . It is considered the centre of the city ; the Plaça Catalunya is one of the most popular meeting points in all of Catalonia . [ citation needed ] There are four administrative neighborhoods ( some of them include former or traditional neighborhoods ) :"}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former worker cooperative La Fraternitat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worker_cooperative', 'summary': 'A worker cooperative is a cooperative that is owned and self-managed by its workers . This control may mean a firm where every worker-owner participates in decision-making in a democratic fashion , or it may refer to one in which management is elected by every worker-owner who each have one vote .'}]}, {'value': 'Barceloneta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barceloneta_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Barceloneta ( Catalan pronunciation : [ bəɾsəluˈnɛtə ] ) is a station belonging to line L4 of Barcelona Metro . It is located in La Barceloneta neighbourhood , close to the beach and Parc de la Ciutadella . This is the station nearest to Barcelona França railway station , one of the city 's major railway stations and one of the R2 commuter line stops . The station is the least deep underground metro station in the whole system ."}]}, {'value': 'Bon Pastor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bon Pastor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bon_Pastor', 'summary': "Bon Pastor is a neighbourhood in Sant Andreu , a district in the city of Barcelona . Since April 2010 it 's served by the Barcelona Metro station Bon Pastor ."}]}, {'value': 'Sant Andreu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sant_Andreu', 'summary': "Sant Andreu ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈsant ənˈdɾew ] ) is one of the ten districts of Barcelona 's districting in 1984 . It was named after a former municipality in the plain of Barcelona called Sant Andreu de Palomar , the largest in the area , which makes up nowadays the bulk of a neighbourhood bearing the same name . A separate district , Nou Barris , includes some of the former area of Sant Andreu de Palomar . Its size is 653 ha . ( third district in size ) and it had 142,598 inhabitants in 2005 . It is in the northern part of the city , bordering the river Besòs , two adjacent towns in the metropolitan area , Sant Adrià de Besòs and Santa Coloma de Gramenet , and three other districts of Barcelona : Nou Barris , Horta-Guinardó and Sant Martí ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The neighbourhood 's name", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bon Pastor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bon_Pastor_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Bon Pastor is a Barcelona Metro station named after the neighbourhood of the same name where the station is situated , part of Barcelona 's district of Sant Andreu . This neighbourhood , one of Barcelona 's most deprived areas and until very recently made up mostly of cheap public housing has been undergoing some renovation . The station was opened on 18 April 2010 with the opening of the line from this station to Gorg and Can Peixauet , enabling this neighbourhood to be connected with the metro network . It is served by TMB-operated Barcelona Metro lines L9 and L10 ."}]}, {'value': "Camp de l'Arpa - Caterina Albert", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Camp de l'Arpa", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/El_Camp_de_l'Arpa_del_Clot", 'summary': "El Camp de l'Arpa del Clot ( name designated in 2006 ) is one of the ten neighborhoods of Barcelona which compose the district of Sant Martí , Catalonia ( Spain ) . It was annexed by Barcelona in the year 1897 . It is situated in the upper part of this district and before it was named Camp de l'Arca ."}]}, {'value': 'Sant Martí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sant_Martí_(district)', 'summary': "Sant Martí ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈsam məɾˈti ] ) , is a district of Barcelona located on its eastern side , usually numbered 10 out of the ten districts of the city . It borders the Mediterranean sea , Sant Adrià del Besòs and four other districts of the city : Ciutat Vella , l'Eixample , Horta-Guinardó and Sant Andreu . It did not become an integral part of Barcelona until as late as 1897 , having been an autonomous village since 1714 with the imposition of the infamous Nueva Planta decrees . Before then , it had been a secondary parish of Santa Maria del Mar ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Writer Caterina Albert , also known as Víctor Català', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caterina_Albert', 'summary': "Caterina Albert i Paradís ( L'Escala , Spain , 11 September 1869 - 27 January 1966 ) , better known by her penname Víctor Català , was a Catalan writer in Catalan and Spanish who participated in the Modernisme movement and was the author of one of the signature works of the genre , Solitud ( Solitude ) ( 1905 ) . Her literary skill was first recognized in 1898 , when she received the Jocs Florals ( floral games ) prize ; soon thereafter , she began using the pseudonym Victor Català , taking it from the protagonist of a novel she never finished . Despite her success as a dramatist and her forays into poetry , she is best known for her work in narrative literature , with the force of her style and the richness of her diction being especially noted . She died in her hometown of lEscala , Catalonia , in 1966 and is interred in the Cementiri Vell de lEscala ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Víctor_Català', 'summary': "Caterina Albert i Paradís ( L'Escala , Spain , 11 September 1869 - 27 January 1966 ) , better known by her penname Víctor Català , was a Catalan writer in Catalan and Spanish who participated in the Modernisme movement and was the author of one of the signature works of the genre , Solitud ( Solitude ) ( 1905 ) . Her literary skill was first recognized in 1898 , when she received the Jocs Florals ( floral games ) prize ; soon thereafter , she began using the pseudonym Victor Català , taking it from the protagonist of a novel she never finished . Despite her success as a dramatist and her forays into poetry , she is best known for her work in narrative literature , with the force of her style and the richness of her diction being especially noted . She died in her hometown of lEscala , Catalonia , in 1966 and is interred in the Cementiri Vell de lEscala ."}]}, {'value': "Camp de l'Arpa", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Camp_de_l'Arpa_(Barcelona_Metro)", 'summary': "Camp de l'Arpa is a station on line 5 of the Barcelona Metro . It is named after the neighbourhood of the same name in the Sant Martí district . The station is located underneath Carrer Indústria , between Passeig Maragall and Carrer Guinardó . It was opened in 1970 . The side-platform station has a ticket hall on either end , each with one access , on Carrer Indústria and Passeig Maragall ."}]}, {'value': 'Can Rosés', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Corts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Corts_(district)', 'summary': "Les Corts ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ləs ˈkoɾts ] ) is one of the ten districts into which Barcelona , Spain has been divided up since 1984 , numbered IV . It was created in 1897 out of two former municipalities : Les Corts de Sarrià and some parts of Sarrià ( the remaining of which went to become the current district of Sarrià-Sant Gervasi ) . It had 82.588 inhabitants in the 2005 census , which makes it the least populous district of the city . It is located in the western part of the city , next to three other districts of Barcelona : Sarrià-Sant Gervasi , Eixample as well as Sants-Montjuïc , and two municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona : L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Esplugues de Llobregat ."}]}, {'value': 'Les Corts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Corts_(district)', 'summary': "Les Corts ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ləs ˈkoɾts ] ) is one of the ten districts into which Barcelona , Spain has been divided up since 1984 , numbered IV . It was created in 1897 out of two former municipalities : Les Corts de Sarrià and some parts of Sarrià ( the remaining of which went to become the current district of Sarrià-Sant Gervasi ) . It had 82.588 inhabitants in the 2005 census , which makes it the least populous district of the city . It is located in the western part of the city , next to three other districts of Barcelona : Sarrià-Sant Gervasi , Eixample as well as Sants-Montjuïc , and two municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona : L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and Esplugues de Llobregat ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The 18th century masia where it 's located", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masia', 'summary': "A masia ( Catalan pronunciation : [ məˈzi.ə ] , plural masies ; Aragonese : pardina ) is a type of rural construction common to all the old Crown of Aragon : Catalonia , Valencian Community , Aragon , Languedoc and Provence ( in the south of France ) . The estate in which the masia is located is called a mas . They are often large but isolated structures , nearly always associated with a family farming or livestock operation . Through the ages , the materials used to construct masies varied , often determined by their location . In mountainous areas , rough stone was often used , except for doorways , windows and arches , where stone was worked . During the Middle Ages , mud was used as mortar , though later on it was replaced by quicklime or cement . In places where stone was hard to come by , adobe was more common as a construction material . For the most part , masies are oriented to the south . Constructions older than 16th century have an arched main entrance while those built after the 18th century usually have lintel entrances . Masies were typically constructed with wooden beams placed perpendicular to the facade and covered by tiles . In the Pyrenees and other mountainous areas , the roofing would often be made of slate . They tended to be at least two-story buildings , with the ground floor reserved for farming tasks and even housing livestock , with the upper floor reserved for the family 's living quarters ."}]}, {'value': 'Les Corts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Corts_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': 'Les Corts is a station in the Barcelona Metro network , in the Les Corts district of Barcelona , from which it takes its name . It is served by line L3 . The station is located under Carrer de Joan Güell , between Travessera de les Corts and Carrer de can Bruixa , and is some 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) from the Nou Camp , home of La Liga club FC Barcelona . The station has two 95-metre ( 312 ft ) long side platforms . The station opened in 1975 , along with the other stations of the section of L3 between Zona Universitària and Sants Estació stations . This section was originally operated separately from L3 , and known as L3b , until the two sections were joined in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canyelles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canyelles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canyelles_(neighbourhood)', 'summary': 'Canyelles is a neighbourhood in the Nou Barris district of the city of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Canyelles metro station , on line L3 of the Barcelona Metro , lies on the southern boundary of the neighbourhood .'}]}, {'value': 'Nou Barris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nou_Barris', 'summary': "Nou Barris ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈnɔw ˈβaris ] , lit . nine neighbourhoods ) is one of the ten districts into which Barcelona has been officially divided since 1984 . The name refers to the original nine neighbourhoods it was composed of , even though nowadays it 's made up of thirteen . It covers an area of 8.04 km2 . It is located in the northern part of the city adjacent to two other districts of Barcelona : Sant Andreu and Horta-Guinardó and grew up extensively out of small urbanised areas near the former municipalities of Sant Joan d'Horta and Sant Andreu de Palomar ( now neighbourhoods of Barcelona ) in the 20th century , especially from the 1950s on . The district council is located in a former mental institution , the Institut Mental de la Santa Creu ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The neighbourhood 's name", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canyelles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canyelles_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Canyelles ( Catalan pronunciation : [ kəˈɲɛʎəs ] ) is a Barcelona Metro station , named after the nearby Canyelles neighbourhood , in the Nou Barris district of the city of Barcelona . The station is served by line L3 . The station is located under Carrer de Federico García Lorca and Via Favència-Ronda de Dalt . It has an access on each side of the station on to Mercat-García Lorca and Via Favència , and Parc de Josep Maria Serra Martí . The single 100-metre ( 330 ft ) long island platform is flanked by two tracks . The station was opened in 2001 , when the section of line L3 was extended from Montbau station . It remained the terminus of line L3 until 2008 , when the line was further extended to Trinitat Nova station . Canyelles station was designed by Alfons Soldevila and is considerably more modern-looking than most of the city 's other stations . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Clarà', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarrià', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarrià,_Barcelona', 'summary': 'Sarrià is a neighborhood in the Sarrià-Sant Gervasi district of Barcelona , Catalonia . Its main street is Major de Sarrià .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarrià-Sant Gervasi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarrià-Sant_Gervasi', 'summary': "Sarrià-Sant Gervasi ( Catalan pronunciation : [ səriˈa ˈsaɲ ʒəɾˈβazi ] ) is one of the biggest districts of Barcelona . It 's the district with the highest per capita income , the largest proportion of university degrees , the lowest unemployment rate and ( together with the neighboring district Les Corts ) the lowest percentage of foreigners . Situated on the north-west of the city , surrounded by the districts of Les Corts , Gràcia , and Eixample i Horta-Guinardo and by the villages of Sant Just , Sant Feliu , Molins de Rei , and Sant Cugat . It is formed by the old villages of Sarrià ( added to Barcelona in 1927 ) , Vallvidrera ( added to Sarrià in 1890 ) , Santa Creu d'Olorda ( added to Sarrià in 1916 ) , and Sant Gervasi ( Saint Gervasius ) de Cassoles ( added to Barcelona in 1897 ) . The first written document found about Sarrià dates from the year 987 , and the origins of the village are a Roman colony . The old Monestir de Pedralbes belonged to the village of Sarrià , and it is now the Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza . Today , Sarrià still retains a village atmosphere , even in the middle of Barcelona , with narrow streets and small houses . The main street of Sarrià is Major de Sarrià . The main market in Sarrià-Sant Gervasi is the Mercat de Sarrià on Passeig Reina Elisenda , which opened in 1900 and was renovated in 1967 and again in 2007 . Part of the Collserola mountain belongs to the district , where the Tibidabo and the Observatori Fabra are , and it is a popular place to promenade by bike or by foot or to stop by the road to Sant Cugat , with impressive views over the city ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The sculptor Josep Clarà , who used it as his atelier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josep_Clarà', 'summary': "Josep Clarà i Ayats ( 1878-1958 ) was a Spanish Catalan sculptor . Clarà was born in Olot , Girona , Catalonia ( Spain ) in 1878 . He attended the Olot School of Drawing ( Escola de Dibuix d'Olot ) with professor Josep Berga i Boix ( 1837-1914 ) . During Clarà 's time at the school , Joaquín Vayreda ( 1843-1894 ) highly praised one of Clarà 's drawings ; this greatly encouraged Clarà 's artistic endeavors and was one of his happiest childhood memories . In 1897 , Clarà enrolled in the School of Fine Arts in Toulouse , France . He moved to Paris in 1890 , where he met Auguste Rodin , which caused him to pursue sculpture . He also became close friends with sculptor Arístides Maillol . He was a student of Louis-Ernest Barrias . His sketches of dancer Isadora Duncan 's distinct movements stand out among Clarà 's work . After Duncan 's death in 1927 , Antonia Mercé instead served as Clarà 's model . Clarà 's training was capped off with travels to London and Italy . He returned to Paris , where he distinguished himself as a sculptor ."}]}, {'value': 'Les Tres Torres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Tres_Torres_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': 'Les Tres Torres is a railway station situated under the Via Augusta in the Les Tres Torres neighbourhood of Barcelona . During off-peak periods it is served by line L6 of the Barcelona Metro . During peak periods , additional services are provided by lines S5 and S55 of the Metro del Vallès commuter rail system , whilst service on line L6 is reduced or removed altogether . All these lines are operated by Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya , who also run the station . The station has twin tracks and two 75 metres ( 246 ft ) long side platforms . The line on which Les Tres Torres is located opened in 1863 , but the first station on the site did not open until 1906 . The current station was opened in 1952 , when the line through the station was put underground .'}]}, {'value': 'Collserola - Josep Miracle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vallvidrera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallvidrera', 'summary': 'Vallvidrera is a neighbourhood of the Sarrià-Sant Gervasi district of Barcelona , Spain . It is situated in one of the sides of the Collserola hills , considered to be the lungs of the city due to the abundant forests it has . This wealthy neighbourhood has excellent views of the whole city , from some specific places and in a clear day it is possible to see Mallorca and the Pyrenees on the horizon . Although being a residential place it has important things such as , the Torre de Collserola ( a communications tower designed by the architect Norman Foster ) , the Tibidabo Amusement Park and the Temple Expiatori del Sagrat Cor . Vallvidrera used to be a cool summer retreat where wealthy people from Barcelona had their summer houses . Now the wealthy live in this neighbourhood all year round and have their summer retreats in further places inside Catalonia , such as the Costa Brava ( for summer vacations ) or Puigcerda ( for winter vacations ) . Vallvidrera can be reached by the Funicular de Vallvidrera , which connects at its lower station with the Metro del Vallès suburban railway with frequent services to the city center . The neighborhood is also served by minibus line 111 , which connects to the upper station of the Vallvidrera funicular and the top of the Tibidabo hill . Other than the Funicular and the Bus , the most common type of transportation is the private one .'}]}, {'value': 'Sarrià-Sant Gervasi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarrià-Sant_Gervasi', 'summary': "Sarrià-Sant Gervasi ( Catalan pronunciation : [ səriˈa ˈsaɲ ʒəɾˈβazi ] ) is one of the biggest districts of Barcelona . It 's the district with the highest per capita income , the largest proportion of university degrees , the lowest unemployment rate and ( together with the neighboring district Les Corts ) the lowest percentage of foreigners . Situated on the north-west of the city , surrounded by the districts of Les Corts , Gràcia , and Eixample i Horta-Guinardo and by the villages of Sant Just , Sant Feliu , Molins de Rei , and Sant Cugat . It is formed by the old villages of Sarrià ( added to Barcelona in 1927 ) , Vallvidrera ( added to Sarrià in 1890 ) , Santa Creu d'Olorda ( added to Sarrià in 1916 ) , and Sant Gervasi ( Saint Gervasius ) de Cassoles ( added to Barcelona in 1897 ) . The first written document found about Sarrià dates from the year 987 , and the origins of the village are a Roman colony . The old Monestir de Pedralbes belonged to the village of Sarrià , and it is now the Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza . Today , Sarrià still retains a village atmosphere , even in the middle of Barcelona , with narrow streets and small houses . The main street of Sarrià is Major de Sarrià . The main market in Sarrià-Sant Gervasi is the Mercat de Sarrià on Passeig Reina Elisenda , which opened in 1900 and was renovated in 1967 and again in 2007 . Part of the Collserola mountain belongs to the district , where the Tibidabo and the Observatori Fabra are , and it is a popular place to promenade by bike or by foot or to stop by the road to Sant Cugat , with impressive views over the city ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The writer Josep Miracle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peu de Funicular', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Carmel - Juan Marsé', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Carmel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Carmel', 'summary': 'El Carmel ( Catalan pronunciation : [ əl kəɾˈmɛl ] ) , or simply Carmel , is a neighbourhood in the district of Horta-Guinardó , in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Carmel is in the municipal district of Horta-Guinardó . The area was developed mainly in the 1960s and 1970s when immigrant workers , encouraged to move to Barcelona by the government of Francoist Spain , they built housing for themselves . The combination of houses , then isolated on the rural hillside of what is now Parc dels Tres Turons ( Three Hills Park ) , ad-hoc buildings put up without building permits and more planned urban development has given the area its modern appearance of many buildings piled on the hillside . Carmel became infamous in 2005 when there was a major tunnel construction accident . It brought to a halt the expansion works on line 5 of the Barcelona Metro and led to the evacuation of dozens of buildings in the area . Local residents protested and most of those evacuated to other areas have finally been rehoused and a new school opened . The Barcelona City Council has pledged more investment in the area to improve transport , accessibility and services .'}]}, {'value': 'Horta-Guinardó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horta-Guinardó', 'summary': "Horta-Guinardó ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈɔɾtə ɣinəɾˈðo ] ) is the name of one of the districts of Barcelona , located in its North-Eastern corner . It is named after two very heterogeneous areas of the city , Horta and el Guinardó , which together cover a large area of 11.92 km² , which sums up for the 11,9% of the total extension of the city . A former municipality that eventually became part of the city in the late 19th century , it is bordered by five out of ten districts of Barcelona ( Gràcia , Nou Barris , Eixample , Sant Andreu and Sant Martí ) , and by two other municipalities of the metropolitan area ( Sant Cugat and Cerdanyola del Vallès ) . It did n't undergo a massive urbanisation process until the 1950s ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The writer Juan Marsé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Marsé', 'summary': 'Juan Marsé Carbó ( born 8 January 1933 in Barcelona ) is a Spanish novelist , journalist and screenwriter . In 2008 he was awarded the Cervantes Prize , the Spanish-language equivalent to the Nobel Prize in Literature .'}]}, {'value': 'El Carmel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Carmel_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': 'El Carmel is a station on the Barcelona metro network , served by L5 . It is part of the extension that opened on 30 July 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'El Clot - Josep Benet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glòries - El Clot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaça_de_les_Glòries_Catalanes', 'summary': "Plaça de les Glòries Catalanes ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈplasə ðə ləz ˈɣlɔɾiəs kətəˈlanəs ] ) , most often shortened to Glòries , is a large square in Barcelona , first designed by Ildefons Cerdà to serve as the city centre in his original urban plan ( Pla Cerdà ) , but nowadays relegated to quite a secondary position . It is located in the Sant Martí district , bordering Eixample , at the junction of three of the city 's most important thoroughfares : Avinguda Diagonal , Avinguda Meridiana and Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes . Currently it serves largely as a roundabout of elevated highways . However , beginning in the early 2000s , and as of 2007 , revamping project for Glòries has started , which is aimed to give the square a new role in Barcelona and revitalize the northern districts of the city , under the name 22 @ . These plans supplement other large-scale plans in Sagrera and the Fòrum area . The first installment of this project was the construction of the controversial Torre Agbar skyscraper ."}, {'url': '/wiki/El_Clot', 'summary': 'El Clot is a neighborhood in the Sant Martí district of Barcelona , Catalonia ( Spain ) . It is one of the oldest parts of the district that has been around since the medieval times under the name Clotum Melis ( Clot de la Mel ) . It was one of the parts of the former municipality of Sant Martí de Provençals , as were the current neighborhoods of el Poblenou and Sant Martí de Provençals .'}]}, {'value': 'Sant Martí', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sant_Martí_(district)', 'summary': "Sant Martí ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈsam məɾˈti ] ) , is a district of Barcelona located on its eastern side , usually numbered 10 out of the ten districts of the city . It borders the Mediterranean sea , Sant Adrià del Besòs and four other districts of the city : Ciutat Vella , l'Eixample , Horta-Guinardó and Sant Andreu . It did not become an integral part of Barcelona until as late as 1897 , having been an autonomous village since 1714 with the imposition of the infamous Nueva Planta decrees . Before then , it had been a secondary parish of Santa Maria del Mar ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Politician and historian Josep Benet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glòries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glòries_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Glòries is a station in the Barcelona Metro network , at the boundary between the Eixample and Sant Martí districts of Barcelona . It is served by TMB line L1 . The station is named after the nearby Plaça de les Glòries Catalanes . It was opened in 1951 , when Line 1 was extended from Marina to Clot . It can be accessed from carrer d'Àlaba and Glòries . It is currently [ when ? ] being adapted for disabled people . It will be connected to a future train station in the square , which will include access to L8 . It is also an important tram station , being the terminus of Trambesòs tram routes T4 and T5 ."}]}, {'value': "Esquerra de l'Eixample - Agustí Centelles", 'urls': []}, {'value': "La Nova Esquerra de l'Eixample", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/La_Nova_Esquerra_de_l'Eixample", 'summary': "La Nova Esquerra de l'Eixample is a neighborhood in the Eixample district of Barcelona , Catalonia ( Spain ) . Originally it formed a single unit , called Esquerra de l'Eixample , with the current neighborhood l'Antiga Esquerra de l'Eixample . In this neighborhood there are the Can Batlló 's three buildings ( currently the Industrial School ) , the former prison La Model , the park Parc Joan Miró , located in the emplacement of the former city 's slaughterhouse , the bullfighting ring Les Arenes , which is nowadays a commercial center , and the Casa Golferichs ."}]}, {'value': 'Eixample', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eixample', 'summary': "The Eixample ( pronounced [ əˈʃamplə ] ; Catalan for 'expansion ' or 'Expansion District ' ; Spanish : Ensanche ) is a district of Barcelona between the old city ( Ciutat Vella ) and what were once surrounding small towns ( Sants , Gràcia , Sant Andreu etc . ) , constructed in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Its population was 262,000 at the last census ( 2005 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The photographer Agustí Centelles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agustí_Centelles', 'summary': 'Agustí Centelles Ossó ( 1909 in Valencia - 1 December 1985 in Barcelona ) was a Catalan photographer , working on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War . As a refugee from Francoist Spain he was interned in France where he recorded life in the camp at Bram . He is considered one of the founders of Spanish photojournalism and has been called the Spanish Robert Capa , with a direct , spare style and great skill with the miniature Leica which enabled him to follow and photograph scenes of the Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Urgell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urgell_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Urgell is a Barcelona Metro station , named after the Carrer del Comte d'Urgell , in the Eixample district of the city of Barcelona . The station is served by line L1 . The station is located under the Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes between the Carrer del Comte d'Urgell and the Carrer de Villarroel . The station can be accessed from entrances on the Gran Via , the Comte d'Urgell and the Carrer de Villarroel . It has twin tracks , flanked by two 88-metre ( 289 ft ) long side platforms . Urgell is one of the oldest metro stations in the city , as it is part of the first section of line L1 ( then the Ferrocarril Metropolitano Transversal de Barcelona ) between Catalunya and Bordeta stations , which was opened in 1926 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Pienc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Pienc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Pienc', 'summary': "Fort Pienc ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈfɔɾ piˈɛŋ ] ) is a neighborhood in the Eixample district of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Its name stems from a former military fortification which existed there until the 19th century called Fort Pius , Pienc is an adjective in Catalan meaning related to the name Pius . There has been a strong Chinese presence in the area since the 2000s . The Arc de Triomf is the main attraction in the area , located in Passeig de Lluís Companys-Passeig de Sant Joan , while L'Auditori is an important concert hall . The National Theatre of Catalonia is another of its cultural centres , as is the General Archive of the Crown of Aragon , near Parc de l'Estació del Nord . The General Catalana de Electricidad building is a fine piece of modernisme or local art nouveau architecture . La Monumental is the only extant bullring in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Eixample', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eixample', 'summary': "The Eixample ( pronounced [ əˈʃamplə ] ; Catalan for 'expansion ' or 'Expansion District ' ; Spanish : Ensanche ) is a district of Barcelona between the old city ( Ciutat Vella ) and what were once surrounding small towns ( Sants , Gràcia , Sant Andreu etc . ) , constructed in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Its population was 262,000 at the last census ( 2005 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A former military citadel called Fort Pienc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marina_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Marina is a station in the Barcelona Metro and Trambesòs tram networks , at the boundary between the Eixample and Sant Martí districts of Barcelona . It is served by TMB line L1 and tram route T4 . The station is named after the nearby Carrer de la Marina , and can be accessed from Carrer dels Almogàvers , and the crossing of Carrer de la Marina with the Avinguda Meridiana . It is adapted for disabled people . The metro station opened in 1933 , as the terminus of an extension from Arc de Triomf station , and became a through station in 1951 , when line L1 was extended to Clot station . When built , the station 's platforms were located below the sidings of the former Estació del Nord railway station , and as a consequence they are now below the Parc de l'Estació del Nord that has replaced these sidings . Although the Estació del Nord itself has now been converted into a bus station and sports hall , these facilities are more easily accessed from Arc de Triomf metro station . The adjacent tram station opened in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': 'Francesc Candel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Marina del Prat Vermell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Marina_del_Prat_Vermell', 'summary': 'La Marina del Prat Vermell is a neighborhood in the Sants-Montjuïc district of Barcelona , Catalonia ( Spain ) . The name comes from fields that occupied this area of low part of la Marina de Sants . This is a new neighborhood that is developing between the other sector of la Marina de Sants , la Marina de Port , and the industrial area of Zona Franca . The new center will have about 30,000 people and occupy about 80 hectares of land which are industrial . The accessibility to the district will be guaranteed once they have completed the construction of the Barcelona Metro line 9 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sants-Montjuïc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sants-Montjuïc', 'summary': "Sants-Montjuïc ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈsanz muɲʒuˈik ] ) is one of the ten districts into which Barcelona has been split since 1984 , numbered District 3 . Comprising very different areas of the city , it covers the southern part of Barcelona , joining the two former districts II ( made up by Montjuïc and Poble-Sec ) and VII ( Sants - Hostafrancs - La Bordeta ) , as well as the different areas comprised in the Zona Franca . As of the 2005 census it had a population of 177,636 . It borders Les Corts , Eixample , Ciutat Vella , and the municipalities L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and El Prat de Llobregat . It was one of the former municipalities added to Barcelona . The former municipality had the main nucleus in the neighbourhood of Sants but other current neighbourhoods of the district belonged to that municipality ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Writer and journalist Francesc Candel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magòria-La Campana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magòria-La_Campana_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': 'Magòria-La Campana is a railway station on the Llobregat-Anoia Line . It is located underneath Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes , in the Barcelona district of Sants-Montjuïc , in Catalonia , Spain . It was opened in 1997 near the original at-grade station . It is served by Barcelona Metro line 8 , Baix Llobregat Metro lines S33 , S4 and S8 , and commuter rail lines R5 and R6 .'}]}, {'value': 'Francesca Bonnemaison', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sant Pere , Santa Caterina i la Ribera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sant_Pere,_Santa_Caterina_i_la_Ribera', 'summary': 'Sant Pere , Santa Caterina i la Ribera ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈsam ˈpeɾə ˈsantə kətəˈɾinə j lə riˈβeɾə ] ) is a neighborhood in the Ciutat Vella district of Barcelona , Catalonia ( Spain ) . It is formed by the former neighborhoods of Sant Pere , Santa Caterina and la Ribera . The southeastern part of this area , just below Carrer de la Princesa , and leading to Barceloneta , is often referred to as El Born . A close subway stop for many staying in this neighborhood is Jaume I ( primero ) , which is situated on the yellow L4 line .'}]}, {'value': 'Ciutat Vella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciutat_Vella', 'summary': "Ciutat Vella ( Catalan pronunciation : [ siwˈtad ˈbeʎə ] , meaning in English Old City ) is a district of Barcelona , numbered District 1 . The name means old city in Catalan and refers to the oldest neighborhoods in the city of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Ciutat Vella is nestled between the Mediterranean Sea and the neighborhood called l'Eixample ( the Extension ) . It is considered the centre of the city ; the Plaça Catalunya is one of the most popular meeting points in all of Catalonia . [ citation needed ] There are four administrative neighborhoods ( some of them include former or traditional neighborhoods ) :"}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Francesca Bonnemaison , founder of the first women 's library in Europe", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francesca_Bonnemaison', 'summary': 'Francesca Bonnemaison i Farriols ( 12 April 1872 - 1949 ) was a Spanish Catalan educator and promoter of female education in Catalonia . She established Biblioteca Popular de la Dona ( lit . Popular Library of Women ) , first library exclusively for women in Europe , in Barcelona in 1909 .'}]}, {'value': 'Urquinaona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urquinaona_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Urquinaona is a station in the Barcelona Metro network , served by TMB lines L1 and L4 . One of the metro stations in the city centre , and one of the busiest , it 's located underneath Ronda de Sant Pere and Via Laietana , next to Plaça Urquinaona - after which it is named - in the Eixample . It can be accessed from Plaça Urquinaona and Via Laietana . The part of the station currently serving line L4 was opened in 1926 as part of what was then line 3 , as a part of the stretch between Passeig de Gràcia and Jaume I . The stretch was later extended to Barceloneta , and in 1973 was made a part of L4 . The line L1 platforms were opened in 1932 , as a part of the section between Catalunya and Arc de Triomf section . The L1 platforms are oriented from west to east and is located under Ronda de Sant Pere . They have three vestibules , two at the eastern side ( Plaça Urquinaona ) and one at the western side . The transfer to L4 is made through the eastern vestibule , which also serves as the northern vestibule of the L4 platforms . At the lower track level , there are two side platforms approximately 100 metres ( 330 ft ) long each . The tracks served by these platforms are separated from each other by the through tracks of the ADIF line linking Plaça de Catalunya and Arc de Triomf stations , although these are hidden from the platforms by intermediate walls . The L4 platforms are oriented from north to south is located in the meridional direction ( north-south ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gòtic - Andreu Nin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barri Gòtic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barri_Gòtic', 'summary': "The Gothic Quarter ( Catalan : Barri Gòtic IPA : [ ˈbari ˈɣɔtik ] or El Gòtic , Spanish : Barrio Gótico ) is the historic center of the old city of Barcelona . It stretches from La Rambla to Via Laietana , and from the Mediterranean seafront to the Ronda de Sant Pere . It is a part of Ciutat Vella district . The quarter encompasses the oldest parts of the city of Barcelona , and includes the remains of the city 's Roman wall and several notable medieval landmarks . Much of the present-day fabric of the quarter , however , dates to the 19th and early 20th centuries . [ citation needed ] El Call , the medieval Jewish quarter , is located within this area , along with the former Sinagoga Major . The Barri Gòtic retains a labyrinthine street plan , with many small streets opening out into squares . Most of the quarter is closed to regular traffic although open to service vehicles and taxis ."}]}, {'value': 'Ciutat Vella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciutat_Vella', 'summary': "Ciutat Vella ( Catalan pronunciation : [ siwˈtad ˈbeʎə ] , meaning in English Old City ) is a district of Barcelona , numbered District 1 . The name means old city in Catalan and refers to the oldest neighborhoods in the city of Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Ciutat Vella is nestled between the Mediterranean Sea and the neighborhood called l'Eixample ( the Extension ) . It is considered the centre of the city ; the Plaça Catalunya is one of the most popular meeting points in all of Catalonia . [ citation needed ] There are four administrative neighborhoods ( some of them include former or traditional neighborhoods ) :"}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murdered Communist revolutionary Andreu Nin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreu_Nin', 'summary': 'Andreu Nin Pérez ( 4 February 1892 - 20 June 1937 ) , was a Spanish communist politician . On 17 June 2013 , 76 years after his death , the Parliament of Catalonia officially paid homage to him and his work on politics with special emphasis to his work as the first Justice Minister of Catalonia .'}]}, {'value': 'Drassanes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drassanes_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Drassanes is a Barcelona Metro station located underneath Portal de la Santa Madrona , just off La Rambla in the Ciutat Vella district of Barcelona . It is named after the nearby Drassanes Reials de Barcelona , the old shipyards that are now the home of the Museu Marítim de Barcelona . It is the closest station to the Port of Barcelona and one of the network 's closest stations to the sea , and is served by TMB-operated Barcelona Metro line L3 . The station was opened on 14 December 1968 as a prolongation on the line from Liceu once Fernando metro station was closed . Originally known as Atarazanas , it changed its name to Drassanes in 1982 . Due to its proximity to the sea and low level , the station has suffered from flooding in the past . It was completely rebuilt in 2007 to make it more accessible by modernizing the platforms and installing elevators . Because of its proximity to sea level , the station is located close to the surface and has only a single level , containing two tracks served by two 90 metres ( 300 ft ) long side platforms . The platforms are linked by a passage under the tracks , but each has its own separate access to the street . The Zona Universitària bound platform has access to Drassanes Avenue and Portal de la Santa Madrona , while the Trinitat Nova bound platform has access to the central promenade of La Rambla"}]}, {'value': 'Ignasi Iglésias - Can Fabra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sant Andreu de Palomar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sant_Andreu_de_Palomar', 'summary': "Sant Andreu de Palomar is a neighbourhood of Barcelona . It 's the oldest part of the Sant Andreu district . It was an independent old town with over 1,000 years of recorded history before being annexed to Barcelona on 20 April 1897 . It has an area of 174 hectares and has a population of about 55,000 inhabitants . Its boundaries are : the street Rovira i Virgili , old Riera de Horta , Paseo de Santa Coloma , the Meridiana Avenue and the railroad tracks ."}]}, {'value': 'Sant Andreu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sant_Andreu', 'summary': "Sant Andreu ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈsant ənˈdɾew ] ) is one of the ten districts of Barcelona 's districting in 1984 . It was named after a former municipality in the plain of Barcelona called Sant Andreu de Palomar , the largest in the area , which makes up nowadays the bulk of a neighbourhood bearing the same name . A separate district , Nou Barris , includes some of the former area of Sant Andreu de Palomar . Its size is 653 ha . ( third district in size ) and it had 142,598 inhabitants in 2005 . It is in the northern part of the city , bordering the river Besòs , two adjacent towns in the metropolitan area , Sant Adrià de Besòs and Santa Coloma de Gramenet , and three other districts of Barcelona : Nou Barris , Horta-Guinardó and Sant Martí ."}]}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Writer Ignasi Iglésias , and the former factory Can Fabra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sant Andreu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sant_Andreu_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Sant Andreu is a station of the Barcelona Metro network , served by line L1 . Named after the neighbourhood of Sant Andreu de Palomar , in the Sant Andreu district of the city , the station was built in 1968 along with Fabra i Puig and Torras i Bages . It 's interconnected with nearby railway station Sant Andreu Comtal ."}]}, {'value': 'Lola Anglada', 'urls': []}, {'value': "La Nova Esquerra de l'Eixample", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/La_Nova_Esquerra_de_l'Eixample", 'summary': "La Nova Esquerra de l'Eixample is a neighborhood in the Eixample district of Barcelona , Catalonia ( Spain ) . Originally it formed a single unit , called Esquerra de l'Eixample , with the current neighborhood l'Antiga Esquerra de l'Eixample . In this neighborhood there are the Can Batlló 's three buildings ( currently the Industrial School ) , the former prison La Model , the park Parc Joan Miró , located in the emplacement of the former city 's slaughterhouse , the bullfighting ring Les Arenes , which is nowadays a commercial center , and the Casa Golferichs ."}]}, {'value': 'Eixample', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eixample', 'summary': "The Eixample ( pronounced [ əˈʃamplə ] ; Catalan for 'expansion ' or 'Expansion District ' ; Spanish : Ensanche ) is a district of Barcelona between the old city ( Ciutat Vella ) and what were once surrounding small towns ( Sants , Gràcia , Sant Andreu etc . ) , constructed in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Its population was 262,000 at the last census ( 2005 ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Writer and illustrator Lola Anglada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lola_Anglada', 'summary': 'Dolors Anglada i Sarriera ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈlɔlə əŋˈɡlaðə ] ; 1893 , in Barcelona - 1984 , in Tiana , Province of Barcelona ) , commonly known as Lola Anglada , was a Spanish writer , comics artist and illustrator .'}]}, {'value': 'Entença', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Entença_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': 'Entença is a station on line 5 of the Barcelona Metro . The station is located underneath Carrer Rosselló in the Eixample , between Carrer Entença and Carrer Rocafort . It was opened in 1969 . The side-platform station has a ticket hall on either end , the eastern one with one access at Carrer Rocafort , the western one with one access at Entença .'}]}, {'value': 'Guinardó - Mercè Rodoreda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Guinardó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Guinardó', 'summary': 'El Guinardó is a neighborhood in the Horta-Guinardó district of Barcelona ( Spain ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Horta-Guinardó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horta-Guinardó', 'summary': "Horta-Guinardó ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈɔɾtə ɣinəɾˈðo ] ) is the name of one of the districts of Barcelona , located in its North-Eastern corner . It is named after two very heterogeneous areas of the city , Horta and el Guinardó , which together cover a large area of 11.92 km² , which sums up for the 11,9% of the total extension of the city . A former municipality that eventually became part of the city in the late 19th century , it is bordered by five out of ten districts of Barcelona ( Gràcia , Nou Barris , Eixample , Sant Andreu and Sant Martí ) , and by two other municipalities of the metropolitan area ( Sant Cugat and Cerdanyola del Vallès ) . It did n't undergo a massive urbanisation process until the 1950s ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Writer Mercè Rodoreda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercè_Rodoreda', 'summary': "Mercè Rodoreda i Gurguí ( Catalan pronunciation : [ məɾˈsɛ ruðuˈɾɛðə ] ; 10 October 1908 - 13 April 1983 ) was a Spanish novelist , who wrote in Catalan . She has been called the most important Catalan novelist of the postwar period . [ by whom ? ] Her novel La plaça del diamant ( 'The diamond square ' , translated as The Time of the Doves , 1962 ) has become the most popular Catalan novel to date and has been translated into over 30 languages . Some critics consider it to be one of the best novels published in Spain after the Spanish Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfons X', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfons_X_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Alfons X ( Catalan pronunciation : [ əlˈfonz ˈðɛw ] ) is a Barcelona metro station , located under Ronda Guinardó and Plaça d'Alfons el Savi , named after Alfonso X of Castile , in the Horta-Guinardó district of Barcelona . Opened in 1974 , the station is currently served by L4 . It has three entrances , one on the square itself , a second one next to Parc de les Aigües and another one on Carrer Lepant . As of 2007 it is the only metro service in the surrounding area ( Can Baró ) , and will be until Sanllehy metro station on L9 and L10 is complete ."}]}, {'value': 'Horta - Can Mariner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horta,_Barcelona', 'summary': "Horta is a neighborhood in the Horta-Guinardó district of Barcelona , Catalonia ( Spain ) . It is documented for the first time in 965 , in which appears as the valley of Horta . Originally the neighborhood was the main town of the former municipality of Horta which was more or less as the current district limits of Horta-Guinardó . Horta is well known in Spain for its 1 January New Year celebrations as it 's the only district in Spain where the first day of the year is celebrated with outdoor meals and drinks ."}]}, {'value': 'Horta-Guinardó', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horta-Guinardó', 'summary': "Horta-Guinardó ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈɔɾtə ɣinəɾˈðo ] ) is the name of one of the districts of Barcelona , located in its North-Eastern corner . It is named after two very heterogeneous areas of the city , Horta and el Guinardó , which together cover a large area of 11.92 km² , which sums up for the 11,9% of the total extension of the city . A former municipality that eventually became part of the city in the late 19th century , it is bordered by five out of ten districts of Barcelona ( Gràcia , Nou Barris , Eixample , Sant Andreu and Sant Martí ) , and by two other municipalities of the metropolitan area ( Sant Cugat and Cerdanyola del Vallès ) . It did n't undergo a massive urbanisation process until the 1950s ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th century masia Can Mariner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masia', 'summary': "A masia ( Catalan pronunciation : [ məˈzi.ə ] , plural masies ; Aragonese : pardina ) is a type of rural construction common to all the old Crown of Aragon : Catalonia , Valencian Community , Aragon , Languedoc and Provence ( in the south of France ) . The estate in which the masia is located is called a mas . They are often large but isolated structures , nearly always associated with a family farming or livestock operation . Through the ages , the materials used to construct masies varied , often determined by their location . In mountainous areas , rough stone was often used , except for doorways , windows and arches , where stone was worked . During the Middle Ages , mud was used as mortar , though later on it was replaced by quicklime or cement . In places where stone was hard to come by , adobe was more common as a construction material . For the most part , masies are oriented to the south . Constructions older than 16th century have an arched main entrance while those built after the 18th century usually have lintel entrances . Masies were typically constructed with wooden beams placed perpendicular to the facade and covered by tiles . In the Pyrenees and other mountainous areas , the roofing would often be made of slate . They tended to be at least two-story buildings , with the ground floor reserved for farming tasks and even housing livestock , with the upper floor reserved for the family 's living quarters ."}]}, {'value': 'Horta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horta_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Horta ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈɔɾtə ] ) is a station in the Barcelona metro network , served by L5 , located under carrer de Lisboa , in the Horta-Guinardó district of Barcelona . It was opened in 1967 , when an extension of the line into the neighbourhood of the same name from Vilapicina was opened . The partially curved island-platform station has a ticket hall at either end , one with two accesses , the other with one . Horta was the terminus before the line was extended in July 2010 towards Vall d'Hebron , meeting L3 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jaume Fuster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vallcarca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vallcarca_i_els_Penitents', 'summary': "Vallcarca i els Penitents is a neighbourhood in the northernmost part of Gràcia , a district of Barcelona . Locked between two hills , Putget and El Coll , it grew out of a few scattered settlements , namely L'Hostal de la Farigola , Can Falcó , Can Mas and Can Gomis ."}]}, {'value': 'Gràcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gràcia', 'summary': "Gràcia ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈɡɾasiə ] ) is a district of the city of Barcelona , Spain . It comprises the neighborhoods of Vila de Gràcia , Vallcarca i els Penitents , El Coll , La Salut and Camp d'en Grassot i Gràcia Nova . Gràcia is bordered by the districts of Eixample to the south , Sarrià-Sant Gervasi to the west and Horta-Guinardó to the east . A vibrant and diverse enclave of Catalan life , Gràcia was an independent municipality for centuries before being formally annexed by Barcelona in 1897 as a part of the city 's expansion ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Writer and politician Jaume Fuster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lesseps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lesseps_(Barcelona_Metro)', 'summary': "Lesseps is a station in the Barcelona Metro network , named after its location , Plaça de Lesseps , in the Gràcia district of Barcelona , itself named after Ferdinand de Lesseps , who was appointed French consul in 1842 . The station is served by line L3 . The station opened in 1924 as the northern terminus of the first metro line of the city , which ran south to Catalunya station and was operated by the Gran Metropolitano de Barcelona rail company . To the north of the station were terminal sidings , which in turn gave access to the Lesseps workshops via a vehicle elevator . The line was extended north to Montbau station in 1985 , diverging to the right before the terminal sidings , which remain in existence although little used . The Lesseps workshops closed in 1988 . The station is located under Carrer Gran de Gràcia , between Carrer de Maurici Serrahima and Plaça de Lesseps , and can be accessed from the square , in the corner where Avinguda del Príncep d'Astúries ends . It has two tracks , with twin side platforms that are 95 metres ( 312 ft ) long . Future plans are for Lesseps to be served by the joint section of lines L9 and L10 . Platforms for this are currently under construction , and will provide interchange with line L3 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Public libraries owned by the Diputació de Barcelona', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_libraries_in_Barcelona_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of public and private libraries in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain).'}
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Which line serves this neighborhood in a district that covers a total area of 8.04 km2 ?
line L3
0aa494964db8cada
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history', 'title': 'Minnesota Vikings draft history', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick #', 'Overall', 'Name', 'Position', 'College'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Eller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Eller', 'summary': 'Carl Eller ( born January 25 , 1942 ) is a former professional American football player in the National Football League ( NFL ) who played from 1964 through 1979 . He was born in Winston-Salem , North Carolina and attended the University of Minnesota . He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Golden Gophers football program represents the University of Minnesota in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) level . Founded in 1882 , the program is one of the oldest in college football . Minnesota has been a member of the Big Ten Conference since its inception in 1896 as the Western Conference . The Golden Gophers claim seven national championships : 1904 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1941 , and 1960 . Since 2009 , the Gophers have played all their home games at TCF Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hal Bedsole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hal_Bedsole', 'summary': 'Harold Jay Hal Bedsole ( December 21 , 1941 - December 22 , 2017 ) was an American football player . He played as a tight end and end early in his career during the single platoon days .'}]}, {'value': 'Tight end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans_football', 'summary': 'The USC Trojans football program represent University of Southern California in the sport of American football . The Trojans compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the South Division of the Pac-12 Conference'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Rose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Rose_(American_football)', 'summary': 'George Lee Rose ( born January 1 , 1942 ) is a former professional American football cornerback in the National Football League . He played four seasons for the Minnesota Vikings ( 1964-1966 ) and the New Orleans Saints ( 1967 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornerback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Auburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football', 'summary': "The Auburn Tigers football program represents Auburn University in the sport of American college football . Auburn competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . Auburn officially began competing in intercollegiate football in 1892 . The Tigers joined the Southeastern Conference in 1932 as one of the inaugural members of the conference and the Tigers began competing in the West Division when the conference divided in 1992 . Auburn has achieved twelve undefeated seasons , won twelve conference championships , along with eight divisional championships . The Tigers have made 43 post season bowl appearances , including twelve historically major bowl berths . The Tigers have the 13th most wins in FBS history with over 700 victories and have finished ranked in the top 25 of either the AP or Coaches ' polls 37 times , including finishing in the top ten 18 times ( ranked 12th nationally for top ten finishes ) . The Tigers have produced three Heisman Trophy winners : quarterback Pat Sullivan in 1971 , running back Bo Jackson in 1985 , and quarterback Cam Newton in 2010 . Auburn has also produced twenty-nine consensus All-American players . The College Football Hall of Fame has inducted a total of 12 individuals from Auburn , including eight student-athletes and four head coaches : John Heisman , Mike Donahue , Ralph Jordan , and Pat Dye . Jordan , who coached from 1951 to 1975 , led Auburn to its first national championship and won a total of 176 games , the most by any Auburn coach . Auburn 's home stadium is Jordan-Hare Stadium , which opened in 1939 and becomes Alabama 's fifth largest city on gamedays with a capacity of 87,451 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Keating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Keating_(American_football)', 'summary': "Thomas Arthur Keating ( September 2 , 1942 - August 31 , 2012 ) was an American football player who played at the defensive tackle position . He played college football for the University of Michigan from 1961 to 1963 . He also played 12 seasons of professional football in the American and National Football Leagues from 1964 to 1975 . He was an AFL All-Star in 1966 and 1967 , a key to the 1967 Oakland Raiders ' defensive line that led the team to a 13-1 record and the 1967 AFL Championship , and was considered the premier tackle in the old American Football League . He was known for his use of a distinctive four-point stance in which he lined up with both hands on the ground ."}]}, {'value': 'Defensive tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines football program represents the University of Michigan in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) level . Michigan has the most all-time wins in college football history . The team is known for its distinctive winged helmet , its fight song , its record-breaking attendance figures at Michigan Stadium , and its many rivalries , particularly its annual , regular-season-ending game against Ohio State , known simply as The Game , once voted as ESPN 's best sports rivalry . Michigan began competing in intercollegiate football in 1879 . The Wolverines joined the Big Ten Conference at its inception in 1896 , and other than a hiatus from 1907 to 1916 , have been members since . Michigan has won or shared 42 league titles , and , since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 , has finished in the top 10 a total of 38 times . The Wolverines claim 11 national championships , most recently that of the 1997 squad voted atop the final AP Poll . From 1900 to 1989 , Michigan was led by a series of nine head coaches , each of whom has been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame either as a player or as a coach . Fielding H. Yost became Michigan 's head coach in 1901 and guided his Point-a-Minute squads to a streak of 56 games without a defeat , spanning from his arrival until the season finale in 1905 , including a victory in the 1902 Rose Bowl , the first college football bowl game ever played . Fritz Crisler brought his winged helmet from Princeton University in 1938 and led the 1947 Wolverines to a national title and Michigan 's second Rose Bowl win . Bo Schembechler coached the team for 21 seasons ( 1969-1989 ) in which he won 13 Big Ten titles and 194 games , a program record . The first decade of his tenure was underscored by a fierce competition with his former mentor , Woody Hayes , whose Ohio State Buckeyes squared off against Schembechler 's Wolverines in a stretch of the Michigan-Ohio State rivalry dubbed the Ten-Year War ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Kirby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Kirby_(American_football)', 'summary': 'John Patrick Kirby ( May 30 , 1942 May 30 , 2017 ) is a former professional American football player who played right outside linebacker for seven seasons for the Minnesota Vikings and the New York Giants . Kirby died on May 30 , 2017 , his 75th birthday .'}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football', 'summary': "The Nebraska Cornhuskers football team competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision , representing the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in the West Division of the Big Ten . Nebraska plays its home games at Memorial Stadium , where it has sold out every game since 1962 . The team is currently coached by Scott Frost . Nebraska is among the most storied programs in college football history . As of 2014 , the Cornhuskers trail only Michigan , Ohio State , and Texas in all-time victories among FBS teams , and have won more games against Power Five opponents than any other program . Nebraska claims 46 conference championships and five national championships ( 1970 , 1971 , 1994 , 1995 , and 1997 ) , and has won nine other national championships that the school does not claim . NU 's 1971 and 1995 title-winning teams are considered by many to be among the best in college football history . Famous Cornhuskers include Heisman Trophy winners Johnny Rodgers , Mike Rozier , and Eric Crouch . Rodgers and Rozier join 22 other Cornhuskers in the College Football Hall of Fame . Notable among these are players Bob Brown , Guy Chamberlin , Tommie Frazier , Rich Glover , Dave Rimington , and Will Shields , and coaches Bob Devaney and Tom Osborne . The program 's first extended period of success came just after the turn of the century . Between 1900 and 1916 , Nebraska had five undefeated seasons and completed a stretch of 34 consecutive games without a loss , still a program record ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Lacey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/End_(American_football)', 'summary': 'An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage , usually beside the tackles . Rules state that a legal offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage and that the player on the end of the line constitutes an eligible receiver .'}]}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football', 'summary': "The North Carolina Tar Heels football team represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the sport of American football . The Tar Heels play in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . North Carolina has played in 34 bowl games in its history and won three Southern Conference championships and five Atlantic Coast Conference titles . Thirty Tar Heel players have been honored as first-team All-Americas on 38 occasions . Carolina had 32 All-Southern Conference selections when it played in that league until 1952 and since joining the ACC in 1953 , has had 174 first-team All-ACC choices . Since joining the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1953 , the team has won five conference championships , with the most recent title coming in 1980 . One very important contribution to the game of football by Carolina is the modern use of the forward pass ; they were the first college team to use the play in 1895 . Bob Quincy notes in his 1973 book They Made the Bell Tower Chime : John Heisman , a noted historian , wrote 30 years later that , indeed , the Tar Heels had given birth to the forward pass against the Bulldogs ( UGA ) . It was conceived to break a scoreless deadlock and give UNC a 6-0 win . The Tar Heels were in a punting situation and a Georgia rush seemed destined to block the ball . The punter , with an impromptu dash to his right , tossed the ball and it was caught by George Stephens , who ran 70 yards for a touchdown . The program has long been overshadowed by the school 's powerhouse men 's basketball team ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wes Bryant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_football', 'summary': 'The Arkansas Razorbacks football program represents the University of Arkansas , located in Fayetteville , Arkansas , in the sport of American football . The Razorbacks compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The program has 1 national championship awarded by the Football Writers Association of America ( FWAA ) and Helms Athletic Foundation ( HAF ) in 1964 , 1 national championship awarded by the Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments ( FACT ) in 1977 , 13 conference championships , 45 All-Americans , and an all-time record of 716-504-40 . Home games are played at locations on or near the two largest campuses of the University of Arkansas System : Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium in Fayetteville , and War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '103', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill McWatters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fullback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': 'North Texas State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Texas_Mean_Green_football', 'summary': 'The North Texas Mean Green football program is the intercollegiate team that represents the University of North Texas in the sport of American football . The Mean Green compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the West Division of Conference USA ( CUSA ) . They are coached by Seth Littrell , who has served in that position since 2016 . North Texas has produced 24 conference championship titles , with eight postseason bowl appearances and four appearances in the former I-AA ( now Football Championship Series ) Playoffs . The Mean Green play their home games at the Apogee Stadium which has a seating capacity of 30,850 .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '118', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darrell Lester', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'McNeese State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McNeese_State_University', 'summary': "McNeese State University is a public university in Lake Charles , Louisiana . Founded in 1939 as Lake Charles Junior College , it was renamed McNeese Junior College after John McNeese , an early local educator . The present name was adopted in 1970 . McNeese is part of the University of Louisiana System and is classified as a Master 's University . The selective admissions university consists of six colleges and the Doré School of Graduate Studies . McNeese is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools , and all programs of study are accredited by their respective national boards ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '146', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'H.O . Estes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'East Central ( OK )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Central_University', 'summary': "East Central University ( ECU or East Central ) is a public university in Ada , Oklahoma . It is part of Oklahoma 's Regional University System . Beyond its flagship campus in Ada , the university has courses available in McAlester , Shawnee , and Durant , as well as online courses . Founded as East Central State Normal School in 1909 , its present name was adopted in 1985 . Some of its more famous alumni include former NFL player Mark Gastineau , past governors Robert S. Kerr and George Nigh , former U.S. Representative Lyle Boren , Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice Tom Colbert , and U.S. Army General James D. Thurman . ECU is approximately 90 miles from Oklahoma City , 115 miles from Tulsa and 150 miles from Dallas . Today the campus consists of 37 buildings on 135 acres ; the university typically enrolls more than 3,500 students per semester from more than 30 countries and 25 states"}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '159', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandy Sands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football', 'summary': 'The Texas Longhorns football program is the intercollegiate team representing the University of Texas at Austin ( variously Texas or UT ) in the sport of American football . The Longhorns compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) as a member of the Big 12 Conference . The team has been coached by Tom Herman since 2017 , and home games are played at Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium in Austin , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '174', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russ Vollmer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memphis State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memphis_Tigers_football', 'summary': "The Memphis Tigers football team represents the University of Memphis in college football in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision . The Tigers play in the American Athletic Conference as an all-sports member . They play home games at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium . The team 's current head coach is Ryan Silverfield . Since their inaugural season in 1912 , the Memphis Tigers have won over 450 games and appeared in thirteen bowl games . The program has also claimed six conference championships with the most recent coming in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '187', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tom Michel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Carolina_Pirates_football', 'summary': "The East Carolina Pirates are a college football team that represents East Carolina University ( variously East Carolina or ECU ) . The team is a member of the American Athletic Conference , which is in Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Mike Houston is currently the head coach . The Pirates have won seven conference championships and nine bowl games . The Pirates have 20 All-Americans over its history . Four players have their jerseys retired . Numerous Pirates have played in the NFL , including ten current players . The team played its inaugural season in 1932 . The team played home games at College Stadium on the main campus from the 1949 to the 1962 season . With the exception of the 1999 Miami football game , they have played their home games at Dowdy-Ficklen Stadium every year since 1963 . The stadium is located south of East Carolina 's main campus near the intersection of South Charles Boulevard and 14th Street . Dowdy-Ficklen underwent an expansion in 2010 , raising the capacity of the stadium to 50,000 ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '202', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monte Kiffin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monte_Kiffin', 'summary': "Monte George Kiffin ( born February 29 , 1940 ) is an American football coach . He is currently a player personnel analyst at Ole Miss for his son , Lane Kiffin . He is widely considered to be one of the preeminent defensive coordinators in modern football , as well as one of the greatest defensive coordinators in NFL history . Father of the widely imitated Tampa Cover 2 defense , Kiffin 's concepts are among the most influential in modern college and pro football . Before taking the role as Dallas Cowboys defensive coordinator , Kiffin served as assistant head coach for the University of Southern California where his son Lane Kiffin was named head coach on January 12 , 2010 , and before that he served under his son as the defensive coordinator at the University of Tennessee . Possibly due to the mounting pressure on his son 's poor coaching records , on November 29 , 2012 , Kiffin resigned from his position to pursue other opportunities in the NFL . He previously served 26 years as an NFL assistant coach , including 13 years as defensive coordinator for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , with whom he won Super Bowl XXXVII . His defensive units have finished ranked in the top 10 in points allowed and yards allowed 10 times during that period , an NFL record . Kiffin was paid about $ 1.2 million per year by Tennessee . He earned a reported $ 2 million annual salary from the Buccaneers and has turned down several NFL head coaching jobs during his career . To this day , Kiffin 's only head coaching job was at North Carolina State University from 1980 to 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tackle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '215', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlton Oats', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_A&M_Rattlers', 'summary': "The Florida A & M Rattlers represent Florida A & M University ( FAMU ) in college athletics . Florida A & M is a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference and participates in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . FAMU offers men 's sports in baseball , basketball , football , golf , swimming , tennis and track and field . It offers women 's sports in basketball bowling , softball , swimming , tennis , track and field and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '230', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerry McClurg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Buffaloes_football', 'summary': 'The Colorado Buffaloes football program represents the University of Colorado Boulder in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level . The team is currently a member of the Pac-12 Conference , having previously been a charter member of the Big 12 Conference . Before joining the Big 12 , they were members of the Big Eight Conference . The CU football team has played at Folsom Field since 1924 . The Buffs all-time record is 694-493-36 ( .583 winning percentage ) prior to the Valero Alamo Bowl at the end of the 2016 season . Colorado won a National Championship in 1990 . The football program is 23rd on the all-time win list and 30th in all-time winning percentage .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '243', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Robinson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tackle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prairie View A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_View_A&M_University', 'summary': "Prairie View A & M University ( PVAMU or PV ) is a public historically black university ( HBCU ) in Prairie View , Texas . Founded in 1876 , it is one of Texas 's two land-grant universities and the second oldest public institution of higher learning in the state . It offers baccalaureate degrees in 50 academic majors , 37 master 's degrees and four doctoral degree programs through eight colleges and the School of Architecture . PVAMU is a member of the Texas A & M University System and Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Prairie View A & M fields 16 intercollegiate sports team , commonly known by their Prairie View A & M Panthers nickname . Prairie View A & M competes in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) . Prairie View A & M is the only charter member remaining in the conference ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '258', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Schott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'End', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_football', 'summary': 'The Louisville Cardinals football team represents the University of Louisville in the sport of American football . The Cardinals compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '271', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milt Sunde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milt_Sunde', 'summary': 'Milton John Sunde ( born February 1 , 1942 ) is a former American football player . He played professionally as a guard in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Minnesota Vikings from 1964 to 1974 . Sunde attended Bloomington High School and the University of Minnesota . He played with the Vikings in two of their losing Super Bowl efforts ( IV and IX ) as well as two coaching losses in high school girls basketball to the Randolph Rockets coached by Mike Haase . Married to Barbara Sunde . Father to Jennifer Craigan , Katy Sunde , Molly Polding , and Amy Macosko . Grandfather to Clare , Michaela , and Kendall Craigan ; Elaina and Drew Polding ; Miles , Smith , and Benjamin Macosko .'}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}], 'section_title': '1964 NFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history_3', 'intro': 'This page is a list of the Minnesota Vikings NFL Draft selections. The first draft the Vikings participated in was the 1961 NFL Draft, in which they made Tommy Mason of Tulane their first ever selection.'}
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How many grandkids does the round 20 player have ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_streets_in_Metro_Manila', 'title': 'List of eponymous streets in Metro Manila', 'header': ['Square', 'Location', 'Named after', 'Comments'], 'data': [{'value': 'Plaza Avanceña', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quiapo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila', 'summary': 'Quiapo ( [ ˈkjapɔʔ ] ) is a district of Manila , Philippines . It derives its name from the water cabbage ( Pistia stratiotes ) , which is named quiapo or kiapo in the Tagalog language . Referred to as the Old Downtown of Manila , Quiapo is home to the Quiapo Church , where the feast of the Black Nazarene is held with millions of people attending annually . Quiapo has also made a name for itself as a place for marketplace bargain hunting . Plaza Miranda , in the heart of the Quiapo district , is a town square named after Jose Sandino y Miranda , who served as secretary of the treasury of the Philippines from 1853 to 1863 . It is located in front of the Quiapo Church , and has become a popular site for political rallies . On August 21 , 1971 , while the Liberal Party held its miting de avance in the plaza , a bomb exploded , killing nine and injuring almost 100 civilians . The Quiapo district is also home to a sizable Muslim population . The Golden Mosque and Green Mosque are located here . Stores offering herbal products , and a large population of self-described fortune tellers , surround the Quiapo church . Thievery and sales of illegally copied media are prevalent in the district . In recent years , the local government of Manila , spearheaded by then-Mayor Lito Atienza , launched the Buhayin ang Maynila ( Revitalize Manila ) project which greatly rehabilitated Quiapo and its vicinities , most especially Plaza Miranda , Quinta Market , the Arsenio Lacson Underpass and the University Belt .'}]}, {'value': 'Ramón Avanceña', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramón_Avanceña', 'summary': 'Ramón Quimson Avanceña ( born Ramón Avanceña y Quimson ; April 13 , 1872 - June 12 , 1957 ) was a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines . He served from 1925 to 1941 , when he resigned at the beginning of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II . He was from Villa de Arevalo , Iloilo City'}]}, {'value': 'Supreme Court of the Philippines chief justice ( 1925-1941 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of the Philippines ( Filipino : Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas ) , colloquially referred to as the Korte Suprema , is the highest court in the Philippines . The Supreme Court was established by the Second Philippine Commission on June 11 , 1901 through the enactment of Act No . 136 , an Act which had abolished the Real Audiencia de Manila . The Supreme Court Complex , which was formerly a part of the University of the Philippines Manila campus , occupies the corner of Padre Faura Street and Taft Avenue in Manila , with the main building directly in front of the Philippine General Hospital . Until 1945 , the Court met in Cavite .'}]}, {'value': 'Plaza Avelino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagtahan_Interchange', 'summary': 'The Nagtahan Interchange , also known as the Nagtahan Flyover and the Mabini Flyover , is a three-level set of three intersecting flyovers in Manila , the Philippines which serves as the junction between Lacson Avenue , Legarda Street , Magsaysay Boulevard and Jose P. Laurel Street , as well as the nearby Mabini Bridge .'}]}, {'value': 'Sampaloc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manila', 'summary': 'Sampaloc is a district of Manila , Philippines . It is referred to as the University Belt or simply called U-Belt for numerous colleges and universities are found within the district such as the University of Santo Tomas , the oldest extant university in Asia ; the National University , the first private nonsectarian and coeducational institution in the Philippines ; the Far Eastern University , known for its Art Deco campus and cultural heritage site of the Philippines ; and the University of the East , once dubbed as the largest university in Asia in terms of enrollment . The district is bordered by the districts of Quiapo and San Miguel in the south , Santa Mesa district in the south and east , Santa Cruz district in the west and north , and Quezon City in the northeast . Aside from being the University Belt , Sampaloc is also known to Metro Manila and the surrounding provinces for its Dangwa flower market , located in Dimasalang Road , well known as the selling center for cut flowers from all over the Philippines , mainly Baguio . Sampaloc is also the location of a former colonial mansion , now called Windsor Inn , which is popular among backpackers and budget travelers . Barangays 395-636 of the City of Manila would all have belonged to Sampaloc and comprise 241 barangays for the district . However , what are now known as barangays 587-636 became part of Sta . Mesa when these areas were separated from Sampaloc after Sta . Mesa became a separate parish in 1911 . Sta . Mesa is now a part of the 6th congressional district of Manila , while Sampaloc is the sole district comprising the 4th congressional district of Manila . Many streets in Sampaloc , particularly in the northeast portion divided by España and Lacson avenues , have names that are directly associated with the Philippine National Hero José Rizal , either named after the places ( e.g .'}]}, {'value': 'Librada Avelino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Librada_Avelino', 'summary': "Librada Avelino ( 17 January 1873 - 9 November 1934 ) was a Filipina educator who co-founded the Centro Escolar University . She was the first woman to earn a teaching certificate from the Spanish authorities when she passed her examination in 1889 . Continuing her education , Avelino was also certified as a secondary teacher in 1893 . After establishing her own girls ' school in Pandacan , she was forced to flee to Manila when in 1896 , the Philippine Revolution brought troops to Pandacan . Reopening a school in the capital , she operated until the Spain ceded the country to the United States and the educational authorities changed the requirements , implementing English language curricula . To learn English , she agreed to take a post as principal of the Pandacan Girls ' School , believing that teaching the language would help her learn it faster . She also took English classes and studied English briefly in Hong Kong in 1901 . In 1907 , Avelino joined her friend Carmen de Luna and lawyer/educator Fernando Salas to found the Centro Escolar de Señoritas , a school which organized courses from kindergarten through high school for girls . The school was the first non-parochial institution in the country and based its curriculum on a modern , liberal model , attempting to equalize the education of girls with what was offered to boys . As the school grew , additional buildings were acquired for lectures and dormitories and by 1921 Avelino expanded the offerings to include tertiary , first offering a bachelor 's degree program in pharmacy . She was awarded an honorary master 's degree in pedagogy by the University of the Philippines in 1930 . From 1930 , the Centro Escolar de Señoritas operated as an accredited university and was incorporated with a name change to Centro Escolar University in 1932 ."}]}, {'value': 'Centro Escolar University founder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centro_Escolar_University', 'summary': "Centro Escolar University ( PSE : CEU ) ( Filipino : Pamantasang Centro Escolar ) is a private university in Manila , Philippines . It was founded on June 3 , 1907 by two women , Librada Avelino and Carmen de Luna , and was originally called Centro Escolar de Señoritas . It became a university in 1933 . Originally , its Parañaque campus was part of the university 's system until it was phased out in the early 1990s . Centro Escolar University was awarded Full Autonomy Status by CHED , granted Institutional Accreditation as certified by FAAP , Proficiency in Quality Management and ISO:9001 certification ."}]}, {'value': 'Plaza Calderón de la Barca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Binondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Binondo', 'summary': "Binondo ( Chinese : 岷倫洛區 ; pinyin : Mínlúnluò Qū ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Bîn-lûn-lo̍h-khi ) is a district in Manila and is referred to as the city 's Chinatown . Its influence extends beyond to the places of Quiapo , Santa Cruz , San Nicolas and Tondo . It is the oldest Chinatown in the world , established in 1594 by the Spaniards as a settlement near Intramuros but across the Pasig River for Catholic Chinese , it was positioned so that colonial rulers could keep a close eye on their migrant subjects . It was already a hub of Chinese commerce even before the Spanish colonial period . Binondo is the center of commerce and trade of Manila , where all types of business run by Filipino-Chinese thrive . Noted residents include St. Lorenzo Ruiz , the Filipino protomartyr , and Venerable Mother Ignacia del Espiritu Santo , founder of the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary ."}]}, {'value': 'Pedro Calderón de la Barca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pedro_Calderón_de_la_Barca', 'summary': "Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño ( 17 January 1600 - 25 May 1681 ) , usually referred as Pedro Calderón de la Barca ( UK : /ˌkældəˈrɒn ˌdeɪ læ ˈbɑːrkə/ , US : /ˌkɑːldəˈroʊn ˌdeɪ lə - , - ˌdɛ lə -/ , Spanish : [ ˈpeðɾo kaldeˈɾon de la ˈβaɾka ] ) , was a dramatist , poet and writer of the Spanish Golden Age . During certain periods of his life he was also a soldier and a Roman Catholic priest . Born when the Spanish Golden Age theatre was being defined by Lope de Vega , he developed it further , his work being regarded as the culmination of the Spanish Baroque theatre . As such , he is regarded as one of Spain 's foremost dramatists and one of the finest playwrights of world literature ."}]}, {'value': 'Spanish playwright . The plaza is now known as Plaza San Lorenzo Ruiz after the first Filipino saint , Lorenzo Ruiz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaza_San_Lorenzo_Ruiz', 'summary': "Plaza San Lorenzo Ruiz or Plaza Lorenzo Ruiz ( traditional Chinese : 花園口廣場 ; simplified Chinese : 花园口广场 ; pinyin : Huāyuánkǒu Guǎngchǎng ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Hoe-hn̂g-kháu Kóng-tiûⁿ ; literally : 'at the foot/mouth of the garden ' ) is a major public square in Binondo , Manila , bounded by Quintin Paredes Street ( formerly Calle Rosario ) to the east and Juan Luna Street ( formerly Calle Anloague ) to the west , parallel to the Estero de Binondo . It is the plaza that fronts the Minor Basilica of San Lorenzo Ruiz ( Binondo Church ) , one of the main churches of the City of Manila , and is considered the center of Binondo as a whole . Originally called the Plaza de Binondo , and then Plaza Carlos IV after Charles IV of Spain , the plaza was eventually renamed Plaza Calderón de la Barca ( often shortened to Plaza Calderón ) , after the famous Spanish playwright . It is believed that the plaza may have been renamed after Calderón either by the then-sitting Governor-General , or by the Dominican friars who were at the time running the Binondo Church , who had adored his works . The plaza was renamed after Lorenzo Ruiz , one of the Martyrs of Japan and the protomartyr of the Philippines , on September 12 , 1981 , by virtue of Batas Pambansa Blg . 133 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saint', 'summary': 'A saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness or closeness to God . However , the use of the term saint depends on the context and denomination . In Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Anglican , Oriental Orthodox , and Lutheran doctrine , all of their faithful deceased in Heaven are considered to be saints , but some are considered worthy of greater honor or emulation ; official ecclesiastical recognition , and consequently veneration , is given to some saints through the process of canonization in the Catholic Church or glorification in the Eastern Orthodox Church . While the English word saint originated in Christianity , historians of religion now use the appellation in a more general way to refer to the state of special holiness that many religions attribute to certain people , with the Jewish tzadik , the Islamic walī , the Hindu rishi or Sikh guru , the Shintoist kami , and the Buddhist arhat or bodhisattva also being referred to as saints . Depending on the religion , saints are recognized either by official ecclesiastical declaration , as in the Catholic faith , or by popular acclamation ( see folk saint ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz', 'summary': "Saint Lorenzo Ruiz ( Filipino : San Lorenzo Ruiz ng Maynila ; Spanish : San Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila ; Latin : Laurentius Ruiz Manilensis ; 28 November 1594 - 29 September 1637 ) is a Filipino saint venerated in the Catholic Church . A Chinese-Filipino , he became his country 's protomartyr after his execution in Japan by the Tokugawa Shogunate during its persecution of Japanese Christians in the 17th century . Saint Lorenzo is the patron saint of , among others , the Philippines and the Filipino people ."}]}, {'value': 'Plaza de Cervantes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Binondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Binondo', 'summary': "Binondo ( Chinese : 岷倫洛區 ; pinyin : Mínlúnluò Qū ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Bîn-lûn-lo̍h-khi ) is a district in Manila and is referred to as the city 's Chinatown . Its influence extends beyond to the places of Quiapo , Santa Cruz , San Nicolas and Tondo . It is the oldest Chinatown in the world , established in 1594 by the Spaniards as a settlement near Intramuros but across the Pasig River for Catholic Chinese , it was positioned so that colonial rulers could keep a close eye on their migrant subjects . It was already a hub of Chinese commerce even before the Spanish colonial period . Binondo is the center of commerce and trade of Manila , where all types of business run by Filipino-Chinese thrive . Noted residents include St. Lorenzo Ruiz , the Filipino protomartyr , and Venerable Mother Ignacia del Espiritu Santo , founder of the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel de Cervantes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes', 'summary': "Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra [ b ] ( /sɜːrˈvæntiːz/ sur-VAN-teez , Spanish : [ miˈɣel de θeɾˈβantes saaˈβeðɾa ] ; 29 September 1547 ( assumed ) - 22 April 1616 NS ) was a Spanish writer who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world 's pre-eminent novelists . His novel Don Quixote has been translated into over 140 languages and dialects ; it is , after the Bible , the most-translated book in the world . Don Quixote , a classic of Western literature , is sometimes considered both the first modern novel and the best work of fiction ever written . Cervantes ' influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes ( the language of Cervantes ) . He has also been dubbed El príncipe de los ingenios ( The Prince of Wits ) . In 1569 , in forced exile from Castile , Cervantes moved to Rome , where he worked as chamber assistant of a cardinal . Then he enlisted as a soldier in a Spanish Navy infantry regiment and continued his military life until 1575 , when he was captured by Barbary pirates . After five years of captivity , he was released on payment of a ransom by his parents and the Trinitarians , a Catholic religious order , and he returned to his family in Madrid . In 1585 , Cervantes published La Galatea , a pastoral novel . He worked as a purchasing agent for the Spanish Armada and later as a tax collector for the government . In 1597 , discrepancies in his accounts for three years previous landed him in the Crown Jail of Seville . In 1605 , Cervantes was in Valladolid when the immediate success of the first part of his Don Quixote , published in Madrid , signalled his return to the literary world ."}]}, {'value': 'Spanish novelist and author of Don Quijote de la Mancha ( 1605 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plaza del Conde', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Nicolas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Nicolas,_Manila', 'summary': 'San Nicolas is one of the sixteen districts in the city of Manila in the Philippines . It is located at the west central part of the city , on the northern bank of Pasig River bounded by the districts of Binondo to the east , and Tondo to the north and west . This community has kept its 19th-century ancestral houses , which symbolizes the wealthy lives of the people who used to live there , similar to the ancestral houses of Silay and Vigan . As of the May 1 , 2010 national census , the population of San Nicolas is 44,241 with 15 barangays named as numbers from 268 to 276 and from 281 to 286 .'}]}, {'value': 'Antonio Chacón y Conde', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish commander of the Veteran Battalion of the Philippines ( 1825 ) and author of the Great Days in the Philippines published in 1826', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plaza Felipe Calderón', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Ana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Manila', 'summary': 'Santa Ana is a district of Manila , Philippines known for its architectural heritage known as Santa Ana Heritage District which is composed of numerous historic ancestral houses , Plaza Hugo , and the Santa Ana Church and its Camarín de la Virgen in which the Patroness of Santa Ana is Enshrined , The 300 years old Image of the Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados de Manila ( Our Lady of the Abandoned of Manila ) La Gobernadora de la Ciudad de Manila . The district was classified as a histo-cultural heritage/overlay zone by an ordinance passed by the Manila City Council . It was the only district of the city spared from the destruction of World War II . The area is also extremely rich in archaeological findings , notably on the material culture of pre-colonial or protohistoric Tagalog communities . Geographically , Santa Ana is located at the southeast banks of the Manila-part of the Pasig River , bounded on the north by San Juan River , facing Santa Mesa , northeast by Mandaluyong , Makati to the east and southeast , Paco and Pandacan districts to the west , and San Andres district to the southwest . It is also the only district in Manila that is found north and south of the Pasig River . Santa Ana belongs to the 6th congressional district of Manila with thirty-two barangays from Zone 96 to 100 , barangays 874 to 905 . Based on the 2000 national census , the National Statistics Office reports that Santa Ana has about 34,694 households , and an approximate 83,306 registered voters based on the national elections of 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Felipe Calderón y Roca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Calderón_y_Roca', 'summary': 'Felipe Gonzáles Calderón y Roca , also known as Felipe G. Calderon ( April 4 , 1868 - June 6 , 1908 ) was a Filipino lawyer , politician , and intellectual , known as the Father of the Malolos Constitution .'}]}, {'value': 'Filipino lawyer and author of the Malolos Constitution ( 1899 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malolos_Constitution', 'summary': 'The Political Constitution of 1899 ( Spanish : Constitución Política de 1899 ) , informally known as the Malolos Constitution , was the basic law of the First Philippine Republic . It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of proposals to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno . After a lengthy debate in the latter part of 1898 , it was promulgated on 21 January 1899 . The constitution placed limitations on unsupervised freedom of action by the chief executive which would have hampered rapid decision making . As it was created during the fight for Philippine independence from Spain , however , its Article 99 allowed unhampered executive freedom of action during wartime . Unsupervised executive governance continued throughout the Philippine-American War which erupted soon after proclamation .'}]}, {'value': 'Plaza Ferguson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ermita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ermita', 'summary': "Ermita is a district in Manila , Philippines . Located at the central part of the city , the district is a significant center of finance , education , culture , and commerce . Ermita serves as the civic center of the city , bearing the seat of city government and a large portion of the area 's employment , business , and entertainment activities . Private and government offices , museums , and universities thrive in Ermita . It is also home to famous tourist attractions and landmarks , notably the Rizal Park , the premier national park of the Philippines . Originally , Ermita and its neighboring district Malate were posh neighborhoods for Manila 's high society during the early 20th century where large , grandiose mansions once stood . Unfortunately , Ermita and its surroundings were heavily bombed and flattened during the Second World War after it became a battleground during the Manila Massacre . After the war , Ermita and its twin district , Malate , had undergone commercialization resulting in a shift from being a sprawling upscale suburb to a commercial district ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur M. Ferguson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_M._Ferguson', 'summary': 'Arthur Medworth Ferguson ( December 11 , 1877 , Coffey County , Kansas - February 20 , 1923 , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas ) was a United States Army officer who received the Medal of Honor for actions on September 28 , 1899 , during the Philippine-American War . He later obtained the rank of lieutenant colonel . He had previously been promoted from Corporal after being awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for actions on April 26 , 1899 . Colonel Ferguson is buried in Arlington National Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'U.S. Army lieutenant colonel during the Philippine-American War ( 1898-1902 ) . The plaza is also known as Plaza Nuestra Señora de Guia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force , lieutenant colonel is a field-grade military officer rank , just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5 . In the United States armed forces , the insignia for the rank are a silver oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the version of the Army and the Air Force and that of the Navy and the Marine Corps . Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act ( DOPMA ) of 1980 , for officers in the Active Component , and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act ( ROPMA ) , for officers in the Reserve Component ( e.g. , Reserve and National Guard ) . DOPMA guidelines suggest that 70 percent of majors be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving at least three years at their present rank and after 15-17 years of cumulative commissioned service .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippine–American_War', 'summary': 'The Philippine-American War , also referred to as the Filipino-American War , the Philippine War , the Philippine Insurrection or the Tagalog Insurgency ( Filipino : Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano ; Spanish : Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense ) , was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that lasted from February 4 , 1899 , to July 2 , 1902 . While Filipino nationalists viewed the conflict as a continuation of the struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution , the U.S. government regarded it as an insurrection . The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain , ending the Spanish-American War . Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on February 4 , 1899 , in what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila . On June 2 , 1899 , the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States . The war officially ended on July 2 , 1902 , with a victory for the United States . However , some Philippine groups - led by veterans of the Katipunan , a Philippine revolutionary society - continued to battle the American forces for several more years . Among those leaders was General Macario Sakay , a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed Tagalog Republic , formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo . Other groups , including the Moro , Bicol , and Pulahan peoples , continued hostilities in remote areas and islands , until their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15 , 1913 . The war resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians , mostly due to famine and disease . Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to a million . The war , and especially the following occupation by the U.S. , changed the culture of the islands , leading to the disestablishment of the Catholic Church in the Philippines as a state religion , and the introduction of English to the islands as the primary language of government , education , business , industry , and , in future decades , among upper-class families and educated individuals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guidance', 'summary': 'The Our Lady of Guidance ( Spanish : Nuestra Señora de Guía ) is a 16th-century image of the Blessed Virgin Mary depicted as the Immaculate Conception and widely venerated by Filipinos . The wooden Black Madonna is considered the oldest extant Marian statue in the Philippines . Locally venerated as patroness of navigators and travelers , the image is enshrined at the Ermita Church in the city of Manila . Pope Paul VI granted this image a canonical coronation on December 30 , 1955 ( 1955-12-30 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Plaza Goiti', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Manila', 'summary': 'Santa Cruz is a district in the northern part of the City of Manila , Philippines , located on the right bank of the Pasig River near its mouth , bordered by the districts of Tondo , Binondo , Quiapo , and Sampaloc , and Grace Park ( Caloocan City ) and La Loma ( Quezon City ) . The district belongs to the 3rd congressional district of Manila in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Martín de Goiti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martín_de_Goiti', 'summary': 'Martín de Goiti ( c. 1534 - 1575 ) was one of the soldiers who accompanied the Spanish colonization of the East Indies and the Pacific , in 1565 . From his main base in Mexico City , he was the leader of the expedition to Manila , ordered by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1569 . There , he fought a number of battles against the Muslim , Tariq Suleiman/Soliman ( Arabic سليمان ) , the Hindu Rajah Matanda ( Hindi ऋअज ंअतन्द ) , and the Taoist Lakandula ( trad . Chinese 王 杜拉 ) of the kingdoms in Luzon ; for control of the lands and its settlements . He is also known for his statesmanship by betrothing his sister to Batang Dula , the eldest son and successor apparent of Lakan Dula of Tondo ( trad . Chinese東都 pronounced Dongdu ) , the paramount ruler of Manila . Eventually their descendants unified the 3 royal houses of Tariq Suleiman , Rajah Matanda and Lakan Dula with the Basque Goiti family . The Dula y Goiti family eventually married with the Mendoza family who came over from Latin-America , who were Sephardic Hebrews that were practicing Catholics . Afterwards , the Dula y Goiti surname was shortened to Dulay . However , during the Spanish era , some descendants changed their surnames even further in order to avoid persecution and among which ; the Salonga and Macapagal families are known descendants of these royal houses albeit only through a different family name .'}]}, {'value': 'Spanish conquistador of Manila . The plaza is now known as Plaza Lacson after Manila mayor Arsenio Lacson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manila', 'summary': "Manila ( /məˈnɪlə/ ; Tagalog : Maynilà , pronounced [ majˈnilaʔ ] ) , officially the City of Manila ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Maynilà [ luŋˈsod nɐŋ majˈnilaʔ ] ) , is the capital of the Philippines and a highly urbanized city . It is the most densely populated city proper in the world as of 2018 . It was the first chartered city by virtue of the Philippine Commission Act 183 on July 31 , 1901 and gained autonomy with the passage of Republic Act No . 409 or the Revised Charter of the City of Manila on June 18 , 1949 . Manila , alongside Mexico City and Madrid are considered the world 's original set of Global Cities due to Manila 's commercial networks being the first to traverse the Pacific Ocean , thus connecting Asia with the Spanish Americas , marking the first time in world history when an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circled the planet . Manila is also the second most natural disaster-afflicted capital city in the world next to Tokyo , yet it is simultaneously among the most populous and fastest growing cities in Southeast Asia . The Spanish city of Manila was founded on June 24 , 1571 , by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi . The date is regarded as the city 's official founding date ; however , a settlement has already existed dating back as far as 1258 . Manila was also the seat of power for most of the country 's colonial rulers . It is home to many historic sites , some of which were built during the 16th century . Manila has many of the Philippines ' firsts , including the first university ( 1590 ) , light station ( 1642 ) , lighthouse tower ( 1846 ) , water system ( 1878 ) , hotel ( 1889 ) , electricity ( 1895 ) , oceanarium ( 1913 ) , stock exchange ( 1927 ) , flyover ( 1930s ) , zoo ( 1959 ) , pedestrian underpass ( 1960 ) , science high school ( 1963 ) , city-run university ( 1965 ) , city-run hospital ( 1969 ) , and rapid transit system ( 1984 ; also considered as the first rapid transit system in Southeast Asia ) . The term Manila is commonly used to refer to the whole metropolitan area , the greater metropolitan area or the city proper ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arsenio_Lacson', 'summary': "Arsenio H. Lacson ( December 26 , 1912 - April 15 , 1962 ) was a Filipino journalist and politician who gained widespread attention as Mayor of Manila from 1952 to 1962 . An active executive likened by Time and The New York Times to New York 's Fiorello La Guardia , he was the first Manila mayor to be reelected to three terms . Nicknamed Arsenic and described as a good man with a bad mouth , Lacson 's fiery temperament became a trademark of his political and broadcasting career . He died suddenly from a stroke amidst talk that he was planning to run in the 1965 presidential election ."}]}, {'value': 'Plaza Lachambre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Binondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Binondo', 'summary': "Binondo ( Chinese : 岷倫洛區 ; pinyin : Mínlúnluò Qū ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Bîn-lûn-lo̍h-khi ) is a district in Manila and is referred to as the city 's Chinatown . Its influence extends beyond to the places of Quiapo , Santa Cruz , San Nicolas and Tondo . It is the oldest Chinatown in the world , established in 1594 by the Spaniards as a settlement near Intramuros but across the Pasig River for Catholic Chinese , it was positioned so that colonial rulers could keep a close eye on their migrant subjects . It was already a hub of Chinese commerce even before the Spanish colonial period . Binondo is the center of commerce and trade of Manila , where all types of business run by Filipino-Chinese thrive . Noted residents include St. Lorenzo Ruiz , the Filipino protomartyr , and Venerable Mother Ignacia del Espiritu Santo , founder of the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary ."}]}, {'value': 'José de Lachambre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_de_Lachambre', 'summary': "José María Julián de Lachambre y Domínguez ( 16 March 1846 - 13 July 1903 ) was the ad interim Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines after Camilo Polavieja was recalled by the Cánovas government who was displeased with Polavieja 's policy . Fernando Primo de Rivera was appointed and took office for the second time as governor general ( the first from 1880-1883 ) on April 23 , 1897 . De Lachambre served as the interim governor for a week from April 15-23 , 1897 ."}]}, {'value': 'Spanish interim governor-general of the Philippines ( 1897 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'The Governor-General of the Philippines ( Spanish : Gobernador-General de las Filipinas/Capitán General de las Islas Filipinas ; Filipino : Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas/Kapitan Heneral ng Pilipinas ; Japanese : フィリピン総督 ( Firipin sōtoku ) ) was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines , governed mainly by Spain ( 1565-1898 ) and the United States ( 1898-1946 ) , and briefly by Great Britain ( 1762-1764 ) and Japan ( 1942-1945 ) . They were also the representative of the executive of the ruling power . On November 15 , 1935 , the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence from American control . The governor-general was replaced by an elected Filipino President of the Philippine Commonwealth , as the chief executive of the Philippines , taking over many of the duties of the Governor-General . The former American Governor-General then became known as the High Commissioner to the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Plaza Miranda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaza_Miranda', 'summary': "Plaza Miranda is a public square bounded by Quezon Boulevard , Hidalgo Street and Evangelista Street in Quiapo , Manila . It is the plaza which fronts the Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene ( Quiapo Church ) , one of the main churches of the City of Manila , and is considered as the center of Quiapo as a whole . Inaugurated in its current form by Mayor Arsenio Lacson in 1961 , it is named after José Sandino y Miranda , who served as the Philippines ' Secretary of the Treasury between 1833 and 1854 . Regarded as the center of Philippine political discourse prior to the imposition of martial law in 1972 , the plaza was the site of the 1971 Plaza Miranda bombing , where two grenades were launched at a political rally of the Liberal Party , killing nine people . It underwent a ₱49 million renovation in 2000 after decades of neglect as a result of Manila 's urban decay in the 1970s and 1980s , giving it a more modern design despite protests from various historical groups and cultural experts , with a monument erected to commemorate bombing victims and additional architectural elements installed . Currently , Plaza Miranda serves as a freedom park , where assemblies and protests may be held without needing a permit from local authorities , and with thousands of people crossing through it every day , it is considered to be Manila 's version of Times Square . Despite fronting the Quiapo Church , Plaza Miranda and the streets surrounding it is known as a center for fortune-telling and the sale of lucky charms and amulets . Most fortune tellers who practice around Plaza Miranda claim that they are able to draw their ability to tell fortunes from their devotion to the Black Nazarene ( the patron of the Quiapo Church ) despite Catholic Church doctrine deploring the practice ."}]}, {'value': 'Quiapo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila', 'summary': 'Quiapo ( [ ˈkjapɔʔ ] ) is a district of Manila , Philippines . It derives its name from the water cabbage ( Pistia stratiotes ) , which is named quiapo or kiapo in the Tagalog language . Referred to as the Old Downtown of Manila , Quiapo is home to the Quiapo Church , where the feast of the Black Nazarene is held with millions of people attending annually . Quiapo has also made a name for itself as a place for marketplace bargain hunting . Plaza Miranda , in the heart of the Quiapo district , is a town square named after Jose Sandino y Miranda , who served as secretary of the treasury of the Philippines from 1853 to 1863 . It is located in front of the Quiapo Church , and has become a popular site for political rallies . On August 21 , 1971 , while the Liberal Party held its miting de avance in the plaza , a bomb exploded , killing nine and injuring almost 100 civilians . The Quiapo district is also home to a sizable Muslim population . The Golden Mosque and Green Mosque are located here . Stores offering herbal products , and a large population of self-described fortune tellers , surround the Quiapo church . Thievery and sales of illegally copied media are prevalent in the district . In recent years , the local government of Manila , spearheaded by then-Mayor Lito Atienza , launched the Buhayin ang Maynila ( Revitalize Manila ) project which greatly rehabilitated Quiapo and its vicinities , most especially Plaza Miranda , Quinta Market , the Arsenio Lacson Underpass and the University Belt .'}]}, {'value': 'José Sandino y Miranda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish secretary of the Treasury of the Philippines ( Spanish : Tesoro de Filipinas ) ( 1853-1854 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plaza Moraga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaza_Moraga', 'summary': "Plaza Moraga is a public square in Manila , Philippines . Serving as the gateway to Manila 's Chinatown of Binondo , the plaza is located at the foot of Jones Bridge ( formerly Puente de España ) in the west end of Escolta Street . It was named after a Franciscan friar , Fr . Fernando de Moraga and it is by the opinion of many , that were it not for him , the history of the Philippines would turn out differently from what it is now ."}]}, {'value': 'Binondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Binondo', 'summary': "Binondo ( Chinese : 岷倫洛區 ; pinyin : Mínlúnluò Qū ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Bîn-lûn-lo̍h-khi ) is a district in Manila and is referred to as the city 's Chinatown . Its influence extends beyond to the places of Quiapo , Santa Cruz , San Nicolas and Tondo . It is the oldest Chinatown in the world , established in 1594 by the Spaniards as a settlement near Intramuros but across the Pasig River for Catholic Chinese , it was positioned so that colonial rulers could keep a close eye on their migrant subjects . It was already a hub of Chinese commerce even before the Spanish colonial period . Binondo is the center of commerce and trade of Manila , where all types of business run by Filipino-Chinese thrive . Noted residents include St. Lorenzo Ruiz , the Filipino protomartyr , and Venerable Mother Ignacia del Espiritu Santo , founder of the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary ."}]}, {'value': 'Fernando de Moraga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The first parish priest of Santa Ana de Sapa ( 1605 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Manila', 'summary': 'Santa Ana is a district of Manila , Philippines known for its architectural heritage known as Santa Ana Heritage District which is composed of numerous historic ancestral houses , Plaza Hugo , and the Santa Ana Church and its Camarín de la Virgen in which the Patroness of Santa Ana is Enshrined , The 300 years old Image of the Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados de Manila ( Our Lady of the Abandoned of Manila ) La Gobernadora de la Ciudad de Manila . The district was classified as a histo-cultural heritage/overlay zone by an ordinance passed by the Manila City Council . It was the only district of the city spared from the destruction of World War II . The area is also extremely rich in archaeological findings , notably on the material culture of pre-colonial or protohistoric Tagalog communities . Geographically , Santa Ana is located at the southeast banks of the Manila-part of the Pasig River , bounded on the north by San Juan River , facing Santa Mesa , northeast by Mandaluyong , Makati to the east and southeast , Paco and Pandacan districts to the west , and San Andres district to the southwest . It is also the only district in Manila that is found north and south of the Pasig River . Santa Ana belongs to the 6th congressional district of Manila with thirty-two barangays from Zone 96 to 100 , barangays 874 to 905 . Based on the 2000 national census , the National Statistics Office reports that Santa Ana has about 34,694 households , and an approximate 83,306 registered voters based on the national elections of 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Plaza Moriones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaza_Moriones', 'summary': "Plaza Moriones is a major public square in Tondo , Manila . Unlike other squares in Manila , the plaza is in the shape of a linear park occupying the central median of Moriones Street , starting at the intersection of Moriones and Juan Luna Streets , and ending at the intersection with Santa Maria Street , bisected by Nicolas Zamora Street in the center . It is named after Governor-General Domingo Moriones y Muralla , responsible for the construction of Manila 's sewerage system during his tenure from 1877 to 1881 . Originally an open green field lined with benches in colonial times , today the plaza is paved , with a size of 2,227 square meters ( 23,970 sq ft ) and a capacity of 6,681 persons . Trees and benches line its entire length , and three fountains have been placed throughout the plaza . Flanked by paved roads , the central portion of the plaza resembles 19th century garden design with its plants such as bandera española ( canna ) flowers and palm trees . At the end of the plaza stands the Sigaw ng Tondo , a monument sculpted in 1978 by Eduardo Castrillo in memory of local victims fleeing Japanese forces during the Battle of Manila in 1945 . In 2010 , another monument was erected at the plaza in memory of Honorio Lopez , a Tondo-born playwright who fought in the Philippine Revolution ."}]}, {'value': 'Tondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tondo,_Manila', 'summary': "Tondo is a district located in Manila , Philippines . It is the largest in terms of area and population of Manila 's sixteen districts , with a Census-estimated 631,313 people in 2015 and consists of two congressional districts . It is also the most densely populated district in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Domingo Moriones y Murillo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish governor-general of the Philippines ( 1877-1880 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines', 'summary': 'The Governor-General of the Philippines ( Spanish : Gobernador-General de las Filipinas/Capitán General de las Islas Filipinas ; Filipino : Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas/Kapitan Heneral ng Pilipinas ; Japanese : フィリピン総督 ( Firipin sōtoku ) ) was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines , governed mainly by Spain ( 1565-1898 ) and the United States ( 1898-1946 ) , and briefly by Great Britain ( 1762-1764 ) and Japan ( 1942-1945 ) . They were also the representative of the executive of the ruling power . On November 15 , 1935 , the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence from American control . The governor-general was replaced by an elected Filipino President of the Philippine Commonwealth , as the chief executive of the Philippines , taking over many of the duties of the Governor-General . The former American Governor-General then became known as the High Commissioner to the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'Plaza Rajah Sulayman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plaza_Rajah_Sulayman', 'summary': 'Plaza Rajah Sulayman , also known as Rajah Sulayman Park , is a public square in Malate , Manila . It is bounded by Roxas Boulevard to the west , San Andrés Street to the south and Remedios Street to the north . The plaza is considered the center of Malate as it fronts the Malate Church , the main church of the district . The square is named after Rajah Sulayman , the late 16th-century sovereign of the Kingdom of Maynila , who died in the Battle of Bangkusay Channel while resisting invading Spanish troops led by Miguel López de Legazpi .'}]}, {'value': 'Malate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malate,_Manila', 'summary': "Malate is a district of Manila , Philippines . Together with the district of Ermita , it serves as Manila 's center for commerce and tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Rajah Sulayman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman', 'summary': "Rajah Sulayman , sometimes referred to as Sulayman III ( Sanskrit : स्ललैअह् , Baybayin : ᜐᜓᜎᜌ᜔ᜋᜈ᜔ , Abecedario : Suláimán ) ( 1558-1575 ) , was the Rajah or paramount ruler of the Rajahnate of Maynila , a fortified Tagalog Muslim polity which was a vassal to the Brunei Sultanate , on the southern half of the Pasig River delta , by the time Spanish colonizers arrived in the early 1570s . Sulayman - along with his co-ruler Rajah Matanda of Maynila and Lakan Dula , who ruled the neighboring polity of Tondo - was one of three monarchs who figured most significantly in the Spanish conquest of the Port of Manila and the Pasig River delta . Spanish accounts describe him as the most aggressive of the three rulers - a characteristic chalked up to his youth relative to the other two rulers . He was penultimate indigenous paramount ruler ( Rajah ) in the Pasig River Delta era : his adoptive son , baptized Agustin de Legaspi upon conversion to Christianity , was proclaimed Paramount ruler of Tondo upon the death of Lakan Dula , but he , along with most of Lakan Dula 's sons and most of Sulayman 's adoptive sons were executed by the Spanish after being implicated in the 1587-1588 Tondo Conspiracy , helping the Spanish Empire to further solidify its grip on Luzon and most of the Philippine archipelago ."}]}, {'value': 'Pre-Hispanic ruler of the Kingdom of Maynila ( 1571-1575 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynila', 'summary': "In early Philippine history , the Tagalog Bayan ( country or polity ) of Maynila ( Filipino : Bayan ng Maynila ; Baybayin : ᜊᜌᜈ᜔ ᜅ᜔ ᜋᜌ᜔ᜈᜒᜎ ; Kapampangan : Balen ning Menila ) was a major trade hub located on the southern part of the Pasig River delta , where the modern day district of Intramuros currently stands . Historical texts indicate that it was led by paramount rulers who used the title Rajah , but the introduction of hispanized literary forms have led to it sometimes being inappropriately referred to as the Kingdom of Maynila . Some early historic texts also refer to it as the Kingdom of Luzon , although scholarship suggests that the latter term might actually refer to the Manila Bay region as a whole , rather than just Maynila . The earliest oral traditions suggest that Maynila was founded as a Muslim principality as early as the 1250s , supplanting an even older pre-Muslim settlement . However , the earliest archeological evidence for organized human settlements in the area dates to around 1500 . By the 16th century , it had become an important trading center , with extensive political ties with the Sultanate of Brunei and extensive trade relations with Ming dynasty . Together with Tondo , the polity ( bayan ) on the northern part of the Pasig River delta , it established a shared monopoly on the trade of Chinese goods . Maynila and Luzon are sometimes associated with the Bruneian legends which describe a settlement called Seludong , but Southeast Asian scholars believe this refers to a settlement Mount Selurong in Indonesia . For political reasons , the historical rulers of Maynila maintained close cognatic ties through intermarriage with the ruling houses of the Sultanate of Brunei , but Brunei 's political influence over Maynila is not considered to have extended to military or political rule . Intermarriage was a common strategy for large thassalocratic states such as Brunei to extend their influence , and for local rulers such as those of Maynila to help strengthen their family claims to nobility . Actual political and military rule over the large distances characteristic of Maritime Southeast Asia was not possible until relatively modern times . By 1570 , Maynila was under the rule of two paramount rulers ( the more senior Rajah Matanda and the younger Rajah Sulayman ) , who in turn had several lower-ranked rulers ( Datu ) under them ."}]}, {'value': 'Plaza Rueda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ermita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ermita', 'summary': "Ermita is a district in Manila , Philippines . Located at the central part of the city , the district is a significant center of finance , education , culture , and commerce . Ermita serves as the civic center of the city , bearing the seat of city government and a large portion of the area 's employment , business , and entertainment activities . Private and government offices , museums , and universities thrive in Ermita . It is also home to famous tourist attractions and landmarks , notably the Rizal Park , the premier national park of the Philippines . Originally , Ermita and its neighboring district Malate were posh neighborhoods for Manila 's high society during the early 20th century where large , grandiose mansions once stood . Unfortunately , Ermita and its surroundings were heavily bombed and flattened during the Second World War after it became a battleground during the Manila Massacre . After the war , Ermita and its twin district , Malate , had undergone commercialization resulting in a shift from being a sprawling upscale suburb to a commercial district ."}]}, {'value': 'Salvador Rueda y Santos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish poet who visited Manila in 1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plaza Salamanca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ermita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ermita', 'summary': "Ermita is a district in Manila , Philippines . Located at the central part of the city , the district is a significant center of finance , education , culture , and commerce . Ermita serves as the civic center of the city , bearing the seat of city government and a large portion of the area 's employment , business , and entertainment activities . Private and government offices , museums , and universities thrive in Ermita . It is also home to famous tourist attractions and landmarks , notably the Rizal Park , the premier national park of the Philippines . Originally , Ermita and its neighboring district Malate were posh neighborhoods for Manila 's high society during the early 20th century where large , grandiose mansions once stood . Unfortunately , Ermita and its surroundings were heavily bombed and flattened during the Second World War after it became a battleground during the Manila Massacre . After the war , Ermita and its twin district , Malate , had undergone commercialization resulting in a shift from being a sprawling upscale suburb to a commercial district ."}]}, {'value': 'Olivia Salamanca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivia_Salamanca', 'summary': "Olivia Salamanca ( 1 July 1889 - 11 July 1913 ) was a Filipino physician who trained in the United States at the Woman 's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and was the second female physician from the Philippines . She died from tuberculosis at the age of 24 ."}]}, {'value': 'One of the first Filipino women doctors', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plaza Vicente del Fierro ( Plaza Herández )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tondo,_Manila', 'summary': "Tondo is a district located in Manila , Philippines . It is the largest in terms of area and population of Manila 's sixteen districts , with a Census-estimated 631,313 people in 2015 and consists of two congressional districts . It is also the most densely populated district in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Vicente del Fierro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Filipino writer and journalist . The plaza was formerly known as Plaza Hernandez after Filipino labor leader Amado Hernandez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amado_Hernandez', 'summary': 'Amado Vera Hernandez , commonly known as Amado V. Hernandez ( September 13 , 1903 - March 24 , 1970 ) , was a Filipino writer and labor leader who was known for his criticism of social injustices in the Philippines and was later imprisoned for his involvement in the communist movement . He was the central figure in a landmark legal case that took 13 years to settle . He was born in Tondo , Manila , to parents from Hagonoy , Bulacan . He grew up and studied at the Gagalangin , Tondo , the Manila High School and at the American Correspondence School .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Squares and plazas', 'section_text': 'Plaza Moraga in Binondo , Manila , is named after the first parish priest of Santa Ana de Sapa .', 'uid': 'List_of_eponymous_streets_in_Manila_1', 'intro': 'The following is a partial list of eponymous streets and squares in Metro Manila - that is, streets or roads and plazas named after people - with notes on the link between the road/plaza and the person.'}
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Which bridge is found nearby this public square located in the oldest Chinatown in the world ?
Jones Bridge
0aa70de1896622dd
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Sweden', 'title': 'List of supermarket chains in Sweden', 'header': ['Name', 'Stores', 'Type of stores', 'Parent'], 'data': [{'value': '7-Eleven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7-Eleven', 'summary': "7-Eleven Inc. ( stylized as 7ELEVEn ) is a Japanese-American international chain of convenience stores , headquartered in Dallas , Texas . The chain was founded in 1927 as an ice house storefront in Dallas . It was named Tote 'm Stores between 1928 and 1946 . After 70% of the company was acquired by Japanese affiliate Ito-Yokado in 1991 , it was reorganized as a subsidiary of Seven-Eleven Japan Co. , Ltd in 2005 , and is now held by Chiyoda , Tokyo-based Seven & I Holdings Co. , Ltd. 7-Eleven operates , franchises , and licenses 68,236 stores in 17 countries as of June 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '189', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'convenience', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reitangruppen AS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reitan_Group', 'summary': 'Reitan Group or Reitangruppen is a Norwegian wholesaler and retail franchiser . Included in its portfolio is REMA 1000 , 7-Eleven , HydroTexaco , Easy24 , Narvesen , Spaceworld and Pressbyrån . The company has most of its 1,979 stores in Norway , but also some in Sweden , Denmark , Lithuania and Latvia . The company also has a large real estate portfolio with 813,000 square meters of real estate , especially in Trondheim , in addition to owning half of Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab . The Reitan Group is owned by the Reitan Family and led by Odd Reitan and has its headquarters at Lade Gaard at Lade in Trondheim .'}]}, {'value': 'City Gross', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hypermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bergendahls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coop', 'urls': []}, {'value': '665', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hypermarket/Supermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kooperativa Förbundet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kooperativa_Förbundet', 'summary': 'KF ( Swedish : Kooperativa Förbundet , Swedish Co-operative Union ) is a federation of consumer co-operatives in Sweden and a retail group , with groceries as its core business .'}]}, {'value': 'Eko', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Supermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bergendahls', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Handlar ' n", 'urls': []}, {'value': '217', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Supermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Axfood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Axfood', 'summary': "Axfood AB ( Nasdaq Stockholm : AXFO ) is a Swedish company that operates in Sweden . It was formed in May 2000 through a merger between the Swedish grocery store chains Hemköp , D & D Dagligvaror , Spar Sverige , and Spar Inn Snabbgross . The Group 's retail operations are conducted through the Willys , Hemköp , and Axfood Snabbgross chains , comprising 300 group-owned stores in all . In addition , Axfood collaborates with a large number of proprietor-run stores that are tied to Axfood through agreements . These include stores within the Hemköp chain as well as stores run under the Handlar ' n , Direkten and Tempo profiles . In all , Axfood collaborates with some 840 proprietor-run stores . Wholesale business is conducted via Dagab and Axfood Närlivs . Axfood is listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm AB 's Large Cap list . Axel Johnson AB is the principal owner with 50.1 percent of the shares . Axfood 's private labels consist of Willys , Hemköp , Axfood Snabbgross , Garant , Eldorado ( discount food brand ) , Såklart ( body care , laundry and cleaning ) , Prime patrol ( meat ) , Minstingen ( baby products ) , Falkenberg Seafood ( seafood products ) and Fixa ( kitchen supplies ) . Axfood is a member of the European Marketing Distribution , a European purchasing organization for grocery stores , and United Nordic ."}]}, {'value': 'Hemköp', 'urls': []}, {'value': '187', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hypermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Axfood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Axfood', 'summary': "Axfood AB ( Nasdaq Stockholm : AXFO ) is a Swedish company that operates in Sweden . It was formed in May 2000 through a merger between the Swedish grocery store chains Hemköp , D & D Dagligvaror , Spar Sverige , and Spar Inn Snabbgross . The Group 's retail operations are conducted through the Willys , Hemköp , and Axfood Snabbgross chains , comprising 300 group-owned stores in all . In addition , Axfood collaborates with a large number of proprietor-run stores that are tied to Axfood through agreements . These include stores within the Hemköp chain as well as stores run under the Handlar ' n , Direkten and Tempo profiles . In all , Axfood collaborates with some 840 proprietor-run stores . Wholesale business is conducted via Dagab and Axfood Närlivs . Axfood is listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm AB 's Large Cap list . Axel Johnson AB is the principal owner with 50.1 percent of the shares . Axfood 's private labels consist of Willys , Hemköp , Axfood Snabbgross , Garant , Eldorado ( discount food brand ) , Såklart ( body care , laundry and cleaning ) , Prime patrol ( meat ) , Minstingen ( baby products ) , Falkenberg Seafood ( seafood products ) and Fixa ( kitchen supplies ) . Axfood is a member of the European Marketing Distribution , a European purchasing organization for grocery stores , and United Nordic ."}]}, {'value': 'ICA Nära', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICA_(supermarket)', 'summary': "ICA Gruppen AB ( publ ) ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈîːka ] ; ICA Group ; from Inköpscentralernas aktiebolag , lit . the Purchasing Centres ' Corporation ) is a Swedish retailer with a focus on food and health . The group also owns a bank , real estate division , a pharmacy chain and the Hemtex soft furnishings chain . The company was started in 1938 , based on a business model which was introduced by Hakonbolagen in 1917 . Most of its operations are based in Scandinavia , and the company is the second largest retail company in the Nordic countries . The company was owned by the participating retailers until 2000 when half of the company was sold to the Dutch retailer Ahold . It acquired a further 10% in 2004 . Ahold is prevented by contractual obligation from exercising majority control over ICA . In 2013 Ahold sold its shares to Hakon for $ 3.1bn ."}]}, {'value': '649', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'convenience', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ICA AB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICA_AB', 'summary': "ICA Gruppen AB ( publ ) ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈîːka ] ; ICA Group ; from Inköpscentralernas aktiebolag , lit . the Purchasing Centres ' Corporation ) is a Swedish retailer with a focus on food and health . The group also owns a bank , real estate division , a pharmacy chain and the Hemtex soft furnishings chain . The company was started in 1938 , based on a business model which was introduced by Hakonbolagen in 1917 . Most of its operations are based in Scandinavia , and the company is the second largest retail company in the Nordic countries . The company was owned by the participating retailers until 2000 when half of the company was sold to the Dutch retailer Ahold . It acquired a further 10% in 2004 . Ahold is prevented by contractual obligation from exercising majority control over ICA . In 2013 Ahold sold its shares to Hakon for $ 3.1bn ."}]}, {'value': 'ICA Supermarket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICA_(supermarket)', 'summary': "ICA Gruppen AB ( publ ) ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈîːka ] ; ICA Group ; from Inköpscentralernas aktiebolag , lit . the Purchasing Centres ' Corporation ) is a Swedish retailer with a focus on food and health . The group also owns a bank , real estate division , a pharmacy chain and the Hemtex soft furnishings chain . The company was started in 1938 , based on a business model which was introduced by Hakonbolagen in 1917 . Most of its operations are based in Scandinavia , and the company is the second largest retail company in the Nordic countries . The company was owned by the participating retailers until 2000 when half of the company was sold to the Dutch retailer Ahold . It acquired a further 10% in 2004 . Ahold is prevented by contractual obligation from exercising majority control over ICA . In 2013 Ahold sold its shares to Hakon for $ 3.1bn ."}]}, {'value': '429', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'supermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ICA AB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICA_AB', 'summary': "ICA Gruppen AB ( publ ) ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈîːka ] ; ICA Group ; from Inköpscentralernas aktiebolag , lit . the Purchasing Centres ' Corporation ) is a Swedish retailer with a focus on food and health . The group also owns a bank , real estate division , a pharmacy chain and the Hemtex soft furnishings chain . The company was started in 1938 , based on a business model which was introduced by Hakonbolagen in 1917 . Most of its operations are based in Scandinavia , and the company is the second largest retail company in the Nordic countries . The company was owned by the participating retailers until 2000 when half of the company was sold to the Dutch retailer Ahold . It acquired a further 10% in 2004 . Ahold is prevented by contractual obligation from exercising majority control over ICA . In 2013 Ahold sold its shares to Hakon for $ 3.1bn ."}]}, {'value': 'ICA Kvantum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICA_(supermarket)', 'summary': "ICA Gruppen AB ( publ ) ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈîːka ] ; ICA Group ; from Inköpscentralernas aktiebolag , lit . the Purchasing Centres ' Corporation ) is a Swedish retailer with a focus on food and health . The group also owns a bank , real estate division , a pharmacy chain and the Hemtex soft furnishings chain . The company was started in 1938 , based on a business model which was introduced by Hakonbolagen in 1917 . Most of its operations are based in Scandinavia , and the company is the second largest retail company in the Nordic countries . The company was owned by the participating retailers until 2000 when half of the company was sold to the Dutch retailer Ahold . It acquired a further 10% in 2004 . Ahold is prevented by contractual obligation from exercising majority control over ICA . In 2013 Ahold sold its shares to Hakon for $ 3.1bn ."}]}, {'value': '126', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hypermarket/supermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ICA AB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICA_AB', 'summary': "ICA Gruppen AB ( publ ) ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈîːka ] ; ICA Group ; from Inköpscentralernas aktiebolag , lit . the Purchasing Centres ' Corporation ) is a Swedish retailer with a focus on food and health . The group also owns a bank , real estate division , a pharmacy chain and the Hemtex soft furnishings chain . The company was started in 1938 , based on a business model which was introduced by Hakonbolagen in 1917 . Most of its operations are based in Scandinavia , and the company is the second largest retail company in the Nordic countries . The company was owned by the participating retailers until 2000 when half of the company was sold to the Dutch retailer Ahold . It acquired a further 10% in 2004 . Ahold is prevented by contractual obligation from exercising majority control over ICA . In 2013 Ahold sold its shares to Hakon for $ 3.1bn ."}]}, {'value': 'ICA MAXI Stormarknad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICA_(supermarket)', 'summary': "ICA Gruppen AB ( publ ) ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈîːka ] ; ICA Group ; from Inköpscentralernas aktiebolag , lit . the Purchasing Centres ' Corporation ) is a Swedish retailer with a focus on food and health . The group also owns a bank , real estate division , a pharmacy chain and the Hemtex soft furnishings chain . The company was started in 1938 , based on a business model which was introduced by Hakonbolagen in 1917 . Most of its operations are based in Scandinavia , and the company is the second largest retail company in the Nordic countries . The company was owned by the participating retailers until 2000 when half of the company was sold to the Dutch retailer Ahold . It acquired a further 10% in 2004 . Ahold is prevented by contractual obligation from exercising majority control over ICA . In 2013 Ahold sold its shares to Hakon for $ 3.1bn ."}]}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hypermarket', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ICA AB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ICA_AB', 'summary': "ICA Gruppen AB ( publ ) ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈîːka ] ; ICA Group ; from Inköpscentralernas aktiebolag , lit . the Purchasing Centres ' Corporation ) is a Swedish retailer with a focus on food and health . The group also owns a bank , real estate division , a pharmacy chain and the Hemtex soft furnishings chain . The company was started in 1938 , based on a business model which was introduced by Hakonbolagen in 1917 . Most of its operations are based in Scandinavia , and the company is the second largest retail company in the Nordic countries . The company was owned by the participating retailers until 2000 when half of the company was sold to the Dutch retailer Ahold . It acquired a further 10% in 2004 . Ahold is prevented by contractual obligation from exercising majority control over ICA . In 2013 Ahold sold its shares to Hakon for $ 3.1bn ."}]}, {'value': 'Lidl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lidl', 'summary': 'Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG ( German pronunciation : [ ˈliːdl̩ ] ; UK : /ˈlɪdəl/ LID-əl ) is a German global discount supermarket chain , based in Neckarsulm , Germany , that operates over 10,000 stores across Europe and the United States . It belongs to Dieter Schwarz , who also owns the store chains Handelshof and hypermarket Kaufland . Lidl is the chief competitor of a similar German discount chain Aldi in several markets , including the United States . There are Lidl stores in almost every member state of the European Union . [ citation needed ] Lidl stores are also present in Switzerland , Serbia , the United Kingdom and the United States .'}]}, {'value': '170', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'discount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lidl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lidl', 'summary': 'Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG ( German pronunciation : [ ˈliːdl̩ ] ; UK : /ˈlɪdəl/ LID-əl ) is a German global discount supermarket chain , based in Neckarsulm , Germany , that operates over 10,000 stores across Europe and the United States . It belongs to Dieter Schwarz , who also owns the store chains Handelshof and hypermarket Kaufland . Lidl is the chief competitor of a similar German discount chain Aldi in several markets , including the United States . There are Lidl stores in almost every member state of the European Union . [ citation needed ] Lidl stores are also present in Switzerland , Serbia , the United Kingdom and the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Matöppet', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'convenience', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bergendahls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matrebellerna', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'convenience', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bergendahls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netto_(store)', 'summary': "Netto is a Danish discount supermarket operating in Denmark , Germany , Poland , and previously in Sweden and the United Kingdom both as a stand alone venture , until its sale in May 2010 to Asda , and via a joint venture with Sainsbury 's between June 2014 and July 2016 . Netto is owned by Salling Group . Netto also operates an express version of the store in Denmark , known as Døgn Netto ( [ 24 hour ] Day Netto ) . Døgn stores offer the same service as regular Netto stores with fewer products , but longer opening hours and higher prices . As of 2016 , all Døgn Nettos are being revised to normal Nettos or Føtex Food convenience concept stores ."}]}, {'value': '159', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'discount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Salling Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salling_Group', 'summary': "Salling Group A/S ( formerly Dansk Supermarked A/S ) is Denmark 's largest retailer , with a market share of 34.9% . It owns several chains of stores - Netto , Føtex , Bilka and Salling . All of these chains operate exclusively in Denmark except Netto , which has expanded into Germany , Poland , Sweden and has made two unsuccessful attempts at operating in the United Kingdom . Herman Salling founded Jysk Supermarked in 1960 . Dansk Supermarked A/S was formed when Salling partnered with the A.P . Moller-Maersk Group in 1964 . On 1 June 2018 Dansk Supermarked changed its name to Salling Group ."}]}, {'value': 'Pressbyrån', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pressbyrån', 'summary': 'Pressbyrån is a chain of Swedish convenience stores in Sweden that sells magazines and newspapers , convenience foods such as chilled drinks , potato chips , candy bars , ice cream , and hot dogs , and tobacco products . They also sell tickets for public transport , phone cards and stamps . Stores are often located adjacent to subway stations , commuter railway stations and bus terminals . During June 2018 Pressbyrån have collaborated with previous competitors , 7 eleven . During this collaboration Pressbyrån and 7 eleven will offer 50% on selected beverages and ice creams . Some stores also offer free Wi-Fi that can be accessed inside , or outside , the store .'}]}, {'value': '311', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'convenience', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reitan Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reitan_Group', 'summary': 'Reitan Group or Reitangruppen is a Norwegian wholesaler and retail franchiser . Included in its portfolio is REMA 1000 , 7-Eleven , HydroTexaco , Easy24 , Narvesen , Spaceworld and Pressbyrån . The company has most of its 1,979 stores in Norway , but also some in Sweden , Denmark , Lithuania and Latvia . The company also has a large real estate portfolio with 813,000 square meters of real estate , especially in Trondheim , in addition to owning half of Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab . The Reitan Group is owned by the Reitan Family and led by Odd Reitan and has its headquarters at Lade Gaard at Lade in Trondheim .'}]}, {'value': 'Tempo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '136', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'discount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Axfood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Axfood', 'summary': "Axfood AB ( Nasdaq Stockholm : AXFO ) is a Swedish company that operates in Sweden . It was formed in May 2000 through a merger between the Swedish grocery store chains Hemköp , D & D Dagligvaror , Spar Sverige , and Spar Inn Snabbgross . The Group 's retail operations are conducted through the Willys , Hemköp , and Axfood Snabbgross chains , comprising 300 group-owned stores in all . In addition , Axfood collaborates with a large number of proprietor-run stores that are tied to Axfood through agreements . These include stores within the Hemköp chain as well as stores run under the Handlar ' n , Direkten and Tempo profiles . In all , Axfood collaborates with some 840 proprietor-run stores . Wholesale business is conducted via Dagab and Axfood Närlivs . Axfood is listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm AB 's Large Cap list . Axel Johnson AB is the principal owner with 50.1 percent of the shares . Axfood 's private labels consist of Willys , Hemköp , Axfood Snabbgross , Garant , Eldorado ( discount food brand ) , Såklart ( body care , laundry and cleaning ) , Prime patrol ( meat ) , Minstingen ( baby products ) , Falkenberg Seafood ( seafood products ) and Fixa ( kitchen supplies ) . Axfood is a member of the European Marketing Distribution , a European purchasing organization for grocery stores , and United Nordic ."}]}, {'value': 'Willys', 'urls': []}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'discount', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Axfood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Axfood', 'summary': "Axfood AB ( Nasdaq Stockholm : AXFO ) is a Swedish company that operates in Sweden . It was formed in May 2000 through a merger between the Swedish grocery store chains Hemköp , D & D Dagligvaror , Spar Sverige , and Spar Inn Snabbgross . The Group 's retail operations are conducted through the Willys , Hemköp , and Axfood Snabbgross chains , comprising 300 group-owned stores in all . In addition , Axfood collaborates with a large number of proprietor-run stores that are tied to Axfood through agreements . These include stores within the Hemköp chain as well as stores run under the Handlar ' n , Direkten and Tempo profiles . In all , Axfood collaborates with some 840 proprietor-run stores . Wholesale business is conducted via Dagab and Axfood Närlivs . Axfood is listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm AB 's Large Cap list . Axel Johnson AB is the principal owner with 50.1 percent of the shares . Axfood 's private labels consist of Willys , Hemköp , Axfood Snabbgross , Garant , Eldorado ( discount food brand ) , Såklart ( body care , laundry and cleaning ) , Prime patrol ( meat ) , Minstingen ( baby products ) , Falkenberg Seafood ( seafood products ) and Fixa ( kitchen supplies ) . Axfood is a member of the European Marketing Distribution , a European purchasing organization for grocery stores , and United Nordic ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of supermarket chains in Sweden .', 'uid': 'List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Sweden_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of supermarket chains in Sweden.'}
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How many stores worldwide does the convenience store , under the Norwegian wholesaler and retail franchiser parent company , operate as of June 2019 ?
68,236
0aaa79116275b598
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstate', 'title': 'Microstate', 'header': ['Rank', 'Country / Territory', 'Area ( km²/sqmi )', 'Capital city', 'Region'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vatican City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vatican_City', 'summary': "Vatican City ( /ˈvætɪkən/ ( listen ) ) , officially Vatican City State ( Italian : Stato della Città del Vaticano ; [ d ] Latin : Status Civitatis Vaticanae ) , [ e ] [ f ] is an independent city-state enclaved within Rome , Italy . Established with the Lateran Treaty ( 1929 ) , it is distinct from , yet under full ownership , exclusive dominion , and sovereign authority and jurisdiction of the Holy See ( Latin : Sancta Sedes ) . [ g ] With an area of 44 hectares ( 110 acres ) , and a population of about 1,000 , it is the smallest sovereign state in the world by both area and population . The Vatican City is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ( a type of theocracy ) ruled by the pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church . The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins . Since the return of the popes from Avignon in 1377 , they have generally resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City , although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere . The Holy See dates back to early Christianity , and is the primate episcopal see of the Catholic Church , with 1.3 billion Catholic Christians around the world distributed in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches . The independent Vatican City-state , on the other hand , came into existence on 11 February 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy , which spoke of it as a new creation , not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States ( 756-1870 ) , which had previously encompassed much of central Italy . Within the Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter 's Basilica , the Sistine Chapel , and the Vatican Museums . They feature some of the world 's most famous paintings and sculptures . The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by the sale of postage stamps and souvenirs , fees for admission to museums , and sales of publications ."}]}, {'value': '0.44 km ( 0.17 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vatican City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vatican_City', 'summary': "Vatican City ( /ˈvætɪkən/ ( listen ) ) , officially Vatican City State ( Italian : Stato della Città del Vaticano ; [ d ] Latin : Status Civitatis Vaticanae ) , [ e ] [ f ] is an independent city-state enclaved within Rome , Italy . Established with the Lateran Treaty ( 1929 ) , it is distinct from , yet under full ownership , exclusive dominion , and sovereign authority and jurisdiction of the Holy See ( Latin : Sancta Sedes ) . [ g ] With an area of 44 hectares ( 110 acres ) , and a population of about 1,000 , it is the smallest sovereign state in the world by both area and population . The Vatican City is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ( a type of theocracy ) ruled by the pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church . The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins . Since the return of the popes from Avignon in 1377 , they have generally resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City , although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere . The Holy See dates back to early Christianity , and is the primate episcopal see of the Catholic Church , with 1.3 billion Catholic Christians around the world distributed in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches . The independent Vatican City-state , on the other hand , came into existence on 11 February 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy , which spoke of it as a new creation , not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States ( 756-1870 ) , which had previously encompassed much of central Italy . Within the Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter 's Basilica , the Sistine Chapel , and the Vatican Museums . They feature some of the world 's most famous paintings and sculptures . The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by the sale of postage stamps and souvenirs , fees for admission to museums , and sales of publications ."}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monaco', 'summary': "Monaco ( /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔnako ] ) , officially the Principality of Monaco ( French : Principauté de Monaco ) , [ a ] is a sovereign city-state , country , and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe . France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea . Monaco is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the state border with Italy . Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 ( 0.78 sq mi ) , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican . Its population as of 2018 is 38,682 . With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 49,230/sq mi ) , it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world . Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km ( 3.40 mi ) , the world 's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km ( 2.38 mi ) ( regardless of the coastline paradox ) , and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m ( 5,577 and 1,145 ft ) . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel , in the Les Révoires Ward , which is 161 metres ( 528 feet ) above sea level . Monaco 's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins . Through land reclamation , Monaco 's land mass has expanded by 20 percent . In 2005 , it had an area of only 1.974 km2 ( 0.762 sq mi ) . Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws ."}]}, {'value': '2.02 km ( 0.78 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monaco', 'summary': "Monaco ( /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔnako ] ) , officially the Principality of Monaco ( French : Principauté de Monaco ) , [ a ] is a sovereign city-state , country , and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe . France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea . Monaco is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the state border with Italy . Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 ( 0.78 sq mi ) , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican . Its population as of 2018 is 38,682 . With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 49,230/sq mi ) , it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world . Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km ( 3.40 mi ) , the world 's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km ( 2.38 mi ) ( regardless of the coastline paradox ) , and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m ( 5,577 and 1,145 ft ) . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel , in the Les Révoires Ward , which is 161 metres ( 528 feet ) above sea level . Monaco 's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins . Through land reclamation , Monaco 's land mass has expanded by 20 percent . In 2005 , it had an area of only 1.974 km2 ( 0.762 sq mi ) . Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws ."}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nauru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nauru', 'summary': "Nauru ( /nɑːˈuːruː/ nah-OO-roo or /ˈnaʊruː/ NOW-roo ; Nauruan : Naoero ) , officially the Republic of Nauru ( Nauruan : Repubrikin Naoero ) and formerly known as Pleasant Island , is an island country in Micronesia , a subregion of Oceania , in the Central Pacific . Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati , 300 km ( 190 mi ) to the east . It further lies northwest of Tuvalu , 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) northeast of the Solomon Islands , east-northeast of Papua New Guinea , southeast of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the Marshall Islands . With only a 21 km2 ( 8.1 sq mi ) area , Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world behind Vatican City , and Monaco , making it the smallest state in the South Pacific Ocean , the smallest state outside Europe , the smallest island state , and the smallest republic . Additionally , its population of 10,670 is the world 's third smallest , after Vatican City and Tuvalu . Settled by people from Micronesia and Polynesia c. 1000 BCE , Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century . After World War I , Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . During World War II , Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops , and was bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific . After the war ended , the country entered into United Nations trusteeship . Nauru gained its independence in 1968 , and became a member of the Pacific Community ( SPC ) in 1969 . Nauru is a phosphate-rock island with rich deposits near the surface , which allowed easy strip mining operations . Its remaining phosphate resources are not economically viable for extraction ."}]}, {'value': '21 km ( 8 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yaren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yaren_District', 'summary': 'Yaren ( in earlier times Makwa/Moqua ) , is a district of the Pacific nation of Nauru . It is no longer capital of Nauru and is coextensive with Yaren Constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'Oceania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oceania', 'summary': 'Oceania ( UK : /ˌoʊsiˈɑːniə , ˌoʊʃi- , -ˈeɪn-/ , US : /ˌoʊʃiˈæniə/ ( listen ) , /-ˈɑːn-/ ) is a geographic region that includes Australasia , Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia . Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres , Oceania has a land area of 8,525,989 square kilometres ( 3,291,903 sq mi ) and a population of 42 million . Situated in the southeast of the Asia-Pacific region , Oceania , when compared to continental regions , is the smallest in land area and the second smallest in population after Antarctica . Oceania has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia and New Zealand , which rank high in quality of life and human development index , to the much less developed economies that belong to countries such as Kiribati and Tuvalu , while also including medium-sized economies of Pacific islands such as Palau , Fiji and Tonga . The largest and most populous country in Oceania is Australia , with Sydney being the largest city of both Oceania and Australia . The first settlers of Australia , New Guinea , and the large islands just to the east arrived more than 60,000 years ago . [ citation needed ] Oceania was first explored by Europeans from the 16th century onward . Portuguese navigators , between 1512 and 1526 , reached the Tanimbar Islands , some of the Caroline Islands and west Papua New Guinea . On his first voyage in the 18th century , James Cook , who later arrived at the highly developed Hawaiian Islands , went to Tahiti and followed the east coast of Australia for the first time . The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War , mainly between Allied powers the United States and Australia , and Axis power Japan . The arrival of European settlers in subsequent centuries resulted in a significant alteration in the social and political landscape of Oceania . In more contemporary times there has been increasing discussion on national flags and a desire by some Oceanians to display their distinguishable and individualistic identity .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tuvalu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuvalu', 'summary': "Tuvalu ( /tuːˈvɑːluː/ too-VAH-loo ) ( formerly known as the Ellice Islands ) , is a country in Polynesia , located in the Pacific Ocean , situated in Oceania and about midway between Hawaii and Australia . The island country lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands ( which belong to the Solomon Islands ) , southeast of Nauru , south of Kiribati , west of Tokelau , northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna , and north of Fiji . It is composed of three reef islands and six true atolls spread out between the latitude of 5° to 10° south and longitude of 176° to 180° , west of the International Date Line . Tuvalu has a population of 11,192 ( 2017 census ) . The total land area of the islands of Tuvalu is 26 square kilometres ( 10 sq mi ) . The first inhabitants of Tuvalu were Polynesians . The origins of the people of Tuvalu are addressed in the theories regarding migration into the Pacific that began about three thousand years ago . During pre-European-contact times there was frequent canoe voyaging between the islands as Polynesian navigation skills are recognised to have allowed deliberate journeys on double-hull sailing canoes or outrigger canoes . The pattern of settlement that is believed to have occurred is that the Polynesians spread out from Samoa and Tonga into the Tuvaluan atolls , with Tuvalu providing a stepping stone to further migration into the Polynesian outliers in Melanesia and Micronesia . In 1568 , Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to sail through the archipelago , sighting the island of Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis . The island of Funafuti was named Ellice 's Island in 1819 ; the name Ellice was applied to all of the nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay . The Ellice Islands came into Great Britain 's sphere of influence in the late 19th century , as the result of a treaty between Great Britain and Germany relating to the demarcation of the spheres of influence in the Pacific Ocean ."}]}, {'value': '26 km ( 10 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Funafuti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Funafuti', 'summary': "Funafuti is an atoll and the capital of the island nation of Tuvalu . It has a population of 6,025 people , making it the country 's most populated atoll , with 56.6 percent of Tuvalu 's population . It is a narrow sweep of land between 20 and 400 metres ( 66 and 1,312 feet ) wide , encircling a large lagoon ( Te Namo ) 18 km ( 11 miles ) long and 14 km ( 9 miles ) wide . The average depth in the Funafuti lagoon is about 20 fathoms ( 36.5 metres or 120 feet ) . With a surface of 275 square kilometres ( 106.2 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest lagoon in Tuvalu . The land area of the 33 islets aggregates to 2.4 square kilometres ( 0.9 sq mi ) , less than one percent of the total area of the atoll . Cargo ships can enter Funafuti 's lagoon and dock at the port facilities on Fongafale . The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes given as Fongafale or Vaiaku , however , the entire atoll of Funafuti is officially the capital [ citation needed ] since it comprises a single local government ."}]}, {'value': 'Oceania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oceania', 'summary': 'Oceania ( UK : /ˌoʊsiˈɑːniə , ˌoʊʃi- , -ˈeɪn-/ , US : /ˌoʊʃiˈæniə/ ( listen ) , /-ˈɑːn-/ ) is a geographic region that includes Australasia , Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia . Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres , Oceania has a land area of 8,525,989 square kilometres ( 3,291,903 sq mi ) and a population of 42 million . Situated in the southeast of the Asia-Pacific region , Oceania , when compared to continental regions , is the smallest in land area and the second smallest in population after Antarctica . Oceania has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia and New Zealand , which rank high in quality of life and human development index , to the much less developed economies that belong to countries such as Kiribati and Tuvalu , while also including medium-sized economies of Pacific islands such as Palau , Fiji and Tonga . The largest and most populous country in Oceania is Australia , with Sydney being the largest city of both Oceania and Australia . The first settlers of Australia , New Guinea , and the large islands just to the east arrived more than 60,000 years ago . [ citation needed ] Oceania was first explored by Europeans from the 16th century onward . Portuguese navigators , between 1512 and 1526 , reached the Tanimbar Islands , some of the Caroline Islands and west Papua New Guinea . On his first voyage in the 18th century , James Cook , who later arrived at the highly developed Hawaiian Islands , went to Tahiti and followed the east coast of Australia for the first time . The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War , mainly between Allied powers the United States and Australia , and Axis power Japan . The arrival of European settlers in subsequent centuries resulted in a significant alteration in the social and political landscape of Oceania . In more contemporary times there has been increasing discussion on national flags and a desire by some Oceanians to display their distinguishable and individualistic identity .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino', 'summary': "San Marino ( /ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ( listen ) , Italian : [ sam maˈriːno ] ) , officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ) , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ) , is an enclave microstate in Southern Europe , on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains , completely surrounded by Italy . It is just over 61 km2 ( 24 sq mi ) , with a population of 33,562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest settlement is Dogana in the municipality of Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of any member of the Council of Europe . The official language is Italian , and San Marino maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its much larger neighbour . It is located close to the riviera of Rimini , one of Italy 's main coastal resort areas . The country derives its name from Saint Marinus , a stonemason from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In AD 257 , [ clarification needed ] Marinus , according to legend , participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301 ; thus , San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . The nation is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ) , a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century , that dictate the country 's political system , among other matters . San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect . The country 's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , [ which ? ]"}]}, {'value': '61 km ( 24 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_San_Marino', 'summary': "The City of San Marino ( Italian : Città di San Marino ) ( also known simply as San Marino or locally as Città ) is the capital city of the Republic of San Marino , Southern Europe . The city has a population of 4,044 . It is on the western slopes of San Marino 's highest point , Monte Titano ."}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liechtenstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liechtenstein', 'summary': "Liechtenstein ( /ˈlɪktənstaɪn/ ( listen ) LIK-tən-styne ; German : [ ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn ] ) , officially the Principality of Liechtenstein ( German : Fürstentum Liechtenstein ) , is a German-speaking microstate situated in the Alps and in the southwest of Central Europe . The principality is a semi-constitutional monarchy headed by the Prince of Liechtenstein ; the Prince 's extensive powers are equivalent to those of a President in a semi-presidential system . Liechtenstein is bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and Austria to the east and north . It is Europe 's fourth-smallest country , with an area of just over 160 square kilometres ( 62 square miles ) and a population of 38,557 . Divided into 11 municipalities , its capital is Vaduz , and its largest municipality is Schaan . It is also the smallest country to border two countries . Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan are the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world . Economically , Liechtenstein has one of the highest gross domestic products per person in the world when adjusted for purchasing power parity . It was once known as a billionaire tax haven , but is no longer on any blacklists of uncooperative tax haven countries . An Alpine country , Liechtenstein is mountainous , making it a winter sport destination . The country has a strong financial sector centered in Vaduz . Liechtenstein is a member of the United Nations , the European Free Trade Association , and the Council of Europe , and although not a member of the European Union , it participates in both the Schengen Area and the European Economic Area ."}]}, {'value': '160 km ( 62 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vaduz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaduz', 'summary': 'Vaduz ( /fɑːˈduːts/ ; German pronunciation : [ faˈdʊt͡s ] or [ vaˈduːt͡s ] ) is the capital of Liechtenstein and also the seat of the national parliament . The town , which is located along the Rhine River , has 5,450 residents . Although Vaduz is the best-known town in the principality internationally , it is not the largest ; neighbouring Schaan has a larger population .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marshall Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Islands', 'summary': "The Marshall Islands , officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands ( Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ ) , [ note 1 ] is an island country and a United States associated state near the equator in the Pacific Ocean , slightly west of the International Date Line . Geographically , the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia . The country 's population of 58,413 people ( at the 2018 World Bank Census ) is spread out over 29 coral atolls , comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets . The capital and largest city is Majuro . The islands share maritime boundaries with the Wake Island to the north , [ note 2 ] Kiribati to the southeast , Nauru to the south , and Federated States of Micronesia to the west . About 52.3% of Marshall Islanders ( 27,797 at the 2011 Census ) live on Majuro . Data from the United Nations indicates an estimated population in 2018 of 58,413 . In 2016 , 73.3% of the population were defined as being urban . The UN also indicates a population density of 295 per km2 ( 765 people per mi2 ) and its projected 2020 population is 59,190 . Micronesian colonists reached the Marshall Islands using canoes circa 2nd millennium BC , with interisland navigation made possible using traditional stick charts . They eventually settled here . Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s , starting with Ferdinand Magellan , a Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain , Juan Sebastián Elcano and Miguel de Saavedra ."}]}, {'value': '181 km ( 70 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majuro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majuro', 'summary': 'Majuro ( /ˈmædʒəroʊ/ ; Marshallese : Mājro [ mʲæzʲ ( e ) rˠo ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Marshall Islands . It is also a large coral atoll of 64 islands in the Pacific Ocean . It forms a legislative district of the Ratak ( Sunrise ) Chain of the Marshall Islands . The atoll has a land area of 9.7 square kilometres ( 3.7 sq mi ) and encloses a lagoon of 295 square kilometres ( 114 sq mi ) . As with other atolls in the Marshall Islands , Majuro consists of narrow land masses . The main population center , Delap-Uliga-Djarrit ( DUD ) , is made up of three contiguous motus and has a population of 20,301 people as of 2012 [ update ] . Majuro has a port , shopping district and hotels . Majuro has an international airport with scheduled international flights to Hawaii , Micronesia , Kiribati , and Nauru , and flights to domestic destinations around the country [ citation needed ] .'}]}, {'value': 'Oceania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oceania', 'summary': 'Oceania ( UK : /ˌoʊsiˈɑːniə , ˌoʊʃi- , -ˈeɪn-/ , US : /ˌoʊʃiˈæniə/ ( listen ) , /-ˈɑːn-/ ) is a geographic region that includes Australasia , Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia . Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres , Oceania has a land area of 8,525,989 square kilometres ( 3,291,903 sq mi ) and a population of 42 million . Situated in the southeast of the Asia-Pacific region , Oceania , when compared to continental regions , is the smallest in land area and the second smallest in population after Antarctica . Oceania has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia and New Zealand , which rank high in quality of life and human development index , to the much less developed economies that belong to countries such as Kiribati and Tuvalu , while also including medium-sized economies of Pacific islands such as Palau , Fiji and Tonga . The largest and most populous country in Oceania is Australia , with Sydney being the largest city of both Oceania and Australia . The first settlers of Australia , New Guinea , and the large islands just to the east arrived more than 60,000 years ago . [ citation needed ] Oceania was first explored by Europeans from the 16th century onward . Portuguese navigators , between 1512 and 1526 , reached the Tanimbar Islands , some of the Caroline Islands and west Papua New Guinea . On his first voyage in the 18th century , James Cook , who later arrived at the highly developed Hawaiian Islands , went to Tahiti and followed the east coast of Australia for the first time . The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War , mainly between Allied powers the United States and Australia , and Axis power Japan . The arrival of European settlers in subsequent centuries resulted in a significant alteration in the social and political landscape of Oceania . In more contemporary times there has been increasing discussion on national flags and a desire by some Oceanians to display their distinguishable and individualistic identity .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Kitts and Nevis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis', 'summary': 'Saint Kitts and Nevis ( /-ˈkɪts . ˈniːvɪs/ ( listen ) ) , also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis , is an island country in the West Indies . Located in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles , it is the smallest sovereign state in the Western Hemisphere , in both area and population . The country is a Commonwealth realm , with Elizabeth II as queen and head of state . The capital city is Basseterre on the larger island of Saint Kitts . The smaller island of Nevis lies approximately 3 km ( 2 mi ) to the southeast across a shallow channel called The Narrows . The British dependency of Anguilla was historically also a part of this union , which was then known collectively as Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla . However , it chose to secede from the union and remains a British overseas territory . To the north-northwest lie the islands of Sint Eustatius , Saba , Saint Barthélemy , Saint-Martin/Sint Maarten and Anguilla . To the east and northeast are Antigua and Barbuda , and to the southeast is the small uninhabited island of Redonda ( part of Antigua and Barbuda ) and the island of Montserrat . Saint Kitts and Nevis were among the first islands in the Caribbean to be colonized by Europeans . Saint Kitts was home to the first British and French colonies in the Caribbean , and thus has also been titled The Mother Colony of the West Indies .'}]}, {'value': '261 km ( 101 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basseterre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basseterre', 'summary': 'Basseterre /bæsˈtɛər/ is the capital and largest city of Saint Kitts and Nevis with an estimated population of 14,000 in 2018 . Geographically , the Basseterre port is located at 17°18′N 62°44′W / 17.300°N 62.733°W / 17.300 ; -62.733Coordinates : 17°18′N 62°44′W / 17.300°N 62.733°W / 17.300 ; -62.733 , on the south western coast of Saint Kitts Island , and it is one of the chief commercial depots of the Leeward Islands . The city lies within Saint George Basseterre Parish . Basseterre is one of the oldest towns in the Eastern Caribbean .'}]}, {'value': 'Caribbean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caribbean', 'summary': 'The Caribbean ( /ˌkærɪˈbiːən , kəˈrɪbiən/ , locally /ˈkærɪbiæn/ ) ( Spanish : El Caribe ; French : la Caraïbe ; Haitian Creole : Karayib ; Dutch : De Caraïben ; Caribbean Hindustani : कैरेबियन / کیریبین ; Chinese : 加勒比 ) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea , its islands ( some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean ) and the surrounding coasts . The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland , east of Central America , and north of South America . Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate , the region has more than 700 islands , islets , reefs and cays ( see the list of Caribbean islands ) . Island arcs delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea : The Greater Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago on the north and the Lesser Antilles and the on the south and east ( which includes the Leeward Antilles ) . The Lucayan Archipelago ( the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands ) , do not border the Caribbean Sea , but are still within the boundaries of the Caribbean region . On the mainland , Belize , Nicaragua , the Caribbean region of Colombia , Cozumel , the Yucatán Peninsula , Margarita Island , and the Guyanas ( Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Guayana Region in Venezuela , and Amapá in Brazil ) are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region . Geopolitically , the islands of the Caribbean ( the West Indies ) are often regarded as a region of North America , though sometimes they are included in Central America or left as a region of their own . and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states , overseas departments , and dependencies . From December 15 , 1954 , to October 10 , 2010 , there was a country known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states , all of which were Dutch dependencies . From January 3 , 1958 , to May 31 , 1962 , there was also a short-lived political union called the West Indies Federation composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories , all of which were then British dependencies . The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maldives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maldives', 'summary': "The Maldives ( /ˈmɔːldiːvs/ , US : /ˈmɔːldaɪvz/ ( listen ) ; Dhivehi : ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ Dhivehi Raajje ) , officially the Republic of Maldives , is a small island nation in South Asia , located in the Arabian Sea of the Indian Ocean . It lies southwest of Sri Lanka and India , about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) from the Asian continent . The chain of 26 atolls stretches from Ihavandhippolhu Atoll in the north to Addu Atoll in the south . Comprising a territory spanning roughly 298 square kilometres ( 115 sq mi ) , the Maldives is one of the world 's most geographically dispersed sovereign states as well as the smallest Asian country by land area and population , with around 515,696 inhabitants . Malé is the capital and the most populated city , traditionally called the King 's Island for its central location . The Maldives archipelago is located on the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge , a vast submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean ; this also forms a terrestrial ecoregion , together with the Chagos Archipelago and Lakshadweep . With an average ground-level elevation of 1.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) above sea level , it is the world 's lowest-lying country , with even its highest natural point being one of the lowest in the world , at 5.1 metres ( 17 ft ) . Islam was introduced to the Maldivian archipelago in the 12th century which was consolidated as a sultanate , developing strong commercial and cultural ties with Asia and Africa . From the mid-16th-century , the region came under the increasing influence of European colonial powers , with the Maldives becoming a British protectorate in 1887 . Independence from the United Kingdom was granted in 1965 and a presidential republic was established in 1968 with an elected People 's Majlis . The ensuing decades have been characterised by political instability , efforts at democratic reform , and environmental challenges posed by climate change . The Maldives is a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) ."}]}, {'value': '298 km ( 115 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malé', 'summary': "Malé ( /ˈmɑːleɪ/ , locally [ ˈmɑːlɛ ] ; Dhivehi : މާލެ ) is the capital and most populous city in the Republic of Maldives . With a population of 133,412 and an area of 9.27 square kilometres ( 3.58 sq mi ) , it is also one of the most densely populated cities in the world . The city is geographically located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll ( Kaafu Atoll ) . Administratively , the city consists of a central island , an airport island , and two other islands governed by the Malé City Council . Traditionally it was the King 's Island , from where the ancient royal dynasties ruled and where the palace was located . The city was then called Mahal . Formerly it was a walled city surrounded by fortifications and gates ( doroshi ) . The Royal Palace ( Gan'duvaru ) was destroyed along with the picturesque forts ( koshi ) and bastions ( buruzu ) when the city was remodelled under President Ibrahim Nasir 's rule in the aftermath of the abolition of the monarchy in 1968 . However , the Malé Friday Mosque remains . In recent years , the island has been considerably expanded through land-filling operations . Over the years , Malé has been the center of political protests and milestone events ."}]}, {'value': 'Asia - Indian Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asia', 'summary': "Asia ( /ˈeɪʒə , ˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) ) is Earth 's largest and most populous continent , located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres . It shares the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe and the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa . Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres ( 17,212,000 sq mi ) , about 30% of Earth 's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth 's total surface area . The continent , which has long been home to the majority of the human population , was the site of many of the first civilizations . Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population , but also dense and large settlements , as well as vast barely populated regions . Its 4.5 billion people ( as of June 2019 [ update ] ) constitute roughly 60% of the world 's population , more than all other continents combined . In general terms , Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean , on the south by the Indian Ocean , and on the north by the Arctic Ocean . The border of Asia with Europe is a historical and cultural construct , as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them . It is somewhat arbitrary and has moved since its first conception in classical antiquity . The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects East-West cultural , linguistic , and ethnic differences , some of which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line . The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal separating it from Africa ; and to the east of the Turkish Straits , the Ural Mountains and Ural River , and to the south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black Seas , separating it from Europe . China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 CE ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indian_Ocean', 'summary': "The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world 's oceanic divisions , covering 70,560,000 km2 ( 27,240,000 sq mi ) or 19.8% of the water on the Earth 's surface . It is bounded by Asia to the north , Africa to the west , and Australia to the east . To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica , depending on the definition in use ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malta', 'summary': "The origin of the name Malta is uncertain , and the modern-day variation is derived from the Maltese language . The most common etymology is that the word Malta is derived from the Greek word μέλι , meli , honey . The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη ( Melitē ) meaning honey-sweet , possibly for Malta 's unique production of honey ; an endemic subspecies of bees live on the island . The Romans called the island Melita , which can be considered either a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα . In 1525 William Tyndale used the transliteration Melite in Acts 28:1 for Καὶ διασωθέντες τότε ἐπέγνωμεν ὅτι Μελίτη ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται as found in his translation of The New Testament that relied on Greek texts instead of Latin . Melita is the spelling used in the Authorized ( King James ) Version of 1611 and in the American Standard Version of 1901 . Malta is widely used in more recent versions , such as The Revised Standard Version of 1946 and The New International Version of 1973 . Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth , a haven , or 'port ' in reference to Malta 's many bays and coves . Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature , with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary ( Itin . Marit . p. 518 ; Sil . Ital ."}]}, {'value': '316 km ( 122 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valletta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valletta', 'summary': "Valletta ( /vəˈlɛtə/ , Maltese : il-Belt Valletta , Maltese pronunciation : [ ˈvɐlɛ.tɐ ] ) is the capital city of Malta . Located in the South Eastern Region of the main island , between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east , its population in 2014 was 6,444 , while the metropolitan area around it has a population of 393,938 . Valletta is the southernmost capital of Europe , and at just 0.8 square kilometres , it is the European Union 's smallest capital city . Valletta 's 16th-century buildings were constructed by the Knights Hospitaller . The city was named after Jean Parisot de Valette , who succeeded in defending the island from an Ottoman invasion in 1565.The city is Baroque in character , with elements of Mannerist , Neo-Classical and Modern architecture , though the Second World War left major scars on the city , particularly the destruction of the Royal Opera House . The city was officially recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980 . The city 's fortifications , consisting of bastions , curtains and cavaliers , along with the beauty of its Baroque palaces , gardens and churches , led the ruling houses of Europe to give the city its nickname Superbissima [ citation needed ] - Latin for Proudest ."}]}, {'value': 'Europe - Mediterranean Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea', 'summary': 'The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean , surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land : on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia , on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant . Although the sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean , it is usually referred to as a separate body of water . Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago , the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely desiccated over a period of some 600,000 years ( the Messinian salinity crisis ) before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago . It covers an area of about 2,500,000 km2 ( 970,000 sq mi ) , representing 0.7% of the global ocean surface , but its connection to the Atlantic via the Strait of Gibraltar - the narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa - is only 14 km ( 9 mi ) wide . In oceanography , it is sometimes called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere . The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m ( 17,280 ft ) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea . It lies between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length , from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun , on the southeastern coast of Turkey , is about 4,000 kilometres ( 2,500 mi ) . The sea was an important route for merchants and travellers of ancient times , facilitating trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region . The history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies . The countries surrounding the Mediterranean in clockwise order are Spain , France , Monaco , Italy , Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Albania , Greece , Turkey , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Egypt , Libya , Tunisia , Algeria , and Morocco ; Malta and Cyprus are island countries in the sea . In addition , the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia have coastlines on the sea .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grenada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grenada', 'summary': "Grenada ( /ɡrɪˈneɪdə/ ( listen ) grin-AY-də Grenadian Creole : La Gwenad ) is a sovereign state in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea at the southern end of the Grenadines island chain . Grenada consists of the island of Grenada itself plus six smaller islands which lie to the north of the main island . It is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago , northeast of Venezuela and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . Its size is 348.5 square kilometres ( 134.6 sq mi ) , and it had an estimated population of 112,200 in July 2018 . Its capital is St. George 's . Grenada is also known as the Island of Spice due to its production of nutmeg and mace crops . The national bird of Grenada is the critically endangered Grenada dove . Coordinates : 12°07′N 61°40′W / 12.117°N 61.667°W / 12.117 ; -61.667 Before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas , Grenada was inhabited by the indigenous Arawaks and later by the Island Caribs . Christopher Columbus sighted Grenada in 1498 during his third voyage to the Americas . Although it was deemed the property of the King of Spain , there are no records to suggest the Spanish ever landed or settled on the island . Following several unsuccessful attempts by Europeans to colonise the island due to resistance from the Island Caribs , French settlement and colonisation began in 1650 and continued for the next century . On 10 February 1763 , Grenada was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Paris ."}]}, {'value': '344 km ( 133 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. George 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._George's,_Grenada", 'summary': "St. George 's ( Grenadian Creole French : Sen Jòj ) is the capital of Grenada . The town is surrounded by a hillside of an old volcano crater and is on a horseshoe-shaped harbour . St. George 's is a popular Caribbean tourist destination . The town has developed in recent years , [ when ? ] while preserving its history , culture , and natural environment . [ citation needed ] The town is home of St. Georges University School of Medicine and it is also where the country 's international airport is located , Maurice Bishop International Airport . The main exports are cocoa bean cacao , nutmeg , and mace spice . [ citation needed ] It has a moderate tropical climate that ensures the success of spice production . Nutmegs are a key crop , followed by spices such as cocoa , mace , cloves , vanilla , cinnamon and ginger ."}]}, {'value': 'Caribbean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caribbean', 'summary': 'The Caribbean ( /ˌkærɪˈbiːən , kəˈrɪbiən/ , locally /ˈkærɪbiæn/ ) ( Spanish : El Caribe ; French : la Caraïbe ; Haitian Creole : Karayib ; Dutch : De Caraïben ; Caribbean Hindustani : कैरेबियन / کیریبین ; Chinese : 加勒比 ) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea , its islands ( some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean ) and the surrounding coasts . The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland , east of Central America , and north of South America . Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate , the region has more than 700 islands , islets , reefs and cays ( see the list of Caribbean islands ) . Island arcs delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea : The Greater Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago on the north and the Lesser Antilles and the on the south and east ( which includes the Leeward Antilles ) . The Lucayan Archipelago ( the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands ) , do not border the Caribbean Sea , but are still within the boundaries of the Caribbean region . On the mainland , Belize , Nicaragua , the Caribbean region of Colombia , Cozumel , the Yucatán Peninsula , Margarita Island , and the Guyanas ( Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Guayana Region in Venezuela , and Amapá in Brazil ) are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region . Geopolitically , the islands of the Caribbean ( the West Indies ) are often regarded as a region of North America , though sometimes they are included in Central America or left as a region of their own . and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states , overseas departments , and dependencies . From December 15 , 1954 , to October 10 , 2010 , there was a country known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states , all of which were Dutch dependencies . From January 3 , 1958 , to May 31 , 1962 , there was also a short-lived political union called the West Indies Federation composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories , all of which were then British dependencies . The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Vincent and the Grenadines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines', 'summary': 'Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( /ˌɡrɛnəˈdiːnz/ ( listen ) ) is a multi island Anglo-Caribbean country in the Lesser Antilles island arc , in the southeast Windward Islands , which lies in the West Indies at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean . The sovereign state is also frequently known simply as Saint Vincent . Its 389 km2 ( 150 sq mi ) territory consists of the main island of Saint Vincent and the northern two-thirds of the Grenadines , a chain of 32 smaller islands . Some of the Grenadines are inhabited - Bequia , Mustique , Union Island , Canouan , Palm Island , Mayreau , Young Island - while others are not : Tobago Cays , Petit Saint Vincent , Baliceaux , Bettowia , Quatre , Petite Mustique , Savan and Petit Nevis . Most of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines lies within the Hurricane Alley . To the north of Saint Vincent lies Saint Lucia , to the east is Barbados , and Grenada lies to the south . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a densely populated country for its size ( over 300 inhabitants/km2 ) with approximately 110,211 inhabitants . Kingstown is the capital and main port . Saint Vincent has a British colonial history , and is now part of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States , CARICOM , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) .'}]}, {'value': '389 km ( 150 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingstown', 'summary': "Kingstown is the capital , chief port , and main commercial centre of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . With a population of 16,500 ( 2010 ) , Kingstown is the most populous settlement in the country . It is the centre for the island 's agricultural industry and a port of entry for tourists . The city lies within the parish of Saint George in the south-west corner of Saint Vincent ."}]}, {'value': 'Caribbean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caribbean', 'summary': 'The Caribbean ( /ˌkærɪˈbiːən , kəˈrɪbiən/ , locally /ˈkærɪbiæn/ ) ( Spanish : El Caribe ; French : la Caraïbe ; Haitian Creole : Karayib ; Dutch : De Caraïben ; Caribbean Hindustani : कैरेबियन / کیریبین ; Chinese : 加勒比 ) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea , its islands ( some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean ) and the surrounding coasts . The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland , east of Central America , and north of South America . Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate , the region has more than 700 islands , islets , reefs and cays ( see the list of Caribbean islands ) . Island arcs delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea : The Greater Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago on the north and the Lesser Antilles and the on the south and east ( which includes the Leeward Antilles ) . The Lucayan Archipelago ( the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands ) , do not border the Caribbean Sea , but are still within the boundaries of the Caribbean region . On the mainland , Belize , Nicaragua , the Caribbean region of Colombia , Cozumel , the Yucatán Peninsula , Margarita Island , and the Guyanas ( Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Guayana Region in Venezuela , and Amapá in Brazil ) are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region . Geopolitically , the islands of the Caribbean ( the West Indies ) are often regarded as a region of North America , though sometimes they are included in Central America or left as a region of their own . and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states , overseas departments , and dependencies . From December 15 , 1954 , to October 10 , 2010 , there was a country known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states , all of which were Dutch dependencies . From January 3 , 1958 , to May 31 , 1962 , there was also a short-lived political union called the West Indies Federation composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories , all of which were then British dependencies . The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados', 'summary': 'Barbados ( /bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/ ( listen ) or /-doʊs/ ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies , in the Caribbean region of North America . It is 34 kilometres ( 21 miles ) in length and up to 23 km ( 14 mi ) in width , covering an area of 432 km2 ( 167 sq mi ) . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km ( 62 mi ) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea ; therein , Barbados is east of the Windwards , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 13°N of the equator . It is about 168 km ( 104 mi ) east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km ( 110 mi ) south-east of Martinique and 400 km ( 250 mi ) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago . Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt . Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown . Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century , and prior to that by other Amerindians , Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown . It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511 . The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536 , but later abandoned it in 1620 ; with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited , and to replenish their water supply . An English ship , the Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625 ; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I . In 1627 , the first permanent settlers arrived from England , and it became an English and later British colony . As a wealthy sugar colony , it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807 , with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833 .'}]}, {'value': '430 km ( 166 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgetown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgetown', 'summary': 'Bridgetown ( UN/LOCODE : BB BGI ) is the capital and largest city of Barbados . Formerly The Town of Saint Michael , the Greater Bridgetown area is located within the parish of Saint Michael . Bridgetown is sometimes locally referred to as The City , but the most common reference is simply Town . As of 2014 , its metropolitan population stands at roughly 110,000 . The Bridgetown port , found along Carlisle Bay ( at 13°06′22″N 59°37′55″W / 13.106°N 59.632°W / 13.106 ; -59.632 ( Bridgetown port ) ) lies on the southwestern coast of the island . Parts of the Greater Bridgetown area ( as roughly defined by the Ring Road Bypass or more commonly known as the ABC Highway ) , sit close to the borders of the neighbouring parishes Christ Church and St. James . The Grantley Adams International Airport for Barbados , is located 16 kilometres ( 10 mi ) southeast of Bridgetown city centre , and has daily flights to major cities in the United Kingdom , United States , Canada and the Caribbean . There is no longer a local municipal government , but it is a constituency of the national Parliament . During the short-lived 1950s-1960s Federation of the British West Indian Territories , Bridgetown was one of three capital cities within the region being considered to be the Federal capital of region . The present-day location of the city was established by English settlers in 1628 ; a previous settlement under the authority of Sir William Courten was at St. James Town . Bridgetown is a major West Indies tourist destination , and the city acts as an important financial , informatics , convention centre , and cruise ship port of call in the Caribbean region . On 25 June 2011 , Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison was added as a World Heritage Site of UNESCO .'}]}, {'value': 'Caribbean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caribbean', 'summary': 'The Caribbean ( /ˌkærɪˈbiːən , kəˈrɪbiən/ , locally /ˈkærɪbiæn/ ) ( Spanish : El Caribe ; French : la Caraïbe ; Haitian Creole : Karayib ; Dutch : De Caraïben ; Caribbean Hindustani : कैरेबियन / کیریبین ; Chinese : 加勒比 ) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea , its islands ( some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean ) and the surrounding coasts . The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland , east of Central America , and north of South America . Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate , the region has more than 700 islands , islets , reefs and cays ( see the list of Caribbean islands ) . Island arcs delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea : The Greater Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago on the north and the Lesser Antilles and the on the south and east ( which includes the Leeward Antilles ) . The Lucayan Archipelago ( the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands ) , do not border the Caribbean Sea , but are still within the boundaries of the Caribbean region . On the mainland , Belize , Nicaragua , the Caribbean region of Colombia , Cozumel , the Yucatán Peninsula , Margarita Island , and the Guyanas ( Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Guayana Region in Venezuela , and Amapá in Brazil ) are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region . Geopolitically , the islands of the Caribbean ( the West Indies ) are often regarded as a region of North America , though sometimes they are included in Central America or left as a region of their own . and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states , overseas departments , and dependencies . From December 15 , 1954 , to October 10 , 2010 , there was a country known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states , all of which were Dutch dependencies . From January 3 , 1958 , to May 31 , 1962 , there was also a short-lived political union called the West Indies Federation composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories , all of which were then British dependencies . The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antigua and Barbuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda', 'summary': "Antigua and Barbuda ( /ænˈtiːɡ ( w ) ə . bɑːrˈb ( j ) uːdə/ ( listen ) ; an-TEE-g ( w ) ə . bar-B ( Y ) OO-də ) is an island sovereign state in the West Indies in the Americas , lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean . It consists of two major islands , Antigua and Barbuda , and a number of smaller islands ( including Great Bird , Green , Guiana , Long , Maiden and York Islands and further south , the island of Redonda ) . The permanent population numbers about 95,900 ( 2018 est . ) , with 97% being resident on Antigua . The capital and largest port and city is St. John 's on Antigua , with Codrington being the largest town on Barbuda . Lying near each other ( the main Barbuda airport is less than 0.5° of latitude , or 56 kilometres ( 30 nautical miles ) , north of the main Antigua airport ) , Antigua and Barbuda are in the middle of the Leeward Islands , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 17°N of the equator . The island of Antigua was explored by Christopher Columbus in 1493 and named for the Church of Santa María La Antigua . Antigua was colonised by Britain in 1632 ; Barbuda island was first colonised in 1678 . Antigua and Barbuda joined the West Indies Federation in 1958 . With the breakup of the federation , it became one of the West Indies Associated States in 1967 ."}]}, {'value': '443 km ( 171 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's,_Antigua_and_Barbuda", 'summary': "St. John 's is the capital and largest city of Antigua and Barbuda , located in the West Indies in the Caribbean Sea and with a population of 22,193 , St. John 's is the commercial centre of the nation and the chief port of the island of Antigua ."}]}, {'value': 'Caribbean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caribbean', 'summary': 'The Caribbean ( /ˌkærɪˈbiːən , kəˈrɪbiən/ , locally /ˈkærɪbiæn/ ) ( Spanish : El Caribe ; French : la Caraïbe ; Haitian Creole : Karayib ; Dutch : De Caraïben ; Caribbean Hindustani : कैरेबियन / کیریبین ; Chinese : 加勒比 ) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea , its islands ( some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean ) and the surrounding coasts . The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland , east of Central America , and north of South America . Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate , the region has more than 700 islands , islets , reefs and cays ( see the list of Caribbean islands ) . Island arcs delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea : The Greater Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago on the north and the Lesser Antilles and the on the south and east ( which includes the Leeward Antilles ) . The Lucayan Archipelago ( the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands ) , do not border the Caribbean Sea , but are still within the boundaries of the Caribbean region . On the mainland , Belize , Nicaragua , the Caribbean region of Colombia , Cozumel , the Yucatán Peninsula , Margarita Island , and the Guyanas ( Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Guayana Region in Venezuela , and Amapá in Brazil ) are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region . Geopolitically , the islands of the Caribbean ( the West Indies ) are often regarded as a region of North America , though sometimes they are included in Central America or left as a region of their own . and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states , overseas departments , and dependencies . From December 15 , 1954 , to October 10 , 2010 , there was a country known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states , all of which were Dutch dependencies . From January 3 , 1958 , to May 31 , 1962 , there was also a short-lived political union called the West Indies Federation composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories , all of which were then British dependencies . The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seychelles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seychelles', 'summary': "Seychelles ( /seɪˈʃɛlz/ ( listen ) ; French : [ sɛʃɛl ] or [ seʃɛl ] ) , officially the Republic of Seychelles ( French : République des Seychelles ; Creole : La Repiblik Sesel ) , is an archipelago country in the Indian Ocean . The capital of the 115-island country , Victoria , lies 1,500 kilometres ( 932 mi ) east of mainland Africa . Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros , Mayotte ( territory of France ) , Madagascar , Réunion ( territory of France ) , and Mauritius to the south ; as well as the Maldives and Chagos Archipelago to the east . With a population of roughly 94,367 , it has the smallest population of any sovereign African country . Seychelles is a member of the United Nations , the African Union , the Southern African Development Community , and the Commonwealth of Nations . After proclaiming independence from the United Kingdom in 1976 , Seychelles has developed from a largely agricultural society to a market-based diversified economy , with agriculture being supplanted by rapidly rising service and public sectors as well as tourism . From 1976 until 2015 , nominal GDP output increased nearly sevenfold , and the purchasing power parity increased nearly sixteenfold . In the late 2010s , President Danny Faure and the National Assembly presented plans to encourage foreign investment in order to further upgrade these sectors . Today , Seychelles boasts the highest nominal per capita GDP in Africa , excluding the French regions . It is one of only a handful of countries in Africa with a high Human Development Index and is the first country in Africa with an HDI score exceeding 0.800 ( excluding French territorial possessions ) . It is also the only country in Africa which is classed as a high-income economy by the World Bank . Despite the country 's somewhat economic prosperity , poverty remains widespread , and there is a high level of economic inequality , one of the highest in the world , and unequal wealth distribution among the populace , with the upper and ruling class commanding a vast proportion of the country 's wealth ."}]}, {'value': '455 km ( 176 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles', 'summary': "Victoria ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ viktɔʁja ] ) is the capital and largest city of Seychelles , situated on the north-eastern side of Mahé island , the archipelago 's main island . The city was first established as the seat of the British colonial government . In 2010 , the population of Greater Victoria ( including the suburbs ) was 26,450 out of the country 's total population of 90,945 ."}]}, {'value': 'Africa - Indian Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Africa', 'summary': "Africa is the world 's second-largest and second-most populous continent , after Asia . At about 30.3 million km2 ( 11.7 million square miles ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6% of Earth 's total surface area and 20% of its land area . With 1.3 billion people as of 2018 , it accounts for about 16% of the world 's human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos . It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states ( countries ) , four territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition . The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere , with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere . Africa 's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents ; the median age in 2012 was 19.7 , when the worldwide median age was 30.4 . Algeria is Africa 's largest country by area , and Nigeria is its largest by population . Africa , particularly central Eastern Africa , is widely accepted as the place of origin of humans and the Hominidae clade ( great apes ) , as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors as well as later ones that have been dated to around 7 million years ago , including Sahelanthropus tchadensis , Australopithecus africanus , A. afarensis , Homo erectus , H. habilis and H. ergaster - the earliest Homo sapiens ( modern human ) , found in Ethiopia , date to circa 200,000 years ago . Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas ; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones . Africa hosts a large diversity of ethnicities , cultures and languages ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indian_Ocean', 'summary': "The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world 's oceanic divisions , covering 70,560,000 km2 ( 27,240,000 sq mi ) or 19.8% of the water on the Earth 's surface . It is bounded by Asia to the north , Africa to the west , and Australia to the east . To the south it is bounded by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica , depending on the definition in use ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palau', 'summary': "Palau ( /pəˈlaʊ/ ( listen ) , historically Belau , Palaos , or Pelew ) , officially the Republic of Palau ( Palauan : Beluu er a Belau ) , is an island country located in the western Pacific Ocean . The country contains approximately 340 islands , and together with parts of the Federated States of Micronesia , forms the western chain of the Caroline Islands . Its area is 466 square kilometers ( 180 sq mi ) . The most populous island is Koror . The capital Ngerulmud is located on the nearby island of Babeldaob , in Melekeok State . Palau shares maritime boundaries with the Philippines , Indonesia , and Micronesia . The country was originally settled approximately 3,000 years ago by migrants from Insular Southeast Asia . The islands were first explored by Europeans in the 16th century , and were made part of the Spanish East Indies in 1574 . Following Spain 's defeat in the Spanish-American War in 1898 , the islands were sold to Imperial Germany in 1899 under the terms of the German-Spanish Treaty , where they were administered as part of German New Guinea . After World War I , the islands were made a part of the Japanese-ruled South Seas Mandate by the League of Nations . During World War II , skirmishes , including the major Battle of Peleliu , were fought between American and Japanese troops as part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign . Along with other Pacific Islands , Palau was made a part of the United States-governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947 ."}]}, {'value': '459 km ( 177 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ngerulmud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ngerulmud', 'summary': "Ngerulmud is the seat of government of the Republic of Palau , an island nation in the Pacific Ocean . It replaced Koror City , Palau 's largest city , as capital in 2006 . The settlement is located in the state of Melekeok on Babeldaob , the country 's largest island , located 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) northeast of Koror City and 2 km ( 1 mile ) northwest of Melekeok City . It is the smallest capital city in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Oceania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oceania', 'summary': 'Oceania ( UK : /ˌoʊsiˈɑːniə , ˌoʊʃi- , -ˈeɪn-/ , US : /ˌoʊʃiˈæniə/ ( listen ) , /-ˈɑːn-/ ) is a geographic region that includes Australasia , Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia . Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres , Oceania has a land area of 8,525,989 square kilometres ( 3,291,903 sq mi ) and a population of 42 million . Situated in the southeast of the Asia-Pacific region , Oceania , when compared to continental regions , is the smallest in land area and the second smallest in population after Antarctica . Oceania has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia and New Zealand , which rank high in quality of life and human development index , to the much less developed economies that belong to countries such as Kiribati and Tuvalu , while also including medium-sized economies of Pacific islands such as Palau , Fiji and Tonga . The largest and most populous country in Oceania is Australia , with Sydney being the largest city of both Oceania and Australia . The first settlers of Australia , New Guinea , and the large islands just to the east arrived more than 60,000 years ago . [ citation needed ] Oceania was first explored by Europeans from the 16th century onward . Portuguese navigators , between 1512 and 1526 , reached the Tanimbar Islands , some of the Caroline Islands and west Papua New Guinea . On his first voyage in the 18th century , James Cook , who later arrived at the highly developed Hawaiian Islands , went to Tahiti and followed the east coast of Australia for the first time . The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War , mainly between Allied powers the United States and Australia , and Axis power Japan . The arrival of European settlers in subsequent centuries resulted in a significant alteration in the social and political landscape of Oceania . In more contemporary times there has been increasing discussion on national flags and a desire by some Oceanians to display their distinguishable and individualistic identity .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andorra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andorra', 'summary': "Andorra ( /ænˈdɔːrə/ ( listen ) , also UK : /ænˈdɒrə/ ; Catalan : [ ənˈdorə ] ) , officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat d'Andorra ) , also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra ( Catalan : Principat de les Valls d'Andorra ) , is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula , in the eastern Pyrenees , bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south . Believed to have been created by Charlemagne , Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988 , when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell . The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278 . It is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two princes : the Catholic bishop of Urgell in Catalonia , Spain , and the president of the French Republic . Andorra is the sixth-smallest nation in Europe , having an area of 468 square kilometres ( 181 sq mi ) and a population of approximately 77,006 . The Andorran people are a Romance ethnic group of originally Catalan descent . Andorra is the 16th-smallest country in the world by land and the 11th-smallest by population . Its capital , Andorra la Vella , is the highest capital city in Europe , at an elevation of 1,023 metres ( 3,356 feet ) above sea level . The official language is Catalan , but Spanish , Portuguese , and French are also commonly spoken . Tourism in Andorra sees an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually . Andorra is not a member of the European Union , but the euro is its official currency . It has been a member of the United Nations since 1993 ."}]}, {'value': '468 km ( 181 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andorra la Vella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella', 'summary': 'Andorra la Vella ( UK : /ænˌdɔːrə lə ˈveɪjə/ , US : /- lɑː ˈveɪljə/ ; Catalan pronunciation : [ ənˈdorə lə ˈβeʎə ] , Spanish : Andorra la Vieja , French : Andorre-la-Vieille ) is the capital of the Principality of Andorra . It is located high in the east Pyrenees , between France and Spain . It is also the name of the parish that surrounds the capital . As of 2015 [ update ] , the city has a population of 22,886 , and the urban area , which includes Escaldes-Engordany plus satellite villages , has over 40,000 inhabitants . The principal industry is tourism , although the country also earns foreign income from being a tax haven . Furniture and brandies are local products . Being at an elevation of 1,023 m ( 3,356 ft ) , it is the highest capital city in Europe and a popular ski resort .'}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Lucia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Lucia', 'summary': "Saint Lucia ( /ˈluːʃə/ ( listen ) ; French : Sainte-Lucie ) is a sovereign island country in the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean . The island was previously called Iyonola , the name given to the island by the native Amerindians and later , Hewanorra , the name given by the native Caribs . Part of the Lesser Antilles , it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent , northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique . It covers a land area of 617 km2 ( 238 square miles ) and reported a population of 165,595 in the 2010 census . Its capital is Castries . The French were the island 's first European settlers . They signed a treaty with the native Island Caribs in 1660 . England took control of the island from 1663 to 1667 . In ensuing years , it was at war with France fourteen times , and the rule of the island changed frequently ( it was ruled seven times each by the French and British ) . In 1814 , the British took definitive control of the island . Because it switched so often between British and French control , Saint Lucia was also known as the Helen of the West Indies after the Greek mythological character , Helen of Troy . Representative government came about in 1840 ( universal suffrage was established in 1953 ) ."}]}, {'value': '616 km ( 238 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castries', 'summary': "Castries /ˈkæstriːz/ ( listen ) , population 20,000 , aggl . 53,639 , is the capital and largest city of Saint Lucia , an island country in the Caribbean . The quarter with the same name had a population of 70,000 on 22 May 2013 and stretches over an area of 80 km2 ( 31 sq mi ) . Castries is in a flood gut and is built on reclaimed land . It houses the seat of government and the head offices of many of foreign and local businesses . The city 's design is in a grid pattern . Its sheltered harbour receives cargo vessels , ferry boats , and cruise ships . It houses duty-free shopping facilities such as Point Seraphine and La Place Carenage . Many restaurants offer menus from local to Chinese . Supermarkets and other shopping facilities provide goods . The city is well served by a bus system and taxi service . St Lucia 's main post office is in Castries ."}]}, {'value': 'Caribbean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caribbean', 'summary': 'The Caribbean ( /ˌkærɪˈbiːən , kəˈrɪbiən/ , locally /ˈkærɪbiæn/ ) ( Spanish : El Caribe ; French : la Caraïbe ; Haitian Creole : Karayib ; Dutch : De Caraïben ; Caribbean Hindustani : कैरेबियन / کیریبین ; Chinese : 加勒比 ) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea , its islands ( some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean ) and the surrounding coasts . The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland , east of Central America , and north of South America . Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate , the region has more than 700 islands , islets , reefs and cays ( see the list of Caribbean islands ) . Island arcs delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea : The Greater Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago on the north and the Lesser Antilles and the on the south and east ( which includes the Leeward Antilles ) . The Lucayan Archipelago ( the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands ) , do not border the Caribbean Sea , but are still within the boundaries of the Caribbean region . On the mainland , Belize , Nicaragua , the Caribbean region of Colombia , Cozumel , the Yucatán Peninsula , Margarita Island , and the Guyanas ( Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Guayana Region in Venezuela , and Amapá in Brazil ) are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region . Geopolitically , the islands of the Caribbean ( the West Indies ) are often regarded as a region of North America , though sometimes they are included in Central America or left as a region of their own . and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states , overseas departments , and dependencies . From December 15 , 1954 , to October 10 , 2010 , there was a country known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states , all of which were Dutch dependencies . From January 3 , 1958 , to May 31 , 1962 , there was also a short-lived political union called the West Indies Federation composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories , all of which were then British dependencies . The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Micronesia , Federated States of', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia', 'summary': "The Federated States of Micronesia ( /ˌmaɪkroʊˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) ; abbreviated FSM and also known simply as Micronesia ) is an independent republic associated with the United States . It consists of four states - from west to east , Yap , Chuuk , Pohnpei and Kosrae - that are spread across the Western Pacific Ocean . Together , the states comprise around 607 islands ( a combined land area of approximately 702 km2 or 271 sq mi ) that cover a longitudinal distance of almost 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) just north of the equator . They lie northeast of New Guinea , south of Guam and the Marianas , west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands , east of Palau and the Philippines , about 2,900 km ( 1,802 mi ) north of eastern Australia and some 4,000 km ( 2,485 mi ) southwest of the main islands of Hawaii . While the FSM 's total land area is quite small , it occupies more than 2,600,000 km2 ( 1,000,000 sq mi ) of the Pacific Ocean , giving the country the 14th-largest exclusive economic zone in the world . The sovereign island nation 's capital is Palikir , located on Pohnpei Island , while the largest city is Weno , located in the Chuuk Atoll . Each of its four states is centered on one or more main high islands , and all but Kosrae include numerous outlying atolls . The Federated States of Micronesia is spread across part of the Caroline Islands in the wider region of Micronesia , which consists of thousands of small islands divided among several countries . The term Micronesia may refer to the Federated States or to the region as a whole . The FSM was formerly a part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ( TTPI ) , a United Nations Trust Territory under U.S. administration , but it formed its own constitutional government on May 10 , 1979 , becoming a sovereign state after independence was attained on November 3 , 1986 , under a Compact of Free Association with the United States . Other neighboring island entities , and also former members of the TTPI , formulated their own constitutional governments and became the Republic of the Marshall Islands ( RMI ) and the Republic of Palau ( ROP ) . The FSM has a seat in the United Nations and has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 ."}]}, {'value': '702 km ( 271 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palikir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palikir', 'summary': "Palikir ( /ˈpælɪˌkɪər/ ) is a town with about 4,600 people and the capital of the Federated States of Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean . It is part of the larger Sokehs municipality , which had a population of 7,000 as of 2009 [ update ] , out of the nation 's total population of 106,487 . It is situated on the northwest side of Pohnpei island ( population 33,000 ) , a high volcanic island surrounded by a fringing coral reef . Nearby to the northeast is the island 's largest settlement , the coastal town of Kolonia ."}]}, {'value': 'Oceania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oceania', 'summary': 'Oceania ( UK : /ˌoʊsiˈɑːniə , ˌoʊʃi- , -ˈeɪn-/ , US : /ˌoʊʃiˈæniə/ ( listen ) , /-ˈɑːn-/ ) is a geographic region that includes Australasia , Melanesia , Micronesia and Polynesia . Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres , Oceania has a land area of 8,525,989 square kilometres ( 3,291,903 sq mi ) and a population of 42 million . Situated in the southeast of the Asia-Pacific region , Oceania , when compared to continental regions , is the smallest in land area and the second smallest in population after Antarctica . Oceania has a diverse mix of economies from the highly developed and globally competitive financial markets of Australia and New Zealand , which rank high in quality of life and human development index , to the much less developed economies that belong to countries such as Kiribati and Tuvalu , while also including medium-sized economies of Pacific islands such as Palau , Fiji and Tonga . The largest and most populous country in Oceania is Australia , with Sydney being the largest city of both Oceania and Australia . The first settlers of Australia , New Guinea , and the large islands just to the east arrived more than 60,000 years ago . [ citation needed ] Oceania was first explored by Europeans from the 16th century onward . Portuguese navigators , between 1512 and 1526 , reached the Tanimbar Islands , some of the Caroline Islands and west Papua New Guinea . On his first voyage in the 18th century , James Cook , who later arrived at the highly developed Hawaiian Islands , went to Tahiti and followed the east coast of Australia for the first time . The Pacific front saw major action during the Second World War , mainly between Allied powers the United States and Australia , and Axis power Japan . The arrival of European settlers in subsequent centuries resulted in a significant alteration in the social and political landscape of Oceania . In more contemporary times there has been increasing discussion on national flags and a desire by some Oceanians to display their distinguishable and individualistic identity .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '714 km ( 276 sq mi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': 'Asia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asia', 'summary': "Asia ( /ˈeɪʒə , ˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) ) is Earth 's largest and most populous continent , located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres . It shares the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe and the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa . Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres ( 17,212,000 sq mi ) , about 30% of Earth 's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth 's total surface area . The continent , which has long been home to the majority of the human population , was the site of many of the first civilizations . Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population , but also dense and large settlements , as well as vast barely populated regions . Its 4.5 billion people ( as of June 2019 [ update ] ) constitute roughly 60% of the world 's population , more than all other continents combined . In general terms , Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean , on the south by the Indian Ocean , and on the north by the Arctic Ocean . The border of Asia with Europe is a historical and cultural construct , as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them . It is somewhat arbitrary and has moved since its first conception in classical antiquity . The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects East-West cultural , linguistic , and ethnic differences , some of which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line . The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal separating it from Africa ; and to the east of the Turkish Straits , the Ural Mountains and Ural River , and to the south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black Seas , separating it from Europe . China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 CE ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Quantitative definitions of microstates and their limitations -- By area', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Microstate_0', 'intro': 'A microstate or ministate is a sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area, and usually both. The meanings of state and very small are not well-defined in international law. Recent attempts, since 2010, to define microstates have focused on identifying political entities with unique qualitative features linked to their geographic or demographic limitations. According to a qualitative definition, microstates are modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints. In line with this and most other definitions, examples of microstates include Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, Andorra, the Cook Islands, Niue, and the Federated States of Micronesia. The smallest political unit recognized as a sovereign state is Vatican City, with 842 citizens as of July 2013 and an area of only 44 hectares (110 acres). However, some scholars dispute qualifying Vatican City as a state, arguing that it does not meet the traditional criteria of statehood and that the special status of the Vatican City is probably best regarded as a means of ensuring that the Pope can freely exercise his spiritual functions, and in this respect is loosely analogous to that of the headquarters of international organisations. Microstates are distinct from micronations, which are not recognized as sovereign states. Special territories without full sovereignty, such as the British Crown Dependencies, the Chinese Special Administrative Regions, and overseas territories of Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Australia, Norway, the United States, and the United Kingdom, are also not considered microstates.'}
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How many acres is the city state encalved in Rome ?
110
0aab0a72404e8ed3
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings', 'title': 'List of largest buildings', 'header': ['Name', 'Country and territory', 'Place', 'Floor area'], 'data': [{'value': 'New Century Global Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Century_Global_Center', 'summary': "New Century Global Center ( Chinese : 新世纪环球中心 ; pinyin : xīnshìjì huánqiú zhōngxīn ) is a multipurpose building in the Tianfu New Area of Chengdu , China , and is the world 's largest building in terms of floor area . It is served by Line 1 of the Chengdu Metro ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Chengdu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chengdu', 'summary': "Chengdu ( Standard Mandarin : [ ʈʂʰə̌ŋ.tú ] ( listen ) , UK : /ˌtʃɛŋˈduː/ , US : /ˌtʃʌŋ-/ ) , alternatively romanized as Chengtu , is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of the Chinese province of Sichuan . It is one of the three most-populous cities in Western China , the other two being Chongqing and Xi'an . As of 2014 [ update ] , the administrative area housed 14,427,500 inhabitants , the largest in Sichuan , with an urban population of 10,152,632 . At the time of the 2010 census , Chengdu was the fifth-most populous agglomeration in China , with 10,484,996 inhabitants in the built-up area including Xinjin County and Deyang 's Guanghan City . Chengdu is considered a World City with a Beta + classification , according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Chengdu is located in central Sichuan . The surrounding Chengdu Plain is known as the Country of Heaven ( Chinese : 天府之国 ; pinyin : Tiānfǔ zhi Guó ) and the Land of Abundance . Its prehistoric settlers included the Sanxingdui culture . The site of Dujiangyan , an ancient irrigation system , is designated as a World Heritage Site . The Jin River flows through the city . Founded by the state of Shu prior to its incorporation into China , Chengdu is unique as a major Chinese settlement that has maintained its name mostly unchanged throughout the imperial , republican , and communist eras . It was the capital of Liu Bei 's Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms Era , as well as several other local kingdoms during the Middle Ages ."}]}, {'value': '1,760,000 m ( 18,900,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dubai International Airport Terminal 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport_Terminal_3', 'summary': "Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 is an airport terminal at Dubai International Airport serving Dubai , UAE . When completed and opened on 14 October 2008 , it was the largest building in the world by floor area and is currently the world 's largest airport terminal , with over 1,713,000 m2 ( 18,440,000 sq ft ) of space . The partly underground Terminal 3 was built at a cost of US $ 4.5 billion , exclusively for Emirates and has a capacity of 43 million passengers . However it was announced on 6 September 2012 that Terminal 3 would no longer be Emirates exclusive , as Emirates and Qantas had set up an extensive code sharing agreement . Qantas would be the second and only one of two airlines to fly in and out of Terminal 3 . This deal also allows Qantas to use the A380 Dedicated Concourse A . The terminal has 5 Airbus A380 gates at Concourse B , and 18 at Concourse A . In December 2018 , flydubai commenced flights from terminal 3 to selected destinations to facilitate transfers to/from Emirates ."}]}, {'value': 'United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates', 'summary': "The United Arab Emirates ( UAE ; Arabic : الإمارات العربية المتحدة al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyyah al-Muttaḥidah ) , sometimes simply called the Emirates ( Arabic : الإمارات al-ʾImārāt ) , is a country in Western Asia at the northeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf , bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south and west , as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north . The sovereign constitutional monarchy is a federation of seven emirates consisting of Abu Dhabi ( which serves as the capital ) , Ajman , Dubai , Fujairah , Ras Al Khaimah , Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain . Their boundaries are complex , with numerous enclaves within the various emirates . Each emirate is governed by a ruler ; together , they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council . One of the rulers serves as the President of the United Arab Emirates . In 2013 , the UAE 's population was 9.2 million , of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates . Human occupation of the present UAE has been traced back to the emergence of anatomically modern humans from Africa some 125,000 BCE through finds at the Faya-1 site in Mleiha , Sharjah . Burial sites dating back to the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age include the oldest known such inland site at Jebel Buhais . Known as Magan to the Sumerians , the area was home to a prosperous Bronze Age trading culture during the Umm Al Nar period , which traded between the Indus Valley , Bahrain and Mesopotamia as well as Iran , Bactria and the Levant . The ensuing Wadi Suq period and three Iron Ages saw the emergence of nomadism as well as the development of water management and irrigation systems supporting human settlement in both the coast and interior . The Islamic age of the UAE dates back to the expulsion of the Sasanians and the subsequent Battle of Dibba . The UAE 's long history of trade led to the emergence of Julfar , in the present-day emirate of Ras Al Khaimah , as a major regional trading and maritime hub in the area ."}]}, {'value': 'Dubai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubai', 'summary': "Dubai ( /duːˈbaɪ/ doo-BY ; Arabic : دبي Dubay , Gulf Arabic : Arabic pronunciation : [ dʊˈbɑj ] ) is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai . Located in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula on the coast of the Persian Gulf , Dubai aims to be the business hub of Western Asia . It is also a major global transport hub for passengers and cargo . Oil revenue helped accelerate the development of the city , which was already a major mercantile hub . Today , less than 5% of the emirate 's revenue comes from oil . A centre for regional and international trade since the early 20th century , Dubai 's economy relies on revenues from trade , tourism , aviation , real estate , and financial services ."}]}, {'value': '1,713,000 m ( 18,440,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abraj Al-Bait Endowment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abraj_Al-Bait', 'summary': "The Abraj Al-Bait ( Arabic : أبراج البيت Towers of the House ) is a government-owned complex of seven skyscraper hotels in Mecca , Saudi Arabia . These towers are a part of the King Abdulaziz Endowment Project that aims to modernize the city in catering to its pilgrims . The central hotel tower , the Makkah Royal Clock Tower , has the world 's largest clock face and is the third-tallest building and fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the world . The clock tower contains the Clock Tower Museum that occupies the top four floors of the tower . The building complex is metres away from the world 's largest mosque and Islam 's most sacred site , the Great Mosque of Mecca . The developer and contractor of the complex is the Saudi Binladin Group , the Kingdom 's largest construction company . It is the world 's most expensive building with the total cost of construction totalling US $ 15 billion . The complex was built after the demolition of the Ajyad Fortress , the 18th-century Ottoman citadel on top of a hill overlooking the Grand Mosque . The destruction of the historically significant site in 2002 by the Saudi government sparked international outcry and a strong response from Turkey ."}]}, {'value': 'Saudi Arabia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saudi_Arabia', 'summary': "Saudi Arabia , [ c ] officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , [ d ] is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula . With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2 ( 830,000 sq mi ) , Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia , the second-largest in the Arab world ( after Algeria ) , the fifth-largest in Asia , and the 12th-largest in the world . Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north , Kuwait to the northeast , Qatar , Bahrain , and the United Arab Emirates to the east , Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south ; it is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba . It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast , and most of its terrain consists of arid desert , lowland and mountains . As of October 2018 , the Saudi economy was the largest in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world . Saudi Arabia also has one of the world 's youngest populations ; 50 percent of its 33.4 million people are under 25 years old . The territory that now constitutes Saudi Arabia was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations . The prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity in the world . The world 's second-largest religion , Islam , emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia . In the early 7th century , the Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of Arabia and created a single Islamic religious polity . Following his death in 632 , his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia , conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory ( from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to modern-day Pakistan in the East ) in a matter of decades . Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun ( 632-661 ) , Umayyad ( 661-750 ) , Abbasid ( 750-1517 ) and Fatimid ( 909-1171 ) caliphates as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia , Africa and Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Mecca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mecca', 'summary': "Mecca , [ a ] also spelled Makkah , is a city in the Hejazi region of Saudi Arabia . The city is located 70 km ( 43 mi ) inland from Jeddah , in a narrow valley 277 m ( 909 ft ) above sea level , 340 kilometres ( 210 mi ) south of Medina , its population in 2012 was 2 million , although visitors more than triple this number every year during the Ḥajj ( Pilgrimage ) , held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah . It is the birthplace of Muhammad , a cave 3 km ( 2 mi ) from Mecca was the site of Muhammad 's first revelation of the Quran , and a pilgrimage to it , known as the Hajj , is obligatory for all able Muslims . Mecca is home to the Kaaba , one of Islam 's holiest sites and the direction of Muslim prayer , and thus Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in Islam . Mecca was long ruled by Muhammads descendants , the sharifs , acting either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger polities . It was conquered by Ibn Saud in 1925 ; since then Mecca has seen a tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure , such as the Abraj Al Bait , also known as the Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel , the world 's fourth tallest building and the building with the third largest amount of floor area , and lost some historical structures and archaeological sites , such as the Ajyad Fortress . Non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the city ."}]}, {'value': '1,575,815 m ( 16,961,930 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Istanbul Airport Main Terminal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul_Airport', 'summary': 'Istanbul Airport ( IATA : IST , ICAO : LTFM ) ( Turkish : İstanbul Havalimanı ) is the main international airport serving Istanbul , Turkey . It is located in the Arnavutköy district on the European side of the city . All scheduled commercial passenger flights were transferred from Istanbul Atatürk Airport to Istanbul Airport on April 6 , 2019 , following the closure of Istanbul Atatürk Airport for scheduled passenger flights . The IATA airport code IST was also transferred to the new airport . Once all phases are completed in 2025 , the airport will be able to accommodate 200 million passengers a year .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '1,440,000 m ( 15,500,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CentralWorld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CentralWorld', 'summary': 'CentralWorld ( Thai : เซ็นทรัลเวิลด์ , styled as centralwOrld ) is a shopping plaza and complex in Bangkok , Thailand . It is the eleventh largest shopping complex in the world . The complex , which includes a hotel and office tower , is owned by Central Pattana . In 2006 , after three years of design and renovation , CentralWorld was expanded to 550,000 m2 ( 5,900,000 sq ft ) of shopping mall and 830,000 m2 ( 8,900,000 sq ft ) of complex , topping nearby rival Siam Paragon in terms of size . On 19 May 2010 , CentralWorld was one of the many properties set on fire when the Red Shirts anti-government protesters were forcibly removed after months of demonstrations which included complete blockage of the Rachaprasong shopping district . The parts of the complex most affected were the Zen department store and its adjacent annex . A portion of the shopping complex reopened on 28 September 2010 after months of repair work .'}]}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Bangkok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangkok', 'summary': "Bangkok [ a ] is the capital and most populous city of Thailand . It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [ b ] or simply Krung Thep . [ c ] The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres ( 605.7 sq mi ) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has a population of over eight million , 12.6 percent of the country 's population . Over fourteen million people ( 22.2 percent ) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census , making Bangkok the nation 's primate city , dwarfing Thailand 's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy . Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century , which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities : Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782 . Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam , later renamed Thailand , during the late-19th century , as the country faced pressures from the West . The city was at the centre of Thailand 's political struggles throughout the 20th century , as the country abolished absolute monarchy , adopted constitutional rule , and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings . The city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand 's politics , economy , education , media and modern society . [ citation needed ] The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok . The city is now a regional force in finance and business . It is an international hub for transport and health care , and has emerged as a centre for the arts , fashion , and entertainment . The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks , as well as its red-light districts ."}]}, {'value': '1,024,000 m ( 11,020,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aalsmeer Flower Auction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aalsmeer_Flower_Auction', 'summary': "Aalsmeer Flower Auction ( Bloemenveiling Aalsmeer ) is a flower auction that takes place in Aalsmeer , Netherlands . It is the largest flower auction in the world . The Aalsmeer Flower Auction building is the third largest building by footprint in the world , covering 518,000 square metres ( 5,580,000 sq ft ; 128 acres ) . Flowers from all over the world - Europe , Ecuador , Colombia , Ethiopia , Kenya , and other countries - are traded every day in this gigantic building . Around 20 million flowers are sold daily . This increases by around 15 percent around special days such as Valentine 's Day and Mother 's Day . Their flowers are subjected to around 30 quality checks so that they can be graded on a scale ( A1 , A2 and B ) . The auction is set up as a Dutch auction in which the price starts high and works its way down . Bidders get only a few seconds to bid on the flowers before they are sold and passed on to the new owner . On 1 January 2008 , the auction company merged with its biggest competitor Royal FloraHolland ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Aalsmeer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aalsmeer', 'summary': 'Aalsmeer ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands , in the province of North Holland . Its name is derived from the Dutch for eel ( aal ) and lake ( meer ) . Aalsmeer is bordered by the Westeinderplassen lake , the largest open water of the Randstad , and the Ringvaart Canal . The town is located 13 km ( 8 mi ) southwest of Amsterdam . The town is sometimes referred to as the flower capital of the world , as the largest flower auction in the world is based in Aalsmeer , along with numerous nurseries and an experimental station for floriculture .'}]}, {'value': '990,000 m ( 10,700,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport', 'summary': "Beijing Capital International Airport ( IATA : PEK , ICAO : ZBAA ) is the main international airport serving Beijing . It is located 32 km ( 20 mi ) northeast of Beijing 's city centre , in an enclave of Chaoyang District and the surroundings of that enclave in suburban Shunyi District . The airport is owned and operated by the Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited , a state-controlled company . The airport 's IATA Airport code , PEK , is based on the city 's former romanized name , Peking . Beijing Capital has rapidly ascended in rankings of the world 's busiest airports in the past decade . It had become the busiest airport in Asia in terms of passenger traffic and total traffic movements by 2009 . It has been the world 's second busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic since 2010 . The airport registered 557,167 aircraft movements ( take-offs and landings ) , ranking 6th in the world in 2012 . In terms of cargo traffic , Beijing airport has also witnessed rapid growth . By 2012 , the airport had become the 13th busiest airport in the world by cargo traffic , registering 1,787,027 tons . From September 2019 , some flights from Beijing Capital International Airport were transferred to the new Beijing Daxing International Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing', 'summary': "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ."}]}, {'value': '986,000 m ( 10,610,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Venetian Macao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Venetian_Macao', 'summary': 'The Venetian Macao ( Chinese : 澳門威尼斯人 ) is a luxury hotel and casino resort in Macau owned by the American Las Vegas Sands company . The Venetian is a 39-story , casino hotel on the Cotai Strip in Macau . The 10,500,000-square-foot ( 980,000 m2 ) Venetian Macao is modeled on its sister casino resort The Venetian Las Vegas . The Venetian Macao is the largest casino in the world , the largest single structure hotel building in Asia , and also the seventh-largest building in the world by floor area . The main hotel tower was finished in July 2007 and the resort officially opened on 28 August 2007 . The resort has 3,000 suites , 1,200,000 sq ft ( 110,000 m2 ) of convention space , 1,600,000 sq ft ( 150,000 m2 ) of retail , 550,000 square feet ( 51,000 m2 ) of casino space - with 3,400 slot machines and 800 gambling tables and the 15,000-seat Cotai Arena for entertainment and sports events . The lead architect for the Venetian Macao were Aedas and HKS , Inc. joint venture , who were responsible for the design , coordination and implementation of the project on site .'}]}, {'value': 'Macau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macau', 'summary': "Macau , also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/ ( listen ) ; 澳門 , Cantonese : [ ōu.mǔːn ] ; official Portuguese : [ mɐˈkaw ] Macau ) , and officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is a city and special administrative region on the western side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With a population of 667,400 and an area of 32.9 km2 ( 12.7 sq mi ) , it is the most densely populated region in the world . Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire , after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557 . Between 1557 and 1887 , Macau was governed by the Portuguese under Chinese authority and sovereignty with the Portuguese paying an annual land rent . In 1887 , Portugal was given perpetual colonial rights for Macau which gave Portuguese sovereignty over Macau . The colony remained under Portuguese rule until 1999 , when it was transferred to China . As a special administrative region , Macau maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China . Originally a sparsely populated collection of coastal islands , the territory has become a major resort city and the top destination for gambling tourism . It is the ninth-highest recipient of tourism revenue and its gambling industry is seven times larger than that of Las Vegas . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , it has severe income inequality . Its GDP per capita by purchasing power parity is one of the highest in the world and higher than any country in the world in 2014 according to the World Bank . Macau has a very high Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Macau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macau', 'summary': "Macau , also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/ ( listen ) ; 澳門 , Cantonese : [ ōu.mǔːn ] ; official Portuguese : [ mɐˈkaw ] Macau ) , and officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is a city and special administrative region on the western side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With a population of 667,400 and an area of 32.9 km2 ( 12.7 sq mi ) , it is the most densely populated region in the world . Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire , after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557 . Between 1557 and 1887 , Macau was governed by the Portuguese under Chinese authority and sovereignty with the Portuguese paying an annual land rent . In 1887 , Portugal was given perpetual colonial rights for Macau which gave Portuguese sovereignty over Macau . The colony remained under Portuguese rule until 1999 , when it was transferred to China . As a special administrative region , Macau maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China . Originally a sparsely populated collection of coastal islands , the territory has become a major resort city and the top destination for gambling tourism . It is the ninth-highest recipient of tourism revenue and its gambling industry is seven times larger than that of Las Vegas . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , it has severe income inequality . Its GDP per capita by purchasing power parity is one of the highest in the world and higher than any country in the world in 2014 according to the World Bank . Macau has a very high Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': '980,000 m ( 10,500,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sands Cotai Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sands_Cotai_Central', 'summary': 'Sands Cotai Central ( Chinese : 金沙城中心 ) is a casino resort on the Cotai Strip , Macau , China . On 5 August 2011 , Sands China announced that the $ 4 billion property long referred to as parcels five and six is now officially named Sands Cotai Central . It opened on 11 April 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Macau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macau', 'summary': "Macau , also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/ ( listen ) ; 澳門 , Cantonese : [ ōu.mǔːn ] ; official Portuguese : [ mɐˈkaw ] Macau ) , and officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is a city and special administrative region on the western side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With a population of 667,400 and an area of 32.9 km2 ( 12.7 sq mi ) , it is the most densely populated region in the world . Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire , after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557 . Between 1557 and 1887 , Macau was governed by the Portuguese under Chinese authority and sovereignty with the Portuguese paying an annual land rent . In 1887 , Portugal was given perpetual colonial rights for Macau which gave Portuguese sovereignty over Macau . The colony remained under Portuguese rule until 1999 , when it was transferred to China . As a special administrative region , Macau maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China . Originally a sparsely populated collection of coastal islands , the territory has become a major resort city and the top destination for gambling tourism . It is the ninth-highest recipient of tourism revenue and its gambling industry is seven times larger than that of Las Vegas . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , it has severe income inequality . Its GDP per capita by purchasing power parity is one of the highest in the world and higher than any country in the world in 2014 according to the World Bank . Macau has a very high Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Macau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macau', 'summary': "Macau , also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/ ( listen ) ; 澳門 , Cantonese : [ ōu.mǔːn ] ; official Portuguese : [ mɐˈkaw ] Macau ) , and officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is a city and special administrative region on the western side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With a population of 667,400 and an area of 32.9 km2 ( 12.7 sq mi ) , it is the most densely populated region in the world . Macau was formerly a colony of the Portuguese Empire , after Ming China leased the territory as a trading post in 1557 . Between 1557 and 1887 , Macau was governed by the Portuguese under Chinese authority and sovereignty with the Portuguese paying an annual land rent . In 1887 , Portugal was given perpetual colonial rights for Macau which gave Portuguese sovereignty over Macau . The colony remained under Portuguese rule until 1999 , when it was transferred to China . As a special administrative region , Macau maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China . Originally a sparsely populated collection of coastal islands , the territory has become a major resort city and the top destination for gambling tourism . It is the ninth-highest recipient of tourism revenue and its gambling industry is seven times larger than that of Las Vegas . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , it has severe income inequality . Its GDP per capita by purchasing power parity is one of the highest in the world and higher than any country in the world in 2014 according to the World Bank . Macau has a very high Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': '890,000 m ( 9,600,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ciputra World Surabaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ciputra_World_Surabaya', 'summary': 'Ciputra World Surabaya is a mixed development complex in Surabaya , Indonesia . The superblock is developed by PT . Ciputra Development Tbk. , which has a land area of about 9 hectares . This super-block has 4 residential towers named The Via , The Vue , The Viola , and Sky Loft . Another residential tower , Vie Loft , and an office tower are under-construction . It also has a hotel building and a mall named Ciputra World Mall . This project was started in 2009 and the mall was opened in 2011 . The construction of Ciputra World 2 Surabaya began in 2017 . It is one of the largest building complexes in the world . Some of the tallest buildings in Surabaya are located in this complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': 'Surabaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surabaya', 'summary': "Surabaya ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ suraˈbaja ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Java and the second-largest city in the country , after Jakarta . The city has a population of over 3 million within its city limits and over 10 million in the Surabaya metropolitan area , making it the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia . Located on northeastern Java on the Madura Strait , it is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia . According to the National Development Planning Agency , Surabaya is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Medan , and Makassar . The city was settled in 10th century by Kingdom of Janggala , one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favour of his two sons . In the late 15th and 16th centuries , Surabaya grew to be a duchy , a major political and military power as well as a port in eastern Java , probably under Majapahit empire . At that time , Surabaya was already a major trading port , owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and on the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea . During the decline of Majapahit , the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate , and only submitted to its rule in 1530 . Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546 . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies , larger than Batavia ( present day Jakarta ) and the centre of trading in the nation , which was then a competitor of Shanghai and Hong Kong . The city is known as Kota Pahlawan ( city of heroes ) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanizing Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution . Today the city remains one of the important entertainment , financial , industrial , transportational , and commercial hubs of the Indonesian archipelago , arguably second only to Jakarta , and the Port of Tanjung Perak is Indonesia 's second-busiest seaport located on northern Surabaya ."}]}, {'value': '750,000 m ( 8,100,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing Daxing International Airport Terminal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport', 'summary': "Beijing Daxing International Airport ( IATA : PKX , ICAO : ZBAD ) , located on the border of Beijing and Langfang , Hebei Province , is Beijing 's second international airport . The name of the airport was announced on September 14 , 2018 . It has been nicknamed starfish . The terminal building is the largest single-structure airport terminal in the world , with an area of more than 1,000,000 m2 ( 11,000,000 sq ft ) . It was completed on June 30 , 2019 . The opening ceremony for the airport was held on September 25 , 2019 , with the airport opened to the public on September 26 , 2019 . The first commercial flight , China United Airlines KN5302 from Ordos , landed at Beijing Daxing at 10:12 ( UTC+8 ) , September 26 , 2019 . The airport is 46 kilometres ( 29 mi ) south of Tiananmen Square , 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) west of downtown Langfang , 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) northeast of Xiong'an New Area , and 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) south of Beijing Capital International Airport , and is expected to serve Beijing , Tianjin , and Hebei . [ citation needed ] It serves as a hub for SkyTeam alliance airlines and some Oneworld members , while Star Alliance members will stay at Beijing Capital International Airport ( with the exception of LOT Polish Airlines , which will serve both airports ) . Hainan Airlines , which accounted for 10% of Beijing Capital International 's passenger seat capacity in 2016 , but is not part of any major alliance , remains at Capital Airport . After almost five years of construction , the CN¥ 80 billion ( US $ 11.4 billion ) facility features a 700,000 m2 ( 7,500,000 sq ft ) terminal and sits on 47 km2 ( 18 sq mi ) of land , making it one of the world 's largest single-building airport terminal ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing', 'summary': "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ."}]}, {'value': '700,000 m ( 7,500,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berjaya Times Square', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berjaya_Times_Square', 'summary': 'Berjaya Times Square is a 48-storey , 203 m ( 666 ft ) twin tower , hotel , condominium , indoor amusement park and shopping centre complex in Bukit Bintang , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It was opened in October 2003 by the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia , Dato Sri Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad .'}]}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': 'Kuala Lumpur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur', 'summary': 'Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysian pronunciation : [ ˈkualə , -a ˈlumpo ( r ) , -ʊ ( r ) ] ) , officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur ( Malay : Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur ) and commonly known as KL , is the national capital and largest city in Malaysia . As the global city of Malaysia , it covers an area of 243 km2 ( 94 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016 [ update ] . Greater Kuala Lumpur , also known as the Klang Valley , is an urban agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017 [ update ] . It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in Southeast Asia , in both population and economic development . Kuala Lumpur is the cultural , financial and economic centre of Malaysia . It is also home to the Parliament of Malaysia and the official residence of the Malaysian King ( Yang di-Pertuan Agong ) , the Istana Negara . The city once held the headquarters of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government , but these were relocated to Putrajaya in early 1999 . However , some sections of the political bodies still remain in Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur is one of the three federal territories of Malaysia , enclaved within the state of Selangor , on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia . Since the 1990s , the city has played host to many international sporting , political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games and the 2017 Southeast Asian Games . Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades and is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world , the Petronas Towers , which have since become an iconic symbol of Malaysian development . Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road system supported by an extensive range of public transport networks , such as the Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) , Light Metro ( LRT ) , Bus Rapid Transit ( BRT ) , monorail , commuter rail and an airport rail link .'}]}, {'value': '700,000 m ( 7,500,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Park Jakarta Complex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Park_(Jakarta)', 'summary': 'Central Park in Jakarta , Indonesia is a mixed-use complex including a shopping mall , an office tower , three apartment buildings , and a hotel covering an area of about 655,000 m2 ( 7,050,000 sq ft ) located in the district of Grogol Petamburan , West Jakarta developed by the Agung Podomoro Group and part of Podomoro City development . Central Park is currently the 10th largest building in the world . It is named after the original Central Park in New York City . Central Park Jakarta is situated in between Mall Taman Anggrek and Mall Ciputra . It also features a musical fountain at the park area with daily shows . Neo Soho , a new shopping center icon by Agung Podomoro Land with an eight-storey store within-a-store concept , has been built and connects to Central Park through the iconic Eco Sky Walk .'}]}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': 'Jakarta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jakarta', 'summary': "Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing ."}]}, {'value': '660,000 m ( 7,100,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perpa Trade Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': '660,000m ( 7,100,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Terminal 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport', 'summary': "Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport ( IATA : CAN , ICAO : ZGGG ) is the major airport of Guangzhou , Guangdong province . Both airport codes were inherited from the former Baiyun Airport , and the IATA code is derived from Guangzhou 's historical romanization Canton . Baiyun Airport serves as a hub for China Southern Airlines , FedEx Express , 9 Air , Hainan Airlines and Shenzhen Airlines . In 2017 , Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport was China 's third-busiest and world 's 13th-busiest airport by passenger traffic , with 65,806,977 passengers handled . As for cargo traffic , the airport was China 's third-busiest and the 19th-busiest worldwide . Baiyun airport was also the third-busiest airport in China in terms of aircraft movements ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Guangzhou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guangzhou', 'summary': "Guangzhou ( Chinese : 广州 ; Cantonese pronunciation : [ kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u ] or [ kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u ] ( listen ) ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ kwàŋ.ʈʂóu ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Canton and formerly romanized as Kwangchow or Kwong Chow , is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong in southern China . On the Pearl River about 120 km ( 75 mi ) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km ( 90 mi ) north of Macau , Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road , and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub , as well as one of China 's three largest cities . Guangzhou is at the heart of the most-populous built-up metropolitan area in mainland China that extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan , Dongguan , Zhongshan and Shenzhen , forming one of the largest urban agglomerations on Earth . Administratively , the city holds sub-provincial status and is one of China 's nine National Central Cities . At the end of 2018 , the population of the city 's expansive administrative area is estimated at 14,904,400 by city authorities , up 3.8% year from the previous year . Guangzhou is ranked as an Alpha global city . There is a rapidly increasing number of foreign temporary residents and immigrants from Southeast Asia , the Middle East , Eastern Europe and Africa . This has led to it being dubbed the Capital of the Third World . The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40% of the city 's total population in 2008 . Together with Shanghai , Beijing and Shenzhen , Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China . In the late 1990s and early 2000s , nationals of sub-Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and other parts of Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou in response to the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis . Long the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders , Guangzhou fell to the British during the First Opium War ."}]}, {'value': '658,700 m ( 7,090,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kemang Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kemang_Village', 'summary': 'Kemang Village is an integrated development of residences with hotel , mall , hospital , school , country club , and spa , located at Mampang Prapatan , South Jakarta , Indonesia . The complex has a land area of about 15.5 hectares ( 38 acres ) , which is developed by Lippo Group .'}]}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': 'Jakarta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jakarta', 'summary': "Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing ."}]}, {'value': '650,000 m ( 7,000,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gandaria City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gandaria_City', 'summary': 'Gandaria City is a mixed-use complex including a shopping mall , an office tower , apartment towers , and a hotel at Kebayoran Lama , Jakarta , Indonesia developed by Pakuwon Group . The shopping mall , Sheraton Grand Gandaria City hotel , apartment towers and office tower are all directly connected . The development has a land area of about 8.5 hectares .'}]}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': 'Jakarta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jakarta', 'summary': "Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing ."}]}, {'value': '650,000 m ( 7,000,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Palazzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Palazzo', 'summary': 'The Palazzo /pəˈlɑːtsoʊ/ is a luxury hotel and casino resort located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . It is the tallest completed building in Nevada . Designed by the Dallas based HKS , Inc. , the hotel offers luxury in an Italian Renaissance ambiance . The hotel and casino are part of a larger complex ( operated as one hotel ) comprising the adjoining Venetian Resort and Casino and the Sands Convention Center , all of which are owned and operated by the Las Vegas Sands Corporation . This all-suite hotel offers the largest standard accommodations on the Las Vegas Strip at 720 square feet ( 67 m2 ) per guest room . The hotel complex is the second largest hotel in the world . In its first year of eligibility , The Palazzo was awarded the AAA Five Diamond Award for 2009 , and has been awarded the honor every year since . After 2014 , The Venetian and The Palazzo no longer receive AAA Diamond awards , as the management has refused further AAA inspections .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Las Vegas , Nevada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada', 'summary': "Las Vegas ( Spanish for The Meadows ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city , known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . The Las Vegas Valley as a whole serves as the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada . The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino-hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any other city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos . Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction was earned by Chicago in the 19th century ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2% . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had 648,224 residents in 2018 , with a metropolitan population of 2,227,053 ."}]}, {'value': '645,581 m ( 6,948,980 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Indonesia', 'summary': 'Grand Indonesia Shopping Town is an integrated multipurpose complex at Thamrin Road , Central Jakarta , Indonesia . The 640,000 m2 ( 6,900,000 sq ft ) complex consists of a huge Shopping Mall , office tower Menara BCA ( BCA Tower ) , high end serviced residential tower Kempinski Residences and the five-star all-suite Hotel Indonesia Kempinski . It is located near the Selamat Datang Monument . In January 2017 , Forbes recognized Grand Indonesia Shopping Town as one of the top five shopping malls in Jakarta .'}]}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': 'Jakarta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jakarta', 'summary': "Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing ."}]}, {'value': '640,000 m ( 6,900,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Pentagon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Pentagon', 'summary': "The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense . As a symbol of the U.S. military , the phrase The Pentagon is also often used as a metonym for the Department of Defense and its leadership . Located in Arlington County , Virginia , across the Potomac River from Washington , D.C. , the building was designed by American architect George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain . Ground was broken on September 11 , 1941 , and the building was dedicated on January 15 , 1943 . General Brehon Somervell provided the major motivating power behind the project ; Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U.S. Army . The Pentagon is the world 's largest office building , with about 6,500,000 sq ft ( 600,000 m2 ) of space , of which 3,700,000 sq ft ( 340,000 m2 ) are used as offices . Some 23,000 military and civilian employees , and another 3,000 non-defense support personnel , work in the Pentagon . It has five sides , five floors above ground , two basement levels , and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17.5 mi ( 28.2 km ) of corridors . The central five-acre ( 20,000 m2 ) pentagonal plaza is nicknamed ground zero on the presumption that it would be a prime target in a nuclear war . On September 11 , 2001 , exactly 60 years after the building 's construction began , American Airlines Flight 77 was hijacked and flown into the western side of the building , killing 189 people ( 59 victims and the five perpetrators on board the airliner , as well as 125 victims in the building ) , according to the 9/11 Commission Report . It was the first significant foreign attack on Washington 's governmental facilities since the city was burned by the British during the War of 1812 . The Pentagon is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Historic Landmark ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Arlington County , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia', 'summary': "Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia , often referred to simply as Arlington or Arlington , Virginia . The county is situated in Northern Virginia on the southwestern bank of the Potomac River directly across from the District of Columbia , of which it was once a part . The county is coterminous with the U.S. Census Bureau 's census-designated place of Arlington . Arlington is considered to be the second-largest principal city of the Washington metropolitan area . In 2018 , the county 's population was estimated at 237,521 , making Arlington the sixth-largest county in Virginia by population ; if it were incorporated as a city , would be the fourth-most populous city in the state . With a land area of 26 square miles ( 67 km2 ) , Arlington is the geographically smallest self-governing county in the U.S. , and by reason of state law regarding population density , it has no incorporated towns within its borders . It is the 5th highest-income county in the U.S. by median family income . Due to the county 's proximity to downtown Washington , D.C. , Arlington is home to the Pentagon , Reagan National Airport , and Arlington National Cemetery . In academia , the county contains George Mason University 's Antonin Scalia Law School , the administrative offices buildings and graduate programs for the Schar School of Policy and Government and School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution , as well as satellite campuses of the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech . It will soon house the co-headquarters of Amazon.com , Inc ."}]}, {'value': '610,000 m ( 6,600,000 sq ft )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Largest floor area', 'section_text': "New Century Global Center in Chengdu , Sichuan Province , China Concourse B part of Terminal 3 at Dubai International Airport Ciputra Surabaya , Indonesia 's largest building by floor area Berjaya Times Square , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia The Pentagon The Renaissance Center in Detroit CentralWorld Ōsaka Station City The Venetian Macao This table lists the top buildings throughout the world with the largest amount of floor area , with usable floor space across multiple stories of at least 400,000 m2 ( 4,300,000 sq ft ) .", 'uid': 'List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_world_2', 'intro': "The tables in this article list buildings from around the world by usable space (volume), footprint (area), and floor space (area). Here, building refers to single structures that are suitable for continuous human occupancy. There are, however, some exceptions, including factories and warehouses. The Aerium near Berlin is the largest uninterrupted volume in the world, while Boeing's factory in Everett, Washington, United States is the world's largest building by volume. The AvtoVAZ main assembly building in Tolyatti, Russia is the largest building in area footprint. The Yiwu International Trade City in Yiwu, China is the largest building in terms of total floor area. Due to the incomplete nature of this list, buildings are not ranked."}
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Which people populated the area of the city which contains New Century Global Center before recorded history ?
Sanxingdui
0aabc1c667f6d4b6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_MLS_Re-Entry_Draft', 'title': '2012 MLS Re-Entry Draft', 'header': ['Player', 'Position', 'Released By', 'Contract Status', 'Re-Entry Draft Result'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jay Nolly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Nolly', 'summary': 'Jay Nolly ( born January 2 , 1982 ) is an American soccer player who last played as a goalkeeper for Chicago Fire in Major League Soccer during their 2012 season .'}]}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not selected', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dan Gargan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Gargan', 'summary': 'Dan Gargan ( born December 14 , 1982 ) is an American soccer player who last played for LA Galaxy in Major League Soccer . He is now the color commentator for Atlanta United FC on Fox Sports South and Fox Sports Southeast .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Specified', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selected in stage 2 by San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gonzalo Segares', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gonzalo_Segares', 'summary': 'Gonzalo Segares González ( born October 13 , 1982 in San José ) is a retired Costa Rican footballer who spent most of his career with the Chicago Fire in Major League Soccer . He currently serves as head coach for the United States under-15 national team .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Re-signed with Chicago prior to draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corben Bone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corben_Bone', 'summary': 'Corben Bone ( born September 16 , 1988 in Plano , Texas ) is an American soccer player who plays for Louisville City in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Withdrew prior to Stage 2 draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Pablo Ángel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Ángel', 'summary': "Juan Pablo Ángel Arango ( born 24 October 1975 ) is a retired Colombian footballer who last played as a forward for Atlético Nacional in Categoría Primera A . He began his career at Nacional , whom he helped to win the championship in 1994 , and then moved to River Plate of Argentina , where he was the league 's top scorer in 2000 . The following year he moved to Europe , joining Aston Villa of the Premier League for a club record £9.5 million . In 2007 , he moved to the United States , where he played for three clubs in Major League Soccer before returning to Atlético Nacional in 2013 . Ángel was also a full international for Colombia , and made 33 appearances from his debut in 1995 , scoring 9 goals ."}]}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chivas USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Chivas_USA', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Chivas USA was an American professional soccer team based in Carson , California , a suburb of Los Angeles . The club played from 2005 to 2014 in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) and was a subsidiary of Mexican club C.D . Guadalajara , sharing common ownership and branding . The club was the eleventh MLS team upon its entry into the league in 2004 . Chivas USA was intended to be seen as a little brother to its parent club C.D . Guadalajara , one of the most widely supported and successful teams in Mexico . Chiva is Latin American Spanish for goat , seen as a tough and resilient animal in Mexico , and is the nickname of C.D . Guadalajara . Chivas USA played its home games at the StubHub Center in Carson , which it shared with its rival , the LA Galaxy . The club was originally owned by Antonio Cue and Jorge Vergara , who also owns C.D . Guadalajara . In 2014 , MLS purchased the club from Vergara with plans to sell to new owners .'}]}, {'value': 'Out of Contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not selected', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danny Califf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Califf', 'summary': 'Daniel Benjamin Califf ( born March 17 , 1980 in Orange , California ) is a retired American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chivas USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Chivas_USA', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Chivas USA was an American professional soccer team based in Carson , California , a suburb of Los Angeles . The club played from 2005 to 2014 in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) and was a subsidiary of Mexican club C.D . Guadalajara , sharing common ownership and branding . The club was the eleventh MLS team upon its entry into the league in 2004 . Chivas USA was intended to be seen as a little brother to its parent club C.D . Guadalajara , one of the most widely supported and successful teams in Mexico . Chiva is Latin American Spanish for goat , seen as a tough and resilient animal in Mexico , and is the nickname of C.D . Guadalajara . Chivas USA played its home games at the StubHub Center in Carson , which it shared with its rival , the LA Galaxy . The club was originally owned by Antonio Cue and Jorge Vergara , who also owns C.D . Guadalajara . In 2014 , MLS purchased the club from Vergara with plans to sell to new owners .'}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selected in stage 2 by Toronto FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_FC', 'summary': "Toronto Football Club is a Canadian professional soccer club based in Toronto . The club competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home matches at BMO Field , located at Exhibition Place on Toronto 's shoreline . Toronto FC joined MLS in 2007 as an expansion team and was the first Canadian-based franchise in the league . The first team is coached by Greg Vanney and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , which also operates the USL League One affiliate team Toronto FC II and most other professional sports franchises in the city . In 2017 , Toronto FC won the domestic treble with the MLS Cup , Supporters ' Shield and Canadian Championship . They are seven-time winners of the Canadian Championship and were runners-up of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League , as well as MLS Cup in 2016 and 2019 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the club has an estimated value of US $ 395 million and the highest player payroll in Major League Soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'Alejandro Moreno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alejandro_Moreno', 'summary': 'Alejandro Enrique Moreno Riera ( born July 8 , 1979 ) is a retired Venezuelan footballer who is currently a television commentator for ESPN FC , ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America . Moreno won three MLS Cups during his professional career .'}]}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chivas USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Chivas_USA', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Chivas USA was an American professional soccer team based in Carson , California , a suburb of Los Angeles . The club played from 2005 to 2014 in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) and was a subsidiary of Mexican club C.D . Guadalajara , sharing common ownership and branding . The club was the eleventh MLS team upon its entry into the league in 2004 . Chivas USA was intended to be seen as a little brother to its parent club C.D . Guadalajara , one of the most widely supported and successful teams in Mexico . Chiva is Latin American Spanish for goat , seen as a tough and resilient animal in Mexico , and is the nickname of C.D . Guadalajara . Chivas USA played its home games at the StubHub Center in Carson , which it shared with its rival , the LA Galaxy . The club was originally owned by Antonio Cue and Jorge Vergara , who also owns C.D . Guadalajara . In 2014 , MLS purchased the club from Vergara with plans to sell to new owners .'}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not selected', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Vagenas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Vagenas', 'summary': 'Panayiotis Alexiou Peter Vagenas ( born February 6 , 1978 ) is a former American soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chivas USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Chivas_USA', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Chivas USA was an American professional soccer team based in Carson , California , a suburb of Los Angeles . The club played from 2005 to 2014 in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) and was a subsidiary of Mexican club C.D . Guadalajara , sharing common ownership and branding . The club was the eleventh MLS team upon its entry into the league in 2004 . Chivas USA was intended to be seen as a little brother to its parent club C.D . Guadalajara , one of the most widely supported and successful teams in Mexico . Chiva is Latin American Spanish for goat , seen as a tough and resilient animal in Mexico , and is the nickname of C.D . Guadalajara . Chivas USA played its home games at the StubHub Center in Carson , which it shared with its rival , the LA Galaxy . The club was originally owned by Antonio Cue and Jorge Vergara , who also owns C.D . Guadalajara . In 2014 , MLS purchased the club from Vergara with plans to sell to new owners .'}]}, {'value': 'Out of Contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not selected', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Birchall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Birchall', 'summary': "Christopher Birchall CM ( born 5 May 1984 ) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He scored 21 goals in 322 league and cup appearances in a 16-year professional career , and scored four goals in 43 international matches . Forging his career with local club Port Vale , he earned worldwide recognition by playing at the 2006 FIFA World Cup for Trinidad and Tobago - the country of his mother 's birth . His exploits led to a move up the leagues to Coventry City later that year . After short loan spells with Scottish side St Mirren and Carlisle United , he moved on to Brighton & Hove Albion . In 2009 , he moved to the USA to sign with MLS club LA Galaxy . Whilst with the Galaxy , the club were crowned Major League Soccer Western Conference champions in 2009 and 2011 , and also captured a Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup double in 2011 . He joined Columbus Crew for a six-month spell in May 2012 . He rejoined Port Vale in January 2013 , and helped the club to secure promotion out of League Two in 2012-13 . He dropped into non-league in September 2016 by joining Kidsgrove Athletic ."}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Withdrew prior to Stage 2 draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Hesmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Hesmer', 'summary': 'William Hesmer ( born November 23 , 1981 in Wilson , North Carolina ) is a retired American soccer player who played as a goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selected in stage 2 by Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Julius James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julius_James', 'summary': 'Julius James ( born 9 July 1984 ) is a Trinidadian footballer who currently plays for FC Motown in the National Premier Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not selected', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Tchani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Tchani', 'summary': 'Tony Ghislain Tchani ( /ˈtʃɑːni/ ; born 13 April 1989 ) is a Cameroonian footballer who plays as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus Crew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus_Crew', 'summary': "Columbus Crew Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Columbus , Ohio . The Crew competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards . The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history . The franchise was founded in 1994 as simply the Columbus Crew . Since 1999 , the Crew has played home games at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer-specific stadium ever built for an MLS team , with a seating capacity of 19,968 as of the 2015 season . From 1996 to 1998 , the Crew played its home games at Ohio Stadium on the campus of the Ohio State University . In 2014 , the team set club attendance records for both most cumulative attendance and most sellouts . Crew SC has won five major trophies : MLS Cup 2008 , the Supporters ' Shield in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 , and the 2002 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . The Crew have qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League ( or its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup ) three times , reaching the quarterfinals each time ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Withdrew prior to draft ; Later re-signed with Columbus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conor Casey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conor_Casey', 'summary': 'Conor Patrick Casey ( born July 25 , 1981 ) is an American soccer coach and former player . He played for 16 seasons , finishing his career with Columbus Crew SC , before turning to coaching with his former club Colorado Rapids . Casey spent part of the 2019 season as the Rapids interim head coach after the firing of Anthony Hudson on May 1 .'}]}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selected in stage 2 by Philadelphia Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Union', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Union is an American professional soccer team based in Chester , Pennsylvania . The Union competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member club of the league 's Eastern Conference . The club began play in 2010 as an expansion team of the league . The club plays their home matches at Subaru Park , a soccer-specific stadium located in Chester on the banks of the Delaware River . Jim Curtin is the Union 's head coach . The Union finished as runners-up in the 2014 , 2015 and 2018 U.S. Open Cup tournaments . In the 2014 edition , they lost to the Seattle Sounders FC 3-1 in extra time , and to Sporting Kansas City 6-7 on penalties after a 1-1 draw in the 2015 edition . They lost 3-0 to the Houston Dynamo in the final of the 2018 edition ."}]}, {'value': 'Hunter Freeman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunter_Freeman', 'summary': 'Hunter Freeman ( born January 8 , 1985 in Tyler , Texas ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for FC Motown . He is also the director of domestic scouting for FC Cincinnati .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selected in stage 2 by New England Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_England_Revolution', 'summary': "The New England Revolution is an American professional soccer club based in the Greater Boston area that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , in the Eastern Conference of the league . It is one of the ten charter clubs of MLS , having competed in the league since its inaugural season . The club is owned by Robert Kraft , who also owns the New England Patriots along with his son , Jonathan Kraft . The name Revolution refers to the New England region 's significant involvement in the American Revolution that took place from 1775-1783 . New England plays their home matches at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . The club played their home games at the adjacent and now-demolished Foxboro Stadium , from 1996 until 2001 . The Revs are the only original MLS team to have every league game in their history televised . The Revolution won their first major trophy in the 2007 U.S. Open Cup . The following year , they won the 2008 North American SuperLiga . The Revolution have participated in five MLS Cup finals in 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2014 . They also placed second in the 2005 regular season . However , they have never won an MLS Cup or MLS Supporters ' Shield ."}]}, {'value': 'Ian Joyce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Joyce', 'summary': 'Ian Francis Joyce ( born July 12 , 1985 ) is an American soccer player who most recently played for Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids .'}]}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not selected', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyrone Marshall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyrone_Marshall', 'summary': 'Tyrone Everton Marshall ( born 12 November 1974 in Kingston , Jamaica ) is a retired Jamaican footballer and current coach .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Out of Contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not selected', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Nane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Nane', 'summary': 'Joseph Nane Fils Eone ( born March 12 , 1987 in Yaoundé ) is a Cameroonian footballer , who last played for FC Atyrau in the Kazakhstan Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not selected', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Palguta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Palguta', 'summary': "Scott Thomas Palguta ( born August 23 , 1982 ) was named the head men 's soccer coach at Colorado College on February 6 , 2015 . He is a former American soccer player who most recently played for Colorado Rapids in Major League Soccer ."}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Out of Contract', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not selected', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamie Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Smith_(footballer_born_1980)', 'summary': 'James Smith ( born 20 November 1980 in Alexandria ) is a Scottish retired professional footballer . He spent the majority of his playing career in his native country with Celtic and Aberdeen in the Scottish Premier League . He was also capped twice by Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not selected', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyson Wahl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyson_Wahl', 'summary': 'Tyson Wahl ( born February 23 , 1984 ) is an American retired soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rapids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rapids', 'summary': "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City , Colorado . The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the Western Conference . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS . Colorado won the MLS Cup in 2010 , their second MLS Cup appearance . The first appearance was in 1997 , losing to D.C. United . They were also runners up of the U.S. Open Cup in the 1999 tournament , where they lost to the Rochester Raging Rhinos , the last time a non-MLS team has won the Cup . The Rapids play their home games at Dick 's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City , moving to the stadium after it opened during the 2007 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Option Declined', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not selected', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Available players', 'section_text': 'Players were required to meet age and service requirements to participate as stipulated by the terms of the MLS Collective Bargaining Agreement . Teams had to submit a list of available players to the league by December 3 , 2012 . The league released a list of all players available for the draft on December 5 , 2012 . [ 2 ] The league released an updated list of players available for Stage 2 of the draft on December 14 , 2012 . [ 3 ]', 'uid': '2012_MLS_Re-Entry_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The two-stage 2012 MLS Re-Entry Draft took place on December 7, 2012 (Stage 1) and December 14, 2012 (Stage 2). All 19 Major League Soccer clubs were eligible to participate. The Stage 1 and Stage 2 Drafts were conducted in the same order as the traditional Waiver Draft, with clubs choosing in reverse order of their 2012 Major League Soccer season finish. Teams selected players who fell under the following circumstances:'}
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For the re-entry draft result whose club is possessed by Robert Kraft , What 's the position of the player ?
DF
0aac9dc8e5de08a8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_North_Bay,_Ontario', 'title': 'Media in North Bay, Ontario', 'header': ['Frequency', 'Call sign', 'Branding', 'Format', 'Owner', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '600 AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKAT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKAT', 'summary': "CKAT is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 600 AM in North Bay , Ontario . The station , owned by Rogers Communications , airs a country music , news and sports format . The station originally launched in 1967 at 93.7 FM , and was acquired by Northern Broadcasting , the owners of CFCH . In 1979 , CKAT adopted a country music format and moved to 101.9 FM . In 1980 , CKAT and CFCH were sold to Telemedia . In 1996 , Telemedia swapped the stations in a move similar to its 1990 switch involving CKSO and CIGM in Sudbury . CKAT took over CFCH 's AM frequency , and CFCH moved to the FM station and adopted the new callsign CKFX . In 2002 , Telemedia sold the stations to Standard Broadcasting , who shortly sold them to Rogers . In fall 2005 , CKAT and CIGM underwent a format change , with country music cut back ( although not entirely eliminated ) in favour of increased news and sports programming . Since the change , both stations used the following slogans such as Today 's Country , News Leader and Sports Leader . The station 's general manager is Peter McKeown , a former morning man for many years on CHUR and CKAT . In 2009 , CKAT 's sister station CIGM in Sudbury ( under the ownership of Rogers Media ) was acquired by Newcap Radio and then converted the station to the FM dial ."}]}, {'value': 'Country 600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'country / news / sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_music', 'summary': 'Country music , also known as country and western ( or simply country ) , and hillbilly music , is a genre of popular music that takes its roots from genres such as American folk music ( especially Appalachian and Western music ) and blues . Its popularized roots originate in the Southern United States of the early 1920s . Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms , folk lyrics , and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos , electric and acoustic guitars , steel guitars ( such as pedal steels and dobros ) , and fiddles as well as harmonicas . Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history . According to Lindsey Starnes , the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music ; it came to encompass Western music , which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots , in the mid-20th century . In 2009 in the United States , country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute , and second most popular in the morning commute . The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres . The origins of country music are found in the folk music of working class Americans and/or blue-collar American life , who blended popular songs , Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes , traditional English ballads , cowboy songs , and the musical traditions of various groups of European immigrants .'}, {'url': '/wiki/News_radio', 'summary': 'All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sports_radio', 'summary': "Sports radio ( or sports talk radio ) is a radio format devoted entirely to discussion and broadcasting of sporting events . A widespread programming genre that has a narrow audience appeal , sports radio is characterized by an often-boisterous on-air style and extensive debate and analysis by both hosts and callers . Many sports talk stations also carry play-by-play ( live commentary ) of local sports teams as part of their regular programming . Hosted by Bill Mazer , the first sports talk radio show in history launched in March 1964 on New York 's WNBC ( AM ) . Soon after WNBC launched its program , in 1965 Seton Hall University 's radio station , WSOU , started Hall Line , a call-in sports radio talk show focusing on the team 's basketball program . Having celebrated its 50th anniversary on air during the 2015-2016 season , Hall Line , which broadcasts to central and northern New Jersey as well as all five boroughs of New York , is the oldest and longest running sports talk call-in show in the NY-NJ Metropolitan area , and is believed to be the oldest in the nation . Enterprise Radio Network became the first national all-sports network , operating out of Avon , Connecticut , from New Year 's Day 1981 through late September of that year before going out of business . ER had two channels , one for talk and a second for updates and play-by-play . ER 's talk lineup included current New York Yankees voice John Sterling , New York Mets radio host Ed Coleman and former big-league pitcher Bill Denehy . Sports talk is available in local , network and syndicated forms , is available in multiple languages , and is carried in multiple forms on both major North American satellite radio networks . In the United States , most sports talk-formatted radio stations air syndicated programming from ESPN Radio , SB Nation Radio , Sports Byline USA , Fox Sports Radio , CBS Sports Radio , or NBC Sports Radio , while in the Spanish language , ESPN Deportes Radio is the largest current network . In contrast , Canadian sports talk stations may carry a national brand ( such as TSN Radio or Sportsnet Radio ) but carry mostly local programming , with American-based shows filling in gaps ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Communications', 'summary': "Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company . It operates particularly in the field of wireless communications , cable television , telephone , and Internet connectivity with significant additional telecommunications and mass media assets . The company is headquartered in Toronto . The company claims the heritage of the Rogers Vacuum Tube Company , founded in 1925 by Edward Rogers , which started the CFRB radio station in Toronto , which was later acquired by outside interests . The present enterprise dates to 1959 , when Rogers ' son , Ted Rogers , founded Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting . That company acquired CHFI in 1960 , and launched CFTO in 1961 . The chief competitor to the company is Bell Canada , which has a similarly extensive portfolio of radio and television media assets , as well as wireless , television distribution , and telephone services , particularly in Eastern and Central Canada ; the two companies are often seen as having a duopoly on communications services in their regions as both companies own a stake of Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment . However , the company also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services , and primarily indirectly with Shaw Communications for television service ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBON-FM-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBON-FM', 'summary': "CBON-FM is a Canadian radio station . It broadcasts the Société Radio-Canada 's Ici Radio-Canada Première network at 98.1 FM in Sudbury , Ontario . The station also serves much of Northern Ontario through a network of relay transmitters ."}]}, {'value': 'Ici Radio-Canada Première', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Première', 'summary': "Ici Radio-Canada Première ( formerly Première Chaîne ) is a Canadian French-language radio network , the news and information service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( known as Société Radio-Canada in French ) , the public broadcaster of Canada . It is the French counterpart of CBC Radio One , the CBC 's similar English-language radio network . The service is available across Canada , although not as widely as CBC Radio One . Only the provinces of Quebec and Ontario are served by more than one Première originating station . In all other provinces , the whole province is served by a single station with multiple transmitters . The network does , however , reach 90 percent of all Canadian francophones . Each originating station outside Montreal airs a national schedule , taken from flagship station CBF-FM , complete with opted-out local/regional shows at peak times , depending on each market . News bulletins are aired live , irrespective of location . The network may broadcast on either the AM or FM bands , depending on the market . A national version is available across North America on Sirius XM Canada channel 170 . Première was available in Europe , North Africa and the Middle East live via the Hot Bird satellite . The satellite service closed in June 2012 as part of the budget measures affecting Radio Canada International ."}]}, {'value': 'public news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/News_radio', 'summary': 'All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'French , rebroadcasts CBON-FM Sudbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Greater_Sudbury', 'summary': 'Sudbury , officially Greater Sudbury ( French : Grand-Sudbury ) , is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population , with a population of 161,531 at the 2016 Canadian Census . By land area , it is the largest in Ontario and the fifth largest in Canada . It is administratively a Unitary authority , and thus not part of any district , county , or regional municipality . The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group for thousands of years prior to the founding of Sudbury following the discovery of nickel ore in 1883 during the construction of the transcontinental railway . Greater Sudbury was formed in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury with several previously unincorporated townships . Being located inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal with average January lows of around −18 °C ( 0 °F ) and average July highs of 25 °C ( 77 °F ) . The population resides in an urban core and many smaller communities scattered around 330 lakes and among hills of rock blackened by historical smelting activity . Sudbury was once a major lumber centre and a world leader in nickel mining . Mining and related industries dominated the economy for much of the 20th century . The two major mining companies which shaped the history of Sudbury were Inco , now Vale Limited , which employed more than 25% of the population by the 1970s , and Falconbridge , now Glencore . Sudbury has since expanded from its resource-based economy to emerge as the major retail , economic , health and educational centre for Northeastern Ontario .'}]}, {'value': '96.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBCN-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBCS-FM', 'summary': 'CBCS-FM is a Canadian radio station . It is the CBC Radio One station in Sudbury , Ontario , broadcasting at 99.9 FM , and serves all of Northeastern Ontario through its network of relay transmitters .'}]}, {'value': 'CBC Radio One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Radio_One', 'summary': 'CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming . It is available on AM and FM to 98 percent of Canadians and overseas over the Internet , and through mobile apps . A modified version of Radio One , with local content replaced by additional airings of national programming , is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169 . It is downlinked to subscribers via SiriusXM Canada and its U.S.-based counterpart , Sirius XM Satellite Radio . In 2010 , Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week . It was the largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'public news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/News_radio', 'summary': 'All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'rebroadcasts CBCS-FM Sudbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Sudbury', 'summary': 'Sudbury , officially Greater Sudbury ( French : Grand-Sudbury ) , is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population , with a population of 161,531 at the 2016 Canadian Census . By land area , it is the largest in Ontario and the fifth largest in Canada . It is administratively a Unitary authority , and thus not part of any district , county , or regional municipality . The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group for thousands of years prior to the founding of Sudbury following the discovery of nickel ore in 1883 during the construction of the transcontinental railway . Greater Sudbury was formed in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury with several previously unincorporated townships . Being located inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal with average January lows of around −18 °C ( 0 °F ) and average July highs of 25 °C ( 77 °F ) . The population resides in an urban core and many smaller communities scattered around 330 lakes and among hills of rock blackened by historical smelting activity . Sudbury was once a major lumber centre and a world leader in nickel mining . Mining and related industries dominated the economy for much of the 20th century . The two major mining companies which shaped the history of Sudbury were Inco , now Vale Limited , which employed more than 25% of the population by the 1970s , and Falconbridge , now Glencore . Sudbury has since expanded from its resource-based economy to emerge as the major retail , economic , health and educational centre for Northeastern Ontario .'}]}, {'value': '97.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHYQ-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHYQ-FM', 'summary': 'CHYQ-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts at FM 97.1 in West Nipissing , Ontario . It broadcasts a francophone hot adult contemporary format for the local Franco-Ontarian community . It is owned by Le5 Communications , and branded as Le Loup 97.1 . CHYQ and its sister stations CHYK in Timmins and CHYC in Greater Sudbury are the only francophone commercial stations programmed entirely in Ontario . Apart from commercials and separate morning shows , the three stations in fact simulcast the same programming at almost all times , although all three stations produce a portion of the shared broadcast schedule'}]}, {'value': 'Le Loup FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hot adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Le5 Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le5_Communications', 'summary': "Le5 Communications is a Canadian media company . Based in Sudbury , Ontario , the company operates radio stations and newspapers in the Northeastern Ontario region . The company operates the only francophone commercial radio stations in Ontario which originate their own programming ; with the exception of one station in Eastern Ontario which primarily rebroadcasts a station from Montreal with only a few hours per week of original programming , all other francophone stations in the province are public or community radio stations operated by non-profit groups or Radio-Canada . Owned and operated by Paul Lefebvre , at the time a lawyer with the Sudbury firm of Weaver , Simmons , the company was incorporated in 2008 after Lefebvre reached a deal with Haliburton Broadcasting Group to acquire the company 's francophone radio stations in Sudbury and Timmins for $ 425,000 . The deal was approved by the CRTC on October 31 , 2008 . The company 's name is a pun on Lefebvre 's surname . If the numeral 5 is pronounced as in English ( i.e . five rather than cinq ) , the company 's name is very close to the French pronunciation of Lefebvre ."}]}, {'value': 'French ; licensed to Sturgeon Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sturgeon_Falls,_Ontario', 'summary': 'West Nipissing is a municipality in Northeastern Ontario , Canada , on Lake Nipissing in the Nipissing District . It was formed on January 1 , 1999 , with the amalgamation of seventeen and a half former town , villages , townships and unorganized communities . It is the most bilingual community in Ontario , with 73.4% of its population fluent in both English and French .'}]}, {'value': '99.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFSF-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFSF-FM', 'summary': 'CFSF-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 99.3 FM in Sturgeon Falls , Ontario . The station airs an adult contemporary format branded on-air as 99.3 The Moose . The station is owned by Vista Radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Moose FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Vista Broadcast Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vista_Broadcast_Group', 'summary': 'Vista Radio Ltd. ( also formerly known as Vista Broadcast Group ) is a Canadian radio broadcasting company . The company only owned stations in British Columbia until 2007 , when it expanded outside the province by acquiring an existing station in Yellowknife , Northwest Territories and launching a new one in Grande Prairie , Alberta . It has since also expanded into Ontario , with the acquisition of Haliburton Broadcasting Group in 2012 . Vista Radio was founded by Paul Mann , Jason Mann , Margot Micallef , Barb Fairclough and Bryan Edwards in 2004 . On April 23 , 2012 , Vista announced a deal to acquire Haliburton Broadcasting Group , a broadcast group with 24 stations in small or mid-sized markets in Ontario , in cooperation with Westerkirk Capital . The deal was approved by the CRTC on October 19 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'licensed to Sturgeon Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sturgeon_Falls,_Ontario', 'summary': 'West Nipissing is a municipality in Northeastern Ontario , Canada , on Lake Nipissing in the Nipissing District . It was formed on January 1 , 1999 , with the amalgamation of seventeen and a half former town , villages , townships and unorganized communities . It is the most bilingual community in Ontario , with 73.4% of its population fluent in both English and French .'}]}, {'value': '100.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHUR-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHUR-FM', 'summary': 'CHUR-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format at 100.5 FM in North Bay , Ontario . The station uses the on-air brand KiSS 100.5 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kiss 100.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hot adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Communications', 'summary': "Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company . It operates particularly in the field of wireless communications , cable television , telephone , and Internet connectivity with significant additional telecommunications and mass media assets . The company is headquartered in Toronto . The company claims the heritage of the Rogers Vacuum Tube Company , founded in 1925 by Edward Rogers , which started the CFRB radio station in Toronto , which was later acquired by outside interests . The present enterprise dates to 1959 , when Rogers ' son , Ted Rogers , founded Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting . That company acquired CHFI in 1960 , and launched CFTO in 1961 . The chief competitor to the company is Bell Canada , which has a similarly extensive portfolio of radio and television media assets , as well as wireless , television distribution , and telephone services , particularly in Eastern and Central Canada ; the two companies are often seen as having a duopoly on communications services in their regions as both companies own a stake of Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment . However , the company also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services , and primarily indirectly with Shaw Communications for television service ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKFX-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKFX-FM', 'summary': "CKFX-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts at 101.9 FM in North Bay , Ontario . The station airs a mainstream rock format under the brand name 101.9 Rock . The station uses the same general format as , and shares some programming with , CJRQ-FM in Sudbury and CJQQ-FM in Timmins . The station was originally launched in Iroquois Falls in 1922 , as CFCH , a corporate communications service for lumber camps owned by Abitibi Power and Paper Company . It was subsequently acquired by Roy Thomson in 1930 , and moved to North Bay . The station originally launched in North Bay at 930 on the AM dial , moving to 1230 in 1941 and then to 600 in 1942 . CFCH was on the FM dial at 106.3 MHz for a brief period in the 1940s and 1950s . The 106.3 MHz frequency is now occupied by CFXN-FM . In 1960 , Thomson 's Northern Broadcasting acquired the city 's television station , CKGN , which also adopted the CFCH callsign . In 1976 , Northern also acquired the FM station CKAT . Thomson subsequently sold Northern Broadcasting to a local business consortium in 1974 . In 1980 , the stations were sold to Telemedia ."}]}, {'value': '101.9 Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'active rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Active_rock', 'summary': 'Active rock is a radio format used by many commercial radio stations across the United States and Canada . Active rock stations play a balance of new hard rock songs with valued classic rock favorites , normally with an emphasis similar to Mainstream Rock and Album Oriented Rock on the hard rock end of the spectrum .'}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Communications', 'summary': "Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company . It operates particularly in the field of wireless communications , cable television , telephone , and Internet connectivity with significant additional telecommunications and mass media assets . The company is headquartered in Toronto . The company claims the heritage of the Rogers Vacuum Tube Company , founded in 1925 by Edward Rogers , which started the CFRB radio station in Toronto , which was later acquired by outside interests . The present enterprise dates to 1959 , when Rogers ' son , Ted Rogers , founded Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting . That company acquired CHFI in 1960 , and launched CFTO in 1961 . The chief competitor to the company is Bell Canada , which has a similarly extensive portfolio of radio and television media assets , as well as wireless , television distribution , and telephone services , particularly in Eastern and Central Canada ; the two companies are often seen as having a duopoly on communications services in their regions as both companies own a stake of Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment . However , the company also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services , and primarily indirectly with Shaw Communications for television service ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '103.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJTK-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJTK-FM', 'summary': "CJTK-FM is a Canadian radio station , which airs Christian music and programming at 95.5 FM in Sudbury , Ontario . The station is owned by Eternacom , and was licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) in 1997 . The station is branded as KFM and uses one of the current slogans as Today 's Christian radio , Northern Ontario 's Christian Radio , Music You Can Believe In and Christian Radio for Life ."}]}, {'value': 'KFM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_music', 'summary': 'Christian music is music that has been written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life and faith . Common themes of Christian music include praise , worship , penitence , and lament , and its forms vary widely across the world . Like other forms of music the creation , performance , significance , and even the definition of Christian music varies according to culture and social context . Christian music is composed and performed for many purposes , ranging from aesthetic pleasure , religious or ceremonial purposes , or with a positive message as an entertainment product for the marketplace .'}]}, {'value': 'Eternacom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'rebroadcasts CJTK-FM Sudbury with some local content', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Sudbury', 'summary': 'Sudbury , officially Greater Sudbury ( French : Grand-Sudbury ) , is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population , with a population of 161,531 at the 2016 Canadian Census . By land area , it is the largest in Ontario and the fifth largest in Canada . It is administratively a Unitary authority , and thus not part of any district , county , or regional municipality . The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group for thousands of years prior to the founding of Sudbury following the discovery of nickel ore in 1883 during the construction of the transcontinental railway . Greater Sudbury was formed in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury with several previously unincorporated townships . Being located inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal with average January lows of around −18 °C ( 0 °F ) and average July highs of 25 °C ( 77 °F ) . The population resides in an urban core and many smaller communities scattered around 330 lakes and among hills of rock blackened by historical smelting activity . Sudbury was once a major lumber centre and a world leader in nickel mining . Mining and related industries dominated the economy for much of the 20th century . The two major mining companies which shaped the history of Sudbury were Inco , now Vale Limited , which employed more than 25% of the population by the 1970s , and Falconbridge , now Glencore . Sudbury has since expanded from its resource-based economy to emerge as the major retail , economic , health and educational centre for Northeastern Ontario .'}]}, {'value': '106.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFXN-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFXN-FM', 'summary': "CFXN-FM is a Canadian radio station , that airs a classic hits format at 106.3 FM in North Bay , Ontario . The station is branded as 106.3 Moose FM with the slogan North Bay 's Biggest Variety . The station plays North Bay 's Biggest Variety of current , recent and older hits . You 'll hear everything from a top 40 hit from the current year to music from the 2010s , 2000s , 90s , 80s and even 70s . It is a middle of the road format positioned between the city 's Top 40 and hard rock stations . The station was licensed on the basis of a proposal to air a country music format similar to that of the co-owned CHMT in Timmins . Instead , North Bay 's CFXN broadcast an adult hits format from startup in 2006 until changing to a light AC format in February , 2012 , then to Variety Hits in April 2013 . The new format of Biggest Variety stands alone as an option for 25- to 54-year-old listeners in the market . Originally owned by Haliburton Broadcasting Group , the station was licensed by the CRTC in 2005 . As of 2012 the station is owned by the Vista Broadcast Group . On October 29 , 2019 , Vista applied to operate a new FM radio station in North Bay . If approved , the new station would operate at 90.5 MHz making it a sister station to CFXN-FM ."}]}, {'value': 'Moose FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'classic hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classic_hits', 'summary': "Classic hits is a radio format which generally includes songs from the top 40 music charts from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s , with music from the 1980s serving as the core of the format . Music that was popularized by MTV in the early 1980s and the nostalgia behind it is a major driver to the format . It is considered the successor to the oldies format , a collection of top 40 songs from the late 1950s through the late 1970s that was once extremely popular in the United States . The term is sometimes incorrectly used as a synonym for the adult hits format , which uses a slightly newer music library stretching from all decades to the present with a major focus on 1990s and 2000s rock and alternative songs . In addition , adult hits stations tend to have larger playlists , playing a given song only a few times per week , compared to the tighter libraries on classic hits stations . For example , KRTH , a classic hits station in Los Angeles , plays power songs up to 30 times a week , which is another differentiator compared to other formats that share songs with classic hits libraries . The classic hits format has become extremely popular in the last few years with stations like KRTH , WCBS-FM in New York , and WLS-FM in Chicago having successful ratings with this model . Classic hits was named format of the summer of 2018 by Nielsen Audio 's research team emphasizing the huge popularity of the format . In addition , the Millennial generation is listening to this format in record numbers , according to a Nielsen report . As of December 2019 there are now over 1,100 classic hits stations in the United States , the largest amount in format history ."}]}, {'value': 'Vista Broadcast Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vista_Broadcast_Group', 'summary': 'Vista Radio Ltd. ( also formerly known as Vista Broadcast Group ) is a Canadian radio broadcasting company . The company only owned stations in British Columbia until 2007 , when it expanded outside the province by acquiring an existing station in Yellowknife , Northwest Territories and launching a new one in Grande Prairie , Alberta . It has since also expanded into Ontario , with the acquisition of Haliburton Broadcasting Group in 2012 . Vista Radio was founded by Paul Mann , Jason Mann , Margot Micallef , Barb Fairclough and Bryan Edwards in 2004 . On April 23 , 2012 , Vista announced a deal to acquire Haliburton Broadcasting Group , a broadcast group with 24 stations in small or mid-sized markets in Ontario , in cooperation with Westerkirk Capital . The deal was approved by the CRTC on October 19 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Radio', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Media_in_North_Bay,_Ontario_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of media in North Bay, Ontario.'}
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CFSF-FM is owned by a company that bought which other company in 2012 ?
Haliburton Broadcasting Group
0aaf31ff041ab4c7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Alford_plea_usage', 'title': 'List of U.S. states by Alford plea usage', 'header': ['Name', 'Used', 'Note'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama', 'summary': "Alabama ( /ˌæləˈbæmə/ ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state . Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . The Greater Birmingham metropolitan area is Alabama 's most populous urban area . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'With an Alford plea , [ defendant ] maintained his innocence but acknowledged there was enough evidence to convict him . Associated Press ( 2002 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associated_Press', 'summary': 'The Associated Press ( AP ) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City . Founded in 1846 , it operates as a cooperative , unincorporated association . Its members are U.S. newspapers and broadcasters . The AP news report , distributed to its members and customers , is produced in English , Spanish and Arabic . The AP has earned 53 Pulitzer Prizes , including 31 for photography , since the award was established in 1917 . The AP has counted the vote in U.S. elections since 1848 , including national , state and local races down to the legislative level in all 50 states , along with key ballot measures . The AP collects and verifies returns in every county , parish , city and town across the U.S. , and declares winners in over 5,000 contests . As of 2016 [ update ] , news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,300 newspapers and broadcasters . The AP operates 263 news bureaus in 106 countries . It also operates the AP Radio Network , which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations . Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers , paying a fee to use AP material without being contributing members of the cooperative . As part of their cooperative agreement with the AP , most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports .'}]}, {'value': 'Alaska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alaska', 'summary': "Alaska ( /əˈlæskə/ ( listen ) ; Aleut : Alax̂sxax̂ ; Inupiaq : Alaasikaq ; Alutiiq : Alas'kaaq ; Tlingit : Anáaski ; Russian : Аляска , romanized : Alyaska ) is a state located in the northwest extremity of the North American West Coast , just across the Bering Strait from Asia . An exclave of the U.S. , it borders the Canadian province of British Columbia and territory of Yukon to the east and southeast has a maritime border with Russia 's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west . To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas of the Arctic Ocean , while the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest . Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area and the seventh largest subnational division in the world . It is the third least populous and the most sparsely populated state , but by far the continent 's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel , with an estimated population of 738,432 as 2015 - more than quadruple the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland . Approximately half of Alaska 's residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area . The state capital of Juneau is the second largest city in the United States by area , comprising more territory than the states of Rhode Island and Delaware . Alaska was occupied by various indigenous peoples for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans . The state is considered the entry point for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge . The Russians were the first non-native people to settle the area beginning in the 18th century , eventually establishing the colony of Alaska that spanned most of the current state . The expense and difficulty of maintaining this distant possession prompted its sale to the U.S. in 1867 for $ 7.2 million , or approximately two cents per acre ( $ 4.74/km2 ) . The area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11 , 1912 ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In such a plea , the defendant does not admit guilt , but acknowledges that prosecutors have enough evidence to obtain a guilty verdict . Fairbanks Daily News-Miner ( 2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairbanks_Daily_News-Miner', 'summary': "The Fairbanks Daily News-Miner is a morning daily newspaper serving the city of Fairbanks , Alaska , the Fairbanks North Star Borough , the Denali Borough , and the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska . It is the farthest north daily in the United States , and one of the farthest north in the world . The oldest continuously operating daily in Alaska , by circulation it is the second-largest daily in the state . It was purchased by the Helen E. Snedden Foundation in 2016 . The Snedden family were longtime owners of the News-Miner , selling it to a family trust for Dean Singleton and Richard Scudder , founders of the Media News Group in 1992 . The News-Miner was founded as the Weekly Fairbanks News in 1903 by George M. Hill and assumed the News-Miner name in 1909 , under editor William Fentress Thompson , when Zachary Hickman sold his newspaper , The Miner News , to the Fairbanks News . Thompson guided the paper through tough economic times as the gold near Fairbanks was mined out . During this period , the News-Miner absorbed Fairbanks ' other newspapers and became the sole publication in Fairbanks . During the 1920s , the News-Miner experimented with aerial delivery to remote mining camps , becoming one of the first newspapers in the world to make regular deliveries by aircraft . After Thompson 's death in 1926 , former Fairbanks mayor Alfeld Hjalmar Nordale became the paper 's editor . In 1929 , the News-Miner was purchased by Alaska industrialist Austin E. Lathrop , who operated it under a series of editors until 1950 . In that year , the paper was purchased by Charles Willis Snedden , who proceeded on a course of modernization ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona', 'summary': "Arizona ( /ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ ( listen ) ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation : [ xòːztò xɑ̀xòːtsò ] ; O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak Uto-Aztecan pronunciation : [ ˡaɺi ˡʂonak ] ) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States . It is also part of the Western and the Mountain states . It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states . Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest . Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union , achieving statehood on February 14 , 1912 , coinciding with Valentine 's Day . Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821 . After being defeated in the Mexican-American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848 . The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate , with very hot summers and mild winters . Northern Arizona features forests of pine , Douglas fir , and spruce trees ; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges ( such as the San Francisco Mountains ) ; as well as large , deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls . There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucson ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alford plea , in which a defendant does not admit guilt but agrees he might be convicted by a jury . The Arizona Daily Star ( 2003 ) Under an Alford plea , a defendant does not admit guilt but acknowledges the prosecution has enough evidence to obtain a conviction . The Arizona Daily Star ( 1999 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Arizona_Daily_Star', 'summary': 'The Arizona Daily Star is the major morning daily newspaper that serves Tucson and surrounding districts of southern Arizona in the United States . The paper was purchased by Pulitzer in 1971 ; Lee Enterprises bought Pulitzer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Arizona_Daily_Star', 'summary': 'The Arizona Daily Star is the major morning daily newspaper that serves Tucson and surrounding districts of southern Arizona in the United States . The paper was purchased by Pulitzer in 1971 ; Lee Enterprises bought Pulitzer .'}]}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas', 'summary': "Arkansas ( /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw ) [ c ] is a state in the south central region of the United States , home to more than three million people as of 2018 . Its name is from the Osage language , of Siouan derivation ; it denoted their related kin , the Quapaw people . The state 's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains , which make up the U.S . Interior Highlands , to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands , to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta . Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States . The capital and most populous city is Little Rock , located in the central portion of the state , a hub for transportation , business , culture , and government . The northwestern corner of the state , such as the Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area , is a population , education , and economic center . The largest city in the state 's eastern part is Jonesboro . The largest city in the state 's southeastern part is Pine Bluff . The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15 , 1836 . Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations , and the state landowners largely depended on enslaved African Americans as workers . In 1861 , Arkansas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Under North Carolina v. Alford , 400 U.S. 25 ( 1970 ) , a court may accept a guilty plea from a defendant who maintains his innocence , provided the court finds an adequate factual basis for the plea of guilty . Typically , a criminal defendant will utilize an Alford plea when he intelligently concludes that his interests require entry of a guilty plea in light of strong evidence of actual guilt with the intention of limiting the penalty to be imposed . Arkansas Supreme Court ( 2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court', 'summary': 'The Arkansas Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Arkansas . Since 1925 , it has consisted of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices , and at times Special Justices are called upon in the absence of a regular justice . The Justices are elected in a non-partisan election for eight-year-long terms that are staggered to make it unlikely that the entire court would be replaced in a single election . Any vacancy caused by a Justice not finishing his or her term is filled by an appointment made by the Governor of Arkansas . The current Arkansas Supreme Court consists of :'}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alford plea described as a plea that allows the offender to admit that there is enough evidence to convict him at trial without admitting the offense of record . California State Library , research requested by California State Assembly member ( 2004 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_Library', 'summary': "The California State Library collects , preserves , generates and disseminates a wide array of information . It was founded in 1850 by the California State Legislature . Today , it is the central reference and research library for state government and the Legislature . The California State Library advises , consults with and provides technical assistance to California 's public libraries . It directs state and federal funds to support local public libraries and statewide library programs . The California State Library 's mission is to serve as .the states information hub , preserving Californias cultural heritage and connecting people , libraries and government to the resources and tools they need to succeed and to build a strong California . With the exception of the Sutro Library in the J. Paul Leonard Library at San Francisco State University , the other three branches are located in Sacramento , California , at 914 Capitol Mall , 900 N Street and at the State Capitol ."}, {'url': '/wiki/California_State_Assembly', 'summary': "The Speaker presides over the State Assembly in the chief leadership position , controlling the flow of legislation and committee assignments . The Speaker is nominated by the caucus of the majority party and elected by the full Assembly . Other leaders , such as the majority and minority leaders , are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each party 's strength in the chamber . The current Speaker is Democrat Anthony Rendon ( 63rd-Lakewood ) . The majority leader is Democrat Ian Calderon ( 57th-Whittier ) , while the minority leader is Republican Marie Waldron ( 75th-Escondido ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado', 'summary': 'Colorado ( /ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ , -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ ( listen ) , other variants ) is a state of the Western United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains . It is the 8th most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state . The estimated population of Colorado is 5,770,545 as of 2019 , an increase of 14.7% since the 2010 United States Census . The state was named for the Colorado River , which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado ( Red River ) for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains . The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28 , 1861 , and on August 1 , 1876 , U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state . Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state one century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence . Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north , Nebraska to the northeast , Kansas to the east , Oklahoma to the southeast , New Mexico to the south , Utah to the west , and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners . Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of mountains , forests , high plains , mesas , canyons , plateaus , rivers and desert lands . Colorado is part of the western and southwestern United States and is one of the Mountain States . Denver is the capital and most populous city of Colorado . Residents of the state are known as Coloradans , although the antiquated term Coloradoan is occasionally used .'}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "[ Defendant ] took an Alford plea , which means he did n't admit guilt but agreed that prosecutors had enough evidence to convict him . The Gazette ( 2007 ) [ Defendant ] entered an 'Alford plea ' ... under which he did not admit guilt but acknowledged that enough evidence exists to convict him . Rocky Mountain News ( 2006 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)', 'summary': 'The Gazette is a Pulitzer Prize-winning daily newspaper based in Colorado Springs , Colorado , United States . It has operated since 1873 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News', 'summary': "The Rocky Mountain News ( nicknamed the Rocky ) was a daily newspaper published in Denver , Colorado , United States , from April 23 , 1859 , until February 27 , 2009 . It was owned by the E. W. Scripps Company from 1926 until its closing . As of March 2006 , the Monday-Friday circulation was 255,427 . From the 1940s until 2009 , the newspaper was printed in a tabloid format . Under the leadership of president , publisher , and editor John Temple , the Rocky Mountain News had won four Pulitzer Prizes since 2000 . Most recently in 2006 , the newspaper won two Pulitzers , in Feature Writing and Feature Photography . The paper 's final issue appeared on Friday , February 27 , 2009 , less than two months shy of its 150th anniversary . Its demise left Denver a one-newspaper town , with The Denver Post as the sole remaining large-circulation daily ."}]}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A plea in a criminal case in which the defendant does not admit guilt , but agrees that the state has enough evidence against him or her to get a conviction . Allows the defendant to enter into a plea bargain with the state . If the judge accepts the Alford Plea , a guilty finding is made on the record . State of Connecticut Judicial Branch ( 2009 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut', 'summary': "Connecticut ( /kəˈnɛtɪkət/ ( listen ) ) is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . As of the 2010 Census , it has the highest per-capita income , Human Development Index ( 0.962 ) , and median household income in the United States . It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east , Massachusetts to the north , New York to the west , and Long Island Sound to the south . Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . It is part of New England , although portions of it are often grouped with New York and New Jersey as the tri-state area . The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state . The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river . Connecticut 's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small , short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers . Half of Connecticut was initially part of the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English . Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony . The Connecticut and New Haven colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders , considered the first constitutions in America . In 1662 , the three colonies were merged under a royal charter , making Connecticut a crown colony ."}]}, {'value': 'Delaware', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware', 'summary': "Delaware ( /ˈdɛləwɛər/ ( listen ) ) is one of the 50 states of the United States , in the Mid Atlantic region . [ a ] It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , north by Pennsylvania , and east by New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean . The state takes its name from Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia 's first colonial governor . Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and some islands and territory within the Delaware River . It is the second smallest and sixth least populous state , but the sixth most densely populated . Delaware 's largest city is Wilmington . The state is divided into three counties , the lowest number of any state . From north to south , they are New Castle County , Kent County , and Sussex County . While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural , New Castle County is more urbanized . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south . It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael , near the present town of Lewes , in 1631 . Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'We now hold , in the light of the Alford case , that the rules laid down in Brown and Muzzi are amended to eliminate the requirement that a defendant must admit his actual commission of the offense charged in order for the trial Judge to accept his plea ; if the other requirements laid down in Brown and Muzzi are met , the plea is to be accepted . Supreme Court of Delaware ( 1972 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Delaware', 'summary': "The Supreme Court of Delaware is the sole appellate court in the United States ' state of Delaware . Because Delaware is a popular haven for corporations , the Court has developed a worldwide reputation as a respected source of corporate law decisions , particularly in the area of mergers and acquisitions ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Supreme Court of Florida has held that a judgment of guilt entered upon an Alford plea is conclusive proof of guilt of the criminal offense charged . The Florida Bar v. Cohen ( 1991 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of Florida is the highest court in the U.S. state of Florida . It consists of seven members - the chief justice and six justices . Five members are chosen from five districts around the state to foster geographic diversity and two are selected at-large . The justices are appointed by the governor to set terms that do not exceed six years . Immediately after appointment , the initial term is three years or less , because the justices must appear on the ballot in the next general election that occurs more than one year after their appointment . Afterward they serve six-year terms and remain in office if retained in the general election near the end of each term . Citizens vote on whether they want to retain each justice in office , or not . Chief justices are elected by the members of the Court to two-year terms that end in every even-numbered year . Chief justices can succeed themselves in office if re-elected by the other justices . The Court is the final arbiter of Florida law , and its decisions are binding authority for all other Florida state courts and for federal courts when they apply Florida law . In most instances , the only appeal from the Florida Supreme Court is to the U.S. Supreme Court on questions of federal law . Established upon statehood in 1845 , the court is headquartered across Duval Street from the state capitol in Tallahassee .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "[ Defendant ] entered an 'Alford plea , ' in which he acknowledged there was enough evidence to find him guilty . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ( 2006 ) [ Defendant ] entered an 'Alford ' plea , in which a defendant does not admit guilt but asserts that a guilty plea is in his best interest . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ( 2004 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution', 'summary': 'The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ( AJC ) is the only major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta , Georgia , United States . It is the flagship publication of Cox Enterprises . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the result of the merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution . The two staffs were combined in 1982 . Separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ended in 2001 in favor of a single morning paper under the Journal-Constitution name . The AJC has its headquarters in the Atlanta suburb of Dunwoody , Georgia . It was formerly co-owned with television flagship WSB-TV and six radio stations , which are located separately in midtown Atlanta , however , the AJC remained part of Cox Enterprises , while WSB became part of an independent Cox Media Group . Past issues of the newspaper are archived in the United States Library of Congress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution', 'summary': 'The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ( AJC ) is the only major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta , Georgia , United States . It is the flagship publication of Cox Enterprises . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the result of the merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution . The two staffs were combined in 1982 . Separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ended in 2001 in favor of a single morning paper under the Journal-Constitution name . The AJC has its headquarters in the Atlanta suburb of Dunwoody , Georgia . It was formerly co-owned with television flagship WSB-TV and six radio stations , which are located separately in midtown Atlanta , however , the AJC remained part of Cox Enterprises , while WSB became part of an independent Cox Media Group . Past issues of the newspaper are archived in the United States Library of Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawaii', 'summary': "Hawaiʻi ( /həˈwaɪi/ ( listen ) hə-WY-ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi [ həˈvɐjʔi ] ) is a state of the United States of America . It is the only state located in the Pacific Ocean and the only state composed entirely of islands . The state encompasses nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago , 137 islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . The volcanic archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are , in order from northwest to southeast : Niʻihau , Kauaʻi , Oʻahu , Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , Maui , and Hawaiʻi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . Hawaiʻi is the 8th-smallest geographically and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 states . It is the only state with an Asian American plurality . Hawaii has more than 1.4 million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . The state capital and largest city is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . The state 's ocean coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. , after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California . Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union , on August 21 , 1959 ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "While the Supreme Court has held that a guilty plea may be accepted by the trial court , and sentence may be pronounced thereon even where the defendant is unable or unwilling to admit to the commission of the act charged , North Carolina v. Alford , 400 U.S. 25 , 91 S.Ct . 160 , 27 L.Ed.2d 162 ( 1970 ) , we think that where a tendered plea of guilty is accompanied by a contemporaneous denial of the acts constituting the crime charged , a searching inquiry addressed to the defendant personally , to ensure the defendant 's complete understanding of the finality of his guilty plea if accepted , should be conducted by the trial court before accepting the plea . Only then , and only after satisfying itself that there is a strong factual basis for the plea , ought the trial court to accept the plea . Supreme Court of Hawaii ( 1980 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of Hawaii is the highest court of the State of Hawaii in the United States . Its decisions are binding on all other courts of the Hawaii State Judiciary . The principal purpose of the Supreme Court is to review the decisions of the trial courts in which appeals have been granted . Appeals are decided by the members of the Supreme Court based on written records and in some cases may grant oral arguments in the main Supreme Court chamber . Like its mainland United States counterparts , the Supreme Court does not take evidence and uses only evidence provided in previous trials . The court meets in Aliʻiōlani Hale in Honolulu .'}]}, {'value': 'Idaho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho', 'summary': "Idaho ( /ˈaɪdəhoʊ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast , Wyoming to the east , Nevada and Utah to the south , and Washington and Oregon to the west . To the north , it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia . With a population of approximately 1.7 million and an area of 83,569 square miles ( 216,440 km2 ) , Idaho is the 14th largest , the 12th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital and largest city is Boise . Idaho prior to European settlement was inhabited by Native American peoples , some of whom still live in the area . In the early 19th century , Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country , an area disputed between the U.S. and the United Kingdom . It officially became U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863 , instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory . Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3 , 1890 , becoming the 43rd state . Forming part of the Pacific Northwest ( and the associated Cascadia bioregion ) , Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions . The state 's north , the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle , is closely linked with Eastern Washington with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone - the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone . The state 's south includes the Snake River Plain ( which has most of the population and agricultural land ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Although an Alford plea allows a defendant to plead guilty amid assertions of innocence , it does not require a court to accept those assertions . The sentencing court may , of necessity , consider a broad range of information , including the evidence of the crime , the defendant 's criminal history and the demeanor of the defendant , including the presence or absence of remorse . Idaho Court of Appeals , State of Idaho v. Howry ( 1995 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho_Court_of_Appeals', 'summary': 'The Idaho Court of Appeals is the intermediate-level appellate court for the state of Idaho . The court was created by statute by the Idaho Legislature and began operations in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alford plea , in which [ defendant ] conceded that a judge or jury shown the evidence would probably find him guilty . Chicago Tribune ( 2008 ) Alford plea - under which a defendant acknowledges there is enough evidence for a conviction without admitting wrongdoing . The Chicago Sun-Times ( 2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Tribune', 'summary': "The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago , Illinois , United States , owned by Tribune Publishing . Founded in 1847 , and formerly self-styled as the World 's Greatest Newspaper ( a slogan for which WGN radio and television are named ) , it remains the most-read daily newspaper of the Chicago metropolitan area and the Great Lakes region . It had the 6th highest circulation for American newspapers in 2017 . In the 1850s , under Joseph Medill , the Chicago Tribune became closely associated with Illinois ' favorite son , Abraham Lincoln , and with the Republican Party . In the 20th century under Medill 's grandson , Robert R. McCormick , it achieved a reputation as a crusading paper with a decidedly American conservative anti-New Deal outlook , and its writing reached other markets through family and corporate relationships at the New York Daily News and the Washington Times-Herald . The 1960s saw its corporate parent owner , Tribune Company , reach into new markets . In 2008 , for the first time in its over century-and-a-half history , its editorial page endorsed a Democrat , Illinoisan Barack Obama , for U.S. president . Originally published solely as a broadsheet , on January 13 , 2009 , the Tribune announced it would continue publishing as a broadsheet for home delivery , but would publish in tabloid format for newsstand , news box , and commuter station sales . This change , however , proved to be unpopular with readers and in August 2011 , the Tribune discontinued the tabloid edition , returning to its established broadsheet format through all distribution channels . In December 2019 , Alden Global Capital , a New York City-based hedge fund , acquired a 32% stake in shares of Tribune Publishing Company . The Tribune 's masthead displays the American flag , in reference to the paper 's former motto , An American Paper for Americans . The motto is no longer displayed on the masthead , where it was placed below the flag ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Chicago_Sun-Times', 'summary': 'The Chicago Sun-Times is a daily newspaper published in Chicago , Illinois , United States . It is the flagship paper of the Sun-Times Media Group , with the second biggest circulation in Chicago .'}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 ."}]}, {'value': 'No', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Supreme Court of Indiana has held that judges may not accept guilty pleas accompanied by protestations of innocence . The court suggested that Alford pleas risk being unintelligent , involuntary , and inaccurate . Another reason for the Indiana rule is that Alford pleas undercut public respect for the justice system . Cornell Law Review ( 2003 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornell_Law_Review', 'summary': 'The Cornell Law Review is the flagship legal journal of Cornell Law School . Originally published in 1915 as the Cornell Law Quarterly , the journal features scholarship in all fields of law . Notably , past issues of the Cornell Law Review have included articles by Supreme Court justices Robert H. Jackson , John Marshall Harlan II , William O. Douglas , Felix Frankfurter , and Ruth Bader Ginsburg . The Cornell Law Review ranks 7th among law journals in impact and influence according to Google Scholar Metrics .'}]}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa', 'summary': "Iowa ( /ˈaɪəwə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west . It is bordered by six states : Wisconsin to the northeast , Illinois to the east and southeast , Missouri to the south , Nebraska to the west , South Dakota to the northwest , and Minnesota to the north . In colonial times , Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt . In the latter half of the 20th century , Iowa 's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing , processing , financial services , information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production . Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital , most populous city , and largest metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "In an Alford plea , a defendant does n't admit guilt but acknowledges there is enough evidence for a jury to convict him . Associated Press ( 2009 ) In an Alford plea , a defendant does not admit guilt , but acknowledges that prosecutors have enough evidence to convict him at trial . Associated Press ( 2002 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associated_Press', 'summary': 'The Associated Press ( AP ) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City . Founded in 1846 , it operates as a cooperative , unincorporated association . Its members are U.S. newspapers and broadcasters . The AP news report , distributed to its members and customers , is produced in English , Spanish and Arabic . The AP has earned 53 Pulitzer Prizes , including 31 for photography , since the award was established in 1917 . The AP has counted the vote in U.S. elections since 1848 , including national , state and local races down to the legislative level in all 50 states , along with key ballot measures . The AP collects and verifies returns in every county , parish , city and town across the U.S. , and declares winners in over 5,000 contests . As of 2016 [ update ] , news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,300 newspapers and broadcasters . The AP operates 263 news bureaus in 106 countries . It also operates the AP Radio Network , which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations . Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers , paying a fee to use AP material without being contributing members of the cooperative . As part of their cooperative agreement with the AP , most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Associated_Press', 'summary': 'The Associated Press ( AP ) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City . Founded in 1846 , it operates as a cooperative , unincorporated association . Its members are U.S. newspapers and broadcasters . The AP news report , distributed to its members and customers , is produced in English , Spanish and Arabic . The AP has earned 53 Pulitzer Prizes , including 31 for photography , since the award was established in 1917 . The AP has counted the vote in U.S. elections since 1848 , including national , state and local races down to the legislative level in all 50 states , along with key ballot measures . The AP collects and verifies returns in every county , parish , city and town across the U.S. , and declares winners in over 5,000 contests . As of 2016 [ update ] , news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,300 newspapers and broadcasters . The AP operates 263 news bureaus in 106 countries . It also operates the AP Radio Network , which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations . Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers , paying a fee to use AP material without being contributing members of the cooperative . As part of their cooperative agreement with the AP , most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An Alford plea is a plea to a criminal charge but without admitting to its commission , i.e. , to the truth of the charge and every material fact therein . The defendant may accomplish this in two ways : by affirmatively protesting innocence or by simply refusing to admit the acts constituting the charge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky', 'summary': "Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "In an Alford plea , a defendant does n't admit guilt but acknowledges there is enough evidence for a conviction . The Kentucky Post ( 2007 ) In an Alford plea , a defendant does not admit guilt but concedes there is enough evidence for conviction . Lexington Herald-Leader ( 2006 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Kentucky_Post', 'summary': 'The Cincinnati Post was an afternoon daily newspaper published in Cincinnati , Ohio , United States . In Northern Kentucky , it was bundled inside a local edition called The Kentucky Post . The Post was a founding publication and onetime flagship of Scripps-Howard Newspapers , a division of the E. W. Scripps Company . For much of its history , the Post was the most widely read paper in the Cincinnati market . Its readership was concentrated on the West Side of Cincinnati , as well as in Northern Kentucky , where it was considered the newspaper of record . The Post began publishing in 1881 and launched its Northern Kentucky edition in 1890 . It acquired The Cincinnati Times-Star in 1958 . The Post ceased publication at the end of 2007 , after 30 years in a joint operating agreement with The Cincinnati Enquirer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lexington_Herald-Leader', 'summary': "The Lexington Herald-Leader is a newspaper owned by The McClatchy Company and based in the U.S. city of Lexington , Kentucky . According to the 1999 Editor & Publisher International Yearbook , the Herald-Leader 's paid circulation is the second largest in the Commonwealth of Kentucky . The newspaper has won the 1986 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting , the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing and the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning . It had also been a finalist in six other Pulitzer awards in the 22-year period up until its sale in 2006 , a record that was unsurpassed by any mid-sized newspaper in the United States during the same time frame ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana', 'summary': "Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Under an Alford plea , a defendant maintains his innocence , but concedes he would likely be convicted if his case went to trial . The court treats the case as a guilty plea . The Advocate ( 1999 ) In an Alford plea , the defendant does not admit he committed a crime , but believes it is in his best interest to plead guilty . The Advocate ( 1999 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Advocate_(Louisiana)', 'summary': "The Advocate is Louisiana 's largest daily newspaper . Based in Baton Rouge , it serves the southern portion of the state , including Baton Rouge and Lafayette . A separate edition for New Orleans , The Times-Picayune | The New Orleans Advocate , is published . It also publishes weekly entertainment magazines : Red in Baton Rouge and Lafayette , and Beaucoup in New Orleans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Advocate_(Louisiana)', 'summary': "The Advocate is Louisiana 's largest daily newspaper . Based in Baton Rouge , it serves the southern portion of the state , including Baton Rouge and Lafayette . A separate edition for New Orleans , The Times-Picayune | The New Orleans Advocate , is published . It also publishes weekly entertainment magazines : Red in Baton Rouge and Lafayette , and Beaucoup in New Orleans ."}]}, {'value': 'Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine', 'summary': "Maine ( /meɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the northernmost state in the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . Located in New England , it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Québec to the northeast and northwest , respectively . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state , is the easternmost among the contiguous United States , and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes . Maine is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state , including coastal areas . Maine 's most populous city is Portland and its capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Alford plea , which allows her to plead guilty to the state 's evidence while continuing , for the record , to maintain her innocence . Bangor Daily News ( 1998 ) The defendants entered what is technically called an 'Alford plea , ' in which they contend they are innocent , but admit that there is sufficient evidence for a jury to find them guilty , and it is in their best interests to plead guilty . Bangor Daily News ( 1994 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News', 'summary': 'The Bangor Daily News is an American newspaper covering a large portion of rural Maine , published six days per week in Bangor , Maine . The Bangor Daily News was founded on June 18 , 1889 ; it merged with the Bangor Whig and Courier in 1900 . Also known as the News or the BDN , the paper is published by Bangor Publishing Company , a local family-owned company . It is the only independently owned daily newspaper in the state .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News', 'summary': 'The Bangor Daily News is an American newspaper covering a large portion of rural Maine , published six days per week in Bangor , Maine . The Bangor Daily News was founded on June 18 , 1889 ; it merged with the Bangor Whig and Courier in 1900 . Also known as the News or the BDN , the paper is published by Bangor Publishing Company , a local family-owned company . It is the only independently owned daily newspaper in the state .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland', 'summary': "Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Under an Alford plea , the defendant does not admit guilt but acknowledges that the state has enough evidence for a conviction . The Maryland Gazette ( 2007 ) Under an Alford plea , a defendant does not explicitly admit guilt but acknowledges prosecutors have enough evidence to convict . The Washington Post ( 1998 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Maryland_Gazette', 'summary': 'The Gazette , founded in 1727 as The Maryland Gazette , is one of the oldest newspapers in America . Its modern-day descendant , The Capital , was acquired by The Baltimore Sun Media Group in 2014 . Previously , it was owned by the Capital Gazette Communications group , which published The Capital , Bowie Blade-News , Crofton-West County Gazette , and Capital Style Magazine . The Gazette and their sister publications have a long history , having been composed and printed in numerous locations , all in the Annapolis area , for more than 270 years . The company has moved headquarters seven times , including from 3 Church Circle to 213 West St. in 1948 , to 2000 Capital Drive in 1987 and to Bestgate Road in September 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Washington_Post', 'summary': "The Washington Post ( sometimes abbreviated to WaPo ) is a major American daily newspaper published in Washington , D.C. Daily broadsheet editions are printed for the District of Columbia , Maryland , and Virginia . The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes . This includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008 , second only to The New York Times 's seven awards in 2002 for the highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year . Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards . In the early 1970s , in the best-known episode in the newspaper 's history , reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein led the American press 's investigation into what became known as the Watergate scandal . Their reporting in The Washington Post greatly contributed to the resignation of President Richard Nixon . In years since , the Post 's investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center . In October 2013 , the paper 's longtime controlling family , the Graham family , sold the newspaper to Nash Holdings , a holding company established by Jeff Bezos , for $ 250 million in cash ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Table -- U.S. states', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_U.S._states_by_Alford_plea_usage_0', 'intro': 'List of U.S. states by Alford plea usage documents usage of the form of guilty plea known as the Alford plea in each of the U.S. states in the United States. An Alford plea (also referred to as Alford guilty plea and Alford doctrine) in the law of the United States is a guilty plea in criminal court, where the defendant does not admit the act and asserts innocence. Under the Alford plea the defendant admits that sufficient evidence exists with which the prosecution could likely convince a judge or jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The Alford plea arose out of the 1970 case before the Supreme Court of the United States, North Carolina v. Alford, where the Court ruled that the defendant could be allowed to enter a guilty plea while still maintaining innocence. According to the United States Department of Justice, in 2000 a greater percentage of State inmates made use of the plea than Federal inmates. The state courts of Indiana, Michigan, and New Jersey do not allow usage of the plea. It has been used in other states, and in application of the plea process the courts require the plea to be of a voluntary nature and based on factual evidence. The courts make an effort to determine defendants are entering the plea by their own choice, and that there is a factual basis for the plea; they accomplish this by questioning the defendant about their choice and the prosecution about the potential case against the defendant. Once entered, the plea is treated as a standard guilty plea.'}
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What is the capital and largest city of this state whose plea usage was presented by this press purchased by Pulitzer in 1971 ?
Phoenix
0aaf81ae0633a83d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_McFly', 'title': 'List of songs recorded by McFly', 'header': ['Title', 'Original Artist', 'Album', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': "Baby 's Coming Back", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jellyfish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jellyfish_(band)', 'summary': "Jellyfish was an American rock band formed in San Francisco in 1989 . Led by songwriters Andy Sturmer ( drums , vocals ) and Roger Manning ( keyboards , vocals ) , the group was known for their blend of 1970s classic rock and XTC-style power pop . They released two albums , Bellybutton ( 1990 ) and Spilt Milk ( 1993 ) , that proved highly influential to artists in a similar vein . Sturmer and Manning met in high school and shared an admiration for jazz , post-punk , and British pop music . Following a stint as members of Beatnik Beatch , they quit the group to continue songwriting with one another and formed Jellyfish with guitarist Jason Falkner , who left after the tour for Bellybutton . The group viewed Spilt Milk as their masterpiece and the fulfillment of their original grandiose vision for the band , emphasizing high-energy moods , vocal harmonies , and studio artifice . Jellyfish broke up in 1994 due to poor record sales , Sturmer 's discomfort with his role as frontman , and artistic conflicts between the two songwriters . Manning subsequently formed Imperial Drag and pursued careers as a solo artist and session musician . Sturmer worked with the Japanese pop duo Puffy AmiYumi and has kept a low public profile , but continues working as a songwriter and composer for various cartoons . In 2020 , Manning , bassist Tim Smith , and guitarist Eric Dover reunited as the Lickerish Quartet . During their five-year existence , Jellyfish attracted critical acclaim and a devoted cult following , but were out of step with the prevailing rock trends of the time ( hair metal and grunge ) . Their only charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 was Baby 's Coming Back ."}]}, {'value': 'All the Greatest Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_the_Greatest_Hits', 'summary': "All the Greatest Hits , is the first compilation album released by British band McFly . Released on 5 November 2007 , two editions of the album were available , one including fourteen tracks , featuring a selection of the group 's best singles , and one including twenty-two tracks , including all of the group 's singles , plus a couple of B-sides and remixes . There are also three new songs featured on the album : The Heart Never Lies , Do n't Wake Me Up , and The Way You Make Me Feel . The album was certified as Gold in the UK , and has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide . McFly revealed in the compilation 's booklet that it was n't their idea to release a Greatest Hits album , and that they are still not keen on the idea ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black or White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Jackson', 'summary': "Michael Joseph Jackson ( August 29 , 1958 - June 25 , 2009 ) was an American singer , songwriter , and dancer . Dubbed the King of Pop , he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century and one of the greatest entertainers in the history of music . Jackson 's contributions to music , dance , and fashion , along with his publicized personal life , made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades . His sound and style have influenced artists of various genres . The eighth child of the Jackson family , Jackson made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5 . Jackson began his solo career in 1971 while at Motown Records , and rose to solo stardom with his fifth studio album Off the Wall ( 1979 ) . By the early 1980s , Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music . His music videos , including those for Beat It , Billie Jean , and Thriller from his sixth studio album Thriller ( 1982 ) , are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool . Their popularity helped propel the television channel MTV into a significant factor of 1980s pop culture . The album won a record-breaking eight Grammy Awards at the 26th Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year . Jackson continued to innovate with videos including Leave Me Alone and Smooth Criminal from Bad ( 1987 ) , Black or White and Remember the Time from Dangerous ( 1991 ) , Scream from HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I ( 1995 ) and Ghosts from the remix album Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix ( 1997 ) . Jackson forged a reputation as a global touring artist ."}]}, {'value': 'Radio : ACTIVE Live at Wembley /Nokia Green Room', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radio:Active_(DVD)', 'summary': "Radio : Active Live at Wembley is a DVD by English pop punk band McFly . The DVD was filmed at Wembley Arena in London , during their Radio : Active Tour on 27 November 2008 . The DVD includes over 80 minutes of concert footage , filmed by Grammy-nominated director Paul Caslin , as well as a 90-minute documentary on the band 's tour . Sonora , the largest digital music website in Brazil , issued six live recordings via their YouTube channel . The DVD topped the British DVD charts , and stayed in first position for three weeks . The concert was also issued as a live album ."}]}, {'value': '2008/-09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Build Me Up Buttercup ( with Busted )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busted_(band)', 'summary': 'Busted are an English rock band from Southend-on-Sea , Essex , consisting of James Bourne , Matt Willis and Charlie Simpson . Formed in 2000 , the band had four UK number-one singles , won two Brit awards , released four studio albums and sold over 5 million records . The band released - Busted ( 2002 ) and A Present for Everyone ( 2003 ) - before disbanding in January 2005 . Following the split , all three members pursued separate musical careers : Simpson as the frontman for the post-hardcore band Fightstar , Bourne as the lead singer of pop punk band Son of Dork and Willis as a solo artist . According to the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , Busted has been certified for 2.4 million albums and 1.2 million singles in the UK . In November 2013 , Willis and Bourne announced plans to tour together with McFly as the supergroup McBusted in 2014 , and this continued into 2015 . On 10 November 2015 , it was revealed that Simpson had rejoined Busted after successful secret writing sessions . The band then embarked on the Pigs Can Fly arena tour in May 2016 and released their third studio album , Night Driver , on 25 November 2016 . On 26 October 2018 , Busted announced their fourth album Half Way There , released on 1 February 2019 , as well as a UK arena tour .'}]}, {'value': 'The Foundations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Foundations', 'summary': "The Foundations were a British soul band , active from 1967 to 1970 . The group was made up of West Indians , White British , and a Sri Lankan . Their 1967 debut single Baby Now That I 've Found You reached number one in the UK and Canada , and number eleven in the US , while their 1968 single Build Me Up Buttercup reached number two in the UK and number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The group was the first multi-racial group to have a number one hit in the UK in the 1960s . The Foundations were one of the few British acts to successfully imitate what became known as the Motown Sound . The Foundations signed to Pye , at the time one of only four big UK record companies ( the others being EMI with its HMV , Columbia Records , and Parlophone labels ; Decca ; and Philips who also owned Fontana ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Crashed The Wedding CD1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crashed_The_Wedding', 'summary': "Crashed the Wedding is a song by English pop rock band Busted . It was written by James Bourne and McFly 's Tom Fletcher and produced by Steve Power . It was released on 10 November 2003 through Island Records as the lead single from Busted 's second studio album A Present for Everyone ( 2003 ) Crashed the Wedding became Busted 's second single to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart , with first week sales of 55,000 . The song is loosely based on the wedding scene in the 1967 film The Graduate and the line I 'm so rushed off my feet , looking for Gordon Street is a reference to the 1993 film Wayne 's World 2 . The song was nominated for the People 's Choice Award at The 2004 Music Vision Awards ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crazy Little Thing Called Love', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_(band)', 'summary': "Queen are a British rock band formed in London in 1970 . Their classic line-up was Freddie Mercury ( lead vocals , piano ) , Brian May ( guitar , vocals ) , Roger Taylor ( drums , vocals ) and John Deacon ( bass ) . Their earliest works were influenced by progressive rock , hard rock and heavy metal , but the band gradually ventured into more conventional and radio-friendly works by incorporating further styles , such as arena rock and pop rock . Before forming Queen , May and Taylor had played together in the band Smile . Mercury was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques . He joined in 1970 and suggested the name Queen . Deacon was recruited in March 1971 , before the band released their eponymous debut album in 1973 . Queen first charted in the UK with their second album , Queen II , in 1974 . Sheer Heart Attack later that year and A Night at the Opera in 1975 brought them international success . The latter featured Bohemian Rhapsody , which stayed at number one in the UK for nine weeks and helped popularise the music video format . The band 's 1977 album News of the World contained We Will Rock You and We Are the Champions , which have become anthems at sporting events . By the early 1980s , Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Room On The 3rd Floor CD1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Room_on_the_3rd_Floor_(song)', 'summary': "Room on the 3rd Floor is a song recorded by English pop rock band McFly . It was released on 15 November 2004 as the fourth and final single from their debut studio album of the same name ( 2004 ) . The song debuted at number five in the UK Singles Chart . The song also appears as a B-side for the band 's next single , All About You/You 've Got a Friend ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deck The Halls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Traditional Christmas Carol', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Room On The 3rd Floor CD2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Room_on_the_3rd_Floor_(song)', 'summary': "Room on the 3rd Floor is a song recorded by English pop rock band McFly . It was released on 15 November 2004 as the fourth and final single from their debut studio album of the same name ( 2004 ) . The song debuted at number five in the UK Singles Chart . The song also appears as a B-side for the band 's next single , All About You/You 've Got a Friend ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Do n't Stop Me Now", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_(band)', 'summary': "Queen are a British rock band formed in London in 1970 . Their classic line-up was Freddie Mercury ( lead vocals , piano ) , Brian May ( guitar , vocals ) , Roger Taylor ( drums , vocals ) and John Deacon ( bass ) . Their earliest works were influenced by progressive rock , hard rock and heavy metal , but the band gradually ventured into more conventional and radio-friendly works by incorporating further styles , such as arena rock and pop rock . Before forming Queen , May and Taylor had played together in the band Smile . Mercury was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques . He joined in 1970 and suggested the name Queen . Deacon was recruited in March 1971 , before the band released their eponymous debut album in 1973 . Queen first charted in the UK with their second album , Queen II , in 1974 . Sheer Heart Attack later that year and A Night at the Opera in 1975 brought them international success . The latter featured Bohemian Rhapsody , which stayed at number one in the UK for nine weeks and helped popularise the music video format . The band 's 1977 album News of the World contained We Will Rock You and We Are the Champions , which have become anthems at sporting events . By the early 1980s , Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Motion in the Ocean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motion_in_the_Ocean', 'summary': "Motion in the Ocean is the third studio album released by English pop rock band McFly . The album was released in the United Kingdom on 6 November 2006 . The album has sold more than 300,000 copies in the UK since its release , being certified platinum . The tour edition of the album was released on 14 May 2007 . Alongside the addition of bonus track Baby 's Coming Back , the album was accompanied by a DVD of the Motion in the Ocean Tour 2006 , recorded live at Wembley Arena . The album was a limited edition . This version of the album reached number fourteen on the official album chart , selling 11,256 copies ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dynamite', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taio Cruz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taio_Cruz', 'summary': "Jacob Taio Cruz ( born Adetayo Ayowale Onile-Ere ; April 23 , 1985 ) , known professionally as Taio Cruz /taɪ.oʊˈkruːz/ , is an English singer , songwriter , rapper and record producer . In 2008 , he released his debut album Departure , which he wrote , arranged and produced . The album achieved certified gold status in the United Kingdom and earned him a Music of Black Origin Awards ( MOBO ) nomination . In October 2009 , Cruz released his follow-up album Rokstarr , which includes the number one singles Break Your Heart and Dynamite . Cruz collaborated with Kesha on the single Dirty Picture , and with Kylie Minogue and Travie McCoy on his single Higher . Cruz wrote and recorded the song Telling the World as the lead single from the soundtrack to the 2011 animated film Rio . Cruz 's third studio album , TY.O , was first released in Germany in December 2011 . In 2012 , Cruz co-wrote David Guetta and Usher 's song Without You . In April 2015 , Cruz released the first single , Do What You Like from his forthcoming Roses Collection . In late 2015 , Taio added vocals to Tujamo 's Melbourne track , Booty Bounce which was released by Spinnin ' Records ."}]}, {'value': "Radio 1 's Live Lounge - Volume 5", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Radio_1's_Live_Lounge_–_Volume_5", 'summary': "Radio 1 's Live Lounge - Volume 5 is a collection of live tracks played on Fearne Cotton 's Radio 1 show . The album is the fifth in a series of Live Lounge albums . It consists of both covers and the bands ' own songs . The album was released on 25 October 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fight For Your Right', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beastie Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beastie_Boys', 'summary': "The Beastie Boys were an American hip hop group from New York City formed in 1981 . The group was composed of Michael Mike D Diamond ( vocals , drums ) , Adam MCA Yauch ( vocals , bass ) and Adam Ad-Rock Horovitz ( vocals , guitar , programming ) . The Beastie Boys were formed as a four-piece hardcore punk band , the Young Aborigines , in 1978 by Mike D ( vocals ) , MCA ( bass ) , John Berry ( guitar ) and Kate Schellenbach ( drums ) . They appeared on the compilation cassette New York Thrash , contributing two songs from their first EP , Polly Wog Stew , in 1982 . Berry left shortly thereafter and was replaced by Horovitz . After achieving local success with the 1983 experimental hip hop single Cooky Puss , the Beastie Boys made a full transition to hip hop , and Schellenbach left the group soon after . They toured with Madonna in 1985 and a year later released their debut album Licensed to Ill . It was followed by Paul 's Boutique , Check Your Head , Ill Communication , Hello Nasty , To the 5 Boroughs , The Mix-Up , and Hot Sauce Committee Part Two . The Beastie Boys have sold 26 million records in the United States and 50 million records worldwide , making them the biggest-selling rap group since Billboard began recording sales in 1991 . With seven platinum-selling albums from 1986 to 2004 , the Beastie Boys were one of the longest-lived hip hop acts worldwide . In 2012 , they became the third rap group to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In the same year , MCA died of cancer ."}]}, {'value': 'The Greatest Bits : B-Sides & Rarities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Greatest_Bits:_B-Sides_&_Rarities', 'summary': "The Greatest Bits : B-Sides & Rarities is the second compilation album released by British pop rock band McFly . The album was released on 3 December 2007 , and was only available at Woolworths stores across the UK . The album features a range of B-Sides and covers from the group 's singles , as well as a new recording of Santa Claus Is Coming To Town . The record has become quite sought after since the collapse of Woolworths in 2008 . Also , their cover of Pinball Wizard is a new live version ( previously released only as a studio version and a music video ) ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Help !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Beatles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beatles', 'summary': "The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With a line-up comprising John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they are regarded as the most influential band of all time . The group were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music 's recognition as an art form . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways ; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock . As pioneers in recording , songwriting and artistic presentation , the group revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era 's youth and sociocultural movements . Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over three years from 1960 , initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass . The core trio of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , together since 1958 , went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding their domestic success after their first hit , Love Me Do , in late 1962 . As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed Beatlemania , the band acquired the nickname the Fab Four , with Epstein , Martin and other members of the band 's entourage sometimes given the informal title of fifth Beatle . By early 1964 , the Beatles were international stars , leading the British Invasion of the United States pop market and breaking numerous sales records . They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) . From 1965 onwards , they produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) and Sgt ."}]}, {'value': 'Obviously CD2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obviously', 'summary': "Obviously is a song by English pop rock band McFly . It was released as the second single from their debut studio album , Room on the 3rd Floor . The single itself features a cover version of Beatles single , Help ! , as well as the band 's first recorded interview - part one of which can be found on CD2 , with part two appearing on a limited edition 7 picture disc . The single was the band 's second number-one single on the UK Singles Chart , where it stayed for one week . It also reached number 14 in Ireland ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Kissed A Girl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katy Perry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katy_Perry', 'summary': 'Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson ( born October 25 , 1984 ) , known professionally as Katy Perry , is an American singer , songwriter , and television judge . After singing in church during her childhood , she pursued a career in gospel music as a teenager . Perry signed with Red Hill Records and released her debut studio album Katy Hudson under her birth name in 2001 , which was commercially unsuccessful . She moved to Los Angeles the following year to venture into secular music after Red Hill ceased operations and she subsequently began working with producers Glen Ballard , Dr. Luke , and Max Martin . After adopting the stage name Katy Perry and being dropped by The Island Def Jam Music Group and Columbia Records , she signed a recording contract with Capitol Records in April 2007 . Perry rose to fame in 2008 with her second album , One of the Boys , a pop rock record containing the singles I Kissed a Girl and Hot n Cold . The former track also sparked controversy for its themes of lesbianism . Her third album , Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) , ventured into disco , and was her first record to top the U.S . Billboard 200 . It peaked at number one on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 with the singles California Gurls , Teenage Dream , Firework , E.T. , and Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F . ) , while The One That Got Away reached number three on the chart .'}]}, {'value': 'Do Ya/Stay with Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Do_Ya/Stay_with_Me', 'summary': "Do Ya/Stay with Me is McFly 's third single taken from the album Radio : Active and was the official Children in Need single for 2008 . It was released physically on 24 November 2008 and for download on 23 November 2008 . Stay with Me is a cover of a song by The Faces , and was the main Children in Need single . McFly performed both tracks live on Children in Need 2008 on 14 November 2008 . Do Ya appears on the international soundtrack to the Brazilian telenovela , Três Irmãs ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Predict A Riot', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaiser Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaiser_Chiefs', 'summary': 'Kaiser Chiefs are an English indie rock band from Leeds who formed in 2000 as Parva , releasing one studio album , 22 , in 2003 , before renaming and establishing themselves in their current name that same year . Since their formation the band consists of lead vocalist Ricky Wilson , guitarist Andrew Whitey White , bassist Simon Rix , keyboardist and occasional drummer Nick Peanut Baines and since 2013 drummer Vijay Mistry , who replaced founding drummer Nick Hodgson who left the band in late 2012 . Primarily inspired by new wave and punk rock music of the late 1970s and 1980s , the band have released seven original studio albums : Employment ( 2005 ) , Yours Truly , Angry Mob ( 2007 ) , Off with Their Heads ( 2008 ) , The Future Is Medieval ( 2011 ) , Education , Education , Education & War ( 2014 ) , Stay Together ( 2016 ) , and Duck ( 2019 ) , one EP : Lap of Honour ( 2005 ) , one compilation album : Souvenir : The Singles 2004-2012 ( 2012 ) and numerous singles , including the number one hit song Ruby . Their album Employment enjoyed critical and commercial success with over three million copies sold . It has won the band three Brit Awards , including the award for Best British Group , a NME award for Best Album , and was shortlisted for the Mercury Prize . Their UK hit singles include 2004 and 2005 number 9 hit I Predict a Riot , 2007 UK number 1 hit Ruby , which has sold over 461,000 copies , from their platinum album Yours Truly , Angry Mob plus a further two Top 20 singles in 2007 with The Angry Mob and Everything Is Average Nowadays . In 2008 , they had a UK number 5 hit with the post-punk revival track Never Miss a Beat . Their 5 singles Ruby , I Predict a Riot , Everyday I Love You Less and Less , Never Miss a Beat and Oh My God had sold a combined total of 1.1 million up to August 2012 . Their latest top 40 single , Coming Home hit number 31 in 2014 . Their album Education , Education , Education & War hit number one in the albums chart also in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ultraviolet/The Ballad of Paul K CD2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultraviolet/The_Ballad_of_Paul_K', 'summary': "Ultraviolet/The Ballad of Paul K is the fourth and final single from British pop rock band McFly 's second studio album , Wonderland ( 2005 ) . It is a double A-side single and was released on 12 December 2005 . The single peaked at No . 9 on the UK Singles Chart , making it one of five singles in their career to date to not reach the top five , along with Do Ya/Stay with Me at No . 18 , Falling in Love at No . 87 , Party Girl at No . 6 , and That 's the Truth at No . 35 , Love Is Easy at No.10 and Love is on the Radio at No . 6 ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Got ta Feeling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Black Eyed Peas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas', 'summary': "Black Eyed Peas ( also known as The Black Eyed Peas ) is an American musical group , consisting of rappers will.i.am , apl.de.ap , and Taboo . Originally an alternative hip hop group , they subsequently changed their musical sound to pop and dance-pop music . Although the group was founded in Los Angeles in 1995 , it was not until the release of their third album , Elephunk , in 2003 , that they achieved high record sales . Since that time , the group has sold an estimated 75 million records , making them one of the world 's best-selling groups of all time . According to Nielsen SoundScan , the Black Eyed Peas were the second-best-selling artist/group of all time for downloaded tracks , behind Rihanna , with over 42 million sales . [ citation needed ] Their first major hit was the 2003 single Where Is the Love ? from Elephunk , which topped the charts in 13 countries , including the United Kingdom , where it spent seven weeks at number one and went on to become Britain 's biggest selling single of 2003 . Another European hit single from the album was Shut Up . Their fourth album , Monkey Business , was an even bigger worldwide success , certified 4× Platinum in the U.S. , and spawning four singles , Do n't Phunk with My Heart , Do n't Lie , My Humps , and Pump It . In 2009 , the group became one of only 11 artists to have simultaneously held the No . 1 and No . 2 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 , with their singles Boom Boom Pow and I Got ta Feeling , which topped the chart for an unprecedented 26 consecutive weeks ."}]}, {'value': 'European Tour', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lola ( with Busted )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busted_(band)', 'summary': 'Busted are an English rock band from Southend-on-Sea , Essex , consisting of James Bourne , Matt Willis and Charlie Simpson . Formed in 2000 , the band had four UK number-one singles , won two Brit awards , released four studio albums and sold over 5 million records . The band released - Busted ( 2002 ) and A Present for Everyone ( 2003 ) - before disbanding in January 2005 . Following the split , all three members pursued separate musical careers : Simpson as the frontman for the post-hardcore band Fightstar , Bourne as the lead singer of pop punk band Son of Dork and Willis as a solo artist . According to the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , Busted has been certified for 2.4 million albums and 1.2 million singles in the UK . In November 2013 , Willis and Bourne announced plans to tour together with McFly as the supergroup McBusted in 2014 , and this continued into 2015 . On 10 November 2015 , it was revealed that Simpson had rejoined Busted after successful secret writing sessions . The band then embarked on the Pigs Can Fly arena tour in May 2016 and released their third studio album , Night Driver , on 25 November 2016 . On 26 October 2018 , Busted announced their fourth album Half Way There , released on 1 February 2019 , as well as a UK arena tour .'}]}, {'value': 'The Kinks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Kinks', 'summary': "The Kinks are an English rock band formed in Muswell Hill , north London , in 1964 by brothers Ray and Dave Davies . They are regarded as one of the most influential rock bands of the 1960s . The band emerged during the height of British rhythm and blues and Merseybeat , and were briefly part of the British Invasion of the United States until their touring ban in 1965 ( as a result of constant fighting between the brothers ) . Their third single , the Ray Davies-penned You Really Got Me , became an international hit , topping the charts in the United Kingdom and reaching the Top 10 in the United States . Their music was influenced by a wide range of genres , including rhythm and blues , American rock and roll , British music hall , folk , and country . They gained a reputation for reflecting English culture and lifestyle , fuelled by Ray Davies ' wittily observational writing style , and are considered one of the most influential groups of the period . Early works included albums such as Face to Face ( 1966 ) , Something Else ( 1967 ) , The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society ( 1968 ) , Arthur ( 1969 ) , Lola Versus Powerman ( 1970 ) , and Muswell Hillbillies ( 1971 ) , along with their accompanying singles . After a fallow period in the mid-1970s , the band experienced a revival during the late 1970s and early 1980s with their albums Sleepwalker ( 1977 ) , Misfits ( 1978 ) , Low Budget ( 1979 ) , Give the People What They Want ( 1981 ) and State of Confusion ( 1983 ) . In addition , groups such as Van Halen , the Jam , the Knack , the Pretenders and the Fall covered their songs , helping to boost the Kinks ' record sales . In the 1990s , Britpop acts such as Blur and Oasis cited the band as a major influence . Ray Davies ( rhythm guitar , lead vocals , keyboards ) and Dave Davies ( lead guitar , vocals ) remained members throughout the band 's 32-year run . Longest-serving member Mick Avory ( drums and percussion ) was replaced by Bob Henrit , formerly of Argent , in 1984 ."}]}, {'value': '5 Colours in Her Hair CD1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5_Colours_in_Her_Hair', 'summary': "5 Colours in Her Hair is the debut single by English pop rock band McFly . It was also the band 's first UK number one . It stayed at the top for two weeks . The song was written by Tom Fletcher . The track is especially well known for its Doo , Doo , Doo , Doo , Doo , Doo ! lyrics , played at the beginning and at the ending of the song . The CD also features a duet with Busted singing a cover of The Kinks song Lola . Overall , it spent twelve weeks in the UK Singles Chart . It also reached number seven in Ireland . The song was inspired by Susan Lee , a character played by actress Emily Corrie in the TV series As If , who wore coloured dreadlocks . The music itself is indebted to 1960s surf and beat music . The song was also nominated for The Record of the Year in 2004 , but finished in second place just one point behind the winner , Thunderbirds / 3AM by Busted ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mr Brightside', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Killers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Killers', 'summary': "The Killers are an American rock band formed in Las Vegas in 2001 by Brandon Flowers ( lead vocals , keyboards , bass ) and Dave Keuning ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) . The current lineup of the band ( as of 2020 ) was completed when Mark Stoermer ( bass , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ) and Ronnie Vannucci Jr. ( drums , percussion ) joined in 2002 . The band 's name is derived from a logo on the bass drum of a fictitious band portrayed in the music video for the New Order song Crystal . The band has released five consecutive chart-topping studio albums : Hot Fuss ( 2004 ) , Sam 's Town ( 2006 ) , Day & Age ( 2008 ) , Battle Born ( 2012 ) and Wonderful Wonderful ( 2017 ) . They have also released a B-sides and rarities compilation , Sawdust ( 2007 ) ; a live album , Live from the Royal Albert Hall ( 2009 ) ; a greatest-hits album , Direct Hits ( 2013 ) ; and a Christmas compilation , Do n't Waste Your Wishes ( 2016 ) . The Killers are considered one of the biggest rock bands of the 21st century , and the most successful act to ever emerge from Nevada , selling more than 28 million albums . They have performed in over 50 countries and on six continents , headlining venues such as Madison Square Garden , Wembley Stadium and Glastonbury Festival ( 2007 and 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'I Wan na Hold You CD1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Wanna_Hold_You', 'summary': 'I Wan na Hold You is a song by English pop rock band McFly . It was released on 17 October 2005 as the third single from their second studio album , Wonderland ( 2005 ) . I Wan na Hold You peaked at number three in the UK Singles Chart and number 13 in Ireland . The song was written by band members Tom Fletcher , Danny Jones and Dougie Poynter .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'My Generation ( with Roger Daltrey )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Daltrey', 'summary': "Roger Harry Daltrey CBE ( born 1 March 1944 ) is an English singer , actor and film producer . He is a founder and the lead singer of the rock band the Who . Daltrey is known for his powerful voice and energetic stage presence . Daltrey 's hit songs with the Who include My Generation , Pinball Wizard , Wo n't Get Fooled Again , Baba O'Riley and You Better You Bet . Daltrey began his solo career in 1973 , while still a member of the Who . Since then , he has released ten solo studio albums , five compilation albums , and one live album . His solo hits include Giving It All Away , Walking the Dog , Written on the Wind , Free Me , Without Your Love and Under a Raging Moon . The Who are considered one of the most influential rock bands of the 20th century , selling over 100 million records worldwide . As a member of the band , Daltrey received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the British Phonographic Industry in 1988 , and from the Grammy Foundation in 2001 . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 , and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005 . He and Pete Townshend received Kennedy Center Honors in 2008 and The George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement at UCLA on 21 May 2016 . Daltrey has also been an actor and film producer , with roles in films , theatre , and television ."}]}, {'value': 'The Who', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Who', 'summary': "The Who are an English rock band formed in London in 1964 . Their classic line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey , guitarist and singer Pete Townshend , bass guitarist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon . They are considered one of the most influential rock bands of the 20th century , selling over 100 million records worldwide . The Who developed from an earlier group , the Detours , and established themselves as part of the pop art and mod movements , featuring auto-destructive art by destroying guitars and drums on stage . Their first single as the Who , I Ca n't Explain , reached the UK top ten , and was followed by a string of singles including My Generation , Substitute and Happy Jack . In 1967 , they performed at the Monterey Pop Festival and released the US top ten single I Can See for Miles , while touring extensively . The group 's fourth album , 1969 's rock opera Tommy , included the single Pinball Wizard and was a critical and commercial success . Live appearances at Woodstock and the Isle of Wight Festival , along with the live album Live at Leeds , cemented their reputation as a respected rock act . With their success came increased pressure on lead songwriter Townshend , and the follow-up to Tommy , Lifehouse , was abandoned . Songs from the project made up 1971 's Who 's Next , which included the hit Wo n't Get Fooled Again . The group released the album Quadrophenia in 1973 as a celebration of their mod roots , and oversaw the film adaptation of Tommy in 1975 . They continued to tour to large audiences before semi-retiring from live performances at the end of 1976 ."}]}, {'value': "Recorded for Teenage Cancer Trust . Released exclusively through the HMV 's download site", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teenage_Cancer_Trust', 'summary': "Teenage Cancer Trust is a cancer care and support charity in the UK that exists to improve the cancer experience of young people aged 13-24 . Founded in 1990 , the charity 's key service is providing specialist teenage units in NHS hospitals . It also trains and funds staff who are teenage cancer specialists . The units are dedicated areas for teenage and young adult patients , who are involved in their concept and creation . Medical facilities on the units are equipped with computers , TVs and game consoles . The charity also serves as an advocate for teenage cancer needs , promoting related research and national and international forums . It also provides support services and education related to teenage and young adult cancer ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pinball Wizard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Who', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Who', 'summary': "The Who are an English rock band formed in London in 1964 . Their classic line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey , guitarist and singer Pete Townshend , bass guitarist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon . They are considered one of the most influential rock bands of the 20th century , selling over 100 million records worldwide . The Who developed from an earlier group , the Detours , and established themselves as part of the pop art and mod movements , featuring auto-destructive art by destroying guitars and drums on stage . Their first single as the Who , I Ca n't Explain , reached the UK top ten , and was followed by a string of singles including My Generation , Substitute and Happy Jack . In 1967 , they performed at the Monterey Pop Festival and released the US top ten single I Can See for Miles , while touring extensively . The group 's fourth album , 1969 's rock opera Tommy , included the single Pinball Wizard and was a critical and commercial success . Live appearances at Woodstock and the Isle of Wight Festival , along with the live album Live at Leeds , cemented their reputation as a respected rock act . With their success came increased pressure on lead songwriter Townshend , and the follow-up to Tommy , Lifehouse , was abandoned . Songs from the project made up 1971 's Who 's Next , which included the hit Wo n't Get Fooled Again . The group released the album Quadrophenia in 1973 as a celebration of their mod roots , and oversaw the film adaptation of Tommy in 1975 . They continued to tour to large audiences before semi-retiring from live performances at the end of 1976 ."}]}, {'value': "I 'll Be OK CD2", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/I'll_Be_OK", 'summary': "I 'll Be OK is a song by English pop rock band McFly . It was released on 15 August 2005 as the second single from their second studio album , Wonderland ( 2005 ) . The single became the group 's fourth UK number one . Despite its initial popularity , it plunged to number 8 in its second week on the chart - and spent only a month in the Top 40 section of the UK Singles Chart ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pass Out', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tinie Tempah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinie_Tempah', 'summary': 'Patrick Chukwuemeka Okogwu ( born 7 November 1988 ) , better known by his stage name Tinie Tempah , is a British rapper , singer , composer and entrepreneur . He has been signed to Parlophone Records since 2009 , a subsidiary of Warner Music Group . He created his own entertainment company Disturbing London in 2006 , along with his cousin Dumi Oburota . After releasing a number of mixtapes , he released his long-awaited debut album , Disc-Overy , in October 2010 . Preceded by two British number-one singles , Pass Out and Written in the Stars , the album charted at number one and was certified Platinum the next year . In February 2011 , he won two Brit Awards for Best British Breakthrough Act and Best British Single . In November 2013 , he released his second album , entitled Demonstration . Preceded by top ten singles Trampoline and Children of the Sun , the album charted at number three and was certified gold by the BPI the next year . In June 2015 , he released Not Letting Go , the first single from his third album Youth . This gave Tempah his sixth UK number one , passing out Dizzee Rascal as the most by any rap artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Above The Noise Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Above_The_Noise_Tour', 'summary': 'The Above the Noise Tour is the worldwide tour undertaken by English pop rock band McFly . The tour was played in support of their fifth studio album , Above the Noise , and their revolutionary band website , SuperCity .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Promise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Girls Aloud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girls_Aloud', 'summary': "Girls Aloud were an English-Irish pop girl group , which was created through the ITV talent show Popstars : The Rivals in 2002 . The group comprised singers Cheryl , Nadine Coyle , Sarah Harding , Nicola Roberts and Kimberley Walsh . The group achieved a string of twenty consecutive top ten singles in the United Kingdom , including four number ones . They also achieved seven certified albums , of which two reached number one . They have been nominated for five Brit Awards , winning the 2009 Best Single for The Promise . The group 's musical style is pop , but throughout their career they had experimented with electropop and dance-pop . Girls Aloud 's collaborations with Brian Higgins and his songwriting and production team Xenomania earned the group critical acclaim , due to an innovative approach to mainstream pop music . The group became one of the few UK reality television acts to achieve continued success , amassing a fortune of £30 million by May 2010 . Guinness World Records lists them as Most Successful Reality TV Group in the 2007 edition . They also hold the record for Most Consecutive Top Ten Entries in the UK by a Female Group in the 2008 edition , and are credited again for Most Successful Reality TV Group in the 2011 edition . The group was also named the United Kingdom 's biggest selling girl group of the 21st century , with over 4.3 million singles sales and 4 million albums sold in the UK alone . The group disbanded in March 2013 following the conclusion of the Ten : The Hits Tour ."}]}, {'value': "Played live during the Up Close ... and this time it 's personal Tour", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Rockin ' Robin", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Day', 'summary': "Robert James Byrd ( July 1 , 1930 - July 27 , 1990 ) , known by the stage name Bobby Day , was an American rock and roll and R & B singer , multi instrumentalist , music producer and songwriter . He is best known for his hit record Rockin ' Robin , written by Jimmie Thomas ."}]}, {'value': "Sorry 's Not Good Enough/Friday Night", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sorry's_Not_Good_Enough/Friday_Night", 'summary': "Sorry 's Not Good Enough/Friday Night is the third single taken from British pop band McFly 's third studio album , Motion in the Ocean . The single was released on 18 December 2006 , entering the UK Singles Chart at No . 3 on 24 December 2006 . Friday Night is the main theme for the film Night at the Museum , appearing on both the soundtrack and in the movie itself . Videos for both tracks were recorded , with the video for Sorry 's Not Good Enough appearing on the DVD single , and the video for Friday Night appearing on the DVD release of Night at the Museum ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Claus Is Coming To Town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Fred Coots and Haven Gillespie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Fred_Coots', 'summary': "John Frederick Coots ( May 2 , 1897 - April 8 , 1985 ) was an American songwriter . He composed over 700 popular songs and over a dozen Broadway shows . In 1934 , Coots wrote the melody with his then chief collaborator , lyricist Haven Gillespie , for the biggest hit for them both Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town . The song became one of the biggest sellers in American history . In 1934 , when Gillespie brought him the lyrics to Santa Claus Is Coming to Town , Coots came up with the skeleton of the music in just ten minutes . Coots took the song to his publisher , Leo Feist Inc. , who liked it but thought it was a kids ' song and did n't expect too much from it . Coots offered the song to Eddie Cantor who used it on his radio show that November and it became an instant hit . The morning after the radio show there were orders for 100,000 copies of sheet music and by Christmas sales had passed 400,000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Haven_Gillespie', 'summary': "James Lamont Gillespie ( February 6 , 1888 - March 14 , 1975 ) pen name Haven Gillespie , was an American Tin Pan Alley composer and lyricist . He was the writer of You Go to My Head , Honey , By the Sycamore Tree , That Lucky Old Sun , Breezin ' Along With The Breeze , Right or Wrong , Beautiful Love , Drifting and Dreaming , and Louisiana Fairy Tale ( Fats Waller 's recording of which was used as the first theme song in the PBS Production of This Old House ) , each song in collaboration with other people such as Beasley Smith , Ervin R. Schmidt , Richard A. Whiting , Wayne King , and Loyal Curtis . He also wrote the seasonal standard Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town ."}]}, {'value': 'The Greatest Bits : B-Sides & Rarities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Greatest_Bits:_B-Sides_&_Rarities', 'summary': "The Greatest Bits : B-Sides & Rarities is the second compilation album released by British pop rock band McFly . The album was released on 3 December 2007 , and was only available at Woolworths stores across the UK . The album features a range of B-Sides and covers from the group 's singles , as well as a new recording of Santa Claus Is Coming To Town . The record has become quite sought after since the collapse of Woolworths in 2008 . Also , their cover of Pinball Wizard is a new live version ( previously released only as a studio version and a music video ) ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Cover songs', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_songs_recorded_by_McFly_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of all songs performed by the British band McFly.'}
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This English rock band formed in London in 1964 had two songs recorded by the band in 2005 ?
The Who
0ab03fe05695fdbb
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_films_of_2009', 'title': 'List of Malayalam films of 2009', 'header': ['Month', 'Date', 'Name', 'Age', 'Profession', 'Notable films'], 'data': [{'value': 'January', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deaths_in_January_2009', 'summary': 'The following is a list of notable deaths in January 2009 . Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname . A typical entry lists information in the following sequence :'}]}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nagesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nagesh', 'summary': "Nagesh ( born Cheyur Krishna Nageshwaran ; ( 27 September 1933 - 31 January 2009 ) was an Indian film actor , mostly remembered for his roles as a comedian during the 1960s . He is regarded as one of the most prolific comedians in Tamil cinema . He acted in over 1,000 films from 1958 to 2008 , performing in a variety of roles as comedian , lead roles , supporting actor and antagonist . He has also acted in Telugu , Malayalam , Hindi and Kannada films . Nagesh 's style of comedy was largely inspired by Hollywood actor Jerry Lewis . Similarities between Nagesh and Lewis earned Nagesh the sobriquet the Jerry Lewis of India . He was also a fantastic dancer . The song Kanni Nathiyoram in the movie Neerkumizhi shows some of his comic dance skills ."}]}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Valarthumrugangal • O ' Faby", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valarthumrugangal', 'summary': 'Valarthumrugangal is a 1981 Indian Malayalam film , directed by Hariharan . The film stars Ratheesh , Sukumaran , Madhavi and Thikkurissi Sukumaran Nair in the lead roles . The film has musical score by MB Sreenivasan .'}, {'url': "/wiki/O'_Faby", 'summary': "O ' Faby is a 1993 Indian Malayalam-language film . It was India 's first full-length live action/animation hybrid feature film . Directed by Sreekumar Krishnan Nair ( as K. Sreekuttan ) , it stars Nagesh , Thilakan , Roque Tharkan , Manoj K. Jayan and Srividya . The director of animation was Ram Mohan , known as the father of Indian animation . The film featured KJ Yesudas , KS Chithra and SP Balasubrahmanyam singing the lyrics of Bichu Thirumala . The cinematography team included Jayanan Vincent , Ramachandra Babu and Venugopal Madathil"}]}, {'value': 'April', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deaths_in_April_2009', 'summary': 'The following is a list of deaths in April 2009 . Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname . A typical entry lists information in the following sequence :'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalamandalam Kesavan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kalamandalam_Kesavan', 'summary': "Kalamandalam Kesavan was an Indian kathakali percussionist , playwright and actor in Indian cinema . He did roles in Malayalam movies during the 1990s and 2000s . He is popular for his role Payyarathu Padmanabhan Nair as Jayaram 's father in the movie Katha Nayagan ."}]}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kathanayakan • Vanaprastham • Valathottu Thirinjal Nalamathe Veedu • Vettam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katha_Nayagan_(1997_film)', 'summary': 'Kathanayakan ( transl . Protagonist ) is a 1997 Indian Malayalam-language family drama film directed by Rajasenan . The film stars Kalamandalam Kesavan , Jayaram , Divya Unni and Oduvil Unnikrishnan in the lead roles . The film has a musical score by Mohan Sithara .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vanaprastham', 'summary': "Vanaprastham : The Last Dance ( English : Pilgrimage ) is a 1999 Indian-French-German co-production Malayalam language drama film directed by Shaji N. Karun . It stars Mohanlal , Suhasini Maniratnam , Mattannur Sankarankutty Marar , Kalamandalam Gopi , and Venmani Haridas . The film 's music is composed by Zakir Hussain . The film follows the tale of a lower-caste Kathakali artist Kunhikuttan ( Mohanlal ) during the 1940s era in Travancore . Subhadra ( Suhasini ) , a member of an aristocratic family , falls in love with the character Arjuna played by Kunhikuttan . She views Kunhikuttan and the character he plays as separate individuals . Their affair eventually leads to the birth of a son , who is hidden away by Subhadra from Kunhikuttan for almost a lifetime . The film premiered at the Un Certain Regard section of the 1999 Cannes Film Festival on May 1999 , and was theatrically released in India on December 1999 . The film was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the American Film Institute Los Angeles International Film Festival ( AFI Fest ) in 1999 . The film won three awards at the 47th National Film Awards : Best Feature Film award , Best Actor award ( Mohanlal ) , and Best Editing award ( A. Sreekar Prasad ) . IBN Live ranked the film # 9 in its list of greatest Indian films of all time . The film was screened retrospective , during the 2014 International Film Festival of India in the Celebrating Dance in Indian cinema section ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Valathottu_Thirinjal_Nalamathe_Veedu', 'summary': 'Valathottu Thirinjal Nalamathe Veedu is a Malayalam film directed by Ansar Kalabhavan . Jishnu plays the hero and Bhavana plays the heroine . The film also stars Cochin Haneefa , Jagathy Sreekumar , Narendra Prasad etc .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vettam', 'summary': 'Vettam ( transl . Light ) is a 2004 Indian Malayalam-language screwball comedy film directed by Priyadarshan based on a screenplay he had co-written with Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas from his story . It was produced by Menaka through Revathy Kalamandhir and distributed by Swargachitra Release . The film stars Dileep and Bhavna Pani . The plot is loosely based on the 1995 American film French Kiss which had already been adapted in 1998 in Hindi as Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha . The comedy scenes of this movie were later adapted by the director for his 2009 Hindi movie De Dana Dan .'}]}, {'value': 'May', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deaths_in_May_2009', 'summary': 'The following is a list of deaths in May 2009 . Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname . A typical entry lists information in the following sequence :'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shobhana Parameswaran Nair', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Producer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninamaninja Kaalpaadukal • Kallichellamma • Nagarame Nandi • Murapennu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninamaninja_Kaalpaadukal', 'summary': 'Ninamaninja Kalpadukal ( Bloodstained Footprints ) is a 1963 Malayalam language film , directed by N. N. Pisharody and produced by Shobhana Parameswaran Nair . The lead role is played by Prem Nazir , with Ambika , Sheela and Madhu , who debuted with this film . The film is based on a novel by Parappurath and portrays the trials the Indo-China war . It won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam . It was a super hit movie . The movie shattered all box office records , becoming the first Malayalam movie to gross 60 lakhs at the box office . There are many evergreen songs in the film , including Mamalakalkkappurathu ( by P. B. Sreenivas ) and Anuraga Natakathil ( by K. P. Udayabhanu ) . The songs were composed by Baburaj , with lyrics by P. Bhaskaran .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kallichellamma', 'summary': 'Kallichellamma is a 1969 Indian Malayalam film , directed by P. Bhaskaran and produced by Sobhana Parameswaran Nair . The film stars Prem Nazir , Madhu , Sheela and Adoor Bhasi in the lead roles . The film had musical score by K. Raghavan . Sheela received the Kerala state film award for best actress for the year 1969 for her role in this movie . The movie was produced by renowned film producer Sobhana Parameswaran Nair .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nagarame_Nandi', 'summary': "Nagarame Nanni is a 1967 Malayalam language film , written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair and directed by A. Vincent . The film stars Prem Nazir , Usha Nandhini , Madhu and K. P. Ummer among others . The film tells the story of a family that migrates from a village to the city of Madras in search of a better life . The theme was about the lure of the city and how the dreams of villagers are shattered by its inexorable logic of greed . The plot is similar to the 1965 film The Conquerors of the Golden City , directed by Getin Gurtop and the 1964 film Birds of Exile ( Gurbet Kuslari in Turkish ) by Halit Refig . K. Balachander 's Tamil film Pattina Pravesham ( 1977 ) was plagiarised from all these three films . Film expert B. Vijayakumar of The Hindu described the film as one of the best social movies produced in Malayalam ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Murapennu', 'summary': "Murappennu is a 1965 Malayalam film written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair , directed by A. Vincent and produced by Shobhana Parameswaran Nair in the banner of Roopavani . It marked the entry of M. T. Vasudevan Nair , the noted Malayalam novelist to Malayalam cinema . The film 's story is based on Snehathinte Mukhangal , a short story by M. T. himself . The film features an ensemble cast including Prem Nazir , K. P. Ummer , Madhu , P. J. Antony , Jyothilakshmi , Sharada and Adoor Bhasi playing the pivotal roles . The film received critical praise and good reviews . M. T. Vasudevan Nair 's script , which made use of Valluvanadan dialect , was well appreciated and is accepted to be one of the finest ever . Later , M. T. and A. Vincent went on to create some of the memorable films in Malayalam film history . The film is also known for the powerful performance of Prem Nazir as Balan , the lead character of the film . The Hindu described Murappennu as a well-made film with a compelling plot and as one of the most significant films in the history of Malayalam cinema . It was a box office superhit . It received a certificate of merit at the National Film Awards . The film was part of MT 's trilogy of political melodramas - the other two being P. Bhaskaran 's Iruttinte Athmavu ( 1967 ) and Vincent 's Asuravithu ( 1968 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'June', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deaths_in_June_2009', 'summary': 'The following is a list of deaths in June 2009 . Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname . A typical entry lists information in the following sequence :'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. K. Lohithadas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._K._Lohithadas', 'summary': 'Ambazhathil Karunakaran Lohithadas ( 5 May 1955 - 28 June 2009 ) was an Indian screenwriter , playwright , film maker , and producer who was worked in the Malayalam Film Industry . Known for his rich , detailed , and realistic screenplays , he is widely regarded as one of the greatest screenwriters of Malayalam Cinema of all time . In a career spanning over two decades , his films have won a National Film Award , 6 Kerala State Film Awards , and 14 Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Script . Lohithadas made his debut as a screenwriter with Thaniyavarthanam ( 1987 ) . He has written screenplays for 35 films in a 24-year-long career , such as Vicharana ( 1988 ) , Ezhuthapurangal ( 1988 ) , Kireedam ( 1989 ) , Dasharatham ( 1989 ) , Mrugaya ( 1989 ) , His Highness Abdullah ( 1990 ) , Sasneham ( 1990 ) , Bharatham ( 1991 ) , Amaram ( 1991 ) , Aadhaaram ( 1992 ) , Kamaladalam ( 1992 ) , Vatsalyam ( 1993 ) , Venkalam ( 1993 ) , Padheyam ( 1993 ) , Chenkol ( 1993 ) , Chakoram ( 1994 ) , Thooval Kottaram ( 1996 ) , Sallapam ( 1996 ) , and Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal ( 1999 ) . He later became a director , and made his directorial debut with Bhoothakkannadi ( 1997 ) . He later wrote and directed other films such as Karunyam ( 1997 ) , Kanmadam ( 1998 ) , Joker ( 2000 ) , and Kasthooriman ( 2003 ) . He died on 29 June 2009 due to a heart attack .'}]}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scriptwriter , Director', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thaniyavarthanam • Kireedam • Bharatham • Amaram • Kasthooriman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thaniyavarthanam', 'summary': 'Thaniyavarthanam ( English : The Repeating Rhythm ) is a 1987 Malayalam drama film written by A. K. Lohithadas and directed by Sibi Malayil . It stars Mammootty as school teacher Bala Gopalan , Thilakan as the uncle of the matrilineal family , Mukesh as Gopinathan , and Kaviyoor Ponnamma . Mammootty won Kerala Film Critics Awards for best actor.Thilakan won Kerala State film awards for best supporting actor . Upon release , it received critical acclaim . The film discusses a variety of topics such as superstition and orthodoxy in rural Kerala , attitudes towards mental illness , the difference of attitudes between people of different generations , and the decline of once-proud Nair joint families . It was actor Thilakan who recommended Mammootty for the lead role ( Bala Gopalan ) . The movie ran 100 days .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kireedam_(1989_film)', 'summary': "Kireedam ( transl . Crown ) is a 1989 Indian Malayalam-language drama film directed by Sibi Malayil and written by A. K. Lohithadas . The film stars Mohanlal , Thilakan , and Parvathy Jayaram , along with Kaviyoor Ponnamma , Mohan Raj , Murali , Sreenath , Kundara Johny , Cochin Haneefa , Jagathy Sreekumar , Philomina , Usha , Jagadish , Maniyanpilla Raju , Mamukkoya , Oduvil Unnikrishnan , and Kanakalatha in supporting roles . The music for the film was composed by Johnson . The film is about a Malayali youth , Sethumadhavan ( Mohanlal ) , whose hopes and aspirations are shattered by a combination of fate and human falling . It explores how society type-casts individuals and forces them to act that part whether they like it or not . Mohanlal won the National Film Award - Special Mention for portraying young man 's agony and pain marvelously and in unique style . Lohithadas won the Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Screenplay . Kireedam was released on 7 July 1989 , it received widespread critical acclaim and was a major commercial success at the box office . A sequel to the film titled Chenkol was released in 1993 . Kireedam was remade into five other Indian languages - in Telugu as Rowdyism Nasinchali ( 1990 ) , in Kannada as Modadha Mareyalli ( 1991 ) , in Hindi as Gardish ( 1993 ) , in Bengali as Nayak - The Real Hero ( 2005 ) and in Tamil with Kireedam ( 2007 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bharatham', 'summary': "Bharatham is a 1991 Indian Malayalam-language musical drama film written by A. K. Lohithadas and directed by Sibi Malayil . It stars Mohanlal , Urvashi , Nedumudi Venu , Lakshmi , and Murali . The film was produced by Mohanlal through his production house Pranavam Arts . The film features original songs composed by Raveendran and a background score by Johnson . Bharatham is interpreted as a modern-day adaptation of the Ramayana from Bharatha 's perspective . How , in the absence of his elder brother , Gopinathan takes the responsibility of the family and hides his griefs is the core of the story . The film was a critical and commercial success . Bharatham is also noted for its music that is largely Carnatic classical and semi-classical . The film won three National Film Awards - Best Actor for Mohanlal , Best Male Playback Singer for K. J. Yesudas for the song Rama Katha Ganalayam , and Special Mention for Raveendran 's music , and five Kerala State Film Awards . On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013 , Forbes India included Mohanlal 's performance in the film on its list of 25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema . It was remade in Tamil as Seenu by P. Vasu in 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Amaram', 'summary': "Amaram ( transl . Stern ) is a 1991 Indian Malayalam drama film directed by Bharathan and written by A. K. Lohithadas . It stars Mammootty , Murali , Maathu , K. P. A. C. Lalitha , Ashokan , Chitra , and Kuthiravattam Pappu in the main roles . The film 's score is composed by Johnson while the songs are by Raveendran . K. P. A. C. Lalitha won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Bhargavi . And Mammotty won the Filmfare Awards South Best Actor Award for his role . The film was a critical and commercial success ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kasthooriman', 'summary': 'Kasthooriman ( transl . Musk deer ) is a 2003 Indian Malayalam-language romantic drama film written and directed by A. K. Lohithadas . The film shows the relationship developed between Sajan Joseph Alukka ( Kunchako Boban ) and Priyamvada ( Meera Jasmine ) . The film was a blockbuster at the box office . Lohithadas remade this film in Tamil under the same title .'}]}, {'value': 'July', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deaths_in_July_2009', 'summary': 'The following is a list of deaths in July 2009 . Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname . A typical entry lists information in the following sequence :'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rajan P. Dev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rajan_P._Dev', 'summary': 'Rajan P. Dev ( 20 May 1951 - 29 July 2009 ) was an Indian film actor and stage actor . He was born in Cherthala in the Alappuzha district of the former state Thiru-Kochi ( present day Kerala ) . He had acted in over 200 films in Malayalam , Tamil , Telugu and Kannada languages . He was noted for his villain roles laced with a touch of humour . He came into the limelight for his characterisation of Kochuvava in the play Kattukuthira . Rajan P. Dev died in Kochi Wednesday 29 July 2009 due to a liver disease .'}]}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor , Director', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indrajalam • Thommanum Makkalum • Chota Mumbai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indrajalam', 'summary': 'Indrajaalam is a 1990 Indian Malayalam-language crime thriller film , directed and produced by Thambi Kannanthanam , starring Mohanlal and Geetha .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thommanum_Makkalum', 'summary': 'Thommanum Makkalum ( English : Thomman and Sons ) is a 2005 Indian Malayalam-language action comedy film directed by Shafi , written by Benny P. Nayarambalam , and produced by Lal under his production house Lal Creations . The film stars Mammootty , Lal , and Rajan P. Dev in the main roles . It tells the story of Thomman ( Rajan P. Dev ) and his two adopted sons Shivan ( Mammootty ) and Sathyan ( Lal ) . The film was among the highest grossing Malayalam films of 2005 . Shafi remade the film in Tamil cinema as Majaa ( 2005 ) . and in Kannada as Kaamannana Makkalu with Sudeep .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chota_Mumbai', 'summary': 'Chotta Mumbai is a 2007 Indian Malayalam-language black comedy mafia action film directed by Anwar Rasheed , written by Benny P. Nayarambalam , and co-produced by Maniyanpilla Raju . The film stars Mohanlal , Siddique , Saikumar , Bhavana , Jagathy Sreekumar , Indrajith Sukumaran , Manikuttan , Bijukuttan , Kalabhavan Mani , and Rajan P. Dev . Rahul Raj composed the score and songs of the film . The plot follows Vasco da Gama ( Thala ) and his gang of friends , all unemployed and leading a happy-go-lucky life . The film released on 6 April 2007 opened to positive reviews .'}]}, {'value': 'August', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deaths_in_August_2009', 'summary': 'The following is a list of deaths in August 2009 . Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname . A typical entry lists information in the following sequence :'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murali_(Malayalam_actor)', 'summary': 'Muraleedharan Pillai , popularly known as Murali ( Malayalam : മുരളി , 25 May 1954 - 6 August 2009 ) was an Indian film , stage and television actor and author . He mainly appeared in Malayalam films and a few Tamil films . He won the National Film Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Appa Mestry , a communist freedom fighter and professional weaver in the 2002 film Neythukaran . Regarded by film critics as one of the greatest actors in Indian cinema , he was known for his powerful portrayal of character roles , lead roles and negative roles . Murali started his film career playing villain roles and soon turned to character acting . He played the leading role in the 1992 film Aadhaaram , which gave a break to his career . The film was well received at the box office and Murali ascended to the status of a star in Malayalam cinema , which he enjoyed for a few years during the 1990s . Besides acting , he was the chairman of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy from 2006 until his death . He also authored five books , and was also a Sangeetha Nataka Academy award winner . He contested at the 1999 Lok Sabha polls as a communist candidate without success . He was also the Director of the CPI ( M ) promoted television company Malayalam Communications , which runs Malayalam TV channels Kairali TV , People TV and WE TV . His last film was the 2009 Tamil film Aadhavan .'}]}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor , Writer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neythukaran • Aadhaaram • The King • Pathram • Amaram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neythukaran', 'summary': 'Neythukaran is a 2002 Malayalam movie , the first directed by Priyanandanan , starring Murali . It tells the story of a weaver , a supporter of E. M. S. Namboodiripad , who dies the day after his leader dies . Murali won the National Film Award for Best Actor in 2002 for his performance in this film . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Aadhaaram', 'summary': 'Aadhaaram is a 1992 Malayalam film directed by George Kithu , written by Lohithadas , starring Murali , Suresh Gopi , Geetha , and Sudheesh . The film was well received at the box office . [ citation needed ] Murali received a Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor for this film , and after this success he was offered more lead roles in films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_King_(1995_film)', 'summary': 'The King is a 1995 Indian Malayalam-language political thriller film . Directed by Shaji Kailas and written by Renji Panicker , with Mammootty in the title role as district collector . The film was a commercial success . In 2012 , Shaji Kailas made a combined sequel for The King and Commissioner ( 1994 ) , titled The King and the Commissioner , in which Mammootty and Suresh Gopi reprised their roles as Joseph Alex IAS and Bharath Chandran IPS .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pathram', 'summary': 'Pathram ( English : The Newspaper ) is a 1999 Malayalam-language political thriller film written by Renji Panicker and directed by Joshi , starring Suresh Gopi , Manju Warrier , Murali , N. F. Varghese , Biju Menon , Abhirami .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amaram', 'summary': "Amaram ( transl . Stern ) is a 1991 Indian Malayalam drama film directed by Bharathan and written by A. K. Lohithadas . It stars Mammootty , Murali , Maathu , K. P. A. C. Lalitha , Ashokan , Chitra , and Kuthiravattam Pappu in the main roles . The film 's score is composed by Johnson while the songs are by Raveendran . K. P. A. C. Lalitha won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Bhargavi . And Mammotty won the Filmfare Awards South Best Actor Award for his role . The film was a critical and commercial success ."}]}, {'value': 'October', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deaths_in_October_2009', 'summary': 'The following is a list of deaths in October 2009 . Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname . A typical entry lists information in the following sequence :'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adoor Bhavani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adoor_Bhavani', 'summary': 'Adoor Bhavani ( Malayalam : അടൂർ ഭവാനി ; 1927 - 25 October 2009 ) was an Indian actress in Malayalam cinema , best known for her appearance in the National Award-winning film Chemmeen ( 1965 ) , directed by Ramu Kariat . She had acted in about 450 films , including Mudiyanaya Puthran , Thulabharam , Kallichellamma , and Anubhavangal Paalichakal . Her last film was K. Madhu-directed Sethurama Iyer CBI . She was also a stage actress and was associated with popular theatre group KPAC . Bhavani was born in Adoor in Travancore . Her sister , Adoor Pankajam , was also a Malayalam film actress . Adoor Bhavani died on 25 October 2009 .'}]}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemmeen • Kallichellamma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chemmeen', 'summary': "Chemmeen ( lit . The Prawn ) is a 1965 Indian Malayalam-language romance film , based on the novel of the same name by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai . It was adapted into a screenplay by S. L. Puram Sadanandan , directed by Ramu Kariat , and produced by Babu Ismail Sait under the banner Kanmani Films . The film tells the story of a pre-marital and later extra-marital relationship between Karuthamma , the daughter of an ambitious Hindu fisherman , and Pareekutty , the son of a Muslim trader . The theme of the film is a popular legend among the fishermen communities along the coastal Kerala State in southern India regarding chastity . If a married fisher woman is faithless when her husband is out in the sea , the Sea Goddess ( Kadalamma literally meaning Mother Sea ) would consume him . The film 's cast includes Sheela as Karuthamma , Madhu as Pareekutty , Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair as Chembankunju , and Sathyan as Palani . It has cinematography by Marcus Bartley and U. Rajagopal , and editing by Hrishikesh Mukherjee and K. D. George . The original score and songs were composed by Salil Chowdhury , with lyrics by Vayalar , and songs featuring the voices of K. J. Yesudas , P. Leela , Manna Dey and Santha P. Nair . The film released on 19 August 1965 . It received strongly positive critical reviews and was recognised as a technically and artistically brilliant film . It is usually cited as the first notable creative film in South India ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kallichellamma', 'summary': 'Kallichellamma is a 1969 Indian Malayalam film , directed by P. Bhaskaran and produced by Sobhana Parameswaran Nair . The film stars Prem Nazir , Madhu , Sheela and Adoor Bhasi in the lead roles . The film had musical score by K. Raghavan . Sheela received the Kerala state film award for best actress for the year 1969 for her role in this movie . The movie was produced by renowned film producer Sobhana Parameswaran Nair .'}]}, {'value': 'November', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deaths_in_November_2009', 'summary': 'The following is a list of notable deaths in November 2009 . Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname . A typical entry lists information in the following sequence :'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T T Sainoj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sainoj', 'summary': 'T. T. Sainoj ( 21 February 1977 - 22 November 2009 ) was an Indian singer from Piravom in the Ernakulam District of the state of Kerala .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Playback Singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'War and Love • Orkkuka Vallappozhum • Ivar Vivahitharayal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orkkuka_Vallappozhum', 'summary': 'Orkkuka Vallappozhum/Remember Once Awhile is a Malayalam movie released in 2009 . This 120-minute feature has Thilakan as Sethumadhavan - a seventy-year-old enjoying his retired life and trying to rediscover the innocence of his past .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ivar_Vivahitharayal', 'summary': 'Ivar Vivahitharayal ? is a 2009 Malayalam language comedy drama film starring Jayasurya , Bhama , and Samvrutha Sunil in leading roles . The film is the directorial debut of Saji Surendran , who has been a television serial director .'}]}, {'value': 'December', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deaths_in_December_2009', 'summary': 'The following is a list of notable deaths in December 2009 . Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname . A typical entry lists information in the following sequence :'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vishnuvardhan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vishnuvardhan_(actor)', 'summary': "Dr.Vishnuvardhan ( 18 September 1950 - 30 December 2009 ) , born Sampath Kumar , was an Indian film actor known for his predominantly in Kannada cinema . He appeared in over 220 films in Kannada , Hindi , Telugu , Tamil and Malayalam . He was called 'The Phoenix of Indian Cinema ' . He made his debut in the 1972 film , Vamsha Vriksha , in a supporting role . The same year he played the lead role in Puttanna Kanagal 's Naagarahaavu , and was recognized as 'The Angry Young Man of Kannada Cinema ' . He has played a variety of roles in different genres . In 2008 , a poll conducted by CNN-IBN listed Vishnuvardhan as the most popular star in the Kannada Film Industry . A road stretching 14.5 km from Banashankari Temple to Kengeri in Bengaluru has been named after the superstar . It is the longest road in Asia to be named after a celebrity . He was a martial artist , In an interview with The Hindu , he had said that it was the era of Bruce Lee and it was only Kamal Haasan and himself who had learnt martial arts in his generation . He was also the story writer of the 1997 movie Ganesha I Love You directed by Phani Ramachandra . He was also fondly called as Sahasasimha and Abhinava Bhargava by the people of Karnataka ."}]}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kauravar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kauravar', 'summary': 'Kauravar ( Malayalam : കൗരവര്\u200d ) is a 1992 Malayalam crime drama film , directed by Joshiy , written by Lohithadas , starring Mammootty , Vishnuvardhan , Thilakan , Murali , Anju , Babu Antony and Bheeman Raghu.The film received critical acclaim and was a Blockbuster at the box office The film was remade in Telugu as Khaidi Garu , with Mohan Babu . It was also remade into Kannada in 2001 by the title Devasura , starring Devraj and B. C. Patil .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable deaths', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Malayalam_films_of_2009_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of films produced in the Malayalam film industry in India in 2009.'}
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What Profession is the person that was born on 27 September 1933 ?
Actor
0ab09b14ba7afbe4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries', 'title': 'Endorsements in the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries', 'header': ['Governor', 'Party', 'State or Territory', 'Endorsement', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Terry Branstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Branstad', 'summary': "Terry Edward Branstad ( born November 17 , 1946 ) is an American politician , university administrator , and diplomat serving as the United States Ambassador to China since 2017 . A member of the Republican Party , he previously served as governor of Iowa . Branstad also served three terms in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1973 to 1979 . Branstad served as the 39th governor of Iowa from 1983 to 1999 . After retiring from politics , he served as President of Des Moines University from 2003 to 2009 . In 2010 he ran for governor again and defeated incumbent Chet Culver to become the state 's 42nd governor . He was reelected to a sixth term in 2014 . In December 2015 he surpassed New York 's George Clinton as the longest-tenured governor in American history . In December 2016 Branstad accepted President Donald Trump 's nomination as United States Ambassador to China . He was confirmed and sworn in in May 2017 . Upon resigning as governor , Branstad was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Kim Reynolds , who became Iowa 's first female governor and went on to win election to the office in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.10.2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Brewer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Brewer', 'summary': 'Janice Kay Brewer ( born September 26 , 1944 ) is an American politician and author who served as the 22nd Governor of Arizona , from 2009 to 2015 . A member of the Republican Party , Brewer is the fourth woman , and was the third consecutive woman , to serve as Governor of Arizona . Brewer became governor of Arizona as part of the line of succession , as determined by the Arizona Constitution , when Governor Janet Napolitano resigned to become secretary of Homeland Security . Brewer had served as secretary of state of Arizona from January 2003 to January 2009 . Born in California , Brewer attended Glendale Community College , from where she received a radiological technologist certificate ; she has never earned a college degree . She served as a State Representative and State Senator for Arizona from 1983 to 1996 . Brewer also served as Chairman of the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors before running for Arizona Secretary of State in 2002 . As governor , Brewer signed the Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act . The act makes it a state misdemeanor crime for an immigrant to be in Arizona without carrying registration documents required by federal law , authorizes state and local law enforcement of federal immigration laws , and cracks down on those sheltering , hiring and transporting undocumented immigrants . Brewer sought and was elected to a full term as Governor of Arizona in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 26 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sam Brownback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Brownback', 'summary': "Samuel Dale Brownback ( born September 12 , 1956 ) is an American attorney , politician , diplomat and member of the Republican Party who has served as the United States Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom since February 2018 . Brownback previously served as the Secretary of Agriculture of Kansas ( 1986-93 ) , as the U.S. Representative for Kansas 's 2nd congressional district ( 1995-96 ) , as a United States Senator from Kansas ( 1996-2011 ) and the 46th Governor of Kansas ( 2011-18 ) . He also ran for the Republican nomination for President in 2008 . Born in Garnett , Kansas , Brownback grew up on the family farm in Parker , Kansas . He graduated from Kansas State University with a degree in agricultural economics in 1978 and received a J.D . from the University of Kansas in 1982 . He worked as an attorney in Manhattan , Kansas , before being appointed Secretary of Agriculture of Kansas in 1986 by Democratic Governor John W. Carlin . Brownback ran for Congress in 1994 and defeated Carlin in the general election in a landslide . He represented Kansas 's 2nd congressional district for a single term before running in a 1996 special election for the U.S. Senate seat previously held by Bob Dole . He won the special election and was reelected by large margins in 1998 and 2004 . Brownback ran for president in 2008 , but withdrew before the primaries began and endorsed eventual Republican nominee John McCain . Brownback declined to run for reelection in 2010 , instead running for governor ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick Perry ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 22 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phil Bryant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Bryant', 'summary': 'Dewey Phillip Bryant ( born December 9 , 1954 ) is an American politician who served as the 64th governor of Mississippi from 2012 to 2020 . He was the 31st lieutenant governor of Mississippi from 2008 to 2012 and 40th state auditor of Mississippi from 1996 to 2008 . A Republican , Bryant was elected governor in 2011 , defeating the Democratic nominee , Mayor Johnny DuPree of Hattiesburg . He was reelected in 2015 , defeating truck driver Robert Gray .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Mississippi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.8.2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddie Calvo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Calvo', 'summary': 'Edward Jerome Baza Calvo /ˈbɑːzə ˈkælvoʊ/ ( born August 29 , 1961 ) is an American Guamanian politician , serving as the eighth Governor of the United States territory of Guam from 2011 to 2019 . A member of the Republican Party , Calvo was a five-term Senator within the Legislature of Guam . He became the Governor of Guam , having defeated Democrat Carl Gutierrez in the 2010 gubernatorial election . Calvo chose Senator Ray Tenorio as his running mate for Lieutenant Governor of Guam .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guam', 'summary': 'Guam ( /ˈɡwɑːm/ ( listen ) ; Chamorro : Guåhån [ ˈɡʷɑhɑn ] ) is an organized territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean . It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States , along with the Northern Mariana Islands . The capital city of Guam is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo . Guam has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 . The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians , and they are American citizens by birth . The indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros , who are related to other Austronesian natives of Eastern Indonesia , the Philippines , and Taiwan . In 2016 , 162,742 people resided on Guam . Guam has an area of 210 square miles ( 540 km2 ; 130,000 acres ) and a population density of 775 per square mile ( 299/km2 ) . In Oceania , it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia . Among its municipalities , Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile ( 1,425/km2 ) , whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile ( 46/km2 ) . The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet ( 406 m ) above sea level . Since the 1960s , the economy has been supported by two industries : tourism and the United States Armed Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.9.2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Christie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Christie', 'summary': "Christopher James Christie ( born September 6 , 1962 ) is an American politician , former federal prosecutor , and political commentator who served as the 55th Governor of New Jersey from 2010 to 2018 . Christie was born in Newark , New Jersey and raised in Livingston , New Jersey . After graduating in 1984 from the University of Delaware , he earned a J.D . at Seton Hall University School of Law . A Republican , Christie was elected county freeholder ( legislator ) for Morris County , New Jersey , serving from 1995 to 1998 . By 2002 , he had campaigned for Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush ; the latter appointed him U.S. Attorney for New Jersey , a position he held from 2002 to 2008 . Christie won the 2009 Republican primary for Governor of New Jersey and defeated Democratic incumbent Jon Corzine in the general election . In his first term , he was credited with cutting spending , capping property tax growth , and engaging in recovery efforts after Hurricane Sandy . He was re-elected by a wide margin in 2013 . During his second term as governor , Christie 's standing was damaged by the Fort Lee lane closure scandal . After that time , he ranked among the least popular governors in the United States . Christie chaired the Republican Governors Association during the 2014 election cycle ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.11.2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitch Daniels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitch_Daniels', 'summary': "Mitchell Elias Daniels Jr. ( born April 7 , 1949 ) is an American academic administrator , businessman , author , and retired politician who served as the 49th Governor of Indiana , from 2005 to 2013 , as a Republican . Since 2013 , Daniels has been president of Purdue University . Born in Monongahela , Pennsylvania , Daniels is a graduate of Princeton University , and received his Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center after studying briefly at the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law . Daniels began his career working as an assistant to Richard Lugar , working as his chief of staff in the Senate from 1977 to 1982 , and was appointed executive director of the National Republican Senatorial Committee when Lugar was chairman from 1983 to 1984 . He worked as a chief political adviser and as a liaison to President Ronald Reagan in 1985 , before he was appointed president of the conservative think tank , the Hudson Institute . Daniels moved back to Indiana , joining Eli Lilly and Company , working as president of North American Pharmaceutical Operations from 1993 to 1997 , and senior vice president of corporate strategy and policy from 1997 to 2001 . In January 2001 , Daniels was appointed by President George W. Bush as the director of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget , where he served until June 2003 . Daniels announced his intention to run in Indiana 's 2004 gubernatorial election after leaving the Bush administration . He won the Republican primary with 67% of the vote , and defeated Democratic incumbent Governor Joe Kernan in the general election . Daniels was reelected to a second term , defeating former U.S. Representative and US Department of Agriculture undersecretary Jill Long Thompson , on November 4 , 2008 . During his tenure as governor , Daniels cut the state government workforce by 18% , cut and capped state property taxes , balanced the state budget through budget austerity measures and increasing spending by less than the inflation rate , and despite running on a platform of improving income , Indiana 's per capita income dropped from 33rd to 38th among states , and the percentage of people living in poverty in Indiana rose from 10.2% to 14.9% . In his second term , Daniels saw protest by labor unions and Democrats in the state legislature over his policies regarding Indiana 's school voucher program and the Indiana House of Representatives attempt to pass right to work legislation , leading to the 2011 Indiana legislative walkouts ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 18 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathan Deal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathan_Deal', 'summary': 'John Nathan Deal ( born August 25 , 1942 ) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 82nd Governor of Georgia from 2011 to 2019 . He was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party in 1992 and switched to the Republican Party in 1995 . On March 1 , 2010 , Deal announced his resignation from Congress to run for Governor of Georgia . Deal faced a crowded field of candidates in the July 2010 Republican primary election , ultimately facing former Georgia Secretary of State Karen Handel in a tightly contested August 10 , 2010 , primary runoff election , and won by fewer than 2,500 votes . The following day , Handel declined to pursue a recount and conceded . On November 2 , Democratic opponent Roy Barnes called to concede the race for governor of Georgia , making Deal the governor-elect to succeed term-limited Sonny Perdue in 2011 . Deal won his re-election campaign for governor in 2014 against Democrat Jason Carter . He was succeeded by Governor Brian Kemp .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newt Gingrich ( withdrawn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 13 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benigno Fitial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benigno_R._Fitial', 'summary': 'Benigno Repeki Fitial ( born November 27 , 1945 ) is the former seventh governor of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ) . The second longest-serving governor in CNMI history , Fitial was elected on November 6 , 2005 , assumed office on January 9 , 2006 , and was re-elected to a ( five-year ) second term in 2009 . He was impeached by the CNMI House of Representatives on February 11 , 2013 and was scheduled to face trial before the CNMI Senate to determine if he should be removed from office . He resigned on February 20 , 2013 after 7 years , 1 month , and 11 days in office . Fitial founded the Covenant Party in 2001 after leaving the Republican Party . He rejoined the Republican Party on January 5 , 2011 , announcing that his goal would be to merge the Covenant Party back into the Republican Party . Fitial was the first governor in any US territory or commonwealth to be impeached and only the 13th governor in the history of the United States . On February 11 & 12 , 2013 the CNMI House of Representatives voted to impeach Fitial on 18 different charges contained in Articles of Impeachment . The charges include neglect of duties , commission of felonies and abuse of power . Rather than facing a trial before the CNMI Senate which was set for March 7 , 2013 , Benigno Repeki Fitial became the first governor in CNMI history to resign from office on February 20 , 2013 . In his resignation letter he cited personal health reasons and the best interests of the Commonwealth .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Mariana Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands', 'summary': 'The Northern Mariana Islands , officially the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ; Chamorro : Sankattan Siha Na Islas Mariånas ; Refaluwasch or Carolinian : Commonwealth Téél Falúw kka Efáng llól Marianas ; formerly in Spanish : Islas Marianas del Norte , in German : Nördliche Marianen , and in Japanese : 北マリアナ諸島 ) , is an insular area and commonwealth of the United States consisting of 14 islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean . The CNMI includes the 14 northernmost islands in the Mariana Archipelago except the southernmost island of the chain , Guam , which is a separate U.S. territory . The CNMI and Guam are the westernmost territories of the United States . The United States Department of the Interior cites a landmass of 183.5 square miles ( 475.26 km2 ) . According to the 2010 United States Census , 53,883 people were living in the CNMI at that time . The vast majority of the population resides on Saipan , Tinian , and Rota . The other islands of the Northern Marianas are sparsely inhabited ; the most notable among these is Pågan , which for various reasons over the centuries has experienced major population flux , but formerly had residents numbering in the thousands . The administrative center is Capitol Hill , a village in northwestern Saipan . However , most publications consider Saipan to be the capital because the island is governed as a single municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.9.2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis Fortuño', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Fortuño', 'summary': 'Luis Guillermo Fortuño Burset [ a ] ( born 31 October 1960 ) is a Puerto Rican politician who served as governor of Puerto Rico , a territory of the United States of America , and as president of the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico ( PNP ) until 2013 , served as president of the Council of State Governments during 2012 and served as president of the Southern Governors Association from 2011 to 2012 . On 26 June 2011 he announced his plans to run for reelection . He was defeated in the 2012 elections by Alejandro Garcia Padilla . In the 1990s , Fortuño served as the first secretary of economic development and commerce ( 1994-1997 ) , as the executive director of the Puerto Rico Tourism Company ( 1993-1994 ) , and as the president of the Puerto Rico Hotel Development Corporation during the administration of Pedro Rosselló . In 2003 Fortuño won the 2004 PNP nomination for resident commissioner of Puerto Rico in primaries against former governor Carlos Romero Barceló , former Senate president Charlie Rodriguez and then-senator Miriam Ramírez de Ferrer . He was then elected resident commissioner in 2004 , defeating Senator Roberto Prats . Fortuño represented Puerto Rico from 2005 to 2009 in the United States House of Representatives , and served as Chair of the Congressional Hispanic Conference , a Member of the newly created United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Insular Affairs and co-chair , with Representative Xavier Becerra ( D-CA ) , of the Friends of Spain Caucus . Fortuño later won the PNP gubernatorial nomination by a wide margin after defeating former governor and then-senator Pedro Rosselló in the primaries . He then won the general election for governor by a comfortable margin during the 2008 elections , defeating incumbent governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 27 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bill Haslam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Haslam', 'summary': "William Edward Haslam ( /ˈhæzləm/ ; born August 23 , 1958 ) is an American billionaire businessman and politician , who served as the 49th Governor of Tennessee from 2011 to 2019 . He is a member of the Republican Party and was previously the mayor of Knoxville , Tennessee . He was born in Knoxville and graduated from Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia . He began his career in business , joining his father , Jim Haslam , who was the founder of Pilot Corporation . Haslam rose to president of Pilot Corp in the 1990s , after his brother Jimmy Haslam became the company 's CEO . Haslam then left Pilot and from 1999 to 2001 was the CEO of the e-commerce and cataloging division at the department store chain Saks Fifth Avenue . He then became a consultant at Saks , served on the board of directors at Harold 's Stores , Inc . He is a co-owner of the minor league baseball team the Tennessee Smokies . He was elected Mayor of Knoxville , Tennessee in the 2003 Knoxville mayoral election with 52% of the vote . He was reelected in the 2007 Knoxville mayoral election , winning 87% of the vote , and served until 2011 . After incumbent Governor Phil Bredesen was term-limited , Haslam declared his candidacy for the office in January 2009 . He defeated U.S. Representative Zach Wamp and Lieutenant Governor Ron Ramsey in the Republican primary with 47% of the vote and went on to defeat Democratic businessman Mike McWherter with 65% of the vote in the 2010 general election ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.11.2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikki Haley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikki_Haley', 'summary': "Nimrata Nikki Haley ( née Randhawa ; born January 20 , 1972 ) is an American diplomat , businesswoman , author , and politician . A Republican , Haley is a former South Carolina state legislator , a former governor of South Carolina , and a former United States Ambassador to the United Nations . She is the first woman to have served as governor of South Carolina and is the first Sikh-American to have served as a governor in the United States . First elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in 2004 , Haley served three terms in the House . In 2010 , during her third term , she was elected governor of South Carolina ; she won re-election in 2014 . In 2015 , Haley signed legislation calling for the removal of the Confederate flag from the State Capitol . She was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2016 . On November 23 , 2016 , then President-elect Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate Haley for the position of United States Ambassador to the United Nations . Haley was confirmed to that post by the U.S. Senate in a 96 to 4 vote , and was sworn in on January 25 , 2017 . As U.N. ambassador , she affirmed the United States 's willingness to use military force in response to further North Korean missile tests in the wake of the 2017 North Korea crisis ; she was also an outspoken supporter of the nation of Israel . Haley stepped down from her position on December 31 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'South Carolina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 16 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dave Heineman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Heineman', 'summary': 'David Eugene Heineman ( born May 12 , 1948 ) is an American politician who served as the 39th governor of Nebraska from 2005 to 2015 . Heineman is a member of the Republican Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Nebraska', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.10.2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Herbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Herbert', 'summary': "Gary Richard Herbert ( born May 7 , 1947 ) is an American politician serving as the 17th and current Governor of Utah since 2009 . A member of the Republican Party , he chaired the National Governors Association during the 2015-2016 cycle . Herbert won a seat on the Utah County Commission in 1990 , where he served 14 years . He ran for the Republican nomination for governor in 2004 , ultimately becoming fellow Republican candidate Jon Huntsman 's running mate in the general election . Herbert served as Lieutenant Governor of Utah from 2005 until August 11 , 2009 , when he assumed the governorship following the resignation of Huntsman , who was appointed to serve as the United States Ambassador to China by President Barack Obama . Herbert was elected to serve out the remainder of the term in a special gubernatorial election in 2010 , defeating Democratic nominee Salt Lake County Mayor Peter Corroon with 64% of the vote . He won election to a full four-year term in 2012 , defeating Democratic Businessman Peter Cooke with 68% of the vote and was re-elected to a second full four-year term in 2016 . Herbert announced in 2019 that he will not seek re-election to a third full four-year term in 2020 , endorsing the candidacy of his Lieutenant Governor , Spencer Cox ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 2 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Jindal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Jindal', 'summary': 'Piyush Bobby Jindal ( born June 10 , 1971 ) is an American politician who served as the 55th Governor of Louisiana from 2008 to 2016 . Jindal previously served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and Chairman of the Republican Governors Association . In 1995 , Jindal was appointed secretary of the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals . In 1999 , he was appointed president of the University of Louisiana System . At 28 , Jindal became the youngest person to hold the position . In 2001 , President George W. Bush appointed Jindal as principal adviser to the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services . Jindal first ran for governor of Louisiana in 2003 , but narrowly lost in the run-off election to Democratic candidate Kathleen Blanco . In 2004 , he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives , becoming the second Indian American in Congress . He was re-elected in 2006 . Jindal ran for governor again in the 2007 election and won . Jindal was re-elected in 2011 in a landslide , winning more than 65 percent of the vote . He was the first Indian American governor , and the only one until South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley was elected in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.10.2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob McDonnell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_McDonnell', 'summary': "Robert Francis McDonnell ( born June 15 , 1954 ) is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 71st Governor of Virginia , from 2010 to 2014 . A member of the Republican Party , McDonnell also served on the executive committee of the Republican Governors Association . McDonnell was a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army Reserve . He served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1992 to 2006 , and was Attorney General of Virginia from 2006 to 2009 . McDonnell was elected Governor of Virginia after using the campaign slogan Bob 's for Jobs . He defeated Democratic state Senator Creigh Deeds by a 17-point margin in the 2009 general election , which was marked by the severe recession of the late 2000s . McDonnell succeeded Democrat Tim Kaine who was term-limited by Virginia law . After taking office as governor , McDonnell advocated privatization and promoted offshore drilling for Virginia . He moved to extend a contract to outsource the state 's computer operations and sought to fund transportation improvements from asset sales , including a proposal to auction off liquor stores operated by the Virginia Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control . The state 's unemployment rate declined from 7.4% in January 2010 , when McDonnell took office , to 5.2% in December 2013 , comparable to the decline in the national unemployment rate from 9.8% to 6.7% during the same period . McDonnell 's governorship ended with a 55% to 32% approval to disapproval rating among registered voters . On January 21 , 2014 , McDonnell and his wife , Maureen , were indicted on federal corruption charges for receiving improper gifts and loans from a Virginia businessman ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 20 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butch Otter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butch_Otter', 'summary': 'Clement Leroy Butch Otter ( born May 3 , 1942 ) is an American businessman and politician who served as the 32nd governor of Idaho from 2007 to 2019 . A member of the Republican Party , he was elected in 2006 , and reelected in 2010 , and 2014 . Otter served as lieutenant governor from 1987 to 2001 and in U.S. Congress from the first district from 2001 to 2007 . When he left office , Otter was the longest-serving governor in the United States whose time in office had run consecutively , at 12 years . His election win in 2014 was his tenth consecutive victory .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Idaho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 20 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick Perry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Perry', 'summary': 'James Richard Rick Perry ( born March 4 , 1950 ) is an American politician who served as the 14th United States Secretary of Energy from 2017 to 2019 . A member of the Republican Party , he previously served as the 47th Governor of Texas from 2000 to 2015 , having been elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas in 1998 and later assuming the office from George W. Bush . Perry ran unsuccessfully for the nomination for President of the United States in 2012 and 2016 . President Donald Trump nominated him as Secretary of Energy ; he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 62-37 vote on March 2 , 2017 . On October 17 , 2019 , Perry reported to President Trump that he intended to resign as Secretary of Energy at the end of the year . He left office on December 1 , 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 26 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Sandoval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Sandoval', 'summary': "Brian Edward Sandoval ( /ˈsændəˌvɔːl/ ; born August 5 , 1963 ) is an American businessman and former attorney and politician who served as the 29th Governor of Nevada from 2011 to 2019 . A member of the Republican Party , Sandoval is a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nevada . On June 9 , 2010 , he defeated incumbent Governor Jim Gibbons to win the Republican nomination for the 2010 gubernatorial election . Prior to his service as a federal judge , he served as the 30th Attorney General of Nevada , the youngest chairman of the Gaming Commission of Nevada and a state legislator . Sandoval was also the first Hispanic candidate elected to statewide office in Nevada . On January 8 , 2019 , Sandoval joined MGM Resorts International as President of Global Gaming Development under Chairman and CEO James Murren . The following day , he joined UNLV 's William S. Boyd School of Law as a Distinguished Fellow . On March 12 , 2019 , he joined Coeur Mining as a board member ."}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Nevada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.11.2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rick Scott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Scott', 'summary': 'Richard Lynn Scott ( né Myers , December 1 , 1952 ) is an American politician serving as the junior United States senator from Florida since 2019 . A member of the Republican Party , he previously served as the 45th governor of Florida from 2011 to 2019 . Scott is a graduate of the University of Missouri , Kansas City and of Southern Methodist University Dedman School of Law . In 1987 , after serving in the United States Navy and becoming a law firm partner , he co-founded Columbia Hospital Corporation . Columbia later merged with another corporation to form Columbia/HCA , which eventually became the largest private for-profit health care company in the United States . Scott was pressured to resign as chief executive of Columbia/HCA in 1997 . During his tenure as chief executive , the company defrauded Medicare , Medicaid and other federal programs . The Department of Justice ultimately fined the company $ 1.7 billion in what was at the time the largest health care fraud settlement in U.S. history . Scott was not charged with a crime . Following his departure from Columbia/HCA , Scott became a venture capitalist and pursued other business interests . Scott ran for governor of Florida in 2010 . He defeated Bill McCollum in a vigorously contested Republican primary election , and then narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Alex Sink in the general election .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mitt Romney', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.10.2011', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Tier 1 -- Current Governors', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Endorsements_for_the_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012_2', 'intro': 'This article is a list of endorsements made by members of the 112th United States Congress and other elected officials during the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries. Endorsements of statesmen and celebrities are also important to candidates. Late in the Republican race cycle, Romney toured Israel and Poland after a visit to the London 2012 Olympics. He received the endorsement of former President of Poland Lech Wałęsa, and soon after, the endorsement of actor and Second Amendment proponent Clint Eastwood. The winning of endorsements, also known as the Endorsement Race or Endorsement Derby, is argued to be a vital feature of the United States presidential race and the political party system. [by whom?]'}
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null
Which state has the governor who was born May 7 , 1947 ?
Utah
0ab0cebd17a841df
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hopper', 'title': 'Edward Hopper', 'header': ['Title', 'Medium', 'Date', 'Collection', 'Dimensions'], 'data': [{'value': 'Girl at Sewing Machine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Girl_at_Sewing_Machine', 'summary': "Girl at Sewing Machine is a 1921 painting by Edward Hopper , now in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid , Spain . It portrays a young girl sitting at a sewing machine facing a window on a beautiful sunny day . The location appears to be New York City as is evident from the yellow bricks in the window . The exterior vantage point although present only aids in putting the interior activity in perspective . It is one of the first of Hopper 's many window paintings . Hopper 's repeated decision to pose a young woman against her sewing is said to be his commentary on solitude . The painting is the inspiration for Mary Leader 's poem of the same name ."}]}, {'value': 'oil on canvas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thyssen-Bornemisza_Museum', 'summary': "The Thyssen-Bornemisza National Museum ( in Spanish , the Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza ( pronounced [ muˈse.o ˈtisem boɾneˈmisa ] ) , named after its founder ) , or simply the Thyssen , is an art museum in Madrid , Spain , located near the Prado Museum on one of city 's main boulevards . It is known as part of the Golden Triangle of Art , which also includes the Prado and the Reina Sofia national galleries . The Thyssen-Bornemisza fills the historical gaps in its counterparts ' collections : in the Prado 's case this includes Italian primitives and works from the English , Dutch and German schools , while in the case of the Reina Sofia it concerns Impressionists , Expressionists , and European and American paintings from the 20th century . With over 1,600 paintings , it was once the second largest private collection in the world after the British Royal Collection . A competition was held to house the core of the collection in 1987-88 after Baron Thyssen , having tried to enlarge his Museum in Lugano ( Villa Favorita ) , searched for a location elsewhere in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '48 cm × 46 cm ( 19 in × 18 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Interior', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'oil on canvas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whitney Museum of American Art', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art', 'summary': "The Whitney Museum of American Art , known informally as the Whitney , is an art museum in Manhattan . It was founded in 1930 by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney ( 1875-1942 ) , a wealthy and prominent American socialite and art patron after whom it is named . The Whitney focuses on 20th- and 21st-century American art . Its permanent collection , spanning the late-19th century to the present , comprises more than 25,000 paintings , sculptures , drawings , prints , photographs , films , videos , and artifacts of new media by more than 3,500 artists . It places particular emphasis on exhibiting the work of living artists as well as maintaining an extensive permanent collection of important pieces from the first half of the last century . The museum 's Annual and Biennial exhibitions have long been a venue for younger and lesser-known artists whose work is showcased there . From 1966 to 2014 , the Whitney was at 945 Madison Avenue on Manhattan 's Upper East Side in a building designed by Marcel Breuer and Hamilton P. Smith . The museum closed in October 2014 to relocate to a new building designed by Renzo Piano at 99 Gansevoort Street in the West Village/Meatpacking District neighborhoods of Lower Manhattan ; it reopened at the new location on May 1 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '62 × 75 cm ( 24 × 29in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Automat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Automat_(painting)', 'summary': "Automat is a 1927 painting by the American realist painter Edward Hopper . The painting was first displayed on Valentine 's Day 1927 at the opening of Hopper 's second solo show , at the Rehn Galleries in New York City . By April it had been sold for $ 1,200 . The painting is today owned by the Des Moines Art Center in Iowa ."}]}, {'value': 'oil on canvas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Des Moines Art Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines_Art_Center', 'summary': 'The Des Moines Art Center is an art museum with an extensive collection of paintings , sculpture , modern art and mixed media . It was established in 1948 in Des Moines , Iowa .'}]}, {'value': '71.4 cm × 91.4 cm ( 28 in × 36 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chop Suey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chop_Suey_(painting)', 'summary': "Chop Suey ( 1929 ) is a painting by Edward Hopper . The foreground of the work portrays two women in conversation at a restaurant . In November 2018 , it was sold at a record price for the artist 's work ."}]}, {'value': 'oil on canvas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barney A. Ebsworth Collection', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81.3 cm × 96.5 cm ( 32 in × 38 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Early Sunday Morning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Early_Sunday_Morning', 'summary': 'Early Sunday Morning is a 1930 painting by American artist Edward Hopper .'}]}, {'value': 'oil on canvas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whitney Museum of American Art', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art', 'summary': "The Whitney Museum of American Art , known informally as the Whitney , is an art museum in Manhattan . It was founded in 1930 by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney ( 1875-1942 ) , a wealthy and prominent American socialite and art patron after whom it is named . The Whitney focuses on 20th- and 21st-century American art . Its permanent collection , spanning the late-19th century to the present , comprises more than 25,000 paintings , sculptures , drawings , prints , photographs , films , videos , and artifacts of new media by more than 3,500 artists . It places particular emphasis on exhibiting the work of living artists as well as maintaining an extensive permanent collection of important pieces from the first half of the last century . The museum 's Annual and Biennial exhibitions have long been a venue for younger and lesser-known artists whose work is showcased there . From 1966 to 2014 , the Whitney was at 945 Madison Avenue on Manhattan 's Upper East Side in a building designed by Marcel Breuer and Hamilton P. Smith . The museum closed in October 2014 to relocate to a new building designed by Renzo Piano at 99 Gansevoort Street in the West Village/Meatpacking District neighborhoods of Lower Manhattan ; it reopened at the new location on May 1 , 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '89.4 cm × 153 cm ( 35.2 in × 60.3 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Macomb 's Dam Bridge", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Macomb's_Dam_Bridge_(painting)", 'summary': "Macomb 's Dam Bridge is a 1935 oil painting by the American Realist artist Edward Hopper . The work depicts New York City 's Macombs Dam Bridge ; the scene is quiet and empty in contrast to the bridge 's usual traffic . It is in the collection of the Brooklyn Museum , New York City ."}]}, {'value': 'oil on canvas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Museum , New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum', 'summary': "The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn . At 560,000 square feet ( 52,000 m2 ) , the museum is New York City 's third largest in physical size and holds an art collection with roughly 1.5 million works . Located near the Prospect Heights , Crown Heights , Flatbush , and Park Slope neighborhoods of Brooklyn and founded in 1895 , the Beaux-Arts building , designed by McKim , Mead and White , was planned to be the largest art museum in the world . The museum initially struggled to maintain its building and collection , only to be revitalized in the late 20th century , thanks to major renovations . Significant areas of the collection include antiquities , specifically their collection of Egyptian antiquities spanning over 3,000 years . European , African , Oceanic , and Japanese art make for notable antiquities collections as well . American art is heavily represented , starting at the Colonial period . Artists represented in the collection include Mark Rothko , Edward Hopper , Norman Rockwell , Winslow Homer , Edgar Degas , Georgia O'Keeffe , and Max Weber . The museum also has a Memorial Sculpture Garden which features salvaged architectural elements from throughout New York City ."}]}, {'value': '90 cm × 153 cm ( 35 in X 60 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Office at Night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Office_at_Night', 'summary': 'Office at Night is a 1940 oil-on-canvas painting by the American realist painter Edward Hopper . It is owned by the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis , Minnesota , which purchased it in 1948 . The painting depicts an office occupied by an attractive young woman in a short-sleeved blue dress who is standing at an open file cabinet , and a slightly older man who is perhaps in early middle age . He is dressed in a three-piece suit and is seated behind a desk . The nature of the office is unclear - it could just as easily be the office of a lawyer , an accountant or of a small business .'}]}, {'value': 'oil on canvas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walker Art Center ( Minneapolis )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walker_Art_Center', 'summary': "The Walker Art Center is a multidisciplinary contemporary art center in the Lowry Hill neighborhood of Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . The Walker is one of the most-visited modern and contemporary art museums in the United States and , together with the adjacent Minneapolis Sculpture Garden and the Cowles Conservatory , it has an annual attendance of around 700,000 visitors . The museum 's permanent collection includes over 13,000 modern and contemporary art pieces including books , costumes , drawings , media works , paintings , photography , prints , and sculpture . The Walker Art Center began 1879 as a personal art gallery in the home of lumber baron Thomas Barlow Walker . Walker formally established his collection as the Walker Art Gallery in 1927 . With the support of the Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration , the Walker Art Gallery became the Walker Art Center in January 1940 . The Walker celebrated its 75th anniversary as a public art center in 2015 . The Walker 's new building , designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes and opened in May 1971 , saw a major expansion in 2005 . Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron 's addition included an additional gallery space , a theater , restaurant , shop , and special events space ."}]}, {'value': '56.356 cm × 63.82 cm ( 22.1875 in × 25.125 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nighthawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nighthawks_(painting)', 'summary': "Nighthawks is a 1942 oil on canvas painting by Edward Hopper that portrays people in a downtown diner late at night as viewed through the diner 's large glass window . Also portrayed are the exteriors of the urban structures across the street from the diner . It has been described as Hopper 's best-known work and is one of the most recognizable paintings in American art . Within months of its completion , it was sold to the Art Institute of Chicago on May 13 , 1942 , for $ 3,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'oil on canvas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art Institute of Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago', 'summary': "The Art Institute of Chicago , founded in 1879 and located in Chicago 's Grant Park , is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States . Recognized for its curatorial efforts and popularity among visitors , the museum hosts approximately 1.5 million people annually . Its collection , stewarded by 11 curatorial departments , is encyclopedic , and includes iconic works such as Georges Seurat 's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte , Pablo Picasso 's The Old Guitarist , Edward Hopper 's Nighthawks , and Grant Wood 's American Gothic . Its permanent collection of nearly 300,000 works of art is augmented by more than 30 special exhibitions mounted yearly that illuminate aspects of the collection and present cutting-edge curatorial and scientific research . As a research institution , the Art Institute also has a conservation and conservation science department , five conservation laboratories , and one of the largest art history and architecture libraries in the country - the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries . The growth of the collection has warranted several additions to the museum 's original 1893 building , which was constructed for the World 's Columbian Exposition of the same year . The most recent expansion , the Modern Wing designed by Renzo Piano , opened in 2009 and increased the museum 's footprint to nearly one million square feet , making it the second-largest art museum in the United States , after the Metropolitan Museum of Art . The Art Institute is associated with the School of the Art Institute of Chicago , a leading art school , making it one of the few remaining unified arts institutions in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '84.1 cm × 152.4 cm ( 33 1⁄8 in × 60 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotel Lobby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hotel_Lobby', 'summary': 'Hotel Lobby is a 1943 oil painting on canvas by American realist painter Edward Hopper ; it is held in the collection of the Indianapolis Museum of Art ( IMA ) , in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'oil on canvas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Museum of Art', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art', 'summary': "The Indianapolis Museum of Art ( IMA ) is an encyclopedic art museum located at Newfields , a 152-acre ( 0.62 km2 ) campus that also houses Lilly House , The Virginia B. Fairbanks Art & Nature Park : 100 Acres , The Gardens at Newfields , the Beer Garden , and more . It is located at the corner of North Michigan Road and West 38th Street , near downtown Indianapolis , northwest of Crown Hill Cemetery . There are exhibitions , classes , tours , and events , many of which change seasonally . The entire campus was previously referred to as the Indianapolis Museum of Art , but in 2017 the campus and organization were renamed Newfields to better reflect the breadth of offerings and venues . The Indianapolis Museum of Art now specifically refers to the main art museum building that acts as the cornerstone of the campus , as well as the legal name of the organization doing business as Newfields . The Indianapolis Museum of Art is the ninth oldest [ note 1 ] and eighth largest encyclopedic art museum in the United States . [ note 2 ] The permanent collection comprises over 54,000 works , including African , American , Asian , and European pieces . Significant areas of the collection include : Neo-Impressionist paintings ; Japanese paintings of the Edo period ; Chinese ceramics and bronzes ; paintings , sculptures , and prints by Paul Gauguin and the Pont-Aven School ; a large number of works by J. M. W. Turner ; and a growing contemporary art collection . Other areas of emphasis include textiles and fashion arts as well as a recent focus on modern design . Founded in 1883 by the Art Association of Indianapolis , the first permanent museum was opened in 1906 as part of the John Herron Art Institute . In 1969 , the Art Association of Indianapolis changed its name to the Indianapolis Museum of Art , and in 1970 the museum moved to its current location . Among the Art Association 's founders was May Wright Sewall ( 1844-1920 ) , known for her work in the women 's suffrage movement ."}]}, {'value': '81.9 cm × 103.5 cm ( 32 1⁄4 in × 40 3⁄4 in )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Office in a Small City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Office_in_a_Small_City', 'summary': "Office in a Small City is a 1953 painting by the American realist painter Edward Hopper . It is owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . It depicts a man sitting in a corner office surveying the landscape outdoors . The style is reminiscent of many of Hopper 's works in that it depicts loneliness and beauty in a uniquely stark yet pleasing fashion . The work is currently ( 2019 ) not on view ."}]}, {'value': 'oil on canvas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metropolitan Museum of Art', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art', 'summary': "The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City , colloquially the Met , [ a ] is the largest art museum in the United States . With 6,953,927 visitors to its three locations in 2018 , it was the third most visited art museum in the world . Its permanent collection contains over two million works , divided among 17 curatorial departments . The main building at 1000 Fifth Avenue , along the Museum Mile on the eastern edge of Central Park in Manhattan 's Upper East Side , is by area one of the world 's largest art galleries . A much smaller second location , The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan , contains an extensive collection of art , architecture , and artifacts from medieval Europe . On March 18 , 2016 , the museum opened the Met Breuer museum along Madison Avenue on the Upper East Side ; it extends the museum 's modern and contemporary art program . The permanent collection consists of works of art from classical antiquity and ancient Egypt , paintings , and sculptures from nearly all the European masters , and an extensive collection of American and modern art . The Met maintains extensive holdings of African , Asian , Oceanian , Byzantine , and Islamic art . The museum is home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments , costumes , and accessories , as well as antique weapons and armor from around the world . Several notable interiors , ranging from 1st-century Rome through modern American design , are installed in its galleries . The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 for the purposes of opening a museum to bring art and art education to the American people . The Fifth Avenue building opened on February 20 , 1872 , at 681 Fifth Avenue ."}]}, {'value': '71 cm × 102 cm ( 28 in × 40 in )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Selected works', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of works by Edward Hopper', 'uid': 'Edward_Hopper_0', 'intro': 'Edward Hopper (July 22, 1882 - May 15, 1967) was an American realist painter and printmaker. While he is best known for his oil paintings, he was equally proficient as a watercolorist and printmaker in etching. Both in his urban and rural scenes, his spare and finely calculated renderings reflected his personal vision of modern American life.'}
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null
What year was the museum which contains the Edward Hopper work Automat founded ?
1948
0ab32271d36dfb84
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thorn_Birds_(miniseries)', 'title': 'The Thorn Birds (miniseries)', 'header': ['Year', 'Association', 'Category', 'Nominee ( s )', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Achievement in Makeup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Del Acevedo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert MacKichan , Jerry Adams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Film Editing for a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': "Carroll Timothy O'Meara", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': 'This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie ( called the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie prior to 2015 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Chamberlain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': 'The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie is an award presented annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a television limited series or television movie for the primetime network season . The award was first presented at the 7th Primetime Emmy Awards on March 7 , 1955 , to Judith Anderson for her performance as Lady Macbeth on the Hallmark Hall of Fame episode Macbeth . It has undergone several name changes , with the category split into two categories at the 25th Primetime Emmy Awards : Outstanding Lead Actress in a Special Program - Drama or Comedy ; and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series . By the 31st Primetime Emmy Awards , the categories were merged into one , and has since undergone several name changes , leading to its current title . Since its inception , the award has been given to 54 actresses . Michelle Williams is the current recipient of the award , for her portrayal of Gwen Verdon on Fosse/Verdon . Helen Mirren has won the most awards in this category , with four , and has received the most nominations for the award on ten occasions .'}]}, {'value': 'Barbara Stanwyck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Miniseries or Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Miniseries_or_Movie', 'summary': 'The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series represents excellence in the category of limited series that are two or more episodes with a total running time of at least 150 minutes . The program must tell a complete , non-recurring story , and not have an ongoing storyline or main characters in subsequent seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'The Thorn Birds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': "This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Before 1975 , supporting actors featured in a miniseries or movie were included in categories such as comedy or drama . From 1975 to 1978 , the award was called Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special . Despite the category 's name , actors appearing in many episodes of a miniseries were included . In 1979 , the award was named Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Special . The award was renamed again in 1986 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special . By 1998 , the award was renamed Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryan Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': "This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Before 1975 , supporting actors featured in a miniseries or movie were included in categories such as comedy or drama . From 1975 to 1978 , the award was called Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special . Despite the category 's name , actors appearing in many episodes of a miniseries were included . In 1979 , the award was named Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Special . The award was renamed again in 1986 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special . By 1998 , the award was renamed Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Kiley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': "This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Before 1975 , supporting actors featured in a miniseries or movie were included in categories such as comedy or drama . From 1975 to 1978 , the award was called Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special . Despite the category 's name , actors appearing in many episodes of a miniseries were included . In 1979 , the award was named Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Special . The award was renamed again in 1986 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special . By 1998 , the award was renamed Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie ."}]}, {'value': 'Christopher Plummer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': 'The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie is an award presented annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television limited series or television movie for the primetime network season . The award was first presented at the 27th Primetime Emmy Awards on May 19 , 1975 , to Juliet Mills for her role as Samantha Cody in QB VII . The award ceremony garnered criticism during the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards when Ellen Burstyn received a nomination for her work in Mrs. Harris ( 2005 ) , despite having 14 seconds of screen time and 38 words of dialogue . This resulted in a rule change , requiring nominees submitting for the category to have more than 5% screen-time on their respective projects . Since its inception , the award has been given to 38 actresses . Regina King , Jane Alexander , Judy Davis , Colleen Dewhurst , and Mare Winningham have each won two awards . Kathy Bates is the most nominated actress in the category , with seven nominations .'}]}, {'value': 'Piper Laurie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primetime Emmy Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards', 'summary': "The Primetime Emmy Award is an American award bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming . First given out in 1949 , the award was originally referred to as simply the Emmy Awards until the first Daytime Emmy Award ceremony was held in 1974 and the word prime time was added to distinguish between the two . The Primetime Emmy Awards generally air in mid-September , on the Sunday before the official start of the fall television season . They are currently seen in rotation among the four major networks ( ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC ) . The ceremony is typically moved to late-August if it is broadcast by NBC ( such as in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 ) , so that it does not conflict with NBC 's commitment to broadcasting Sunday-night NFL games ( due to another conflict , this time with the MTV Video Music Awards , the 2014 ceremony was also shifted to a Monday ) . However , the 2018 ceremony , broadcast by NBC , was moved back to September and aired on a Monday . They are considered television 's equivalent to the Academy Awards ( film ) , Grammy Awards ( music ) , and Tony Awards ( theater ) . The awards are divided into three categories : Primetime Emmy Awards , Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , and Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie', 'summary': 'The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie is an award presented annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television limited series or television movie for the primetime network season . The award was first presented at the 27th Primetime Emmy Awards on May 19 , 1975 , to Juliet Mills for her role as Samantha Cody in QB VII . The award ceremony garnered criticism during the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards when Ellen Burstyn received a nomination for her work in Mrs. Harris ( 2005 ) , despite having 14 seconds of screen time and 38 words of dialogue . This resulted in a rule change , requiring nominees submitting for the category to have more than 5% screen-time on their respective projects . Since its inception , the award has been given to 38 actresses . Regina King , Jane Alexander , Judy Davis , Colleen Dewhurst , and Mare Winningham have each won two awards . Kathy Bates is the most nominated actress in the category , with seven nominations .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean Simmons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_–_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film or Best Actor - Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 39th Golden Globe Awards on January 30 , 1982 , to Mickey Rooney for his role on Bill . Performances by an actor in a miniseries or television film were originally awarded in the Best Actor - Television Series Drama category before the creation of this category . Since its inception , the award has been given to 34 actors . Russell Crowe is the current recipient of the award for his portrayal of Roger Ailes on The Loudest Voice . Robert Duvall , James Garner , and Al Pacino have won the most awards in this category with two each . James Woods has been nominated for the award on seven occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Chamberlain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Actress - Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_–_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Miniseries or Television Film or Best Actress - Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 39th Golden Globe Awards on January 30 , 1982 to Jane Seymour for her performance in East of Eden ( 1981 ) . Performances by actresses in a miniseries or television film were originally awarded in the Best Actress - Television Series Drama category before the creation of this category . Since its inception , the award has been given to 34 actresses . Patricia Arquette is the current recipient of the award for her portrayal of Joyce Tilly Mitchell in Escape at Dannemora ( 2018 ) . Ann-Margret , Judy Davis , and Helen Mirren have won the most awards in the category , winning two times . Jessica Lange has been nominated for the award on eight occasions , the most for the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Rachel Ward', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film is one of the annual Golden Globe Awards given to the best miniseries or made-for-television film .'}]}, {'value': 'The Thorn Birds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television series , miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 28th Golden Globe Awards on February 5 , 1971 , to James Brolin for his role on Marcus Welby , M.D . It was presented under the title Best Supporting Actor - Television Series before changing to its current title in 1980 . Since its inception , the award has been given to 45 actors . Stellan Skarsgard is the current recipient of the award for his portrayal of Boris Shcherbina on Chernobyl . Ed Asner has won the most awards in this category , winning three times . Sean Hayes and Jeremy Piven have each been nominated for the award on six occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Bryan Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television series , miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 28th Golden Globe Awards on February 5 , 1971 , to James Brolin for his role on Marcus Welby , M.D . It was presented under the title Best Supporting Actor - Television Series before changing to its current title in 1980 . Since its inception , the award has been given to 45 actors . Stellan Skarsgard is the current recipient of the award for his portrayal of Boris Shcherbina on Chernobyl . Ed Asner has won the most awards in this category , winning three times . Sean Hayes and Jeremy Piven have each been nominated for the award on six occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard Kiley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television series , miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 28th Golden Globe Awards on February 5 , 1971 to Gail Fisher for her role on Mannix . It was presented under the title Best Supporting Actress - Television Series before changing to its current title in 1980 . Since its inception , the award has been given to 45 actresses . Patricia Arquette is the current recipient of the award for her portrayal of Dee Dee Blanchard on The Act . Valerie Bertinelli , Laura Dern , Faye Dunaway , and Polly Holliday have won the most awards in this category with two each . Rhea Perlman has been nominated for the award on six occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Piper Laurie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries or Television Film', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television series , miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 28th Golden Globe Awards on February 5 , 1971 to Gail Fisher for her role on Mannix . It was presented under the title Best Supporting Actress - Television Series before changing to its current title in 1980 . Since its inception , the award has been given to 45 actresses . Patricia Arquette is the current recipient of the award for her portrayal of Dee Dee Blanchard on The Act . Valerie Bertinelli , Laura Dern , Faye Dunaway , and Polly Holliday have won the most awards in this category with two each . Rhea Perlman has been nominated for the award on six occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean Simmons', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Globe Awards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards', 'summary': "The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944 , recognizing excellence in film , both American and International , and the American television . The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is normally held every January , and is a major part of the film industry 's awards season , which culminates each year in the Academy Awards . The eligibility period for the Golden Globes corresponds to the calendar year ( i.e . January 1 through December 31 ) . The 77th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television in 2019 , were held on January 5 , 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries or Television', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_–_Series,_Miniseries_or_Television_Film', 'summary': 'The Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Series , Miniseries , or Television Film is an award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role on a television series , miniseries or motion picture made for television for the calendar year . The award was first presented at the 28th Golden Globe Awards on February 5 , 1971 to Gail Fisher for her role on Mannix . It was presented under the title Best Supporting Actress - Television Series before changing to its current title in 1980 . Since its inception , the award has been given to 45 actresses . Patricia Arquette is the current recipient of the award for her portrayal of Dee Dee Blanchard on The Act . Valerie Bertinelli , Laura Dern , Faye Dunaway , and Polly Holliday have won the most awards in this category with two each . Rhea Perlman has been nominated for the award on six occasions , the most within the category .'}]}, {'value': 'Barbara Stanwyck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': "People 's Choice Awards", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/People's_Choice_Awards", 'summary': "The People 's Choice Awards , officially the E ! People 's Choice Awards since E ! took it over in April 2017 , is an American awards show , recognizing people in entertainment , voted online by the general public and fans . The show has been held annually since 1975 , with the winners originally determined using Gallup Polls until the switch to online voting in 2005 . The awards were created by Bob Stivers , who produced the first show in 1975 . The first awards recognized The Sting as Favorite Picture of 1974 , Barbra Streisand as the year 's Favorite Film Actress , and John Wayne as its Favorite Film Actor . Ratings for the annual event peaked in 1977 , when the third People 's Choice Awards attracted 35.3 million viewers who witnessed Farrah Fawcett win the award for Favorite Female TV Star , Star Wars win as the Favorite Picture , and Streisand and Wayne win again in the Film Actress and Actor categories . So far , Ellen DeGeneres is the most awarded person , with a total of 20 awards . In 1982 , Stiver sold the People 's Choice Awards to Procter & Gamble Productions ; under P & G , the ceremony was broadcast by CBS , and Procter & Gamble 's brands held exclusive national advertising time across the entire telecast . In April 2017 , the E ! network announced that they had acquired the People 's Choice Awards . In December 2017 , E !"}]}, {'value': 'Best TV Miniseries', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/People's_Choice_Awards", 'summary': "The People 's Choice Awards , officially the E ! People 's Choice Awards since E ! took it over in April 2017 , is an American awards show , recognizing people in entertainment , voted online by the general public and fans . The show has been held annually since 1975 , with the winners originally determined using Gallup Polls until the switch to online voting in 2005 . The awards were created by Bob Stivers , who produced the first show in 1975 . The first awards recognized The Sting as Favorite Picture of 1974 , Barbra Streisand as the year 's Favorite Film Actress , and John Wayne as its Favorite Film Actor . Ratings for the annual event peaked in 1977 , when the third People 's Choice Awards attracted 35.3 million viewers who witnessed Farrah Fawcett win the award for Favorite Female TV Star , Star Wars win as the Favorite Picture , and Streisand and Wayne win again in the Film Actress and Actor categories . So far , Ellen DeGeneres is the most awarded person , with a total of 20 awards . In 1982 , Stiver sold the People 's Choice Awards to Procter & Gamble Productions ; under P & G , the ceremony was broadcast by CBS , and Procter & Gamble 's brands held exclusive national advertising time across the entire telecast . In April 2017 , the E ! network announced that they had acquired the People 's Choice Awards . In December 2017 , E !"}]}, {'value': 'The Thorn Birds', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Awards and nominations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'The_Thorn_Birds_(TV_miniseries)_0', 'intro': "The Thorn Birds is an American television miniseries broadcast on ABC from March 27 to 30, 1983. It starred Richard Chamberlain, Rachel Ward, Barbara Stanwyck, Christopher Plummer, Piper Laurie, Jean Simmons, Richard Kiley, Bryan Brown, Mare Winningham and Philip Anglim. It was directed by Daryl Duke and based on a novel of the same name by Colleen McCullough. The series was enormously successful and became the United States' second highest-rated miniseries of all time behind Roots; both series were produced by television veteran David L. Wolper."}
null
null
For which movie did Jane Seymour win this award that began in January 1944 ?
East of Eden
0ab36c36d66cffb7
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Basquete_Brasil', 'title': 'Novo Basquete Brasil', 'header': ['Teams', 'Win', 'Loss', 'Total', 'Year ( s ) won', 'Year ( s ) lost'], 'data': [{'value': 'Flamengo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flamengo_Basketball', 'summary': "The Flamengo Basketball team is a professional Brazilian basketball team based in Rio de Janeiro . It is a part of the Clube de Regatas do Flamengo multi-sports club family . The club 's full name is Basquetebol do Clube de Regatas do Flamengo . The club 's commonly used short names are C.R.F . Basquete , C.R . Flamengo Basquete , Flamengo Basquete , and FlaBasquete . Flamengo is one of the most traditional and successful basketball teams in Brazil , having won the top-tier level Brazilian National League title seven times , once during the Brazilian Basketball Championship era , and six times during the NBB era ( the current Brazilian League format ) . The team also won the South American second-tier level FIBA South American League ( LSB ) in 2009 ( I ) , the South American top-tier level FIBA Americas League in 2014 , and the FIBA Intercontinental Cup , also in 2014 . Brazil 's senior national team 's all time legend , Oscar Schmidt , played with Flamengo between 1999 and 2003 , and is one of the most important players in the club 's history ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_NBB_season', 'summary': 'Novo Basquete Brasil ( NBB ) is the Brazilian basketball league , created in 2008 as the new format to the Campeonato Brasileiro de Basquete . NBB is fully organized by the participating clubs , as an attempt to reorganize and rebuild the Brazilian basketball . The form of dispute follows a similar model adopted by the NBA and European countries . The first edition was disputed by fifteen teams playing each other in the round and second round at the classification stage . At the end of two rounds , the top eight teams qualify for the playoffs in best of five matches , advances to the next phase who win three games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2012–13_NBB_season', 'summary': 'The 2012-13 NBB season was the fifth edition of Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . This tournament is organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB serves as a qualifying competition for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and Torneo InterLigas . For this season the qualify for the FIBA Americas League came to be through the Liga Sudamericana . This season has a record number of participating teams , with eighteen teams playing each other in round and second round in the regular season . At the end of two rounds the top four teams qualify for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , best of five matches , advances to the next phase who win three games . For this season , the LNB added a new feature : the last two regular season placed will dispute a four-group against the two finalists in the Super Copa Brasil de Basquete . The two top finishers in this group receive the right to contest the next NBB .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2013–14_NBB_season', 'summary': 'The 2013-14 NBB season was the sixth season of the Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . This tournament was organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB serves as a qualifying competition for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and FIBA Americas League . Seventeen teams playing each other in the regular season . At the end of the home and away matches round the top four teams qualified for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , best of five matches , advances to the next phase who win three games . For this season , the last two regular season placed was relegated to the newly created Liga Ouro , the NBB second division . The Liga Ouro winner receive the right to contest NBB in the next year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2014–15_NBB_season', 'summary': 'The 2014-15 NBB season was the 7th season of the Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . Once again this tournament was organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB also qualified teams for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and FIBA Americas League . This season sixteen teams were played each other in the regular season . At the end of the home and away matches round the top four teams qualified for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , in a five-match series . This year NBB returned to a series in the Finals , played in a best of three-match . For this season , only the last regular season placed was relegated to the Liga Ouro , the NBB second division . The Liga Ouro winner receive the right to contest NBB in the next year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015–16_NBB_season', 'summary': 'The 2015-16 NBB season was the 8th season of the Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . Once again this tournament was organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB also qualified teams for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and FIBA Americas League . This season fifteen teams were played each other in the regular season . At the end of the home and away matches round the top four teams qualified for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , in a five-match series . This year NBB returned to a series in the Finals , played in a best of three-match . For this season , only the last regular season placed was relegated to the Liga Ouro , the NBB second division . The Liga Ouro winner receive the right to contest NBB in the next year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2018–19_NBB_season', 'summary': "The 2018-19 Novo Basquete Brasil ( NBB ) season is the 11th season of this top-tier level Brazilian professional basketball league . This tournament is organized by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB will also qualify teams for international tournaments such as the FIBA South American League ( LSB ) and FIBA Americas League . In this season , fourteen teams will play during the regular season . At the end of the season 's home and away games , the top four league teams qualify for the quarterfinal playoffs , while the teams finishing in the 5th through 12th places will participate in playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals . The quarterfinals are played in a best out of five series since the NBB 2015-16 season . For this season , the last regular season placed team is relegated to the 2020 Liga Ouro , the NBB 's second tier division . Also , only the 2019 Liga Ouro winner receives the right to play in the NBB 2019-20 season ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_NBB_season', 'summary': '2009-2010 NBB season was the second season of Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . It started in November 1 , 2009 , and was disputed by fourteen teams playing each other in round and runoff in the regular season . At the end of the regular season the first four teams qualify for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically now the team who finish between 5th and 12th positions will participate in the first round of the playoffs to define the other four teams in the quarterfinals .'}]}, {'value': 'Brasília', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UniCEUB/BRB', 'summary': 'The Instituto Viver Basquetebol , commonly known simply as Lobos Brasília , was a Brazilian professional basketball club , based in Brasília , Federal District . The team was founded in 2000 , and renamed in 2009 , been originally related to Salgado de Oliveira University ( UNIVERSO ) . Between 2010 and 2017 was associated with Centro Universitário de Brasília ( UniCEUB ) and named UniCEUB/BRB/Brasília . Their gyms are Nilson Nelson and ASCEB ( minor games ) . In 2017 , the team was dissolved . The lack of soccer tradition in Brasília contributed to the basketball team of UniCEUB/BRB be adopted as a local passion . The results inside the basketball court also favored the club consolidation , in special the third consecutive championship of Novo Basquete Brasil ( NBB ) won in 2011-2012 season , that led the team to reach the mark of four national titles in six consecutive finals . In addition , UniCEUB/BRB was the first Brazilian team to have won the FIBA Americas League , the most important club tournament of the International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) in the continent . In 2008-09 season the team won the title by defeating the Mexican Halcones Xalapa in their home .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 , 2011 , 2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_NBB_season', 'summary': '2009-2010 NBB season was the second season of Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . It started in November 1 , 2009 , and was disputed by fourteen teams playing each other in round and runoff in the regular season . At the end of the regular season the first four teams qualify for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically now the team who finish between 5th and 12th positions will participate in the first round of the playoffs to define the other four teams in the quarterfinals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NBB_season', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 NBB season was the third season of Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . It started on October 29 , 2010 , and was disputed by fourteen teams playing each other in round and runoff in the regular season . The NBB serves as a qualifying competition for international tournaments such as FIBA Americas League , Liga Sudamericana and Torneo InterLigas . As in the second edition , in the third edition of NBB , also named NBB 3 , At the end of the regular season the first four teams qualify for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically now the team who finish between 5° and 12° positions will participate in the first round of the playoffs o define the other four teams in the quarterfinals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2011–12_NBB_season', 'summary': '2011-2012 NBB season was the fourth season of Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . This tournament is organized entirely by the participating clubs . The NBB serves as a qualifying competition for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and Torneo InterLigas . For this season the qualify for the FIBA Americas League came to be through the Liga Sudamericana . The season started on November 19 and was disputed with 16 participating teams playing each other in round and second round in the regular season . At the end of two rounds the top four teams qualify for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , best of five matches , advances to the next phase who win three games .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_NBB_season', 'summary': 'Novo Basquete Brasil ( NBB ) is the Brazilian basketball league , created in 2008 as the new format to the Campeonato Brasileiro de Basquete . NBB is fully organized by the participating clubs , as an attempt to reorganize and rebuild the Brazilian basketball . The form of dispute follows a similar model adopted by the NBA and European countries . The first edition was disputed by fifteen teams playing each other in the round and second round at the classification stage . At the end of two rounds , the top eight teams qualify for the playoffs in best of five matches , advances to the next phase who win three games .'}]}, {'value': 'Bauru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Bauru_Basketball_Team', 'summary': "The Associação Bauru Basketball Team , commonly known as Bauru Basquete ( Bauru Basket ) , and also known as Sendi/Bauru for name sponsorship reasons , is a Brazilian professional basketball team that is based in Bauru , São Paulo , Brazil . The club plays Brazil 's top-tier level league , the Novo Basquete Brasil ( NBB ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_NBB_season', 'summary': "The 2016-17 NBB season was the 9th season of the Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . Once again this tournament was organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB also qualified teams for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and FIBA Americas League . This season fifteen teams played each other in the regular season . At the end of the home and away matches round the top four teams qualified for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , in a five-match series . This season maintained 15/16 's playoff method of best of 5 games , played on the 1-2-1-1 format . For this season , the last two regular season placed teams were relegated to the Liga Ouro , the NBB second division . Only the Liga Ouro winner received the right to contest NBB in the next year ."}]}, {'value': '2015 , 2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_NBB_season', 'summary': 'The 2014-15 NBB season was the 7th season of the Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . Once again this tournament was organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB also qualified teams for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and FIBA Americas League . This season sixteen teams were played each other in the regular season . At the end of the home and away matches round the top four teams qualified for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , in a five-match series . This year NBB returned to a series in the Finals , played in a best of three-match . For this season , only the last regular season placed was relegated to the Liga Ouro , the NBB second division . The Liga Ouro winner receive the right to contest NBB in the next year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2015–16_NBB_season', 'summary': 'The 2015-16 NBB season was the 8th season of the Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . Once again this tournament was organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB also qualified teams for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and FIBA Americas League . This season fifteen teams were played each other in the regular season . At the end of the home and away matches round the top four teams qualified for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , in a five-match series . This year NBB returned to a series in the Finals , played in a best of three-match . For this season , only the last regular season placed was relegated to the Liga Ouro , the NBB second division . The Liga Ouro winner receive the right to contest NBB in the next year .'}]}, {'value': 'Paulistano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Athletico_Paulistano_(basketball)', 'summary': "Club Athletico Paulistano , abbreviated as C.A . Paulistano or C.A.P. , is the senior men 's basketball section of the Brazilian multi-sports club Club Athletico Paulistano ( C.A.P . ) , which is based in São Paulo , Brazil . The team competes in the top-tier level Brazilian league , the Novo Basquete Brasil ( NBB ) . For sponsorship reasons , the club is also currently known as Paulistano/Corpore , or Paulistano Corpore ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_NBB_season', 'summary': "The 2017-18 NBB season was the 9th season of the Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . Once again this tournament was organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB also qualified teams for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and FIBA Americas League . This season fifteen teams played each other in the regular season . At the end of the home and away matches round the top four teams qualified for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , in a five-match series . This season maintained 16/17 's playoff method of best of 5 games , played on the 1-2-1-1 format . For this season , the last regular season placed team is relegated to the 2019 Liga Ouro , the NBB 's second tier division . Also , only the 2018 Liga Ouro winner receives the right to play in the NBB 2019-20 season ."}]}, {'value': '2014 , 2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_NBB_season', 'summary': 'The 2013-14 NBB season was the sixth season of the Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . This tournament was organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB serves as a qualifying competition for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and FIBA Americas League . Seventeen teams playing each other in the regular season . At the end of the home and away matches round the top four teams qualified for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , best of five matches , advances to the next phase who win three games . For this season , the last two regular season placed was relegated to the newly created Liga Ouro , the NBB second division . The Liga Ouro winner receive the right to contest NBB in the next year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2016–17_NBB_season', 'summary': "The 2016-17 NBB season was the 9th season of the Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . Once again this tournament was organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB also qualified teams for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and FIBA Americas League . This season fifteen teams played each other in the regular season . At the end of the home and away matches round the top four teams qualified for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , in a five-match series . This season maintained 15/16 's playoff method of best of 5 games , played on the 1-2-1-1 format . For this season , the last two regular season placed teams were relegated to the Liga Ouro , the NBB second division . Only the Liga Ouro winner received the right to contest NBB in the next year ."}]}, {'value': 'Franca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franca_Basquetebol_Clube', 'summary': "Franca Basquetebol Clube ( English : Franca Basketball Club ) , also known as Sesi/Franca for sponsorship reasons , is a Brazilian men 's professional basketball club that is based in Franca , São Paulo state . It was founded on May 10 , 1959 . The club won the South American Club Championship six times ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 , 2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NBB_season', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 NBB season was the third season of Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . It started on October 29 , 2010 , and was disputed by fourteen teams playing each other in round and runoff in the regular season . The NBB serves as a qualifying competition for international tournaments such as FIBA Americas League , Liga Sudamericana and Torneo InterLigas . As in the second edition , in the third edition of NBB , also named NBB 3 , At the end of the regular season the first four teams qualify for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically now the team who finish between 5° and 12° positions will participate in the first round of the playoffs o define the other four teams in the quarterfinals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2018–19_NBB_season', 'summary': "The 2018-19 Novo Basquete Brasil ( NBB ) season is the 11th season of this top-tier level Brazilian professional basketball league . This tournament is organized by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB will also qualify teams for international tournaments such as the FIBA South American League ( LSB ) and FIBA Americas League . In this season , fourteen teams will play during the regular season . At the end of the season 's home and away games , the top four league teams qualify for the quarterfinal playoffs , while the teams finishing in the 5th through 12th places will participate in playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals . The quarterfinals are played in a best out of five series since the NBB 2015-16 season . For this season , the last regular season placed team is relegated to the 2020 Liga Ouro , the NBB 's second tier division . Also , only the 2019 Liga Ouro winner receives the right to play in the NBB 2019-20 season ."}]}, {'value': 'São José', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/São_José_Basketball', 'summary': "São José dos Campos Basketball , or simply Sao José Basketball , is a Brazilian professional basketball club that is based in São José dos Campos , São Paulo State . The club 's full name is Associação Esportiva São José dos Campos Basketball . The club plays in the top-tier level league in Brazil , the Novo Basquete Brasil ( NBB ) ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_NBB_season', 'summary': '2011-2012 NBB season was the fourth season of Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . This tournament is organized entirely by the participating clubs . The NBB serves as a qualifying competition for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and Torneo InterLigas . For this season the qualify for the FIBA Americas League came to be through the Liga Sudamericana . The season started on November 19 and was disputed with 16 participating teams playing each other in round and second round in the regular season . At the end of two rounds the top four teams qualify for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , best of five matches , advances to the next phase who win three games .'}]}, {'value': 'Uberlândia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uberlândia_Tênis_Clube', 'summary': 'Uberlândia Tênis Clube is a Brazilian professional basketball team from Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil . It is also known as Unitri/Uberlândia , due to a partnership with the university Unitri , which is located in Uberlândia . Unitri/Uberlândia is one of the teams of the Novo Basquete Brasil ( NBB ) , the top-tier level Brazilian basketball league .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_NBB_season', 'summary': 'The 2012-13 NBB season was the fifth edition of Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . This tournament is organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB serves as a qualifying competition for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and Torneo InterLigas . For this season the qualify for the FIBA Americas League came to be through the Liga Sudamericana . This season has a record number of participating teams , with eighteen teams playing each other in round and second round in the regular season . At the end of two rounds the top four teams qualify for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , best of five matches , advances to the next phase who win three games . For this season , the LNB added a new feature : the last two regular season placed will dispute a four-group against the two finalists in the Super Copa Brasil de Basquete . The two top finishers in this group receive the right to contest the next NBB .'}]}, {'value': 'Mogi das Cruzes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Associação_Desportiva_Mogi_das_Cruzes', 'summary': "Mogi das Cruzes Basquete , is a Brazilian professional basketball team that is based in Mogi das Cruzes , São Paulo . The club 's full name is Associação Desportiva Mogi das Cruzes . The club competes in the top-tier level national basketball league in Brazil , the Novo Basquete Brasil ( NBB ) ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_NBB_season', 'summary': "The 2017-18 NBB season was the 9th season of the Novo Basquete Brasil , the Brazilian basketball league . Once again this tournament was organized entirely by the Liga Nacional de Basquete ( LNB ) . The NBB also qualified teams for international tournaments such as Liga Sudamericana and FIBA Americas League . This season fifteen teams played each other in the regular season . At the end of the home and away matches round the top four teams qualified for the quarterfinals of the playoffs automatically , while the teams finishing in the 5th and 12th place participated in the first round of the playoffs to determine the other four teams in the quarterfinals , in a five-match series . This season maintained 16/17 's playoff method of best of 5 games , played on the 1-2-1-1 format . For this season , the last regular season placed team is relegated to the 2019 Liga Ouro , the NBB 's second tier division . Also , only the 2018 Liga Ouro winner receives the right to play in the NBB 2019-20 season ."}]}], 'section_title': 'NBB championships performance by club', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Novo_Basquete_Brasil_1', 'intro': "Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB) (English: New Basketball Brazil) is the Brazilian premier professional men's basketball league. It is organized by the Liga Nacional de Basquete (LNB) (National Basketball League), in a new format of Brazil's previous top-tier level basketball competition, the Campeonato Brasileiro de Basquete (Brazilian Basketball Championship). The NBB is managed by the Brazilian basketball associations, which were founding members of the LNB."}
null
null
In what year was the team with three wins founded ?
2000
0ab3ed878b6e4302
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Indiana', 'title': 'List of National Historic Landmarks in Indiana', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Date designated', 'Location', 'County', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akima Pinšiwa Awiiki ( Chief Jean-Baptiste de Richardville House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richardville_House', 'summary': 'The Chief Jean Baptiste de Richardville House was built near Fort Wayne , Indiana , in 1827 . Subsidized by the U.S. federal government through the 1826 Treaty of Mississinewas , it is believed to be one of only three treaty houses built east of the Mississippi River . It was designated a National Historic Landmark on March 2 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 2 , 2012 ( # 97000595 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Wayne 41°01′53″N 85°09′52″W / 41.0314°N 85.1644°W / 41.0314 ; -85.1644 ( Akima Pinšiwa Awiiki ( Chief Jean-Baptiste de Richardville House ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana', 'summary': "Fort Wayne is a city in the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Allen County , United States . Located in northeastern Indiana , the city is 18 miles ( 29 km ) west of the Ohio border and 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of the Michigan border . With a population of 253,691 in the 2010 census , it is the second-most populous city in Indiana after Indianapolis , and the 75th-most populous city in the United States . It is the principal city of the Fort Wayne metropolitan area , consisting of Allen , Wells , and Whitley counties , a combined population of 419,453 as of 2011 . Fort Wayne is the cultural and economic center of northeastern Indiana . The city is within a 300-mile ( 482.803 km ) radius of major population centers , including Chicago , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Columbus , Detroit , Indianapolis , Louisville , Lexington , and Milwaukee . In addition to the three core counties , the combined statistical area ( CSA ) includes Adams , DeKalb , Huntington , Noble , and Steuben counties , with an estimated population of 615,077 . Fort Wayne was built in 1794 by the United States Army under the direction of American Revolutionary War general Anthony Wayne , the last in a series of forts built near the Miami village of Kekionga . Named in Wayne 's honor , the European-American settlement developed at the confluence of the St. Joseph , St. Marys , and Maumee rivers as a trading post for pioneers . The village was platted in 1823 and underwent tremendous growth after completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal and advent of the railroad . Once a booming manufacturing town located in what became known as the Rust Belt , Fort Wayne 's economy in the 21st century is based upon distribution , transportation and logistics , healthcare , professional and business services , leisure and hospitality , and financial services . The city is a center for the defense industry which employs thousands ."}]}, {'value': 'Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Allen County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana . As of the 2017 Census , the population was 375,351 , making it the third-most populous county in Indiana . The county seat and largest city is Fort Wayne , the second largest city in Indiana . Allen County is included in the Fort Wayne Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Fort Wayne-Huntington-Auburn Combined Statistical Area . Allen County is the cultural and economic center of northeastern Indiana . The county is within a 200-mile ( 320 km ) radius of major population centers , including Chicago , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Columbus , Detroit , Indianapolis , Louisville , Milwaukee , and within a one-day drive of one-third of the U.S. population and one-fifth of Canadians . Occupied for thousands of years by cultures of indigenous peoples , Allen County was organized by European Americans on December 17 , 1823 , from Delaware and Randolph counties ; and formed on April 1 , 1824 , at the Ewing Tavern . The county is named for Colonel John Allen , an attorney and Kentucky state senator who was killed in the War of 1812 . Fort Wayne , founded at the confluences of the Maumee , St. Joseph , and St. Marys rivers , was chosen as the county seat in May 1824 .'}]}, {'value': 'This house is a rare surviving example of a treaty house . Built as part of the terms of the 1826 Treaty of Mississinewas between the Miami and the United States , it is associated with Pinšiwa , the akima ( civil chief ) of the Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Treaty_of_Mississinewas', 'summary': 'The Treaty of Mississinewas or the Treaty of Mississinewa also called Treaty of the Wabash is an 1826 treaty between the United States and the Miami and Potawatomi Tribes regarding purchase of Indian lands in Indiana and Michigan . The signing was held at the mouth of the Mississinewa River on the Wabash , hence the name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miami_tribe', 'summary': 'The Miami ( Miami-Illinois : Myaamiaki ) are a Native American nation originally speaking one of the Algonquian languages . Among the peoples known as the Great Lakes tribes , it occupied territory that is now identified as North-central Indiana , southwest Michigan , and western Ohio . By 1846 , most of the Miami had been deported to Indian Territory ( now part of Oklahoma ) . The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma is the only federally recognized tribe of Miami Indians in the United States . The Miami Nation of Indiana is an unrecognized tribe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Richardville', 'summary': "Jean Baptiste de Richardville ( c. 1761 - 13 August 1841 ) , also known as Pinšiwa or Peshewa in the Miami-Illinois language ( meaning Wildcat or Lynx ) or John Richardville in English , was the last akima ( civil chief ) of the Miami people . He began his career in the 1790s as a fur trader who controlled an important portage connecting the Maumee River to the Little River ( the present-day Little Wabash River ) in what became the present-day state of Indiana . Richardville emerged a principal chief in 1816 and remained a leader of the Miamis until his death in 1841 . He was a signatory to the Treaty of Greenville ( 1795 ) , as well as several later treaties between the U.S. government and the Miami people , most notably the Treaty of Fort Wayne ( 1803 ) , the Treaty of Fort Wayne ( 1809 ) , the Treaty of Saint Mary 's ( 1818 ) , the Treaty of Mississinewas ( 1826 ) , the treaty signed at the Forks of the Wabash ( 1838 ) , and the Treaty of the Wabash ( 1840 ) . Richardville and other Miami leaders were criticized for personally benefitting from their roles as tribal chiefs and treaty negotiators . However , their efforts successfully delayed for decades the removal of the Miami people to federal lands west of the Mississippi River and gained additional time to negotiate concessions and obtain the best prices available for Miami lands . Treaty provisions that they negotiated also allowed about half of the Miami people , including 43 members of Richardville 's family , to remain in Indiana after the remainder of the Miamis moved west in 1846 . Richardville also provided displaced Miamis in Indiana with a place to stay on the few hundred remaining acres of his property . Those who remained in Indiana were among the original 148 members of the Miami Nation of Indiana , which began on October 6 , 1846 . Over the years , some of Richardville 's family members migrated to what became the present-day states of Kansas and Oklahoma , but many more of his descendants remained in Indiana . For his role as a civil chief of the Miamis and a treaty negotiator , the U.S. government granted Richardville a total of 28,320 acres ( 11,460 hectares ) of land in Indiana under the terms of various treaties , as well as $ 31,800 in cash settlements . In addition , construction was completed in 1827 on a two-story brick resident that was partially funded by the U.S. government for Richardville and his family in Fort Wayne , Indiana , under the terms of the Treaty of Mississinewas ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allen County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_County_Courthouse_(Indiana)', 'summary': 'The Allen County Courthouse in Fort Wayne , Indiana is one of 37 United States National Historic Landmarks in the state of Indiana . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 31 , 2003 ( # 76000031 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Wayne 41°04′47″N 85°08′22″W / 41.0797°N 85.1394°W / 41.0797 ; -85.1394 ( Allen County Courthouse )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana', 'summary': "Fort Wayne is a city in the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Allen County , United States . Located in northeastern Indiana , the city is 18 miles ( 29 km ) west of the Ohio border and 50 miles ( 80 km ) south of the Michigan border . With a population of 253,691 in the 2010 census , it is the second-most populous city in Indiana after Indianapolis , and the 75th-most populous city in the United States . It is the principal city of the Fort Wayne metropolitan area , consisting of Allen , Wells , and Whitley counties , a combined population of 419,453 as of 2011 . Fort Wayne is the cultural and economic center of northeastern Indiana . The city is within a 300-mile ( 482.803 km ) radius of major population centers , including Chicago , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Columbus , Detroit , Indianapolis , Louisville , Lexington , and Milwaukee . In addition to the three core counties , the combined statistical area ( CSA ) includes Adams , DeKalb , Huntington , Noble , and Steuben counties , with an estimated population of 615,077 . Fort Wayne was built in 1794 by the United States Army under the direction of American Revolutionary War general Anthony Wayne , the last in a series of forts built near the Miami village of Kekionga . Named in Wayne 's honor , the European-American settlement developed at the confluence of the St. Joseph , St. Marys , and Maumee rivers as a trading post for pioneers . The village was platted in 1823 and underwent tremendous growth after completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal and advent of the railroad . Once a booming manufacturing town located in what became known as the Rust Belt , Fort Wayne 's economy in the 21st century is based upon distribution , transportation and logistics , healthcare , professional and business services , leisure and hospitality , and financial services . The city is a center for the defense industry which employs thousands ."}]}, {'value': 'Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Allen County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana . As of the 2017 Census , the population was 375,351 , making it the third-most populous county in Indiana . The county seat and largest city is Fort Wayne , the second largest city in Indiana . Allen County is included in the Fort Wayne Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Fort Wayne-Huntington-Auburn Combined Statistical Area . Allen County is the cultural and economic center of northeastern Indiana . The county is within a 200-mile ( 320 km ) radius of major population centers , including Chicago , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Columbus , Detroit , Indianapolis , Louisville , Milwaukee , and within a one-day drive of one-third of the U.S. population and one-fifth of Canadians . Occupied for thousands of years by cultures of indigenous peoples , Allen County was organized by European Americans on December 17 , 1823 , from Delaware and Randolph counties ; and formed on April 1 , 1824 , at the Ewing Tavern . The county is named for Colonel John Allen , an attorney and Kentucky state senator who was killed in the War of 1812 . Fort Wayne , founded at the confluences of the Maumee , St. Joseph , and St. Marys rivers , was chosen as the county seat in May 1824 .'}]}, {'value': 'A Beaux-Arts -style building that was built in 1902 , the Allen County Courthouse is a unique combination of fine art , sculpture , and architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture', 'summary': 'Beaux-Arts architecture ( /ˌboʊˈzɑːr/ ; French : [ bozaʁ ] ) was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century . It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism , but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance elements , and used modern materials , such as iron and glass . It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century . It also had a strong influence on architecture in the United States , because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts , including Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham , and Louis Sullivan . :76'}, {'url': '/wiki/Building', 'summary': 'A building , or edifice , is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place , such as a house or factory . Buildings come in a variety of sizes , shapes , and functions , and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors , from building materials available , to weather conditions , land prices , ground conditions , specific uses , and aesthetic reasons . To better understand the term building compare the list of nonbuilding structures . Buildings serve several societal needs - primarily as shelter from weather , security , living space , privacy , to store belongings , and to comfortably live and work . A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat ( a place of comfort and safety ) and the outside ( a place that at times may be harsh and harmful ) . Ever since the first cave paintings , buildings have also become objects or canvasses of much artistic expression . In recent years , interest in sustainable planning and building practices has also become an intentional part of the design process of many new buildings .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angel Mounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_Mounds', 'summary': 'Angel Mounds State Historic Site ( 12 VG 1 ) , an expression of the Mississippian culture , is an archaeological site managed by the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites that includes more than 600 acres ( 240 hectares ) of land about 8 miles ( 13 km ) southeast of present-day Evansville , in Vanderburgh and Warrick County , Indiana . The large residential and agricultural community was constructed and inhabited from AD 1100 to AD 1450 and served as the political , cultural , and economic center of the Angel chiefdom . It extended within 120 miles ( 190 km ) of the Ohio River valley to the Green River in present-day Kentucky . The town had as many as 1,000 inhabitants at its peak and included a complex of thirteen earthen mounds , hundreds of home sites , a palisade ( stockade ) , and other structures . Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 , the property also includes an interpretive center , recreations of Mississippian structures , a replica of a 1939 Works Projects Administration archaeology laboratory , and a 500-acre ( 200-hectare ) area away from the archaeological site that is a nature preserve . The historic site continues to preserve and relate the story of pre-contact Middle Mississippian culture on the Ohio River . The site is named after the Angel family who in 1852 began purchasing farmland on which the archaeological site is located . In 1938 , the Indiana Historical Society , with funding from Eli Lilly , purchased 480 acres ( 190 hectares ) of property to preserve it and to use it for long-term archaeological excavation . From 1939 to 1942 , the Works Progress Administration employed more than 250 workers to excavate 120,000 square feet ( 11,000 m2 ) of the site , which resulted in the recording and processing of 2.3 million archaeological items . After excavation was temporarily halted during World War II , work resumed in 1945 as part of the Indiana University Archaeology Field School during the summer months . In 1946 , the Indiana Historical Society transferred ownership of the site to the State of Indiana , which manages the site through the Indiana State Museum . Archaeological research on Angel Mounds continues to be conducted through the Glenn A .'}]}, {'value': 'January 29 , 1964 ( # 66000124 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evansville 37°56′31″N 87°27′19″W / 37.9419°N 87.4553°W / 37.9419 ; -87.4553 ( Angel Mounds )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana', 'summary': "Evansville is a city in , and the county seat of , Vanderburgh County , Indiana . The population was 117,429 at the 2010 census , making it the state 's third-most populous city after Indianapolis and Fort Wayne , the largest city in Southern Indiana , and the 232nd-most populous city in the United States . It is the commercial , medical , and cultural hub of Southwestern Indiana and the Illinois-Indiana-Kentucky tri-state area , home to over 911,000 people . The 38th parallel crosses the north side of the city and is marked on Interstate 69 . Situated on an oxbow in the Ohio River , the city is often referred to as the Crescent Valley or River City . As a testament to the Ohio 's grandeur , early French explorers named it La Belle Rivière ( The Beautiful River ) . The area has been inhabited by various indigenous cultures for millennia , dating back at least 10,000 years . Angel Mounds was a permanent settlement of the Mississippian culture from 1000 AD to around 1400 AD . The European-American city was founded in 1812 . Three NYSE companies ( Accuride , Berry Global , and OneMain Financial ) are headquartered in Evansville , along with the global operations center for NYSE company Mead Johnson . Three other companies traded on the NASDAQ ( Escalade , Old National Bank , and Shoe Carnival ) are also headquartered in Evansville . The city is home to public and private enterprise in many areas , as Evansville serves as the region 's economic hub ."}]}, {'value': 'Warrick , Vanderburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warrick_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Warrick County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana . As of 2010 , the population was 59,689 . The county seat is Boonville . It was organized in 1813 and was named for Captain Jacob Warrick , an Indiana militia company commander killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 . It is one of the ten fastest-growing counties in Indiana . Warrick County is the eastern part of the Evansville , IN-KY Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vanderburgh_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Vanderburgh County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana . As of 2010 , the population was 179,703 . The county seat is in Evansville . While Vanderburgh County was the seventh-largest county in 2010 population with 179,703 people , it is also the eighth-smallest county in area in Indiana and the smallest in southwestern Indiana , covering only 236 square miles ( 610 km2 ) . In 2018 , the population was 180,974 . Vanderburgh County forms the core of the Evansville metropolitan statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'From AD 1000 to 1600 , a town on this site was home to people of the Middle Mississippian culture . They built many mounds at this 100-acre ( 0.40 km ) community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippian_age', 'summary': 'The Mississippian ( /ˌmɪs.ɪˈsɪp.i.ən/ miss-ih-SIP-ee-ə-n , also known as Lower Carboniferous or Early Carboniferous ) is a subperiod in the geologic timescale or a subsystem of the geologic record . It is the earlier/lower of two subperiods of the Carboniferous period lasting from roughly 358.9 to 323.2 million years ago . As with most other geochronologic units , the rock beds that define the Mississippian are well identified , but the exact start and end dates are uncertain by a few million years . The Mississippian is so named because rocks with this age are exposed in the Mississippi River valley . The Mississippian was a period of marine transgression in the Northern Hemisphere : the sea level was so high that only the Fennoscandian Shield and the Laurentian Shield were dry land . The cratons were surrounded by extensive delta systems and lagoons , and carbonate sedimentation on the surrounding continental platforms , covered by shallow seas . In North America , where the interval consists primarily of marine limestones , it is treated as a geologic period between the Devonian and the Pennsylvanian . During the Mississippian an important phase of orogeny occurred in the Appalachian Mountains . It is a major rock-building period named for the exposures in the Mississippi Valley region . The USGS geologic time scale shows its relation to other periods . In Europe , the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are one more-or-less continuous sequence of lowland continental deposits and are grouped together as the Carboniferous system , and sometimes called the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Carboniferous instead .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athenæum ( Das Deutsche Haus )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athenæum_(Das_Deutsche_Haus)', 'summary': 'The Athenæum , originally named Das Deutsche Haus ( German : The German House ) , is the most ornate and best-preserved building affiliated with the German American community of Indianapolis . Once used as a German American Turnverein and clubhouse , it currently houses many groups , organizations , and businesses . The Athenæum is located across Massachusetts Avenue from the Old National Centre . It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 21 , 1973 . On October 31 , 2016 , it was named the 41st National Historic Landmark in Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'October 31 , 2016 ( # 73000032 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis 39°46′24″N 86°09′01″W / 39.773333°N 86.150278°W / 39.773333 ; -86.150278 ( Athenæum ( Das Deutsche Haus ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana . Census 2010 recorded a population of 903,393 , making it the largest county in the state and 55th most populated county in the country , greater than the population of six states . The county seat is Indianapolis , the state capital and largest city . Marion County is consolidated with Indianapolis through an arrangement known as Unigov . Marion County is the central county of the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson MSA .'}]}, {'value': 'Home of the Normal College of the North American Gymnastic Union for 63 years and the nations oldest , continuously active school of physical education', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn Cord Duesenberg Automobile Facility', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn_Cord_Duesenberg_Automobile_Museum', 'summary': 'The Auburn Cord Duesenberg Automobile Museum is an automobile museum located in Auburn , Indiana in the United States . It is dedicated to preserving cars built by Auburn Automobile , Cord Automobile , and Duesenberg Motors Company .'}]}, {'value': 'April 5 , 2005 ( # 78000029 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auburn 41°21′21″N 85°03′25″W / 41.3558°N 85.057°W / 41.3558 ; -85.057 ( Auburn Cord Duesenberg Automobile Facility )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auburn,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Auburn is a city in DeKalb County , Indiana , United States . The population was 13,086 at the 2010 census . Founded in 1836 by Wesley Park ( 1811-1868 ) , the city is the county seat of DeKalb County . Auburn is also known as Home of the Classics .'}]}, {'value': 'DeKalb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'DeKalb County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana . As of 2010 , the population was 42,223 . The county seat is Auburn . Named for Revolutionary War hero Johann , Baron de Kalb ( 1721-1780 ) , the county was created by the Indiana legislature in 1835 and organized in 1837 .'}]}, {'value': 'The three buildings of the Auburn , Cord , and Duesenberg automobile manufacturing facility represent different stages in automotive development and construction . It is one of the few remaining automobile companies that made hand-assembled rather than mass-produced automobiles . The site includes the Art Deco showroom and administration building , service and new parts department building , and the Cord L-29 building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Building', 'summary': 'A building , or edifice , is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place , such as a house or factory . Buildings come in a variety of sizes , shapes , and functions , and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors , from building materials available , to weather conditions , land prices , ground conditions , specific uses , and aesthetic reasons . To better understand the term building compare the list of nonbuilding structures . Buildings serve several societal needs - primarily as shelter from weather , security , living space , privacy , to store belongings , and to comfortably live and work . A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat ( a place of comfort and safety ) and the outside ( a place that at times may be harsh and harmful ) . Ever since the first cave paintings , buildings have also become objects or canvasses of much artistic expression . In recent years , interest in sustainable planning and building practices has also become an intentional part of the design process of many new buildings .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Auburn_Automobile', 'summary': 'Auburn was a brand name of American automobiles produced from 1900 through 1937 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cord_Automobile', 'summary': 'Cord was the brand name of an American luxury automobile company from Connersville , Indiana , manufactured by the Auburn Automobile Company from 1929 to 1932 and again in 1936 and 1937 . The Cord Corporation was founded and run by E. L. Cord as a holding company for his many transportation interests , including Auburn . Cord was noted for its innovative technology and streamlined designs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Duesenberg', 'summary': 'Duesenberg Motors Company ( sometimes referred to as Duesy ) was an American manufacturer of race cars and high-end luxury automobiles . It was founded by brothers August and Frederick Duesenberg in 1913 in Saint Paul , Minnesota , where they built engines and race cars . The brothers moved their operations to Elizabeth , New Jersey , in 1916 to manufacture engines for World War I . In 1919 , when their government contracts were cancelled , they moved to Indianapolis , Indiana , home of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , and established the Duesenberg Automobile and Motors Company , Inc. ( Delaware ) . In late 1926 , E.L. Cord added Duesenberg to his Auburn Automobile Company . With the market for expensive luxury cars severely undercut by the Great Depression , Duesenberg folded in 1937 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Art_Deco', 'summary': 'Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Bailly Homestead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Bailly_Homestead', 'summary': 'The Joseph Bailly Homestead , also known as Joseph Bailly Homestead and Cemetery , in Porter , Indiana , is a U.S. National Historic Landmark . The Bailly Homestead is preserved by the National Park Service in Indiana Dunes National Park in Porter , Indiana . The Homestead was the home of Joseph Aubert de Gaspé Bailly de Messein , a fur trader , and his family . Bailly brought his family to the southern shore of Lake Michigan in 1822 . The Homestead remained in the family until the death of his granddaughter , Frances Howe , in 1917 . The Homestead is sometimes referred to as the Bailly-Howe Home . The National Register properties consist of five historic buildings and a cemetery associated with the Bailly-Howe family and the late fur trade in northwestern Indiana . The Homestead was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962 . The National Park Service acquired the Homestead on November 26 , 1971 . As a Landmark , it is in the First Order of Significance . [ citation needed ] The main house is a 2 and half story house begun in 1834 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 29 , 1962 ( # 66000005 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Porter 41°37′23″N 87°05′39″W / 41.6231°N 87.0942°W / 41.6231 ; -87.0942 ( Joseph Bailly Homestead )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porter,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Porter is a town in Westchester Township , Porter County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 4,858 at the 2010 census . Porter is in the Indiana Dunes ecosystem , which played a role in the creation of The Nature Conservancy , and inspired conservation efforts . Porter is noted for its proximity to Indiana Dunes State Park and for its railroad heritage . Porter was the southern terminus for the Chicago and West Michigan Railway .'}]}, {'value': 'Porter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Porter_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Porter County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana . As of 2010 , the population was 164,343 . The county seat is Valparaiso . This county is part of Northwest Indiana as well as the Chicago metropolitan area . Porter County is the site of the Indiana Dunes , an area of ecological significance . A museum called the Hour Glass in Ogden Dunes has exhibits that document the ecological significance .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Bailly acquired the Homestead and surrounding lands in 1822 when the Calumet was opened to white settlement . He established a trading post that was a meeting place for both Indians and whites and a stopping place for travelers and missionaries . It is now at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Bailly', 'summary': 'Joseph Bailly ( 7 April 1774 - 21 December 1835 ) was a fur trader and a member of an important French Canadian family that included his uncle , Charles-François Bailly de Messein . Bailly was one of several Canadian from prominent families who were important in the western fur trade . In 1822 , he established a trading post near present-day Porter , Indiana , making him the foremost pioneer of that area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Northwest_Indiana', 'summary': "Northwest Indiana , nicknamed The Region after the Calumet Region , comprises Lake , Porter , LaPorte , Newton and Jasper counties in Indiana . This region neighbors Lake Michigan and is part of the Chicago metropolitan area . According to the 2010 Census , Northwest Indiana has a population of 819,537 and is the state 's second largest urban area after the Indianapolis Metropolitan Area . It is also the home of the Indiana Dunes , parts of which have been preserved through conservation efforts . The town of Ogden Dunes houses the Hour Glass , a museum showcasing the ecological and conservation efforts of O. D. Frank . The region 's largest city is Hammond , followed closely by Gary . Other municipalities in Northwest Indiana include Burns Harbor , Chesterton , Crown Point , DeMotte , Dyer , East Chicago , Griffith , Highland , Hebron , Hobart , Kentland , Lake Station , La Porte , Merrillville , Michigan City , Munster , Portage , Rensselaer , Schererville , St. John , Cedar Lake , Valparaiso , Whiting , and Winfield ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Dunes_National_Lakeshore', 'summary': "Indiana Dunes National Park is a United States National Park located in Northwestern Indiana , managed by the National Park Service . It was authorized by Congress in 1966 as the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore , the name by which it was known until it was designated the nation 's 61st national park on February 15 , 2019 . The park runs for nearly 25 miles ( 40 km ) along the southern shore of Lake Michigan ; it contains approximately 15,000 acres ( 6,100 ha ) . Its visitors center is in Porter , Indiana . Located in the park are sand dune , wetland , prairie , river , and forest ecosystems . Indiana Dunes National Park has acquired about 95% of the property within the authorized boundaries . Several of its holdings are non-contiguous and do not include the 2,182-acre ( 883 ha ) Indiana Dunes State Park , which is within the boundaries of the national park but is owned , managed , and protected by the state of Indiana . The national park is divided into 15 parcels of various acreage . Along the lakefront , the eastern area is roughly the lake shore south to U.S. 12 or U.S. 20 between Michigan City , Indiana , on the east and the ArcelorMittal steel plant on the west . A small extension , south of the steel mill continues west along Salt Creek to Indiana 249 . The western area is roughly the shoreline south to U.S. 12 between the Burns Ditch west to Broadway in downtown Gary , Indiana . In addition , there are several outlying areas , including ; Pinhook Bog , in LaPorte County to the east ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broad Ripple Park Carousel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broad_Ripple_Park_Carousel', 'summary': "Broad Ripple Park Carousel [ a ] is an antique carousel in The Children 's Museum of Indianapolis . It was installed in 1917 at an amusement park near the White River in Indianapolis , Indiana , where it remained until the building housing it collapsed in 1956 . The ride 's mechanism was destroyed , but the animals were relatively unscathed and put into storage by the park 's owners , the Indianapolis Department of Parks and Recreation . The animals were carved by the Dentzel Carousel Company some time before 1900 but were assembled by the William F. Mangels carousel company , which also supplied the engine powering the ride . The Children 's Museum of Indianapolis acquired its first two carved animals from the ride in 1965 , and the last few wooden animals in 1973 . The museum planned to sell some to finance the restoration of others until the director of the museum , Mildred Compton , was convinced by carousel enthusiasts that the museum should instead restore all the animals and recreate the working carousel . Restoration of the carved animals began in 1966 and was only finished with the restoration of the entire carousel in 1977 . No space had been allocated for the display of such a large exhibit in the museum 's planned new building , which meant some re-designing was necessary to allow its installation on the fifth floor . A 1919 Wurlitzer band organ model # 146-B , a type manufactured only for carousels , was also installed . As restored , the carousel is 42 feet ( 13 meters ) wide and has a total of 42 animals , including - as well as the usual horses - goats , giraffes , deer , a lion , and a tiger . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 27 , 1987 ( # 87000839 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis 39°48′39″N 86°09′25″W / 39.8108°N 86.15708°W / 39.8108 ; -86.15708 ( Broad Ripple Park Carousel )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana . Census 2010 recorded a population of 903,393 , making it the largest county in the state and 55th most populated county in the country , greater than the population of six states . The county seat is Indianapolis , the state capital and largest city . Marion County is consolidated with Indianapolis through an arrangement known as Unigov . Marion County is the central county of the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson MSA .'}]}, {'value': "Originally located at Broad Ripple Village , this carousel was brought to Indiana in 1917 and is one of three surviving Dentzel menagerie carousels . Its animals predate 1900 and it is now housed in The Children 's Museum of Indianapolis", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broad_Ripple_Village,_Indianapolis', 'summary': "Broad Ripple Village is one of seven areas designated as cultural districts in Indianapolis , Indiana . Located about six miles ( 9.7 km ) north of Downtown Indianapolis , Broad Ripple was established in 1837 as an independent municipality and annexed by the city of Indianapolis in 1922 . Its name originated with the title of a poem titled Broad Ripple by Hoosier Poet James Whitcomb Riley . The neighborhood has a reputation for being socially , economically , and ethnically diverse . Broad Ripple 's position as a cornerstone of Indianapolis ' youth culture and nightlife is a result of its thriving bar scene and the nearby presence of Butler University . Staying true to the neighborhood motto we 're open if you are , numerous Broad Ripple bars and restaurants remain open as late as 3 A.M. - often on weekdays as well as weekends . The neighborhood is home to many of Indianapolis ' locally owned restaurants , independent art galleries , private boutiques and specialty shops , and the popular Monon Trail . Within a few city blocks , one can find a wide variety of food , including Chinese , Indian , Mexican , Mediterranean , Italian , Cajun , Middle Eastern , French , English , and Japanese as well as traditional American fare and four independent microbreweries . Entertainment offerings include multiple venues for live music , showcasing both local artists and nationally touring acts in genres such as rock , hip hop , country , and jazz . In 1987 , Lillian R. Barcio founded and served as the Editor in Chief of Broad Ripple 's first dedicated monthly newspaper , The Village Sampler . The first issue of the Village Sampler was published in June 1987 . The paper ceased publication in December 1998 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/The_Children's_Museum_of_Indianapolis", 'summary': "The Children 's Museum of Indianapolis is the world 's largest children 's museum . It is located at 3000 North Meridian Street , Indianapolis , Indiana , United States , in the United Northwest Area neighborhood of the city . The museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums . It is 472,900 square feet ( 43,933.85 m2 ) with five floors of exhibit halls and receives more than one million visitors annually . Its collection of over 120,000 artifacts and exhibit items is divided into three domains : the American Collection , the Cultural World Collection , and the Natural World Collection . Among the exhibits are a simulated Cretaceous dinosaur habitat , a carousel , a steam locomotive , and the glass sculpture Fireworks of Glass Tower and Ceiling . The museum 's focus is family learning ; most exhibits are designed to be interactive , allowing children and families to actively participate . Founded in 1925 by Mary Stewart Carey with the help of Indianapolis civic leaders and organizations , it is the fourth-oldest such institution in the world . The current site became home for the museum in 1946 ; the current building was constructed in 1976 and has had four major expansions since then . The museum hosts thousands of activities annually , including plays at the Lilly Theater , classes and workshops for school children , traveling exhibits , and fund-raising events . With a 2008 budget of $ 28.7 million , it has 400 employees and 1,500 volunteers . Its financial stability is ensured by a large endowment that was first established in the 1960s and is governed by a board of trustees ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duck Creek Aqueduct', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duck_Creek_Aqueduct', 'summary': 'Duck Creek Aqueduct , also known as the Metamora Aqueduct and Whitewater Canal Aqueduct , is a historic aqueduct carrying the Whitewater Canal over Duck Creek in Metamora Township , Franklin County , Indiana . It is the only surviving covered wood aqueduct in the United States , and due to its wooden construction , closely resembles a traditional covered bridge . It is a single-span Burr through truss aqueduct and measures approximately 90 feet ( 27 m ) long , 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) wide , and 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) deep . The original aqueduct was built between 1839 and 1843 . The present structure was built in 1846 , after the original aqueduct was washed out in a flood . It was strengthened in 1868 , and repaired in 1901 . After abandonment and deterioration , the Duck Creek Aqueduct was restored to its present appearance in 1946-1949 . The aqueduct was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 . It is located in the Whitewater Canal Historic District and part of the Metamora Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'August 25 , 2014 ( # 14000922 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanning Duck Creek at Whitewater Canal 39°26′46″N 85°07′48″W / 39.4462°N 85.13°W / 39.4462 ; -85.13 ( Duck Creek Aqueduct )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franklin_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Franklin County is a county located along the eastern border of the U.S. state of Indiana . It was formed in 1811 and consists of 13 townships . The population , as of 2010 , was 23,087 . The county seat is Brookville . Franklin County is part of the Cincinnati , OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Built in 1846 , this is the only surviving covered bridge aqueduct in the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Covered_bridge', 'summary': 'A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof , decking , and siding , which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure . The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather . Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun , but a covered bridge could last 100 years .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butler Fieldhouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hinkle_Fieldhouse', 'summary': "Hinkle Fieldhouse ( named Butler Fieldhouse from 1928 until 1966 ) is a basketball arena on the campus of Butler University in Indianapolis , Indiana . Completed in early 1928 , it was the largest basketball arena in the United States until 1950 . The facility was renamed Hinkle Fieldhouse in 1966 in honor of Butler 's longtime coach and athletic director , Paul D. Tony Hinkle . It is the sixth-oldest college basketball arena still in use , as well as the oldest and among the largest basketball arenas in NCAA 's Division I basketball , although its initial seating capacity of more than 15,000 has been reduced to 9,100 . Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1987 , Hinkle Fieldhouse is sometimes referred to as Indiana 's Basketball Cathedral . Hinkle Fieldhouse has served as the home court for the Butler Bulldogs men 's basketball team since 1928 ( with the exception of 1943 to 1945 , when it was converted to a military barracks during World War II ) and as the site of the annual Indiana High School Boys Basketball Tournament 's championship games from 1928 to 1971 . In addition to amateur and professional basketball games , it has hosted visits from U.S. presidents , indoor track events and bicycle races , professional tennis matches , circuses , and other civic and religious gatherings . The Butler Bulldogs men 's basketball team won the Horizon League conference title at Hinkle in 2010 . Several memorable high school basketball championship games were played at the Butler arena , including the 1954 title game , when tiny Milan High School s basketball team defeated a larger Muncie Central High School team . Milan 's team served as the inspiration for the movie Hoosiers ( 1986 ) , and the final scenes of the film 's championship game were filmed at Hinkle Fieldhouse . Another notable event occurred in 1955 and 1956 when Indianapolis 's Crispus Attucks High School won back-to-back state high school championships , a first for an all-black high school team ."}]}, {'value': 'February 27 , 1987 ( # 83003573 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis 39°50′36″N 86°10′02″W / 39.84342°N 86.1673°W / 39.84342 ; -86.1673 ( Butler Fieldhouse )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana . Census 2010 recorded a population of 903,393 , making it the largest county in the state and 55th most populated county in the country , greater than the population of six states . The county seat is Indianapolis , the state capital and largest city . Marion County is consolidated with Indianapolis through an arrangement known as Unigov . Marion County is the central county of the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson MSA .'}]}, {'value': 'Located at Butler University and now called Hinkle Fieldhouse , it is the sixth-oldest basketball arena still used and was once the largest in the United States . It hosted the Indiana high school basketball tournament until 1971', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butler_University', 'summary': 'Butler University is a private liberal arts university in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . Founded in 1855 and named after founder Ovid Butler , the university has over 60 major academic fields of study in six colleges : Lacy School of Business , College of Communication , College of Education , College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , and Jordan College of the Arts . It comprises a 295-acre ( 119 ha ) campus located approximately five miles ( 8.0 km ) from downtown Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cannelton Cotton Mill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannelton_Cotton_Mill', 'summary': 'Cannelton Cotton Mill , also known as Indiana Cotton Mill , is a National Historic Landmark of the United States located in Cannelton , Indiana , United States . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 17 , 1991 ( # 75000011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cannelton 37°54′41″N 86°44′44″W / 37.91130555555556°N 86.74563888888889°W / 37.91130555555556 ; -86.74563888888889 ( Cannelton Cotton Mill )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannelton,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Cannelton is a city in Troy Township , Perry County , in the U.S. state of Indiana , along the Ohio River . The population was 1,563 at the 2010 census . Cannelton , which was the smallest incorporated city in the state until 2010 , was formerly the county seat of Perry County until the seat was relocated to Tell City .'}]}, {'value': 'Perry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perry_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Perry County is a county located in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Indiana . As of 2010 , the population was 19,338 . The county seat is Tell City . It is the hilliest county as well as one of the most forested counties in Indiana as it features more than 60,000 acres ( 240 km2 ) of Hoosier National Forest . The Ohio River Scenic Byway along Indiana State Road 66 runs along the southern border of the county while Interstate 64 traverses the northern portion of the county . Connecting the two is Indiana State Road 37 . The county features three incorporated communities : Tell City ( 2009 population 7,473 ) , Cannelton ( 2009 population 1,130 ) and Troy ( 2009 population 379 ) . Each is located in Troy Township which is situated along the south western corner of the county . Coordinated efforts with County officials led to the acquisition of an abandoned rail line that has since been reactivated as the County-owned Hoosier Southern Rail Road . Managed by the Perry County Port Authority , the 22-mile ( 35 km ) short-line rail road connects the Perry County River Port with the Norfolk Southern Rail Road .'}]}, {'value': 'The Cannelton mill , overlooking the Ohio River , manufactured thread and cloth for over 100 years from 1851 to 1954 . Its innovative design used steam power and Southern cotton , and its utility and aesthetics attempted to make Southern Indiana an industrial center', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Levi Coffin House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Levi_Coffin_House', 'summary': "The Coffin House is a National Historic Landmark located in the present-day town of Fountain City in Wayne County , Indiana . The two-story , eight room , brick home was constructed circa 1838-39 in the Federal style . The Coffin home became known as the Grand Central Station of the Underground Railroad because of its location where three of the escape routes to the North converged and the number of fugitive slaves who passed through it . Its original owners , Catharine and Levi Coffin , were Quaker abolitionists who provided fugitive slaves with supplies and a safe place to stay . During the twenty years ( 1826 to 1847 ) that The Coffins lived in Indiana it is believed that they helped as many as 2,000 slaves escape to freedom in the Northern United States and in Canada . ( The Coffins continued their role as local leaders in the Underground Railroad after their move to Ohio in 1847 and provided aid to approximately 1,300 more slaves to assist in their escape to the North . ) In 1966 the Coffin 's Indiana home became the first property in the state to be added to the National Register of Historic Places . The Levi Coffin House Association operates the property under an agreement with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources , the historic home 's present-day owner . The site is open to the public for tours , Tuesday through Saturday , from June through October . Admission is charged for visitors over the age of six ."}]}, {'value': 'June 23 , 1965 ( # 66000009 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fountain City 39°57′23″N 84°55′03″W / 39.956250000000004°N 84.91736111111112°W / 39.956250000000004 ; -84.91736111111112 ( Levi Coffin House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fountain_City,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Fountain City , formerly Newport , is a town in New Garden Township , Wayne County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 796 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Wayne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Wayne County is a county located in east central Indiana , United States on the border with Ohio . As of the 2010 census , the population was 68,917 . The county seat is Richmond . Wayne County comprises the Richmond , IN Micropolitan Statistical Area . Richmond hosts Earlham College , a small private liberal arts college .'}]}, {'value': 'Levi Coffin lived in this house from 1827 to 1847 , where he helped as many as 2,000 slaves escape to freedom . The house was known as the Union Depot of the Underground Railroad , and it contained secret doors that could hide fugitives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Levi_Coffin', 'summary': "Levi Coffin ( October 28 , 1798 - September 16 , 1877 ) was an American Quaker , abolitionist , farmer , businessman and humanitarian . An active leader in the Underground Railroad in Indiana and Ohio , some unofficially called Coffin the President of the Underground Railroad , estimating that three thousand fugitive slaves passed through his care . The Coffin home in Fountain City , Wayne County , Indiana is now a museum , sometimes called the Underground Railroad 's Grand Central Station . Born near what became Greensboro , North Carolina , Coffin was exposed to and came to oppose slavery as a child . His family immigrated to Indiana in 1826 , avoiding slaveholders ' increasing persecution of Quakers , whose faith did not permit them to own slaves and who assisted fugitives . In Indiana , Coffin settled near the National Road with other Quakers in Wayne County , Indiana near the Ohio border . He farmed , as well as became a local merchant and business leader . Coffin grew wealthy from his various businesses assisting neighbors and travelers in the important transit corridor . Coffin became a major investor in and director of the local Richmond branch of the Second State Bank of Indiana in the 1830s , Richmond being the Wayne County seat . His financial position and standing in the community also helped supply food , clothing and transportation for Underground Railroad operations in the region . At the urging of friends in the anti-slavery movement , Coffin moved southward to the important Ohio River port city of Cincinnati in 1847 , where he ran a warehouse that sold only free-labor goods . Despite making considerable progress with the business , the free-labor venture proved unprofitable ; Coffin abandoned the enterprise after a decade ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Underground_Railroad', 'summary': "The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early to mid-19th century , and used by enslaved African-Americans to escape into free states and Canada . The scheme was assisted by abolitionists and others sympathetic to the cause of the escapees . Not literally a railroad , the workers ( both black and white , free and enslaved ) who secretly aided the fugitives are also collectively referred to as the Underground Railroad . Various other routes led to Mexico , where slavery had been abolished , or overseas . An earlier escape route running south toward Florida , then a Spanish possession ( except 1763-83 ) , existed from the late 17th century until Florida became a United States territory in 1821 . One of the main reasons Florida was purchased by the United States was to end its function as a safe haven for escaped slaves . However , the network now generally known as the Underground Railroad was formed in the late 1700s . It ran north and grew steadily until the Civil War began . One estimate suggests that by 1850 , 100,000 slaves had escaped via the Railroad . British North America ( present-day Canada ) was a desirable destination , as its long border gave many points of access , it was further from slave catchers , and beyond the reach of the United States ' Fugitive Slave Acts . Most former slaves , reaching Canada by boat across Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , settled in Ontario . More than 30,000 people were said to have escaped there via the network during its 20-year peak period , although U.S. Census figures account for only 6,000 ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eugene V. Debs Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs_Home', 'summary': "The Eugene V. Debs House , on the campus of Indiana State University in Terre Haute , Indiana , was a home of union leader Eugene V. Debs . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966 . The museum is maintained by the Eugene V. Debs Foundation , a non-profit educational foundation . Eugene V. Debs and his wife , Kate , built the two-story frame house in 1890 , after their fifth wedding anniversary . Debs was criticized for the house not portraying working-class lifestyle ; his wife was a beneficiary of her wealthy aunt 's will and could furnish the house affluently . Visitors to Debs ' house during his lifetime included friends James Whitcomb Riley and Carl Sandburg ; one room in the house to this day is known as the Riley bedroom . When Debs died in 1926 , a funeral sermon was given for him at the house , attended by 5000 people . Original features of the house include the cobalt blue porcelain tile fireplace imported from Italy , the mahogany dining and parlor furniture , and the entire set of Haviland china . The house is also a museum , with many memorabilia of Debs ' life and some of his personal library , much of which is across the street at the library of Indiana State University . One room is covered by murals depicting Debs ' life . After Debs ' death , the house would see different owners . One was a professor at Indiana State University ."}]}, {'value': 'November 13 , 1966 ( # 66000008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terre Haute 39°28′18″N 87°24′20″W / 39.47166666666667°N 87.40555555555557°W / 39.47166666666667 ; -87.40555555555557 ( Eugene V. Debs Home )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana', 'summary': "Terre Haute ( /ˌtɛrə ˈhoʊt/ TERR-ə HOHT ) is a city in and the county seat of Vigo County , Indiana , United States , near the state 's western border with Illinois . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 60,785 and its metropolitan area had a population of 170,943 . Located along the Wabash River , Terre Haute is the capital of the Wabash Valley . The city is home to several higher education institutions , including Indiana State University , Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College , Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana ."}]}, {'value': 'Vigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vigo_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Vigo County ( /ˈviːɡoʊ/ VEE-goh or /ˈvaɪɡoʊ/ VY-goh ) is a county located along the western border of the U.S. state of Indiana . According to the 2010 census , the population was 107,848 . The county seat is Terre Haute . Vigo County is included in the Terre Haute , Indiana , Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county contains four incorporated settlements with a total population of nearly 63,000 , as well as several unincorporated communities . It is divided into twelve townships which provide local services to the residents . The county is one of the best bellwether regions for voting in U.S. presidential elections ; it has voted for the winning candidate in every election since 1952 and in all but two elections since 1888 . Only one county in the United States ( Valencia County , New Mexico ) has voted for the winning candidate longer .'}]}, {'value': 'Eugene V. Debs , founder of Industrial Workers of the World and the American Railway Union , lived in this home from its construction in 1890 until his death in 1926 . He ran as a Socialist candidate in the 1900 , 1904 , 1908 , 1912 , and 1920 United States presidential elections', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs', 'summary': "Eugene Victor Debs ( November 5 , 1855 - October 20 , 1926 ) was an American socialist , political activist , trade unionist , one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States . Through his presidential candidacies as well as his work with labor movements , Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States . Early in his political career , Debs was a member of the Democratic Party . He was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly in 1884 . After working with several smaller unions , including the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen , Debs led his union in a major ten-month strike against the CB & Q Railroad in 1888 , and lost . Debs was instrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union ( ARU ) , one of the nation 's first industrial unions . After workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company organized a wildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894 , Debs signed many into the ARU . He led a boycott by the ARU against handling trains with Pullman cars in what became the nationwide Pullman Strike , affecting most lines west of Detroit and more than 250,000 workers in 27 states . Purportedly to keep the mail running , President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike . As a leader of the ARU , Debs was convicted of federal charges for defying a court injunction against the strike and served six months in prison . In prison , Debs read various works of socialist theory and emerged six months later as a committed adherent of the international socialist movement . Debs was a founding member of the Social Democracy of America ( 1897 ) , the Social Democratic Party of America ( 1898 ) and the Socialist Party of America ( 1901 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World', 'summary': 'The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) , members of which are commonly termed Wobblies , is an international labor union that was founded in 1905 in Chicago , Illinois , in the United States . The union combines general unionism with industrial unionism , as it is a general union , subdivided between the various industries which employ its members . The philosophy and tactics of the IWW are described as revolutionary industrial unionism , with ties to both socialist and anarchist labor movements . In the 1910s and early 1920s , the IWW achieved many of their short-term goals , particularly in the American West , and cut across traditional guild and union lines to organize workers in a variety of trades and industries . At their peak in August 1917 , IWW membership was more than 150,000 , with active wings in the United States , Canada , and Australia . The extremely high rate of IWW membership turnover during this era ( estimated at 133% per decade ) makes it difficult for historians to state membership totals with any certainty , as workers tended to join the IWW in large numbers for relatively short periods ( e.g. , during labor strikes and periods of generalized economic distress ) . Due to several factors , membership declined dramatically in the late 1910s and 1920s . There were conflicts with other labor groups , particularly the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) , which regarded the IWW as too radical , while the IWW regarded the AFL as too conservative and dividing workers by craft . Membership also declined due to government crackdowns on radical , anarchist and socialist groups during the First Red Scare after World War I . In Canada the IWW was outlawed by the federal government . Probably the most decisive factor in the decline in IWW membership and influence , however , was a 1924 schism in the organization , from which the IWW never fully recovered . The IWW promotes the concept of One Big Union , and contends that all workers should be united as a social class to supplant capitalism and wage labor with industrial democracy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Railway_Union', 'summary': "The American Railway Union ( ARU ) was briefly among the largest labor unions of its time and one of the first industrial unions in the United States . Launched at a meeting held in Chicago in February 1893 , the ARU won an early victory in a strike on the Great Northern Railroad in the summer of 1893 . This successful strike was followed by the bitter 1894 Pullman Strike in which government troops and the power of the judiciary were enlisted against the ARU , ending with the jailing of the union 's leadership for six months in 1895 and effectively crushing the organization . The group 's blacklisted and dispirited remnants finally disbanded the organization via amalgamation into the Social Democracy of America ( SDA ) at its founding convention in June 1897 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America', 'summary': "The Socialist Party of America ( SPA ) was a democratic socialist and social democratic political party in the United States formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party of America which had split from the main organization in 1899 . In the first decades of the 20th century , it drew significant support from many different groups , including trade unionists , progressive social reformers , populist farmers and immigrants . However , it refused to form coalitions with other parties , or even to allow its members to vote for other parties . Eugene V. Debs twice won over 900,000 votes in presidential elections ( 1912 and 1920 ) while the party also elected two Representatives ( Victor L. Berger and Meyer London ) , dozens of state legislators , more than a hundred mayors and countless lesser officials . The party 's staunch opposition to American involvement in World War I , although welcomed by many , also led to prominent defections , official repression and vigilante persecution . The organization was further shattered by a factional war over how to respond to the October Revolution in Imperial Russia in 1917 and the establishment of the Communist International in 1919 - many members left the party in favor of the Communist Party USA . After endorsing Robert M. La Follette 's presidential campaign in 1924 , the party returned to independent action at the presidential level . It had modest growth in the early 1930s behind presidential candidate Norman Thomas . The party 's appeal was weakened by the popularity of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , the organization and flexibility of the Communist Party under Earl Browder and the resurgent labor movement 's desire to support sympathetic Democratic Party politicians . A divisive and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to broaden the party by admitting followers of Leon Trotsky and Jay Lovestone caused the traditional Old Guard to leave and form the Social Democratic Federation . While the party was always strongly anti-fascist as well as anti-Stalinist , its opposition to American entry in World War II cost it both internal and external support . The party stopped running presidential candidates after 1956 , when its nominee Darlington Hoopes won fewer than 6,000 votes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1900 United States presidential election was the 29th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 6 , 1900 . In a re-match of the 1896 race , Republican President William McKinley defeated his Democratic challenger , William Jennings Bryan . McKinley 's victory made him the first president to win consecutive re-election since Ulysses S. Grant had accomplished the same feat in 1872 . McKinley and Bryan each faced little opposition within their own party . Although some Gold Democrats explored the possibility of a campaign by Admiral George Dewey , Bryan was easily re-nominated at the 1900 Democratic National Convention after Dewey withdrew from the race . McKinley was unanimously re-nominated at the 1900 Republican National Convention . As Vice President Garret Hobart had died in 1899 , the Republican convention chose New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as McKinley 's running mate . The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish-American War helped McKinley to score a decisive victory , while Bryan 's anti-imperialist stance and continued support for bimetallism attracted only limited support . McKinley carried most states outside of the Solid South and won 51.6% of the popular vote . The election results were similar to those of 1896 , though McKinley picked up several Western states and Bryan picked up Kentucky . McKinley was assassinated in September 1901 and was succeeded by Roosevelt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1904 United States presidential election was the 30th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1904 . Incumbent Republican President Theodore Roosevelt defeated the Democratic nominee , Alton B. Parker . Roosevelt 's victory made him the first president to win a term in his own right after having ascended to the presidency upon the death of his predecessor , William McKinley . Roosevelt took office in September 1901 following the assassination of his predecessor . After the February 1904 death of McKinley 's ally , Senator Mark Hanna , Roosevelt faced little opposition at the 1904 Republican National Convention . The conservative Bourbon Democrat allies of former President Grover Cleveland temporarily regained control of the Democratic Party from the followers of William Jennings Bryan , and the 1904 Democratic National Convention nominated Alton B. Parker , Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals . Parker triumphed on the second ballot of the convention , defeating newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst . As there was little difference between the candidates ' positions , the race was largely based on their personalities ; the Democrats argued the Roosevelt presidency was arbitrary and erratic . Republicans emphasized Roosevelt 's success in foreign affairs and his record of firmness against monopolies . Roosevelt easily defeated Parker , sweeping every region in the nation except the South . Two third-party candidates , Eugene V. Debs of the Socialist Party and Silas C. Swallow of the Prohibition Party , each took over 1% of the popular vote . Roosevelt 's popular vote margin of 18.8% was the largest since James Monroe 's victory in the 1820 presidential election ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1908 United States presidential election was the 31st quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1908 . Secretary of War and Republican Party nominee William Howard Taft defeated three-time Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan . Popular incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt honored his promise not to seek a third term , and persuaded his close friend , Taft , to become his successor . With Roosevelt 's support , Taft won the presidential nomination of the 1908 Republican National Convention on the first ballot . Having lost the 1904 election badly , the Democratic Party re-nominated Bryan , who had been defeated in 1896 and 1900 by Republican William McKinley . Despite his two previous defeats and the waning of the Free Silver issue , Bryan remained extremely popular among the more liberal and populist elements of the Democratic Party . Bryan ran a vigorous campaign against the nation 's business elite , but the Democrat suffered the worst loss of his three presidential campaigns . Taft won 51.6% of the popular vote and carried most states outside of the Solid South . Taft 's triumph gave Republicans their fourth straight presidential election victory . Two third party candidates , Eugene V. Debs of the Socialist Party and Eugene W. Chafin of the Prohibition Party , each took over 1% of the popular vote ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1912 United States presidential election was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 5 , 1912 . Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey unseated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and defeated former President Theodore Roosevelt , who ran as the Progressive Party ( Bull Moose ) nominee . This was the last presidential election in which one of the top-two finishers did not come from either the Democratic or Republican parties , signifying the primacy of these two parties in modern American politics . Roosevelt had served as President from 1901 to 1909 as a Republican , and Taft had won the 1908 Republican presidential nomination with his support . However , following Taft 's election , his actions as President displeased Roosevelt , who challenged him for the nomination at the 1912 Republican National Convention . After Taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed at the convention , Roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third party bid . Roosevelt 's Progressive Party was nicknamed the Bull Moose Party after journalists quoted Roosevelt saying that he was feeling like a bull moose on the campaign trail shortly after the new party was formed . On the Democratic side , Wilson won the presidential nomination on the 46th ballot , defeating Speaker of the House Champ Clark and several other candidates with the support of William Jennings Bryan and other progressive Democrats . Meanwhile , the Socialist Party renominated its perennial standard-bearer , Eugene V. Debs . The 1912 election was bitterly contested by three individuals , Wilson , Roosevelt , and Taft , who all had or would serve as President . Roosevelt 's New Nationalism platform called for social insurance programs , an eight-hour workday , and a strong federal role in regulating the economy . Wilson 's New Freedom platform called for tariff reform , banking reform , and a new antitrust law ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1920 United States presidential election was the 34th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 2 , 1920 . In the first election held after the end of World War I and the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment , Republican Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio defeated Democratic Governor James M. Cox of Ohio . Incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson privately hoped for a third term , but party leaders were unwilling to re-nominate the ailing and unpopular incumbent . Former President Theodore Roosevelt had been the front-runner for the Republican nomination , but he died in 1919 without leaving an obvious heir to his progressive legacy . With both Wilson and Roosevelt out of the running , the major parties turned to little-known dark horse candidates from the state of Ohio , a swing state with a large number of electoral votes . Cox won the 1920 Democratic National Convention on the 44th ballot , defeating William Gibbs McAdoo , A. Mitchell Palmer , and several other candidates . Harding emerged as a compromise candidate between the conservative and progressive wings of the party , and he clinched his nomination on the tenth ballot of the 1920 Republican National Convention . The election was dominated by the American social and political environment in the aftermath of World War I , which was marked by a hostile response to certain aspects of Wilson 's foreign policy and a massive reaction against the reformist zeal of the Progressive Era . The wartime economic boom had collapsed and the country was deep in a recession . Wilson 's advocacy for America 's entry into the League of Nations in the face of a return to non-interventionist opinion challenged his effectiveness as president , and overseas there were wars and revolutions . At home , the year 1919 was marked by major strikes in the meatpacking and steel industries and large-scale race riots in Chicago and other cities . Anarchist attacks on Wall Street produced fears of radicals and terrorists ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': 'The election of the president and the vice president of the United States is an indirect election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the fifty U.S. states or in Washington , D.C. , cast ballots not directly for those offices , but instead for members of the Electoral College . [ note 1 ] These electors then in turn cast direct votes , known as electoral votes , for president , and for vice president . The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes ( at least 270 out of a total of 538 , since the Twenty-Third Amendment granted voting rights to citizens of D.C. ) is then elected to that office . If no candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes for president , the House of Representatives chooses the winner ; if no one receives an absolute majority of the votes for vice president , then the Senate chooses the winner . The Electoral College and its procedure are established in the U.S. Constitution by Article II , Section 1 , Clauses 2 and 4 ; and the Twelfth Amendment ( which replaced Clause 3 after its ratification in 1804 ) . Under Clause 2 , each of the states casts as many electoral votes as the total number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress , while ( per the Twenty-third Amendment , ratified in 1961 ) Washington , D.C. , casts the same number of electoral votes as the least-represented state , which is three . Also under Clause 2 , the manner for choosing electors is determined by each state legislature , not directly by the federal government . Many state legislatures previously selected their electors directly , but over time all of them switched to using the popular vote to help determine electors , which persists today . Once chosen , electors generally cast their electoral votes for the candidate who won the plurality in their state , but at least 21 states do not have provisions that specifically address this behavior ; those who vote in opposition to the plurality are known as faithless or unpledged electors . In modern times , faithless and unpledged electors have not affected the ultimate outcome of an election , so the results can generally be determined based on the state-by-state popular vote . Presidential elections occur quadrennially with registered voters casting their ballots on Election Day , which since 1845 has been the first Tuesday after November 1 . This date coincides with the general elections of various other federal , state , and local races ; since local governments are responsible for managing elections , these races typically all appear on one ballot .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eleutherian College Classroom and Chapel Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eleutherian_College', 'summary': "Eleutherian College , which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997 , was founded as Eleutherian Institute in 1848 by a group of local anti-slavery Baptists at Lancaster in Jefferson County . The institute 's name comes from the Greek word eleutheros , meaning freedom and equality . The school admitted students without regard to ethnicity or gender , including freed and fugitive slaves . Its first classes began offering secondary school instruction on November 27 , 1848 . The school was renamed Eleutherian College in 1854 , when it began offering college-level coursework . It is the second college in the United States west of the Allegheny Mountains and the first in Indiana to provide interracial education . The restored three-story stone chapel and classroom building was constructed between 1853 and 1856 and presently serves as a local history museum . In the decade before the American Civil War , African-American students comprised approximately one quarter to one third of the institute 's total enrollment , with its peak years between 1855 and 1861 . At one time during this period its enrollment reached 150 students ; however , attendance soon declined and no black students were enrolled at the school after 1861 . During the Civil War the college 's grounds were used for military training and its main building were used for meetings and concerts . The college closed in 1874 , but the main building was used as a private high school and teachers ' training school until 1887 , when the Lancaster township trustees purchased the building for use as a public school , which closed in 1938 . Historic Madison , a Jefferson County preservation organization , received the school as a gift in 1973 and sold it to its present owners in 1990 ."}]}, {'value': 'February 18 , 1997 ( # 93001410 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancaster 38°49′51″N 85°30′59″W / 38.83083333333334°N 85.51638888888888°W / 38.83083333333334 ; -85.51638888888888 ( Eleutherian College Classroom and Chapel Building )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster,_Jefferson_County,_Indiana', 'summary': "Lancaster is an unincorporated community in Lancaster Township , Jefferson County , Indiana . Lancaster was platted on Oct. 5 , 1815 by David Hillis and William McFarland . The plat established 128 lots , reserving some for the construction of a courthouse , market house and place of public worship . They probably wanted to get the county seat moved from Madison . McFarland was a county judge and Hillis , a popular local politician , later became lieutenant government of Indiana . The Lancaster Post Office operated from March 16 , 1830 through August 30 , 1839 . Service went to Dupont , then to Republican and Franklin Mills , before returning to Lancaster on August 19 , 1841 . It closed on March 15 , 1907 . Before the Civil War , the area was a center of anti-slavery activity . The Neal 's Creek Anti-Slavery Baptist Church , founded in 1846 , moved to Lancaster in 1847 . It later became known as the College Hill Baptist Church and disappeared by 1879 . The Eleutherian College , founded in 1848 , was the second co-educational , integrated college to open in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Jefferson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Jefferson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana . As of 2018 , the population was 32,208 . The county seat is Madison .'}]}, {'value': 'Founded in 1848 by abolitionist Baptist Church members , Eleutherian College was the first college in Indiana to admit students regardless of race or gender . The Chapel building was completed in 1854 and is the last structure remaining', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States', 'summary': "Abolitionism ( or the Anti-Slavery Movement ) in the United States of America was the movement which sought to end slavery in the United States immediately , active both before and during the American Civil War . In the Americas and western Europe , abolitionism was a movement which sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and set slaves free . In the 17th century , enlightenment thinkers condemned slavery on humanistic grounds and English Quakers and some Evangelical denominations condemned slavery as un-Christian . At that time , most slaves were Africans , but thousands of Native Americans were also enslaved . In the 18th century , as many as six million Africans were transported to the Americas as slaves , at least a third of them on British ships to North America . The colony of Georgia originally prohibited slavery within its territory , and thereafter , abolition was part of the message of the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s in the Thirteen Colonies . During the Age of Enlightenment rationalist thinkers criticized slavery for violating people 's natural rights . A member of the British Parliament , James Edward Oglethorpe , was among the first to articulate the Enlightenment case against slavery . The founder of the Province of Georgia , Oglethorpe banned slavery on humanistic grounds . He argued against it in Parliament and eventually encouraged his friends Granville Sharp and Hannah More to vigorously pursue the cause . Soon after his death in 1785 , Sharp and More joined with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect . Although anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century , many colonies , churches , and emerging nations ( notably in the southern United States ) continued to use and defend the traditions of slavery ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Baptist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(Columbus,_Indiana)', 'summary': 'First Baptist Church is one of six national historic landmarks in Columbus , Indiana . It was designed by distinguished architect Harry Weese ; construction was completed in 1965 . Since completion , few alterations have been made and the building has retained its integrity .'}]}, {'value': 'May 16 , 2000 ( # 00000707 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus 39°14′01″N 85°52′20″W / 39.23361111111111°N 85.87222222222222°W / 39.23361111111111 ; -85.87222222222222 ( First Baptist Church )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Indiana', 'summary': "Columbus /kəˈlʌmbəs/ is a city in and the county seat of Bartholomew County , Indiana , United States . The population was 44,061 at the 2010 census . The relatively small city has provided a unique place for noted Modern architecture and public art , commissioning numerous works since the mid-20th century ; the annual program Exhibit Columbus celebrates this legacy . Located about 40 mi ( 64 km ) south of Indianapolis , on the east fork of the White River , it is the state 's 20th-largest city . It is the principal city of the Columbus , Indiana metropolitan statistical area , which encompasses all of Bartholomew County . Columbus is the birthplace of former Indiana Governor and current Vice President of the United States , Mike Pence . National Geographic Traveler ranked Columbus 11th on its historic destinations list in late 2008 , describing the city as authentic , unique , and unspoiled . Columbus won the national contest America in Bloom in 2006 , and in 2004 it was named as one of The Ten Most Playful Towns by Nick Jr. Family Magazine . The July 2005 edition of GQ magazine , Columbus was named as one of the 62 Reasons to Love Your Country . Columbus is the headquarters of the engine company Cummins , Inc ."}]}, {'value': 'Bartholomew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bartholomew_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Bartholomew County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana . As of 2018 , the population was 82,753 . The county seat is Columbus . The county was determined by the U.S. Census Bureau to include the mean center of U.S. population in 1900 . Bartholomew County is part of the Columbus , Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Completed in 1965 , the First Baptist Church is an example of modern architecture in Columbus . It was designed by architect Harry Weese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modern_architecture', 'summary': 'Modern architecture , or modernist architecture , was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction , particularly the use of glass , steel and reinforced concrete ; the idea that form should follow function ( functionalism ) ; an embrace of minimalism ; and a rejection of ornament . It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s , when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Weese', 'summary': 'Harry Mohr Weese ( June 30 , 1915 - October 29 , 1998 ) was an American architect who had an important role in 20th century modernism and historic preservation . His brother , Ben Weese , is also a renowned architect .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Christian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Christian_Church_(Columbus,_Indiana)', 'summary': "The First Christian Church ( originally known as the Tabernacle Church of Christ ) in Columbus , Indiana , was built in 1942 . It was the first contemporary building in Columbus and one of the first churches in the United States to be built in a contemporary architectural style . The building , designed by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen , consists of a glass-fronted main hall , with a tower and bridge section . Interior details such as light fixtures , screen and furniture were designed by Saarinen 's son Eero Saarinen ( who would later design the North Christian Church in Columbus ) and Charles Eames . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 3 , 2001 ( # 01000067 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus 39°12′11″N 85°55′08″W / 39.20305555555556°N 85.91888888888889°W / 39.20305555555556 ; -85.91888888888889 ( First Christian Church )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Indiana', 'summary': "Columbus /kəˈlʌmbəs/ is a city in and the county seat of Bartholomew County , Indiana , United States . The population was 44,061 at the 2010 census . The relatively small city has provided a unique place for noted Modern architecture and public art , commissioning numerous works since the mid-20th century ; the annual program Exhibit Columbus celebrates this legacy . Located about 40 mi ( 64 km ) south of Indianapolis , on the east fork of the White River , it is the state 's 20th-largest city . It is the principal city of the Columbus , Indiana metropolitan statistical area , which encompasses all of Bartholomew County . Columbus is the birthplace of former Indiana Governor and current Vice President of the United States , Mike Pence . National Geographic Traveler ranked Columbus 11th on its historic destinations list in late 2008 , describing the city as authentic , unique , and unspoiled . Columbus won the national contest America in Bloom in 2006 , and in 2004 it was named as one of The Ten Most Playful Towns by Nick Jr. Family Magazine . The July 2005 edition of GQ magazine , Columbus was named as one of the 62 Reasons to Love Your Country . Columbus is the headquarters of the engine company Cummins , Inc ."}]}, {'value': 'Bartholomew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bartholomew_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Bartholomew County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana . As of 2018 , the population was 82,753 . The county seat is Columbus . The county was determined by the U.S. Census Bureau to include the mean center of U.S. population in 1900 . Bartholomew County is part of the Columbus , Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Designed by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen in 1942 , the First Christian Church was one of the first modern -style churches in America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen', 'summary': 'Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen ( /ˈsɑːrɪnən/ , Finnish : [ ˈeliel ˈsɑːrinen ] ; August 20 , 1873 - July 1 , 1950 ) was a Finnish-American architect known for his work with art nouveau buildings in the early years of the 20th century . He was the father of Eero Saarinen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Modern_architecture', 'summary': 'Modern architecture , or modernist architecture , was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction , particularly the use of glass , steel and reinforced concrete ; the idea that form should follow function ( functionalism ) ; an embrace of minimalism ; and a rejection of ornament . It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s , when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Gaff House ( Hillforest )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillforest', 'summary': "The Hillforest Mansion , also known as Thomas Gaff House , is located at 213 Fifth Street , in Aurora , Indiana . It is built on a bluff above the Ohio River . Built in 1855 in the Italian Renaissance architectural style , the two-story home 's design by Isaiah Rogers reflected Gaff 's involvement in the shipping industry ; its full-width frontal porch is reminiscent of a steamboat 's deck . The mansion , which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1992 , is owned and operated by Hillforest Historical Foundation . It is located in the Downtown Aurora Historic District ."}]}, {'value': 'October 5 , 1992 ( # 71000005 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aurora 39°03′14″N 84°54′06″W / 39.053888888888885°N 84.90166666666667°W / 39.053888888888885 ; -84.90166666666667 ( Thomas Gaff House ( Hillforest ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurora,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Aurora is a city in Center Township , Dearborn County , Indiana , United States . The population was 3,750 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Dearborn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dearborn_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Dearborn County is one of 92 counties of the U.S. state of Indiana located on the Ohio border near the southeast corner of the state . It was formed in 1803 from a portion of Hamilton County , Ohio . In 2010 , the population was 50,047 . The county seat and largest city is Lawrenceburg . Dearborn County is part of the Cincinnati , OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': "Located above the Ohio River , Hillforest was built in 1855 in the Italian Renaissance architectural style . Designed by Isaiah Rogers , its full-width frontal porch is reminiscent of a steamboat 's deck", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Isaiah_Rogers', 'summary': 'Isaiah Rogers ( August 17 , 1800 - April 13 , 1869 ) was a US architect from Massachusetts who eventually moved his practice south , where he was based in Louisville , Kentucky , and Cincinnati , Ohio . He completed numerous designs for hotels , courthouses and other major buildings in Boston , Massachusetts , and New York City , New York , before that relocation . He was appointed in 1863 as the Supervising Architect of the United States , serving into 1865 ; the position was then attached to the Department of the Treasury . He also practiced in Mobile , Alabama after the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grouseland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grouseland', 'summary': 'Grouseland , the William Henry Harrison Mansion and Museum , is a National Historic Landmark important for its Federal-style architecture and role in American history . The two-story , redbrick home was built between 1802 and 1804 in Vincennes , Indiana , for William Henry Harrison ( ( 1773-1841 ) during his tenure from 1801 to 1812 as the first governor of the Indiana Territory . The resident was completed in 1804 and Harrison reportedly named it Grouseland due to the abundance of grouse in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'December 19 , 1960 ( # 66000018 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vincennes 38°41′08″N 87°31′34″W / 38.68555555555555°N 87.5261111111111°W / 38.68555555555555 ; -87.5261111111111 ( Grouseland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Vincennes is a city in and the county seat of Knox County , Indiana , United States . It is located on the lower Wabash River in the southwestern part of the state , nearly halfway between Evansville and Terre Haute . Founded in 1732 by French fur traders , notably François-Marie Bissot , Sieur de Vincennes , for whom the Fort was named , Vincennes is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in Indiana and one of the oldest settlements west of the Appalachians . According to the 2010 census , its population was 18,423 , a decrease of 1.5% from 18,701 in 2000 . Vincennes is the principal city of the Vincennes , IN Micropolitan Statistical Area , which comprises all of Knox County and had an estimated 2017 population of 38,440 .'}]}, {'value': 'Knox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knox_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Knox County is a county in the state of Indiana in the United States . It was one of two original counties created in the Northwest Territory in 1790 , and was gradually reduced in size as subsequent counties were established . It was established in its present size in 1817 . As of 2010 [ update ] , the population was 38,440 . The county seat is Vincennes . Knox County comprises the Vincennes , IN Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Grouseland was the home of William Henry Harrison from 1804 to 1812 , while he was Governor of the Indiana Territory . He held conferences there with Native Americans , including Shawnee leader Tecumseh . Harrison later became the 9th President , serving one month in 1841', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison', 'summary': "William Henry Harrison ( February 9 , 1773 - April 4 , 1841 ) was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States in 1841 . He died of typhoid , pneumonia or paratyphoid fever 31 days into his term ( the shortest tenure ) , becoming the first president to die in office . His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis regarding succession to the presidency , because the Constitution was unclear as to whether Vice President John Tyler should assume the office of president or merely execute the duties of the vacant office . Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to become the new president and took the presidential oath of office , setting an important precedent for an orderly transfer of the presidency and its full powers when the previous president fails to complete the elected term . Harrison was born in Charles City County , Virginia , the son of Founding Father Benjamin Harrison V and the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison , the 23rd president of the United States . He was the last president born as a British subject in the Thirteen Colonies before the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775 . During his early military career , he participated in the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers , an American military victory that effectively ended the Northwest Indian War . Later , he led a military force against Tecumseh 's Confederacy at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 , where he earned the nickname Old Tippecanoe . He was promoted to major general in the Army in the War of 1812 , and in 1813 led American infantry and cavalry at the Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada . Harrison began his political career in 1798 , when he was appointed Secretary of the Northwest Territory , and in 1799 he was elected as the territory 's delegate in the House of Representatives . Two years later , President John Adams named him governor of the newly established Indiana Territory , a post he held until 1812 . After the War of 1812 , he moved to Ohio where he was elected to represent the state 's 1st district in the House in 1816 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Indiana', 'summary': "The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Indiana . The governor is the head of the executive branch of Indiana 's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws . While a territory , Indiana had two governors appointed by the President of the United States . Since statehood in 1816 , it has had 49 governors , serving 51 distinct terms ; Isaac P. Gray and Henry F. Schricker are the only governors to have served non-consecutive terms . Four governors have served two four-year terms ; territorial governor William Henry Harrison served for over 12 years . The shortest-serving governor is Henry Smith Lane , who served two days before resigning to become a U.S . Senator . The current governor is Eric Holcomb , who took office on January 9 , 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Territory', 'summary': "The Indiana Territory was created by a congressional act that President John Adams signed into law on May 7 , 1800 , to form an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4 , 1800 , to December 11 , 1816 , when the remaining southern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Indiana . The territory originally contained approximately 259,824 square miles ( 672,940 km2 ) of land , but its size was decreased when it was subdivided to create the Michigan Territory ( 1805 ) and the Illinois Territory ( 1809 ) . The Indiana Territory was the first new territory created from lands of the Northwest Territory , which had been organized under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 . The territorial capital was the settlement around the old French fort of Vincennes on the Wabash River , until transferred in to Corydon near the Ohio River in 1813 . William Henry Harrison , the territory 's first governor , oversaw treaty negotiations with the native inhabitants that ceded tribal lands to the U.S. government , opening large parts of the territory to further settlement . In 1809 the U.S. Congress established a bicameral legislative body for the territory that included a popularly-elected House of Representatives and a Legislative Council . In addition , the territorial government began planning for a basic transportation network and education system , but efforts to attain statehood for the territory were delayed due to war . At the outbreak of Tecumseh 's War , when the territory was on the front line of battle , Harrison led a military force in the opening hostilities at the Battle of Tippecanoe ( 1811 ) and in the subsequent invasion of Canada during the War of 1812 . After Harrison resigned as the territorial governor , Thomas Posey was appointed to the vacant governorship , but the opposition party , led by Congressman Jonathan Jennings , dominated territorial affairs in its final years and began pressing for statehood . In June 1816 a constitutional convention was held at Corydon , where a state constitution was adopted on June 29 , 1816 . General elections were held in August to fill offices for the new state government , the new officeholders were sworn into office in November , and the territory was dissolved . On December 11 , 1816 , President James Madison signed the congressional act that formally admitted Indiana to the Union as the nineteenth state ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shawnee', 'summary': 'The Shawnee ( Shaawanwaki , Ša˙wano˙ki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki ) are an Algonquian-speaking ethnic group indigenous to North America . In colonial times they were a semi-migratory Native American nation , primarily inhabiting areas of the Ohio Valley , extending from what became Ohio and Kentucky eastward to West Virginia , Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Western Maryland ; south to Alabama and South Carolina ; and westward to Indiana , and Illinois . Pushed west by European-American pressure , the Shawnee migrated to Missouri and Kansas . In the 1830s some were removed from the upper Midwest to Indian Territory ( now Oklahoma ) west of the Mississippi River . Other Shawnee did not remove to Oklahoma until after the Civil War . Made up of different historical and kinship groups , today there are three federally recognized Shawnee tribes , all headquartered in Oklahoma : the Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma , Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma , and Shawnee Tribe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tecumseh', 'summary': "Tecumseh ( /tɪˈkʌmsə , tɪˈkʌmsi/ ti-KUM-sə , ti-KUM-see ; March 1768 - October 5 , 1813 ) was a Native American Shawnee warrior and chief , who became the primary leader of a large , multi-tribal confederacy in the early 19th century . Born in the Ohio Country ( present-day Ohio ) , and growing up during the American Revolutionary War and the Northwest Indian War , Tecumseh was exposed to warfare and envisioned the establishment of an independent Native American nation east of the Mississippi River under British protection . He worked to recruit additional members to his tribal confederacy from the southern United States . Tecumseh was among the most celebrated Native American leaders in history and was known as a strong and eloquent orator who promoted tribal unity . He was also ambitious , willing to take risks , and make significant sacrifices to repel the settlers from Native American lands in the Old Northwest Territory . In 1808 , with his brother Tenskwatawa ( The Prophet ) , Tecumseh founded the Native American village the European Americans called Prophetstown , north of present-day Lafayette , Indiana . Prophetstown grew into a large , multi-tribal community and a central point in Tecumseh 's political and military alliance . Tecumseh 's confederation fought the United States during Tecumseh 's War , but he was unsuccessful in getting the U.S. government to rescind the Treaty of Fort Wayne ( 1809 ) and other land-cession treaties . In 1811 , as he traveled south to recruit more allies , his brother Tenskwatawa defended Prophetstown against William Henry Harrison 's army at the Battle of Tippecanoe , but the Native Americans retreated from the field and the European Americans unearthed graves and burned Prophetstown . Although Tecumseh remained the military leader of the pan-Native American confederation , his plan to enlarge the Native American alliance was never fulfilled . Tecumseh and his confederacy continued to fight the United States after forming an alliance with Great Britain in the War of 1812 . During the war , Tecumseh 's confederacy helped in the capture of Fort Detroit ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Harrison Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_Home', 'summary': 'The Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site , previously known as the Benjamin Harrison Home , was the home of the Twenty-third President of the United States , Benjamin Harrison . It is in the Old Northside Historic District of Indianapolis , Indiana . Harrison had the sixteen-room house with its red brick exterior built in the 1870s . It was from the front porch of the house that Harrison instituted his famous Front Porch Campaign in the 1888 United States Presidential Campaign , often speaking to crowds on the street . In 1896 , Harrison renovated the house and added electricity . He died there in a second story bedroom in 1901 . Today it is owned by the Arthur Jordan Foundation and operated as a museum to the former president by the Benjamin Harrison Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'January 29 , 1964 ( # 66000010 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis 39°47′02″N 86°09′15″W / 39.78388888888889°N 86.15416666666667°W / 39.78388888888889 ; -86.15416666666667 ( Benjamin Harrison Home )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana . Census 2010 recorded a population of 903,393 , making it the largest county in the state and 55th most populated county in the country , greater than the population of six states . The county seat is Indianapolis , the state capital and largest city . Marion County is consolidated with Indianapolis through an arrangement known as Unigov . Marion County is the central county of the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson MSA .'}]}, {'value': 'Benjamin Harrison lived in this Italianate house from 1875 until his death there in 1901 , except from 1889 to 1893 while he was the 23rd President . He was also a Senator from Indiana from 1881 to 1887 . Harrison accepted the Republican nomination for the Presidential election in 1888 and conducted his Front Porch Campaign here', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison', 'summary': "Benjamin Harrison ( August 20 , 1833 - March 13 , 1901 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd president of the United States from 1889 to 1893 . He was a grandson of the ninth president , William Henry Harrison , creating the only grandfather-grandson duo to have held the office . He was also a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V , a founding father who signed the United States Declaration of Independence . Harrison was born on a farm by the Ohio River and studied law at the University of Cincinnati . After moving to Indianapolis , Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney , Presbyterian church leader , and politician in Indiana . During the American Civil War , he served in the Union Army as a colonel , and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as a brevet brigadier general of volunteers in 1865 . Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876 . The Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U.S. Senate , where he served from 1881 to 1887 . A Republican , Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888 , defeating the Democratic incumbent , Grover Cleveland . Hallmarks of Harrison 's administration included unprecedented economic legislation , including the McKinley Tariff , which imposed historic protective trade rates , and the Sherman Antitrust Act . Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891 . During his administration six western states were admitted to the Union ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Indiana', 'summary': "Indiana was admitted to the Union on December 11 , 1816 . Since then , the state has been represented in the United States Senate by 44 different men in Class 1 and 3 ; David Turpie served non-consecutive terms in Class 1 , Dan Coats served non-consecutive terms in Class 3 , and William Ezra Jenner served in both Classes . Until the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913 , Senators were elected by the Indiana General Assembly ; after that they were elected popularly by Indiana citizens . A senatorial term lasts six years beginning on January 3 . In case of a vacancy the Governor of Indiana has the duty to appoint a new U.S. senator . The longest-serving of any Senator from Indiana is Republican Richard Lugar ( 1977-2013 ) . Indiana 's current U.S. senators are Republicans Todd Young ( serving since 2017 ) and Mike Braun ( serving since 2019 )"}, {'url': '/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1888 United States presidential election was the 26th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 6 , 1888 . Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison , a former Senator from Indiana , defeated incumbent Democratic President Grover Cleveland of New York . It was the third of five U.S. presidential elections ( and second within 12 years ) in which the winner did not win a plurality of the national popular vote . Cleveland , the first Democratic president since the American Civil War , was unanimously re-nominated at the 1888 Democratic National Convention . He was the first incumbent president to win re-nomination since Ulysses S. Grant was nominated to a second term in 1872 . Harrison , the grandson of former President William Henry Harrison , emerged as the Republican nominee on the eighth ballot of the 1888 Republican National Convention . He defeated other prominent party leaders such as Senator John Sherman and former Governor Russell Alger . Tariff policy was the principal issue in the election , as Cleveland had proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs , arguing that high tariffs were unfair to consumers . Harrison took the side of industrialists and factory workers who wanted to keep tariffs high . Cleveland 's opposition to Civil War pensions and inflated currency also made enemies among veterans and farmers . On the other hand , he held a strong hand in the South and border states , and appealed to former Republican Mugwumps . Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote , but Harrison won the election with a majority in the Electoral College ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana War Memorial Plaza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_World_War_Memorial_Plaza', 'summary': "The Indiana World War Memorial Plaza is an urban feature located in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States , originally built to honor the veterans of World War I . The five-city-block plaza was conceived in 1919 as a location for the national headquarters of the American Legion and a memorial to the state 's and nation 's veterans . At the north end of the plaza is the American Legion Mall , which is the site of the administration buildings of the Legion , as well as a memorial cenotaph . South of that is the Veterans Memorial Plaza with its obelisk . The centerpiece of the plaza is the Indiana World War Memorial , modeled after the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus , which contains the Altar of the Flag in the Shrine Room . There is also a military museum and an auditorium . At the south end is University Park , the oldest part of the plaza , filled with statues and a fountain . On October 11 , 1994 , the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza was designated a National Historic Landmark District . In 2016 , the district was enlarged to include in its scope the Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Monument and was renamed the Indiana World War Memorial Historic District ."}]}, {'value': 'October 11 , 1994 ( # 89001404 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis 39°46′25″N 86°09′25″W / 39.7736°N 86.1569°W / 39.7736 ; -86.1569 ( Indiana War Memorial Plaza )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana', 'summary': "Indianapolis ( /ˌɪndiəˈnæpəlɪs/ ) , often shortened to Indy , is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County . According to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion County was 876,862 . The balance population , which excludes semi-autonomous municipalities in Marion County , was 867,125 . It is the 17th most populous city in the U.S . The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 34th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. , with 2,048,703 residents . Its combined statistical area ranks 28th , with a population of 2,431,361 . Indianapolis covers 368 square miles ( 950 km2 ) , making it the 16th largest city by land area in the U.S. Indigenous peoples inhabited the area dating to approximately 2000 BC . In 1818 , the Delaware relinquished their tribal lands in the Treaty of St. Mary 's . In 1821 , Indianapolis was founded as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana 's state government . The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a 1-square-mile ( 2.6 km2 ) grid next to the White River . Completion of the National and Michigan roads and arrival of rail later solidified the city 's position as a manufacturing and transportation hub . Two of the city 's nicknames reflect its historical ties to transportation - the Crossroads of America and Railroad City ."}]}, {'value': 'Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana . Census 2010 recorded a population of 903,393 , making it the largest county in the state and 55th most populated county in the country , greater than the population of six states . The county seat is Indianapolis , the state capital and largest city . Marion County is consolidated with Indianapolis through an arrangement known as Unigov . Marion County is the central county of the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson MSA .'}]}, {'value': 'The Indiana World War Memorial , begun in 1926 and finished in 1965 , is a building commemorating World War I and II veterans . It is 210 feet ( 64 m ) tall , made of Indiana limestone , and based on the Mausoleum of Mausolus . Within it is a military museum . The Plaza also includes the American Legion headquarters , Cenotaph square , an obelisk , and fountains . Originally Indiana World War Memorial Plaza Historic District , it was enlarged and renamed in December 2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_limestone', 'summary': 'Indiana limestone - also known as Bedford limestone - has long been an economically important building material , particularly for monumental public structures . Indiana limestone is a more common term for Salem limestone , a geological formation primarily quarried in south central Indiana , USA , between the cities of Bloomington and Bedford . Bedford , Indiana , has been noted to have the highest quality quarried limestone in the United States . Salem limestone , like all limestone , is a rock primarily formed of calcium carbonate . It was deposited over millions of years as marine fossils decomposed at the bottom of a shallow inland sea which covered most of the present-day Midwestern United States during the Mississippian Period .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Mausolus', 'summary': 'The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus or Tomb of Mausolus [ a ] ( Ancient Greek : Μαυσωλεῖον τῆς Ἁλικαρνασσοῦ ; Turkish : Halikarnas Mozolesi ) was a tomb built between 350 and 353 BC in Halicarnassus ( present Bodrum , Turkey ) for Mausolus , a satrap in the Achaemenid Empire , and his sister-wife Artemisia II of Caria . The structure was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene . Its elevated tomb structure is derived from the tombs of neighbouring Lycia , a territory Mausolus had invaded and annexed circa 360 BC , such as the Nereid Monument . The Mausoleum was approximately 45 m ( 148 ft ) in height , and the four sides were adorned with sculptural reliefs , each created by one of four Greek sculptors : Leochares , Bryaxis , Scopas of Paros , and Timotheus . The finished structure of the mausoleum was considered to be such an aesthetic triumph that Antipater of Sidon identified it as one of his Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . It was destroyed by successive earthquakes from the 12th to the 15th century , the last surviving of the six destroyed wonders . The word mausoleum has now come to be used generically for an above-ground tomb .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Legion', 'summary': "The American Legion , commonly known as the Legion , is an organization of U.S. war veterans headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . It is made up of state , U.S. territory , and overseas departments , and these are in turn made up of local posts . The organization was formed on March 15 , 1919 , in Paris , France , by a thousand officers and men of the American Expeditionary Forces ( A. E. F. ) , and it was chartered on September 16 , 1919 , by the United States Congress . The Legion played the leading role in the drafting and passing of the Servicemen 's Readjustment Act of 1944 , commonly known as the G.I . Bill . In addition to organizing commemorative events , members provide assistance at Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) hospitals and clinics . It is active in issue-oriented U.S. politics . Its primary political activity is lobbying on behalf of interests of veterans and service members , including support for benefits such as pensions and the Veterans Health Administration . It has also historically promoted Americanism , individual obligation to the community , state , and nation ; peace and good will ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Obelisk', 'summary': "An obelisk ( /ˈɒbəlɪsk/ ; from Ancient Greek : ὀβελίσκος obeliskos ; diminutive of ὀβελός obelos , spit , nail , pointed pillar ) is a tall , four-sided , narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape or pyramidion at the top . Originally they were called tekhenu by their builders , the Ancient Egyptians . The Greeks who saw them used the Greek term 'obeliskos ' to describe them , and this word passed into Latin and ultimately English . Ancient obelisks are monolithic ; that is , they consist of a single stone . Most modern obelisks are made of several stones ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Motor Speedway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway', 'summary': "The Indianapolis Motor Speedway ( nicknamed The Brickyard ) is an automobile racing circuit located in Speedway , Indiana , ( an enclave suburb of Indianapolis ) in the United States . It is the home of the Indianapolis 500 and the Brickyard 400 , and formerly the home of the United States Grand Prix . It is located on the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road , approximately six miles ( 10 km ) west of Downtown Indianapolis . Constructed in 1909 , it is the second purpose-built , banked oval racing circuit after Brooklands and the first to be called a 'speedway ' . It is the third-oldest permanent automobile race track in the world , behind Brooklands and the Milwaukee Mile . With a permanent seating capacity of 257,325 , it is the highest-capacity sports venue in the world . Considered relatively flat by American standards , the track is a 2.5-mile-long ( 4.0 km ) rectangular oval with dimensions that have remained essentially unchanged since its construction . It has two 5⁄8-mile-long ( 1,000 m ) straightaways , four geometrically identical 1⁄4-mile ( 400 m ) turns , connected by two 1⁄8-mile ( 200 m ) short straightaways , termed short chutes , between turns 1 and 2 , and between turns 3 and 4 . A modern , FIA Grade One infield road course was completed in 2000 , incorporating part of the oval , including the main stretch and the southeast turn , measuring 2.605 miles ( 4.192 km ) . In 2008 , and again in 2014 , the road course layout was modified to accommodate motorcycle racing , as well as to improve competition . Altogether , the current grounds have expanded from an original 320 acres ( 1.3 km2 ) on which the speedway was first built to cover an area of over 559 acres ( 2.3 km2 ) . Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 , it is the only such site to be affiliated with automotive racing history ."}]}, {'value': 'February 27 , 1987 ( # 75000044 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Speedway 39°47′46″N 86°14′05″W / 39.796°N 86.2347°W / 39.796 ; -86.2347 ( Indianapolis Motor Speedway )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speedway,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Speedway is a town in Wayne Township , Marion County , Indiana , United States . The population was 11,812 at the 2010 census . Speedway is home of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway ; it is an enclave of Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Marion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana . Census 2010 recorded a population of 903,393 , making it the largest county in the state and 55th most populated county in the country , greater than the population of six states . The county seat is Indianapolis , the state capital and largest city . Marion County is consolidated with Indianapolis through an arrangement known as Unigov . Marion County is the central county of the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson MSA .'}]}, {'value': "The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is home to the Indianapolis 500 , first held in 1911 . The track , built in 1909 , is the world 's oldest continuously operating automobile race course . The 500 is the largest single-day sporting event in the world in terms of attendance , and with seating of over 250,000 , it is also the world 's largest sporting facility", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indianapolis_500', 'summary': "The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race is the world 's oldest currently operational automobile race . Better known as the Indy 500 or the Indianapolis 500 , it is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway ( IMS ) in Speedway , Indiana , United States , an enclave suburb of Indianapolis , Indiana . The event is held over Memorial Day weekend in late May . It is contested as part of the IndyCar Series , the top level of American Championship Car racing , an open-wheel open-cockpit formula colloquially known as Indy Car Racing . The name of the race is often shortened to Indy 500 , and the track itself is nicknamed the Brickyard , as the racing surfacing was paved in brick in the fall of 1909 , with a yard of brick remaining exposed at the start/finish line . The event billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing , is considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport , which comprises three of the most prestigious motorsports events in the world , also including the Monaco Grand Prix and the 24 Hours of Le Mans . The official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management , but the permanent seating capacity is upwards of 250,000 , and infield patrons raise the race-day attendance to approximately 300,000 . It shares its date with NASCAR 's 600-mile event at Charlotte , with drivers having completed both events in one day before in a so-called Double Duty . The inaugural race was held in 1911 and was won by Ray Harroun . The event celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011 , and the 100th running was held in 2016 . The event was put on hiatus twice , from 1917 to 1918 due to World War I and from 1942 to 1945 due to World War II . Simon Pagenaud is the current champion ."}]}], 'section_title': 'National Historical Landmarks', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Indiana_0', 'intro': "National Historic Landmarks in Indiana represent Indiana's history from the Native American era to its early European settlers and motor racing. There are 42 National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) in the state, which are located in 23 of its 92 counties. They illustrate the state's industrial and architectural heritage, as well as battles, circuses, education, and several other topics. One of the NHLs in the state has military significance, fourteen are significant examples of different architectural styles, nine are associated with significant historical figures, and one is an archaeological site. Two NHL properties, both ships that were formerly located in Indiana, were later moved to another state. The National Historic Landmark Program is administered by the National Park Service, a branch of the Department of the Interior. The National Park Service determines which properties meet NHL criteria and makes nomination recommendations after an owner notification process. The Secretary of the Interior reviews nominations and, based on a set of predetermined criteria, makes a decision on NHL designation or a determination of eligibility for designation. Both public and privately owned properties can be designated as NHLs. This designation provides indirect, partial protection of the historic integrity of the properties via tax incentives, grants, monitoring of threats, and other means. Owners may object to the nomination of the property as a NHL. When this is the case the Secretary of the Interior can only designate a site as eligible for designation."}
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What is the landmark in the city founded by Wesley Park ?
Auburn Cord Duesenberg Automobile Facility
0ab4c7cbf66afd66
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Malaysia', 'title': 'List of highest-grossing films in Malaysia', 'header': ['Rank', 'Release Date', 'Film Title', 'Studio', 'Gross ( RM )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 Apr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain America : Civil War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_America:_Civil_War', 'summary': "Captain America : Civil War is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Captain America : The First Avenger and 2014 's Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and the thirteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , with a screenplay by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely , and stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America , alongside an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr. , Scarlett Johansson , Sebastian Stan , Anthony Mackie , Don Cheadle , Jeremy Renner , Chadwick Boseman , Paul Bettany , Elizabeth Olsen , Paul Rudd , Emily VanCamp , Tom Holland , Frank Grillo , William Hurt , and Daniel Brühl . In Captain America : Civil War , disagreement over international oversight of the Avengers fractures them into opposing factions - one led by Steve Rogers and the other by Tony Stark . Development of Civil War began in late 2013 when Markus and McFeely began writing the screenplay , which borrows concepts from the 2006 comic book storyline Civil War , while also focusing on story and character elements from the previous Captain America films to conclude the trilogy . Following positive reactions to test screenings of The Winter Soldier , the Russo brothers were brought back to direct in early 2014 . The film 's title and premise were revealed in October 2014 , along with Downey 's casting ; additional cast members joined in the following months . Principal photography began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and continued in the Metro Atlanta area before concluding in Germany in August 2015 , with the film being the first to use IMAX 's digital 2D cameras ( for the film 's central airport fight sequence ) . Visual effects were provided by nearly 20 different studios during the post-production process . Captain America : Civil War held its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 12 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on May 6 , 2016 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $ 1.1 billion worldwide , and garnering praise for the performances ( particularly Evans and Downey ) , action , screenplay , and themes . It became the highest-grossing film of 2016 and the twelfth-highest-grossing film of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Walt Disney Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures', 'summary': "Walt Disney Pictures ( branded as simply Disney since 2011 ) is an American film studio and a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios , which is ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company . The subsidiary is the main producer of live-action feature films within the Walt Disney Studios unit , and is based at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . It took on its current name in 1983 . Films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios are also released under this brand . The 2019 remake of The Lion King is the studio 's highest-grossing film worldwide with $ 1.6 billion , and Pirates of the Caribbean is the studio 's most successful franchise , with two of its sequels , released in 2006 and 2011 , earning over $ 1 billion in worldwide box office gross ."}]}, {'value': '43,381,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 Mar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Batman_v_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice', 'summary': "Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is a 2016 American superhero film featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman . It is a follow-up to 2013 's Man of Steel and the second installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Zack Snyder , written by Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer , and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Jesse Eisenberg , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Jeremy Irons , Holly Hunter , and Gal Gadot . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is the first live-action film to feature Batman and Superman together , as well as the first live-action cinematic portrayal of Wonder Woman . In the film , criminal mastermind Lex Luthor manipulates Batman into a preemptive battle with Superman , whom Luthor is obsessed with . The film was announced at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con after the release of Man of Steel . Snyder stated that the film would take inspiration from the Batman comic book series The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller but clarified that it would follow an original premise . The incarnation of Batman in the film is different from the character 's previous portrayal in The Dark Knight Trilogy , serving as a cinematic reboot of the character . The film is also inspired by narrative elements from the Death of Superman . Pre-production began at East Los Angeles College in October 2013 , with principal photography starting in May 2014 in Detroit . Additional filming also took place in Illinois and New Mexico , concluding that December . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice premiered at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on March 25 , 2016 , in 2D , Real D 3D , IMAX 3D , IMAX , 4DX , premium large formats , and 70 mm prints by Warner Bros. Pictures ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warner_Bros.', 'summary': "Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. ( also simply known as Warner Bros. and initialized as WB ) is an American entertainment company headquartered in Burbank , California , and a division of AT & T 's WarnerMedia . Founded in 1923 , it has operations in areas such as film , television , and video games and is one of the Big Five major American film studios , as well as a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) . The company 's portfolio encompasses the film studios Warner Bros. Pictures , New Line Cinema , Castle Rock Entertainment and DC Films ; the television production and syndication company Warner Bros. Television ; the animation studios Warner Bros . Animation and Warner Animation Group ; the publisher DC Comics ; the video game development and publishing arm Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment ; the pay television channels Cartoon Network , Boomerang and Turner Classic Movies ; and a 50% interest in The CW television network , which is co-owned with ViacomCBS . Aside from content operations , Warner Bros. also has several theme parks that are managed and operated by third party companies ."}]}, {'value': '30,450,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 Feb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mermaid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Mermaid_(2016_film)', 'summary': 'The Mermaid ( simplified Chinese : 美人鱼 ; traditional Chinese : 美人魚 ; pinyin : Měirényú ) is a 2016 fantasy romantic comedy directed , co-written , and produced by Stephen Chow . The film tells the story of a playboy businessman ( Deng Chao ) who falls in love with a mermaid ( Lin Yun ) who was sent to assassinate him . It was released in China on 8 February 2016 . It broke numerous box office records , including biggest opening day and biggest single day gross through its seventh day of release , as well as having the biggest opening week of all time in China . It is the seventh-highest-grossing film of all time in China .'}]}, {'value': 'Sony Pictures Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Entertainment', 'summary': "Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc. ( Sony Pictures or SPE ) is an American entertainment company that produces , acquires , and distributes filmed entertainment ( theatrical motion pictures , television programs , and recorded videos ) through multiple platforms . Through an intermediate holding company called Sony Film Holding Inc. , it is operated as a subsidiary of Sony Entertainment Inc. , which is itself a wholly owned subsidiary of the Japanese multinational technology and media conglomerate Sony Corporation . Based in Culver City , California , it encompasses Sony 's motion picture , television production and distribution units . Its group sales in the fiscal year 2017 ( April 2017 - March 2018 ) has been reported to be $ 9.133 billion . SPE is a member of the Big Five and the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) . Sony Pictures 's film franchises include The Karate Kid , Ghostbusters , Spider-Man , Jumanji , Stuart Little , Men in Black , Underworld , Sony 's Marvel Universe , Robert Langdon , The Smurfs ( via Peyo ) , Sniper , Hotel Transylvania , Bad Boys , Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs , and Charlie 's Angels ."}]}, {'value': '28,214,290', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27 Oct', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Doctor Strange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doctor_Strange_(2016_film)', 'summary': 'Doctor Strange is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is the fourteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Scott Derrickson from a screenplay he wrote with Jon Spaihts and C. Robert Cargill , and stars Benedict Cumberbatch as surgeon Stephen Strange along with Chiwetel Ejiofor , Rachel McAdams , Benedict Wong , Michael Stuhlbarg , Benjamin Bratt , Scott Adkins , Mads Mikkelsen , and Tilda Swinton . In the film , Strange learns the mystic arts after a career-ending car crash . Various incarnations of a Doctor Strange film adaptation had been in development since the mid-1980s , until Paramount Pictures acquired the film rights in April 2005 on behalf of Marvel Studios . Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were brought on board in June 2010 to write a screenplay . In June 2014 , Derrickson was hired to direct , with Spaihts re-writing the script . Cumberbatch was chosen for the eponymous role in December 2014 , necessitating a schedule change to work around his other commitments . This gave Derrickson time to work on the script himself , for which he brought Cargill on to help . The film began principal photography in November 2015 in Nepal , before moving to the United Kingdom and Hong Kong , and concluding in New York City in April 2016 . Doctor Strange had its world premiere in Hong Kong on October 13 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on November 4 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film grossed over $ 677 million worldwide , was met with praise for its visuals and cast , and received awards attention , including an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects .'}]}, {'value': 'Walt Disney Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures', 'summary': "Walt Disney Pictures ( branded as simply Disney since 2011 ) is an American film studio and a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios , which is ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company . The subsidiary is the main producer of live-action feature films within the Walt Disney Studios unit , and is based at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . It took on its current name in 1983 . Films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios are also released under this brand . The 2019 remake of The Lion King is the studio 's highest-grossing film worldwide with $ 1.6 billion , and Pirates of the Caribbean is the studio 's most successful franchise , with two of its sequels , released in 2006 and 2011 , earning over $ 1 billion in worldwide box office gross ."}]}, {'value': '24,195,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 Apr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Jungle Book', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Jungle_Book', 'summary': "The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling . Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear , though a principal character is the boy or man-cub Mowgli , who is raised in the jungle by wolves . The stories are set in a forest in India ; one place mentioned repeatedly is Seonee ( Seoni ) , in the central state of Madhya Pradesh . A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering , as in the life of Mowgli , echoing Kipling 's own childhood . The theme is echoed in the triumph of protagonists including Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal over their enemies , as well as Mowgli 's . Another important theme is of law and freedom ; the stories are not about animal behaviour , still less about the Darwinian struggle for survival , but about human archetypes in animal form . They teach respect for authority , obedience , and knowing one 's place in society with the law of the jungle , but the stories also illustrate the freedom to move between different worlds , such as when Mowgli moves between the jungle and the village . Critics have also noted the essential wildness and lawless energies in the stories , reflecting the irresponsible side of human nature . The Jungle Book has remained popular , partly through its many adaptations for film and other media . Critics such as Swati Singh have noted that even critics wary of Kipling for his supposed imperialism have admired the power of his storytelling . The book has been influential in the scout movement , whose founder , Robert Baden-Powell , was a friend of Kipling 's . Percy Grainger composed his Jungle Book Cycle around quotations from the book ."}]}, {'value': 'Walt Disney Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures', 'summary': "Walt Disney Pictures ( branded as simply Disney since 2011 ) is an American film studio and a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios , which is ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company . The subsidiary is the main producer of live-action feature films within the Walt Disney Studios unit , and is based at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . It took on its current name in 1983 . Films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios are also released under this brand . The 2019 remake of The Lion King is the studio 's highest-grossing film worldwide with $ 1.6 billion , and Pirates of the Caribbean is the studio 's most successful franchise , with two of its sequels , released in 2006 and 2011 , earning over $ 1 billion in worldwide box office gross ."}]}, {'value': '23,081,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11 Feb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deadpool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deadpool_(film)', 'summary': 'Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Distributed by 20th Century Fox , it is the eighth film in the X-Men film series and the first standalone Deadpool film . Directed by Tim Miller from a screenplay by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick , the film stars Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool alongside Morena Baccarin , Ed Skrein , T. J. Miller , Gina Carano and Brianna Hildebrand . In the film , Wilson - as the antihero Deadpool - hunts down the man who gave him mutant abilities and caused his scarred physical appearance . Development of a Deadpool film starring Reynolds began in February 2004 , before he went on to play the character in X-Men Origins : Wolverine in 2009 . Reese and Wernick were hired for a spinoff in 2010 . They worked with Reynolds to adapt the character more faithfully ( including his fourth wall breaking ) after the portrayal in Wolverine was criticized for not doing so . Miller was hired in 2011 marking his directorial debut . An enthusiastic response to leaked test footage he created with Reynolds led to a green-light from Fox in 2014 . Additional casting began in early 2015 , and filming took place in Vancouver , Canada , from March to May of that year . Several vendors provided visual effects for the film , ranging from the addition of blood and gore to the creation of the CG character Colossus . Deadpool was released in the United States on February 12 , 2016 , after an unconventional marketing campaign .'}]}, {'value': '20th Century Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20th_Century_Fox', 'summary': '20th Century Studios ( formerly 20th Century Fox ) is an American film studio that is a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios , a division of The Walt Disney Company . The studio is located on the Fox Studio Lot in the Century City area of Los Angeles . For over 83 years , it was one of the Big Six major American film studios formed from the merger of the Fox Film Corporation and Twentieth Century Pictures in 1935 . In 1985 , the studio was acquired by News Corporation , which was succeeded by 21st Century Fox in 2013 following the spin-off of its publishing assets . In 2019 , Disney acquired 20th Century Fox through its merger with 21st Century Fox . In 2020 , the studio was renamed to 20th Century Studios .'}]}, {'value': '21,842,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 Feb', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'From Vegas to Macau III', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/From_Vegas_to_Macau_III', 'summary': 'From Vegas to Macau III ( 賭城風雲III ) is a 2016 Hong Kong-Chinese action comedy film directed by Andrew Lau and Wong Jing and starring Chow Yun-fat , Andy Lau , Nick Cheung and Li Yuchun , with special appearances by Jacky Cheung and Carina Lau . The film is the third and final installment of the From Vegas to Macau series . The film was released on 6 February 2016 in Hong Kong and on 8 February 2016 in China .'}]}, {'value': 'Golden Screen Cinemas', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16,005,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rogue One : A Star Wars Story', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogue_One', 'summary': "Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( commonly shortened to Rogue One ) is a 2016 American epic space opera film directed by Gareth Edwards . The screenplay by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy is from a story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta . It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the first installment of the Star Wars anthology series . The cast includes Felicity Jones , Diego Luna , Ben Mendelsohn , Donnie Yen , Mads Mikkelsen , Alan Tudyk , Riz Ahmed , Jiang Wen , and Forest Whitaker . Based on an idea first pitched by Knoll ten years before it entered development , the film was made to be different in tone and style from the traditional Star Wars films , omitting the customary opening crawl and transitional screen wipes . Principal photography on the film began at Pinewood Studios near London in early August 2015 and wrapped in February 2016 . The film then went through extensive reshoots directed by Gilroy in mid-2016 . Rogue One follows a group of rebels on a mission to steal the plans for the Death Star , the Galactic Empire 's super weapon , just before the events of A New Hope . The film premiered in Los Angeles on December 10 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on December 16 . It received positive reviews from critics , with praise for its acting , action sequences , direction , musical score , themes , visual effects , and darker tone , but received some criticism for its underdeveloped characters and digital recreation of actors from the original trilogy . It grossed over $ 1 billion worldwide , making it the 36th-highest-grossing film of all time ( 20th at the time of its release ) , the second-highest-grossing film of 2016 , and the fourth-highest-grossing film in the Star Wars franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Walt Disney Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures', 'summary': "Walt Disney Pictures ( branded as simply Disney since 2011 ) is an American film studio and a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios , which is ultimately owned by The Walt Disney Company . The subsidiary is the main producer of live-action feature films within the Walt Disney Studios unit , and is based at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . It took on its current name in 1983 . Films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios are also released under this brand . The 2019 remake of The Lion King is the studio 's highest-grossing film worldwide with $ 1.6 billion , and Pirates of the Caribbean is the studio 's most successful franchise , with two of its sequels , released in 2006 and 2011 , earning over $ 1 billion in worldwide box office gross ."}]}, {'value': '15,068,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 Dec', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Great Wall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Great_Wall_(film)', 'summary': "The Great Wall ( Chinese : 长城 ) is a 2016 action monster film directed by Zhang Yimou , with a screenplay by Carlo Bernard , Doug Miro and Tony Gilroy , from a story by Max Brooks , Edward Zwick and Marshall Herskovitz . It is an American-Chinese co-production starring Matt Damon , Jing Tian , Pedro Pascal , Willem Dafoe , and Andy Lau . The Great Wall is Zhang 's first English-language film . Principal photography for the film began on March 30 , 2015 , in Qingdao , China , and it premiered in Beijing on December 6 , 2016 . It was released by China Film Group in China on December 16 , 2016 , and in the United States on February 17 , 2017 by Universal Pictures . The film received mixed reviews from critics , who said it sacrifices great story for great action . Despite grossing over $ 330 million worldwide and making back the studios investment 2 times over , it was considered a box-office bomb ."}]}, {'value': '20th Century Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20th_Century_Fox', 'summary': '20th Century Studios ( formerly 20th Century Fox ) is an American film studio that is a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios , a division of The Walt Disney Company . The studio is located on the Fox Studio Lot in the Century City area of Los Angeles . For over 83 years , it was one of the Big Six major American film studios formed from the merger of the Fox Film Corporation and Twentieth Century Pictures in 1935 . In 1985 , the studio was acquired by News Corporation , which was succeeded by 21st Century Fox in 2013 following the spin-off of its publishing assets . In 2019 , Disney acquired 20th Century Fox through its merger with 21st Century Fox . In 2020 , the studio was renamed to 20th Century Studios .'}]}, {'value': '14,714,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10 Mar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kung Fu Panda 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_3', 'summary': "Kung Fu Panda 3 is a 2016 3D computer-animated wuxia comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox worldwide and by Oriental DreamWorks in China . It is the third installment in the Kung Fu Panda franchise , and the sequel to 2011 's Kung Fu Panda 2 . In the film , Po enters the panda village and re-unites with his birth father and other pandas , but problems arise when a villainous undead warrior named Kai , returns to the mortal realm and steals chi from the kung fu masters , with the goal of ending Oogway 's legacy . To prevent Kai from taking chi from all kung fu masters and pandas , Po forms the army of pandas to battle Kai 's jade minions and Po must become a master of chi to defeat him and save his friends . The film is directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson and Alessandro Carloni and written by Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger . Jack Black , Dustin Hoffman , Angelina Jolie , Lucy Liu , Seth Rogen , David Cross , James Hong and Jackie Chan reprise their roles from the previous films with Randall Duk Kim reprising his role of Oogway from the first film . They are joined by Bryan Cranston ( replacing Fred Tatasciore , who went on to voice Master Bear ) , J. K. Simmons and Kate Hudson in the roles of Li Shan , Kai , and Mei Mei , respectively . Kung Fu Panda 3 premiered on January 16 , 2016 , in Los Angeles . It received a limited release in China on January 23 for a special three-hour sneak preview and was released in the United States on January 29 in 3D , grossing $ 521 million worldwide against its $ 145 million budget . Like its predecessors , the film received generally positive reviews , with praise for the voice acting , animation , humor , and heart ."}]}, {'value': '20th Century Fox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/20th_Century_Fox', 'summary': '20th Century Studios ( formerly 20th Century Fox ) is an American film studio that is a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios , a division of The Walt Disney Company . The studio is located on the Fox Studio Lot in the Century City area of Los Angeles . For over 83 years , it was one of the Big Six major American film studios formed from the merger of the Fox Film Corporation and Twentieth Century Pictures in 1935 . In 1985 , the studio was acquired by News Corporation , which was succeeded by 21st Century Fox in 2013 following the spin-off of its publishing assets . In 2019 , Disney acquired 20th Century Fox through its merger with 21st Century Fox . In 2020 , the studio was renamed to 20th Century Studios .'}]}, {'value': '14,407,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Year to year international films box office in Malaysia -- Year 2016', 'section_text': 'As of 26 January 2019 .', 'uid': 'Malaysia_Yearly_Box_Office_9', 'intro': "The statistics on international films' Box Office in Malaysia has started in 2008. Box Office Mojo is the only website that provides the box office numbers for international films released in Malaysia. However, this does not include the numbers for local films. For top local films gross, please view Cinema of Malaysia. Box Office - Yahoo! Malaysia and Cinema Online Malaysia are two current websites that show the ranking of films weekly inclusive of local films, but not providing any box office number. Golden Screen Cinemas (GSC) also provide only the ranking of both local and international films weekly, based on the popularity at its own cinema. The ranking can be accessed at the right bottom corner of GSC's website."}
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When was the premise of the highest grossing movie revealed ?
October 2014
0ab5a8638267c0c8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Pakistan_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Pakistan at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shah Hussain Shah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shah_Hussain_Shah', 'summary': "Shah Hussain Shah ( 8 June 1993 , London ) is a Pakistani judoka . Shah competes in the men 's -100 kg division . As of July 2014 , he is based in Japan . Shah Hussain received honour to bear Pakistan flag at Rio Olympics . Shah will represent Pakistan in 2018 Asian Games in Indonesia ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place from 6 to 12 August at the Carioca Arena 2 inside the Barra Olympic Park in Barra da Tijuca . Around 386 judoka competed in 14 events ( seven each for both men and women ) .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muhammad Abbas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhammad_Abbas_(skier)', 'summary': "Muhammad Abbas ( Urdu : محمد عباس ) , ( born February 16 , 1986 ) is a Pakistani alpine skier who was his nation 's first competitor at the Winter Olympic Games , in 2010 . Muhammad Abbas was not expected to win any medal , but he outraced some of the other debuting skiers . A group said to be particularly interested were Pakistani Canadians . Abbas was raised in a small village in Northern Pakistan , and his first pair of skis were carved out of wood by his father . He was discovered at age 8 by a Pakistani Air Force officer ( Group Captain ( R ) Zahid Farooq ) who remains his coach . Abbas works for the Air Force , his assignment being to ski ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics was held in Russia from 9-22 February at Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort near Krasnaya Polyana , east of Sochi .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sohail Abbas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sohail_Abbas', 'summary': 'Sohail Abbas , ( born 9 June 1975 ) is a former captain of the Pakistan Hockey Team . He is the highest goal scorer in International field hockey with 348 International goals and widely regarded as one of the best penalty corner specialists of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Field hockey at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place from 29 July to 11 August at the Riverbank Arena within the Olympic Park . On 13 November 2010 the International Hockey Federation ( FIH ) decided to allocate 12 teams for each men and women events respectively . Germany won the men 's tournament for the fourth time , and the women 's tournament was won by the Netherlands - their third Olympic women 's hockey title ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2010 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) and commonly known as Vancouver 2010 , informally the 21st Winter Olympics , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond , West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands , and in the nearby resort town of Whistler . Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines . Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee ( VANOC ) , headed by John Furlong . The 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia . Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta . Metro Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics , although Calgary is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics . They will both be surpassed by Beijing in 2022 . Following Olympic tradition , the incumbent mayor of Vancouver Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the closing ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . The flag was raised on February 28 , 2006 , in a special ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony . The event was officially opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean , who was accompanied by the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge . For the first time , Canada won gold in an official sport at an Olympic Games hosted at home , having failed to do so at both the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( although Canada won the woman 's curling event in Calgary when it was still only a demonstration sport ) . Canada clinched their first gold medal on the second day of the competition and first topped the gold medal tally on the second to last day of competition and went on to become the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muhammad Abbas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhammad_Abbas_(skier)', 'summary': "Muhammad Abbas ( Urdu : محمد عباس ) , ( born February 16 , 1986 ) is a Pakistani alpine skier who was his nation 's first competitor at the Winter Olympic Games , in 2010 . Muhammad Abbas was not expected to win any medal , but he outraced some of the other debuting skiers . A group said to be particularly interested were Pakistani Canadians . Abbas was raised in a small village in Northern Pakistan , and his first pair of skis were carved out of wood by his father . He was discovered at age 8 by a Pakistani Air Force officer ( Group Captain ( R ) Zahid Farooq ) who remains his coach . Abbas works for the Air Force , his assignment being to ski ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zeeshan Ashraf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeeshan_Ashraf', 'summary': 'Zeeshan Ashraf Qasmi ( born 28 February 1977 in Quetta , Pakistan ) is a field hockey player . He plays full back . He made his international debut for Pakistan in 2001 , and competed in the 2006 Commonwealth Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Field hockey at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing was held over a fourteen-day period beginning on 10 August , and culminating with the medal finals on 22 and 23 August . All games were played at the hockey field constructed on the Olympic Green .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muhammad Nadeem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhammad_Nadeem', 'summary': "Muhammad Nadeem Ahmed ( also Muhammad Nadeem , Urdu : محمد ندیم احمد ; born 5 March 1972 in Gojra , Punjab ) is a retired Pakistani field hockey player . He represented Pakistan in two editions of the Olympic Games ( 2000 and 2004 ) , and has served as a full-fledged member and single-time captain of the national field hockey team throughout his sporting career . Nadeem made his official debut at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , where he and the Pakistanis missed a chance to claim a bronze medal against the Aussies in the men 's field hockey tournament with an official score of 3-6 . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Nadeem qualified for the second time as a member of the Pakistani squad in the men 's field hockey after receiving a wild card invitation from the Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Madrid , Spain . Narrowly missing out a slot for the semifinals by two points , Nadeem helped the Pakistanis scored a goal of 4-2 to defeat the notorious New Zealand team in the fifth place classification match . Serving as the team captain in field hockey , Nadeem was also appointed by the Pakistan Olympic Association to carry the Pakistani flag in the opening ceremony . Shortly after his second Olympics , Nadeem announced his official retirement from international hockey after intense pressures escalated him from the team 's fifth-place finish at the concluded Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Field Hockey at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held at the Olympic Hockey Centre located within the Helliniko Olympic Complex . The competitions for both men and women was split into two groups with the top two teams after the preliminary rounds progressing through to the semi-finals .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Alam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Alam', 'summary': 'Ahmed Alam ( born 16 February 1972 in Karachi ) was a field hockey player and Former Hockey captain & Goalkeeper of Pakistan National Hockey Team , and captain of the Pakistan Hockey team in the 2000 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Field Hockey at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held at the Sydney Olympic Park Hockey Centre .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mansoor Ahmed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mansoor_Ahmed', 'summary': 'Mansoor Ahmed ( 7 January 1968 - 12 May 2018 ) was a Pakistani field hockey player . He represented Pakistan national hockey team in 338 matches between 1986-2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Olympic field hockey tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , United States , was held in Herndon Stadium and Panther Stadium from July 20 to August 2 , 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shahbaz Ahmed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shahbaz_Ahmed', 'summary': 'Shahbaz Ahmad ( Urdu : شہباز احمد ) ( born September 1 , 1968 ) is a former field hockey player from Pakistan who is also known by his nickname as Shahbaz Ahmed Senior . He is also known as the Maradona of hockey for his outstanding stick work .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The Olympic field hockey tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain , was held in Estadi Olímpic de Terrassa from 26 July to 8 August 1992 .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nasir Ali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nasir_Ali', 'summary': 'Nasir Ali ( born January 1 , 1959 in Sialkot ) is a Pakistani field hockey player . He played at fullback position . He was a player in the National hockey team from 1981 to 1988 . He was captain of the Pakistan Hockey Team which finished 5th in the 1988 Olympics in Seoul , after being a member of the Gold Medal-winning team at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles . He was capped 150 times and scored 19 goals .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul took place from 18 September to 1 October 1988 at the Seongnam Stadium in Seongnam . Twenty teams ( twelve for men and eight for women ) competed in the tournament .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manzoor Hussain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manzoor_Hussain_(field_hockey)', 'summary': 'Manzoor Hussain Junior Golden Player ( born 28 October 1958 in Sialkot , Pakistan ) is a hockey player from Pakistan . A forward , Manzoor Hussain played between 1975 and 1984 , he was capped 175 times with 86 goals . He won Bronze in the 1976 Olympics and was Captain of Pakistan team that won Gold at the 1984 Olympics . Manzoor was also the member of Pakistan team that won World cup in 1978 and 1982 . He was known for his exceptional stick work , and one of its remarkable display was in 1982 World cup final where he scored the goal by dodging six German defenders . Manzoor Hussain and his two brothers , Maqsood Hussain and Mahmood Hussain represented Pakistan in 1984 Champions Trophy in Karachi in a match and made world record .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Field hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles took place from 29 July to 11 August 1984 at the Weingart Stadium , in Monterey Park .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1976 Summer Olympics , officially called the Games of the XXI Olympiad ( French : Les XXIes olympiques d'été ) , was an international multi-sport event in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , in 1976 , and the first Olympic Games held in Canada . Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games on May 12 , 1970 , at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam , over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles . It was the first and , so far , only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada . Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010 , respectively . Twenty-nine countries , mostly African , boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) refused to ban New Zealand , after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976 in defiance of the United Nations ' calls for a sporting embargo . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdul Rashid Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_(field_hockey,_born_1947)', 'summary': 'Abdul Rashid ( born 3 March 1947 ) is a Pakistani field hockey player . He competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics , the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics . He was part of the gold , silver and bronze winning teams at those Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The Field Hockey competition at the 1976 Summer Olympics , which was held in the Molson Stadium at the McGill University , on an artificial surface for the first time . Only a men 's competition occurred ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammad Asad Malik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammad_Asad_Malik', 'summary': 'Muhammad Asad Malik ( born October 30 , 1941 ) is a Pakistani field hockey player . He won a silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics , a gold medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , and a silver medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The field hockey tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics was the 12th edition of the field hockey event at the Summer Olympics . The West German victory was the first title by a European nation since 1920 but was marred by the behavior of Pakistani players , fans , and officials after losing the final . At the final whistle , Pakistani fans and officials invaded the pitch before assaulting West German police and stadium security , storming the tournament officials table and pouring a bucket of water over International Hockey Federation president Rene Frank , while the players destroyed their locker room and refused to wear their silver medals or face the West German flag as it was raised at the medal ceremony . The eleven Pakistani players were banned for life from their national team , but after a high-level apology , the ban was reduced to two years , and eight of them played at the 1976 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1968 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1968 ) , officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Mexico City , Mexico , from October 12 to the 27th . These were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America and the first to be staged in a Spanish-speaking country . They were the first Games to use an all-weather ( smooth ) track for track and field events instead of the traditional cinder track . The 1968 Games were the third to be held in the last quarter of the year , after the 1956 Games in Melbourne and the 1964 Games in Tokyo . The Mexican Student Movement of 1968 happened concurrently and the Olympic Games were correlated to the government 's repression . The United States won the most gold and overall medals for the last time until 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tariq Aziz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tariq_Aziz_(field_hockey,_born_1938)', 'summary': 'Dr. Tariq Aziz ( Urdu : طارق عزیز born 5 February 1938 ) is a Pakistani former field hockey player . He won a Gold medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , and a Silver medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo . Aziz was born in Amritsar , British India .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The men 's field hockey tournament at the 1968 Summer Olympics was the 11th edition of the field hockey event for men at the Summer Olympics . It took place over a fourteen-day period beginning on 13 October , and culminated with the medal finals on 26 October . All games were played at the Municipal Stadium in Mexico City , Mexico . Pakistan won the gold medal for the second time after defeating Australia 2-1 in the final . Defending champions India won the bronze medal by defeating the West Germany 2-1 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1964 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック競技大会 , Hepburn : Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo , Japan , from 10 to 24 October 1964 . Tokyo had been awarded the organization of the 1940 Summer Olympics , but this honour was subsequently passed to Helsinki because of Japan 's invasion of China , before ultimately being cancelled because of World War II . The 1964 Summer Games were the first Olympics held in Asia , and the first time South Africa was barred from taking part due to its apartheid system in sports . ( South Africa was , however , allowed to compete at the 1964 Summer Paralympics , also held in Tokyo , where it made its Paralympic Games debut . ) Tokyo was chosen as the host city during the 55th IOC Session in West Germany , on 26 May 1959 . These games were also the first to be telecast internationally without the need for tapes to be flown overseas , as they had been for the 1960 Olympics four years earlier . The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3 , the first geostationary communication satellite , and from there to Europe using Relay 1 . These were also the first Olympic Games to have color telecasts , albeit partially . Certain events like the sumo wrestling and judo matches , sports huge in Japan , were tried out using Toshiba 's new colour transmission system , but only for the domestic market . History surrounding the 1964 Olympics was chronicled in the 1965 documentary film Tokyo Olympiad , directed by Kon Ichikawa . The games were scheduled for mid-October to avoid the city 's midsummer heat and humidity and the September typhoon season . The previous Olympics in Rome in 1960 started in late August and experienced hot weather ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manzoor Hussain Atif', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manzoor_Hussain_Atif', 'summary': 'Brigadier ( R ) Manzoor Hussain Atif ( 4 September 1928 - 8 December 2008 ) was a former secretary of Pakistan Hockey Federation and an Olympian in the game of field hockey .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo took place from 11 to 23 October at the Komazawa Hockey Field . 15 teams played in the field hockey competition .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1960 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad ( Italian : Giochi della XVII Olimpiade ) , was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11 , 1960 , in Rome , Italy . The city of Rome had previously been awarded the administration of the 1908 Summer Olympics , but following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906 , Rome had no choice but to decline and pass the honour to London . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muhammad Iqbal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal', 'summary': "Muhammad Iqbal ( KB ) ( /ˈɪkbɑːl/ ; Urdu : محمد اِقبال ; 9 November 1877 - 21 April 1938 ) , widely known as Allama Iqbal , was a poet , philosopher and politician , as well as an academic , barrister and scholar in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement . He is called the Spiritual Father of Pakistan . He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature , with literary work in both Urdu and Persian . Iqbal is admired as a prominent poet by Indians , Pakistanis , Iranians , Bangladeshis and other international scholars of literature . Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet , he is also a highly acclaimed Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times . His first poetry book , The Secrets of the Self , appeared in the Persian language in 1915 , and other books of poetry include The Secrets of Selflessness , Message from the East and Persian Psalms . Amongst these , his best known Urdu works are The Call of the Marching Bell , Gabriel 's Wing , The Rod of Moses and a part of Gift from Hijaz . Along with his Urdu and Persian poetry , his Urdu and English lectures and letters have been very influential in cultural , social , religious and political discourses . In 1922 New Years Honours , he was made a Knight Bachelor by King George V , While studying law and philosophy in England , Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All-India Muslim League . Later , during the League 's December 1930 session , he delivered his most famous presidential speech known as the Allahabad Address in which he pushed for the creation of a Muslim state in north-west India . In much of South Asia and the Urdu-speaking world , Iqbal is regarded as the Shair-e-Mashriq ( Urdu : شاعر مشرق , Poet of the East ) . He is also called Mufakkir-e-Pakistan ( Urdu : مفکر پاکستان , The Thinker of Pakistan ) , Musawwar-e-Pakistan ( Urdu : مصور پاکستان , Artist of Pakistan ) and Hakeem-ul-Ummat ( Urdu : حکیم الامت , The Sage of the Ummah ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome , 34 events in athletics were contested , 24 by men and 10 by women . There were a total number of 1016 participating athletes from 73 countries .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1956 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia from 22 November to 8 December 1956 , with the exception of the equestrian events , which were held in Stockholm , Sweden in June 1956 . These Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania , as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America . Melbourne is the most southerly city ever to host the Olympics . Due to the Southern Hemisphere 's seasons being different from those in the Northern Hemisphere , the 1956 Games did not take place at the usual time of year , because of the need to hold the events during the warmer weather of the host 's spring/summer ( which corresponds to the Northern Hemisphere 's autumn/winter ) . The Olympic equestrian events could not be held in Melbourne due to Australia 's strict quarantine regulations , so they were held in Stockholm five months earlier . This was the second time that the Olympics were not held entirely in one country , the first being the 1920 Summer Olympics , which were held in Antwerp , Belgium , with some events taking place in Ostend , Belgium and Amsterdam , Netherlands . Despite uncertainties and various complications encountered during the preparations , the 1956 Games went ahead in Melbourne as planned and turned out to be a success . The enduring tradition of national teams parading as one during the closing ceremony was started at these Olympics . Several teams boycotted the Games in protest of the IOC 's rejection to suspend the USSR after their invasion of Hungary . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdul Hamid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_(field_hockey)', 'summary': 'Abdul Hamid Hamidi ( 7 January 1927 - 12 July 2019 ) was a field hockey player from Pakistan . He was born in Bannu . He won silver medal in 1956 Summer Olympics and gold medal in 1960 Summer Olympics . After his retirement from professional competition , he managed the national team on several occasions , including during the 1966 and 1970 Asian Games . He also served as the secretary general of the Pakistan Hockey Federation . As of 2017 , he lived in Islamabad . He died in 2019 , at the age of 92 .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The field hockey tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics was contested from November 23 to December 6 , with twelve participating teams . Only men competed in field hockey at these Games . India won the gold medal for the sixth successive Games , not allowing a single goal against in the entire tournament . Pakistan won the silver medal , and Germany won the bronze .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1952 Summer Olympics ( Finnish : Kesäolympialaiset 1952 ; Swedish : Olympiska sommarspelen 1952 ) , officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad , were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki , Finland , from July 19 to August 3 , 1952 . Helsinki had been earlier selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics , which were cancelled due to World War II . It is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held . These were the first games to be held in a non-Indo-European language speaking country . It was also the Olympic Games at which the most number of world records were broken until it was surpassed by the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . The Soviet Union , the People 's Republic of China , Hong Kong , Indonesia , Israel , Thailand , and Saarland made their Olympic debuts in Helsinki 1952 . The United States won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niaz Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niaz_Khan_(field_hockey)', 'summary': 'Niaz Khan ( 21 August 1917 - 19 October 2001 ) was a Pakistani field hockey player . He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The men 's field hockey tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics was the seventh edition of the field hockey event for men at the Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1948 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event which was held in London , United Kingdom from 29 July to 14 August 1948 . After a twelve-year hiatus caused by the outbreak of World War II ; these were the first Summer Olympics held since the 1936 Games in Berlin . The 1940 Olympic Games had been scheduled for Tokyo , and then for Helsinki ; the 1944 Olympic Games had been provisionally planned for London . This was the second occasion that London had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted them in 1908 , forty years earlier . The Olympics would again return to London 64 years later in 2012 , making London the first city to have hosted the games three times , and the only such city until Paris and Los Angeles host their third games in 2024 and 2028 , respectively . The 1948 Olympic Games were the first of two summer Olympic Games held under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström . The event came to be known as the Austerity Games , because of the difficult economic climate and rationing imposed in the aftermath of World War II . No new venues were built for the games ( with events taking place mainly at Empire Stadium and the Empire Pool at Wembley Park ) , and athletes were housed in existing accommodation at the Wembley area instead of an Olympic Village , as were the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games and the subsequent 1952 Games in Helsinki . A record 59 nations were represented by 4,104 athletes , 3,714 men and 390 women , in 19 sport disciplines . Germany and Japan were not invited to participate in the games ; the Soviet Union was invited but chose not to send any athletes , sending observers instead to prepare for the 1952 Olympics . One of the star performers at the Games was Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen . Dubbed The Flying Housewife , the thirty-year-old mother of two won four gold medals in athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Zahur Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Zahur_Khan', 'summary': 'Ahmed Zahur Khan ( born 1918 ) was a Pakistani shot putter and discus thrower who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1948 Summer Olympics in London , 33 athletics events were contested , 24 for men and 9 for women . Three events made their Olympic debut at these Games : women 's 200 metres , women 's long jump and women 's shot put . There were a total number of 745 participating athletes from 53 countries ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Pakistan at theOlympicsIOC codePAKNOCPakistan Olympic AssociationWebsitenocpakistan.orgMedals Gold 3 Silver 3 Bronze 4 Total 10 Olympics appearances ( overview ) 20Summer appearances1948195219561960196419681972197619801984198819921996200020042008201220162020Winter appearances201020142018 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Pakistan at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Pakistan_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Pakistan at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'}
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The oldest of the listed athletes specialized in what events ?
shot putter and discus thrower
0ab5d0608ac20e6d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHA_General_Player_Draft', 'title': 'WHA General Player Draft', 'header': ['Player', 'Position', 'Nationality', 'Team', 'League'], 'data': [{'value': 'Steve Carlyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Carlyle', 'summary': "Steve Carlyle ( born March 10 , 1950 in Lacombe , Alberta ) is a former professional ice hockey defenceman and current coach . He was selected in the third round of the 1970 NHL Amateur Draft , 31st overall , by the Montreal Canadiens . , but never played in the NHL . Carlyle joined the Alberta Oilers for the inaugural 1972-73 WHA season , staying with the renamed Edmonton Oilers until the 1975-76 WHA season . Prior to being drafted , Carlyle played for the Edmonton Movers and Red Deer Rustlers of the AJHL and for the University of Alberta . Carlyle played for the Canadian National Team between 1970 and 1972 . He made his WHA debut after being named Edmonton Athlete of the Year in 1972 . On February 2 , 1976 , Carlyle and Kerry Ketter were traded to the New England Whalers for Paul Hurley and future considerations . Rather than report , Carlyle retired . Following his professional career , Carlyle was an assistant coach with the Calgary Oval X-Treme of the Western Women 's Hockey League , and is currently the head coach of the women 's Chinese National Team . Carlyle was also the principal of the elementary school in Jasper , Alberta ."}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'University of Alberta Golden Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberta_Golden_Bears', 'summary': 'The Alberta Golden Bears and Pandas are the sports teams that represent the University of Alberta in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'CIAU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Interuniversity_Sport', 'summary': "U Sports ( stylized as U SPORTS ) is the national sport governing body of university sport in Canada , comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country . Its equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . Some institutions are members of both bodies for different sports . Its name until October 20 , 2016 , was Canadian Interuniversity Sport ( CIS ; French : Sport interuniversitaire canadien , SIC ) . On that date , the organization rebranded as U Sports in both official languages . The original Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union ( CIAU ) Central was founded in 1906 and existed until 1955 , composed only of universities from Ontario and Quebec . With the collapse of the CIAU Central in the mid-1950s , calls for a new , national governing body for university sport accelerated . Once the Royal Military College of Canada became a degree granting institution , Major W.J . ( Danny ) McLeod , athletic director at the RMC directed the establishment of the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union ( CIAU ) in 1961 . Major McLeod ran the CIAU from his office at RMC as the first CIAU Secretary-Treasurer . In the 1960s the CIAU functioned as a voluntary , autonomous , educational sport organization which represented by the various universities from coast to coast . In 1978 , the Canadian Women 's Interuniversity Athletic Union ( CWIAU ) , which had formed in 1970 , merged with the CIAU ; the expanded CIAU reinforced its university focus by adjusting its name to the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union ."}]}, {'value': 'Ron Homenuke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Homenuke', 'summary': 'Ronald Wayne Homenuke ( born January 5 , 1952 in Hazelton , British Columbia ) is a former NHL player . He played in only one NHL game for the Vancouver Canucks , who had drafted him with the 51st pick in the 1972 Draft . He retired in 1976 . Homenuke now works as a missionary with street kids in the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary Centennials', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Centennials', 'summary': 'The Calgary Centennials were a junior ice hockey team that played in the Western Canada Hockey League from 1966-1977 . They played in Calgary , Alberta , [ Canada at the Stampede Corral .'}]}, {'value': 'WCHL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Hockey_League', 'summary': "The Western Hockey League ( WHL ) is a major junior ice hockey league based in Western Canada and the Northwestern United States . The WHL is one of three leagues that constitutes the Canadian Hockey League ( CHL ) as the highest level of junior hockey in Canada . Teams play for the Ed Chynoweth Cup , with the winner moving on to play for the Memorial Cup , Canada 's national junior championship . WHL teams have won the Memorial Cup 19 times since the league became eligible to compete for the trophy . Many players have been drafted from WHL teams , and have found success at various levels of professional hockey , including the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The league was founded in 1966 , as the Canadian Major Junior Hockey League ( CMJHL ) , with seven western Canadian teams in Saskatchewan and Alberta . From 1968 , the league was renamed the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) , before the admission of American-based teams in the league and then renaming as the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) commencing in 1978 , up to present day . The league was the brainchild of Bill Hunter , who intended to build a western league capable of competing with the top leagues in Ontario and Quebec . Originally considered an outlaw league by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association , the WCHL ( WHL ) was sanctioned as the top junior league in Western Canada when junior hockey was reorganized in 1970 . The WHL is composed of 22 teams as of 2019 , divided into two conferences of two divisions . The Eastern Conference comprises 12 teams from Manitoba , Saskatchewan and Alberta , while the Western Conference comprises ten teams from British Columbia , and the US states of Washington and Oregon ."}]}, {'value': 'Ross Lonsberry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ross_Lonsberry', 'summary': "David Ross Lonsberry ( February 7 , 1947 - May 4 , 2014 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Boston Bruins , Los Angeles Kings , Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins . He had his best seasons in a Flyers uniform and was a member of Philadelphia 's back-to-back Stanley Cup championship teams in the mid-1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'LW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Flyers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NHL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim McMasters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_McMasters', 'summary': 'Jim McMasters ( born September 20 , 1952 ) is a former professional ice hockey forward . He was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League in the third round , 37th overall , of the 1972 NHL Entry Draft ; however , he never played in that league . He played 83 regular-season games and nine playoff games in the World Hockey Association with the Cleveland Crusaders in the 1972-73 and 1973-74 seasons . McMasters was born in High River , Alberta , but grew up in Nanton , Alberta .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary Centennials', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WCHL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Morris Mott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morris_Mott', 'summary': 'Morris Kenneth Mott ( born May 25 , 1946 in Creelman , Saskatchewan ) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 199 games in the National Hockey League . He played with the Winnipeg Jets of the WHA and the California Golden Seals of the NHL . He joined the Canadian national team in 1965 , playing with the team until it was dissolved in 1970 . After completing his hockey career Mott earned a PhD , and taught sports history at Brandon University .'}]}, {'value': 'RW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': "Queen 's University Golden Gaels", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Queen's_Golden_Gaels", 'summary': "The Queen 's Gaels ( also : Queen 's Golden Gaels ) are the athletic teams that represent Queen 's University at Kingston in Kingston , Ontario , Canada . Team colours are blue , red , and gold . Its main home is Richardson Memorial Stadium on West Campus . Their rallying cry is the Oil Thigh , a fight song sung in Gaelic by spectators when the home team scores a point , goal , touchdown , etc . Originally written in 1898 after a disappointing loss to the University of Toronto , the name comes from the phrase sung repeatedly in the main chorus : Oilthigh na Banrighinn , a ' Banrighinn gu brath , or College of the Queen forever in Gaelic . The song has the tune of the Battle Hymn of the Republic ; its English verses about the rivals of Queen 's College alternate with the Gaelic chorus . Queen 's teams have had a variety of successes on the provincial and national stages over the university 's history . The Gaels football program is one of the oldest and most successful in Canada , boasting a total of three straight Grey Cup victories in the early twentieth century ( 1922 , 1923 , and 1924 ) and four Vanier Cup victories as the top team in Canadian Interuniversity Sport ( 1968 , 1978 , 1992 , and 2009 ) . Queen 's University hockey teams have competed on three occasions as Stanley Cup finalists ( 1895 , 1899 , and 1906 ) . In the last two seasons alone , the Gaels have captured 11 provincial and national championships , including the 2009 Vanier Cup championship , the 2010-11 CIS Men 's Curling Championship and the two time 2011 and 2012 CIS Women 's Soccer Championships . Men 's and Women 's Volleyball won OUA Championships in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'CIAU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerry Pinder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerry_Pinder', 'summary': "Allan Gerald Mouse Pinder ( born September 15 , 1948 in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 353 games in the World Hockey Association and 223 games in the National Hockey League . He played for the Chicago Black Hawks , California Golden Seals , San Diego Mariners , Cleveland Crusaders , and Edmonton Oilers . He also played for Canada at the 1968 Winter Olympics , winning bronze , and at the 1969 World Championships . He later became a broadcaster on the Edmonton Oilers ' local telecasts and for the CBC 's Hockey Night in Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'RW', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'California Golden Seals', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NHL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Romanchych', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Romanchych', 'summary': 'Larry Swoop Romanchych ( born September 7 , 1949 in Vancouver , British Columbia ) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 298 games in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks and Atlanta Flames . After playing 10 years in the NHL , he retired at the age of 29 from professional hockey . In 1979 , Romanchych founded Crescent Moving & Storage , Ltd. in White Rock , British Columbia .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Black Hawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Black_Hawks', 'summary': 'The Dallas Blackhawks were a minor-league professional ice hockey team in Dallas , in the U.S. state of Texas . It was a member of the Central Hockey League and played home games at State Fair Coliseum .'}]}, {'value': 'CHL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Professional_Hockey_League', 'summary': "The Central Professional Hockey League was a minor professional ice hockey league that operated in the United States from 1963 to 1984 . Named the Central Hockey League for the 1968-69 season and forward , it was owned and operated by the National Hockey League and served as a successor to the Eastern Professional Hockey League , which had folded after the 1962-63 season . Four of the CHL 's initial franchises were , in fact , relocations of the previous year 's EPHL teams , while the fifth came from the International Hockey League . Its founding president was Jack Adams , who served in the role until his death in 1968 . The CHL 's championship trophy was called the Adams Cup in his honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Gregg Sheppard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregg_Sheppard', 'summary': 'Gregory Wayne Sheppard ( born April 23 , 1949 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward who most notably played for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Oklahoma City Blazers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Blazers_(1965–77)', 'summary': "The Oklahoma City Blazers are a defunct professional ice hockey team that were based in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . They competed in the Central Professional Hockey League from 1965 to 1977 . The team played their home games in the Fairgrounds Arena , and later in Myriad Gardens . This team was created through the relocation of the Minneapolis Bruins , who began play in 1963 after originating as the Kingston Frontenacs of the defunct Eastern Professional Hockey League . Initially they were a Boston Bruins farm team . The first coach was Harry Sinden , and NHL stars Bernie Parent , Gerry Cheevers , Doug Favell , Reggie Leach , Rick MacLeish , Wayne Cashman , Ivan Boldirev , J. P. Parise , Ross Lonsberry , Dallas Smith , Bill Goldsworthy and Jean Pronovost played for the Blazers . The Bruins withdrew from the team in 1972 , but after a season without hockey , Maple Leaf Gardens Limited announced that they would relocate their Tulsa Oilers club of the CHL to become the reborn Oklahoma City Blazers , with Tulsa getting a replacement independent team . From 1973 to 1976 the team was affiliated with the Toronto Maple Leafs and their roster included Mike Palmateer , Blaine Stoughton , Pat Boutette and all-time NHL penalty leader Dave Tiger Williams . Prior to the 1976-77 season the Maple Leafs decided to share the Dallas Black Hawks of the CHL with the Chicago Black Hawks as their affiliate , in an attempt to reduce costs . Gregg Sheppard was the franchise 's leading career scorer . Their home arenas were the Fairgrounds Arena and the Myriad Convention Center Arena . The Blazers won the CHL championship in 1966 under player-coach Harry Sinden and repeated in 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'CHL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brian Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Walker_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Brian Walker ( born May 4 , 1952 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player . He was selected by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the fifth round ( 72nd overall ) of the 1972 NHL Amateur Draft . Walker played major junior hockey with the Calgary Centennials of the Western Hockey League . Drafted by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 1972 NHL Amateur Draft , Walker played professionally , mostly with the Fort Wayne Komets of the International Hockey League , but also with the Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League . He also played the 1975-76 season in Sweden with Kramfors-Alliansen . Walker helped the Komets to capture the 1973 Turner Cup , but in June 1973 , he was struck by a hit-and-run driver and suffered a fractured hip which caused him to miss the entire 1973-74 season , returning to play with the 1974-75 season . Walker retired following the 1976-77 season .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary Centennials', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WCHL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jimmy Watson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Watson_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "James Charles Watson ( born August 19 , 1952 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played ten seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the Philadelphia Flyers . He was inducted into the Flyers ' Hall of Fame February 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Calgary Centennials', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WCHL', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Regular rounds -- Calgary Broncos', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'WHA_General_Player_Draft_12', 'intro': 'The World Hockey Association General Player Draft was held over the course of two days, February 12 and February 13, 1972, in Anaheim, California. The purpose of the draft was to establish an orderly process through which WHA teams would stock their rosters by the beginning of their inaugural season later that year. As such, players from other professional teams (notably National Hockey League clubs) were eligible to be drafted. The draftees were not under any legal obligation to sign with the drafting WHA club: other WHA clubs were prevented from negotiating with the players who had been drafted. The draft was held in two parts: a Preliminary round in which teams made so-called priority selections, and the rounds of the General Draft which followed. For the Preliminary round, each team wrote four names on a piece of paper, which were then submitted and announced prior to the start of the General Draft. The priority selections were the most sought after players, consisting mostly of NHL veterans and highly touted prospects. Twelve teams took part in the draft: the Calgary Broncos, Chicago Cougars, Dayton Aeros, Edmonton Oil Kings, Los Angeles Sharks, Miami Screaming Eagles, Minnesota Fighting Saints, New England Whalers, Winnipeg Jets, and three then-unnamed franchises based in New York (later the Raiders), Ontario (later the Ottawa Nationals) and Quebec City (later the Nordiques). The Broncos folded within months, before the beginning of the season, and the negotiating rights to their picks were transferred to a new club: the Cleveland Crusaders. Similarly the Screaming Eagles never took to the ice, and their picks transferred to the Philadelphia Blazers. The Dayton Aeros moved to Houston before the playing season, and the Oil Kings changed their name to Alberta Oilers with the intent of splitting home games between Edmonton and Calgary.'}
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In what year did Brian Walker help the Komets to capture the Turner Cup in Professional Ice Hockey ?
1973
0ab6c7a7e2d7768a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'title': 'Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki', 'header': ['No', 'Event', 'Date', 'Venue', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 52 : Race', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2019 was the 16th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2019 began with KSW 47 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 7 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gliwice Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gliwice_Arena', 'summary': 'Arena Gliwice is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Gliwice , Poland . It provides 13,384 seats in the stands ( with room for up to 17,178 spectators ) in the main arena and is considered one of the largest entertainment and sports halls in the country . Initially , the venue was given the name Podium Hall , which was later changed to Hala Gliwice . Since opening in May 2018 , this name is used interchangeably with the name Arena Gliwice which is used for international events .'}]}, {'value': 'Gliwice , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gliwice', 'summary': "Gliwice [ ɡlʲiˈvʲit͡sɛ ] ( listen ) ( German : Gleiwitz , Silesian : Glywicy ) is a city in Upper Silesia , in southern Poland . The city is located in the Silesian Highlands , on the Kłodnica river ( a tributary of the Oder ) . It lies approximately 25 km west from Katowice , regional capital of the Silesian Voivodeship . Gliwice is the westernmost city of the Upper Silesian metropolis , a conurbation of 1.9 million people , and is the third-largest city of this area , with 179,806 permanent residents as of 2018 . It also lies within the larger Upper Silesian metropolitan area which has a population of about 5.3 million people and spans across most of eastern Upper Silesia , western Lesser Poland and the Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic . It is one of the major college towns in Poland , thanks to the Silesian University of Technology , which was founded in 1945 by academics of Lwow University of Technology expelled from Soviet Ukraine in 1945-48 . Over 20,000 people study in Gliwice . Gliwice is an important industrial center of Poland . Following an economic transformation in the 1990s , Gliwice switched from steelworks and coal mining to automotive and machine industry . The last remaining coal mine in Gliwice was set to close before 2021 ; however , following good economic results this decision has been postponed . Founded in the 13th century , Gliwice is one of the oldest settlements in Upper Silesia . Gliwice 's medieval old town was mostly destroyed by the Red Army in World War II , but it has since been rebuilt and has undergone a major restoration in recent years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 51 : Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2019 was the 16th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2019 began with KSW 47 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 9 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arena Zagreb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arena_Zagreb', 'summary': 'Arena Zagreb is a multi-purpose sports hall located in the southwestern part of Zagreb , Croatia ( in the Lanište neighborhood of Novi Zagreb ) . The site also includes a building complex , the Arena Complex ( Arena Center ) , making it one of the largest shopping-entertainment centers in the city . The arena is used for hockey , futsal , handball , athletics , basketball , volleyball , numerous other sporting competitions , and various concerts , exhibitions , fairs , conventions , and congresses . The shopping center and Arena Zagreb share a series of services such as a joint parking lot , multiplex cinema , wellness center , numerous restaurants , cafes , and stores .'}]}, {'value': 'Zagreb , Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zagreb', 'summary': "Zagreb ( /ˈzɑːɡrɛb , ˈzæɡrɛb , zɑːˈɡrɛb/ ; Croatian pronunciation : [ zǎːɡreb ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Croatia . It is located in the northwest of the country , along the Sava river , at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain . Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m ( 400 ft ) above sea level . The estimated population of the city in 2018 was 820,678 . The population of the Zagreb urban agglomeration is 1,086,528 , approximately a quarter of the total population of Croatia . Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from the Roman times to the present day . The oldest settlement located in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia , in today 's Ščitarjevo . The name Zagreb is recorded in 1134 , in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094 . Zagreb became a free royal town in 1242 . In 1851 Zagreb had its first mayor , Janko Kamauf . Zagreb has special status as a Croatian administrative division and is a consolidated city-county ( but separated from Zagreb County ) , and is administratively subdivided into 17 city districts . Most of them are at a low elevation along the river Sava valley , whereas northern and northeastern city districts , such as Podsljeme and Sesvete districts are situated in the foothills of the Medvednica mountain , making the city 's geographical image rather diverse ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 50 : London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2019 was the 16th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2019 began with KSW 47 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 14 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wembley Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wembley_Arena', 'summary': "Wembley Arena /ˈwɛmbli/ ( originally the Empire Pool and , since 1 July 2014 , currently known as The SSE Arena , Wembley for sponsorship reasons ) is an indoor arena adjacent to Wembley Stadium in Wembley , London . Used for music , comedy , family entertainment and sport , the 12,500-seat facility is London 's second-largest indoor arena after The O2 Arena , and the ninth-largest ( as of August 2019 ) in the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'London , Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 49 : Soldić vs. Kaszubowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2019 was the 16th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2019 began with KSW 47 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 18 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ergo Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ergo_Arena', 'summary': 'Ergo Arena ( Hala Gdańsk-Sopot ) is a multi-purpose indoor arena , that was opened in 2010 . The boundary between two cities - Sopot and Gdańsk - runs through the very middle of the hall . The arena has a capacity of 11,409 people , for sports events and up to 15,000 , with standing places , for concerts .'}]}, {'value': 'Gdańsk , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gdańsk', 'summary': "Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ , also US : /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/ , Polish : [ ɡdaj̃sk ] ( listen ) ; Kashubian : Gduńsk ; German : Danzig [ ˈdantsɪç ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland . With a population of 468,158 , Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and one of the most prominent cities within the cultural and geographical region of Kashubia . It is Poland 's principal seaport and the centre of the country 's fourth-largest metropolitan area . The city is situated on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay on the Baltic Sea , in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia , the resort town of Sopot , and suburban communities ; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity ( Trójmiasto ) , with a population approaching 1.4 million . Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River , connected to the Leniwka , a branch in the delta of the nearby Vistula River , which drains 60 percent of Poland and connects Gdańsk with the Polish capital , Warsaw . Together with the nearby port of Gdynia , Gdańsk is also a notable industrial centre . The city 's history is complex , with periods of Polish , Prussian and German rule , and periods of autonomy or self-rule as a free city state . In the early-modern age , Gdańsk was a royal city of Poland . It was considered the wealthiest and the largest city of Poland , before the 18th century rapid growth of Warsaw . In the late Middle Ages it was an important seaport and shipbuilding town and , in the 14th and 15th centuries , a member of the Hanseatic League . In the interwar period , owing to its multi-ethnic make-up and history , Gdańsk lay in a disputed region between Poland and Germany , which became known as the Polish Corridor . The city 's ambiguous political status was exploited , furthering tension between the two countries , which would ultimately culminate in the Invasion of Poland and the first clash of the Second World War just outside the city limits , followed by the flight and expulsion of the majority of the previous population in 1945 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 48 : Szymański vs. Parnasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2019 was the 16th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2019 began with KSW 47 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 27 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Globus Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lublin , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lublin', 'summary': "Lublin ( UK : /ˈlʊblɪn/ , US : /ˈluːblɪn/ , Polish : [ ˈlublin ] ( listen ) ) is the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of Lesser Poland . It is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship ( province ) with a population of 339,682 ( December 2018 ) . Lublin is the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River and is about 170 km ( 106 mi ) to the southeast of Warsaw by road . One of the events that greatly contributed to the city 's development was the Polish-Lithuanian Union of Krewo in 1385 . Lublin thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between Vilnius and Kraków ; the inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The Lublin Parliament session of 1569 led to the creation of a real union between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , thus creating the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . Lublin witnessed the early stages of Reformation in the 16th century . A Calvinist congregation was founded and groups of radical Arians appeared in the city , making it an important global centre of Arianism . At the turn of the century , Lublin was recognized for hosting a number of outstanding poets , writers , and historians of the epoch . Until the partitions at the end of the 18th century , Lublin was a royal city of the Crown Kingdom of Poland . Its delegates and nobles had the right to participate in the royal election . In 1578 , Lublin was chosen as the seat of the Crown Tribunal , the highest appeal court in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and for centuries , the city has been flourishing as a centre of culture and higher learning , with Kraków , Warsaw , Poznań , and Lwów ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 47 : The X-Warriors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2019 was the 16th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2019 began with KSW 47 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 23 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlas Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlas_Arena', 'summary': 'Atlas Arena is a multipurpose indoor arena in Łódź , Poland , opened on June 26 , 2009 at al . Bandurskiego . It is one of the largest Polish venues with seating 10,400 , with an optional extra 3,000 , it has 1,500 parking places and 11 VIP lounges ( each with a terrace ) . The arena hosts conferences , concerts and sports events ( e.g . volleyball , basketball , athletics and ice hockey ) . In August 2009 , Atlas Group purchased the naming rights to the arena for a period of 5 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Lodz , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lodz', 'summary': "Łódź ( Polish : [ wutɕ ] ( listen ) ) , written in English as Lodz , [ a ] is the third-largest city in Poland and a former industrial centre . Located in the central part of the country , it has a population of 682,679 ( 2019 ) . It is the capital of Łódź Voivodeship , and is located approximately 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) south-west of Warsaw . The city 's coat of arms is an example of canting , as it depicts a boat ( łódź in Polish ) , which alludes to the city 's name . Łódź was once a small settlement that first appeared in written records in around 1332 . In the early 15th century it was granted city rights , but remained a rather small and insubstantial town . It was the property of Kuyavian bishops and clergy until the end of the 18th century , when Łódź was annexed by Prussia as a result of the second partition of Poland . Following the collapse of the independent Duchy of Warsaw , the city became part of Congress Poland , a client state of the Russian Empire . It was then that Łódź experienced rapid growth in the cloth industry and in population due to the inflow of migrants , most notably Germans and Jews . Ever since the industrialization of the area , the city has struggled with many difficulties such as multinationalism and social inequality , which were vividly documented in the novel The Promised Land written by Polish Nobel Prize-winning author Władysław Reymont . The contrasts greatly reflected on the architecture of the city , where luxurious mansions coexisted with redbrick factories and dilapidated tenement houses . After Poland regained its independence in 1918 , Łódź grew to be one of the largest Polish cities and one of the most multicultural and industrial centers in Europe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 46 : Narkun vs. Khalidov 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2018 will be the 15th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2018 began with KSW 42 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gliwice Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gliwice_Arena', 'summary': 'Arena Gliwice is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Gliwice , Poland . It provides 13,384 seats in the stands ( with room for up to 17,178 spectators ) in the main arena and is considered one of the largest entertainment and sports halls in the country . Initially , the venue was given the name Podium Hall , which was later changed to Hala Gliwice . Since opening in May 2018 , this name is used interchangeably with the name Arena Gliwice which is used for international events .'}]}, {'value': 'Gliwice , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gliwice', 'summary': "Gliwice [ ɡlʲiˈvʲit͡sɛ ] ( listen ) ( German : Gleiwitz , Silesian : Glywicy ) is a city in Upper Silesia , in southern Poland . The city is located in the Silesian Highlands , on the Kłodnica river ( a tributary of the Oder ) . It lies approximately 25 km west from Katowice , regional capital of the Silesian Voivodeship . Gliwice is the westernmost city of the Upper Silesian metropolis , a conurbation of 1.9 million people , and is the third-largest city of this area , with 179,806 permanent residents as of 2018 . It also lies within the larger Upper Silesian metropolitan area which has a population of about 5.3 million people and spans across most of eastern Upper Silesia , western Lesser Poland and the Moravian-Silesian Region in the Czech Republic . It is one of the major college towns in Poland , thanks to the Silesian University of Technology , which was founded in 1945 by academics of Lwow University of Technology expelled from Soviet Ukraine in 1945-48 . Over 20,000 people study in Gliwice . Gliwice is an important industrial center of Poland . Following an economic transformation in the 1990s , Gliwice switched from steelworks and coal mining to automotive and machine industry . The last remaining coal mine in Gliwice was set to close before 2021 ; however , following good economic results this decision has been postponed . Founded in the 13th century , Gliwice is one of the oldest settlements in Upper Silesia . Gliwice 's medieval old town was mostly destroyed by the Red Army in World War II , but it has since been rebuilt and has undergone a major restoration in recent years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 45 : The Return to Wembley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2018 will be the 15th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2018 began with KSW 42 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 6 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wembley Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wembley_Arena', 'summary': "Wembley Arena /ˈwɛmbli/ ( originally the Empire Pool and , since 1 July 2014 , currently known as The SSE Arena , Wembley for sponsorship reasons ) is an indoor arena adjacent to Wembley Stadium in Wembley , London . Used for music , comedy , family entertainment and sport , the 12,500-seat facility is London 's second-largest indoor arena after The O2 Arena , and the ninth-largest ( as of August 2019 ) in the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'London , Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 44 : The Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2018 will be the 15th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2018 began with KSW 42 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 9 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ergo Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ergo_Arena', 'summary': 'Ergo Arena ( Hala Gdańsk-Sopot ) is a multi-purpose indoor arena , that was opened in 2010 . The boundary between two cities - Sopot and Gdańsk - runs through the very middle of the hall . The arena has a capacity of 11,409 people , for sports events and up to 15,000 , with standing places , for concerts .'}]}, {'value': 'Gdańsk , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gdańsk,_Poland', 'summary': "Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ , also US : /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/ , Polish : [ ɡdaj̃sk ] ( listen ) ; Kashubian : Gduńsk ; German : Danzig [ ˈdantsɪç ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland . With a population of 468,158 , Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and one of the most prominent cities within the cultural and geographical region of Kashubia . It is Poland 's principal seaport and the centre of the country 's fourth-largest metropolitan area . The city is situated on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay on the Baltic Sea , in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia , the resort town of Sopot , and suburban communities ; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity ( Trójmiasto ) , with a population approaching 1.4 million . Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River , connected to the Leniwka , a branch in the delta of the nearby Vistula River , which drains 60 percent of Poland and connects Gdańsk with the Polish capital , Warsaw . Together with the nearby port of Gdynia , Gdańsk is also a notable industrial centre . The city 's history is complex , with periods of Polish , Prussian and German rule , and periods of autonomy or self-rule as a free city state . In the early-modern age , Gdańsk was a royal city of Poland . It was considered the wealthiest and the largest city of Poland , before the 18th century rapid growth of Warsaw . In the late Middle Ages it was an important seaport and shipbuilding town and , in the 14th and 15th centuries , a member of the Hanseatic League . In the interwar period , owing to its multi-ethnic make-up and history , Gdańsk lay in a disputed region between Poland and Germany , which became known as the Polish Corridor . The city 's ambiguous political status was exploited , furthering tension between the two countries , which would ultimately culminate in the Invasion of Poland and the first clash of the Second World War just outside the city limits , followed by the flight and expulsion of the majority of the previous population in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 43 : Soldić vs. Du Plessis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2018 will be the 15th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2018 began with KSW 42 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 14 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centennial Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centennial_Hall', 'summary': "The Centennial Hall ( Polish : Hala Stulecia ; German : Jahrhunderthalle ) , formerly named Hala Ludowa ( People 's Hall ) , is a historic building in Wrocław , Poland . It was constructed according to the plans of architect Max Berg in 1911-1913 , when the city was part of the German Empire . Max Berg designed Centennial Hall to serve as a multifunctional structure to host exhibitions , concerts , theatrical and opera performances , and sporting events . The hall continues to be used for sporting events and concerts . As an early landmark of reinforced concrete architecture , the building became one of Poland 's official national Historic Monuments ( Pomnik historii ) , as designated April 20 , 2005 , together with the Four Domes Pavilion , the Pergola , and the Iglica . Its listing is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland . It was also listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrocław , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrocław', 'summary': 'Wrocław ( UK : /ˈvrɒtswɑːf/ , US : /ˈvrɔːts-wɑːf , -lɑːf , -lɑːv/ , Polish : [ ˈvrɔtswaf ] ( listen ) ; German : Breslau [ ˈbʁɛslaʊ ] ( listen ) ; Czech : Vratislav ; Latin : Vratislavia ) is a city in western Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia . It lies on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe , roughly 350 kilometres ( 220 mi ) from the Baltic Sea to the north and 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from the Sudeten Mountains to the south . The population of Wrocław in 2019 was 641,607 , making it the fourth-largest city in Poland and the main city of the Wrocław agglomeration . Wrocław is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia . Today , it is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship . The history of the city dates back over a thousand years , and its long heritage combines almost all the religions and cultures of Europe . At various times , it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland , the Kingdom of Bohemia , the Kingdom of Hungary , the Habsburg Monarchy , Prussia and Germany . Wrocław became part of Poland again in 1945 as part of the so-called Recovered Territories as a result of the border changes after the Second World War . This included the flight and expulsion of the mostly German population of the city . Wrocław is a university city with a student population of over 130,000 , making it arguably one of the most youth-oriented cities in the country . Since the beginning of the 20th century , the University of Wrocław , previously Breslau University , has produced 9 Nobel Prize laureates and is renowned for its high quality of teaching . Wrocław is classified as a Gamma- global city by GaWC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 42 : Khalidov vs. Narkun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2018 will be the 15th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2018 began with KSW 42 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 3 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlas Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlas_Arena', 'summary': 'Atlas Arena is a multipurpose indoor arena in Łódź , Poland , opened on June 26 , 2009 at al . Bandurskiego . It is one of the largest Polish venues with seating 10,400 , with an optional extra 3,000 , it has 1,500 parking places and 11 VIP lounges ( each with a terrace ) . The arena hosts conferences , concerts and sports events ( e.g . volleyball , basketball , athletics and ice hockey ) . In August 2009 , Atlas Group purchased the naming rights to the arena for a period of 5 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Łódź , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Łódź', 'summary': "Łódź ( Polish : [ wutɕ ] ( listen ) ) , written in English as Lodz , [ a ] is the third-largest city in Poland and a former industrial centre . Located in the central part of the country , it has a population of 682,679 ( 2019 ) . It is the capital of Łódź Voivodeship , and is located approximately 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) south-west of Warsaw . The city 's coat of arms is an example of canting , as it depicts a boat ( łódź in Polish ) , which alludes to the city 's name . Łódź was once a small settlement that first appeared in written records in around 1332 . In the early 15th century it was granted city rights , but remained a rather small and insubstantial town . It was the property of Kuyavian bishops and clergy until the end of the 18th century , when Łódź was annexed by Prussia as a result of the second partition of Poland . Following the collapse of the independent Duchy of Warsaw , the city became part of Congress Poland , a client state of the Russian Empire . It was then that Łódź experienced rapid growth in the cloth industry and in population due to the inflow of migrants , most notably Germans and Jews . Ever since the industrialization of the area , the city has struggled with many difficulties such as multinationalism and social inequality , which were vividly documented in the novel The Promised Land written by Polish Nobel Prize-winning author Władysław Reymont . The contrasts greatly reflected on the architecture of the city , where luxurious mansions coexisted with redbrick factories and dilapidated tenement houses . After Poland regained its independence in 1918 , Łódź grew to be one of the largest Polish cities and one of the most multicultural and industrial centers in Europe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 41 : Mankowski vs. Soldić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2017 is the 14th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2017 began with KSW 38 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 23 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spodek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spodek', 'summary': 'Spodek ( meaning saucer in Polish ) is a multipurpose arena complex in Katowice , Poland , opened in 1971 . Aside from the main dome , the complex includes a gym , an ice rink , a hotel and three large car parks . It was the largest indoor venue of its kind in Poland until it was surpassed by Kraków Arena in 2014 . The Spodek hosts many important cultural and business events . Music concerts are especially common non-sport events . It can hold around 11,500 people , although this number is in practice limited to 10,000 or even 8,000 due to stage set-ups obscuring the view . Its Polish name refers to a flying saucer since its iconic shape resembles a UFO . Spodek is a major contribution to the cultural significance of Katowice in Poland , especially for the younger generations . It has also been used as an unofficial logo for the city on posters promoting redevelopment in Katowice . Moreover , Spodek is home to ice hockey clubs in the winter months .'}]}, {'value': 'Katowice , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katowice', 'summary': "Katowice ( UK : /ˌkætəˈviːtsə/ KAT-ə-VEET-sə , US : /ˌkɑːt-/ KAHT- , Polish : [ katɔˈvitsɛ ] ( listen ) ; officially Miasto Katowice ; 1953-1956 : Stalinogród ; Silesian : Katowicy ; German : Kattowitz ) is a city in southern Poland , the capital city of the Silesian Region , and a center of the Upper Silesia and Dąbrowa Basin Metropolis . With the population of 294,510 ( as of 2018 ) , it is the eleventh-largest city in Poland . The wider Katowice urban area has the population of approximately 2 to 3 million people . Throughout the mid-18th century , Katowice had developed into a village upon the discovery of rich coal reserves in the area . In 1742 the First Silesian War transferred Upper Silesia , including Katowice , to Prussia . Subsequently , from the second half of the 18th century , many German or Prussian craftsmen , merchants and artists began to settle in the region , which had been inhabited mostly by Poles over the past hundreds of years . Simultaneously Silesia experienced the influx of the first Jewish settlers . In the first half of the 19th century , intensive industrialization transformed local mills and farms into industrial steelworks , mines , foundries and artisan workshops . This also contributed to the establishment of companies and eventual rapid growth of the city . At the same time , Katowice became linked to the railway system with the first train arriving at the main station in 1847 . The outbreak of World War I was favourable for Katowice due to the prospering steel industry . Following Germany 's defeat and the Silesian Uprisings , Katowice and parts of Upper Silesia were annexed by the Second Polish Republic ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 40 : Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2017 is the 14th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2017 began with KSW 38 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 22 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3Arena', 'summary': 'The 3Arena ( originally The O2 ) is an indoor amphitheatre located at North Wall Quay in the Dublin Docklands in Dublin , Ireland . The venue opened as The O2 on 16 December 2008 . It was built on the site of the former Point Theatre , a smaller music venue which operated from 1988 to 2007 , retaining only some of the outer facade . The Point Theatre was branded as The Point Depot , in recognition of its original role as a railway goods handling station . The venue was re-branded on 4 September 2014 due to the takeover of O2 Ireland by Three Ireland . The venue is owned by a Live Nation subsidiary , Apollo Leisure Group Ltd . The venue is among the top ten busiest music arenas in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Dublin , Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin', 'summary': "Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/ , locally /ˈdʊb-/ ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath [ ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈklʲiə ; ˌbʲlʲaː ˈklʲiə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland . Situated on a bay on the east coast , at the mouth of the River Liffey , it lies within the province of Leinster . It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains , a part of the Wicklow Mountains range . It has an urban area population of 1,173,179 , while the population of the Dublin Region ( formerly County Dublin ) as of 2016 [ update ] was 1,347,359 . The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census . There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD . Later expanded as a Viking settlement , the Kingdom of Dublin , the city became Ireland 's principal settlement following the Norman invasion . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800 . Following the partition of Ireland in 1922 , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland . Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education , the arts , administration and industry . As of 2018 [ update ] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC ) as a global city , with a ranking of Alpha − , which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 39 : Colosseum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2017 is the 14th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2017 began with KSW 38 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 27 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The PGE Narodowy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Stadium,_Warsaw', 'summary': 'The PGE Narodowy ( official name since 2015 ) or National Stadium ( Polish : Stadion Narodowy [ ˈstadjɔn narɔˈdɔvɨ ] ) is a retractable roof football stadium located in Warsaw , Poland . It is used mostly for football matches and it is the home stadium of Poland national football team . The stadium has a seating capacity of 58,145 which makes it the largest association football arena in Poland . Its construction started in 2008 and finished in November 2011 . It is located on the site of the former 10th-Anniversary Stadium , on Aleja Zieleniecka in Praga Południe district , near the city center . The stadium has a retractable PVC roof which unfolds from a nest on a spire suspended above the centre of the pitch . The retractable roof is inspired by the cable-supported unfolding system of Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt , Germany , and is similar to the newly renovated roof of BC Place in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The stadium is also very similar to the Arena Națională in Bucharest in terms of age , capacity and the roof . The National Stadium hosted the opening match ( a group match ) , the 2 group matches , a quarterfinal , and the semifinal of the UEFA Euro 2012 , co-hosted by Poland and Ukraine . The stadium is equipped with a heated pitch , training pitch , façade lighting , and underground parking . It is a multipurpose venue able to host sporting events , concerts , cultural events , and conferences . The official stadium opening took place on 19 January 2012 , and the first football match was played on 29 February 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Warsaw , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warsaw', 'summary': "Warsaw ( /ˈwɔːrsɔː/ WOR-saw ; Polish : Warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of Poland . The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.8 million residents . With a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents , Warsaw is the 5th most-populous urban area in the European Union . The city limits cover 517.24 square kilometres ( 199.71 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) . Warsaw is an alpha global city , a major international tourist destination , and a significant cultural , political and economic hub . Its historical old town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Once described as the Paris of the North , Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II . Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939 , the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland 's highest military decoration for heroism , the Virtuti Militari . Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat . A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the Vistula-Oder Offensive . Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II , which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins . Warsaw is one of Europe 's most dynamic metropolitan cities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 38 : Live in Studio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2017 is the 14th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . 2017 began with KSW 38 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 7 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Studio Apricor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sękocin Nowy , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sękocin_Nowy', 'summary': 'Sękocin Nowy [ sɛŋˈkɔt͡ɕin ˈnɔvɨ ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raszyn , within Pruszków County , Masovian Voivodeship , in east-central Poland . It lies approximately 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) south-west of Raszyn , 9 km ( 6 mi ) south-east of Pruszków , and 14 km ( 9 mi ) south-west of Warsaw .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 37 : Circus of Pain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2016 is the 13th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . In 2016 Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki held 4 events beginning with , KSW 34 : New Order .'}]}, {'value': 'December 3 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tauron Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kraków_Arena', 'summary': "Tauron Arena Kraków is an indoor arena located in Kraków , Poland . It has a seating capacity of 15,030 for sporting events . It hosted the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men 's World Championship tournament , 2016 European League of Legends Championship Finals and 2015 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship Division I ."}]}, {'value': 'Krakow , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krakow', 'summary': "Kraków ( /ˈkrækaʊ , -koʊ/ , also US : /ˈkreɪk- , ˈkrɑːkaʊ/ , UK : /ˈkrækɒf/ , Polish : [ ˈkrakuf ] ( listen ) ) , traditionally known in English as Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland . Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Province , the city dates back to the 7th century . Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic , economic , cultural and artistic life . Cited as one of Europe 's most beautiful cities , its Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland 's second most important city . It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 965 . With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century , Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre . The city has a population of about 770,000 , with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km ( 62 mi ) radius of its main square . After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany at the start of World War II , the newly defined Distrikt Krakau ( Kraków District ) became the capital of Germany 's General Government . The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto , from which they were sent to German extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz never to return , and the Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów . However , the city was spared from destruction and major bombing . In 1978 , Karol Wojtyła , archbishop of Kraków , was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II - the first ever Slavic pope , and the first non-Italian pope in 455 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 36 : Trzy Korony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2016 is the 13th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . In 2016 Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki held 4 events beginning with , KSW 34 : New Order .'}]}, {'value': 'October 1 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hala CRS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CRS_Hall_Zielona_Góra', 'summary': 'CRS Hall Zielona Góra , or CRS Hala Zielona Góra , is a multi-use indoor sporting arena that is located in Zielona Góra , Poland . The abbreviation CRS stands for Centrum Rekreacyjno-Sportowe . The arena can be used for basketball , handball , futsal , volleyball , and cultural and entertainment events . The seating capacity of the arena for basketball games is 6,080 , of which 5,080 seats are permanent and 1,000 seats are retractable . It is the home arena of the Polish League professional basketball club Basket Zielona Góra .'}]}, {'value': 'Zielona Góra , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zielona_Góra', 'summary': "Zielona Góra [ ʑeˈlɔna ˈɡura ] ( listen ) ( German : Grünberg in Schlesien ) is the largest city in Lubusz Voivodeship , in western Poland , with 140,297 inhabitants ( 2018 ) . Zielona Góra has been in Lubusz Voivodeship since 1999 , prior to which it was the capital of Zielona Góra Voivodeship from 1950 to 1998 . It is the seat of the province 's elected assembly , while the seat of the centrally appointed governor is located in the city of Gorzów Wielkopolski . Zielona Góra has a favourable geographical position , being located not far from the Polish-German border and on several international road and rail routes connecting Scandinavia with Southern Europe and Warsaw with Berlin . The region is also closely associated with vineyards and holds an annual Wine Fest . The city 's history began when Polish Duke Henry the Bearded brought first settlers to the area in 1222 . In 1323 Zielona Góra was granted town privileges . The town was incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1506 . As part of Bohemia , in 1526 it became part of the Habsburg Empire and experienced a wave of witch trials in the 17th century . As a result of the First Silesian War , Zielona Góra was annexed by Prussia and , in 1871 , became part of Germany , until the end of World War II in 1945 . In accordance with the Potsdam Agreement , the province was handed over to Poland and resettled with Poles , most of whom came from Central Poland , but some also had been expelled from the Eastern Borderlands . Zielona Góra is surrounded by tree-covered hills and the adjacent woodland alone makes up approximately half of the city 's total area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 35 : Khalidov vs. Karaoglu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2016 is the 13th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . In 2016 Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki held 4 events beginning with , KSW 34 : New Order .'}]}, {'value': 'May 27 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ergo Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ergo_Arena', 'summary': 'Ergo Arena ( Hala Gdańsk-Sopot ) is a multi-purpose indoor arena , that was opened in 2010 . The boundary between two cities - Sopot and Gdańsk - runs through the very middle of the hall . The arena has a capacity of 11,409 people , for sports events and up to 15,000 , with standing places , for concerts .'}]}, {'value': 'Gdansk , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gdansk', 'summary': "Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ , also US : /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/ , Polish : [ ɡdaj̃sk ] ( listen ) ; Kashubian : Gduńsk ; German : Danzig [ ˈdantsɪç ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland . With a population of 468,158 , Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and one of the most prominent cities within the cultural and geographical region of Kashubia . It is Poland 's principal seaport and the centre of the country 's fourth-largest metropolitan area . The city is situated on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay on the Baltic Sea , in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia , the resort town of Sopot , and suburban communities ; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity ( Trójmiasto ) , with a population approaching 1.4 million . Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River , connected to the Leniwka , a branch in the delta of the nearby Vistula River , which drains 60 percent of Poland and connects Gdańsk with the Polish capital , Warsaw . Together with the nearby port of Gdynia , Gdańsk is also a notable industrial centre . The city 's history is complex , with periods of Polish , Prussian and German rule , and periods of autonomy or self-rule as a free city state . In the early-modern age , Gdańsk was a royal city of Poland . It was considered the wealthiest and the largest city of Poland , before the 18th century rapid growth of Warsaw . In the late Middle Ages it was an important seaport and shipbuilding town and , in the 14th and 15th centuries , a member of the Hanseatic League . In the interwar period , owing to its multi-ethnic make-up and history , Gdańsk lay in a disputed region between Poland and Germany , which became known as the Polish Corridor . The city 's ambiguous political status was exploited , furthering tension between the two countries , which would ultimately culminate in the Invasion of Poland and the first clash of the Second World War just outside the city limits , followed by the flight and expulsion of the majority of the previous population in 1945 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 34 : New Order', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2016 is the 13th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . In 2016 Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki held 4 events beginning with , KSW 34 : New Order .'}]}, {'value': 'March 5 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hala Torwar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hala_Torwar', 'summary': 'The Central Sports Centre Torwar ( formerly known as Hala Torwar , commonly referred to as the Arena COS Torwar ) is an indoor arena in Warsaw , Poland . It opened in 1953 and seats 4,824 people in the stands , with up to an additional 1,480 seats available to add on the floor . It is located adjacent to Legia Stadium and is primarily used for popular music concerts , ice hockey and other indoor sports , and it is the home of the hockey team UHKS Mazowsze . Torwar Hall hosted the 2001 Saporta Cup final in which Maroussi BC defeated Elan Sportif Chalonnais . On January 22-28 , 2007 the Hall hosted the 2007 European Figure Skating Championships and the arena hosted a Preliminary round group of the EuroBasket 2009 . It has also hosted a number of Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki ( KSW ) mixed martial arts events . OneRepublic performed at this venue on 2 November 2014 during the European leg of their Native Tour . Evanescence performed there on 20 June 2017 during their European tour . Rapper Macklemore will perform here on 26 April 2018 during his Gemini Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Warsaw , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warsaw', 'summary': "Warsaw ( /ˈwɔːrsɔː/ WOR-saw ; Polish : Warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of Poland . The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.8 million residents . With a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents , Warsaw is the 5th most-populous urban area in the European Union . The city limits cover 517.24 square kilometres ( 199.71 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) . Warsaw is an alpha global city , a major international tourist destination , and a significant cultural , political and economic hub . Its historical old town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Once described as the Paris of the North , Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II . Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939 , the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland 's highest military decoration for heroism , the Virtuti Militari . Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat . A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the Vistula-Oder Offensive . Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II , which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins . Warsaw is one of Europe 's most dynamic metropolitan cities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KSW 33 : Khalidov vs. Materla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_in_Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki', 'summary': 'The year 2015 is the 12th year in the history of the Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki , a mixed martial arts promotion based in Poland . In 2015 Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki held 4 events beginning with , KSW 30 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 28 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tauron Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kraków_Arena', 'summary': "Tauron Arena Kraków is an indoor arena located in Kraków , Poland . It has a seating capacity of 15,030 for sporting events . It hosted the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men 's World Championship tournament , 2016 European League of Legends Championship Finals and 2015 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship Division I ."}]}, {'value': 'Krakow , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krakow', 'summary': "Kraków ( /ˈkrækaʊ , -koʊ/ , also US : /ˈkreɪk- , ˈkrɑːkaʊ/ , UK : /ˈkrækɒf/ , Polish : [ ˈkrakuf ] ( listen ) ) , traditionally known in English as Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland . Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Province , the city dates back to the 7th century . Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic , economic , cultural and artistic life . Cited as one of Europe 's most beautiful cities , its Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland 's second most important city . It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 965 . With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century , Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre . The city has a population of about 770,000 , with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km ( 62 mi ) radius of its main square . After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany at the start of World War II , the newly defined Distrikt Krakau ( Kraków District ) became the capital of Germany 's General Government . The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto , from which they were sent to German extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz never to return , and the Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów . However , the city was spared from destruction and major bombing . In 1978 , Karol Wojtyła , archbishop of Kraków , was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II - the first ever Slavic pope , and the first non-Italian pope in 455 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of KSW events', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Konfrontacja_Sztuk_Walki_0', 'intro': 'Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki (English: Martial Arts Confrontation) better known by its initials KSW, is widely considered to be the premiere mixed martial arts organization in Poland and one of the leading in Europe.'}
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Which venue is located in the ninth-largest city in Poland ?
Globus Hall
0ab94909728bf3d9
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Somalia', 'title': 'List of airports in Somalia', 'header': ['Location served', 'Region', 'ICAO', 'IATA', 'Airport name'], 'data': [{'value': 'Abudwak ( Caabudwaaq )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abudwak', 'summary': 'Abudwak ( Somali : Caabudwaaq ) ( Arabic : عابد الواق ) is a town in the centralGalgaduud province of Somalia . It is part of the Galmudug administrative . Abudwak is largely inhabited by the Marehan clan . Four main sub-clans of the Marehan ( Rer Diini , Siyaad Hussien , Wegerdhac and Eli ) make up the largest population of the city . Abudwak has an adequate airport . It also has the largest market in the Galgaduud region . The second largest campus of Somali National University is based in this magnificent city .'}]}, {'value': 'Galguduud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galguduud', 'summary': 'Galguduud ( Somali : Galgaduud , Arabic : جلجدود , Italian : Galgudud or Ghelgudud ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) of Galmudug state in central Somalia . Its administrative capital is Dusmareb .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abudwak Airport ( Caabudwaaq Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abudwak_Airport', 'summary': 'Abudwak Airport ( Somali : Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Caabudwaaq ) , is an airport serving Abudwak , a town in the central Galguduud region of Somalia . It is also known as Siyad Barre Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Adado ( Cadaado )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adado', 'summary': 'Cadaado , also known as Adado , is the largest city in the central Galguduud region of Somalia . Adado is a rapidly developing city in central Somalia and home to Galmudug state assembly .'}]}, {'value': 'Galguduud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galguduud', 'summary': 'Galguduud ( Somali : Galgaduud , Arabic : جلجدود , Italian : Galgudud or Ghelgudud ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) of Galmudug state in central Somalia . Its administrative capital is Dusmareb .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AAD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adado Airport ( Cadaado Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adado_Airport', 'summary': 'Adado Airport ( IATA : AAD ) is an airport serving the town of Adado in Adado District , Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Alula ( Aluula , Caluula )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aluula', 'summary': 'Alula ( Somali : Caluula , Arabic : علولة ) , also spelled Aluula , is a coastal town in the northeastern Bari province of Somalia , on the coast of the Guardafui Channel . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , it served as the main capital of the Majeerteen Sultanate .'}]}, {'value': 'Bari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bari,_Somalia', 'summary': 'Bari ( Somali : Bari , Arabic : باري ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in northeastern Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'HCMA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ALU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alula Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alula_Airport', 'summary': 'Alula Airport ( IATA : ALU , ICAO : HCMA ) is an airport serving Aluula ( Alula , Caluula ) , a Gulf of Aden coastal village in the Bari region of northeastern Somalia . The runway is 0.5 kilometres ( 0.3 mi ) inland , paralleling the shore .'}]}, {'value': 'Baledogle ( wanlaweyn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shabeellaha Hoose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shabeellaha_Hoose', 'summary': 'Lower Shabelle ( Somali : Shabeellaha Hoose , Arabic : شبيلي السفلى , Italian : Basso Scebeli ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in southern Somalia .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baledogle Airport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baidoa ( Baydhabo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baidoa', 'summary': 'Baidoa ( Somali : Baydhabo ; is capital in the southwestern Bay region of Somalia . During the Middle Ages , Baidoa and its surrounding area was part of the Ajuran Sultanate . In 2005 , the Transitional Federal Government established temporary headquarters in Baidoa before an eventual relocation of government offices to Mogadishu . In 2012 , it was made the capital of the Southwestern State of Somalia , a prospective Federal Member State .'}]}, {'value': 'Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bay,_Somalia', 'summary': 'Bay ( Somali : Baay , Arabic : باي , Italian : Bai ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in southern Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'HCMB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BIB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baidoa Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baidoa_Airport', 'summary': 'Baidoa Airport ( IATA : BIB , ICAO : HCMB ) is an airport serving Baidoa , the capital city of the Bay region in Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Bardera ( Baardheere )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bardera', 'summary': "Bardera City ( Arabic : بااردىرآ , Somali : Baardheere ) is an important agricultural city in the Gedo region of Somalia . It is the second most populous town in the Juba Valley , with Kismayo being the largest and most densely populated city in the region , Garbahaarreey serving as Gedo 's capital . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Gedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gedo', 'summary': "Gedo ( Somali : Gedo , Arabic : جيذو , Italian : Ghedo or Ghedu ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) , formerly part of the historic Upper Juba Region in southern Somalia . Its regional capital is Garbahaarreey . Gedo is a region created in 1970s and is bordered by the Ogaden in Ethiopia , the North Eastern Province in Kenya , and the Somali regions of Bakool , Bay , Jubbada Dhexe ( Middle Juba ) , and Jubbada Hoose ( Lower Juba ) further down east . The southern parts of Gedo , west of the Jubba River , used to be part of the old British Trans-Juba region during half of the seventy years of colonial era in Africa from 1890 to 1960 . The British and Italians fought over twice in this area of Horn of Africa . The first democratically elected governor of the administrative region occurred in a grassroots effort with Hussein Farey 's admission into office in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'HCMD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BSY', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bardera Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bardera_Airport', 'summary': 'Bardera Airport ( IATA : BSY , ICAO : HCMD ) is an airport serving Bardera , a city in the southern Gedo region in Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Beledweyne ( Belet Uen , Beletweeyne )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beledweyne', 'summary': 'Beledweyne ( Somali : Beletweeyne , Arabic : بلد وين , Italian : Belet Uen ) is a city in central Somalia . Located in the Beledweyne District , it is the capital of the Hiiraan province . The town is situated in the Shebelle Valley near the Ethiopia border , some 210 miles ( 345 km ) north of Mogadishu . Beledweyne is divided by the Shebelle River into eastern and western sections . In 2019 , Safiya Jimale became the first female mayor in Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Hiran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiran,_Somalia', 'summary': 'Hiran ( Somali : Hiiraan , Arabic : هيران ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in central Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'HCMN', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beledweyne Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beledweyne_Airport', 'summary': 'Beledweyne Airport or Haaji-Duqow Ahmed Fiidow Airport ( ICAO : HCMN ) is an airport serving Beledweyne ( also spelled Belet Uen or Beletweyn , Somali : Beletweeyne ) , the capital city of the Hiran region in Somalia . The airport is in the desert 2 kilometres ( 1 mi ) northeast of the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Bosaso ( Boosaaso ) Puntland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bosaso', 'summary': "Bosaso ( Somali : Boosaaso , Arabic : بوصاصو ) is a city in the northeastern Bari province ( gobol ) of Somalia . It is the seat of the Bosaso District . Located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden , the municipality serves as the region 's commercial capital and is a major seaport within the autonomous Puntland state . It has an estimated population of around 164,906 residents ( 2005 est. ) . The city has a diverse economy centred on education , government , banking , tourism , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , health care , hospitality , retail and technology . The area 's many colleges and universities make it a regional hub of higher education , including law , medicine , engineering and business and entrepreneurship ."}]}, {'value': 'Bari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bari,_Somalia', 'summary': 'Bari ( Somali : Bari , Arabic : باري ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in northeastern Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'HCMF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BSA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bosaso Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bosaso_Airport', 'summary': 'Bosaso Airport ( IATA : BSA , ICAO : HCMF ) , also known as Bender Qassim International Airport , is an airport in Somalia . It sits at 11°16′32″N 49°9′0″E on the outer edge of the city of Bosaso , the commercial capital of the northeastern Puntland macro-region and adjacent to the Gulf of Aden . It is the fourth largest airport in the country after the Aden Adde International Airport in Mogadishu , the Hargeisa International Airport in Hargeisa and the Berbera Airport in Berbera .'}]}, {'value': 'Qandala ( candala ) Puntland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qandala', 'summary': 'Qandala ( also known as Candala , Andala , Bender Chor , Bandar Kor , Bender Kor or Taba Tege ) is an ancient port town in the northeastern Bari province of Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Puntland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puntland', 'summary': 'Puntland ( Somali : Buntland , Arabic : أرض البنط , Italian : Terra di Punt or Paese di Punt ) , officially the Puntland State of Somalia ( Somali : Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya , Arabic : ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية ) , is a region in northeastern Somalia . Centred on the town of Garoowe in the Nugal province , its leaders declared the territory an autonomous state in 1998 but is internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia . Puntland is bordered by Somaliland to its west , the Gulf of Aden in the north , the Guardafui Channel in the northeast , the Somali Sea in the southeast , the central Galmudug region in the south , and Ethiopia in the southwest . There are several major geographical apexes in Puntland , including the Cape Guardafui which forms the tip of the Horn of Africa , Ras Hafun the easternmost place on the entire African continent , and the beginning of the Karkaar mountain range . It also has the northernmost major city in Somalia , Bosaso , located at a line of latitude higher than 11° north . The name Puntland is derived from the Land of Punt mentioned in ancient Egyptian sources , although the exact location of the fabled territory is still a mystery . Many studies suggest that the Land of Punt was located in present-day Somalia , whereas others propose that it was situated elsewhere .'}]}, {'value': 'HCMC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CXN', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Candala Airport ( Qandala Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Candala_Airport', 'summary': 'Candala Airport ( IATA : CXN , ICAO : HCMC ) is an airport serving Candala ( also spelled Qandala ) , a town in the northeastern Bari region in Puntland , Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Dhusamareb ( Dhuusamareeb )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhusamareb', 'summary': 'Dusmareb ( Somali : Dhusamareeb , Arabic : دوسمريب , Italian : Dusa Mareb ) or Dhusamareb , is the capital of the Galguduud region and administrative capital of Galmudug state in central Somalia . Located in the heart of Dusmareb District , Dusmareb is one of the largest cities in the Galguduud region and is a rapidly developing city located in the heart of Somalia . Historically , the city was known as Daar Dheer or simply Dardher but later in time the citys name changed to Dusmareb also spelled Dhusamareb .'}]}, {'value': 'Galgaduud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galgaduud', 'summary': 'Galguduud ( Somali : Galgaduud , Arabic : جلجدود , Italian : Galgudud or Ghelgudud ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) of Galmudug state in central Somalia . Its administrative capital is Dusmareb .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dhusamareb Airport ( Ugas Nur Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhusamareb_Airport', 'summary': 'Dusmareb Airport also known as Ugaas Noor Airport or Ugaas Nuur Airport is an airport serving Dusmareb , the capital city of Galmudug state and the central Galguduud region of Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Dolow ( Dolow )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dolow', 'summary': 'Dolow ( Somali : Dooloow ) , also spelled Doolow , is a town in the southern Gedo region of Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Gedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gedo', 'summary': "Gedo ( Somali : Gedo , Arabic : جيذو , Italian : Ghedo or Ghedu ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) , formerly part of the historic Upper Juba Region in southern Somalia . Its regional capital is Garbahaarreey . Gedo is a region created in 1970s and is bordered by the Ogaden in Ethiopia , the North Eastern Province in Kenya , and the Somali regions of Bakool , Bay , Jubbada Dhexe ( Middle Juba ) , and Jubbada Hoose ( Lower Juba ) further down east . The southern parts of Gedo , west of the Jubba River , used to be part of the old British Trans-Juba region during half of the seventy years of colonial era in Africa from 1890 to 1960 . The British and Italians fought over twice in this area of Horn of Africa . The first democratically elected governor of the administrative region occurred in a grassroots effort with Hussein Farey 's admission into office in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dolow Airport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eyl ( Eil )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eyl', 'summary': 'Eyl ( Italian : Eil ) is an ancient port town in the northeastern Nugal province of Somalia in the autonomous Puntland macro-region , it is the center of the Eyl District .'}]}, {'value': 'Nugal Puntland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nugal,_Somalia', 'summary': 'Nugal ( Somali : Nugaal , Arabic : نوغال , Italian : Nogal ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in northeastern Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'HCME', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HCM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eyl Airport ( Eil Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eyl_Airport', 'summary': 'Eyl Airport ( IATA : HCM , ICAO : HCME ) is an airport serving Eyl ( also spelled Eil ) , a town in the Nugal region in Puntland , Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Galkayo ( Galcaio , Gaalkacyo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galkayo', 'summary': 'Galkayo ( Somali : Gaalkacyo , Arabic : جالكعيو , also known in Italian as Gallacaio or formerly Rocca Littorio ) is the capital of the north-central Mudug region of Somalia . The city of Galkayo is divided into two administrative areas separated by a distinct boundary , with 3 of the 4 districts governed by the Puntland State and one southern district governed by Galmudug state . It is the third largest city in the whole of Somalia . Geographically Galkayo town is divided into four main quarters called Garsoor , Horumar , Israac and Wadajir . Puntland state controls quarters of Garsoor , Horumar and Israac while Galmudug state controls Wadajir quarter . Following independence , Galkayo was made the center of the Galkayo District . The city has grown considerably in recent times and serves as a commercial hub . According to the UNDP it had a population of 137,667 in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mudug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mudug', 'summary': 'Mudug ( Somali : Mudug ; Italian : Mudugh ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in north-central Somalia . The population of Mudug is 131,455 as of 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'HCMR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GLK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdullahi Yusuf Airport Puntland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Airport', 'summary': 'Abdullahi Yusuf Airport ( IATA : GLK , ICAO : HCMR ) , formerly known as the Galkayo Airport , is an airport located in Galkayo , the capital of the north-central Mudug region of Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Garbaharey ( Garba Harre , Garbahaareey )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garbaharey', 'summary': 'Garbahare ( also : Garbaharey ) ( Arabic : جربهاري ) is the capital of Gedo , an administrative region in southern Somalia inhabited primarily by the Marehan .'}]}, {'value': 'Gedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gedo', 'summary': "Gedo ( Somali : Gedo , Arabic : جيذو , Italian : Ghedo or Ghedu ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) , formerly part of the historic Upper Juba Region in southern Somalia . Its regional capital is Garbahaarreey . Gedo is a region created in 1970s and is bordered by the Ogaden in Ethiopia , the North Eastern Province in Kenya , and the Somali regions of Bakool , Bay , Jubbada Dhexe ( Middle Juba ) , and Jubbada Hoose ( Lower Juba ) further down east . The southern parts of Gedo , west of the Jubba River , used to be part of the old British Trans-Juba region during half of the seventy years of colonial era in Africa from 1890 to 1960 . The British and Italians fought over twice in this area of Horn of Africa . The first democratically elected governor of the administrative region occurred in a grassroots effort with Hussein Farey 's admission into office in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GBM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garbaharey Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garbaharey_Airport', 'summary': 'Garbaharey Airport ( IATA : GBM ) is an airport serving Garbaharey ( also spelled Garbahaareey ) , the capital city of the Gedo region in Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Garoowe ( Garowe )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garoowe', 'summary': 'Garowe ( Somali : Garoowe , Arabic : غاروي , Italian : Garoe ) is the capital of Nugaal region and administrative capital of Puntland state in northeastern Somalia . Garowe is situated in the Nugaal Valley , bounded by gradually ascending high plateaus that generally reach elevations of 500 to 1,000 metres ( 1,600 to 3,300 feet ) above sea level on the north , west , and south . The western part of the same plateau is crossed by numerous valleys and dry watercourses . Goat and camel raising form the basis of the economy , and frankincense and myrrh are collected from wild trees .'}]}, {'value': 'Puntland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puntland', 'summary': 'Puntland ( Somali : Buntland , Arabic : أرض البنط , Italian : Terra di Punt or Paese di Punt ) , officially the Puntland State of Somalia ( Somali : Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya , Arabic : ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية ) , is a region in northeastern Somalia . Centred on the town of Garoowe in the Nugal province , its leaders declared the territory an autonomous state in 1998 but is internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia . Puntland is bordered by Somaliland to its west , the Gulf of Aden in the north , the Guardafui Channel in the northeast , the Somali Sea in the southeast , the central Galmudug region in the south , and Ethiopia in the southwest . There are several major geographical apexes in Puntland , including the Cape Guardafui which forms the tip of the Horn of Africa , Ras Hafun the easternmost place on the entire African continent , and the beginning of the Karkaar mountain range . It also has the northernmost major city in Somalia , Bosaso , located at a line of latitude higher than 11° north . The name Puntland is derived from the Land of Punt mentioned in ancient Egyptian sources , although the exact location of the fabled territory is still a mystery . Many studies suggest that the Land of Punt was located in present-day Somalia , whereas others propose that it was situated elsewhere .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GGR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garowe Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garowe_Airport', 'summary': 'General Mohamed Abshir Airport ( IATA : GGR , ICAO : HCMW ) is an airport serving Garowe , the administrative capital of the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern Somalia .'}]}, {'value': "Guri'el ( Guriel )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Guri'el", 'summary': 'Guriel ( Somali : Guriceel , Arabic : جرعيل ) , is a rapidly developing city and one of the largest cities in the Galguduud region of Galmudug state in central Somalia . The city serves as the capital of the Guriel District .'}]}, {'value': 'Galgaduud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galgaduud', 'summary': 'Galguduud ( Somali : Galgaduud , Arabic : جلجدود , Italian : Galgudud or Ghelgudud ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) of Galmudug state in central Somalia . Its administrative capital is Dusmareb .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guriel Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guriel_Airport', 'summary': 'Guriel Airport ( IATA : GUO ) is an airport serving Guriel , Galgaduud , Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Hargeisa Egal Airport [ Somaliland ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iskushuban ( Scusciuban )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iskushuban', 'summary': 'Iskushuban ( Somali : Iskushubaan ) is a small town in the northeastern Bari province of Somalia . A historical settlement , it is situated in the autonomous Puntland state . It lies along the 50th meridian east .'}]}, {'value': 'Bari', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'HCMS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CMS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iskushuban Airport ( Scusciuban Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iskushuban_Airport', 'summary': 'Iskushuban Airport ( IATA : CMS , ICAO : HCMS ) is an airport serving Iskushuban , Somalia . The runways are unpaved but marked , and are exceptionally wide at over 550 feet ( 168 m ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kismayo ( Kisimayu , Kismaayo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kismayo', 'summary': 'Kismayo ( Somali : Kismaayo ; Arabic : كيسمايو , Kīsmāyū ; Italian : Chisimaio ) is a port city in the southern Lower Juba ( Jubbada Hoose ) province of Somalia . It is the commercial capital of the autonomous Jubaland region . The city is situated 528 kilometres ( 328 miles ) southwest of Mogadishu , near the mouth of the Jubba River , where the waters empty into the Somali Sea . According to the United Nations Development Programme , the city of Kismayo had a population of around 89,333 in 2005 . During the Middle Ages , Kismayo and its surrounding area was part of the Ajuran Empire that governed much of southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia , with its domain extending from Hobyo in the north , to Qelafo in the west , to Kismayo in the south . In the early modern period , Kismayo was ruled by the Geledi Sultanate and by the later 1800s , the Boqow dynasty . The kingdom was eventually incorporated into Italian Somaliland in 1910 after the death of the last sultan , Osman Ahmed . After independence in 1960 , the city was made the center of the official Kismayo District . Kismayo was the site of numerous battles during the civil war , from the early 1990s . In late 2006 , Islamist militants gained control of most of the city . To reclaim possession of the territory , a new autonomous regional administration dubbed Azania was announced in 2010 and formalized in 2011 . In September 2012 , the Somali National Army and AMISOM troops re-captured the city from the Al-Shabaab insurgents .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Juba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lower_Juba', 'summary': 'Lower Juba ( Somali : Jubbada Hoose , Arabic : جوبا السفلى , Italian : Basso Giuba ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in southern Somalia . With its capital at Kismayo , it lies in the autonomous Jubaland region . It has green forests and wild life animals such as lions , giraffes , hippos , crocodiles , and hyenas . Lower Juba is bordered by Kenya , the Somali regions of Gedo , Middle Juba ( Jubbada Dhexe ) , and the Somali Sea . The province is named after the Jubba River that passes through it and empties into the Somali Sea at Goobweyn . The Lag Badana National Park is situated in Lower Juba .'}]}, {'value': 'HCMK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KMU', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kismayo Airport ( Kisimayu Airport )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kismayo_Airport', 'summary': "Kismayo Airport ( IATA : KMU , ICAO : HCMK ) , also known as Kisimayu Airport , is an international airport serving Kismayo , the capital city of the Lower Juba region in Somalia . It is located in southern Jubaland , an autonomous region in Somalia . In August 2013 , the Kismayo Airport was officially brought under the Juba Interim Administration . Per agreement , management of the facility was scheduled to be transferred to the Federal Government of Somalia after a period of six months . Revenues and resources generated from the airport will also be earmarked for Jubaland 's service delivery and security sectors as well as local institutional development ."}]}, {'value': 'Luuq ( Lugh )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luuq', 'summary': 'Luuq ( Somali : Luuq , Arabic : لوق ) is a town in the southwestern Gedo province of Somalia . It is one of the older settlements in the area . It is the seat of the Luuq District . The town is located in a bend of the Juba River , where the watercourse flows down from north to south in a horseshoe shape . Luuq is also known as Luuq Gan naane .'}]}, {'value': 'Gedo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gedo', 'summary': "Gedo ( Somali : Gedo , Arabic : جيذو , Italian : Ghedo or Ghedu ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) , formerly part of the historic Upper Juba Region in southern Somalia . Its regional capital is Garbahaarreey . Gedo is a region created in 1970s and is bordered by the Ogaden in Ethiopia , the North Eastern Province in Kenya , and the Somali regions of Bakool , Bay , Jubbada Dhexe ( Middle Juba ) , and Jubbada Hoose ( Lower Juba ) further down east . The southern parts of Gedo , west of the Jubba River , used to be part of the old British Trans-Juba region during half of the seventy years of colonial era in Africa from 1890 to 1960 . The British and Italians fought over twice in this area of Horn of Africa . The first democratically elected governor of the administrative region occurred in a grassroots effort with Hussein Farey 's admission into office in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'HCMJ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LGX', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lugh Ganane Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lugh_Ganane_Airport', 'summary': 'Lugh Ganane Airport ( IATA : LGX , ICAO : HCMJ ) is an airport serving Luuq , Somalia .'}]}, {'value': 'Mogadishu ( Muqdisho )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mogadishu', 'summary': 'Mogadishu ( /ˌmɒɡəˈdiːʃuː , -ˈdɪʃ-/ , also US : /ˌmoʊɡ- , ˌmɔːɡ-/ ; Somali : Muqdisho [ mʉqdɪʃɔ ] ; [ stress and tone ? ] Arabic : مقديشو , romanized : Muqadīshū [ muqaˈdiːʃuː ] ; Italian : Mogadiscio [ moɡaˈdiʃʃo ] ) , locally known as Xamar or Hamar , is the capital and most populous city of Somalia . Located in the coastal Banadir region on the Somali Sea , the city has served as an important port for millennia . The original inhabitants are known as Reer Xamar ( English : Hamar people ) . As of 2017 [ update ] , it had a population of 2,425,000 residents . Mogadishu is the nearest foreign mainland city to Seychelles , at a distance of 835 mi ( 1,344 km ) over the Somali Sea . Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia , including the Mogadishu area , was historically inhabited by hunter-gatherers . These were later joined by Cushitic-speaking agro-pastoralists , who would go on to establish local aristocracies . During its medieval Golden Age , Mogadishu was ruled by the Muzaffar dynasty , and later by the Ajuran Sultanate . This is found mainly in the Banaadiri oral traditions who are the native population . It subsequently fell under the control of an assortment of local Sultanates and polities , most notably the Sultanate of the Geledi . The sultanate of the Geledi were in an alliance with the Zanbiar Dynasty .'}]}, {'value': 'Banaadir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banaadir', 'summary': "Benaadir ( Somali : Banaadir , Arabic : بنادر , Italian : Benadir ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in southeastern Somalia . It covers the same area as the city of Mogadishu , Somalia 's capital . It is bordered to the northwest by the Shabelle river , and to the southeast by the Somali Sea . Although by far the smallest administrative region in Somalia , it has the largest population , estimated at 1,650,227 ( including 369,288 internally displaced persons ) in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'HCMM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MGQ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aden Adde International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aden_Adde_International_Airport', 'summary': "Aden Adde International Airport ( Somali : Garoonka Caalamiga Ee Aadan Cadde , Arabic : مطار آدم عدي الدولي ) ( IATA : MGQ , ICAO : HCMM ) , formerly known as Mogadishu International Airport , is an international airport serving Mogadishu , the capital of Somalia . It is named after Aden Abdullah Osman Daar , the first President of Somalia . Originally a modest-sized airport , the facility grew considerably in size in the post-independence period after numerous successive renovation projects . With the outbreak of the civil war in 1991 , Aden Adde International 's flight services experienced routine disruptions . However , with the security situation in Mogadishu greatly improved in the late 2010-2011 period , large-scale rehabilitation of the grounds ' infrastructure and services once again resumed . By early 2013 , the airport had restored most of its facilities and introduced several new features ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Airports', 'section_text': 'The Aden Adde International Airport in Mogadishu . The Kismayo Airport in Kismayo . Airport names shown in Bold have scheduled passenger service on commercial airlines .', 'uid': 'List_of_airports_in_Somalia_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of airports in Somalia, sorted by location. As of 2012, Somalia has 62 airports, 7 of these have paved runways. Among the latter, four have runways of over 3,047 m; two between 2,438 m and 3,047 m; and one 1,524 m to 2,437 m long. There are 55 airports with unpaved landing areas. One has a runway of over 3,047 m; four are between 2,438 m to 3,047 m in length; twenty are 1,524 m to 2,437 m; twenty-four are 914 m to 1,523 m; and six are under 914 m.'}
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What is the Italian name of the ancient port town that is in the region with the Somali name Nugaal and has an airport with HCME as its ICAO ?
Eil
0ab988cdc34861c1
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_domes', 'title': 'List of largest domes', 'header': ['Held record', 'Diameter', 'Name', 'Location', 'Builder', 'Comment'], 'data': [{'value': '1250 BC- 1st century BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14.5 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Treasury of Atreus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Treasury_of_Atreus', 'summary': 'The Treasury of Atreus or Tomb of Agamemnon is a large tholos or beehive tomb on Panagitsa Hill at Mycenae , Greece , constructed during the Bronze Age around 1250 BC . The stone lintel above the doorway weighs 120 tons , with approximate dimensions 8.3 x 5.2 x 1.2m , the largest in the world . The tomb was used for an unknown period . Mentioned by the Roman geographer Pausanias in the 2nd century AD , it was still visible in 1879 when the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered the shaft graves under the agora in the Acropolis at Mycenae . The tomb perhaps held the remains of the sovereign who completed the reconstruction of the fortress or one of his successors . The grave is in the style of the other tholoi of Mycenaean Greece , of which there are nine in total around the citadel of Mycenae and many more in the Argolid . However , in its monumental shape and grandeur it is one of the most impressive monuments surviving from the Mycenaean period . The tomb has probably no relationship with either Atreus or Agamemnon - legendary rulers of Mycenae or Argos in the works of Homer , in the Epic Cycle , and the Oresteia - as archaeologists believe that the Mycenaean sovereign buried there ruled at an earlier date than king ; it was named thus by Heinrich Schliemann and the name has been used ever since . [ citation needed ] The historicity of the Trojan War , to which Schliemann sought to connect both Mycenae and Hisarlik , is a matter of long-standing and ongoing debate .'}]}, {'value': 'Mycenae , Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mycenae', 'summary': "Mycenae ( Ancient Greek : Μυκῆναι or Μυκήνη , Mycēnē ) is an archaeological site near Mykines in Argolis , north-eastern Peloponnese , Greece . It is located about 120 kilometres ( 75 miles ) south-west of Athens ; 11 kilometres ( 7 miles ) north of Argos ; and 48 kilometres ( 30 miles ) south of Corinth . The site is 19 kilometres ( 12 miles ) inland from the Saronic Gulf and built upon a hill rising 900 feet above sea level . In the second millennium BC , Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilization , a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece , Crete , the Cyclades and parts of southwest Anatolia . The period of Greek history from about 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is called Mycenaean in reference to Mycenae . At its peak in 1350 BC , the citadel and lower town had a population of 30,000 and an area of 32 hectares . The first correct identification of Mycenae in modern literature was during a survey conducted by Francesco Grimani , commissioned by the Provveditore Generale of the Kingdom of the Morea in 1700 , who used Pausanias 's description of the Lion Gate to identify the ruins of Mycenae ."}]}, {'value': 'City state of Mycenae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mycenae', 'summary': "Mycenae ( Ancient Greek : Μυκῆναι or Μυκήνη , Mycēnē ) is an archaeological site near Mykines in Argolis , north-eastern Peloponnese , Greece . It is located about 120 kilometres ( 75 miles ) south-west of Athens ; 11 kilometres ( 7 miles ) north of Argos ; and 48 kilometres ( 30 miles ) south of Corinth . The site is 19 kilometres ( 12 miles ) inland from the Saronic Gulf and built upon a hill rising 900 feet above sea level . In the second millennium BC , Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilization , a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece , Crete , the Cyclades and parts of southwest Anatolia . The period of Greek history from about 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is called Mycenaean in reference to Mycenae . At its peak in 1350 BC , the citadel and lower town had a population of 30,000 and an area of 32 hectares . The first correct identification of Mycenae in modern literature was during a survey conducted by Francesco Grimani , commissioned by the Provveditore Generale of the Kingdom of the Morea in 1700 , who used Pausanias 's description of the Lion Gate to identify the ruins of Mycenae ."}]}, {'value': 'Corbel dome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corbel', 'summary': 'In architecture , a corbel is a structural piece of stone , wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight , a type of bracket . A corbel is a solid piece of material in the wall , whereas a console is a piece applied to the structure . A piece of timber projecting in the same way was called a tassel or a bragger in England .'}]}, {'value': '1st century BC- 19 BC', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.5 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Temple of Mercury', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baiae , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baiae', 'summary': 'Baiae ( Italian : Baia ; Neapolitan : Baia ) was an ancient Roman town situated on the northwest shore of the Gulf of Naples and now in the comune of Bacoli . It was a fashionable resort for centuries in antiquity , particularly towards the end of the Roman Republic , when it was reckoned as superior to Capri , Pompeii , and Herculaneum by the super-rich , who built luxurious villas here from 100 BC to 500 AD . It was notorious for its hedonistic offerings and the attendant rumours of corruption and scandal . The lower part of the town later became submerged in the sea due to local volcanic , bradyseismic activity which raised or lowered the land , and recent underwater archaeology has revealed many of the fine buildings now protected in the submerged archaeological park . Many impressive buildings from the upper town can be seen in the Parco Archeologico delle Terme di Baia .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Empire', 'summary': "The Roman Empire ( Latin : Imperium Rōmānum , Classical Latin : [ ɪmˈpɛrɪ.ũː roːˈmaːnũː ] ; Koinē Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , romanized : Basileía tōn Rhōmaíōn ) was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome . As a polity it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , North Africa and West Asia ruled by emperors . From the accession of Caesar Augustus to the military anarchy of the third century , it was a principate with Italy as metropole of the provinces and its city of Rome as sole capital ( 27 BC - 286 AD ) . Although fragmented briefly during the military crisis , the empire was forcibly reassembled , then ruled by multiple emperors who shared rule over the Western Roman Empire ( based in Milan and later in Ravenna ) and over the Eastern Roman Empire ( based in Nicomedia and later in Constantinople ) . Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until 476 AD , when it sent the imperial insignia to Constantinople ( Byzantium - Ancient Greek : Βυζάντιον , Byzántion ) following the capture of Ravenna by the barbarians of Odoacer and the subsequent deposition of Romulus Augustus . The fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings , along with the hellenization of the Eastern Roman Empire into the Byzantine Empire , conventionally marks the end of Ancient Rome and the beginning of the Middle Ages . The predecessor state of the Roman Empire , the Roman Republic ( which had replaced Rome 's monarchy in the 6th century BC ) became severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflicts . In the mid-1st century BC Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and proscriptions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar 's adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . The following year Octavian conquered Ptolemaic Egypt , ending the Hellenistic period that had begun with the conquests of Alexander the Great of Macedon in the 4th century BC . Octavian 's power then became unassailable , and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus , effectively making him the first Roman emperor . The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana ( Roman Peace ) ."}]}, {'value': 'First monumental dome', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19 BC- beginning of the 2nd century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25.0 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Baths of Agrippa , 'Arco della Ciambella '", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa', 'summary': 'The Baths of Agrippa ( Latin : Thermae Agrippae ) was a structure of ancient Rome , in what is now Italy , built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa . It was the first of the great thermae constructed in the city , and also the first public bath .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome , Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Empire', 'summary': "The Roman Empire ( Latin : Imperium Rōmānum , Classical Latin : [ ɪmˈpɛrɪ.ũː roːˈmaːnũː ] ; Koinē Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , romanized : Basileía tōn Rhōmaíōn ) was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome . As a polity it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , North Africa and West Asia ruled by emperors . From the accession of Caesar Augustus to the military anarchy of the third century , it was a principate with Italy as metropole of the provinces and its city of Rome as sole capital ( 27 BC - 286 AD ) . Although fragmented briefly during the military crisis , the empire was forcibly reassembled , then ruled by multiple emperors who shared rule over the Western Roman Empire ( based in Milan and later in Ravenna ) and over the Eastern Roman Empire ( based in Nicomedia and later in Constantinople ) . Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until 476 AD , when it sent the imperial insignia to Constantinople ( Byzantium - Ancient Greek : Βυζάντιον , Byzántion ) following the capture of Ravenna by the barbarians of Odoacer and the subsequent deposition of Romulus Augustus . The fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings , along with the hellenization of the Eastern Roman Empire into the Byzantine Empire , conventionally marks the end of Ancient Rome and the beginning of the Middle Ages . The predecessor state of the Roman Empire , the Roman Republic ( which had replaced Rome 's monarchy in the 6th century BC ) became severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflicts . In the mid-1st century BC Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and proscriptions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar 's adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . The following year Octavian conquered Ptolemaic Egypt , ending the Hellenistic period that had begun with the conquests of Alexander the Great of Macedon in the 4th century BC . Octavian 's power then became unassailable , and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus , effectively making him the first Roman emperor . The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana ( Roman Peace ) ."}]}, {'value': 'First Thermae in Rome with a domed central building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thermae', 'summary': 'In ancient Rome , thermae ( from Greek θερμός thermos , hot ) and balneae ( from Greek βαλανεῖον balaneion ) were facilities for bathing . Thermae usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes , while balneae were smaller-scale facilities , public or private , that existed in great numbers throughout Rome . Most Roman cities had at least one - if not many - such buildings , which were centres not only for bathing , but socializing and reading as well . Bath-houses were also provided for wealthy private villas , town houses , and for forts . They were supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream , or within cities by aqueduct . The water would be heated by fire then channelled into the caldarium ( hot bathing room ) . The design of baths is discussed by Vitruvius in De architectura ( V.10 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Beginning of 2nd century- 128', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30.0 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baths of Trajan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan', 'summary': "The Baths of Trajan were a massive thermae , a bathing and leisure complex , built in ancient Rome starting from 104 AD and dedicated during the Kalends of July in 109 . Commissioned by Emperor Trajan , the complex of baths occupied space on the southern side of the Oppian Hill on the outskirts of what was then the main developed area of the city , although still inside the boundary of the Servian Wall . The architect of the complex is said to be Apollodorus of Damascus . The baths were being utilized mainly as a recreational and social center by Roman citizens , both men and women , as late as the early 5th century . The complex seems to have been deserted soon afterwards as a cemetery dated to the 5th century ( which remained in use until the 7th century ) has been found in front of the northeastern exedra . The baths were thus no longer in use at the time of the siege of Rome by the Ostrogoths in 537 ; with the destruction of the Roman aqueducts , all thermae were abandoned , as was the whole of the now-waterless Mons Oppius . Early Christian writers misnamed the remains the 'Baths of Domitian ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Rome , Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Empire', 'summary': "The Roman Empire ( Latin : Imperium Rōmānum , Classical Latin : [ ɪmˈpɛrɪ.ũː roːˈmaːnũː ] ; Koinē Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , romanized : Basileía tōn Rhōmaíōn ) was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome . As a polity it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , North Africa and West Asia ruled by emperors . From the accession of Caesar Augustus to the military anarchy of the third century , it was a principate with Italy as metropole of the provinces and its city of Rome as sole capital ( 27 BC - 286 AD ) . Although fragmented briefly during the military crisis , the empire was forcibly reassembled , then ruled by multiple emperors who shared rule over the Western Roman Empire ( based in Milan and later in Ravenna ) and over the Eastern Roman Empire ( based in Nicomedia and later in Constantinople ) . Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until 476 AD , when it sent the imperial insignia to Constantinople ( Byzantium - Ancient Greek : Βυζάντιον , Byzántion ) following the capture of Ravenna by the barbarians of Odoacer and the subsequent deposition of Romulus Augustus . The fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings , along with the hellenization of the Eastern Roman Empire into the Byzantine Empire , conventionally marks the end of Ancient Rome and the beginning of the Middle Ages . The predecessor state of the Roman Empire , the Roman Republic ( which had replaced Rome 's monarchy in the 6th century BC ) became severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflicts . In the mid-1st century BC Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and proscriptions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar 's adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . The following year Octavian conquered Ptolemaic Egypt , ending the Hellenistic period that had begun with the conquests of Alexander the Great of Macedon in the 4th century BC . Octavian 's power then became unassailable , and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus , effectively making him the first Roman emperor . The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana ( Roman Peace ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Half dome', 'urls': []}, {'value': '128-1436', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43.4 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pantheon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome', 'summary': "The Pantheon ( UK : /ˈpænθiən/ , US : /-ɒn/ ; Latin : Pantheum , [ nb 1 ] from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheion , [ temple ] of all the gods ) is a former Roman temple , now a Catholic church ( Basilica di Santa Maria ad Martyres or Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs ) , in Rome , Italy , on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus ( 27 BC - 14 AD ) . It was completed by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated about 126 AD . Its date of construction is uncertain , because Hadrian chose not to inscribe the new temple but rather to retain the inscription of Agrippa 's older temple , which had burned down . The building is cylindrical with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns ( eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind ) under a pediment . A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda , which is under a coffered concrete dome , with a central opening ( oculus ) to the sky . Almost two thousand years after it was built , the Pantheon 's dome is still the world 's largest unreinforced concrete dome . The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same , 43 metres ( 142 ft ) . It is one of the best-preserved of all Ancient Roman buildings , in large part because it has been in continuous use throughout its history and , since the 7th century , the Pantheon has been in use as a church dedicated to St. Mary and the Martyrs ( Latin : Sancta Maria ad Martyres ) but informally known as Santa Maria Rotonda . The square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotonda . The Pantheon is a state property , managed by Italy 's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism through the Polo Museale del Lazio ; in 2013 it was visited by over 6 million people . The Pantheon 's large circular domed cella , with a conventional temple portico front , was unique in Roman architecture . Nevertheless , it became a standard exemplar when classical styles were revived , and has been copied many times by later architects ."}]}, {'value': 'Rome , Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roman Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Empire', 'summary': "The Roman Empire ( Latin : Imperium Rōmānum , Classical Latin : [ ɪmˈpɛrɪ.ũː roːˈmaːnũː ] ; Koinē Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , romanized : Basileía tōn Rhōmaíōn ) was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome . As a polity it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , North Africa and West Asia ruled by emperors . From the accession of Caesar Augustus to the military anarchy of the third century , it was a principate with Italy as metropole of the provinces and its city of Rome as sole capital ( 27 BC - 286 AD ) . Although fragmented briefly during the military crisis , the empire was forcibly reassembled , then ruled by multiple emperors who shared rule over the Western Roman Empire ( based in Milan and later in Ravenna ) and over the Eastern Roman Empire ( based in Nicomedia and later in Constantinople ) . Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until 476 AD , when it sent the imperial insignia to Constantinople ( Byzantium - Ancient Greek : Βυζάντιον , Byzántion ) following the capture of Ravenna by the barbarians of Odoacer and the subsequent deposition of Romulus Augustus . The fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings , along with the hellenization of the Eastern Roman Empire into the Byzantine Empire , conventionally marks the end of Ancient Rome and the beginning of the Middle Ages . The predecessor state of the Roman Empire , the Roman Republic ( which had replaced Rome 's monarchy in the 6th century BC ) became severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflicts . In the mid-1st century BC Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and proscriptions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar 's adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . The following year Octavian conquered Ptolemaic Egypt , ending the Hellenistic period that had begun with the conquests of Alexander the Great of Macedon in the 4th century BC . Octavian 's power then became unassailable , and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus , effectively making him the first Roman emperor . The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana ( Roman Peace ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present . Archetype of Western dome construction to this day', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1436-1515', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45.52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Maria del Fiore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence_Cathedral', 'summary': "Florence Cathedral , formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore ( Italian pronunciation : [ katteˈdraːle di ˈsanta maˈriːa del ˈfjoːre ] ; in English Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower ) , is the cathedral of Florence , Italy ( Italian : Duomo di Firenze ) . It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436 , with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi . The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink , bordered by white , and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris . The cathedral complex , in Piazza del Duomo , includes the Baptistery and Giotto 's Campanile . These three buildings are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic centre of Florence and are a major tourist attraction of Tuscany . The basilica is one of Italy 's largest churches , and until the development of new structural materials in the modern era , the dome was the largest in the world . It remains the largest brick dome ever constructed . The cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence , whose archbishop is Giuseppe Betori ."}]}, {'value': 'Florence , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florence', 'summary': "Florence ( /ˈflɒrəns/ FLORR-ənss ; Italian : Firenze [ fiˈrɛntse ] ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a city in central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region . It is the most populated city in Tuscany , with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013 , and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area . Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era . It is considered by many academics the birthplace of the Renaissance , and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages . Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions . From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy ( established in 1861 ) . The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . The city attracts millions of tourists each year , and UNESCO declared the Historic Centre of Florence a World Heritage Site in 1982 . The city is noted for its culture , Renaissance art and architecture and monuments . The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries , such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti , and still exerts an influence in the fields of art , culture and politics . Due to Florence 's artistic and architectural heritage , Forbes has ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world . Florence plays an important role in Italian fashion , and is ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world by Global Language Monitor ; furthermore , it is a major national economic centre , as well as a tourist and industrial hub ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Florence', 'summary': 'The Archdiocese of Florence ( Latin : Archidioecesis Florentina ) is a metropolitan see of the Catholic Church in Italy . It was traditionally founded in the 1st century , according to the 14th century chronicler Giovanni Villani . The diocese was directly subordinate to the Holy See ( Papacy ) until 1420 . Florence was elevated to the dignity of an archdiocese on May 10 , 1419 , by Pope Martin V. The ecclesiastical province of Florence includes the dioceses of Arezzo-Cortona-Sansepolcro , Fiesole , Pistoia , Prato , and San Miniato . The seat of the Archbishop of Florence is Florence Cathedral , otherwise the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore . Since September 2008 Cardinal Giuseppe Betori has been the Archbishop .'}]}, {'value': 'Architect Filippo Brunelleschi ; first double-dome structure of the Renaissance , set the standards for all renaissance and baroque domes ; to this day the largest brick and mortar dome ever built', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi', 'summary': 'Filippo Brunelleschi ( /ˌbruːnəˈlɛski/ BROO-nə-LESK-ee , Italian : [ fiˈlippo brunelˈleski ] ; 1377 - 15 April 1446 ) , considered to be a founding father of Renaissance architecture , was an Italian architect and designer , recognized to be the first modern engineer , planner , and sole construction supervisor . He is most famous for designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral , a feat of engineering that had not been accomplished since antiquity , as well as the development of the mathematical technique of linear perspective in art which governed pictorial depictions of space until the late 19th century and influenced the rise of modern science . His accomplishments also include other architectural works , sculpture , mathematics , engineering , and ship design . His principal surviving works can be found in Florence , Italy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Renaissance', 'summary': 'The Renaissance ( UK : /rɪˈneɪsəns/ rin-AY-sənss , US : /ˈrɛnəsɑːns/ ( listen ) REN-ə-sahnss ) [ a ] was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries . In addition to the standard periodization , proponents of a long Renaissance put its beginning in the 14th century and its end in the 17th century . The traditional view focuses more on the early modern aspects of the Renaissance and argues that it was a break from the past , but many historians today focus more on its medieval aspects and argue that it was an extension of the Middle Ages . The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its version of humanism , derived from the concept of Roman Humanitas and the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy , such as that of Protagoras , who said that Man is the measure of all things . This new thinking became manifest in art , architecture , politics , science and literature . Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete . Although the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century , the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe : the very first traces appear in Italy as early as the late 13th century , in particular with the writings of Dante and the paintings of Giotto . As a cultural movement , the Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures , beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources , which contemporaries credited to Petrarch ; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting ; and gradual but widespread educational reform . In politics , the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy , and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning . Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits , as well as social and political upheaval , it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo , who inspired the term Renaissance man . The Renaissance began in the 14th century in Florence , Italy . Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics , focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time : its political structure , the patronage of its dominant family , the Medici , and the migration of Greek scholars and their texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks .'}]}, {'value': '16th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41.47 m ( 136.1 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Peter 's Basilica", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Peter's_Basilica", 'summary': "The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( Italian : Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano ) , or simply Saint Peter 's Basilica ( Latin : Basilica Sancti Petri ) , is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City , the papal enclave which is within the city of Rome . Designed principally by Donato Bramante , Michelangelo , Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini , St. Peter 's is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and the largest church in the world . While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome ( these equivalent titles being held by the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome ) , St. Peter 's is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic shrines . It has been described as holding a unique position in the Christian world and as the greatest of all churches of Christendom . Catholic tradition holds that the basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter , chief among Jesus 's apostles and also the first Bishop of Rome ( Pope ) . Saint Peter 's tomb is supposedly directly below the high altar of the basilica . For this reason , many popes have been interred at St. Peter 's since the Early Christian period . A church has stood on this site since the time of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great . Old St. Peter 's Basilica dates from the 4th century AD . Construction of the present basilica began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626 . St. Peter 's is famous as a place of pilgrimage and for its liturgical functions . The pope presides at a number of liturgies throughout the year both within the basilica or the adjoining St. Peter 's Square ; these liturgies draw audiences numbering from 15,000 to over 80,000 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Vatican City , Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vatican_City', 'summary': "Vatican City ( /ˈvætɪkən/ ( listen ) ) , officially Vatican City State ( Italian : Stato della Città del Vaticano ; [ d ] Latin : Status Civitatis Vaticanae ) , [ e ] [ f ] is an independent city-state enclaved within Rome , Italy . Established with the Lateran Treaty ( 1929 ) , it is distinct from , yet under full ownership , exclusive dominion , and sovereign authority and jurisdiction of the Holy See ( Latin : Sancta Sedes ) . [ g ] With an area of 44 hectares ( 110 acres ) , and a population of about 1,000 , it is the smallest sovereign state in the world by both area and population . The Vatican City is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ( a type of theocracy ) ruled by the pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church . The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins . Since the return of the popes from Avignon in 1377 , they have generally resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City , although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere . The Holy See dates back to early Christianity , and is the primate episcopal see of the Catholic Church , with 1.3 billion Catholic Christians around the world distributed in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches . The independent Vatican City-state , on the other hand , came into existence on 11 February 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy , which spoke of it as a new creation , not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States ( 756-1870 ) , which had previously encompassed much of central Italy . Within the Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter 's Basilica , the Sistine Chapel , and the Vatican Museums . They feature some of the world 's most famous paintings and sculptures . The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by the sale of postage stamps and souvenirs , fees for admission to museums , and sales of publications ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic Church / Michelangelo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'It is the tallest dome in the world at 136.57 m ( 448.1 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1881-1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46.9 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Devonshire Royal Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devonshire_Dome', 'summary': "The Devonshire Dome building ( previously known as the Devonshire Royal Hospital ) is a Grade II* listed 18th-century former stable block in Buxton , Derbyshire . It was built by John Carr of York and extended by architect Robert Rippon Duke , who added what was then the world 's largest unsupported dome , with a diameter of 44.2 metres ( 145 ft ) . It is now the site of the Buxton Campus of the University of Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Buxton , England , United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buxton', 'summary': "Buxton is a spa town in Derbyshire , in the East Midlands region of England . It has the highest elevation - about 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) above sea level - of any market town in England . [ nb 1 ] Close to the county boundary with Cheshire to the west and Staffordshire to the south , Buxton is described as the gateway to the Peak District National Park . A municipal borough until 1974 , Buxton was then merged with other localities lying primarily to the north , including Glossop , to form the local government district and borough of High Peak within the county of Derbyshire . Despite being in the East Midlands , economically Buxton is within the sphere of influence of Greater Manchester . The population of the town was 22,115 at the 2011 Census . Buxton landmarks include Poole 's Cavern , an extensive limestone cavern open to the public , and St Ann 's Well , fed by the geothermal spring bottled and sold internationally by Buxton Mineral Water Company . Also in the town is the Buxton Opera House , which hosts several music and theatre festivals each year . The Devonshire Campus of the University of Derby is housed in one of the town 's historic buildings . Buxton is twinned with two towns : Oignies in France and Bad Nauheim in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Cotton Famine Relief Fund', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Converted from a horse stables to a hospital . Slate-covered iron frame . Architect Robert Rippon Duke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Rippon_Duke', 'summary': 'Robert Rippon Duke ( 31 May 1817 - 16 August 1909 ) was an English architect who designed the Octagon concert hall and remodeled the Devonshire Hospital in Buxton , Derbyshire .'}]}, {'value': '1913-1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65.0 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centennial Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hala_Ludowa', 'summary': "The Centennial Hall ( Polish : Hala Stulecia ; German : Jahrhunderthalle ) , formerly named Hala Ludowa ( People 's Hall ) , is a historic building in Wrocław , Poland . It was constructed according to the plans of architect Max Berg in 1911-1913 , when the city was part of the German Empire . Max Berg designed Centennial Hall to serve as a multifunctional structure to host exhibitions , concerts , theatrical and opera performances , and sporting events . The hall continues to be used for sporting events and concerts . As an early landmark of reinforced concrete architecture , the building became one of Poland 's official national Historic Monuments ( Pomnik historii ) , as designated April 20 , 2005 , together with the Four Domes Pavilion , the Pergola , and the Iglica . Its listing is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland . It was also listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrocław , Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrocław', 'summary': 'Wrocław ( UK : /ˈvrɒtswɑːf/ , US : /ˈvrɔːts-wɑːf , -lɑːf , -lɑːv/ , Polish : [ ˈvrɔtswaf ] ( listen ) ; German : Breslau [ ˈbʁɛslaʊ ] ( listen ) ; Czech : Vratislav ; Latin : Vratislavia ) is a city in western Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia . It lies on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe , roughly 350 kilometres ( 220 mi ) from the Baltic Sea to the north and 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from the Sudeten Mountains to the south . The population of Wrocław in 2019 was 641,607 , making it the fourth-largest city in Poland and the main city of the Wrocław agglomeration . Wrocław is the historical capital of Silesia and Lower Silesia . Today , it is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship . The history of the city dates back over a thousand years , and its long heritage combines almost all the religions and cultures of Europe . At various times , it has been part of the Kingdom of Poland , the Kingdom of Bohemia , the Kingdom of Hungary , the Habsburg Monarchy , Prussia and Germany . Wrocław became part of Poland again in 1945 as part of the so-called Recovered Territories as a result of the border changes after the Second World War . This included the flight and expulsion of the mostly German population of the city . Wrocław is a university city with a student population of over 130,000 , making it arguably one of the most youth-oriented cities in the country . Since the beginning of the 20th century , the University of Wrocław , previously Breslau University , has produced 9 Nobel Prize laureates and is renowned for its high quality of teaching . Wrocław is classified as a Gamma- global city by GaWC .'}]}, {'value': 'Deutsches Reich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deutsches_Reich', 'summary': "Deutsches Reich ( German : [ ˈdɔʏtʃəs ˈʁaɪç ] ) was the constitutional name in the German language for the German nation state that existed from 1871 to 1945 . The Reich became understood as deriving its authority and sovereignty entirely from a continuing unitary German national people ; with that authority and sovereignty being exercised at any one time over a unitary German state territory with variable boundaries and extent . Although commonly translated as German Empire , the word Reich here better translates as realm or territorial reach , in that the term does not in itself have monarchical connotations . The word Kaiserreich is applied to denote an empire with an emperor ; hence the German Empire of 1871-1918 is termed Deutsches Kaiserreich in standard works of reference . From 1943 to 1945 , the official name of Germany became - but was not formally proclaimed - Großdeutsches Reich ( Greater German Reich ) on account of the additional German peoples and associated territories annexed into the state 's administration before and during the Second World War . To refer to the entire period 1871-1945 , the partially translated German Reich ( /-ˈraɪk/ ) is applied by historians in formal contexts , although , in common English usage , this state was and is known simply as Germany , the English term German Empire being reserved to denote the German state between 1871 and 1918 . The history of the nation-state known as the German Reich is commonly divided into three periods :"}]}, {'value': 'Reinforced concrete dome . Architect Max Berg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Max_Berg', 'summary': 'Max Berg ( 17 April 1870 - 22 January 1947 ) was a German architect and urban planner .'}]}, {'value': '1930-1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65.8 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leipzig Market Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leipzig , Saxony , Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leipzig', 'summary': "Leipzig ( /ˈlaɪpsɪɡ/ , also US : /- ( t ) sɪk/ , German : [ ˈlaɪptsɪç ] ( listen ) ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Lipsk ; Upper Saxon : Leibzsch ) is the most populous city in the German federal state of Saxony . With a population of 600,000 inhabitants as of 2019 ( 1.1 million residents in the larger urban zone ) , it is Germany 's eighth most populous city as well as the second most populous city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin . Together with Halle ( Saale ) , the largest city of the neighbouring state of Saxony-Anhalt , the city forms the polycentric conurbation of Leipzig-Halle . Between the two cities ( in Schkeuditz ) lies Leipzig/Halle International Airport . Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) southwest of Berlin in the Leipzig Bay , which constitutes the southernmost part of the North German Plain , at the confluence of the White Elster River ( progression : Saale→ Elbe→ North Sea ) and two of its tributaries : the Pleiße and the Parthe . The name of the city as well as the names of many of its boroughs are of Slavic origin . Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire . The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii , two important medieval trade routes . Leipzig was once one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing . After the Second World War and during the period of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) Leipzig remained a major urban centre in East German terms , but its cultural and economic importance declined . Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe , mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church . The immediate effects of the reunification of Germany included the collapse of the local economy , which had come to depend on highly polluting heavy industry , severe unemployment , and urban blight ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saxony', 'summary': "Saxony ( German : Sachsen [ ˌzaksn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Upper Sorbian : Sakska ; Czech : Sasko ; Polish : Saksonia ) , officially the Free State of Saxony ( German : Freistaat Sachsen [ ˈfʁaɪ̯ʃtaːt ˈzaksn̩ ] , Upper Sorbian : Swobodny stat Sakska ) , is a landlocked federal state of Germany , bordering the federal states of Brandenburg , Saxony Anhalt , Thuringia , and Bavaria , as well as the countries of Poland ( Lower Silesian and Lubusz Voivodeships ) and the Czech Republic ( Karlovy Vary , Liberec , and Ústí nad Labem Regions ) . Its capital is Dresden , and its largest city is Leipzig . Saxony is the tenth largest of Germany 's sixteen states , with an area of 18,413 square kilometres ( 7,109 sq mi ) , and the sixth most populous , with 4 million people . The history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium . It has been a medieval duchy , an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire , a kingdom , and twice a republic . The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony , the area inhabited by Saxons . Old Saxony corresponds roughly to the modern German states of Lower Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia ."}]}, {'value': 'Deutsches Reich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deutsches_Reich', 'summary': "Deutsches Reich ( German : [ ˈdɔʏtʃəs ˈʁaɪç ] ) was the constitutional name in the German language for the German nation state that existed from 1871 to 1945 . The Reich became understood as deriving its authority and sovereignty entirely from a continuing unitary German national people ; with that authority and sovereignty being exercised at any one time over a unitary German state territory with variable boundaries and extent . Although commonly translated as German Empire , the word Reich here better translates as realm or territorial reach , in that the term does not in itself have monarchical connotations . The word Kaiserreich is applied to denote an empire with an emperor ; hence the German Empire of 1871-1918 is termed Deutsches Kaiserreich in standard works of reference . From 1943 to 1945 , the official name of Germany became - but was not formally proclaimed - Großdeutsches Reich ( Greater German Reich ) on account of the additional German peoples and associated territories annexed into the state 's administration before and during the Second World War . To refer to the entire period 1871-1945 , the partially translated German Reich ( /-ˈraɪk/ ) is applied by historians in formal contexts , although , in common English usage , this state was and is known simply as Germany , the English term German Empire being reserved to denote the German state between 1871 and 1918 . The history of the nation-state known as the German Reich is commonly divided into three periods :"}]}, {'value': 'Reinforced concrete dome . Architect Franz Dischinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franz_Dischinger', 'summary': "Franz Dischinger ( 8 October 1887 - 9 January 1953 ) was a pioneering German civil and structural engineer , responsible for the development of the modern cable-stayed bridge . He was also a pioneer of the use of prestressed concrete , patenting the technique of external prestressing ( where the prestressing bars or tendons are not encased in the concrete ) in 1934 . After completing Gymnasium in Karlsruhe , Germany , Dischinger went to the Technical University in Karlsruhe where he studied and received a degree in building engineering . After getting his degree in 1913 , he then started working for Dyckerhoff & Widmann A.G. , an engineering firm in Germany . In 1928 Dischinger went back to school to receive his doctorate at the Technical School in Dresden , Germany . In 1922 , he designed the Zeiss Planetarium in Jena with Walther Bauersfeld , using a thin-shell concrete roof in the shape of a hemisphere . Their system was subsequently patented , and Dischinger published a paper on the relevant mathematics in 1928 . Since the previous stay and cable bridges in Dischinger 's opinion were both flawed technically and disturbing looking , he decided to publish his own cable stayed bridge . This design has been used ever since , more than 100 of these cable stayed bridges have been built . For the 1938 design of a rail suspension bridge ( not built ) , he had studied historical bridges incorporating inclined stay elements , such as those by Ferdinand Arnodin and John Roebling . He went on to design the 183 m span Strömsund Bridge in Sweden , completed in 1955 and generally considered the first of the modern tradition of cable-stayed bridges , although there had been many isolated examples of the bridge form before then . This employed a steel deck and cables , with large spacings between the stays typical of the early designs ."}]}, {'value': '1957- present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '109.0 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgrade Fair - Hall 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgrade_Fair_–_Hall_1', 'summary': "The Belgrade Fair - Hall 1 , is Belgrade Fair 's largest exhibition space . The hall opened to the public in 1957 . It was the world 's largest dome between 1957 and 1965 and is Europe 's largest dome ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgrade , Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgrade', 'summary': "Belgrade ( /ˈbɛlɡreɪd/ BEL-grayd ; Serbian : Beograd / Београд , lit . 'White City ' , pronounced [ beǒɡrad ] ( listen ) ; names in other languages ) is the capital and largest city of Serbia . It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula . The urban area of Belgrade has a population of 1.23 million , while nearly 1.7 million people live within the administrative limits of the City of Belgrade ( which encompasses almost all of its metropolitan area ) , a quarter of the total population of Serbia . One of the most important prehistoric cultures of Europe , the Vinča culture , evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC . In antiquity , Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region and , after 279 BC , Celts settled the city , naming it Singidūn . It was conquered by the Romans under the reign of Augustus and awarded Roman city rights in the mid-2nd century . It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s , and changed hands several times between the Byzantine Empire , the Frankish Empire , the Bulgarian Empire , and the Kingdom of Hungary before it became the seat of the Serbian king Stefan Dragutin in 1284 . In 1521 , Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of the Sanjak of Smederevo . It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule , which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro-Ottoman wars . Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841 . Northern Belgrade remained the southernmost Habsburg post until 1918 , when it was attached to the city , due to former Austro-Hungarian territories becoming the part of the new Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes after World War I ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgrade Fair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgrade_Fair', 'summary': 'The Belgrade Fair ( Serbian : Београдски Сајам , romanized : Beogradski Sajam ) is a large complex of three large domes and a dozen of smaller halls which is the location of the major trade fairs in Belgrade , the capital city of Serbia . It is located in the municipality of Savski Venac , on the right bank of the Sava river . One of the most recognizable landmarks of Belgrade , it is colloquially referred to only as Sajam .'}]}, {'value': "World 's largest prestressed concrete dome", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prestressed_concrete', 'summary': "Prestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction . It is substantially prestressed ( compressed ) during its fabrication , in a manner that strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist when in service . :3-5 This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength tendons located within or adjacent to the concrete and is done to improve the performance of the concrete in service . Tendons may consist of single wires , multi-wire strands or threaded bars that are most commonly made from high-tensile steels , carbon fiber or aramid fiber . :52-59 The essence of prestressed concrete is that once the initial compression has been applied , the resulting material has the characteristics of high-strength concrete when subject to any subsequent compression forces and of ductile high-strength steel when subject to tension forces . This can result in improved structural capacity and/or serviceability compared with conventionally reinforced concrete in many situations . :6 In a prestressed concrete member , the internal stresses are introduced in a planned manner so that the stresses resulting from the superimposed loads are counteracted to the desired degree . Prestressed concrete is used in a wide range of building and civil structures where its improved performance can allow for longer spans , reduced structural thicknesses , and material savings compared with simple reinforced concrete . Typical applications include high-rise buildings , residential slabs , foundation systems , bridge and dam structures , silos and tanks , industrial pavements and nuclear containment structures . First used in the late-nineteenth century , prestressed concrete has developed beyond pre-tensioning to include post-tensioning , which occurs after the concrete is cast . Tensioning systems may be classed as either monostrand , where each tendon 's strand or wire is stressed individually , or multi-strand , where all strands or wires in a tendon are stressed simultaneously . Tendons may be located either within the concrete volume ( internal prestressing ) or wholly outside of it ( external prestressing ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'By continent -- Europe', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_largest_domes_1', 'intro': 'A dome is a self-supporting structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. This list excludes dome-shaped structures that are not self-supporting such as The O2 in London which is 365 m (1,198 ft) in diameter and supported by masts. Every dome in the world which was the largest dome of its time is listed below. The defining criterion is in each case the inner diameter of the largest circular cross-section of the dome.'}
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What years did the city containing Santa Maria del Fiore serve as capital of Italy ?
1865 to 1871
0abaec683fc5bc1e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Montevallo Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Montevallo_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The University of Montevallo Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in December 1978 and originally included 25 acres and 16 structures . These structures made up the core part of the campus and included residence halls , academic buildings , and water towers on campus . The original 16 structures were divided into four categories ; Federal Revival style buildings , Greek Revival style buildings , buildings dating from 1897 to 1940 , and buildings dating from the 1950s to 1977 . In 1990 , the Historic District was expanded to include 59 more structures directly surrounding the original Historic District , bringing the total number of structures in the district to 75 . The structures added included additional campus buildings , domestic dwellings , a cemetery , and other contributing resources related to the University of Montevallo .'}]}, {'value': 'December 11 , 1978 ( # 78000509 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bounded by Middle Campus Dr. , Oak , Bloch and Middle Sts . ; also roughly bounded by Bloch St. , Farmer St. , Flowerhill Dr. , King St. , Valley St. , and Middle St. 33°06′10″N 86°51′57″W / 33.102778°N 86.865833°W / 33.102778 ; -86.865833 ( University of Montevallo Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montevallo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montevallo,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Montevallo is a city in Shelby County , Alabama , United States . A college town , it is the home of the University of Montevallo , a public liberal arts university with approximately 3,000 students . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city of Montevallo is 6,323 . Dr. Hollie Campbell Cost , a professor in the College of Education at the University of Montevallo , serves as Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calera Downtown Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calera_Downtown_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Calera Downtown Historic District , in Calera , Alabama , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 . The listing included 25 contributing buildings on 22 acres ( 8.9 ha ) . It was deemed significant'}]}, {'value': 'March 29 , 2006 ( # 06000188 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of U.S. Route 31 and State Route 25 33°06′01″N 86°45′09″W / 33.100278°N 86.7525°W / 33.100278 ; -86.7525 ( Calera Downtown Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_31_in_Alabama', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 31 or U.S. Highway 31 ( US 31 ) is a major north-south U.S. highway connecting southern Alabama to northern Michigan . Its southern terminus is at an intersection with US 90/US 98 in Spanish Fort , Alabama . Its northern terminus is at an interchange with Interstate 75 ( I-75 ) south of Mackinaw City , Michigan . US 31 once crossed the Straits of Mackinac by car ferry to intersect US 2 north of St. Ignace , Michigan , in the Upper Peninsula and then formerly reached Mackinaw City along the southern approaches of the Mackinac Bridge ( which has been taken over by I-75 ) . It also formerly entered downtown Mobile , Alabama , via a long bridge over Mobile Bay . The southern segment of US 31 connects the major cities including Mobile , Montgomery , Birmingham , Huntsville in Alabama ; and Nashville in Tennessee . The northern segment of US 31 connects Louisville in Kentucky ; and Indianapolis in Indiana . Between Nashville and Louisville , US 31 splits to U.S. Route 31W and U.S. Route 31E . From the Mobile Bay area in Alabama to Indianapolis , US 31 travels largely parallel to Interstate 65 ( I-65 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_25', 'summary': 'State Route 25 ( SR 25 ) is a 257.352-mile-long ( 414.168 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Alabama . From U.S. Route 78 ( US 78 ) in Leeds northeast to its terminus at the Georgia state line , SR 25 is the unsigned partner route of US 411 . The southwestern terminus of SR 25 is at its intersection with SR 5 near Pine Hill in Wilcox County .'}]}, {'value': 'Calera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calera,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Calera is a city in Shelby and Chilton counties in the U.S. state of Alabama . It is the location of the Shelby County Airport . As of the 2010 census Calera had a population of 11,620 , more than tripling its total in 2000 , making it the fastest-growing city in Alabama . It is within the Birmingham-Hoover , Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chancellor House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 29 , 2001 ( # 01001168 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51 Chancellor Ferry Rd . 33°17′47″N 86°23′57″W / 33.29636°N 86.39906°W / 33.29636 ; -86.39906 ( Chancellor House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harpersville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harpersville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Harpersville is a town in Shelby County , Alabama , United States . It is notorious for being the birthplace of the founder of the modern KKK , William Joseph Simmons . According to the 1950 U.S. Census , it formally incorporated in 1943 . At the 2010 census , the population was 1,637 , up from 1,620 in 2000 . It is located southeast of the Birmingham metro area .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbiana City Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Shelby_County_Courthouse', 'summary': "The Old Shelby County Courthouse , also known as Columbiana City Hall , is a defunct courthouse in Columbiana , Alabama . It was built in 1854 . It served as the courthouse for Shelby County until 1906 when a larger court facility was built . It also served as Columbiana 's city hall . Since 1982 , it has housed the Shelby County Museum and Archives and its operator , the Shelby County Historical Society . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 29 , 1974 . It was subsequently listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on January 25 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 29 , 1974 ( # 74000437 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '107 Mildred St. 33°10′38″N 86°36′26″W / 33.17715°N 86.60719°W / 33.17715 ; -86.60719 ( Columbiana City Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbiana,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Columbiana is a city and the county seat of Shelby County , Alabama , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 4,197 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Downtown Montevallo Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Downtown_Montevallo_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Downtown Montevallo Historic District in Montevallo , Alabama is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 . It included 30 contributing buildings and four non-contributing buildings . It includes 555-925 Main , 710-745 Middle & 608 Valley Sts . in Montevallo . All but two of the Main and Middle ones are zero-lot-line buildings . It includes :'}]}, {'value': 'April 23 , 2013 ( # 13000180 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '555-925 Main , 710-745 Middle & 608 Valley Sts . 33°06′03″N 86°51′46″W / 33.100780°N 86.862826°W / 33.100780 ; -86.862826 ( Downtown Montevallo Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montevallo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montevallo,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Montevallo is a city in Shelby County , Alabama , United States . A college town , it is the home of the University of Montevallo , a public liberal arts university with approximately 3,000 students . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city of Montevallo is 6,323 . Dr. Hollie Campbell Cost , a professor in the College of Education at the University of Montevallo , serves as Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farrington Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 21 , 2015 ( # 15000434 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '124 Cty . Rd . 203 33°06′29″N 86°53′38″W / 33.10799°N 86.89387°W / 33.10799 ; -86.89387 ( Farrington Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montevallo vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montevallo,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Montevallo is a city in Shelby County , Alabama , United States . A college town , it is the home of the University of Montevallo , a public liberal arts university with approximately 3,000 students . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city of Montevallo is 6,323 . Dr. Hollie Campbell Cost , a professor in the College of Education at the University of Montevallo , serves as Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helena Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 18 , 2006 ( # 06000278 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parts of State Route 261 and Helena Rd. , parts of 1st-3rd Ave. , and the 200 block of 3rd St. 33°17′45″N 86°50′41″W / 33.295833°N 86.844722°W / 33.295833 ; -86.844722 ( Helena Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_261', 'summary': 'State Route 261 ( SR 261 ) is a 6-mile ( 9.7 km ) state highway that connects Helena with Pelham in northern Shelby County , as part of the Birmingham/Hoover metropolitan area . SR 261 is two lanes wide for the entirety of its route . It serves as a feeder route to numerous subdivisions in Helena and Pelham .'}]}, {'value': 'Helena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helena,_Alabama', 'summary': "Helena ( pronunciation hel-LE-nah ) is a city in Jefferson and Shelby counties in the state of Alabama . Helena is considered a suburb of Birmingham and part of the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area . As of the 2010 census , the population was 16,793 . Helena is highly regarded as a place to live and raise children ; Business Week ranked the city as the 13th Best Place to Raise Your Kids in 2007 . It has the eighth-lowest crime rate per population in the U.S. , and the city was ranked in Money magazine 's 2007 list of Best Places to Live : Top 100 in the U.S. , placing at number 91 . The Alabama League of Municipalities awarded Helena the 2008 Municipal Achievement Award ( population 10,001 to 20,000 ) . Helena initially incorporated in 1877 , but reincorporated in 1917 after errors were discovered in the initial incorporation papers . Its population was not recorded separately in the U.S. Census until 1920 , reflecting the later date of incorporation ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmund_King_House', 'summary': 'The Edmund King House is a historic residence on the campus of the University of Montevallo in Montevallo , Alabama . The house was built by Edmund King , a native Virginian who arrived in Alabama in 1817 . First building a log cabin , he built the house in 1823 . After becoming a successful planter and businessman , he donated land for churches , roads , and schools , including for the Alabama Girls Industrial School ( today known as the University of Montevallo ) . Upon his death in 1863 , the house passed to a son-in-law , and was deeded to the Industrial School in 1908 . The house has been used as a classroom , an office building , an infirmary , a home economics practice home , and a summer home for male students . Today , the home is used as a guest house for visitors to the University . The Federal-style house is two stories , and built of brick laid in English bond . The central main entrance is topped with a four-light transom . The entrance and flanking windows are spanned with flat , flared arches which are stuccoed to resemble stone . Windows on the ground floor are nine-over-six sashes , with six-over-six sashes on the upper floor . The interior is a center-hall plan , with two rooms on either side of a central hallway on both floors .'}]}, {'value': 'January 14 , 1972 ( # 72000179 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Montevallo campus 33°06′18″N 86°51′47″W / 33.10497°N 86.86292°W / 33.10497 ; -86.86292 ( King House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Montevallo', 'summary': "The University of Montevallo is a public university in Montevallo , Alabama . Founded in 1896 , it is Alabama 's only public liberal arts college and a member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges . The University of Montevallo Historic District was established in 1979 and included 16 buildings on campus . It was expanded in 1990 to include 75 buildings total ."}]}, {'value': 'Montevallo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montevallo,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Montevallo is a city in Shelby County , Alabama , United States . A college town , it is the home of the University of Montevallo , a public liberal arts university with approximately 3,000 students . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city of Montevallo is 6,323 . Dr. Hollie Campbell Cost , a professor in the College of Education at the University of Montevallo , serves as Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McKibbon House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McKibbon_House', 'summary': 'McKibbon House is a historic mansion in Montevallo , Alabama , U.S .'}]}, {'value': 'December 31 , 2001 ( # 01001408 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '611 E. Boundary St. 33°05′51″N 86°51′42″W / 33.09762°N 86.86179°W / 33.09762 ; -86.86179 ( McKibbon House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montevallo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montevallo,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Montevallo is a city in Shelby County , Alabama , United States . A college town , it is the home of the University of Montevallo , a public liberal arts university with approximately 3,000 students . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city of Montevallo is 6,323 . Dr. Hollie Campbell Cost , a professor in the College of Education at the University of Montevallo , serves as Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Rock House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Rock_House_(Harpersville,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'The Old Rock House is a historic house in Harpersville , Alabama . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 29 , 2006 . It is located 1 mile southeast of Harpersville at the end of a farm lane on the northern side of U.S. Route 280 . The house is built of local grey granite and limestone . The house was previously listed on the Historic American Buildings Survey . The Old Rock House is the only surviving example of an early stone dwelling in Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'March 29 , 2006 ( # 06000182 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 mile southeast of Harpersville at the end of a farm lane on the northern side of U.S. Route 280 33°19′49″N 86°24′27″W / 33.330278°N 86.4075°W / 33.330278 ; -86.4075 ( Old Rock House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_280', 'summary': "U.S. Route 280 ( US 280 ) is a spur of U.S. Highway 80 . It currently runs for 392 miles ( 631 km ) from Blichton , Georgia at US 80 to Birmingham , Alabama at I-20/I-59 . For much of its route , US 280 travels through rural areas and smaller cities in southern Georgia and east central Alabama . Once the highway approaches Birmingham , it is a major suburban route . Numerous shopping centers are located on US 280 throughout northern Shelby County and southern Jefferson County . US 280 is the main connector between Birmingham , AL and Auburn , AL . Through Talladega County , Alabama , US 280 is known as the Jim Nabors Highway , in honor of the Sylacauga , Alabama , native known for portraying the television character Gomer Pyle . The historical designation of US-280 and Alabama SR 38 is the Florida Short Route . For many years , US 280 and SR 38 was considered one of the more dangerous routes in Alabama , due to the number of large stretches of narrow two-lane roadway leading southeastwardly from Birmingham . Work was completed in 2006 making US 280 a four-lane highway throughout the entire state of Alabama . This project began in the 1970s . As a result , US 280 now bypasses numerous small towns in east Alabama , including Goodwater , Jackson 's Gap , Camp Hill and Waverly ."}]}, {'value': 'Harpersville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harpersville,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Harpersville is a town in Shelby County , Alabama , United States . It is notorious for being the birthplace of the founder of the modern KKK , William Joseph Simmons . According to the 1950 U.S. Census , it formally incorporated in 1943 . At the 2010 census , the population was 1,637 , up from 1,620 in 2000 . It is located southeast of the Birmingham metro area .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Shelby County', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama_32', 'intro': 'This is a list of buildings, sites, districts, and objects listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama.'}
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How many students attend the university located in the same city as Farrington Hall ?
3,000
0abb504b81a104aa
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_commissions', 'title': 'List of Indian commissions', 'header': ['No', 'Commission', 'Year', 'Objectives'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'States Reorganisation Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Commission', 'summary': "The States Reorganisation Commission ( SRC ) constituted by the Central Government of India in december 1953 to recommend the reorganisation of state boundaries . In 1955 , after nearly 2 years of study , the Commission recommended that India 's state boundaries should be reorganised to form 14 states and 6 territories . States Reorganisation Commission consisted of Fazal Ali , K. M. Panikkar and H. N. Kunzru . Some of its recommendations were implemented in the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 ."}]}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Recommend the reorganization of state boundaries', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kothari Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kothari_Commission', 'summary': 'National Education Commission ( 1964-1966 ) , popularly known as Kothari Commission , was an ad hoc commission set up by the Government of India to examine all aspects of the educational sector in India , to evolve a general pattern of education and to advise guidelines and policies for the development of education in India . It was formed on 14 July 1964 under the chairmanship of Daulat Singh Kothari , then chairman of the University Grants Commission . The terms of reference of the commission was to formulate the general principles and guidelines for the development of education from primary level to the highest and advise the government on a standardized national pattern of education in India . However , the medical and legal studies were excluded from the purview of the commission . The tenancy of the commission was from 1964 to 1966 and the report was submitted by the commission on 29 June 1966 .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'To formulate the general principles and guidelines for the development of education at all levels To advise the government on a standardized national pattern of education in Indi', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kapur Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapur_Commission', 'summary': 'The Kapur Commission was a commission of inquiry of Mysore , India , into the murder conspiracy of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'To inquiry into the conspiracy that led to the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi', 'summary': "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( /ˈɡɑːndi , ˈɡændi/ ; 2 October 1869 - 30 January 1948 ) was an Indian lawyer , anti-colonial nationalist , and political ethicist , who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India 's independence from British Rule , and in turn inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world . The honorific Mahātmā ( Sanskrit : great-souled , venerable ) , first applied to him in 1914 in South Africa , is now used throughout the world . Born and raised in a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat , western India , Gandhi was trained in law at the Inner Temple , London , and called to the bar at age 22 in June 1891 . After two uncertain years in India , where he was unable to start a successful law practice , he moved to South Africa in 1893 to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit . He went on to stay for 21 years . It was in South Africa that Gandhi raised a family , and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights . In 1915 , aged 45 , he returned to India . He set about organising peasants , farmers , and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination . Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921 , Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty , expanding women 's rights , building religious and ethnic amity , ending untouchability , and above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule . The same year Gandhi adopted the Indian loincloth , or short dhoti and , in the winter , a shawl , both woven with yarn hand-spun on a traditional Indian spinning wheel , or charkha , as a mark of identification with India 's rural poor . Thereafter , he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community , ate simple vegetarian food , and undertook long fasts as a means of self-purification and political protest . Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the common Indians , Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km ( 250 mi ) Dandi Salt March in 1930 , and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khosla Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khosla_Commission', 'summary': 'The death of Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose occurred from third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese Taiwan . [ a ] [ b ] However , many among his supporters , especially in Bengal , refused at the time , and have refused since , to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death . [ c ] [ d ] [ e ] Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have persisted since then , [ f ] keeping alive various martial myths about Bose . [ g ]'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose in 1945', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose', 'summary': 'The death of Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose occurred from third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese Taiwan . [ a ] [ b ] However , many among his supporters , especially in Bengal , refused at the time , and have refused since , to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death . [ c ] [ d ] [ e ] Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have persisted since then , [ f ] keeping alive various martial myths about Bose . [ g ]'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mandal Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandal_Commission', 'summary': "The Mandal Commission , or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission ( SEBC ) , was established in India on 1 January 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai with a mandate to identify the socially or educationally backward classes of India . It was headed by the late B.P . Mandal an Indian parliamentarian , to consider the question of reservations for people to redress caste discrimination , and used eleven social , economic , and educational indicators to determine backwardness . In 1980 , based on its rationale that OBCs ( Other backward classes ) identified on the basis of caste , economic and social indicators comprised 52% of India 's population , the Commission 's report recommended that members of Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) be granted reservations to 27% of jobs under the Central government and public sector undertakings , thus making the total number of reservations for SC , ST and OBC to 49% . Though the report had been completed in 1983 , the V.P . Singh government declared its intent to implement the report in August 1990 , leading to widespread student protests . The Indian public at large was not informed of the important details of the report , namely that it applied only to the 5% jobs that existed in the public sector , and that the report considered 55% of India 's population as belonging to other backward classes due to their poor economic and socio cultural background . Opposition political parties , including the Congress and BJP and their youth wings ( which were active in all universities and colleges ) and groups of self interest were able to instigate the youth to protest in large numbers in the nation 's campuses , resulting in self immolations by students . It was thereafter provided a temporary stay order by the Supreme court , but implemented in 1992 in the central government for jobs in central government public sector undertakings . Interestingly , even before Mandal commission , some Indian states already had high reservations for economically low income people , namely OBCs ( other backward classes ) . For example , in 1980 , the state of Karnataka had reserved 48% for socially and educationally backward classes ( including SC , ST and OBCs ) , with a further 18% reserved for other weaker sections ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Identified over 450 backward classes comprising 52% of the country 's population Recommended 27% of the seats in academic institutions and jobs in Govt . organisations for these classes", 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarkaria Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sarkaria_Commission', 'summary': "Sarkaria Commission was set up in 1983 by the central government of India . The Sarkaria Commission 's charter was to examine the central-state relationship on various portfolios and suggest changes within the framework of Constitution of India . The Commission was so named as it was headed by Justice Ranjit Singh Sarkaria ( Chairman of the commission ) , a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India . The other members of the committee were Shri B. Sivaraman ( Cabinet Secretary ) , Dr S.R . Sen ( former Executive Director of IBRD ) and Rama Subramaniam ( Member Secretary ) ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'To examine the balance of power between centre and state and suggest reforms Gave appropriate recommendations on appointment of Governor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mukherjee Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mukherjee_Commission', 'summary': 'The death of Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose occurred from third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese Taiwan . [ a ] [ b ] However , many among his supporters , especially in Bengal , refused at the time , and have refused since , to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death . [ c ] [ d ] [ e ] Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have persisted since then , [ f ] keeping alive various martial myths about Bose . [ g ]'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose in 1945', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose', 'summary': 'The death of Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose occurred from third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese Taiwan . [ a ] [ b ] However , many among his supporters , especially in Bengal , refused at the time , and have refused since , to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death . [ c ] [ d ] [ e ] Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have persisted since then , [ f ] keeping alive various martial myths about Bose . [ g ]'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nanavati Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanavati_Commission', 'summary': 'The Justice G.T . Nanavati commission was a one-man commission headed by Justice G.T . Nanavati , a retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India , appointed by the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government in May 2000 , to investigate the killing of innocent sikhs during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots . The commission was mandated to submit its report within six months , but it took five years . : annexure 1 para 3 The report in two volumes was completed in February 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Investigate the 1984 anti-Sikh riots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots', 'summary': "The 1984 anti-Sikh riots , also known as the 1984 Sikh Massacre , was a series of organised pogroms against Sikhs in India in response to the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards . The ruling Indian National Congress had been in active complicity with the mob , as to the organisation of the riots . Government estimates project that about 2,800 Sikhs were killed in Delhi and 3,350 nationwide , whilst independent sources estimate the number of deaths at about 8,000-17,000 Violence continued in the early 1980s because of the armed Sikh separatist Khalistan movement which sought independence from India . In July 1982 , the Sikh political party Akali Dal 's President Harchand Singh Longowal had invited Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex to evade arrest . Bhindranwale later on made the sacred temple complex an armoury and headquarters . In the violent events leading up to the Operation Blue Star since the inception of Akali Dharm Yudh Morcha , the militants had killed 165 Hindus and Nirankaris , even 39 Sikhs opposed to Bhindranwale were killed . The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured . Operation Blue Star was an Indian military operation carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 , ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to remove militant religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed militants from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar , Punjab . Bhindranwale died and militants were removed from the temple complex . The military action in the temple complex was criticized by Sikhs worldwide who had interpreted it as an assault on Sikh religion . Four months after the operation , on 31 October 1984 , Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards , Satwant Singh and Beant Singh , who shot Indira Gandhi 33 times . Public outcry over Gandhi 's death led to the killings of Sikhs in the ensuing riots ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narendran Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narendran_Commission', 'summary': 'Narendran Commission was an inquiry commission appointed by The Government of Kerala , India , in February 2000 to study and report on the adequacy or otherwise of representation for Backward Classes in the State public services . The report is available in the government web site . It submitted the report in November 2001 with statistical data on the representation of the various communities in the four categories of public services - State government departments , the judiciary , public sector enterprises , and universities and other autonomous institutions under the government .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Study and report the representation of Backward Classes in the State public services', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National Commission to review the working of the Constitution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Commission_to_review_the_working_of_the_Constitution', 'summary': 'The National Commission to review the working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) also known as Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was set up by a resolution of the NDA Government of India led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 22 February 2000 for suggesting possible amendments to the Constitution of India . It submitted its report in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suggested changes in the electoral laws , setting up a national judicial commission for appointing judges and election of the Prime Minister by Lok Sabha', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nanavati-Shah commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanavati-Shah_commission', 'summary': "The Nanavati-Mehta Commission is the commission of inquiry appointed by the government of Gujarat to probe the Godhra train burning incident of 27 February 2002 . Its mandate was later enlarged to include the investigation of the 2002 Gujarat riots . It was appointed on 6 March 2002 , with K. G. Shah , a retired Gujarat High Court judge , as its only member . It was later re-constituted to include G. T. Nanavati , a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India , after protests from human rights organizations over Shah 's closeness to then-Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi . Akshay H. Mehta , retired judge of the Gujarat High Court , replaced Shah when the latter died before the submission of the Commission 's interim report . Mehta was the same judge who had granted bail to Babu Bajrangi , the main accused of the Naroda Patiya massacre . In September 2008 the Commission submitted the part of its report covering the Godhra train burning incident ( Part I ) in which it had concluded that burning of the S-6 coach of Sabarmati Express near Godhra railway station was a planned conspiracy . The part dealing with subsequent violence was submitted on 18 November 2014 . Its term ended on 31 October 2014 , having received 24 extensions from the state government ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'To probe the Godhra train burning incident and the post-Godhra carnage , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Commission_for_Religious_and_Linguistic_Minorities', 'summary': 'National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities , also called as Ranganath Misra Commission was constituted by Government of India on 29 October 2004 to look into various issues related to Linguistic and Religious minorities in India . It was chaired by former Chief Justice of India Justice Ranganath Misra . The commission submitted the report to the Government on 21 May 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberhan Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberhan_Commission', 'summary': 'The Liberhan Commission ( Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry ) was a long-running inquiry commissioned by the Government of India to investigate the destruction of the disputed structure Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in 1992 . Led by retired High Court Judge M. S. Liberhan , it was formed on 16 December 1992 by an order of the Indian Home Union Ministry after the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya on 6 December and the subsequent riots there . The Commission was originally mandated to submit its report within three months . Extensions were given 48 times , and after a delay of 17 years , the one-man commission submitted the report to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 30 June 2009 . In November 2009 , a day after a newspaper published the allegedly leaked contents of the report , the report was tabled in Parliament by the Home Minister P. Chidambaram .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'To investigate the destruction of the disputed structure Babri Masjid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Babri_Masjid', 'summary': "Babri Masjid ( IAST : Bābarī Masjid ) ( translation : Mosque of Babur ) was a mosque in Ayodhya , India at a site believed by some Hindus to be the birthplace of Hindu deity Rama . It has been a focus of dispute between the Hindu and Muslim communities since the 18th century . According to the mosque 's inscriptions , it was built in 1528-29 ( 935 AH ) by general Mir Baqi , on orders of the Mughal emperor Babur . The mosque was attacked and demolished by Hindu Karsevaks in 1992 and ignited communal violence across the country . The mosque was located on a hill known as Ramkot ( Rama 's fort ) . According to Hindus , Baqi destroyed a pre-existing temple of Rama at the site . The existence of the temple itself is a matter of controversy . In 2003 , a report by the Archaeological Survey of India suggested that there appears to have existed an old structure at the site . Starting in the 19th century , there were several conflicts and court disputes between Hindus and Muslims over the mosque . In 1949 Hindu activists associated with the Hindu Mahasabha surreptitiously placed idols of Rama inside the mosque , after which the government locked the building to avoid further disputes . Court cases were filed by both Hindus and Muslims asking for access . On 6 December 1992 , a large group of Hindu activists belonging to the Vishva Hindu Parishad and allied organisations demolished the mosque , triggering riots all over India , killing around 2,000 people , many of them Muslim ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shah Commission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shah_Commission', 'summary': 'Shah Commission was a commission of inquiry appointed by Government of India in 1977 to inquire into all the excesses committed in the Indian Emergency ( 1975 - 77 ) . It was headed by Justice J.C. Shah , a former chief Justice of India .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'To inquire into all the excesses committed during the Indian Emergency ( 1975 - 77 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_Emergency_(1975_-_77)', 'summary': "In India , the Emergency refers to an 18-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a state of emergency declared across the country . Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352 of the Constitution because of the prevailing internal disturbance , the Emergency was in effect from 26 June 1975 until its withdrawal in January 1977 . The order bestowed upon the Prime Minister the authority to rule by decree , allowing elections to be suspended and civil liberties to be curbed . For much of the Emergency , most of Gandhi 's political opponents were imprisoned and the press was censored . Several other human rights violations were reported from the time , including a forced mass-sterilization campaign spearheaded by Sanjay Gandhi , the Prime Minister 's son . The Emergency is one of the most controversial periods of independent India 's history . The final decision to impose an emergency was proposed by Indira Gandhi , agreed upon by the president of India , and thereafter ratified by the cabinet and the parliament ( from July to August 1975 ) , based on the rationale that there were imminent internal and external threats to the Indian state ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of commissions -- Ad hoc commissions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Indian_commissions_1', 'intro': 'Commissions are constituted by the Government of India either on an ad hoc or permanent basis, to guide, advise or provide solutions to various issues coming under the concerned ministry.'}
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In what year did the 18-month long internal disturbance finally end , spurring Indian Government investigations into all the excesses created by the prolonged event ?
1977
0abbc5fa00b819f6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America', 'title': 'Latin America', 'header': ['City', 'Country', '2017 population', '2014 GDP ( PPP , $ million , USD )', '2014 GDP per capita , ( USD )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City', 'summary': "Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City , officially called Mexico City Metropolitan Area ( Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México ) , constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities - and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo . For normative purposes , [ further explanation needed ] however , Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico ( Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México ) an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities . As of 2016 [ update ] an estimated 21,157,000 people lived in Greater Mexico City , making it the second largest metropolitan area in North America . It is surrounded by thin strips of highlands which separate it from other adjacent metropolitan areas , of which the biggest are Puebla , Toluca , and Cuernavaca-Cuautla , and together with which it makes up the Mexico City megalopolis . Since the 1940s there have been different proposals to establish the limits of the growing conurbation of Mexico City , and different definitions were used unofficially as the city continued to grow . The Federal Government ( represented by the Department of Social Development ) , the government of Mexico City , and the government of the State of Mexico agreed on the official definitions for both the Mexico City Metropolitan Area and the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico on December 22 , 2005 . Per the agreement , most urban planning projects will be administered by Metropolitan Commissions . On January 29 , 2016 , Mexico City proper was no longer called the Federal District ( Spanish : Distrito Federal or D.F. ) . It is now in transition to become the country 's 32nd federal entity , officially Mexico City ( Spanish : Ciudad de México , commonly abbreviated as CDMX ) , giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state . Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution , however , since it is the seat of the powers of the federation , it can never become a state , or the capital of the country has to be relocated . The English name Mexico City remains . Its original 16 Boroughs became municipalities ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '23,655,355', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 403,561', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 19,239', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'São Paulo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_São_Paulo', 'summary': 'Greater São Paulo ( Portuguese : Grande São Paulo ) is a nonspecific term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '23,467,354', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 430,510', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 20,650', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Greater Buenos Aires ( Spanish : Gran Buenos Aires , GBA ) , Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area or Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region refers to the urban agglomeration comprising the autonomous city of Buenos Aires and the adjacent 24 partidos ( districts ) in the Province of Buenos Aires . Thus , it does not constitute a single administrative unit . The conurbation spreads south , west and north of Buenos Aires city . To the east , the River Plate serves as a natural boundary . Urban sprawl , especially between 1945 and 1980 , created a vast conurbation of 9,910,282 inhabitants in the 24 conurbated partidos , as of 2010 , and a total of 12,801,365 including the City of Buenos Aires , a third of the total population of Argentina and generating more than half of the country 's GDP ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '15,564,354', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 315,885', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 23,606', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rio de Janeiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro', 'summary': 'Greater Rio de Janeiro , officially the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region ( Grande Rio , officially Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro , in Portuguese ) is a large metropolitan area located in Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil , the second largest in Brazil and third largest in South America . It consists of 22 municipalities , including the state capital , Rio de Janeiro . The metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro is known as a historical , cultural and economic centre of Brazil , with a total population of 13 million inhabitants . The region was first officially defined on July 1 , 1974 , less than 1 year before the fusion of Guanabara into Rio de Janeiro . Several municipalities show a high level of conurbation , with Rio de Janeiro-Baixada Fluminense and Niterói-São Gonçalo being the most clear examples . It was changed several times to include or remove different cities in different moments of the history , in the years 1993 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2013 and 2018 . The water supply plans of the region are coordinated , and transportation in the area is heavily interconnected with urban intermunicipal buses to all municipalities in the area , trains over the capital to some Baixada Fluminense municipalities , ferry boats to some of the Guanabara Bay municipalities and major inter-city freeways such as the Rio-Niterói Bridge , Red Line , President Dutra freeway and the Niterói-Manilha freeway ( pt ) . Most transportation methods are integrated with the capital inner-transportation system of buses , trains , metro , freeways and expressways .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '14,440,345', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 176,630', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 14,176', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bogotá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogotá', 'summary': 'Metropolitan Area of Bogotá is the metropolitan area of the Colombian capital city of Bogotá , usually used for statistical analysis or technical use . The study included the Capital District of Bogotá and 17 of the surrounding municipalities in the Department of Cundinamarca ; Soacha , Facatativá , Zipaquirá , Chía , Mosquera , Madrid , Funza , Cajicá , Sibaté , Tocancipá , La Calera , Sopó , Tabio , Tenjo , Cota , Gachancipá and Bojacá . Bogotá and its metropolitan area ( ranging in altitude from 1,800 metres ( 5,900 ft ) to 4,200 metres ( 13,800 ft ) ) had a population of 9.8 million in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '9,900,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 199,150', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 19,497', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Area', 'summary': "The Lima metropolitan area ( Spanish : Área Metropolitana de Lima , also known as Lima Metropolitana ) , is an area formed by the conurbation of the Peruvian city-provinces of Lima ( the nation 's capital ) and Callao . It is the largest of the metropolitan areas of Peru , the seventh largest in the Americas , the fourth largest in Latin America , and among the thirty largest in the world . The conurbation process started to be evident in the 1980s . The metropolitan area is composed of six subregions . These are Lima Norte , Lima Sur , Lima Este , Residential Lima , Central Lima , and Callao . Its estimated 2018 population is over 10.4 million according to the 2017 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '9,752,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 176,447', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 16,530', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': "Santiago Metropolitan Region ( Spanish : Región Metropolitana de Santiago ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions . It is the country 's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation 's capital , Santiago . Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region , including Chile 's main international airport , Arturo Merino Benítez . With an area of 15,403.2 km2 ( 5,947 sq mi ) and population over 7 million , it is Chile 's smallest by area , most populated and most densely populated region . It is also the country 's only region that does not have a Roman numeral identifier ."}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '7,164,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 171,436', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 23,290', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belo Horizonte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Belo_Horizonte', 'summary': 'Greater Belo Horizonte is the name usually used to describe the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region , which is composed of 34 municipalities . As of 2013 , it is the third largest metropolitan area of Brazil with more than five million inhabitants . The largest city by population is Belo Horizonte .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '6,145,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 95,686', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 17,635', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guadalajara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area', 'summary': 'The Guadalajara metropolitan area ( officially , in Spanish : Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara ) is the most populous metropolitan area of the Mexican state of Jalisco and the second largest in the country after Greater Mexico City . It includes the core municipality of Guadalajara and the surrounding municipalities of Zapopan , Tlaquepaque , Tonalá , Tlajomulco de Zúñiga , El Salto , Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos and Juanacatlán .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '4,687,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 80,656', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 17,206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monterrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monterrey_Metropolitan_area', 'summary': 'The Monterrey metropolitan area refers to the surrounding urban agglomeration of Monterrey , Nuevo León . Officially called Area Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Monterrey or AMM , the metropolitan area is the 3rd-largest such area in Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': '4,344,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 122,896', 'urls': []}, {'value': '$ 28,290', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Demographics -- Largest cities', 'section_text': 'The following is a list of the ten largest metropolitan areas in Latin America . [ 4 ]', 'uid': 'Latin_America_0', 'intro': "Latin America[a] is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Romance languages such as Spanish and Portuguese are predominantly spoken; it is broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America. The term Latin America was first used in an 1856 conference with the title Initiative of the Americas. Idea for a Federal Congress of the Republics (Iniciativa de la América. Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repúblicas), by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao. The term was used also by Napoleon III's French government in the 1860s as Amérique latine to consider French-speaking territories in the Americas (French Canadians, French Louisiana, French Guiana, Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Martin, Saint Barthélemy), along with the larger group of countries where Spanish and Portuguese languages prevailed, including the Spanish-speaking portions of the United States (Southwestern United States and Florida) Today, areas of Canada (such as Quebec) and the United States (with the exception of Puerto Rico) where Spanish and French are predominant and are typically not included in definitions of Latin America even if technically speaking they are. Latin America consists of 20 countries and 14 dependent territories that cover an area that stretches from Saint Pierre and Miquelon to Tierra del Fuego and includes much of the Caribbean. It has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2 (7,412,000 sq mi), almost 13% of the Earth's land surface area. As of 2018, its population was estimated at more than 642 million[b] and in 2019, Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of US$5,188,250 million and a GDP PPP of 10,284,588 million USD."}
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What is the 2017 population of the city that is now in transition to become the country 's 32nd federal entity ?
23,655,355
0ac05c6602f53efc
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_IAAF_World_Road_Running_Championships', 'title': '2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Country', 'Team', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary Jepkosgei Keitany Pamela Chepchumba Everline Kimwei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Jepkosgei_Keitany', 'summary': "Mary Jepkosgei Keitany ( born 18 January 1982 ) is a Kenyan long distance runner . She is the world record holder in a women-only marathon , having won the 2017 London Marathon in a time of 2:17:01 . As of November 2019 , she sits third all-time at both the marathon and half marathon . Her former half marathon best of 1:05:50 ( 2011 ) lived three years as the women 's world record . She also has held the world record at 10 miles ( 50:05 minutes ) , 20 kilometres ( 1:02:36 ) , and 25 kilometres ( 1:19:53 ) , all of which were set in road races . In August 2018 she was honored by the Shoe4Africa foundation who funded and built the Mary Keitany Shoe4Africa school in Torokwonin , Baringo County , Kenya . She and her husband Charles sit on the Shoe4Africa school board ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pamela_Chepchumba', 'summary': 'Pamela Chepchumba ( born March 8 , 1979 in Kapsait , West Pokot District ) is an athlete from Kenya . Her best achievements are from cross country running . Aged only 13 , Chemchumba competed at the 1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , finishing 27th in the junior race . Still at junior level , she participated in the 1994 and 1995 edition of IAAF World Cross Country Championships , finishing 7th and 10th respectively . At the time she took a break in running to concentrate in schooling , where she was lagging . She went to Kapkenda Secondary School in 1997 . Pamela Chepchumba was suspended for two years after testing positive for EPO at the 2003 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Lausanne , Switzerland . She had finished sixth , but was disqualified . She returned in 2005 and won the Udine Half Marathon . Her husband Boaz Kimaiyo is also a runner , as is her younger brother Nicholas Koech , who mainly competes in road races . She has two daughters ( as of 2007 ) . She is managed by Federico Rosa and coached by Eric Kimaiyo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Everline_Kimwei', 'summary': "Everline Kemunto Kimwei ( born 25 August 1987 ) is a Kenyan female long-distance runner . Her greatest achievement was a team gold medal at the 2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships , where she was sixth . She is joint-holder of the African record for the ekiden marathon relay , courtesy of her winning run for Kenya at the 2006 Chiba Ekiden . Kimwei won a team silver medal as a junior at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships . She holds the world junior bests for the 15K and 20K distances , with times of 47:39 minutes and 65:04 minutes , respectively . Both these marks were achieved at the 2006 Kobe Women 's Half Marathon , which she won . Kimwei was based in Japan for much of her teenage life and was highly successful there . She won the Matsue 10K and Sanyo Women 's Half Marathon in both 2005 and 2007 . She also had top three finishes at the Nobeoka Golden Games , Shizuoka International , Hyogo Relays and Sapporo Half Marathon . She was the 2007 Japanese Corporate champion over 10K . Her brief marathon running career began at the 2008 Mumbai Marathon , where she recorded a lifetime best of 2:32:51 hours . She followed this with a run at the 2008 London Marathon , where she failed to finish ."}]}, {'value': '3:23:33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Bezunesh Bekele Atsede Habtamu Atsede Baysa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bezunesh_Bekele', 'summary': 'Bezunesh Bekele ( full name Bezunesh Bekele Sertsu , also written Bizunesh Bekele ; born 29 January 1983 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specializes in cross-country running and marathons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Atsede_Habtamu', 'summary': 'Atsede Habtamu Besuye ( born 26 October 1987 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in road running and the marathon distance . She came to prominence at the IAAF World Road Running Championships in 2007 where , at the age of nineteen , she ran a time of 1:08:29 for the half marathon - a record for a teenage athlete . She stepped up to the marathon a couple of years later and was runner-up on her debut at the Dubai Marathon . She ran at the Boston Marathon later that year but had her first success at the Berlin Marathon , which she won in a personal best time of 2:24:47 . She ran course records to win at the 2010 Eindhoven Marathon , 2011 Daegu Marathon and 2012 Tokyo Marathon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Atsede_Baysa', 'summary': 'Atsede Baysa Tesema , also known as Atsede Bayisa ( born 16 April 1987 ) , is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in road running events . She has won the Chicago Marathon , Boston Marathon and Paris Marathon twice . She has also won at the Xiamen International Marathon and the Istanbul Marathon . She represented Ethiopia at the 2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships ( taking the team silver ) and at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in the marathon race . She was the half marathon silver medallist at the 2007 All-Africa Games .'}]}, {'value': '3:25:51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Chisato Osaki Akane Taira Yoshimi Ozaki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoshimi_Ozaki', 'summary': "Yoshimi Ozaki ( 尾崎 好美 , Ozaki Yoshimi , born July 1 , 1981 ) is a Japanese long-distance runner , who specializes in the marathon . She won the 2008 Tokyo Women 's Marathon in a personal best time of 2:23:30 hours . A year later she took the silver medal in the event at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . Ozaki has won international team medals with Japan at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . She represented Japan in the marathon at the 2012 Summer Olympics . She is coached by former world marathon medallist Sachiko Yamashita ."}]}, {'value': '3:27:39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Luminița Talpoș Alina Tecuţă/Gherasim Lidia Simon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luminița_Talpoș', 'summary': 'Luminiţa Talpoş ( born October 9 , 1972 in Craiova , Dolj ) is a female long-distance runner from Romania , who specialized in the marathon race during her career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alina_Gherasim', 'summary': 'Camelia Alina Gherasim ( née Tecuţă , born November 10 , 1971 in Galaţi ) is a Romanian long-distance runner . Gherasim competed in the marathon at the 2000 Summer Olympics . She has won a number of road races including the 1996 Paris Marathon , the 2005 Monaco Marathon ( 2:43:44 ) , and the 2006 California International Marathon ( 2:34:23 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lidia_Simon', 'summary': 'Lidia Slăvuțeanu-Șimon ( born 4 September 1973 ) is a Romanian long-distance runner . She competed in the Olympic marathon five times ( 1996-2012 ) , winning a silver medal at the 2000 Olympics . She is also a former marathon world champion .'}]}, {'value': '3:28:23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Irina Timofeyeva Alina Ivanova Olga Glok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irina_Timofeyeva', 'summary': 'Irina Nikolayevna Timofeyeva ( Russian : Ирина Николаевна Тимофеева ; born 5 April 1970 ) is a Russian long-distance runner who specializes in running the marathon . She won the Singapore Marathon in 2005 and the Paris Marathon in 2006 . She ran for Russia at the 2008 Summer Olympics , placing seventh in the marathon race . She won the Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon in 2009 . She was banned from the sport for two years , starting 6 September 2016 , due to abnormalities in her biological passport .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alina_Ivanova', 'summary': "Alina Petrovna Ivanova ( Russian : Алина Петровна Иванова ; born March 16 , 1969 in Kildishevo , Yadrinsky District , Chuvash ASSR ) is a retired Russian race walker , best known for winning the gold medal in the women 's 10 km walk at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . She represented the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . She changed to the marathon run later in her career and was a two-time winner at both the Prague International Marathon and the Dublin Marathon ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Olga_Glok', 'summary': 'Olga Glok ( Russian : Ольга Глок ; born 16 December 1982 ) is a Russian long-distance runner who competes in marathon races . She represented her country at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . She has a marathon best of 2:27:18 hours and has won the Prague Marathon and Twin Cities Marathon .'}]}, {'value': '3:28:59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Deena Kastor Katie McGregor Tara Storage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deena_Kastor', 'summary': "Deena Michelle Kastor ( née Drossin ; born February 14 , 1973 ) is an American long-distance runner . She holds American records in the marathon and numerous road distances . She won the bronze medal in the women 's marathon at the 2004 Olympics in Athens , Greece . She is also an eight-time national champion in cross country ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Katie_McGregor', 'summary': 'Katie McGregor ( born September 2 , 1977 in Cleveland , Ohio ) is an American runner who participates in track , cross country and the marathon .'}]}, {'value': '3:34:26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Incerti Vincenza Sicari Claudia Pinna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Incerti', 'summary': 'Anna Carmela Incerti ( born 19 January 1980 in Palermo ) is an Italian long-distance runner who specializes in the marathon . She has represented Italy in the marathon at European , World and Olympic-level . She won the bronze in the event at the 2010 European Championships , later upgraded to silver and then to gold .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vincenza_Sicari', 'summary': 'Vincenza Sicari ( born 19 March 1979 in Lodi ) is an Italian long-distance runner . She represented Italy internationally in cross country running early in her career , but later moved on to road events . She has appeared at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships on three occasions and ran in the marathon for Italy at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . She has competed extensively on the Italian road circuit and has won marathons in Carpi , Padua , and Turin . Her personal best of 2:29:51 hours , set in 2008 , came at the latter race .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Claudia_Pinna', 'summary': 'Claudia Pinna ( born 4 December 1977 ) is an Italian female long-distance runner , who won two medals at international senior level with the Italian team .'}]}, {'value': '3:35:05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'Bertha Sánchez Martha Ronceria Lina Arias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bertha_Sánchez', 'summary': 'Bertha Oliva Sánchez Rivera ( born November 4 , 1978 ) is a female long-distance runner from Colombia , who won several medals on continental level from the mid-1990s on .'}]}, {'value': '3:53:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Michelle Ross-Cope Wendy Nicholls/Jones Louise Damen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelle_Ross-Cope', 'summary': "Michelle Ross-Cope ( born 31 January 1972 ) is an English long-distance runner . She competed for Britain at the European Athletics Championships and several IAAF World Half Marathon Championships . She also represented England at the 2010 Commonwealth Games . She has also won several British domestic road races . Ross-Cope began running competitive half marathon races in 2006 . By 2007 she was representing Britain in the IAAF World Road Running Championships which she did for three successive years . The third of these was the most successful as she finished 33rd and the British women 's team , of Ross-Cope with Claire Hallissey and Gemma Miles finished in 7th place despite the absence of Paula Radcliffe . In 2009 a 2:36:02 finish in the London Marathon was just outside the required 2:34:00 qualifying time for 2009 World Championships in Athletics . However her best year was yet to come , and in 2010 she was selected for the European Athletics Championships and finished 12th , the first Briton ahead of compatriot Susan Partridge . Then at the 2010 Commonwealth Games she finished in 6th position , again the first Briton ahead of Helen Decker and Holly Rush ."}]}, {'value': 'DNF', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Team results -- Women 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2007_IAAF_World_Road_Running_Championships_3', 'intro': "The 2007 IAAF World Road Running Championships were held in Udine, Italy on 14 October 2007. Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results were given both\nfor the men's race and for the women's race."}
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How many live in the nation that finished in 3:25:51 at the IAAF World Road Running Championships held in 2007 ?
109 million
0ac0a701eb4247cc
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_Aircraft_Company', 'title': 'Culver Aircraft Company', 'header': ['Model name', 'First flight', 'Number built'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dart G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dart_G', 'summary': 'The Culver Dart was a 1930s American two-seat light monoplane aircraft produced by the Dart Aircraft Company ( later the Culver Aircraft Company ) .'}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1938_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1938 :'}]}, {'value': '50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dart GC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dart_GC', 'summary': 'The Culver Dart was a 1930s American two-seat light monoplane aircraft produced by the Dart Aircraft Company ( later the Culver Aircraft Company ) .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1939_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1939 :'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dart GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dart_GK', 'summary': 'The Culver Dart was a 1930s American two-seat light monoplane aircraft produced by the Dart Aircraft Company ( later the Culver Aircraft Company ) .'}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1938_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1938 :'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dart GW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dart_GW', 'summary': 'The Culver Dart was a 1930s American two-seat light monoplane aircraft produced by the Dart Aircraft Company ( later the Culver Aircraft Company ) .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1939_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1939 :'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dart GW Special', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dart_GW_Special', 'summary': 'The Culver Dart was a 1930s American two-seat light monoplane aircraft produced by the Dart Aircraft Company ( later the Culver Aircraft Company ) .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1939_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1939 :'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cadet LCA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver Cadet is an American two-seat light monoplane aircraft , also once a radio-controlled drone , produced by the Culver Aircraft Company .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1939_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1939 :'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cadet LFA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver Cadet is an American two-seat light monoplane aircraft , also once a radio-controlled drone , produced by the Culver Aircraft Company .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1939_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1939 :'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cadet LFA-90', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver Cadet is an American two-seat light monoplane aircraft , also once a radio-controlled drone , produced by the Culver Aircraft Company .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1941_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1941 :'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LAR ( Army A-8 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver Cadet is an American two-seat light monoplane aircraft , also once a radio-controlled drone , produced by the Culver Aircraft Company .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1941_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1941 :'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LAR-90 ( Army PQ-8 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver Cadet is an American two-seat light monoplane aircraft , also once a radio-controlled drone , produced by the Culver Aircraft Company .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1941_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1941 :'}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PQ-8A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver Cadet is an American two-seat light monoplane aircraft , also once a radio-controlled drone , produced by the Culver Aircraft Company .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1941_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1941 :'}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PQ-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_PQ-10', 'summary': 'The Culver PQ-10 was an American target drone , designed by the Culver Aircraft Company for use by the United States Army Air Forces . Designed in 1941 , the project was cancelled before any aircraft flew .'}]}, {'value': '1940s', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TDC-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver Cadet is an American two-seat light monoplane aircraft , also once a radio-controlled drone , produced by the Culver Aircraft Company .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1941_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1941 :'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TDC-2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver Cadet is an American two-seat light monoplane aircraft , also once a radio-controlled drone , produced by the Culver Aircraft Company .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1941_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1941 :'}]}, {'value': '201', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XPQ-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_PQ-14_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver PQ-14 Cadet is a modified version of the Culver LFA Cadet used as a target drone . In 1940 , the U.S. Army Air Corps drew up a requirement for a radio-controlled target drone for training anti-aircraft artillery gunners . The first aircraft in a series of target drones was a modification of the Culver LFA Cadet which eventually led to the PQ-14 series used throughout World War II and beyond .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1942_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1942 :'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PQ-14A/TD2C Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_PQ-14_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver PQ-14 Cadet is a modified version of the Culver LFA Cadet used as a target drone . In 1940 , the U.S. Army Air Corps drew up a requirement for a radio-controlled target drone for training anti-aircraft artillery gunners . The first aircraft in a series of target drones was a modification of the Culver LFA Cadet which eventually led to the PQ-14 series used throughout World War II and beyond .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1942_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1942 :'}]}, {'value': '1400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PQ-14B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_PQ-14_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver PQ-14 Cadet is a modified version of the Culver LFA Cadet used as a target drone . In 1940 , the U.S. Army Air Corps drew up a requirement for a radio-controlled target drone for training anti-aircraft artillery gunners . The first aircraft in a series of target drones was a modification of the Culver LFA Cadet which eventually led to the PQ-14 series used throughout World War II and beyond .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'XPQ-14C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Culver_PQ-14_Cadet', 'summary': 'The Culver PQ-14 Cadet is a modified version of the Culver LFA Cadet used as a target drone . In 1940 , the U.S. Army Air Corps drew up a requirement for a radio-controlled target drone for training anti-aircraft artillery gunners . The first aircraft in a series of target drones was a modification of the Culver LFA Cadet which eventually led to the PQ-14 series used throughout World War II and beyond .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Aircraft', 'section_text': 'A Culver PQ-14', 'uid': 'Culver_Aircraft_Company_0', 'intro': 'The Culver Aircraft Company was an American aircraft manufacturer of light aircraft of the 1930s and 1940s.'}
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What was the purpose of the airplane model of which the most units were built ?
target drone
0ac251fc782318fb
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Brevet_Medal', 'title': 'Marine Corps Brevet Medal', 'header': ['Name', 'Rank brevetted to', 'Date of action', 'Place of action', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Philip M. Bannon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_M._Bannon', 'summary': 'Philip Michael Bannon ( March 12 , 1872 - June 25 , 1940 ) was a United States Marine Corps officer who received the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for his actions during the Spanish-American War . Through his career he served in the Spanish-American War , the Boxer Rebellion in China , and during conflicts in the Caribbean and Central America through the Second Nicaraguan Campaign . He retired as a colonel in 1928 .'}]}, {'value': 'O-02 First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'June 13 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guantánamo Bay , Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guantánamo_Bay', 'summary': 'Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish : Bahía de Guantánamo ) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the southeastern end of Cuba . It is the largest harbor on the south side of the island and it is surrounded by steep hills which create an enclave that is cut off from its immediate hinterland . The United States assumed territorial control over the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay under the 1903 Lease agreement . The United States exercises jurisdiction and control over this territory , while recognizing that Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty . The current government of Cuba regards the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal and insists the Cuban-American Treaty was obtained by threat of force and is in violation of international law . Some legal scholars judge that the lease may be voidable . It is the home of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and the Guantanamo Bay detention camp located within the base , which are both governed by the United States . Since the 1959 revolution , Cuba has only cashed a single lease payment from the United States government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct during the Spanish-American War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smedley D. Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smedley_D._Butler', 'summary': "Major General Smedley Darlington Butler ( July 30 , 1881 - June 21 , 1940 ) , nicknamed Old Gimlet Eye , was a senior United States Marine Corps officer who fought in both the Mexican Revolution and World War I. Butler was , at the time of his death , the most decorated Marine in U.S. history . During his 34-year career as a Marine , he participated in military actions in the Philippines , China , in Central America and the Caribbean during the Banana Wars , and France in World War I. Butler later became an outspoken critic of American wars and their consequences . Butler also exposed an alleged plan to overthrow the United States government . By the end of his career , Butler had received 16 medals , five for heroism . He is one of 19 men to receive the Medal of Honor twice , one of three to be awarded both the Marine Corps Brevet Medal ( along with Wendell Neville and David Porter ) and the Medal of Honor , and the only Marine to be awarded the Brevet Medal and two Medals of Honor , all for separate actions . In 1933 , he became involved in a controversy known as the Business Plot , when he told a congressional committee that a group of wealthy industrialists were planning a military coup to overthrow Franklin D. Roosevelt , with Butler selected to lead a march of veterans to become dictator , similar to Fascist regimes at that time . The individuals involved all denied the existence of a plot and the media ridiculed the allegations , but a final report by a special House of Representatives Committee confirmed some of Butler 's testimony . In 1935 , Butler wrote a book titled War Is a Racket , where he described and criticized the workings of the United States in its foreign actions and wars , such as those in which he had been involved , including the American corporations and other imperialist motivations behind them . After retiring from service , he became a popular advocate , speaking at meetings organized by veterans , pacifists , and church groups in the 1930s ."}]}, {'value': 'O-03 Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'July 13 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tientsin , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tianjin', 'summary': "Tianjin ( [ tʰjɛ́n.tɕín ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanized as Tientsin , is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea . It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China , with a total population estimated at 15,621,200 in 2016 . Its built-up ( or metro ) area , made up of 12 central districts ( all but Baodi , Jizhou , Jinghai and Ninghe ) , was home to 12,491,300 inhabitants in 2016 and is also the world 's 29th-largest agglomeration ( between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro ) and 11th-most populous city proper . It is governed as one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the PRC and is thus under direct administration of the central government . Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality , bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea . Part of the Bohai Economic Rim , it is the largest coastal city in northern China . In terms of urban population , Tianjin is the fourth largest in China , after Shanghai , Beijing , and Guangzhou . In terms of administrative area population , Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China . The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404 . As a treaty port since 1860 , Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing . During the Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government . Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China , Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy July 13 , 1900 , during the Boxer Rebellion . One of three to receive both the Brevet Medal and the Medal of Honor . One of nineteen to receive the Medal of Honor twice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carl Gamborg-Andresen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Gamborg-Andresen', 'summary': 'Carl Gamborg-Andresen ( March 10 , 1866 - March 4 , 1936 ) was a Norwegian-born American military officer serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Boxer Rebellion who was one of 23 Marine Corps officers approved to receive the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery . Carl Gamborg-Andresen was born in Norway and emigrated to the United States . In 1904 he married Constance Janette Stowell ( 1883-1943 ) in Sitka , Alaska . He retired as a colonel in the United States Marine Corps during 1925 , with more than 30 years of service . He died in 1936 in Seattle , Washington , and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'O-03 Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'July 13 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tientsin , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tianjin', 'summary': "Tianjin ( [ tʰjɛ́n.tɕín ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanized as Tientsin , is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea . It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China , with a total population estimated at 15,621,200 in 2016 . Its built-up ( or metro ) area , made up of 12 central districts ( all but Baodi , Jizhou , Jinghai and Ninghe ) , was home to 12,491,300 inhabitants in 2016 and is also the world 's 29th-largest agglomeration ( between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro ) and 11th-most populous city proper . It is governed as one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the PRC and is thus under direct administration of the central government . Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality , bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea . Part of the Bohai Economic Rim , it is the largest coastal city in northern China . In terms of urban population , Tianjin is the fourth largest in China , after Shanghai , Beijing , and Guangzhou . In terms of administrative area population , Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China . The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404 . As a treaty port since 1860 , Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing . During the Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government . Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China , Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy during the Boxer Rebellion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newt H. Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newt_H._Hall', 'summary': "Newt Hamill Hall ( Marshville , Texas , January 2 , 1873 - Tennessee , May 24 , 1939 ) was an American officer serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Boxer Rebellion who was one of 23 Marine Corps officers approved to receive the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery . He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1895 , and was commissioned in the Marine Corps in 1897 . He was brought up on charges regarding his leadership activities during the Boxer Rebellion , where he and his men had to defend the walls of the Legation , and was exonerated by an official naval court of inquiry , which he himself requested , so as to not impede his career advancement in later years . The British Minister had initiated a charge of possible cowardice under fire , but no concrete evidence had surfaced by any witnesses . Under his direct command , one Legation wall defense area was lost , but later retaken . This possibly caused a reaction from the British Minister making statements after the siege as to Hall 's possible laxity in command ."}]}, {'value': 'O-04 Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 14 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peking , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing', 'summary': "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy during the Boxer Rebellion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allan C. Kelton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_C._Kelton', 'summary': 'Allan Cunningham Kelton ( June 24 , 1846 - November 22 , 1928 ) was an American officer serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Spanish-American War who was one of 23 Marine Corps officers approved to receive the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery . He was commissioned in the Marine Corps in 1869 .'}]}, {'value': 'O-04 Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guantánamo Bay , Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guantánamo_Bay', 'summary': 'Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish : Bahía de Guantánamo ) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the southeastern end of Cuba . It is the largest harbor on the south side of the island and it is surrounded by steep hills which create an enclave that is cut off from its immediate hinterland . The United States assumed territorial control over the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay under the 1903 Lease agreement . The United States exercises jurisdiction and control over this territory , while recognizing that Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty . The current government of Cuba regards the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal and insists the Cuban-American Treaty was obtained by threat of force and is in violation of international law . Some legal scholars judge that the lease may be voidable . It is the home of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and the Guantanamo Bay detention camp located within the base , which are both governed by the United States . Since the 1959 revolution , Cuba has only cashed a single lease payment from the United States government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy during the Spanish-American War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles G. Long', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_G._Long', 'summary': 'Major General Charles Grant Long ( December 14 , 1869 - March 5 , 1943 ) was the second Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps . He was also a recipient of the Marine Corps Brevet Medal and Navy Cross .'}]}, {'value': 'O-03 Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guantánamo Bay , Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guantánamo_Bay', 'summary': 'Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish : Bahía de Guantánamo ) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the southeastern end of Cuba . It is the largest harbor on the south side of the island and it is surrounded by steep hills which create an enclave that is cut off from its immediate hinterland . The United States assumed territorial control over the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay under the 1903 Lease agreement . The United States exercises jurisdiction and control over this territory , while recognizing that Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty . The current government of Cuba regards the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal and insists the Cuban-American Treaty was obtained by threat of force and is in violation of international law . Some legal scholars judge that the lease may be voidable . It is the home of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and the Guantanamo Bay detention camp located within the base , which are both governed by the United States . Since the 1959 revolution , Cuba has only cashed a single lease payment from the United States government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy during the Spanish-American War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis C. Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_C._Lucas', 'summary': 'Lewis Clark Lucas ( Marietta , Ohio , November 3 , 1867 - March 6 , 1939 ) was an American officer serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Spanish-American War who was one of 23 Marine Corps officers approved to receive the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery . He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1889 , and was commissioned in the Marine Corps in 1891 .'}]}, {'value': 'O-03 Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'June 13 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guantánamo Bay , Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guantánamo_Bay', 'summary': 'Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish : Bahía de Guantánamo ) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the southeastern end of Cuba . It is the largest harbor on the south side of the island and it is surrounded by steep hills which create an enclave that is cut off from its immediate hinterland . The United States assumed territorial control over the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay under the 1903 Lease agreement . The United States exercises jurisdiction and control over this territory , while recognizing that Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty . The current government of Cuba regards the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal and insists the Cuban-American Treaty was obtained by threat of force and is in violation of international law . Some legal scholars judge that the lease may be voidable . It is the home of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and the Guantanamo Bay detention camp located within the base , which are both governed by the United States . Since the 1959 revolution , Cuba has only cashed a single lease payment from the United States government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'For conspicuous conduct in battle during the Spanish-American War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James E. Mahoney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_E._Mahoney', 'summary': 'James Edward Mahoney ( December 15 , 1858 - June 9 , 1926 ) was an American officer born in Peabody , Massachusetts and serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Spanish-American War who was one of 23 Marine Corps officers approved to receive the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery . He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1881 . He subsequently served in Panama , Veracruz , Mexico , and in Cuba . After promotion to temporary rank of Brigadier General , he retired as a Colonel of Marines in 1919 .'}]}, {'value': 'O-03 Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guantánamo Bay , Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guantánamo_Bay', 'summary': 'Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish : Bahía de Guantánamo ) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the southeastern end of Cuba . It is the largest harbor on the south side of the island and it is surrounded by steep hills which create an enclave that is cut off from its immediate hinterland . The United States assumed territorial control over the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay under the 1903 Lease agreement . The United States exercises jurisdiction and control over this territory , while recognizing that Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty . The current government of Cuba regards the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal and insists the Cuban-American Treaty was obtained by threat of force and is in violation of international law . Some legal scholars judge that the lease may be voidable . It is the home of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and the Guantanamo Bay detention camp located within the base , which are both governed by the United States . Since the 1959 revolution , Cuba has only cashed a single lease payment from the United States government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy during the Spanish-American War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles L. McCawley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_L._McCawley', 'summary': 'Charles Laurie McCawley ( August 24 , 1865 - April 29 , 1935 ) was an American officer who served in the United States Marine Corps during the Spanish-American War and World War I . He who was one of only 23 Marine Corps officers awarded the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery .'}]}, {'value': 'O-04 Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guantánamo Bay , Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guantánamo_Bay', 'summary': 'Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish : Bahía de Guantánamo ) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the southeastern end of Cuba . It is the largest harbor on the south side of the island and it is surrounded by steep hills which create an enclave that is cut off from its immediate hinterland . The United States assumed territorial control over the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay under the 1903 Lease agreement . The United States exercises jurisdiction and control over this territory , while recognizing that Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty . The current government of Cuba regards the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal and insists the Cuban-American Treaty was obtained by threat of force and is in violation of international law . Some legal scholars judge that the lease may be voidable . It is the home of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and the Guantanamo Bay detention camp located within the base , which are both governed by the United States . Since the 1959 revolution , Cuba has only cashed a single lease payment from the United States government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy during the Spanish-American War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William N. McKelvy Sr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_N._McKelvy_Sr.', 'summary': 'William Nessler McKelvy Sr. ( July 15 , 1869 - September 22 , 1933 ) was an American officer born in Allegheny , Pennsylvania and serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Spanish-American War who was one of 23 Marine Corps officers approved to receive the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery . He graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1891 , and was commissioned in the Marine Corps in 1893 .'}]}, {'value': 'O-03 Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guantánamo Bay , Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guantánamo_Bay', 'summary': 'Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish : Bahía de Guantánamo ) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the southeastern end of Cuba . It is the largest harbor on the south side of the island and it is surrounded by steep hills which create an enclave that is cut off from its immediate hinterland . The United States assumed territorial control over the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay under the 1903 Lease agreement . The United States exercises jurisdiction and control over this territory , while recognizing that Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty . The current government of Cuba regards the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal and insists the Cuban-American Treaty was obtained by threat of force and is in violation of international law . Some legal scholars judge that the lease may be voidable . It is the home of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and the Guantanamo Bay detention camp located within the base , which are both governed by the United States . Since the 1959 revolution , Cuba has only cashed a single lease payment from the United States government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy during the Spanish-American War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul St. Clair Murphy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_St._Clair_Murphy', 'summary': 'Paul St. Clair Murphy ( July 7 , 1850 - November 9 , 1931 ) was an American officer serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Spanish-American War . He was one of 23 men to be awarded the Marine Corps Brevet Medal .'}]}, {'value': 'O-04 Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago , Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba', 'summary': 'Santiago de Cuba is the second-largest city in Cuba and the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province . It lies in the southeastern area of the island , some 870 km ( 540 mi ) southeast of the Cuban capital of Havana . The municipality extends over 1,023.8 square kilometers ( 395.3 sq mi ) , and contains the communities of Antonio Maceo , Bravo , Castillo Duany , Daiquirí , El Caney , El Cobre , El Cristo , Guilera , Leyte Vidal , Moncada and Siboney . Historically Santiago de Cuba has long been the second-most important city on the island after Havana , and still remains the second-largest . It is on a bay connected to the Caribbean Sea and is an important sea port . In the 2012 population census , the city of Santiago de Cuba recorded a population of 431,272 people .'}]}, {'value': 'For gallant service in the naval battle of Santiago , Cuba during the Spanish-American War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Twiggs Myers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Twiggs_Myers', 'summary': 'John Twiggs Myers ( January 29 , 1871 - April 17 , 1952 ) was a United States Marine Corps general who was most famous for his service as the American Legation Guard in Peking during the Boxer Rebellion .'}]}, {'value': 'O-04 Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 20 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peking , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing', 'summary': "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy at the defense of the legations during the Boxer Rebellion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wendell C. Neville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wendell_C._Neville', 'summary': 'Wendell Cushing Neville ( May 12 , 1870 - July 8 , 1930 ) was a major general of the United States Marine Corps . He was a Medal of Honor recipient and 14th Commandant of the Marine Corps between 1929 and 1930 .'}]}, {'value': 'O-03 Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'June 13 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guantánamo Bay , Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guantánamo_Bay', 'summary': 'Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish : Bahía de Guantánamo ) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the southeastern end of Cuba . It is the largest harbor on the south side of the island and it is surrounded by steep hills which create an enclave that is cut off from its immediate hinterland . The United States assumed territorial control over the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay under the 1903 Lease agreement . The United States exercises jurisdiction and control over this territory , while recognizing that Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty . The current government of Cuba regards the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal and insists the Cuban-American Treaty was obtained by threat of force and is in violation of international law . Some legal scholars judge that the lease may be voidable . It is the home of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and the Guantanamo Bay detention camp located within the base , which are both governed by the United States . Since the 1959 revolution , Cuba has only cashed a single lease payment from the United States government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'For conspicuous conduct in battle during the Spanish-American War . One of three to receive both the Brevet Medal and the Medal of Honor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Percival C. Pope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Percival_C._Pope', 'summary': 'Percival Clarence Pope ( February 28 , 1841 - January 22 , 1922 ) was an American officer who served in the United States Marine Corps during the American Civil War . He received the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery .'}]}, {'value': 'O-03 Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'September 8 , 1863', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Sumter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Sumter', 'summary': 'Fort Sumter is a sea fort in Charleston , South Carolina , notable for two battles , the first of which signified the start of the American Civil War . It was one of a number of special forts planned after the War of 1812 , combining high walls and heavy masonry , and classified as Third System , as a grade of structural integrity . Work started in 1829 , but was incomplete by 1860 , when South Carolina seceded from the Union . The First Battle of Fort Sumter began on April 12 , 1861 , when Confederate artillery fired on the Union garrison . These were the first shots of the war and continued all day , watched by many civilians in a celebratory spirit . The fort had been cut off from its supply line and surrendered the next day . The Second Battle of Fort Sumter ( September 8 , 1863 ) was a failed attempt by the Union to retake the fort , dogged by a rivalry between army and navy commanders . Although the fort was reduced to rubble , it remained in Confederate hands until it was evacuated as General Sherman marched through South Carolina in February 1865 . Fort Sumter is open for public tours as part of the Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park operated by the National Park Service .'}]}, {'value': 'For gallant and meritorious service in the night attack upon Ft. Sumter during the Civil War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David D. Porter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter_(USMC)', 'summary': 'Major General David Dixon Porter ( April 29 , 1877 - February 25 , 1944 ) , a Medal of Honor recipient , was a United States Marine Corps officer who served in the Philippine-American War and in World War I .'}]}, {'value': 'O-03 Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'October 8 , 1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novaleta , Philippine Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy during the Philippine Insurrection . One of three to both receive the Brevet Medal and the Medal of Honor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William G. Powell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_G._Powell', 'summary': 'William Glasgow Powell ( September 8 , 1871 - May 11 , 1955 ) was an American officer born in at St. Louis , Missouri and serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Spanish-American War who was one of 23 Marine Corps officers approved to receive the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery . In 1893 Powell graduated from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis , Maryland . He began his military career by enlisting in the United States Navy during the Spanish-American War , and was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the Marine Corps in 1899 . He served in the Philippines and in China . During World War I he served as Assistant Paymaster . He retired in 1942 after over 40 years of service and was promoted to Brigadier General on the retired list . On May 11 , 1955 he died at his home in Vence , France and was initially buried there ; at the time , he was the last living recipient of the Marine Corps Brevet Medal . On May 12 , 1983 his remains were brought back to the United States and interred in Arlington National Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'O-03 Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'June 21 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tientsin , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tianjin', 'summary': "Tianjin ( [ tʰjɛ́n.tɕín ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanized as Tientsin , is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea . It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China , with a total population estimated at 15,621,200 in 2016 . Its built-up ( or metro ) area , made up of 12 central districts ( all but Baodi , Jizhou , Jinghai and Ninghe ) , was home to 12,491,300 inhabitants in 2016 and is also the world 's 29th-largest agglomeration ( between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro ) and 11th-most populous city proper . It is governed as one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the PRC and is thus under direct administration of the central government . Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality , bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea . Part of the Bohai Economic Rim , it is the largest coastal city in northern China . In terms of urban population , Tianjin is the fourth largest in China , after Shanghai , Beijing , and Guangzhou . In terms of administrative area population , Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China . The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404 . As a treaty port since 1860 , Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing . During the Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government . Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China , Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy during the Boxer Rebellion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Richards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Richards_(Marine_Corps)', 'summary': 'George Richards ( February 6 , 1872 - January 9 , 1948 ) was an American officer born at Ironton , Ohio and serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Boxer Rebellion . He was one of 23 Marine Corps officers approved to receive the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery .'}]}, {'value': 'O-05 Lieutenant Colonel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force , lieutenant colonel is a field-grade military officer rank , just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5 . In the United States armed forces , the insignia for the rank are a silver oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the version of the Army and the Air Force and that of the Navy and the Marine Corps . Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act ( DOPMA ) of 1980 , for officers in the Active Component , and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act ( ROPMA ) , for officers in the Reserve Component ( e.g. , Reserve and National Guard ) . DOPMA guidelines suggest that 70 percent of majors be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving at least three years at their present rank and after 15-17 years of cumulative commissioned service .'}]}, {'value': 'July 13 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tientsin , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tianjin', 'summary': "Tianjin ( [ tʰjɛ́n.tɕín ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanized as Tientsin , is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea . It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China , with a total population estimated at 15,621,200 in 2016 . Its built-up ( or metro ) area , made up of 12 central districts ( all but Baodi , Jizhou , Jinghai and Ninghe ) , was home to 12,491,300 inhabitants in 2016 and is also the world 's 29th-largest agglomeration ( between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro ) and 11th-most populous city proper . It is governed as one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the PRC and is thus under direct administration of the central government . Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality , bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea . Part of the Bohai Economic Rim , it is the largest coastal city in northern China . In terms of urban population , Tianjin is the fourth largest in China , after Shanghai , Beijing , and Guangzhou . In terms of administrative area population , Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China . The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404 . As a treaty port since 1860 , Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing . During the Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government . Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China , Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy during the Boxer Rebellion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melville J. Shaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melville_J._Shaw', 'summary': 'Melville James Shaw ( August 6 , 1872 - May 16 , 1927 ) was an American officer born in Minnesota and serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Spanish-American War who was one of only 23 Marine Corps officers approved to receive the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery .'}]}, {'value': 'O-02 First Lieutenant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guantánamo Bay , Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guantánamo_Bay', 'summary': 'Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish : Bahía de Guantánamo ) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the southeastern end of Cuba . It is the largest harbor on the south side of the island and it is surrounded by steep hills which create an enclave that is cut off from its immediate hinterland . The United States assumed territorial control over the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay under the 1903 Lease agreement . The United States exercises jurisdiction and control over this territory , while recognizing that Cuba retains ultimate sovereignty . The current government of Cuba regards the U.S. presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal and insists the Cuban-American Treaty was obtained by threat of force and is in violation of international law . Some legal scholars judge that the lease may be voidable . It is the home of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and the Guantanamo Bay detention camp located within the base , which are both governed by the United States . Since the 1959 revolution , Cuba has only cashed a single lease payment from the United States government .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy during the Spanish-American War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George C. Thorpe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_C._Thorpe', 'summary': 'George Cyrus Thorpe ( January 7 , 1875 - July 28 , 1936 ) was a United States Marine Corps officer during the Spanish-American War and the Philippine-American War . He was an early writer on military logistics . He was one of 23 Marine Corps officers awarded the Marine Corps Brevet Medal for bravery . He was also an author and lawyer after he retired from the Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'O-03 Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'October 8 , 1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Novaleta , Philippine Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy during the Philippine Insurrection', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Littleton W.T . Waller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Littleton_W.T._Waller', 'summary': 'Littleton Tazewell Tony Waller ( September 26 , 1856 - July 13 , 1926 ) was a career officer in the United States Marine Corps , who served in the Spanish-American War , the Caribbean and Asia . He was court martialled and acquitted for actions during the Philippine-American War where he led an ill-fated expedition across the island of Samar . He retired from the Marines holding the rank of major general .'}]}, {'value': 'O-05 Lieutenant Colonel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force , lieutenant colonel is a field-grade military officer rank , just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5 . In the United States armed forces , the insignia for the rank are a silver oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the version of the Army and the Air Force and that of the Navy and the Marine Corps . Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act ( DOPMA ) of 1980 , for officers in the Active Component , and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act ( ROPMA ) , for officers in the Reserve Component ( e.g. , Reserve and National Guard ) . DOPMA guidelines suggest that 70 percent of majors be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving at least three years at their present rank and after 15-17 years of cumulative commissioned service .'}]}, {'value': 'July 13 , 1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tientsin , China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tianjin', 'summary': "Tianjin ( [ tʰjɛ́n.tɕín ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanized as Tientsin , is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea . It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China , with a total population estimated at 15,621,200 in 2016 . Its built-up ( or metro ) area , made up of 12 central districts ( all but Baodi , Jizhou , Jinghai and Ninghe ) , was home to 12,491,300 inhabitants in 2016 and is also the world 's 29th-largest agglomeration ( between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro ) and 11th-most populous city proper . It is governed as one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the PRC and is thus under direct administration of the central government . Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality , bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea . Part of the Bohai Economic Rim , it is the largest coastal city in northern China . In terms of urban population , Tianjin is the fourth largest in China , after Shanghai , Beijing , and Guangzhou . In terms of administrative area population , Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China . The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404 . As a treaty port since 1860 , Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing . During the Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government . Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China , Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region ."}]}, {'value': 'For distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy during the Boxer Rebellion He is the only Marine to have been awarded both the Brevet Medal and the Navy Specially Meritorious Service Medal', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Marine_Corps_Brevet_Medal_0', 'intro': 'The Marine Corps Brevet Medal, also known as the Brevet Medal, was a military decoration of the United States Marine Corps; it was created in 1921 as a result of Marine Corps Order Number 26. The decoration was a one-time issuance and retroactively recognized living Marine Corps officers who had received a brevet rank. The similar practice of frocking continues in all five branches of the U.S. Armed Forces. Brevet promotions were used by the United States military in some capacity from 1775 until they were discontinued in 1900. The Army was the only branch authorized to grant brevets until 1814, when the Marine Corps was granted the same privilege. For the 86 years, the Marine Corps awarded 121 brevet promotions to 100 Marine Corps officers. Captain Anthony Gale was the first to receive a brevet promotion in 1814 and John Twiggs Myers, who died in 1952, was the last surviving recipient. In 1921 Commandant John A. Lejeune requested that a Marine Corps Brevet Medal be authorized; after it was approved and created, the decoration was given to the last 20 living Marine Corps officers who received brevet promotions.'}
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Where is this sea port located where the officer born on February 28 , 1841 was awarded for his actions ?
Charleston , South Carolina
0ac33a9c66e5846d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_House_of_Representatives', 'title': 'Colorado House of Representatives', 'header': ['Position', 'Name', 'Party', 'Residence', 'District'], 'data': [{'value': 'Speaker of the House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speaker_(politics)', 'summary': 'The speaker of a deliberative assembly , especially a legislative body , is its presiding officer , or the chair . The title was first used in 1377 in England .'}]}, {'value': 'KC Becker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KC_Becker', 'summary': "Kathleen Collins Becker is an American politician serving as the 39th and current Speaker of the Colorado House of Representatives since 2019 . A member of the Democratic Party , she has represented the state 's 13th district since 2013 . Becker was elected to the Boulder City Council in 2009 . When Claire Levy resigned from the Colorado House of Representatives in 2013 , a vacancy committee selected Becker to replace her . Becker acknowledged that she had planned to run for the seat in the 2014 elections , when Levy would have been unable to run due to term limits . She was sworn in on November 4 , 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . Its Chair is Morgan Carroll . The remaining officers are : Howard Chou - First Vice Chair ; Bob Seay - Secretary ; Rita Simas - Treasurer . The governing body of the party is the State Central Committee , which consists of the Chair and Vice-Chair of the Democratic Party in each of Colorado 's 64 counties , and bonus members for larger counties . Each county party elects its officers between February 1 and February 15 of each odd-numbered year ; the state party then elects its officers in March of odd-numbered years ."}]}, {'value': 'Boulder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado', 'summary': "Boulder ( /ˈboʊldər/ ) is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Boulder County , Colorado , United States . It is the state 's 11th-most-populous municipality ; Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of 5,430 feet ( 1,655 m ) above sea level . The city is 25 miles ( 40 km ) northwest of Denver . The population of the City of Boulder was 97,385 people at the 2010 U.S. Census , while the population of the Boulder , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area was 294,567 . Boulder is known for its association with gold seekers and for being the home of the main campus of the University of Colorado , the state 's largest university . The city frequently receives high rankings in art , health , well-being , quality of life , and education ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Speaker pro Tempore', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Janet Buckner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janet_Buckner', 'summary': 'Janet Buckner is a Democratic member of the Colorado House of Representatives . She represents District 40 , which covers a portion of Arapahoe County . Buckner was appointed to her seat in 2015 to replace her husband John Buckner after his death in office ; she kept the seat in the 2016 elections . She was a professional speech and language therapist until her retirement in 2007 . Buckner is the vice chair of the House Education Committee and also serves on the House Health , Insurance , & Environment Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . Its Chair is Morgan Carroll . The remaining officers are : Howard Chou - First Vice Chair ; Bob Seay - Secretary ; Rita Simas - Treasurer . The governing body of the party is the State Central Committee , which consists of the Chair and Vice-Chair of the Democratic Party in each of Colorado 's 64 counties , and bonus members for larger counties . Each county party elects its officers between February 1 and February 15 of each odd-numbered year ; the state party then elects its officers in March of odd-numbered years ."}]}, {'value': 'Aurora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado', 'summary': "Aurora ( /əˈroʊrə/ , /əˈrɔːrə/ ) is a Home Rule Municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado , spanning Arapahoe and Adams counties , with the extreme southeastern portion of the city extending into Douglas County . Aurora is one of the principal cities of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area ( Metro Denver ) . The city 's population was 325,078 in the 2010 census , which made it the third most populous city in the state of Colorado and the 54th most populous city in the United States . The Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 2,645,209 on July 1 , 2012 ( the 19th most populous MSA in the U.S. ) . However , Denver and Aurora combined make up less than half of the Denver Metro Area 's population and Aurora has approximately half the population of Denver . The estimated population of the Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area was 3,214,218 on July 1 , 2012 ( 15th most populous CSA ) ."}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majority Leader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majority_Leader', 'summary': 'In U.S. politics , the majority floor leader is a partisan position in a legislative body . In the federal Congress , the role of the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives and the Majority Leader of the United States Senate differ slightly . In the United States Senate , the majority leader is the chief spokesperson for the majority party , as the president of the Senate is also the Vice-President of the United States , and the President pro tempore , though technically a substitute for the president of the Senate , is in reality a largely ceremonial position . In the United States House of Representatives , the majority leader is elected by U.S. Congresspeople in the political party holding the largest number of seats in the House . While the responsibilities vary depending upon the political climate , the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives typically sets the floor agenda and oversees the committee chairmen . Given the two-party nature of the U.S. system , the majority leader is almost inevitably either a Republican or a Democrat . The majority leader is often assisted in their role by whips , whose job is to enforce party discipline on votes deemed to be crucial by the party leadership and to ensure that members do not vote in a way not approved of by the party . Some votes are deemed to be so crucial as to lead to punitive measures ( such as demotion from choice committee assignments ) if the party line is violated ; decisions such as these are often made by the majority leader in conjunction with other senior party leaders . In the states , the majority leader of a state legislative chamber usually performs a similar role to the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives . State senate presidents pro tempore are typically not ceremonial , but more akin to the Majority Leader of the United States Senate .'}]}, {'value': 'Alec Garnett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alec_Garnett', 'summary': 'Alec Garnett is a Democratic member of the Colorado House of Representatives and the current House Majority Leader . He represents District 2 , which covers a portion of the city of Denver . He was first elected in 2014 to replace retiring House Speaker Mark Ferrandino .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . Its Chair is Morgan Carroll . The remaining officers are : Howard Chou - First Vice Chair ; Bob Seay - Secretary ; Rita Simas - Treasurer . The governing body of the party is the State Central Committee , which consists of the Chair and Vice-Chair of the Democratic Party in each of Colorado 's 64 counties , and bonus members for larger counties . Each county party elects its officers between February 1 and February 15 of each odd-numbered year ; the state party then elects its officers in March of odd-numbered years ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver', 'summary': 'Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assistant Majority Leader', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Kennedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Kennedy_(Colorado_politician)', 'summary': "Chris Kennedy is a Democratic member of the Colorado House of Representatives . He represents District 23 , which covers a portion of Jefferson County . He was elected to his seat in 2016 , succeeding Max Tyler . A Lakewood resident , Kennedy attended the University of Colorado Boulder and was an engineer before he entered politics . He has served as Democratic chairman of Jefferson County and ran U.S. Representative Ed Perlmutter 's 2014 reelection campaign . In his first term , Kennedy served on the House Finance Committee and the House Health , Insurance , and Environment Committee . In the 72nd General Assembly , Kennedy was elected as the Assistant Majority Leader and serves as Chair of the State , Veterans , & Military Affairs Committee . Kennedy also serves on the Appropriations Committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . Its Chair is Morgan Carroll . The remaining officers are : Howard Chou - First Vice Chair ; Bob Seay - Secretary ; Rita Simas - Treasurer . The governing body of the party is the State Central Committee , which consists of the Chair and Vice-Chair of the Democratic Party in each of Colorado 's 64 counties , and bonus members for larger counties . Each county party elects its officers between February 1 and February 15 of each odd-numbered year ; the state party then elects its officers in March of odd-numbered years ."}]}, {'value': 'Lakewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakewood,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Lakewood is a Home Rule Municipality which is the most populous municipality in Jefferson County , Colorado , United States . Lakewood is the fifth most populous city in the State of Colorado and the 172nd most populous city in the United States . The city population was 142,980 at the 2010 United States Census . Lakewood is west of Denver and is part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Majority Caucus Chair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caucus', 'summary': 'A caucus is a meeting of supporters or members of a specific political party or movement . The term originated in the United States , but has spread to Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa and Nepal . As the use of the term has expanded , the exact definition has come to vary between political cultures .'}]}, {'value': 'Edie Hooton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edie_Hooton', 'summary': 'Edie Hooton is a Democratic member of the Colorado House of Representatives . She represents District 10 , which serves portions of Boulder County . She was elected in 2016 , succeeding Dickey Lee Hullinghorst . In her early political career , Hooton worked as an aide to Alaska State Senator Bettye Fahrenkamp and U.S . Senator Mike Gravel . She moved to Boulder County in 1997 and served as President of the Democratic Women of Boulder County before taking office . Hooton serves on the House Public Health Care & Human Services Committee , the House State , Veterans , and Military Affairs Committee , and the Statutory Revision Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . Its Chair is Morgan Carroll . The remaining officers are : Howard Chou - First Vice Chair ; Bob Seay - Secretary ; Rita Simas - Treasurer . The governing body of the party is the State Central Committee , which consists of the Chair and Vice-Chair of the Democratic Party in each of Colorado 's 64 counties , and bonus members for larger counties . Each county party elects its officers between February 1 and February 15 of each odd-numbered year ; the state party then elects its officers in March of odd-numbered years ."}]}, {'value': 'Boulder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado', 'summary': "Boulder ( /ˈboʊldər/ ) is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Boulder County , Colorado , United States . It is the state 's 11th-most-populous municipality ; Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of 5,430 feet ( 1,655 m ) above sea level . The city is 25 miles ( 40 km ) northwest of Denver . The population of the City of Boulder was 97,385 people at the 2010 U.S. Census , while the population of the Boulder , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area was 294,567 . Boulder is known for its association with gold seekers and for being the home of the main campus of the University of Colorado , the state 's largest university . The city frequently receives high rankings in art , health , well-being , quality of life , and education ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'co-Majority Whip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majority_Whip', 'summary': "A whip is an official of a political party whose task is to ensure party discipline in a legislature . This means ensuring that members of the party vote according to the party platform , rather than according to their own individual ideology or the will of their constituents . Whips are the party 's enforcers . They ensure that their fellow legislators attend voting sessions and vote according to official policy . The term is taken from the whipper-in during a hunt , who tries to prevent hounds from wandering away from a hunting pack . Additionally , the term whip may mean the voting instructions issued to legislators , or the status of a certain legislator in their party 's parliamentary grouping ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . Its Chair is Morgan Carroll . The remaining officers are : Howard Chou - First Vice Chair ; Bob Seay - Secretary ; Rita Simas - Treasurer . The governing body of the party is the State Central Committee , which consists of the Chair and Vice-Chair of the Democratic Party in each of Colorado 's 64 counties , and bonus members for larger counties . Each county party elects its officers between February 1 and February 15 of each odd-numbered year ; the state party then elects its officers in March of odd-numbered years ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'co-Majority Whip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majority_Whip', 'summary': "A whip is an official of a political party whose task is to ensure party discipline in a legislature . This means ensuring that members of the party vote according to the party platform , rather than according to their own individual ideology or the will of their constituents . Whips are the party 's enforcers . They ensure that their fellow legislators attend voting sessions and vote according to official policy . The term is taken from the whipper-in during a hunt , who tries to prevent hounds from wandering away from a hunting pack . Additionally , the term whip may mean the voting instructions issued to legislators , or the status of a certain legislator in their party 's parliamentary grouping ."}]}, {'value': 'Jovan Melton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jovan_Melton', 'summary': "Jovan Melton is a Democratic member of the Colorado House of Representatives , serving since 2013 . Before serving in the House , Melton worked for Lieutenant Governor Barbara O'Brien , and managed the campaigns of state representatives Angela Williams and Rhonda Fields . Melton serves as Democratic majority whip and as Vice-Chair of the Black Democratic Legislative Caucus of Colorado . He is also Founder and Senior Consultant for Emerson Hamilton Consulting and Strategies , LLC based in Aurora , Colorado . He was arrested once for harassment of a girl friend , an incident which occurred when he was a student at the University of Colorado when he was 20 years old . An arrest for assault of a different girlfriend in 2008 resulted in dismissal of charges . He has been accused by a fellow Democratic legislator of bullying , but no charges were filed . After his arrest history became widely known due to a report published in October 2018 by The Denver Post Democratic legislative leaders have asked that he resign . However , he has been strongly defended by Colorado African-American leaders Wellington Webb and Bishop Acen Phillips , who described the request for resignation as a 21st-century lynching He has apologized for past behavior . Melton was re-elected in the November 2018 election following the Denver Post story with 64% of the vote against his republican challenger ."}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . Its Chair is Morgan Carroll . The remaining officers are : Howard Chou - First Vice Chair ; Bob Seay - Secretary ; Rita Simas - Treasurer . The governing body of the party is the State Central Committee , which consists of the Chair and Vice-Chair of the Democratic Party in each of Colorado 's 64 counties , and bonus members for larger counties . Each county party elects its officers between February 1 and February 15 of each odd-numbered year ; the state party then elects its officers in March of odd-numbered years ."}]}, {'value': 'Aurora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado', 'summary': "Aurora ( /əˈroʊrə/ , /əˈrɔːrə/ ) is a Home Rule Municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado , spanning Arapahoe and Adams counties , with the extreme southeastern portion of the city extending into Douglas County . Aurora is one of the principal cities of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area ( Metro Denver ) . The city 's population was 325,078 in the 2010 census , which made it the third most populous city in the state of Colorado and the 54th most populous city in the United States . The Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 2,645,209 on July 1 , 2012 ( the 19th most populous MSA in the U.S. ) . However , Denver and Aurora combined make up less than half of the Denver Metro Area 's population and Aurora has approximately half the population of Denver . The estimated population of the Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area was 3,214,218 on July 1 , 2012 ( 15th most populous CSA ) ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assistant Majority Caucus Chair', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dafna Michaelson Jenet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dafna_Michaelson_Jenet', 'summary': 'Dafna Michaelson Jenet is a Democratic member of the Colorado House of Representatives . She represents District 30 , which covers a portion of Adams County . She was elected to her seat in 2016 , unseating Republican incumbent JoAnn Windholz . Jenet and her husband Michael direct the nonprofit Journey Institute . She published the book It Takes a Little Crazy to Make a Difference in 2015 . The book , which describes her yearlong tour of all 50 states in 2009 , won an International Book Award in the social change category . Jenet serves on the House Finance Committee and the House Public Health Care & Human Services Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Democratic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . Its Chair is Morgan Carroll . The remaining officers are : Howard Chou - First Vice Chair ; Bob Seay - Secretary ; Rita Simas - Treasurer . The governing body of the party is the State Central Committee , which consists of the Chair and Vice-Chair of the Democratic Party in each of Colorado 's 64 counties , and bonus members for larger counties . Each county party elects its officers between February 1 and February 15 of each odd-numbered year ; the state party then elects its officers in March of odd-numbered years ."}]}, {'value': 'Commerce City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commerce_City,_Colorado', 'summary': "The City of Commerce City is a Home Rule Municipality located in Adams County , Colorado , United States . Commerce City is a northern suburb of Denver and as of 2013 [ update ] is the 18th most populous municipality in Colorado . The city population was 45,913 at the 2010 United States Census , a population increase of 118.7% in the ten years since the 2000 census . Commerce City is a mixed residential and industrial community that is known for an oil refinery with a capacity of 90,000 barrels per day ( 14,000 m3/d ) , operated by Suncor . Dick 's Sporting Goods Park , a soccer stadium in Commerce City , hosts the Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer ."}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minority Leader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minority_Leader', 'summary': 'In U.S. politics , the minority leader is the floor leader of the second largest caucus in a legislative body . Given the two-party nature of the U.S. system , the minority leader is almost inevitably either a Republican or a Democrat . The position could be considered similar to that of the Leader of the Opposition in parliamentary systems . In bicameral legislatures , the counterpart to the minority leader in the lower house is the Speaker , and the majority leader is hence only the second-most senior member of the majority caucus . Contrastingly , in upper houses , the titular Speaker is frequently a separately elected officer such as a lieutenant governor or vice president . The minority leader is often assisted in his/her role by one or more whips , whose job is to enforce party discipline on votes deemed to be crucial by the party leadership and to ensure that members do not vote against the position of the party leaders . Some votes are deemed to be so crucial as to lead to punitive measures ( such as demotion from choice committee assignments ) for members who violate the party line ; decisions such as these are often made by the minority leader in conjunction with other senior party leaders . In a state where the executive branch and both houses of the state legislature are controlled by the other party , the minority leader of one of the houses ( most often the upper one ) may be seen as the most senior member of the party in that state with regard to state government ( although inferior in rank to a United States Senator or United States Representative , if there be such in that party from that state ) . At times , particularly during crucial legislation , the minority leader may be consulted by the opposite leader in order to more easily get things passed and ensure that provisions important to the interests the minority party be included . The level of partisanship in state legislative bodies varies greatly from one state to another .'}]}, {'value': 'Patrick Neville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Neville', 'summary': 'Patrick Neville ( born 1983 ) is an American politician and a member of the Colorado House of Representatives from the 45th District , which includes much of Douglas County . A Republican , Neville currently serves as the Minority Leader of the House , having been elected to this position at the beginning of his second term in January 2017 . His father , Tim Neville , is a former Colorado State Senator .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Republican Party is the state affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . The party 's headquarters is located in Greenwood Village , Colorado . The state party chair is U.S. Representative Ken Buck ."}]}, {'value': 'Castle Rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castle_Rock,_Colorado', 'summary': "Castle Rock is an affluent home rule municipality that is the county seat of Douglas County , Colorado , United States . The most populous municipality of the county , the community 's population was 48,231 at the 2010 United States Census , with an estimated population of 64,827 as of 2018 . It is named for the prominent , castle tower-shaped butte near the center of town . Located midway between Denver and Colorado Springs , Castle Rock is part of the Denver metropolitan area and the Front Range Urban Corridor ."}]}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assistant Minority Leader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minority_Leader', 'summary': 'In U.S. politics , the minority leader is the floor leader of the second largest caucus in a legislative body . Given the two-party nature of the U.S. system , the minority leader is almost inevitably either a Republican or a Democrat . The position could be considered similar to that of the Leader of the Opposition in parliamentary systems . In bicameral legislatures , the counterpart to the minority leader in the lower house is the Speaker , and the majority leader is hence only the second-most senior member of the majority caucus . Contrastingly , in upper houses , the titular Speaker is frequently a separately elected officer such as a lieutenant governor or vice president . The minority leader is often assisted in his/her role by one or more whips , whose job is to enforce party discipline on votes deemed to be crucial by the party leadership and to ensure that members do not vote against the position of the party leaders . Some votes are deemed to be so crucial as to lead to punitive measures ( such as demotion from choice committee assignments ) for members who violate the party line ; decisions such as these are often made by the minority leader in conjunction with other senior party leaders . In a state where the executive branch and both houses of the state legislature are controlled by the other party , the minority leader of one of the houses ( most often the upper one ) may be seen as the most senior member of the party in that state with regard to state government ( although inferior in rank to a United States Senator or United States Representative , if there be such in that party from that state ) . At times , particularly during crucial legislation , the minority leader may be consulted by the opposite leader in order to more easily get things passed and ensure that provisions important to the interests the minority party be included . The level of partisanship in state legislative bodies varies greatly from one state to another .'}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Van Winkle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Van_Winkle', 'summary': 'Kevin Van Winkle is a Colorado politician and a member of the Colorado House of Representatives from the 43rd District , which encompasses Highlands Ranch , Colorado . A Republican , Van Winkle owns a small business based in Highlands Ranch .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Republican Party is the state affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . The party 's headquarters is located in Greenwood Village , Colorado . The state party chair is U.S. Representative Ken Buck ."}]}, {'value': 'Highlands Ranch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highlands_Ranch,_Colorado', 'summary': 'Highlands Ranch is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Douglas County , Colorado , United States . The population was 96,713 at the 2010 census . Located 12 miles ( 19 km ) south of Denver , Highlands Ranch is an unincorporated community and was the twelfth-most populous CDP in the United States in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minority Caucus Chair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caucus', 'summary': 'A caucus is a meeting of supporters or members of a specific political party or movement . The term originated in the United States , but has spread to Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa and Nepal . As the use of the term has expanded , the exact definition has come to vary between political cultures .'}]}, {'value': 'Lori Saine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lori_Saine', 'summary': 'Lori Saine is an American politician and a Republican member of the Colorado House of Representatives representing District 63 since January 9 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Republican Party is the state affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . The party 's headquarters is located in Greenwood Village , Colorado . The state party chair is U.S. Representative Ken Buck ."}]}, {'value': 'Firestone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Firestone,_Colorado', 'summary': 'The Town of Firestone is a Statutory Town in Weld County , Colorado , United States . The population was 10,147 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '63', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minority Whip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minority_Whip', 'summary': "A whip is an official of a political party whose task is to ensure party discipline in a legislature . This means ensuring that members of the party vote according to the party platform , rather than according to their own individual ideology or the will of their constituents . Whips are the party 's enforcers . They ensure that their fellow legislators attend voting sessions and vote according to official policy . The term is taken from the whipper-in during a hunt , who tries to prevent hounds from wandering away from a hunting pack . Additionally , the term whip may mean the voting instructions issued to legislators , or the status of a certain legislator in their party 's parliamentary grouping ."}]}, {'value': 'Perry Buck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perry_Buck', 'summary': 'Perry Buck from Windsor , Colorado is an American politician and a Republican member of the Colorado House of Representatives representing District 49 since January 9 , 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Republican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party', 'summary': "The Colorado Republican Party is the state affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Colorado . The party 's headquarters is located in Greenwood Village , Colorado . The state party chair is U.S. Representative Ken Buck ."}]}, {'value': 'Windsor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windsor,_Colorado', 'summary': 'The Town of Windsor is a Home Rule Municipality in Larimer and Weld counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . According to the 2010 census , the population of the town was 18,644 . Windsor is located in the region known as Northern Colorado . Windsor is situated 59 miles ( 95 km ) north of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver .'}]}, {'value': '49', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Leaders', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Colorado_House_of_Representatives_0', 'intro': 'The Colorado House of Representatives is the lower house of the Colorado General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Colorado. The House is composed of 65 members from an equal number of constituent districts, with each district having 75,000 people. Representatives are elected to two-year terms, and are limited to four consecutive terms in office but can run again after a two-year respite. The Colorado House of Representatives convenes at the State Capitol building in Denver.'}
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What district does the politician who resides in a town situated 59 miles north of the Colorado State Capitol represent ?
49
0ac504bfc7aa6e8f
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Douglas_County,_Minnesota', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Douglas County, Minnesota', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria Public Library', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 23 , 1985 ( # 85001817 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7th Ave. , W. and Fillmore St. 45°53′06″N 95°22′44″W / 45.885061°N 95.378811°W / 45.885061 ; -95.378811 ( Alexandria Public Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Alexandria is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County , Minnesota . First settled in 1858 , it was named after brothers Alexander and William Kinkead from Maryland . The form of the name alludes to Alexandria , Egypt , a center of learning and civilization . The village of Alexandria was incorporated February 20 , 1877 . Its city charter was adopted in 1908 , and it was incorporated as a city in 1909 . W. E. Hicks was pivotal to the town 's early development . He purchased the townsite in 1868 and established a mill , hotel , newspaper , and store . He donated property for a courthouse , jail , and two churches : Methodist and Congregational . The population was 11,070 as of the 2010 census . Alexandria is near Interstate 94 , along Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29 . It is ten miles south of Lake Carlos State Park . In 2013 , Alexandria was named a Top 10 Best Small Town by the Livability website ."}]}, {'value': "One of west-central Minnesota 's largest Carnegie libraries , built in 1903 for a public institution established in the 1880s . Also noted for its Beaux-Arts architecture by Henry A. Foeller", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnegie_library', 'summary': 'A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie . A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929 , including some belonging to public and university library systems . 1,689 were built in the United States , 660 in the United Kingdom and Ireland , 125 in Canada , and others in Australia , South Africa , New Zealand , Serbia , Belgium , France , the Caribbean , Mauritius , Malaysia , and Fiji . At first , Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a personal connection - namely his birthplace in Scotland and the Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania area , his adopted home-town . Yet , beginning in the middle of 1899 , Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside these areas . In later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused . By the time the last grant was made in 1919 , there were 3,500 libraries in the United States , nearly half of them built with construction grants paid by Carnegie .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture', 'summary': 'Beaux-Arts architecture ( /ˌboʊˈzɑːr/ ; French : [ bozaʁ ] ) was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century . It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism , but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance elements , and used modern materials , such as iron and glass . It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century . It also had a strong influence on architecture in the United States , because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts , including Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham , and Louis Sullivan . :76'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria Residential Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 11 , 1991 ( # 90002120 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Cedar and Douglas Sts . and Lincoln and 12th Aves . 45°52′57″N 95°22′59″W / 45.882473°N 95.382995°W / 45.882473 ; -95.382995 ( Alexandria Residential Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Alexandria is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County , Minnesota . First settled in 1858 , it was named after brothers Alexander and William Kinkead from Maryland . The form of the name alludes to Alexandria , Egypt , a center of learning and civilization . The village of Alexandria was incorporated February 20 , 1877 . Its city charter was adopted in 1908 , and it was incorporated as a city in 1909 . W. E. Hicks was pivotal to the town 's early development . He purchased the townsite in 1868 and established a mill , hotel , newspaper , and store . He donated property for a courthouse , jail , and two churches : Methodist and Congregational . The population was 11,070 as of the 2010 census . Alexandria is near Interstate 94 , along Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29 . It is ten miles south of Lake Carlos State Park . In 2013 , Alexandria was named a Top 10 Best Small Town by the Livability website ."}]}, {'value': "Outstate Minnesota 's largest and most intact late-19th/early-20th-century residential district , with 59 houses charting Alexandria 's professional class and its architecture", 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basswood Shores Site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 8 , 1994 ( # 94000338 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Alexandria is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County , Minnesota . First settled in 1858 , it was named after brothers Alexander and William Kinkead from Maryland . The form of the name alludes to Alexandria , Egypt , a center of learning and civilization . The village of Alexandria was incorporated February 20 , 1877 . Its city charter was adopted in 1908 , and it was incorporated as a city in 1909 . W. E. Hicks was pivotal to the town 's early development . He purchased the townsite in 1868 and established a mill , hotel , newspaper , and store . He donated property for a courthouse , jail , and two churches : Methodist and Congregational . The population was 11,070 as of the 2010 census . Alexandria is near Interstate 94 , along Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29 . It is ten miles south of Lake Carlos State Park . In 2013 , Alexandria was named a Top 10 Best Small Town by the Livability website ."}]}, {'value': 'Briefly occupied Late Woodland period campsite yielding Sandy Lake Ware ceramics , the southernmost documented examples of a style associated with possible ancestors of the Dakota people', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodland_period', 'summary': 'In the classification of archaeological cultures of North America , the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America , with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period , from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period . The term Woodland Period was introduced in the 1930s as a generic term for prehistoric sites falling between the Archaic hunter-gatherers and the agriculturalist Mississippian cultures . The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region , the Eastern United States , along to the Gulf of Mexico . This period is variously considered a developmental stage , a time period , a suite of technological adaptations or traits , and a family tree of cultures related to earlier Archaic cultures . It can be characterized as a chronological and cultural manifestation without any massive changes in a short time but instead having a continuous development in stone and bone tools , leather crafting , textile manufacture , cultivation , and shelter construction . Many Woodland peoples used spears and atlatls until the end of the period , when they were replaced by bows and arrows ; however , Southeastern Woodland peoples also used blowguns . The most cited technological distinction of this period was the widespread use of pottery ( although pottery manufacture had arisen during the Archaic period in some places ) , and the diversification of pottery forms , decorations , and manufacturing practices . The increasing use of horticulture and the development of the Eastern Agricultural Complex , consisting of weedy seed plants as well as gourd cultivation , also meant that groups became less mobile over time and , in some times and places , people lived in permanently occupied villages and cities . Intensive agriculture characterizes the Mississippian period from c. 1000-1400 CE and may have continued up to European contact , around 500 years ago .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dakota_people', 'summary': 'The Dakota ( pronounced [ daˈkˣota ] , Dakota language : Dakȟóta/Dakhóta ) are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government in North America . They compose two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux /ˈsuː/ people , and are typically divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota . The Eastern Dakota are the Santee ( Isáŋyathi or Isáŋ-athi ; knife + encampment , ″dwells at the place of knife flint″ ) , who reside in the eastern Dakotas , central Minnesota and northern Iowa . They have federally recognized tribes established in several places . The Western Dakota are the Yankton , and the Yanktonai ( Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ; Village-at-the-end and Little village-at-the-end ) , who reside in the Upper Missouri River area . The Yankton-Yanktonai are collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena ( ″Those Who Speak Like Men″ ) . They also have distinct federally recognized tribes . In the past the Western Dakota have been erroneously classified as Nakota , a branch of the Sioux who moved further west . The latter are now located in Montana and across the border in Canada , where they are known as Stoney .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Auditorium_and_Fire_Hall', 'summary': "The Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall , on Holmes Ave. in Brandon , Minnesota , is a historic fire station and other facility . It has also been known as the Brandon Auditorium and City Hall . It was built as a Works Progress Administration project during 1935-36 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 . It is a unique municipal hall . It has been described as Minnesota 's most creative WPA construction project and a symbol of its dual success in generating jobs and public buildings . Now the Brandon History Center . It was designed by Minneapolis architect F. Boes Pfeifer to serve as a combination gymnasium/auditorium , fire hall , and village office . It had a 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) stage , and a balcony with a movie projection booth . The two-stall fire engine garage was no longer operational since the 1970s ."}]}, {'value': 'August 29 , 1985 ( # 85001928 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105 Holmes Ave. 45°57′52″N 95°35′52″W / 45.964446°N 95.597864°W / 45.964446 ; -95.597864 ( Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Brandon is a city in Douglas County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 489 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': "Unique municipal hall built 1935-36 , Minnesota 's most creative WPA construction project and a symbol of its dual success in generating jobs and public buildings . Now the Brandon History Center", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration', 'summary': "The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration ) was an American New Deal agency , employing millions of job-seekers ( mostly unskilled men ) to carry out public works projects , including the construction of public buildings and roads . It was established on May 6 , 1935 , by Executive Order 7034 . In one project , Federal Project Number One , the WPA employed musicians , artists , writers , actors and directors in large arts , drama , media , and literacy projects . The five projects dedicated to these were : the Federal Writers Project ( FWP ) , the Historical Records Survey ( HRS ) , the Federal Theatre Project ( FTP ) , the Federal Music Project ( FMP ) , and the Federal Art Project ( FAP ) . In the Historical Records Survey , for instance , many former slaves in the South were interviewed ; these documents are of great importance for American history . Theater and music groups toured throughout the United States , and gave more than 225,000 performances . Archaeological investigations under the WPA were influential in the rediscovery of pre-Columbian Native American cultures , and the development of professional archaeology in the US . The WPA 's initial appropriation in 1935 was for $ 4.9 billion ( about 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP ) . Headed by Harry Hopkins , the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States , while developing infrastructure to support the current and future society . Above all , the WPA hired workers and craftsmen who were mainly employed in building streets . Thus , under the leadership of the WPA , more than 1 million km of streets and over 10,000 bridges were built , in addition to many airports and much housing . The largest single project of the WPA was the Tennessee Valley Authority , which provided the impoverished Tennessee Valley with dams and waterworks to create an infrastructure for electrical power ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas F. Cowing House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 23 , 1985 ( # 85001821 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '316 Jefferson St. 45°53′19″N 95°22′24″W / 45.88872°N 95.37343°W / 45.88872 ; -95.37343 ( Thomas F. Cowing House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Alexandria is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County , Minnesota . First settled in 1858 , it was named after brothers Alexander and William Kinkead from Maryland . The form of the name alludes to Alexandria , Egypt , a center of learning and civilization . The village of Alexandria was incorporated February 20 , 1877 . Its city charter was adopted in 1908 , and it was incorporated as a city in 1909 . W. E. Hicks was pivotal to the town 's early development . He purchased the townsite in 1868 and established a mill , hotel , newspaper , and store . He donated property for a courthouse , jail , and two churches : Methodist and Congregational . The population was 11,070 as of the 2010 census . Alexandria is near Interstate 94 , along Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29 . It is ten miles south of Lake Carlos State Park . In 2013 , Alexandria was named a Top 10 Best Small Town by the Livability website ."}]}, {'value': "Regionally rare Gothic Revival cottage , one of Alexandria 's oldest intact buildings , constructed c. 1875 . Also associated with successive owners Thomas F. Cowing ( 1841-1916 ) and Gustave Kortsch ( 1850-1928 ) , local merchants turned political and civic leaders", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douglas County Courthouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 23 , 1985 ( # 85001816 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '320 7th Ave. , W. 45°53′03″N 95°22′54″W / 45.884142°N 95.381643°W / 45.884142 ; -95.381643 ( Douglas County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Alexandria is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County , Minnesota . First settled in 1858 , it was named after brothers Alexander and William Kinkead from Maryland . The form of the name alludes to Alexandria , Egypt , a center of learning and civilization . The village of Alexandria was incorporated February 20 , 1877 . Its city charter was adopted in 1908 , and it was incorporated as a city in 1909 . W. E. Hicks was pivotal to the town 's early development . He purchased the townsite in 1868 and established a mill , hotel , newspaper , and store . He donated property for a courthouse , jail , and two churches : Methodist and Congregational . The population was 11,070 as of the 2010 census . Alexandria is near Interstate 94 , along Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29 . It is ten miles south of Lake Carlos State Park . In 2013 , Alexandria was named a Top 10 Best Small Town by the Livability website ."}]}, {'value': "1895 courthouse designed by Buechner & Jacobson ; Douglas County 's largest surviving Victorian building and long-serving seat of government", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buechner_&_Jacobson', 'summary': "Buechner & Orth was a St. Paul , Minnesota-based architectural firm that designed buildings in Minnesota and surrounding states , including 13 courthouses in North Dakota . It was the subject of a 1979 historic resources study . Charles W. Buechner , the founding partner , was born in Germany in 1859.:11 He emigrated to the United States in 1874 and worked for a time at the Northern Pacific Railway as a surveyor and civil engineer , eventually becoming the Superintendent of Tracks , Buildings and Bridges . He left the Northern Pacific and studied architecture under noted Minnesota architect Clarence H. Johnston Sr . In 1892 , he founded the firm Buechner & Jacobson with partner John H. Jacobson . They designed at least three Minnesota courthouses in the popular Richardsonian Romanesque style . :11 In 1902 , John Jacobson died , so Buechner formed a new partnership with Henry W. Orth , a recent Norwegian immigrant . They designed the Pierce County Courthouse in the Neoclassical Revival style popularized by the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 . In the next 25 years , they designed at least 19 other courthouses in this style . :11"}, {'url': '/wiki/Victorian_architecture', 'summary': "Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century . Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria ( 1837-1901 ) , called the Victorian era , during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction . However , many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria 's reign . The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles . The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch . Within this naming and classification scheme , it followed Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture , and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Northern Passenger Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Northern_Passenger_Depot_(Alexandria,_Minnesota)', 'summary': 'Alexandria station is a historic train station in Alexandria , Minnesota . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 as the Great Northern Passenger Depot . The Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad reached Alexandria in 1878 . The Great Northern Railway promoted Alexandria as a tourist destination , with brochures and attractive fares , and the growing tourist traffic made it necessary to replace the original wood-frame depot . The new depot was built more ornately than the usual depots , which were executed from standardized plans developed by the railroads . The Alexandria depot had mosaic tile floors , birch woodwork , enameled brick wainscoting , and comfortable furniture , and it was located conveniently next to a nearby park . The new depot was one of the largest and most ornate along the Great Northern line in Minnesota . The Alexandria depot was an active passenger station until 1967 . Freight service continued until 1976 , at which point the depot was shuttered . Burlington Northern sold the building in 1984 , and its new owners completed a restoration and reopened it the next year as the Depot Express Restaurant and Lounge . The adjacent rail line is now the Central Lakes State Trail .'}]}, {'value': 'August 15 , 1985 ( # 85001760 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N. Broadway and Agnes Boulevard 45°53′30″N 95°22′44″W / 45.89167°N 95.378859°W / 45.89167 ; -95.378859 ( Great Northern Passenger Depot )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Alexandria is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County , Minnesota . First settled in 1858 , it was named after brothers Alexander and William Kinkead from Maryland . The form of the name alludes to Alexandria , Egypt , a center of learning and civilization . The village of Alexandria was incorporated February 20 , 1877 . Its city charter was adopted in 1908 , and it was incorporated as a city in 1909 . W. E. Hicks was pivotal to the town 's early development . He purchased the townsite in 1868 and established a mill , hotel , newspaper , and store . He donated property for a courthouse , jail , and two churches : Methodist and Congregational . The population was 11,070 as of the 2010 census . Alexandria is near Interstate 94 , along Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29 . It is ten miles south of Lake Carlos State Park . In 2013 , Alexandria was named a Top 10 Best Small Town by the Livability website ."}]}, {'value': "One of Minnesota 's largest and most ornate stations on the Great Northern Railway , built in 1907 . Also symbolic of the impact of the railroad on Alexandria and the local resort industry . Now a restaurant", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)', 'summary': "The Great Northern Railway ( reporting mark GN ) was an American Class I railroad . Running from Saint Paul , Minnesota , to Seattle , Washington , it was the creation of 19th-century railroad entrepreneur James J. Hill and was developed from the Saint Paul & Pacific Railroad . The Great Northern 's route was the northernmost transcontinental railroad route in the U.S . In 1970 the Great Northern Railway merged with three other railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad , which merged in 1996 with the , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to form the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway . The Great Northern was the only successfully built privately funded transcontinental railroad in U.S. history . No federal subsidies were used during its construction , unlike all other transcontinental railroads ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John B. Johnson House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 9 , 1977 ( # 77000730 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Route 52 45°52′02″N 95°08′59″W / 45.867235°N 95.149611°W / 45.867235 ; -95.149611 ( John B. Johnson House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_52', 'summary': "U.S. Route 52 ( US 52 ) is a major United States highway in the central United States that extends from the northern to southeastern region of the United States . Contrary to most other even-numbered U.S . Highways , US 52 primarily follows a northwest-southeast route , and is signed north-south or east-west depending on the local orientation of the route . The highway 's northwestern terminus is at Portal , North Dakota , on the Canadian border , where it continues as Saskatchewan Highway 39 . Its southeastern terminus is in Charleston , South Carolina , at Number 2 Meeting Street and White Point Gardens along the Charleston Harbor ."}]}, {'value': 'Osakis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osakis,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Osakis ( /oʊˈseɪkɪs/ oh-SAY-kis ) is a city in Douglas and Todd counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota . The population was 1,740 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Unusual hexagonal house with plunging rooflines , built c. 1886 in hopes of withstanding high winds', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Carlos State Park WPA/Rustic Style Group Camp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Carlos_State_Park', 'summary': "Lake Carlos State Park is a state park about 10 miles north of Alexandria , Minnesota , USA . The park was established in 1937 to provide a public recreational facility in one of Minnesota 's summer resort centers , and attracts tourists from Minnesota and bordering states . Visitors often view fauna such as beaver , deer , loons , grebes , various ducks and herons . Five buildings in the park , constructed by the Works Progress Administration in the Rustic Style , are included within the National Register of Historic Places . These include the Mess Hall and Crafts Building within the group camp area , as well as the water tower , sanitation building , and bath house within the public use area . The namesake lake , Lake Carlos , was named for the friend of an early settler ."}]}, {'value': 'July 2 , 1992 ( # 92000776 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off Minnesota Highway 29 on the northeastern shore of Lake Carlos 45°59′31″N 95°20′50″W / 45.991944°N 95.347222°W / 45.991944 ; -95.347222 ( Lake Carlos State Park WPA/Rustic Style Group Camp )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_29', 'summary': 'Minnesota State Highway 29 ( MN 29 ) is a 126.592-mile-long ( 203.730 km ) highway in west-central Minnesota , which runs from its junction with U.S . Highways 59 and 212 in Montevideo and continues north to its terminus at U.S. Highway 71 in Wadena .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Carlos is a city in Douglas County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 502 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': "Two park facilities built 1941-42 , significant as examples of New Deal federal work relief , the development of Minnesota 's state parks , and National Park Service rustic design", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Deal', 'summary': 'The New Deal was a series of programs , public work projects , financial reforms , and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939 . It responded to needs for relief , reform , and recovery from the Great Depression . Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . They provided support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly . The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply . New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the 3 Rs : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels , and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional [ clarification needed ] Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and non-whites and ethnic whites . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 to 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Park_Service_rustic', 'summary': 'National Park Service rustic - sometimes colloquially called Parkitecture - is a style of architecture that developed in the early and middle 20th century in the United States National Park Service ( NPS ) through its efforts to create buildings that harmonized with the natural environment . Since its founding in 1916 , the NPS sought to design and build visitor facilities without visually interrupting the natural or historic surroundings . The early results were characterized by intensive use of hand labor and a rejection of the regularity and symmetry of the industrial world , reflecting connections with the Arts and Crafts movement and American Picturesque architecture . Architects , landscape architects and engineers combined native wood and stone with convincingly native styles to create visually appealing structures that seemed to fit naturally within the majestic landscapes . Examples of the style can be found in numerous types of National Park structures , including entrance gateways , hotels and lodges , park roads and bridges , visitor centers , trail shelters , informational kiosks , and even mundane maintenance and support facilities . Many of these buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Carlos State Park WPA/Rustic Style Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Carlos_State_Park', 'summary': "Lake Carlos State Park is a state park about 10 miles north of Alexandria , Minnesota , USA . The park was established in 1937 to provide a public recreational facility in one of Minnesota 's summer resort centers , and attracts tourists from Minnesota and bordering states . Visitors often view fauna such as beaver , deer , loons , grebes , various ducks and herons . Five buildings in the park , constructed by the Works Progress Administration in the Rustic Style , are included within the National Register of Historic Places . These include the Mess Hall and Crafts Building within the group camp area , as well as the water tower , sanitation building , and bath house within the public use area . The namesake lake , Lake Carlos , was named for the friend of an early settler ."}]}, {'value': 'July 2 , 1992 ( # 89001654 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off Minnesota Highway 29 on the northwestern shore of Lake Carlos 45°59′43″N 95°20′41″W / 45.995278°N 95.344722°W / 45.995278 ; -95.344722 ( Lake Carlos State Park WPA/Rustic Style Historic District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_29', 'summary': 'Minnesota State Highway 29 ( MN 29 ) is a 126.592-mile-long ( 203.730 km ) highway in west-central Minnesota , which runs from its junction with U.S . Highways 59 and 212 in Montevideo and continues north to its terminus at U.S. Highway 71 in Wadena .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Carlos is a city in Douglas County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 502 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': "Three park facilities built 1938-1942 , significant as examples of New Deal federal work relief , the development of Minnesota 's state parks , and split stone National Park Service rustic design", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Deal', 'summary': 'The New Deal was a series of programs , public work projects , financial reforms , and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939 . It responded to needs for relief , reform , and recovery from the Great Depression . Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . They provided support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly . The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply . New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the 3 Rs : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels , and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional [ clarification needed ] Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and non-whites and ethnic whites . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 to 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Park_Service_rustic', 'summary': 'National Park Service rustic - sometimes colloquially called Parkitecture - is a style of architecture that developed in the early and middle 20th century in the United States National Park Service ( NPS ) through its efforts to create buildings that harmonized with the natural environment . Since its founding in 1916 , the NPS sought to design and build visitor facilities without visually interrupting the natural or historic surroundings . The early results were characterized by intensive use of hand labor and a rejection of the regularity and symmetry of the industrial world , reflecting connections with the Arts and Crafts movement and American Picturesque architecture . Architects , landscape architects and engineers combined native wood and stone with convincingly native styles to create visually appealing structures that seemed to fit naturally within the majestic landscapes . Examples of the style can be found in numerous types of National Park structures , including entrance gateways , hotels and lodges , park roads and bridges , visitor centers , trail shelters , informational kiosks , and even mundane maintenance and support facilities . Many of these buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knute Nelson House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 13 , 1977 ( # 77000729 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1219 S. Nokomis St. 45°52′41″N 95°21′59″W / 45.878003°N 95.366494°W / 45.878003 ; -95.366494 ( Knute Nelson House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Alexandria is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County , Minnesota . First settled in 1858 , it was named after brothers Alexander and William Kinkead from Maryland . The form of the name alludes to Alexandria , Egypt , a center of learning and civilization . The village of Alexandria was incorporated February 20 , 1877 . Its city charter was adopted in 1908 , and it was incorporated as a city in 1909 . W. E. Hicks was pivotal to the town 's early development . He purchased the townsite in 1868 and established a mill , hotel , newspaper , and store . He donated property for a courthouse , jail , and two churches : Methodist and Congregational . The population was 11,070 as of the 2010 census . Alexandria is near Interstate 94 , along Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29 . It is ten miles south of Lake Carlos State Park . In 2013 , Alexandria was named a Top 10 Best Small Town by the Livability website ."}]}, {'value': '1872 house ( remodeled in 1915 ) of pioneering Norwegian-American politician Knute Nelson ( 1843-1923 ) , multiterm U.S. Representative , Governor of Minnesota , and U.S . Senator . Now houses the Douglas County Historical Society', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knute_Nelson', 'summary': 'Knute Nelson ( born Knud Evanger ; February 2 , 1843 - April 28 , 1923 ) was an American attorney and politician active in both Wisconsin and Minnesota . A Republican , he served in state and national positions : he was elected to the Wisconsin and Minnesota legislatures , was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and the United States Senate from Minnesota , and he served as the 12th Governor of Minnesota from 1893-1895 . He is known for promoting the Nelson Act of 1889 to consolidate the Ojibwe/Chippewa in Minnesota on a western reservation in the state , and require the breakup of their communal land by allotting it to individual households , with sales of the remainder to anyone , including non-natives . This was similar to the Dawes Act of 1887 , which had applied to Native American lands in the Indian Territory .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August Tonn Farmstead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 25 , 1985 ( # 85002485 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Road 65 45°59′39″N 95°17′09″W / 45.994167°N 95.285833°W / 45.994167 ; -95.285833 ( August Tonn Farmstead )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Carlos is a city in Douglas County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 502 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Rare , intact subsistence farm exhibiting pioneer log construction . Contains seven contributing properties built 1875-c. 1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Post Office-Alexandria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1979 ( # 79001238 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '625 Broadway St. 45°53′06″N 95°22′38″W / 45.884949°N 95.377319°W / 45.884949 ; -95.377319 ( U.S. Post Office-Alexandria )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Alexandria is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County , Minnesota . First settled in 1858 , it was named after brothers Alexander and William Kinkead from Maryland . The form of the name alludes to Alexandria , Egypt , a center of learning and civilization . The village of Alexandria was incorporated February 20 , 1877 . Its city charter was adopted in 1908 , and it was incorporated as a city in 1909 . W. E. Hicks was pivotal to the town 's early development . He purchased the townsite in 1868 and established a mill , hotel , newspaper , and store . He donated property for a courthouse , jail , and two churches : Methodist and Congregational . The population was 11,070 as of the 2010 census . Alexandria is near Interstate 94 , along Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29 . It is ten miles south of Lake Carlos State Park . In 2013 , Alexandria was named a Top 10 Best Small Town by the Livability website ."}]}, {'value': "1910 Renaissance Revival post office , an example of pre-World War I government architecture and the manifestation of Alexandria 's importance in the communication infrastructure of west-central Minnesota", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Renaissance Revival architecture ( sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance ) is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation Renaissance architecture nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Renaissance humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid- and later nineteenth century : Neo-Renaissance might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called Italianate , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) . The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets - all deemed Renaissance - illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noah P. Ward House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 23 , 1985 ( # 85001822 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '422 7th Ave. , W. 45°53′04″N 95°23′00″W / 45.884515°N 95.383424°W / 45.884515 ; -95.383424 ( Noah P. Ward House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Alexandria is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County , Minnesota . First settled in 1858 , it was named after brothers Alexander and William Kinkead from Maryland . The form of the name alludes to Alexandria , Egypt , a center of learning and civilization . The village of Alexandria was incorporated February 20 , 1877 . Its city charter was adopted in 1908 , and it was incorporated as a city in 1909 . W. E. Hicks was pivotal to the town 's early development . He purchased the townsite in 1868 and established a mill , hotel , newspaper , and store . He donated property for a courthouse , jail , and two churches : Methodist and Congregational . The population was 11,070 as of the 2010 census . Alexandria is near Interstate 94 , along Minnesota State Highways 27 and 29 . It is ten miles south of Lake Carlos State Park . In 2013 , Alexandria was named a Top 10 Best Small Town by the Livability website ."}]}, {'value': "One of Alexandria 's largest and most sophisticated Victorian houses , built c. 1903 for early businessman and civic leader Noah P. Ward ( 1855-1927 ) . Also a contributing property to the Alexandria Residential Historic District", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victorian_architecture', 'summary': "Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century . Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria ( 1837-1901 ) , called the Victorian era , during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction . However , many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria 's reign . The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles . The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch . Within this naming and classification scheme , it followed Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture , and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': 'Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Douglas_County,_Minnesota_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Douglas County, Minnesota. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Douglas County, Minnesota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 14 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. A supplementary list includes one additional site that was formerly listed on the National Register.'}
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The park in Carlos was established in what year ?
1937
0ac56e7fecbe9c7e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Kazakhstan', 'title': 'List of football stadiums in Kazakhstan', 'header': ['Stadium', 'Capacity', 'City', 'Team', 'Year of establishment'], 'data': [{'value': 'Astana Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astana_Arena', 'summary': 'The Astana Arena ( Kazakh : Астана Арена ) is a football stadium in Nur-Sultan ( formerly Astana ) , Kazakhstan . The stadium holds 30,000 and has a retractable roof . It serves as the national stadium for the Kazakhstan national football team . Astana Arena is the second largest stadium in the country and it was built from 2006 to 2009 at a cost of $ 185 million , and was officially opened on 3 July 2009 . It is also a home ground for FC Astana of the Kazakhstan Premier League and FC Bayterek of the Kazakhstan First Division . The stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the 7th Asian Winter Games on 31 January 2011 . Astana Arena was one of the venues to bid to host UEFA Euro 2020 matches .'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nur-Sultan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nur-Sultan', 'summary': "Nur-Sultan ( US : /ˌnʊərsʊlˈtɑːn/ ; Kazakh : Nur-Sultan , Нұр-Сұлтан ; Russian : Нур-Султан ) , previously named Astana [ a ] ( Kazakh : Astana , Russian : Астана ) from 1998 to 2019 , is the capital city of Kazakhstan . In March 2019 , it was renamed to Nur-Sultan after the departing Kazakh president , Nursultan Nazarbayev . It stands on the banks of the Ishim River in the northern portion of Kazakhstan , within the Akmola Region , though administered separately from the region as a city with special status . A 2017 official estimate reported a population of 1,029,556 within the city limits , making it the second-largest city in the country , behind Almaty , the capital from 1991 to 1997 . Akmola ( from 1998 Astana and from 2019 Nur-Sultan ) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997 , and since then has developed economically into one of the most modernized cities in Central Asia . On 23 March 2019 , following a unanimous vote in Kazakhstan 's parliament , the city was renamed Nur-Sultan , after former Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev . Modern Nur-Sultan is a planned city , much like other planned capitals . After it became the capital of Kazakhstan , the city cardinally changed its shape . The Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa designed the master plan of Astana . As the seat of the Government of Kazakhstan , Nur-Sultan is the site of the Parliament House , the Supreme Court , the Ak Orda Presidential Palace and numerous government departments and agencies . It is home to many futuristic buildings , hotels and skyscrapers ."}]}, {'value': 'Lokomotiv Astana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Astana', 'summary': "Astana Football Club ( Kazakh : Astana Fýtbol Klýby ) is a professional football club based in Nur-Sultan . They play in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . The club 's home ground is the 30,254-seat Astana Arena stadium . The club colours , reflected in their badge and kit , are sky blue and yellow . Founded as Lokomotiv Astana in 2009 , the club changed its name to Astana in 2011 . They are members of the Astana Presidential Club , an association of the main sports teams in Astana supported by the Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna . The short history of the club already boasts five league titles , three Kazakhstan Cups and three Kazakhstan Super Cups . The club 's strongest rivalry is with Kairat , among fans their matches are known as the Two Capitals Derby ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Almaty Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almaty_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Central Stadium ( Kazakh : Алматы орталық стадионы , Almaty ortalyq stadıony or Орталық стадион , Ortalyq stadıon ; Ortalyq Stadıony ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Almaty , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium is shared by FC Kairat Almaty . It also serves as the home stadium for the Kazakhstan national football team .'}]}, {'value': '26,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Almaty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kairat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Kairat', 'summary': "Football Club Kairat ( Kazakh : Qaırat Fýtbol Klýby ) is a professional football club based in Almaty , which plays in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . Founded in 1954 as Lokomotiv Alma-Ata , they became Urozhay in 1955 and Kairat in 1956 . The club 's home ground is the Central Stadium which has a capacity of 23,804 . The club 's home kit colours are yellow and black striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . Kairat was the leading Kazakh club during the Soviet period and the only representative of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Top League . For this , Kairat became nicknamed The Nation 's Team , and remain widely supported all over the country . All in all , the club spent 24 seasons in the Soviet highest level . They also won Soviet First League titles twice in 1976 and 1983 . During this period , Kairat was a part of the Voluntary Sports Societies of the Soviet Union . In modern history , Kairat won two league titles , eight Kazakhstan Cups and two Kazakhstan Super Cups . The club 's strongest rivalry is FC Astana , among fans their matches are considered as the Two Capitals Derby ."}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazhymukan_Munaitpasov_Stadium_(Shymkent)', 'summary': 'Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium ( Kazakh : Қажымұқан Мұңайтпасұлы , Qajymuqan Muńaıtpasuly ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Shymkent , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity of 20,000 people . The stadium is named after Kazhymukan Munaitpasov , a Kazakh wrestler and repeated World Champion in Greco-Roman wrestling .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shymkent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ordabasy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Ordabasy', 'summary': 'FC Ordabasy ( Kazakh : Ордабасы Футбол Клубы , Ordabasy Fýtbol Klýby ) is a football club from Kazakhstan based at the K. Munaitpasov Stadium in Shymkent . Ordabasy was formed in July 2000 as FC Dostyk , following the merger of two existing Kazakhstan Premier League sides , FC Zhiger and FC Tomiris .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakhtyor Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakhtyor_Stadium_(Karagandy)', 'summary': 'Shakhtyor Stadium ( Kazakh : Шахтёр стадионы , Shahtıor stadıony ) is a multi-use stadium in Karaganda , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Shakhter . Coordinates : 49°49′07″N 73°04′30″E / 49.818618°N 73.075122°E / 49.818618 ; 73.075122'}]}, {'value': '19,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karagandy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karagandy', 'summary': "Karaganda or Qaraghandy ( Kazakh : Қарағанды/Qaraǵandy , pronounced [ qɑɾɑˈʁɑndə ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Караганда , pronounced [ kərəɡɐnˈda ] ) is the capital of Karaganda Region in the Republic of Kazakhstan . It is the fourth most populous city in Kazakhstan , behind Almaty ( Alma-Ata ) , Nur-Sultan and Shymkent . Population : 459,778 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 436,864 ( 1999 Census results ) . Karaganda is approximately 230 km south-east of Kazakhstan 's capital Nur-Sultan ( formerly known as Astana ) . In the 1940s up to 70% of the city 's inhabitants were ethnic Germans . [ citation needed ] Most of the ethnic Germans were Soviet Volga Germans who were collectively deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan on Stalin 's order when Hitler invaded Soviet-annexed eastern Poland and the Soviet Union proper in 1941 . Until the 1950s , many of these deportees were interned in labor camps , often simply because they were of German descent . The population of Karaganda fell by 14% from 1989-1999 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union ; it was once Kazakhstan 's second-largest city after Almaty . Over 100,000 people have since emigrated to Germany . There is also a concentration of ethnic Poles in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Shakhter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Shakhter', 'summary': 'Football Club Shakhter ( Kazakh : Шахтер футбол клубы ) , commonly referred to as FC Shakhter Karagandy ( Kazakh : Қарағанды/Qarağandı [ qɑɾɑˈʁɑndə ] ( listen ) ; Russian : Караганда/Karaganda ) , is a professional football club based in Karagandy , Kazakhstan . They have been members of the Kazakhstan Premier League since its foundation in 1992 .'}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aktobe Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aktobe_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Koblandy batyr stadium ( Kazakh : Қобыланды батыр стадионы , Qobylandy batyr stadıony ) is the main football arena of the city and for FC Aktobe . It was constructed in 1975 . On the opening day on August 28 , 1975 , Aktyubinets played against CSKA Moscow . Match ended with score 1:0 in favor of visiting team . Kopeykin scored the goal . The stadium is one of the best attended in Kazakhstan with capacity of just under 13,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '13,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aktobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aktobe', 'summary': 'Aktobe ( Kazakh : Ақтөбе , romanized : Aqtóbe ; Russian : Актобе́ , romanized : Aktobe ) is a city on the Ilek River in Kazakhstan . It is the administrative center of Aktobe Region . In 2020 , it had a population of 500 803 people . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Aktobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Aktobe', 'summary': 'Football Club Aktobe ( Kazakh : Aqtóbe Fýtbol Klýby ) , commonly referred to as FC Aktobe or simply Aktobe , is a professional football club based in Aktobe . They play in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . Formed as Aktyubinets in 1967 , they became Aktobemunai in 1996 , Aktobe in 1997 , Aktobe-Lento in 2000 and finally Aktobe again in 2005 . Their home ground is the 13,500 seat Central Stadium . Aktobe have won five league titles , one Kazakhstan Cup and three Kazakhstan Super Cup . The club has also won two Soviet Second League titles in 1981 and 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taraz Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taraz_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'Taraz Central Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Taraz , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Taraz . Coordinates : 42°54′06″N 71°22′56″E / 42.901751°N 71.382224°E / 42.901751 ; 71.382224'}]}, {'value': '12,525', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taraz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taraz', 'summary': 'Taraz ( Kazakh : Тараз , romanized : Taraz ; known to Europeans as Talas ) is a city and the administrative center of Jambyl Region in Kazakhstan , located on the Talas ( Taraz ) River in the south of the country near the border with Kyrgyzstan . It had a population of 330,100 ( 1999 Census ) , up 9% from 1989 , making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the country , after Nur-Sultan and Turkistan . One of the oldest cities in Kazakhstan and in Transoxania , built and populated by the ancient Sogdians , Taraz celebrated its official 2000th anniversary ( recognized by UNESCO ) in 2001 , dating from a fortress built in the area by a Xiongnu Chanyu named Zhizhi and was a site of the Battle of Zhizhi in 36 BCE . The city was first recorded under the name Talas in 568 CE by Menander Protector . The medieval city of Talas was a major trade centre along the Silk Road . Talas was later described by Xuanzang , who passed Talas in 629 and later wrote : Traveling westward from the Thousand Springs 140 or 150 li , we come to the city of Daluosi . The city is 8 or 9 li in diameter ; and was settled by Hu ( foreign , non-Oriental ) merchants from various nations . The products and the climate are about the same as Suyab . The Talas alphabet , a variant of the Turkic runiform Orkhon script , is named for the town . Talas secured a place in history by virtue of the Battle of Talas ( 751 CE ) , which was fought between forces of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and those of the Arab Abbasid Caliphate . The battle took place somewhere along the Talas River in the Talas valley . One of its indirect outcomes was the introduction of paper to the west , via the Arab capture of Chinese paper makers .'}]}, {'value': 'Taraz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Taraz', 'summary': 'FC Taraz ( Kazakh : Taraz Fýtbol Klýby ) are a Kazakhstani football club based at the Taraz Central Stadium in Taraz . A leading club in the early years of the Kazakhstan Premier League , they were champions in 1996 , and Kazakhstan Cup winners in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K.Munaitpasov , Astana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazhimukan_Munaitpasov_Stadium_(Astana)', 'summary': 'Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium ( Kazakh : Қажымұқан Мұңайтпасов стадион , Qajymuqan Muńaıtpasov stadıon ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Nur-Sultan , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for Soccermatches and is the home stadium of FC Astana-64 . The stadium holds 12,350 people . Coordinates : 51°09′46″N 71°24′48″E / 51.1627392°N 71.4133121°E / 51.1627392 ; 71.4133121'}]}, {'value': '12,350', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nur-Sultan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nur-Sultan', 'summary': "Nur-Sultan ( US : /ˌnʊərsʊlˈtɑːn/ ; Kazakh : Nur-Sultan , Нұр-Сұлтан ; Russian : Нур-Султан ) , previously named Astana [ a ] ( Kazakh : Astana , Russian : Астана ) from 1998 to 2019 , is the capital city of Kazakhstan . In March 2019 , it was renamed to Nur-Sultan after the departing Kazakh president , Nursultan Nazarbayev . It stands on the banks of the Ishim River in the northern portion of Kazakhstan , within the Akmola Region , though administered separately from the region as a city with special status . A 2017 official estimate reported a population of 1,029,556 within the city limits , making it the second-largest city in the country , behind Almaty , the capital from 1991 to 1997 . Akmola ( from 1998 Astana and from 2019 Nur-Sultan ) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997 , and since then has developed economically into one of the most modernized cities in Central Asia . On 23 March 2019 , following a unanimous vote in Kazakhstan 's parliament , the city was renamed Nur-Sultan , after former Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev . Modern Nur-Sultan is a planned city , much like other planned capitals . After it became the capital of Kazakhstan , the city cardinally changed its shape . The Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa designed the master plan of Astana . As the seat of the Government of Kazakhstan , Nur-Sultan is the site of the Parliament House , the Supreme Court , the Ak Orda Presidential Palace and numerous government departments and agencies . It is home to many futuristic buildings , hotels and skyscrapers ."}]}, {'value': 'Astana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Astana', 'summary': "Astana Football Club ( Kazakh : Astana Fýtbol Klýby ) is a professional football club based in Nur-Sultan . They play in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . The club 's home ground is the 30,254-seat Astana Arena stadium . The club colours , reflected in their badge and kit , are sky blue and yellow . Founded as Lokomotiv Astana in 2009 , the club changed its name to Astana in 2011 . They are members of the Astana Presidential Club , an association of the main sports teams in Astana supported by the Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna . The short history of the club already boasts five league titles , three Kazakhstan Cups and three Kazakhstan Super Cups . The club 's strongest rivalry is with Kairat , among fans their matches are known as the Two Capitals Derby ."}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metallurg Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Temirtau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Temirtau', 'summary': 'Temirtau ( Kazakh : Теміртау , romanized : Temirtaý ; Russian : Темиртау ) is a city in the Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan . The population was 170,481 in the 1999 census , rising to 210,590 in 2015 . The city is located on the Nura River ( the Samarkand Reservoir ) , northwest of Karaganda .'}]}, {'value': 'Bolat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Bolat', 'summary': 'FC Bolat ( Kazakh : Bolat Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakhstani football club based in Temirtau . Previously known as FC Bolat CSKA ( 2004 ) and FC Bolat MSK ( 2005 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pavlodar Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pavlodar_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'Pavlodar Central Stadium ( Kazakh : Орталық стадион , Ortalyq stadıon ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Pavlodar , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Irtysh .'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pavlodar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pavlodar', 'summary': "One of the oldest cities in northern Kazakhstan , Pavlodar was founded in 1720 as Koryakovsky , an Imperial Russian outpost . The settlement was created to establish control over the region 's salt lakes , an important source of valuable salt . In 1861 the settlement was renamed Pavlodar and incorporated as a town . Pavlodar 's significance was due in large measure to the substantial agricultural and salt-producing industries that had developed there despite the town 's relatively small population . Pavlodar 's population numbered only about 8,000 in 1897 . The name Pavlodar means The Gift of Paul , and was chosen to commemorate the birth of the Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia . After 1955 , the Soviet Government 's Virgin Lands Campaign provided the impetus for the rapid growth and development of modern Pavlodar . Under the program , large numbers of young men and women from throughout the Soviet Union were relocated to the city ; industrial and commercial activity was increased ; and from the mid-1960s on , Pavlodar grew to become a major industrial centre of both the Kazakh SSR and of the Soviet Union because of a major arms and armour manufacturing facility located in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Irtysh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Irtysh', 'summary': "FC Irtysh Pavlodar ( Kazakh : Ертіс Футбол Клубы , Ertis Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club based at the Central Stadium in Pavlodar . Irtysh won the Kazakhstan Premier league in 1993 ( as Ansat ) , 1997 , 1999 , 2002 and 2003 . The club is also founding members of the top league and never relegated to lower levels . Irtysh have participated in the AFC Champions League a number of times , reaching the semi-finals in 2001 ( the final year of Kazakhstan 's AFC affiliation ) , and played in UEFA Champions League qualifying round in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avangard Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avangard_Stadium', 'summary': 'Karasai Stadium ( Kazakh : Қарасай стадионы , Karasaı stadıony ) , previously known as Avangard Stadium , is a multi-use stadium in Petropavl , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Kyzylzhar .'}]}, {'value': '11,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petropavl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petropavl', 'summary': 'Petropavl ( Kazakh : Петропавл , romanized : Petropavl ) or Petropavlovsk ( Russian : Петропавловск , tr . Petropavlovsk ) , is a city on the Ishim River in northern Kazakhstan close to the border with Russia , about 261 km west of Omsk along the Trans-Siberian Railway . It is the capital of the North Kazakhstan Region . Population : 201,446 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 203,523 ( 1999 Census results ) . The city is also known colloquially in the Kazakh language as Kyzylzhar ( Kazakh : Қызылжар , romanized : Qyzyljar ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyzylzhar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Kyzylzhar', 'summary': 'FC Kyzylzhar SK ( Kazakh : Қызылжар СК Футбол Клубы , Qyzyljar SK Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakhstani football club , playing in the north Kazakh city of Petropavl at the Karasai Stadium . They are founding members of Kazakhstan Premier League . Kyzylzhar is the name of a district in the city . They are two time runners-up of the Premier league ( 1999 and 2000 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Munayshy Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munayshy_Stadium', 'summary': 'Munayshy Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Atyrau , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Atyrau . Coordinates : 47°05′39″N 51°54′30″E / 47.094085°N 51.908324°E / 47.094085 ; 51.908324'}]}, {'value': '8,660', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atyrau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atyrau', 'summary': 'Atyrau ( Kazakh : Атырау , Atyraý , أتيراو , pronounced [ ɑtəˈrɑw ] ; Russian : Атырау , pronounced [ ɐtɨˈraʊ ] ) , known as Guryev ( Russian : Гурьев , pronounced [ ˈɡurʲjɪf ] ) until 1991 , is a city in Kazakhstan , and the capital of Atyrau Region . It is located at the mouth of the Ural River on the Caspian Sea , 2,700 kilometres ( 1,700 miles ) west of Almaty and 351 kilometres ( 218 miles ) east of the Russian city of Astrakhan . Modern Atyrau is famous for its oil and gas industries . It has 154,100 inhabitants ( 2007 ) , up from 142,500 ( 1999 census ) , 90% ethnic Kazakhs ( up from 80% ) , the rest being mostly Russians and other ethnic groups such as Tatars and Ukrainians .'}]}, {'value': 'Atyrau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Atyrau', 'summary': "Football Club Atyrau ( Kazakh : Атырау футбол клубы , Atyraý fýtbol klýby ) are a professional football club based in Atyrau , who play in the Kazakhstan Premier League , the highest level of Kazakh football . The club 's home ground is the 8,690-seat Munaishy Stadium , where they have played since their inception ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vostok Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vostok_Stadium', 'summary': 'Vostok Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Oskemen , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Vostok .'}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oskemen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oskemen', 'summary': 'Oskemen ( Kazakh : Өскемен , romanized : Óskemen ) or Ust-Kamenogorsk ( Russian : Усть-Каменого́рск ) is the administrative center of East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan . It is served by Oskemen Airport . Population : 303,720 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 310,950 ( 1999 Census results ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Vostok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Vostok', 'summary': "FC Vostok ( Kazakh : Восток Футбол Клубы , Vostok Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club from Oskemen ( Ust-Kamenogorsk ) , and a founding member of the Kazakhstan Premier League in 1992 . The club 's best finish in the league was 5th place in 1997 and again in 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kostanay Central Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kostanay_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'Kostanay Central Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kostanay , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Tobol . The stadium holds 8,323 people .'}]}, {'value': '8,323', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kostanay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kostanay', 'summary': 'Kostanay ( Kazakh : Қостанай , romanized : Qostanaı , قوستاناي ; Russian : Костанай , romanized : Kostanay ) is a city located on the Tobol River in northern Kazakhstan . It was known as Nikolayevsk ( Russian : Николаевск ) until 1895 and then as Kustanay ( Russian : Кустанай ) until 1997 . Kostanay is the administrative center of the Kostanay Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Tobol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Tobol', 'summary': 'FC Tobol ( Kazakh : Тобыл Футбол Клубы , Tobyl Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club based at the Central Stadium in Kostanay . They have been members of the Kazakhstan Premier League since its foundation in 1992 . They won the Kazakhstan Premier League in 2010 , and finished no lower than fourth place between the 2002 and 2010 seasons .'}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petr Atoyan Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petr_Atoyan_Stadium', 'summary': 'Petr Atoyan Stadium is a football stadium in Oral , Kazakhstan . It is the home stadium of FC Akzhayik of the Kazakhstan Premier League . The stadium holds 8,320 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '8,320', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oral,_Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Oral ( Kazakh : Орал , romanized : Oral ) , Ural'sk ( Russian : Уральск ) in Russian , formerly known as Yaitsk ( Russian : Яицк , until 1775 ) , is a city in northwestern Kazakhstan , at the confluence of the Ural and Chogan rivers close to the Russian border . As it is located on the western bank of the Ural river , it is considered geographically in Europe . It is the capital of the West Kazakhstan Region . The ethnic composition is dominated by Kazakhs ( 60% ) and Russians . Population : 271,900 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 194,905 ( 1999 Census results ) . Oral is an agricultural and industrial centre , and has been an important trade stop since its founding . Barge traffic has passed up and down the Ural River between the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains for centuries . Today it is one of the major entry points for rail traffic from Europe to Siberia , servicing the many new oil fields in the Caspian basin and the industrial cities of the southern Urals . It is served by Oral Ak Zhol Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Akzhayik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Akzhayik', 'summary': 'FC Akzhayik ( Kazakh : Aqjaıyq Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakhstani professional football club , based in Oral , current member of the Kazakhstan First Division .'}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spartak Stadium ( Semey )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Semey', 'summary': 'Semey ( Kazakh : Семей , romanized : Semeı ; Russian : Семей ) , until 2007 known as Semipalatinsk ( Kazakh : Семипалатинск , Russian : Семипалатинск ) and in 1917-1920 as Alash-kala ( Kazakh : Алаш-қала , Alash-qala ) , is a city in Kazakhstan , in East Kazakhstan Region , and in the Kazakhstan part of Siberia . It lies along the Irtysh River and is near the border with Russia , around 1,000 kilometers ( 620 mi ) north of Almaty , and 700 kilometers ( 430 mi ) southeast of the Russian city of Omsk . Its population is : 299,264 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 269,574 ( 1999 Census results ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Spartak Semey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Spartak_Semey', 'summary': 'FC Spartak Semey ( Kazakh : Spartak Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club based in Semey . A leading club in the early years of the Kazakhstan Premier League , and under the name Yelimay Semipalatinsk ( or simply Yelimay ) they were three-time champions of Kazakhstan in 1994 , 1995 and 1998 . However , they are currently in First Division .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gany Muratbayev Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gany_Muratbayev_Stadium', 'summary': 'Gani Muratbayev Stadium ( Kazakh : Ғани Мұратбаев стадион , Ǵanı Muratbaev stadıon ) is a multi-use stadium in Kyzylorda , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Kaisar . It is named after the founder of Kazakhstan Young Communist League Gany Muratbayev .'}]}, {'value': '7,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kyzylorda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyzylorda', 'summary': 'Kyzylorda ( Kazakh : Қызылорда , romanized : Qyzylorda , قىزىلوردا ) , formerly known as Kzyl-Orda ( Russian : Кзыл-Орда ) , Ak-Mechet ( Ак-Мечеть ) , Perovsk ( Перовск ) , and Fort-Perovsky ( Форт-Перовский ) , is a city in south-central Kazakhstan , capital of Kyzylorda Region and former capital of the Kazak ASSR from 1925 to 1929 . The city has a population of 157,400 ( 1999 Census ) . It historically developed around the Syr Darya River and the site of a Kokand fortress . Population : 188,682 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 157,364 ( 1999 Census results ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaisar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Kaisar', 'summary': 'FC Kaysar ( Kazakh : Қайсар Футбол Клубы , Qaısar Fýtbol Klýby ) are a Kazakh football club based in the Gany Muratbayev Stadium in Kyzylorda . They are founding members of the Kazakhstan Premier League and have missed only three seasons following relegations . The most successful was the season of 1998 , where they won the Kazakhstan Cup and came fourth in the league .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shakhtyor Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shakhtyor_Stadium_(Ekibastuz)', 'summary': 'Shakhtyor Stadium ( Kazakh : Шахтёр стадионы , Shahtıor stadıony ) is a multi-use stadium in Ekibastuz , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Ekibastuzets . Coordinates : 51°43′48″N 75°20′11″E / 51.730055°N 75.33646°E / 51.730055 ; 75.33646'}]}, {'value': '6,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekibastuz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekibastuz', 'summary': 'Ekibastuz ( Kazakh : Екібастұз , romanized : Ekibastuz , ەكئباستۇز ; Russian : Экибастуз ) is a town in Pavlodar Region , northeastern Kazakhstan . The population was 125,012 ( 2009 Census results ) ; 127,197 ( 1999 Census results ) . Ekibastuz is served by Ekibastuz Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Ekibastuz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Ekibastuz', 'summary': 'Ekibastuz FK ( Kazakh : Ekibastuz Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakhstani football club based in Ekibastuz . Until 2008 the team represented Pavlodar and was called Energetik Pavlodar . In 2008 the team played as Energetik-2 Ekibastuz . In 2009 it was renamed to Ekibastuz FK . They are current members of the Kazakhstan First Division .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhetysu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhetysu_Stadium', 'summary': 'Zhetysu Stadium ( Kazakh : Жетісу стадионы , Jetisý stadıony ) is a multi-use stadium in Taldykorgan , Kazakhstan . It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches of FC Zhetysu . Coordinates : 45°01′11″N 78°21′54″E / 45.019716°N 78.365103°E / 45.019716 ; 78.365103'}]}, {'value': '5,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taldykorgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taldykorgan', 'summary': 'Taldykorgan ( Kazakh : Талдықорған , romanized : Taldyqorǵan , Taldıqorğan ) , known as Taldy-Kurgan until 1993 , is the capital ( called an administrative center ) of Almaty Region , Kazakhstan . According to the 2010 Kazakh Census Results , the population 143,407 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zhetysu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Zhetysu', 'summary': 'Jetisu Taldykorgan ( Kazakh : Жетісу Талдықорған футбол клубы , Jetisý Taldyqorǵan Fýtbol Klýby ) is a Kazakh football club based at the Zhetysu stadium in Taldykorgan . Founding members of the Kazakhstan Premier League , they missed five seasons because of relegations .'}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_football_stadiums_in_Kazakhstan_0', 'intro': 'N/A'}
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What is the distance between Omsk and the city which contains Avangard Stadium ?
261 km
0ac5c17289672a9f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League', 'title': 'Greek Basket League', 'header': ['Club', 'Position 2018-19', 'Greek League Arena', 'Seating Capacity', 'EuroLeague / EuroCup / Champions League Arena*', 'Seating Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'AEK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AEK_B.C.', 'summary': "AEK Basketball Club ( Greek : ΚΑΕ ΑΕΚ [ ˈaek ] ; Αθλητική Ένωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως Athlitikí Énosis Konstantinoupóleos , Athletic Union of Constantinople ) , also known as AEK B.C . or AEK , and more commonly known in European competitions as AEK Athens , is a Greek professional basketball club based in Athens , Greece , part of the major multi-sport club AEK . The club was established in Athens in 1924 by Greek refugees from Constantinople in the wake of the Greco-Turkish War ( 1919-1922 ) . AEK is one of the three most popular and successful teams in Greece ( including Panathinaikos and Olympiacos ) especially in European achievements , with millions of fans in both Greece and Cyprus as well as in the Greek communities all over the world , mainly in Australia , United Kingdom and North America . AEK was the first-ever Greek basketball team , not only to reach a European Cup Final , but also to win a European title . On April 4 , 1968 , AEK defeated Slavia VŠ Praha by a score of 89-82 , in Athens in front of 80,000 fans . They have won the Greek League 8 times ( 1957-58 , 1962-63 , 1963-64 , 1964-65 , 1965-66 , 1967-68 , 1969-70 , 2001-02 ) , and the Greek Cup 5 times ( 1980-81 , 1999-00 , 2000-01 , 2017-18 , 2019-20 ) , while they have also twice won the FIBA Saporta Cup ( former European Cup Winners ' Cup ) ( 1967-68 and 1999-00 ) . AEK won the Champions League on May 6 , 2018 , defeating Monaco by a score of 100-94 and the FIBA Intercontinental Cup on February 17 , 2019 , defeating Flamengo by a score of 86-70 . Well-known players that have played with the club over the years have included : Rolando Blackman , Ricky Pierce , Danny Vranes , Ruben Patterson , Kurt Rambis , J.R. Holden , Willie Anderson , Joe Arlauckas , Anthony Bowie , Arijan Komazec , Martin Müürsepp , Clint Richardson , Bill Edwards , Victor Alexander , Claudio Coldebella , İbrahim Kutluay , Pero Antić , Carl English , Pops Mensah-Bonsu , Bane Prelević , Georgios Amerikanos , Georgios Trontzos , Vassilis Goumas , Minas Gekos , Pavlos Stamelos , Kostas Patavoukas , Angelos Koronios , Michalis Kakiouzis , Nikos Chatzis , Jake Tsakalidis , Nikos Zisis , Nasos Galakteros , Dimos Dikoudis , Dimitris Papanikolaou , Ioannis Bourousis and Mario Chalmers . AEK B.C . has been named as the best Greek team in all sports , at either the sports club or national team level , on three separate occasions , in 1965 , 1966 , and 1968 , by SJA of Greece ( the Sports Journalists ' Association of Greece , Greek : ΠΣΑΤ ) ."}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall , Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikos_Galis_Olympic_Indoor_Hall', 'summary': 'The O.A.C.A . Olympic Indoor Hall ( honorarily named Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall since 2016 ) , which is a part of the Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ( O.A.C.A . ) « Spyros Louis » ( Greek : O.A.K.A . « Σπύρος Λούης » ) , was completed in 1995 , and was the largest indoor venue in use for sporting events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . It is located in Marousi , Athens . It is considered to be one of the biggest and most modern indoor sports arenas in all of Europe . The arena also contains a training facility . Since 2016 , it is named after the well-known Greek former basketball player Nikos Galis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '19,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall , Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikos_Galis_Olympic_Indoor_Hall', 'summary': 'The O.A.C.A . Olympic Indoor Hall ( honorarily named Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall since 2016 ) , which is a part of the Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ( O.A.C.A . ) « Spyros Louis » ( Greek : O.A.K.A . « Σπύρος Λούης » ) , was completed in 1995 , and was the largest indoor venue in use for sporting events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . It is located in Marousi , Athens . It is considered to be one of the biggest and most modern indoor sports arenas in all of Europe . The arena also contains a training facility . Since 2016 , it is named after the well-known Greek former basketball player Nikos Galis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '19,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aris_B.C.', 'summary': "Aris Basketball Club ( Greek : Άρης K.A.E. , transliterated into English Aris B.S.A . ) known in European competitions as Aris Thessaloniki , is the professional basketball team of the major Thessaloniki-based Greek multi-sport club A.C. Aris Thessaloniki . Aris BC was founded in 1922 , eight years after the founding of the multi-sport club and the football team . Their traditional home arena is Alexandreio Melathron ( Nick Galis Hall ) . Aris B.C . is one of the most successful Greek basketball clubs of all time , tallying ten Greek League championships and eight Greek Cups , making the Double four times ( 1986-87 , 1987-88 , 1988-89 , 1989-90 ) . They have also won three European titles : the FIBA European Cup ( 1992-93 ) , the FIBA Korać Cup ( 1996-97 ) and the FIBA Europe Champions Cup ( 2002-03 ) . They are also one of only two non-relegated teams from the Greek League , with participation in every Greek First Division Championship until today ( the other team is Panathinaikos ) . Aris holds the record for the most straight wins in the Greek League , at an amazing 80 consecutive wins in a row . Before the arrival of Nikos Galis to Aris , and the first European successes of the team , Greek basketball was n't as competitive as it was in other European countries . Consequently , Aris helped to establish basketball in Greece , and to greatly increase its popularity across the country . Under the leadership of the legendary duo of Nikos Galis and Panagiotis Giannakis , Aris was the dominant force in Greek basketball during the 1980s and early 1990s ."}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandrio Melathron , Thessaloniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandrio_Melathron', 'summary': "Alexandreio Melathron Nikos Galis Hall ( Greek : Αλεξάνδρειο Μέλαθρον , Σάλα Νίκος Γκάλης ) is an indoor sports arena that is located in Thessaloniki , Greece . It is also often referred to as the Palais des Sports ( Greek : Παλαί ντε Σπορ ) . The arena is mainly used to host basketball and volleyball games . The arena 's main hall , called Nikos Galis Hall , has a permanent seating capacity of 5,138 , and a capacity of 6,000 with temporary seating , for basketball games . The arena also contains a practice court , club offices , shops , and a museum dedicated to the Aris basketball club . The arena hosts the home games of Aris Thessaloniki B.C. , a member of the Greek League ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thessaloniki', 'summary': "Thessaloniki ( /ˌθɛsələˈniːki/ ; Greek : Θεσσαλονίκη , romanized : Thessaloníki [ θesaloˈnici ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Thessalonica ( English : /ˌθɛsələˈnaɪkə , ˌθɛsəˈlɒnɪkə/ ) , Saloniki or Salonica ( /səˈlɒnɪkə , ˌsæləˈniːkə/ ) , is the second-largest city in Greece , with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area , and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia , the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace . It is also known in Greek as η Συμπρωτεύουσα ( i Symprōtévousa ) , literally the co-capital , a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα ( Symvasilévousa ) or co-reigning city of the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire , alongside Constantinople . Thessaloniki is located on the Thermaic Gulf , at the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea . It is bounded on the west by the delta of the Axios/Vardar . The municipality of Thessaloniki , the historical center , had a population of 325,182 in 2011 , while the Thessaloniki Urban Area had a population of 824,676 and the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area had 1,030,338 inhabitants in 2011 . It is Greece 's second major economic , industrial , commercial and political centre ; it is a major transportation hub for Greece and southeastern Europe , notably through the Port of Thessaloniki . The city is renowned for its festivals , events and vibrant cultural life in general , and is considered to be Greece 's cultural capital . Events such as the Thessaloniki International Fair and the Thessaloniki International Film Festival are held annually , while the city also hosts the largest bi-annual meeting of the Greek diaspora . Thessaloniki was the 2014 European Youth Capital . The city of Thessaloniki was founded in 315 BC by Cassander of Macedon . An important metropolis by the Roman period , Thessaloniki was the second largest and wealthiest city of the Byzantine Empire . It was conquered by the Ottomans in 1430 , and remained an important seaport and multi-ethnic metropolis during the nearly five centuries of Turkish rule ."}]}, {'value': '5,138', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandrio Melathron , Thessaloniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandrio_Melathron', 'summary': "Alexandreio Melathron Nikos Galis Hall ( Greek : Αλεξάνδρειο Μέλαθρον , Σάλα Νίκος Γκάλης ) is an indoor sports arena that is located in Thessaloniki , Greece . It is also often referred to as the Palais des Sports ( Greek : Παλαί ντε Σπορ ) . The arena is mainly used to host basketball and volleyball games . The arena 's main hall , called Nikos Galis Hall , has a permanent seating capacity of 5,138 , and a capacity of 6,000 with temporary seating , for basketball games . The arena also contains a practice court , club offices , shops , and a museum dedicated to the Aris basketball club . The arena hosts the home games of Aris Thessaloniki B.C. , a member of the Greek League ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thessaloniki', 'summary': "Thessaloniki ( /ˌθɛsələˈniːki/ ; Greek : Θεσσαλονίκη , romanized : Thessaloníki [ θesaloˈnici ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Thessalonica ( English : /ˌθɛsələˈnaɪkə , ˌθɛsəˈlɒnɪkə/ ) , Saloniki or Salonica ( /səˈlɒnɪkə , ˌsæləˈniːkə/ ) , is the second-largest city in Greece , with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area , and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia , the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace . It is also known in Greek as η Συμπρωτεύουσα ( i Symprōtévousa ) , literally the co-capital , a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα ( Symvasilévousa ) or co-reigning city of the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire , alongside Constantinople . Thessaloniki is located on the Thermaic Gulf , at the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea . It is bounded on the west by the delta of the Axios/Vardar . The municipality of Thessaloniki , the historical center , had a population of 325,182 in 2011 , while the Thessaloniki Urban Area had a population of 824,676 and the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area had 1,030,338 inhabitants in 2011 . It is Greece 's second major economic , industrial , commercial and political centre ; it is a major transportation hub for Greece and southeastern Europe , notably through the Port of Thessaloniki . The city is renowned for its festivals , events and vibrant cultural life in general , and is considered to be Greece 's cultural capital . Events such as the Thessaloniki International Fair and the Thessaloniki International Film Festival are held annually , while the city also hosts the largest bi-annual meeting of the Greek diaspora . Thessaloniki was the 2014 European Youth Capital . The city of Thessaloniki was founded in 315 BC by Cassander of Macedon . An important metropolis by the Roman period , Thessaloniki was the second largest and wealthiest city of the Byzantine Empire . It was conquered by the Ottomans in 1430 , and remained an important seaport and multi-ethnic metropolis during the nearly five centuries of Turkish rule ."}]}, {'value': '5,138', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ifaistos Limnou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ifaistos_Limnou_B.C.', 'summary': "Ifaistos Limnou B.C . ( also : Ifestos Limnou B.C . or Hephaestus Lemnos B.C . ) ( Greek : Ήφαιστος Λήμνου K.A.E . ) , previously commonly known as Gymnastikos S. Larissas Faros , G.S . Larissas Faros , or G.S.L . Faros , is a Greek professional basketball club that is based on the Greek island of Lemnos , in Myrina . The club is named after the Greek god Hephaestus . The club was previously based in Larissa , Greece , with the clubs colors being green , white , and blue , and its emblem being the Discobolus . The club is well-known for being the first team of the legendary European basketball player , Vassilis Spanoulis . The club currently plays in Greece 's top-tier level , the Greek Basket League ."}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikos Samaras Indoor Hall , Myrina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myrina,_Greece', 'summary': "Myrina ( Greek : Μύρινα ) is a former municipality on the island of Lemnos , North Aegean , Greece . Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lemnos , of which it is a municipal unit . It covers the west coast of the island , and has a land area of 82.049 square kilometres ( 31.679 sq mi ) , about 17.2% of the island 's area . Its municipal seat was the town of Mýrina ( pop . 5,107 at the 2001 census ) , located in the middle of the island 's west coast . The town is also the capital of Lemnos , as well as the seat of the Metropolitan ( Greek Orthodox bishop ) of Lemnos . In addition to the town of Myrina , the municipal unit includes the communities of Káspakas ( 792 ) , Platý ( 785 ) , Thános ( 451 ) , and Kornós ( 267 ) . The 2011 census recorded 5,711 residents in the town and 8,006 residents in the municipal unit . The municipal unit 's economically active population in 2001 was 3,007 . Of them , 14.5% were employers , 12% self-employed , 65.4% wage-earners , 4.1% unpaid , auxiliary family members , and 4% did not declare line of occupation . Of the economically active population , 6.7% worked in agriculture , 4% in light manufacturing , 12.3% in construction , 8.5% in hotels & restaurants , and the rest in other lines of business ( source : 2001 Census , National Statistical Service of Greece ) ."}]}, {'value': '1,260', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ionikos Nikaias', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ionikos_Nikaias_B.C.', 'summary': "Ionikos Nikaias B.C . ( Greek : Iωνικός Νίκαιας K.A.E . ) is a Greek professional basketball club that is located in Nikaia , Piraeus , Athens . The club was founded in 1965 . It is a part of the A.O . Ionikos Nikaias ( Α.Ο . Ιωνικός Νίκαιας ) multi-sports club . The team 's colors are white and blue . The team currently plays in the Greek Basket League , the first tier level in Greek basketball ."}]}, {'value': '1st ( A2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Greek_A2_Basket_League', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 Greek A2 Basket League was the 33rd season of the Greek A2 Basket League , the second-tier level professional club basketball league in Greece . It was the fourth season with the participation of 16 teams . Playoff and play out games were also held , for a fourth consecutive season . Ionikos Nikaias clinched the championship by winning the regular season . Along with the playoffs winners Iraklis , they were automatically promoted to the 2019-20 Greek Basket League .'}]}, {'value': 'Sofia Befon Indoor Hall , Palaio Faliro , Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sofia_Befon_Indoor_Hall', 'summary': 'Sofia Befon Palaio Faliro Indoor Hall ( alternate spelling : Sophia Mpefon ) ( Greek : Σοφία Μπεφόν Κλειστού Γυμναστηρίου ) , is an indoor sporting arena that is located in Palaio Faliro , Athens , Greece . The arena is named in honor of Sofia Befon . It is mainly used to host gymnastics , and basketball , volleyball , and handball games . The seating capacity of the arena is 1,204 people , which can be increased to 2,000 people with optional retractable seats in the lower tier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Palaio_Faliro', 'summary': 'Palaio Faliro ( Greek : Παλαιό Φάληρο , pronounced [ paleˈo ˈfaliro ] ( listen ) ; Katharevousa : Palaion Faliron , Παλαιόν Φάληρον , meaning Old Phalerum ) is a coastal district and a municipality in the southern part of the Athens agglomeration , Greece . At the 2011 census it had 64,021 inhabitants .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1,204', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraklis Thessaloniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraklis_B.C.', 'summary': "Gymnastikos Syllogos Iraklis Basketball Club ( Greek : Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος Ηρακλής Κ.Α.Ε. , Greek pronunciation : [ iɾa'klis ] ) is a Greek professional basketball team that is located in Thessaloniki . It serves as the senior men 's basketball section of the multi-sport club of G.S . Iraklis . Iraklis currently plays in the top-tier level Greek Basket League . The team 's colors are blue and white . Iraklis won the Greek National Championship in 1928 and 1935 , and has also reached the Greek Cup final three times . Some of the greatest players in Greek , European and worldwide basketball have played for Iraklis over the years including : Lefteris Kakiousis , Jure Zdovc , James Donaldson , Walter Berry , Xavier McDaniel , Roy Tarpley , Nikos Chatzivrettas , Vasily Karasev , Lazaros Papadopoulos , Dimitris Diamantidis and Sofoklis Schortsanitis ."}]}, {'value': '2nd ( A2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Greek_A2_Basket_League', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 Greek A2 Basket League was the 33rd season of the Greek A2 Basket League , the second-tier level professional club basketball league in Greece . It was the fourth season with the participation of 16 teams . Playoff and play out games were also held , for a fourth consecutive season . Ionikos Nikaias clinched the championship by winning the regular season . Along with the playoffs winners Iraklis , they were automatically promoted to the 2019-20 Greek Basket League .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivanofeio Sports Arena , Thessaloniki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivanofeio_Sports_Arena', 'summary': "Ivanofeio Sports Arena ( Greek : Ιβανώφειο Κλειστό Γυμναστήριο , Greek pronunciation : [ iva'nofio klis'to ɣimnas'tiɾio ] ) , is an indoor sports arena that is located in Thessaloniki , Greece . Its capacity is 2,500 spectators , and it is mainly used as the home court of the Greek professional basketball club Iraklis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thessaloniki', 'summary': "Thessaloniki ( /ˌθɛsələˈniːki/ ; Greek : Θεσσαλονίκη , romanized : Thessaloníki [ θesaloˈnici ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Thessalonica ( English : /ˌθɛsələˈnaɪkə , ˌθɛsəˈlɒnɪkə/ ) , Saloniki or Salonica ( /səˈlɒnɪkə , ˌsæləˈniːkə/ ) , is the second-largest city in Greece , with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area , and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia , the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace . It is also known in Greek as η Συμπρωτεύουσα ( i Symprōtévousa ) , literally the co-capital , a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα ( Symvasilévousa ) or co-reigning city of the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire , alongside Constantinople . Thessaloniki is located on the Thermaic Gulf , at the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea . It is bounded on the west by the delta of the Axios/Vardar . The municipality of Thessaloniki , the historical center , had a population of 325,182 in 2011 , while the Thessaloniki Urban Area had a population of 824,676 and the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area had 1,030,338 inhabitants in 2011 . It is Greece 's second major economic , industrial , commercial and political centre ; it is a major transportation hub for Greece and southeastern Europe , notably through the Port of Thessaloniki . The city is renowned for its festivals , events and vibrant cultural life in general , and is considered to be Greece 's cultural capital . Events such as the Thessaloniki International Fair and the Thessaloniki International Film Festival are held annually , while the city also hosts the largest bi-annual meeting of the Greek diaspora . Thessaloniki was the 2014 European Youth Capital . The city of Thessaloniki was founded in 315 BC by Cassander of Macedon . An important metropolis by the Roman period , Thessaloniki was the second largest and wealthiest city of the Byzantine Empire . It was conquered by the Ottomans in 1430 , and remained an important seaport and multi-ethnic metropolis during the nearly five centuries of Turkish rule ."}]}, {'value': '2,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kolossos Rodou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kolossos_Rodou_B.C.', 'summary': "Kolossos Rodou B.C . ( Greek : Κολοσσός Ρόδου K.A.E . ) , known as Kolossos H Hotels for sponsorship reasons , is a Greek professional basketball team that is located on the island of Rhodes , in Rhodes City . Kolossos currently plays in the top-tier level of Greek professional basketball , the Greek League . The club was founded in 1963 , and also initially featured sports like volleyball and judo in the early 1980s . Today , the focus of the Greek athletic club is on the franchise 's men 's basketball department ."}]}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kallithea Palais des Sports , Rhodes City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kallithea_Palais_des_Sports', 'summary': 'Kallithea Palais des Sports ( Greek : Παλέ ντε Σπορ Καλλιθέας ) , is an indoor sporting arena that is located on the Greek island of Rhodes , in the city of Rhodes , Greece . The arena is mainly used to host basketball and volleyball games . The seating capacity of the arena is 1,400 people with permanent tier seating , and 2,000 with temporary tier seating .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rhodes_(city)', 'summary': 'Rhodes ( Greek : Ρόδος , Ródos [ ˈroðos ] ) is the principal city and a former municipality on the island of Rhodes in the Dodecanese , Greece . Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Rhodes , of which it is the seat and a municipal unit . It has a population of approximately 90,000 in its metropolitan area . Rhodes has been famous since antiquity as the site of Colossus of Rhodes , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . The citadel of Rhodes , built by the Hospitalliers , is one of the best-preserved medieval towns in Europe , which in 1988 was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Today , the city of Rhodes is an important Greek urban center and popular international tourist destination .'}]}, {'value': '1,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larisa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larisa_B.C.', 'summary': "Larisa B.C . ( Greek : Λάρισα K.A.E . ) , or Larisa Basket ( alternate spelling : Larissa ) , is a Greek professional basketball club that is located in Larissa , Greece . It is a part of the G.S . Ermis Agias Larisa ( Γ.Σ . Ερμής Αγιάς Λάρισα ) multi-sports club . The club 's full original name was Gymnastikos Syllogos Agias Ermis Larisa ( Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος Επαρχίας Αγιάς Ερμής Λάρισα ) . The club 's official emblem is a seal with Hermes ( Ermis ) on it , one of the Greek gods . The team 's colors are white and blue . The team currently plays in the Greek Basket League , the top-tier level of Greek basketball ."}]}, {'value': '7th ( A2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Greek_A2_Basket_League', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 Greek A2 Basket League was the 33rd season of the Greek A2 Basket League , the second-tier level professional club basketball league in Greece . It was the fourth season with the participation of 16 teams . Playoff and play out games were also held , for a fourth consecutive season . Ionikos Nikaias clinched the championship by winning the regular season . Along with the playoffs winners Iraklis , they were automatically promoted to the 2019-20 Greek Basket League .'}]}, {'value': 'Larissa Neapolis Indoor Arena , Larissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larissa_Neapolis_Indoor_Arena', 'summary': 'Larissa Neapolis Indoor Arena is an indoor sporting arena that is located in the city of Larissa , Greece , in the district of Neapolis . The arena is used to host basketball and volleyball games . The arena is a part of the Larissa National Sports Center complex . The permanent seating capacity of the arena for basketball games is 4,000 , using only the permanent upper-tier seats , and 5,500 using the retractable lower-tier bleachers . The seating capacity of the arena for volleyball games is 4,000 , using only the permanent upper-tier seats , and 6,500 using the retractable lower-tier bleachers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Larissa', 'summary': 'Larissa ( /ləˈrɪsə/ ; Greek : Λάρισα , romanized : Lárissa [ ˈlarisa ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Thessaly region in Greece . It is the fourth-most populous city in Greece with a population of 144,651 according to the 2011 census ( 181,713 est . 2018 ) . It is also capital of the Larissa regional unit . It is a principal agricultural centre and a national transport hub , linked by road and rail with the port of Volos , the cities of Thessaloniki and Athens . The municipality of Larissa has 162,591 inhabitants , while the regional unit of Larissa reached a population of 284,325 ( in 2011 [ update ] ) . Legend has it that Achilles was born here . Hippocrates , the Father of Medicine , died here . Today , Larissa is an important commercial , transportation , agricultural and industrial centre of Greece .'}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larissa Neapolis Indoor Arena , Larissa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larissa_Neapolis_Indoor_Arena', 'summary': 'Larissa Neapolis Indoor Arena is an indoor sporting arena that is located in the city of Larissa , Greece , in the district of Neapolis . The arena is used to host basketball and volleyball games . The arena is a part of the Larissa National Sports Center complex . The permanent seating capacity of the arena for basketball games is 4,000 , using only the permanent upper-tier seats , and 5,500 using the retractable lower-tier bleachers . The seating capacity of the arena for volleyball games is 4,000 , using only the permanent upper-tier seats , and 6,500 using the retractable lower-tier bleachers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Larissa', 'summary': 'Larissa ( /ləˈrɪsə/ ; Greek : Λάρισα , romanized : Lárissa [ ˈlarisa ] ) is the capital and largest city of the Thessaly region in Greece . It is the fourth-most populous city in Greece with a population of 144,651 according to the 2011 census ( 181,713 est . 2018 ) . It is also capital of the Larissa regional unit . It is a principal agricultural centre and a national transport hub , linked by road and rail with the port of Volos , the cities of Thessaloniki and Athens . The municipality of Larissa has 162,591 inhabitants , while the regional unit of Larissa reached a population of 284,325 ( in 2011 [ update ] ) . Legend has it that Achilles was born here . Hippocrates , the Father of Medicine , died here . Today , Larissa is an important commercial , transportation , agricultural and industrial centre of Greece .'}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lavrio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lavrio_B.C.', 'summary': "G.S . Lavrio B.C . ( Greek : Γ.Σ . Λαυρίου K.A.E . ) , commonly known as simply Lavrio B.C. , and also known for sponsorship reasons as Lavrio Megabolt and Lavrio Aegean Cargo , is a Greek professional basketball club that is based in Lavrio , Greece . The club 's full name is Gymnastikos Syllogos Lavrio Basketball Club . The club 's current logo is an owl , symbolizing the ancient Greek coin Dekadrachm . The team currently plays in the Greek League , the top-tier level basketball league in Greece ."}]}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lavrio Indoor Hall , Lavrio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lavrio_Indoor_Hall', 'summary': 'Lavrio Indoor Hall , or Kleisto Gymnastirio Lavriou ( Greek : Κλειστό Γυμναστήριο Λαυρίου ) , is an indoor sporting arena that is located in the city of Lavrio , Greece . The seating capacity of the arena for basketball games is 1,700 people . The arena is owned by the municipality of Lavreotiki .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lavrio,_Greece', 'summary': 'Laurium , Lavrio , Lavrion or Laureion ( Greek : Λαύριο ; Ancient Greek : Λαύριον ; before early 11th century BC : Θορικός Thorikos ; from Middle Ages until 1908 : Εργαστήρια Ergastiria ) is a town in southeastern part of Attica , Greece . It is the seat of the municipality of Lavreotiki . Laurium was famous in Classical antiquity for its silver mines , which was one of the chief sources of revenue of the Athenian state . The metallic silver was mainly used for coinage . The Archaeological Museum of Lavrion shows much of the story of these mines . It is located about 60 km SE of Athens , SE of Keratea and N of Cape Sounio . Laurium is situated on a bay overlooking the island of Makronisos ( ancient times : Helena ) in the east . The port is in the middle and gridded streets cover the residential area of Lavrio . GR-89 runs through Lavrio and ends south in Sounio .'}]}, {'value': '1,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panathinaikos OPAP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panathinaikos_B.C.', 'summary': "Panathinaikos B.C . ( Greek : ΚΑΕ Παναθηναϊκός ) , also known simply as Panathinaikos , or by its current name Panathinaikos B.C . OPAP for sponsorship reasons , is the professional basketball team of the major Athens-based multi-sport club Panathinaikos A.O . It is owned by the billionaire Giannakopoulos family . The parent athletic club was founded in 1908 , while the basketball team was created in 1919 , being one of the oldest in Greece . Alongside Aris , they are the only un-relegated teams with participation in every Greek First Division Championship until today . Panathinaikos has developed into the most successful basketball club in Greek basketball 's history , and one of the most successful clubs in European basketball , creating its own dynasty . They have won six EuroLeague Championships , thirty-seven Greek Basket League Championships , nineteen Greek Cups , one Intercontinental Cup and two Triple Crowns . They also hold the record for most consecutive Greek League titles , as they are the only team to have won nine consecutive championships ( 2003-2011 ) , as well as for the most consecutive Greek Basketball Cup titles ( six in a row ) from 2012 to 2017 . Panathinaikos counts one more championship , that took place in 1921 and was organized by YMCA , but it is not recognized by HEBA , because it was before the creation of Hellenic Basketball Federation . The team plays its home games at the O.A.C.A . Olympic Indoor Hall , which has a maximum capacity of 19,250 for basketball games ."}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall , Marousi , Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikos_Galis_Olympic_Indoor_Hall', 'summary': 'The O.A.C.A . Olympic Indoor Hall ( honorarily named Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall since 2016 ) , which is a part of the Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ( O.A.C.A . ) « Spyros Louis » ( Greek : O.A.K.A . « Σπύρος Λούης » ) , was completed in 1995 , and was the largest indoor venue in use for sporting events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . It is located in Marousi , Athens . It is considered to be one of the biggest and most modern indoor sports arenas in all of Europe . The arena also contains a training facility . Since 2016 , it is named after the well-known Greek former basketball player Nikos Galis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marousi', 'summary': "Marousi or Maroussi ( Greek : Μαρούσι , also Αμαρούσιο Amarousio ) is a suburb in the northeastern part of the Athens agglomeration , Greece . Marousi dates back to the era of the ancient Athenian Republic ; its ancient name was Athmonon ( Ἄθμονον ) and it represented one of the 10 Athenian sub-cities . The area held a main ancient temple , where Amarysia Artemis , the goddess of hunting , was adored , and the city 's modern name derives from that of the goddess , Amarysia , which denotes the origin of the worship back in Amarynthos , Euboea ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '19,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall , Marousi , Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikos_Galis_Olympic_Indoor_Hall', 'summary': 'The O.A.C.A . Olympic Indoor Hall ( honorarily named Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall since 2016 ) , which is a part of the Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ( O.A.C.A . ) « Spyros Louis » ( Greek : O.A.K.A . « Σπύρος Λούης » ) , was completed in 1995 , and was the largest indoor venue in use for sporting events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . It is located in Marousi , Athens . It is considered to be one of the biggest and most modern indoor sports arenas in all of Europe . The arena also contains a training facility . Since 2016 , it is named after the well-known Greek former basketball player Nikos Galis .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marousi', 'summary': "Marousi or Maroussi ( Greek : Μαρούσι , also Αμαρούσιο Amarousio ) is a suburb in the northeastern part of the Athens agglomeration , Greece . Marousi dates back to the era of the ancient Athenian Republic ; its ancient name was Athmonon ( Ἄθμονον ) and it represented one of the 10 Athenian sub-cities . The area held a main ancient temple , where Amarysia Artemis , the goddess of hunting , was adored , and the city 's modern name derives from that of the goddess , Amarysia , which denotes the origin of the worship back in Amarynthos , Euboea ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '19,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panionios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panionios_B.C.', 'summary': 'Panionios B.C . ( Greek : Πανιώνιος KAE ) , known in European competitions as Panionios Athens is the Greek professional basketball club that is based in Nea Smyrni , Athens , and that plays its home games in Palaio Faliro , Athens , Greece . The club is also widely known as Πανιώνιος Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος Σμύρνης , or Panionios Gymnastikos Syllogos Smyrnis , which is the Pan-Ionian Gymnastic Club of Smyrna . This is usually abbreviated to the club name of Πανιώνιος Γ.Σ.Σ . Panionios B.C . is the basketball department of the Panionios Gymnastic Club that is based in Nea Smyrni , Athens . Panionios B.C . has been a long-time club of the top-tier level Greek Basket League , which is considered one of the best national domestic basketball leagues in Europe . Panionios B.C . has also competed in the European-wide top-tier level EuroLeague . For sponsorship reasons , the club has also been known as Panionios On Telecoms , and Panionios Forthnet . Recent previous owners of the club were Elias Lianos , the founder of Proton Bank , Antonis Margetis , and Ion G. Varouxakis .'}]}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sofia Befon Indoor Hall , Palaio Faliro , Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sofia_Befon_Indoor_Hall', 'summary': 'Sofia Befon Palaio Faliro Indoor Hall ( alternate spelling : Sophia Mpefon ) ( Greek : Σοφία Μπεφόν Κλειστού Γυμναστηρίου ) , is an indoor sporting arena that is located in Palaio Faliro , Athens , Greece . The arena is named in honor of Sofia Befon . It is mainly used to host gymnastics , and basketball , volleyball , and handball games . The seating capacity of the arena is 1,204 people , which can be increased to 2,000 people with optional retractable seats in the lower tier .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Palaio_Faliro', 'summary': 'Palaio Faliro ( Greek : Παλαιό Φάληρο , pronounced [ paleˈo ˈfaliro ] ( listen ) ; Katharevousa : Palaion Faliron , Παλαιόν Φάληρον , meaning Old Phalerum ) is a coastal district and a municipality in the southern part of the Athens agglomeration , Greece . At the 2011 census it had 64,021 inhabitants .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '1,204', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PAOK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P.A.O.K._BC', 'summary': "P.A.O.K . B.C . ( Greek : Π.Α.Ο.Κ . Κ.Α.Ε . ) , commonly known in European competitions as PAOK , is the professional basketball department of the major Greek multi-sports club A.C. PAOK , which was founded in 1926 , and is based in Thessaloniki , Greece . The club 's full name is Panthessalonikeios Athlitikós Ómilos Konstantinoupoliton ( Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος Κωνσταντινοπολιτών ) , which is abbreviated as PAOK ( Π.Α.Ο.Κ . ) , and means Pan-Thessaloniki Athletic Club of Constantinopolitans . The team has established a firm reputation in Greek basketball , especially for its success in European competitions . They have twice won the Greek Basket League ( 1958-59 , 1991-92 ) , and three times won the Greek Basketball Cup ( 1983-84 , 1994-95 , 1998-99 ) , while they have also won two European Cups : the FIBA Saporta Cup ( 1990-91 ) and the FIBA Korać Cup ( 1993-94 ) ."}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PAOK Sports Arena , Pylaia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PAOK_Sports_Arena', 'summary': 'P.A.O.K . Sports Arena ( Greek : Κλειστό γήπεδο ΠΑΟΚ ) is an indoor arena located in Pylaia , Thessaloniki , Greece , and it hosts the P.A.O.K . B.C . and P.A.O.K . V.C. , departments of the multi-sports club P.A.O.K . It has also been used as the home court for P.A.O.K . H.C. , until 2017 . It was opened in 2000 , and in the same year , it hosted the EuroLeague and Greek Cup final-fours . It is built on land donated by Ioannis Dedeoglou , for which P.A.O.K . B.C . holds an annual tournament in his honor . It has 8,500 seats for fans and guests , and has 502 parking spots .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pylaia', 'summary': 'Pylaia ( Greek : Πυλαία ) is a former municipality in the Thessaloniki Prefecture of Greece . In the 2011 local government reform , Thessaloniki Prefecture became the regional unit of Thessaloniki ( without boundary changes ) , and Pylaia became a part of the new municipality of Pylaia-Chortiatis . Pylaia continues under its old boundaries as a municipal unit within Pylaia-Chortiatis . Pylaia covers 24.379 km2 with 4.5 km of coastline extending along the shores of the Thermaic Gulf and had a population of 34,625 at the 2011 census . Pylaia is relatively sparsely populated for a municipal unit within the Thessaloniki Urban Area .'}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PAOK Sports Arena , Pylaia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PAOK_Sports_Arena', 'summary': 'P.A.O.K . Sports Arena ( Greek : Κλειστό γήπεδο ΠΑΟΚ ) is an indoor arena located in Pylaia , Thessaloniki , Greece , and it hosts the P.A.O.K . B.C . and P.A.O.K . V.C. , departments of the multi-sports club P.A.O.K . It has also been used as the home court for P.A.O.K . H.C. , until 2017 . It was opened in 2000 , and in the same year , it hosted the EuroLeague and Greek Cup final-fours . It is built on land donated by Ioannis Dedeoglou , for which P.A.O.K . B.C . holds an annual tournament in his honor . It has 8,500 seats for fans and guests , and has 502 parking spots .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pylaia', 'summary': 'Pylaia ( Greek : Πυλαία ) is a former municipality in the Thessaloniki Prefecture of Greece . In the 2011 local government reform , Thessaloniki Prefecture became the regional unit of Thessaloniki ( without boundary changes ) , and Pylaia became a part of the new municipality of Pylaia-Chortiatis . Pylaia continues under its old boundaries as a municipal unit within Pylaia-Chortiatis . Pylaia covers 24.379 km2 with 4.5 km of coastline extending along the shores of the Thermaic Gulf and had a population of 34,625 at the 2011 census . Pylaia is relatively sparsely populated for a municipal unit within the Thessaloniki Urban Area .'}]}, {'value': '8,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peristeri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peristeri_B.C.', 'summary': "Peristeri B.C . ( Greek : Περιστερίου K.A.E . ) , for sponsorships reasons known as Peristeri Winmasters , is a Greek professional basketball club that was founded on October 22 , 1971 . The club is located in Peristeri , Greece , which is a suburban municipality of the city of Athens . It is a part of the G.S . Peristeri ( Γ.Σ . Περιστερίου ) multi-sports club . The club 's full name is Gymnastikos Syllogos Peristeriou K.A.E . ( Γυμναστικός Σύλλογος Περιστερίου K.A.E. ) . The club 's emblem is the dove symbol , and the club 's colors are yellow and blue . For the 2019-20 season , the team will compete in the Greek Basket League , the first tier league in Greece ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peristeri Indoor Hall , Peristeri , Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peristeri_Indoor_Hall', 'summary': 'Peristeri Indoor Hall Andreas Papandreou , or Peristeri Arena , is an indoor sporting arena that is located in Peristeri , a western borough of Athens , Greece . The arena is named after Andreas Papandreou , the former Prime Minister of Greece , who died in 1996 . It is located next to Peristeri Stadium . It is owned by the municipality of Peristeri . The seating capacity of the arena for basketball games is 4,000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peristeri', 'summary': 'Peristeri ( Greek : Περιστέρι , meaning pigeon/dove in Greek ) is a suburban municipality in the northwestern part of the Athens agglomeration , Greece . With 139,981 inhabitants ( 2011 census ) , it is the seventh-largest municipality of Greece by population .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peristeri Indoor Hall , Peristeri , Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peristeri_Indoor_Hall', 'summary': 'Peristeri Indoor Hall Andreas Papandreou , or Peristeri Arena , is an indoor sporting arena that is located in Peristeri , a western borough of Athens , Greece . The arena is named after Andreas Papandreou , the former Prime Minister of Greece , who died in 1996 . It is located next to Peristeri Stadium . It is owned by the municipality of Peristeri . The seating capacity of the arena for basketball games is 4,000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peristeri', 'summary': 'Peristeri ( Greek : Περιστέρι , meaning pigeon/dove in Greek ) is a suburban municipality in the northwestern part of the Athens agglomeration , Greece . With 139,981 inhabitants ( 2011 census ) , it is the seventh-largest municipality of Greece by population .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Athens', 'summary': "Athens ( /ˈæθɪnz/ ATH-inz ; Greek : Αθήνα , romanized : Athína [ aˈθina ] ( listen ) ; Ancient Greek : Ἀθῆναι , romanized : Athênai ( pl . ) [ atʰɛ̂ːnai̯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Greece . Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world 's oldest cities , with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years and its earliest human presence started somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennium BC . Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus . A center for the arts , learning and philosophy , home of Plato 's Academy and Aristotle 's Lyceum , it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy , largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent , and in particular the Romans . In modern times , Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic , financial , industrial , maritime , political and cultural life in Greece . Athens is a global city and one of the biggest economic centers in southeastern Europe . It has a large financial sector , and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe , and the second largest in the world . The Municipality of Athens ( also City of Athens ) , which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city , had a population of 664,046 ( in 2011 ) within its official limits , and a land area of 38.96 km2 ( 15.04 sq mi ) . The urban area of Athens ( Greater Athens and Greater Piraeus ) extends beyond its administrative municipal city limits , with a population of 3,090,508 ( in 2011 ) over an area of 412 km2 ( 159 sq mi ) . According to Eurostat in 2011 , the functional urban area ( FUA ) of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union ( the 6th most populous capital city of the EU ) , with a population of 3.8 million people . Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Promitheas Patras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Promitheas_Patras_B.C.', 'summary': "Promitheas Patras B.C . ( alternate spelling : Prometheus ) ( Greek : Προμηθέας Πατρών K.A.E . ) is a Greek professional basketball club that is based in Patras , Greece . The club currently competes in the Greek Basket League and the EuroCup . The basketball club is the main part of the Greek multi-sports club A.S. Promitheas Patras . The club 's full name can be rendered as either A.S.P . Promitheas B.C. , or A.S. Promitheas Patras B.C . With the acronym A.S. standing for Athlitikos Syllogos ( meaning : Athletic Club / Sports Club , in Greek : Αθλητικός Σύλλογος ) . The club is named after Prometheus , one of the most well-known Greek mythological Titans , and the flame representing the fire knowledge he gave to people is the club 's emblem ( logo ) . The club is owned by Dr. Evangelos Liolios , who is also the owner of the Greek coffee company , Coffee Island , and managed by Christos Milas . The current head coach of the team is Makis Giatras ."}]}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dimitris Tofalos Arena , Patras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dimitris_Tofalos_Arena', 'summary': 'Dimitris Tofalos Arena ( alternate spelling : Dimitrios Tofalos Arena ) is an indoor sports arena that is located in Proastio , Patras , Greece . The arena is named after the great Greek wrestling champion of the early 20th century , and gold medalist at the 1906 Intercalated Games , Dimitrios Tofalos . It is also known by its original official name , which is PEAK , which stands for Pampeloponnisiako Ethniko Athlitiko Kentro Patron ( Greek : ΠΕΑΚ Παμπελοποννησιακό Εθνικό Αθλητικό Κέντρο ) , which means Pampeloponnisiako National Sports Center Patras . The arena has a seating capacity for basketball games of 4,150 people .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patras', 'summary': "Patras ( Greek : Πάτρα , romanized : Pátra , IPA : [ ˈpatɾa ] ; Katharevousa and Ancient Greek : Πάτραι , romanized : Pátrai , Ancient Greek : [ pátrai̯ ] , Katharevousa : [ ˈpatɾe̞ ] ; Latin : Patrae , [ ˈpatrae̯ ] ) is Greece 's third-largest city and the regional capital of Western Greece , in the northern Peloponnese , 215 km ( 134 mi ) west of Athens . The city is built at the foot of Mount Panachaikon , overlooking the Gulf of Patras . According to the results of the 2011 census , Patras had a population of 167,446 , while the municipality had 213,984 inhabitants . The core settlement has a history spanning four millennia . In the Roman period , it had become a cosmopolitan center of the eastern Mediterranean whilst , according to the Christian tradition , it was also the place of Saint Andrew 's martyrdom . Dubbed as Greece 's Gate to the West , Patras is a commercial hub , while its busy port is a nodal point for trade and communication with Italy and the rest of Western Europe . The city has two public universities and one technological institute , hosting a large student population and rendering Patras an important scientific centre [ citation needed ] with a field of excellence in technological education . The Rio-Antirio Bridge connects Patras ' easternmost suburb of Rio to the town of Antirrio , connecting the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece . Every year , in February , the city hosts one of Europe 's largest carnivals . Notable features of the Patras Carnival include its mammoth satirical floats and balls and parades , enjoyed by hundreds of thousands of visitors in a Mediterranean climate . Patras is also famous for supporting an indigenous cultural scene active mainly in the performing arts and modern urban literature . It was European Capital of Culture in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '4,150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dimitris Tofalos Arena , Patras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dimitris_Tofalos_Arena', 'summary': 'Dimitris Tofalos Arena ( alternate spelling : Dimitrios Tofalos Arena ) is an indoor sports arena that is located in Proastio , Patras , Greece . The arena is named after the great Greek wrestling champion of the early 20th century , and gold medalist at the 1906 Intercalated Games , Dimitrios Tofalos . It is also known by its original official name , which is PEAK , which stands for Pampeloponnisiako Ethniko Athlitiko Kentro Patron ( Greek : ΠΕΑΚ Παμπελοποννησιακό Εθνικό Αθλητικό Κέντρο ) , which means Pampeloponnisiako National Sports Center Patras . The arena has a seating capacity for basketball games of 4,150 people .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patras', 'summary': "Patras ( Greek : Πάτρα , romanized : Pátra , IPA : [ ˈpatɾa ] ; Katharevousa and Ancient Greek : Πάτραι , romanized : Pátrai , Ancient Greek : [ pátrai̯ ] , Katharevousa : [ ˈpatɾe̞ ] ; Latin : Patrae , [ ˈpatrae̯ ] ) is Greece 's third-largest city and the regional capital of Western Greece , in the northern Peloponnese , 215 km ( 134 mi ) west of Athens . The city is built at the foot of Mount Panachaikon , overlooking the Gulf of Patras . According to the results of the 2011 census , Patras had a population of 167,446 , while the municipality had 213,984 inhabitants . The core settlement has a history spanning four millennia . In the Roman period , it had become a cosmopolitan center of the eastern Mediterranean whilst , according to the Christian tradition , it was also the place of Saint Andrew 's martyrdom . Dubbed as Greece 's Gate to the West , Patras is a commercial hub , while its busy port is a nodal point for trade and communication with Italy and the rest of Western Europe . The city has two public universities and one technological institute , hosting a large student population and rendering Patras an important scientific centre [ citation needed ] with a field of excellence in technological education . The Rio-Antirio Bridge connects Patras ' easternmost suburb of Rio to the town of Antirrio , connecting the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece . Every year , in February , the city hosts one of Europe 's largest carnivals . Notable features of the Patras Carnival include its mammoth satirical floats and balls and parades , enjoyed by hundreds of thousands of visitors in a Mediterranean climate . Patras is also famous for supporting an indigenous cultural scene active mainly in the performing arts and modern urban literature . It was European Capital of Culture in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '4,150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rethymno Cretan Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rethymno_Cretan_Kings_B.C.', 'summary': "Rethymno Cretan Kings B.C. , or simply Cretan Kings ( Greek : Ρέθυμνο Κρητικοί Βασιλιάδες K.A.E . ) , is a Greek professional sports basketball club that was founded on the Greek island of Crete , in Rethymno , Greece , in 1986 . The club is also commonly known as Rethymno B.C . ( Ρέθυμνο K.A.E. ) . The team was previously known as Rethymno Aegean B.C . ( Ρέθυμνο Aegean K.A.E . ) , or Athlitikos Gymnastikos Omilos Rethymnou ( Α.G.Ο.R . ) ( Αθλητικός Γυμναστικός Όμιλος Ρεθύμνου ( Α.Γ.Ο.Ρ. ) . The team 's parent athletic club was founded in 1965 ."}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rethymno Indoor Hall , Rethymno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rethymno_Indoor_Hall', 'summary': 'Melina Merkouri Indoor Hall , or Rethymno Municipal Indoor Hall , is an indoor sporting arena that is located in the city of Rethymno , on the Greek island of Crete . The seating capacity of the arena for basketball games is 1,600 people . The arena is owned by the municipality of Rethymno . The arena is named after the famous Greek actress and politician , Melina Mercouri .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rethymno', 'summary': 'Rethymno ( Greek : Ρέθυμνο , [ ˈreθimno ] , also Rethimno , Rethymnon , Réthymnon , and Rhíthymnos ) is a city of approximately 40,000 people in Greece , the capital of Rethymno regional unit on the island of Crete , a former Latin Catholic bishopric as Retimo ( -Ario ) and former Latin titular see . Rethymno was originally built during the Minoan civilization ( ancient Rhithymna and Arsinoe ) . The city was prominent enough to mint its own coins and maintain urban growth . One of these coins is today depicted as the crest of the town : two dolphins in a circle .'}]}, {'value': '1,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current clubs', 'section_text': 'The clubs for the 2019–20 season :', 'uid': 'Greek_Basket_League_0', 'intro': 'The Greek Basket League (GBL), often also referred to as the Greek Basketball League, Greek A1 Basketball League, or Greek Basketball Championship (originally called Panhellenic Basketball Championship), and known as the ΕΚΟ Basket League for sponsorship reasons, is the first tier professional basketball league in Greece. It is run by HEBA (Greek: ΕΣΑΚΕ), under the legal authority of the Hellenic Basketball Federation (E.O.K.). The league is also known as the Betshop.gr Basket League for sponsorship reasons. It consists of 14 teams and runs from October to June, with teams playing 26 games each during the regular season, and the top 8 teams then competing in the playoffs. The first official Greek Basketball Championship was held in the 1927-28 season. The league first held a playoff round in the 1986-87 season. The league has always been ranked as one of the top 3-5 level national domestic leagues in European basketball, since league rankings began. For further information, see historical European national basketball league rankings, and European national basketball league rankings.'}
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What are the team colors of the club of the city that is the capital of Macedonia ?
blue and white
0ac5c29c62b698fa
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa', 'title': 'South Africa', 'header': ['Province', 'Provincial capital', 'Largest city', 'Area ( km )', 'Population ( 2016 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Eastern Cape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Cape', 'summary': 'The Eastern Cape ( Xhosa : iMpuma-Kapa ; Afrikaans : Oos-Kaap ; Sotho : Kapa Botjhabela ) is one of the provinces of South Africa . Its capital is Bhisho , but its two largest cities are East London and Port Elizabeth . The second largest province in the country at 168 966 km2 after Northern Cape , it was formed in 1994 out of the Xhosa homelands or bantustans of Transkei and Ciskei , together with the eastern portion of the Cape Province . The central and eastern part of the province is the traditional home of the indigenous Xhosa people . In 1820 this area began to be settled by Europeans who originally came from England and some from Scotland and Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Bhisho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bhisho', 'summary': "Bhisho ( formerly Bisho ) is the capital of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa . The Office of the Premier , Provincial Legislature and many other government departments are headquartered in the town . The town , three kilometres from King William 's Town and 70 kilometres from East London , is also part of Buffalo City ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Elizabeth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Elizabeth', 'summary': 'Port Elizabeth or Nelson Mandela Bay ( Xhosa : iBhayi ; Afrikaans : Die Baai [ di ˈbɑːi ] ) often known by its initials P.E. , and colloquially as The Friendly City , is a major seaport city in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa along the Indian Ocean . Port Elizabeth is Africas southern-most and South Africas second oldest city . It is the seat of the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality ( South Africas second largest metropolitan administrative district by area ) ; the countrys sixth most-populous city ; the most-populous city of Eastern Cape ; and the cultural , economic and financial center of the Eastern Cape . The city is among the top five cities in the world for pleasant weather , according to a 2014 scientific climate study of 600 global cities . Port Elizabeth is known for many blue-flag beaches along the citys urban coastline ; its popularity as an international and local holiday destination ; and its rich and diverse cultural heritage . It is a tourism gateway city for the Eastern Cape and the only city with the closest proximity to malaria-free big five game game reserves . The economy of Port Elizabeth is primarily oriented towards automotive assembly , manufacturing and export industries , and the city is also a major South African and sub-Saharan African destination for investment . Foreign direct investments of $ 19,8 billion has been secured over the past decade . Several Fortune 500 companies have a presence or their African operations headquartered in Port Elizabeth . The citys most prominent landmarks are Shark Rock pier , the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , and the Donkin Reserve . Port Elizabeth was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Port Elizabeth is a popular domestic and international holiday destination .'}]}, {'value': '168,966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,996,976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Free State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_State_(South_African_province)', 'summary': "The Free State ( Sotho : Freistata ; Afrikaans : Vrystaat ; Xhosa : iFreyistata ; Tswana : Foreistata ; Zulu : iFuleyisitata ; before 1995 , the Orange Free State ) is a province of South Africa . Its capital is Bloemfontein , which is also South Africa 's judicial capital . Its historical origins lie in the Boer republic called the Orange Free State and later Orange Free State Province ."}]}, {'value': 'Bloemfontein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloemfontein', 'summary': "Bloemfontein ( /ˈbluːmfɒnteɪn/ ; Afrikaans : [ ˈblumfɔntəi̯n ] ; from ! Orakobab : ǀʼAuxa ǃXās Bloem 's fountain ; in Dutch : fountain of flowers or blooming fountain ; also known as Bloem ) is the capital city of the province of Free State of South Africa ; and , as the judicial capital of the nation , one of South Africa 's three national capitals ( the other two being Cape Town , the legislative capital , and Pretoria , the administrative capital ) and is the seventh largest city in South Africa . Situated at an elevation of 1,395 m ( 4,577 ft ) above sea level , the city is home to approximately 520,000 residents and forms part of the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality which has a population of 747,431 . It was one of the host cities for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The city of Bloemfontein hosts the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa , the Franklin Game Reserve , Naval Hill , the Maselspoort Resort and the Sand du Plessis Theatre . The city hosts numerous museums , including the National Women 's Monument , the Anglo-Boer War Museum , the National Museum , and the Oliewenhuis Art Museum . Bloemfontein also host sub-Saharan Africa 's first digital planetarium , the Naval Hill Planetarium and Boyden Observatory , an astronomical research observatory erected by Harvard University . Bloemfontein is popularly and poetically known as the city of roses , for its abundance of these flowers and the annual rose festival held there . The city 's Sesotho name is Mangaung , meaning place of cheetahs . Its ! Orakobab name is ǀʼAuxa ǃXās or ǀKxʼauxa ǃXās ( Khoekhoegowab spelling : ǀAuxa ! Khās ) , which refers to Jan Bloem II , known as ! Xās-aob or Blumtseb who was a gaokxʼaob ( chief ) of the ǀŨdiǁʼaes ( Springbok Clan ) of the ! Ora ( Korana ) nation , whose kraal was the original settlement before the city was built ."}]}, {'value': 'Bloemfontein', 'urls': []}, {'value': '129,825', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,834,714', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gauteng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gauteng', 'summary': "Gauteng ( /xaʊˈtɛŋ/ khow-TENG ; Tswana : Gauteng ; Sotho : Gauteng ; Zulu : eGoli ; Tsonga : Gauteng/eXilungwini ; Ndebele , Xhosa : iRhawuti ; Southern Ndebele : I-Gauteng ; Venda : Gauteng ) is one of the nine provinces of South Africa . The name in Sotho-Tswana means place of gold . Situated in the Highveld , Gauteng is the smallest province in South Africa , accounting for only 1.5% of the land area . Nevertheless , it is highly urbanised , containing the country 's largest city , Johannesburg , its administrative capital , Pretoria , and other large areas such as Midrand and Vanderbijlpark . As of 2019 [ update ] , Gauteng is the most populous province in South Africa with a population of approximately 15 million people according to estimates ."}]}, {'value': 'Johannesburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johannesburg', 'summary': "Johannesburg ( /dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/ joh-HAN-iss-burg , also US : /-ˈhɑːn-/ -\u2060HAHN- ; Afrikaans : [ jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ ] ; Zulu and Xhosa : eGoli ) , informally known as Jozi or Joburg , is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world . It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng , which is the wealthiest province in South Africa . Johannesburg is the seat of the Constitutional Court . The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade , It was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . In 2019 , the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127 , making it the most populous city in South Africa . In the same year , the population of Johannesburg 's urban agglomeration was put at 8,000,000. land area of the municipal city ( 1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi ) is large in comparison with those of other major cities , resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre ( 6,120/sq mi ) . The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm . Due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand , within ten years , the population had grown to 100,000 inhabitants . A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994 , Soweto is now part of Johannesburg . Originally an acronym for South-Western Townships , Soweto originated as a collection of settlements on the outskirts of Johannesburg , populated mostly by native African workers from the gold mining industry . Soweto , although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg , had been separated as a residential area for Blacks , who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper ."}]}, {'value': 'Johannesburg', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,178', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13,399,724', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KwaZulu-Natal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal', 'summary': "KwaZulu-Natal ( /kwɑːˌzuːluː nəˈtɑːl/ ; also referred to as KZN and known as the garden province ; Zulu : iKwaZulu-Natali ; Xhosa : KwaZulu-Natal ; Afrikaans : KwaZoeloe-Natal ) is a province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu ( Place of the Zulu in Zulu ) and Natal Province were merged . It is located in the southeast of the country , enjoying a long shoreline beside the Indian Ocean and sharing borders with three other provinces and the countries of Mozambique , Eswatini and Lesotho . Its capital is Pietermaritzburg and its largest city is Durban . It is the second most populous province in South Africa , with slightly fewer residents than Gauteng . During the 1830s and early 1840s , the northern part of what is now KwaZulu-Natal was occupied by the Zulu Kingdom while the southern part was , briefly , the Boer republic of Natalia before becoming , in 1843 , the British Colony of Natal . KwaZulu remained independent until 1879 . KwaZulu-Natal is the birthplace of many notable figures in South Africa 's history , such as Albert Luthuli , the first non-white and the first person from outside Europe and the Americas to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ( 1960 ) ; Pixley ka Isaka Seme , the founder of the African National Congress ( ANC ) and South Africa 's first black lawyer ; John Langalibalele Dube , the ANC 's founding president ; Harry Gwala , ANC member and anti-apartheid activist ; Mangosuthu Buthelezi , the founder of the Inkatha Freedom Party ( IFP ) ; Anton Lembede , the founding president of the ANC Youth League ; Jacob Zuma , the former President of South Africa ; Bhambatha , a 19th-century Zulu chief who became an anti-apartheid icon ; and Shaka Zulu . Two areas in KwaZulu-Natal have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park ."}]}, {'value': 'Pietermaritzburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pietermaritzburg', 'summary': 'Pietermaritzburg ( /ˌpiːtərˈmærɪtsbɜːrɡ/ ; Zulu : umGungundlovu ) is the capital and second-largest city in the province of KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa . It was founded in 1838 and is currently governed by the Msunduzi Local Municipality . Its Zulu name umGungundlovu is the name used for the district municipality . Pietermaritzburg is popularly called Maritzburg in Afrikaans , English and Zulu alike , and often informally abbreviated to PMB . It is a regionally important industrial hub , producing aluminium , timber and dairy products , as well as the main economic hub of Umgungundlovu District Municipality . The public sector is a major employer in the city due to the local , district and provincial governments being located here . It is home to many schools and tertiary education institutions , including a campus of the University of KwaZulu-Natal . It had a population of 228,549 in 1991 ; the current population is estimated at over 600,000 residents ( including neighbouring townships ) and has one of the largest populations of Indian South Africans in South Africa .'}]}, {'value': 'Durban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durban', 'summary': "Durban ( Zulu : eThekwini , from itheku meaning bay/lagoon ) is the third most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and Cape Town and the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal . Located on the east coast of South Africa , Durban is the busiest port in the country . It is also one of the major centres of tourism because of the city 's warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches . Durban forms part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality , which includes neighboring towns and has a population of about 3.44 million , making the combined municipality one of the biggest cities on the Indian Ocean coast of the African continent . It is also the second most important manufacturing hub in South Africa after Johannesburg . In May 2015 , Durban was officially recognized as one of the New 7 Wonders Cities , Durban was one of the host cities for the 2010 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': '94,361', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11,065,240', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limpopo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limpopo', 'summary': "Limpopo is the northernmost province of South Africa . It is named after the Limpopo River , which forms the province 's western and northern borders . The name Limpopo has its etymological origin in the Ndebele language , the original inhabitants of the area , meaning strong gushing waterfalls . The capital is Polokwane , ( formerly Pietersburg ) . The province was formed from the northern region of Transvaal Province in 1994 , and was initially named Northern Transvaal . The following year , it was renamed Northern Province , which remained the name until 2003 , when it was formally changed to Limpopo after deliberation by the provincial government and amendment of the South African Constitution . An alternate name considered for the province was Mapungubwe . The Northern Ndebele people traditionally are the majority in the province . However , majority of them now speak Sepedi which is a home language for the Sekhukhune district . Most Matebele ( BakaLanga and BakaSeleka ) clans have been assimulated into the Pedi and Tswana communities . The Northern Ndebele are found from Hammarskraal , Mokopane , Zebediela right up to the Limpopo river . Some moved north and settled among the Venda people and got assimilated like the Chivhase and Mhwaduba chieftancies ."}]}, {'value': 'Polokwane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polokwane', 'summary': "Polokwane ( UK : /ˌpɒləˈkwɑːnɪ/ , meaning Place of Safety in Northern Sotho ) , also known by its former name , Pietersburg , is a city and the capital of the Limpopo Province of South Africa . It is South Africa 's largest urban centre north of Gauteng . Polokwane was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Polokwane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '125,754', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,799,090', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mpumalanga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mpumalanga', 'summary': "Mpumalanga ( /əmˌpuːməˈlɑːŋɡə/ ( listen ) ; Swazi , Zulu : iMpumalanga ; Tsonga : Humadyambu ; Southern Ndebele : IMpumalanga ; Northern Sotho , Afrikaans , Southern Sotho : Mpumalanga ) is a province of South Africa . The name means east , or literally the place where the sun rises in the Swazi , Xhosa , Ndebele and Zulu languages . Mpumalanga lies in eastern South Africa , bordering Eswatini and Mozambique . It constitutes 6.5% of South Africa 's land area . It shares borders with the South African provinces of Limpopo to the north , Gauteng to the west , the Free State to the southwest , and KwaZulu-Natal to the south . The capital is Mbombela ."}]}, {'value': 'Mbombela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mbombela', 'summary': 'Mbombela ( previously called Nelspruit ) is a city in northeastern South Africa . It is the capital of the Mpumalanga province . Located on the Crocodile River , Mbombela lies about 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) by road west of the Mozambique border , 330 kilometres ( 210 mi ) east of Johannesburg and about 82 kilometres ( 51 mi ) North of the Eswatini border , Mbombela was one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Mbombela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mbombela', 'summary': 'Mbombela ( previously called Nelspruit ) is a city in northeastern South Africa . It is the capital of the Mpumalanga province . Located on the Crocodile River , Mbombela lies about 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) by road west of the Mozambique border , 330 kilometres ( 210 mi ) east of Johannesburg and about 82 kilometres ( 51 mi ) North of the Eswatini border , Mbombela was one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '76,495', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,335,964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)', 'summary': 'North West ( Tswana : Bokone Bophirima ; Southern Sotho : Leboya Bophirima ; Northern Sotho : Leboa-Bodikela ) is a province of South Africa . Its capital is Mahikeng . The province is located to the west of the major population centre of Gauteng .'}]}, {'value': 'Mahikeng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahikeng', 'summary': "Mahikeng , still commonly known as Mafikeng and previously Mafeking , is the capital city of the North-West Province of South Africa . Located close to South Africa 's border with Botswana , Mahikeng is 1,400 km ( 870 mi ) northeast of Cape Town and 260 km ( 160 mi ) west of Johannesburg . In 2001 , it had a population of 49,300 . In 2007 , Mahikeng was reported to have a population of 250,000 of which the CBD constitutes between 69,000 and 75,000 . It is built on the open veld at an elevation of 1,500 m ( 4,921 ft ) , by the banks of the Upper Molopo River . The Madibi goldfields are some 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) south of the town ."}]}, {'value': 'Klerksdorp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klerksdorp', 'summary': 'Klerksdorp is located in the North West Province , South Africa . Klerksdorp is the largest city in the North West Province . Mahikeng , the provincial capital , lies roughly 170 km north-west of Klerksdorp and Johannesburg 170 km in a north-eastern direction .'}]}, {'value': '104,882', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,748,435', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Cape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Cape', 'summary': "The Northern Cape ( Afrikaans : Noord-Kaap ; Tswana : Kapa Bokone ; Xhosa : uMntla-Koloni ) is the largest and most sparsely populated province of South Africa . It was created in 1994 when the Cape Province was split up . Its capital is Kimberley . It includes the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park , part of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park , an international park shared with Botswana . It also includes the Augrabies Falls and the diamond mining regions in Kimberley and Alexander Bay . The Namaqualand region in the west is famous for its Namaqualand daisies . The southern towns of De Aar and Colesberg , in the Great Karoo , are major transport nodes between Johannesburg , Cape Town and Port Elizabeth . In the northeast , Kuruman is known as a mission station and also for its artesian spring , the Eye of Kuruman . The Orange River flows through the province , forming the borders with the Free State in the southeast and with Namibia to the northwest . The river is also used to irrigate the many vineyards in the arid region near Upington . Native speakers of Afrikaans comprise a higher percentage of the population in the Northern Cape than in any other province . The Northern Cape 's four official languages are Afrikaans , Tswana , Xhosa , and English ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimberley,_South_Africa', 'summary': 'Kimberley is the capital and largest city of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa . It is located approximately 110 km east of the confluence of the Vaal and Orange Rivers . The city has considerable historical significance due to its diamond mining past and the siege during the Second Boer War . British businessmen Cecil Rhodes and Barney Barnato made their fortunes in Kimberley , and Rhodes established the De Beers diamond company in the early days of the mining town . On September 2 , 1882 , Kimberley was the first city in the Southern Hemisphere and the second in the world after Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in the United States to integrate electric street lights into its infrastructure . The first Stock Exchange in Africa was built in Kimberley , as early as 1881 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley', 'urls': []}, {'value': '372,889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,193,780', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Cape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Cape', 'summary': 'The Western Cape ( Afrikaans : Wes-Kaap ; Xhosa : iNtshona-Koloni ) is a province of South Africa , situated on the south-western coast of the country . It is the fourth largest of the nine provinces with an area of 129,449 square kilometres ( 49,981 sq mi ) , and the third most populous , with an estimated 6.6 million inhabitants in 2018 . About two-thirds of these inhabitants live in the metropolitan area of Cape Town , which is also the provincial capital . The Western Cape was created in 1994 from part of the former Cape Province , The two largest cities are Cape Town and George'}]}, {'value': 'Cape Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Town', 'summary': "Cape Town ( Afrikaans : Kaapstad ) [ ˈkɑːpstat ] ; Xhosa : iKapa ; Khoi-San : //Hui ! Gaeb ) is the second most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and also the legislative capital of South Africa . Colloquially named the Mother City , it is the largest city of the Western Cape province . It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality , The Parliament of South Africa sits in Cape Town . The other two capitals are located in Pretoria ( the executive capital where the Presidency is based ) and Bloemfontein ( the judicial capital where the Supreme Court of Appeal is located ) . The city is known for its harbour , for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region , and for landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point . Cape Town is home to 64% of the Western Cape 's population . The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design . In 2014 , Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both The New York Times and The Daily Telegraph. , Cape Town was one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Located on the shore of Table Bay , Cape Town , as the oldest urban area in South Africa , was developed by the United East India Company ( VOC ) as a supply station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa , India , and the Far East . Jan van Riebeeck 's arrival on 6 April 1652 established VOC Cape Colony , the first permanent European settlement in South Africa . Cape Town outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope , becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony . Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg , Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Cape Town', 'urls': []}, {'value': '129,462', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,279,730', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Politics and government -- Administrative divisions', 'section_text': 'Main article : Provinces of South Africa Provinces of South Africa Each of the nine provinces is governed by a unicameral legislature , which is elected every five years by party-list proportional representation . The legislature elects a Premier as head of government , and the Premier appoints an Executive Council as a provincial cabinet . The powers of provincial governments are limited to topics listed in the Constitution ; these topics include such fields as health , education , public housing and transport . The provinces are in turn divided into 52 districts : 8 metropolitan and 44 district municipalities . The district municipalities are further subdivided into 205 local municipalities . The metropolitan municipalities , which govern the largest urban agglomerations , perform the functions of both district and local municipalities .', 'uid': 'South_Africa_0', 'intro': "South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini (Swaziland); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho. South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and, with over 58 million people, is also the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European, Asian (Indian), and multiracial (Coloured) ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures, languages, and religions. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution's recognition of 11 official languages, which is the fourth-highest number in the world. Two of these languages are of European origin: Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism, and is commonly used in public and commercial life, though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état, and regular elections have been held for almost a century. However, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a large role in the country's recent history and politics."}
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In what year was the province founded that has a capital that was the first city in the southern Hemisphere to have electric street lights ?
1994
0ac5d391c4bd9eb4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Fukui)', 'title': 'List of Historic Sites of Japan (Fukui)', 'header': ['Site', 'Municipality', 'Ref'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mimuro Site 三室遺跡 Mimuro iseki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katsuyama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katsuyama,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Katsuyama ( 勝山市 , Katsuyama-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 31 May 2018 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 23,527 , with 7,973 households , and a population density of 93 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 253.88 square kilometres ( 98.02 sq mi ) . Katsuyama was the ninth-best ranking city in a ranking that compared health and sanitation in cities around the world published in April 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '[ 2 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chausuyama Kofun Cluster 茶臼山古墳群 Chausuyama kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前市 , Echizen-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 83,078 in 20.341 households and the population density of 360 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 230.70 square kilometres ( 89.07 sq mi ) . The modern city of Echizen was established on October 1 , 2005 , from the merger of the city of Takefu and the town of Imadate ( from Imadate District ) ; although the Echizen Basin has been an important regional center for over 1,500 years . The city is home to the largest number of cultural assets in Fukui Prefecture and has many former castle sites and prehistoric archeological sites .'}]}, {'value': '[ 3 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asuwayama Kofun Cluster 足羽山古墳群 Asuwayama kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fukui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukui,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Fukui ( 福井市 , Fukui-shi ) is the capital city of Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 264,217 , and a population density of 69.2 persons per km² , in 102,935 households . Its total area is 536.41 square kilometres ( 207.11 sq mi ) . Most of the population lives in a small central area ; the city limits include rural plains , mountainous areas , and suburban sprawl along the Route 8 bypass .'}]}, {'value': '[ 4 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kitabori Shell Mound 北堀貝塚 Kitabori kaizuka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fukui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukui,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Fukui ( 福井市 , Fukui-shi ) is the capital city of Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 264,217 , and a population density of 69.2 persons per km² , in 102,935 households . Its total area is 536.41 square kilometres ( 207.11 sq mi ) . Most of the population lives in a small central area ; the city limits include rural plains , mountainous areas , and suburban sprawl along the Route 8 bypass .'}]}, {'value': '[ 5 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hikida Castle Site 疋壇城跡 Hikida-jō ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsuruga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsuruga,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Tsuruga ( 敦賀市 , Tsuruga-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 29 June 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 66,123 in 28,604 households and the population density of 260 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 251.39 square kilometres ( 97.06 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 6 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asahiyama Kofun Cluster 朝日山古墳群 Asahiyama kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui_(town)', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前町 , Echizen-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 20,709 and the population density of 140 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 153.15 square kilometres ( 59.13 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 7 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kasugayama Kofun 春日山古墳 附 泰遠寺山古墳出土石棺 Kasugayama kofun tsuketari Taionjiyama kofun shutsudo sekkan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eiheiji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eiheiji,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Eiheiji ( 永平寺町 , Eiheiji-chō ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 March 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 18,746 in 6,262 households and the population density of 200 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 94.43 square kilometres ( 36.46 sq mi ) . The town is named for the famous temple of Eihei-ji .'}]}, {'value': '[ 8 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Obama Castle Site 小浜城跡 Obama-jō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obama_Castle_(Wakasa_Province)', 'summary': 'Obama Castle ( 小浜城 , Obama-jō ) was a seaside-style castle located in what is now the city of Obama , Fukui Prefecture , Japan . During the Edo period , it was the headquarters of a junior branch of the Sakai clan , who were hereditary daimyō of Obama Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate . The castle was also known by the name of Unpin Castle ( 雲浜城 , Unpin-jō ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Obama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obama,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Obama ( 小浜市 , Obama-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 29,435 in 12,057 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² ( 327/sq mi ) . The total area of the city was 233.09 square kilometres ( 90.00 sq mi ) . Obama gained publicity in the United States and elsewhere in 2008 , as it shared its name with Barack Obama , who was running for , and later became President of the United States .'}]}, {'value': '[ 9 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Komaru Castle Site 小丸城跡（附 野々宮廃寺跡） Komaru-jō ( tsuketari Nonomiya Haiji ato )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Komaru_Castle', 'summary': 'Komaru Castle ( 小丸城 , Komaru-jō ) was a Japanese castle located in what is now the city of Echizen Fukui Prefecture , in the Hokuriku region of Japan . Built in the Sengoku period by Sassa Narimasa , the ruins are now a Fukui Prefectural Historic Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前市 , Echizen-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 83,078 in 20.341 households and the population density of 360 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 230.70 square kilometres ( 89.07 sq mi ) . The modern city of Echizen was established on October 1 , 2005 , from the merger of the city of Takefu and the town of Imadate ( from Imadate District ) ; although the Echizen Basin has been an important regional center for over 1,500 years . The city is home to the largest number of cultural assets in Fukui Prefecture and has many former castle sites and prehistoric archeological sites .'}]}, {'value': '[ 10 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsuchimikado Family Graves 土御門家 墓所 Tsuchimikado-ke bosho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōi,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Ōi ( おおい町 , Ōi-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 8,102 and a population density of 63 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 212.19 square kilometres ( 81.93 sq mi ) . It is one of the few Hiragana towns in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '[ 11 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen Ōno Castle Site 越前大野城跡 Echizen Ōno-jō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen_Ōno_Castle', 'summary': 'Ōno Castle ( 大野城 , Ōno-jō ) was a Japanese castle located in the city of Ōno Fukui Prefecture , in the Hokuriku region of Japan . Built in the Sengoku period , it was occupied by a succession of daimyō of Ōno Domain under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate .'}]}, {'value': 'Ōno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōno,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Ōno ( おおのし , Ōno-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 33,640 in 11,747 households and the population density of 39 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 872.43 square kilometres ( 336.85 sq mi ) . The town is encircled by a ring of mountains and the only way in or out is via tunnels or mountain roads .'}]}, {'value': '[ 12 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kiyohara Bukata Grave 清原宜賢卿墓所 Kiyohara Bukata-kyō bosho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fukui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fukui,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Fukui ( 福井市 , Fukui-shi ) is the capital city of Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 264,217 , and a population density of 69.2 persons per km² , in 102,935 households . Its total area is 536.41 square kilometres ( 207.11 sq mi ) . Most of the population lives in a small central area ; the city limits include rural plains , mountainous areas , and suburban sprawl along the Route 8 bypass .'}]}, {'value': '[ 13 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nitta Yoshisada Public Grave 新田義貞公墓所 Nitta Yoshisada kō-bosho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nitta_Yoshisada', 'summary': "Nitta Yoshisada ( 新田 義貞 , 1301 - August 17 , 1338 [ citation needed ] ) was the head of the Nitta clan in the early fourteenth century , and supported the Southern Court of Emperor Go-Daigo in the Nanboku-chō period . He famously marched on Kamakura , besieging and capturing it from the Hōjō clan in 1333 . Later he fought the Takauji brothers on the Emperor 's behalf in a see-saw campaign which saw the capital change hands several times . After a compromise peace was agreed , Yoshisada was entrusted with two royal princes . At the siege of Kanegasaki both were killed , along with Yoshisada 's son , although Yoshisada was able to escape . He died when his horse was killed at the siege of Kuromaru . Pinned under it , he committed seppuku ."}]}, {'value': 'Sakai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sakai,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Sakai ( 坂井市 , Sakai-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 10 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 92,210 in 31,509 households and the population density of 550 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 209.67 square kilometres ( 80.95 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 14 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yokoyama Kofun Cluster 横山古墳群 Yokoyama kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awara / Sakai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awara,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Awara ( あわら市 , Awara-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 28,405 in 10,140 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 116.98 square kilometres ( 45.17 sq mi ) . It is one of the few Hiragana cities in Japan . Awara is a city famous for its onsen resorts and natural hotwater springs . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sakai,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Sakai ( 坂井市 , Sakai-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 10 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 92,210 in 31,509 households and the population density of 550 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 209.67 square kilometres ( 80.95 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 15 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamo Kofun 加茂古墳 Kamo kofun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Obama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Obama,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Obama ( 小浜市 , Obama-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 29,435 in 12,057 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² ( 327/sq mi ) . The total area of the city was 233.09 square kilometres ( 90.00 sq mi ) . Obama gained publicity in the United States and elsewhere in 2008 , as it shared its name with Barack Obama , who was running for , and later became President of the United States .'}]}, {'value': '[ 16 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shinmeigatani Sue Ware Kiln Site 神明ヶ谷の須恵器窯跡 Shinmeigatani no Sue-ki kama ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui_(town)', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前町 , Echizen-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 20,709 and the population density of 140 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 153.15 square kilometres ( 59.13 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 17 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōmushi Haiji Pagoda Site 大虫廃寺塔跡 Ōmushi Haiji tō ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前市 , Echizen-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 83,078 in 20.341 households and the population density of 360 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 230.70 square kilometres ( 89.07 sq mi ) . The modern city of Echizen was established on October 1 , 2005 , from the merger of the city of Takefu and the town of Imadate ( from Imadate District ) ; although the Echizen Basin has been an important regional center for over 1,500 years . The city is home to the largest number of cultural assets in Fukui Prefecture and has many former castle sites and prehistoric archeological sites .'}]}, {'value': '[ 18 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Funazu Shell Mound 舟津貝塚 Funazu kaizuka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awara,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Awara ( あわら市 , Awara-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 28,405 in 10,140 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 116.98 square kilometres ( 45.17 sq mi ) . It is one of the few Hiragana cities in Japan . Awara is a city famous for its onsen resorts and natural hotwater springs . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '[ 19 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ochi-san Sacred Mountain Site 越知山 山岳信仰跡 Ochi-san sangaku-shinkō ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echizen,_Fukui_(town)', 'summary': 'Echizen ( 越前町 , Echizen-chō ) is a town located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 April 2018 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 20,709 and the population density of 140 persons per km² . The total area of the town was 153.15 square kilometres ( 59.13 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '[ 20 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kunugi Kofun 椚古墳 （石室） Kunugi kofun ( sekishitsu )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awara,_Fukui', 'summary': 'Awara ( あわら市 , Awara-shi ) is a city located in Fukui Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 May 2018 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 28,405 in 10,140 households and the population density of 240 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 116.98 square kilometres ( 45.17 sq mi ) . It is one of the few Hiragana cities in Japan . Awara is a city famous for its onsen resorts and natural hotwater springs . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '[ 21 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Prefectural Historic Sites', 'section_text': 'As of 1 May 2019 , twenty-nine Sites have been designated as being of prefectural importance . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Fukui)_1', 'intro': 'This list is of the Historic Sites of Japan located within the Prefecture of Fukui.'}
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That Japanese Komaru Castle was built in what period and by whom ?
Sengoku period by Sassa Narimasa
0ac61241c2ac66da
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of bus transit systems in the United States', 'header': ['System', 'Locale', 'Major city ( s )', 'Daily ridership'], 'data': [{'value': '9 Town Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estuary_Transit_District', 'summary': 'Estuary Transit District , doing business as 9 Town Transit , is the public transit provider for Connecticut River Estuary region . ETD provides public transit bus service through its 9 Town Transit service to the towns of Chester , Clinton , Deep River , Durham , Essex , East Haddam , Haddam , Killingworth , Lyme , Old Lyme , Old Saybrook , and Westbrook , Connecticut . Services are provided to the general public , with no age or disability restrictions . ETD was named the Rural System of the Year in 2011 by the Community Transportation Association of America .'}]}, {'value': 'Old Saybrook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Saybrook,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Old Saybrook is a town in Middlesex County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 10,242 at the 2010 census . It contains the incorporated borough of Fenwick , as well as the census-designated places of Old Saybrook Center and Saybrook Manor .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut Transit ( Hartford Division )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut_Transit', 'summary': "Connecticut Transit ( styled CTtransit ) is a bus system serving much of the U.S. state of Connecticut and is a division of that state 's Department of Transportation . CTtransit provides bus service via contract providers for seven different metropolitan areas in the state , mostly concentrated in Hartford and New Haven counties . CTtransit began operations in 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Hartford area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut . It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960 . It is the core city in the Greater Hartford metropolitan area . Census estimates since the 2010 United States Census have indicated that Hartford is the fourth-largest city in Connecticut , behind the coastal cities of Bridgeport , New Haven , and Stamford . Hartford was founded in 1635 and is among the oldest cities in the United States . It is home to the country 's oldest public art museum ( Wadsworth Atheneum ) , the oldest publicly funded park ( Bushnell Park ) , the oldest continuously published newspaper ( the Hartford Courant ) , and the second-oldest secondary school ( Hartford Public High School ) . It is also home to the Mark Twain House , where the author wrote his most famous works and raised his family , among other historically significant sites . Mark Twain wrote in 1868 , Of all the beautiful towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief . Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades following the American Civil War . Today , it is one of the poorest cities in the U.S. , with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty threshold . In sharp contrast , the Greater Hartford metropolitan statistical area was ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production and 8th out of 280 metropolitan statistical areas in per capita income in 2015 . Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World , it hosts many insurance company headquarters and is the region 's major industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Hartford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37,201', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut Transit ( New Haven Division )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut_Transit', 'summary': "Connecticut Transit ( styled CTtransit ) is a bus system serving much of the U.S. state of Connecticut and is a division of that state 's Department of Transportation . CTtransit provides bus service via contract providers for seven different metropolitan areas in the state , mostly concentrated in Hartford and New Haven counties . CTtransit began operations in 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Haven metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut', 'summary': "New Haven is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County , Connecticut , and is part of the New York metropolitan area . With a population of 129,779 as determined by the 2010 United States Census , it is the second-largest city in Connecticut after Bridgeport . New Haven is the principal municipality of Greater New Haven , which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010 . New Haven was the first planned city in America . A year after its founding by English Puritans in 1638 , eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid , creating what is commonly known as the Nine Square Plan . The central common block is the New Haven Green , a 16-acre ( 6 ha ) square at the center of Downtown New Haven . The Green is now a National Historic Landmark , and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark . New Haven is the home of Yale University . As New Haven 's biggest taxpayer and employer , Yale serves as an integral part of the city 's economy . Health care ( hospitals and biotechnology ) , professional services ( legal , architectural , marketing , and engineering ) , financial services , and retail trade also contribute to the city 's economic activity . The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873 , when sole governance was transferred to the more centrally located city of Hartford ."}]}, {'value': 'New Haven', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,557', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut Transit ( Stamford Division )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut_Transit', 'summary': "Connecticut Transit ( styled CTtransit ) is a bus system serving much of the U.S. state of Connecticut and is a division of that state 's Department of Transportation . CTtransit provides bus service via contract providers for seven different metropolitan areas in the state , mostly concentrated in Hartford and New Haven counties . CTtransit began operations in 1976 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stamford metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Stamford ( /ˈstæmfərd/ ) is a city in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States . According to the US Census Bureau , the population of the city is 129,775 as of July 1 , 2018 . As of 2017 , according to the Census Bureau , the population of Stamford had risen to 131,000 , making it the third-largest city in the state ( behind Bridgeport and New Haven ) and the seventh-largest city in New England . Approximately 30 miles ( 50 kilometers ) from Manhattan , Stamford is in the Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk Metro area which is a part of the Greater New York metropolitan area . Stamford is home to eight Fortune 500 companies as of 2019 , as well as numerous divisions of large corporations . This gives Stamford the largest financial district in the New York metropolitan region outside New York City itself and one of the largest concentrations of corporations in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Stamford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9,155', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Bridgeport Transit Authority', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Bridgeport_Transit_Authority', 'summary': 'Greater Bridgeport Transit ( GBT ) is a transit service serving the Greater Bridgeport region of the U.S. state of Connecticut . GBT provides local bus service to the cities/towns of Bridgeport , Trumbull , Stratford , Milford , Fairfield , Westport , Shelton , and Monroe .'}]}, {'value': 'Bridgeport metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Bridgeport is a historic seaport city in the U.S. state of Connecticut . It is in Fairfield County , at the mouth of the Pequonnock River on Long Island Sound , 60 miles ( 97 km ) from Manhattan and 40 miles ( 64 km ) from The Bronx . It is bordered by the towns of Trumbull to the north , Fairfield to the west , and Stratford to the east . As of 2017 , Bridgeport had an estimated population of 146,579 , which made it the largest city in Connecticut and the fifth-most populous in New England . The Greater Bridgeport area is the 48th-largest urban area in the United States . The showman P. T. Barnum was a resident of the city and served as the town 's mayor in the late 19th century . Barnum built four houses in Bridgeport and housed his circus in town during winter . The first Subway restaurant opened in Bridgeport 's North End in 1965 . The Frisbie Pie Company was in Bridgeport , and Bridgeport is credited as the birthplace of the Frisbee . After World War II , industrial restructuring and suburbanization caused the loss of many jobs and affluent residents , leaving Bridgeport struggling with poverty and crime ."}]}, {'value': 'Bridgeport', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16,819', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Housatonic Area Regional Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Housatonic_Area_Regional_Transit', 'summary': "This article contains tables and other information that may not be up to date and do not meet Wikipedia 's standards . Please help improve this article ."}]}, {'value': 'Danbury area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Danbury is a city in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States , located approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast of New York City making it part of the New York metropolitan area . Danbury 's population at the 2010 census was 80,893 . The city is named for Danbury in Essex , England . It is nicknamed the Hat City because for a period in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it was the center of the American hat industry . The mineral danburite is named for Danbury . Danbury is home to Danbury Hospital , Western Connecticut State University , Danbury Fair Mall and Danbury Municipal Airport . In November 2015 , USA Today ranked Danbury as the second best city to live in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Danbury', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,378', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middletown Area Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middletown_Area_Transit', 'summary': "Middletown Area Transit , popularly known as MAT , is the provider of public transportation serving Middletown , Connecticut , as well as portions of Cromwell , Durham , East Hampton and Portland . The area routes connect with CTtransit Hartford 's 55 route and 9 Town Transit 's Mid-Shore Express at the MAT Terminal , including the M-Link service connecting with the Meriden Transit District , Amtrak and the Hartford Line at the Meriden railroad station , with CTtransit New Britain 's 512 ( TPK ) route at Walmart in Cromwell and its 501 ( AR ) route at the Westfield Meriden shopping mall ."}]}, {'value': 'Middletown area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Middletown is a city located in Middlesex County , Connecticut , along the Connecticut River , in the central part of the state , 16 miles ( 26 kilometers ) south of Hartford . In 1650 , it was incorporated as a town under its original Native American name , Mattabeseck . It received its present name in 1653 . Middletown was included within Hartford County upon its creation on May 10 , 1666 . In 1784 , the central settlement was incorporated as a city distinct from the town . Both were included within newly formed Middlesex County in May 1785 . In 1923 , the City of Middletown was consolidated with the Town , making the city limits extensive . Originally a busy sailing port and then an industrial center , it is now largely residential with its downtown - mainly Main Street - serving as a popular retail , dining , and bar district somewhat close to Wesleyan University . Middletown was the county seat of Middlesex County from its creation in 1785 until the elimination of county government in 1960 . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 47,648 . Middletown , Connecticut is considered the southernmost city in the Hartford-Springfield Knowledge Corridor Metropolitan Region , which features a combined metro population of 1.9 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Middletown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,725', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milford Transit District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milford_Transit_District', 'summary': 'Milford Transit District is the primary provider of mass transportation in Milford , Connecticut , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Milford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milford,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Milford is a city within Coastal Connecticut and New Haven County , Connecticut , between Bridgeport , Connecticut and New Haven , Connecticut , United States . The population was estimated to be 53,120 in a July 2018 estimate . The city includes the borough of Woodmont . Milford is part of the New York-Newark Bridgeport , NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Milford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,379', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeast Transportation Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeast_Transportation_Company', 'summary': 'The Northeast Transportation Company ( d/b/a CT Transit Waterbury , Meriden , and Wallingford Divisions ) provides local service in the cities of Waterbury , Naugatuck , Meriden , and Wallingford under contract to Connecticut Transit .'}]}, {'value': 'Waterbury , Meriden , and Wallingford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Waterbury ( nicknamed The Brass City ) is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut on the Naugatuck River , 33 miles southwest of Hartford and 77 miles northeast of New York City . Waterbury is the second-largest city in New Haven County , Connecticut . As of the 2010 census , Waterbury had a population of 110,366 , making it the 10th largest city in the New York Metropolitan Area , 9th largest city in New England and the 5th largest city in Connecticut . Throughout the first half of the 20th century , Waterbury had large industrial interests and was the leading center in the United States for the manufacture of brassware ( including castings and finishings ) , as reflected in the nickname the Brass City and the city 's motto Quid Aere Perennius ? ( What Is More Lasting Than Brass ? ) . It was also noted for the manufacture of watches and clocks . The city is along Interstate 84 ( Yankee Expressway ) and Route 8 and has a Metro-North railroad station with connections to Grand Central Terminal . Waterbury is also home to Post University and the regional campuses of the University of Connecticut , University of Bridgeport , Western Connecticut State University as well as Naugatuck Valley Community College ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Meriden,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Meriden is a city in New Haven County , Connecticut , United States , located halfway between the regional cities of New Haven and Hartford . In 2010 , the population of the city was 60,868 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wallingford,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Wallingford is a town in New Haven County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 45,135 at the 2010 census . The urban center of the town is the Wallingford Center census-designated place , with a population of 18,209 at the 2010 census . The community was named after Wallingford , in England .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,782', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norwalk Transit District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norwalk_Transit_District', 'summary': 'The Norwalk Transit District is the primary provider of public transportation services in Norwalk , Connecticut , United States , and surrounding communities .'}]}, {'value': 'Norwalk metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Norwalk is a U.S. city located in southwestern Connecticut , in southern Fairfield County , on the northern shore of Long Island Sound . Norwalk lies within both the New York metropolitan area as well as the Bridgeport metropolitan area . Norwalk was settled in 1649 , and is the sixth most populous city in Connecticut . According to the 2010 United States Census it has had a population of 85,603 ; with an estimated population of 89,047 in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Norwalk', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southeast Area Transit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeast_Area_Transit', 'summary': 'Southeast Area Transit ( abbreviated to SEAT ) is a provider of local bus service in eight towns and two cities in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Connecticut : East Lyme , Griswold , Groton ( town and city ) , Ledyard , Montville , New London , Norwich , Stonington , and Waterford . Under contract to Amtrak , SEAT also provides Thruway Motorcoach service from New London to Foxwoods .'}]}, {'value': 'New London and Norwich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut', 'summary': "New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States , located at the mouth of the Thames River in New London County , Connecticut . It was one of the world 's three busiest whaling ports for several decades beginning in the early 19th century , along with Nantucket and New Bedford , Massachusetts . The wealth that whaling brought into the city furnished the capital to fund much of the city 's present architecture . The city subsequently became home to other shipping and manufacturing industries , but it has gradually lost most of its industrial heart . New London is home to the United States Coast Guard Academy , Connecticut College , Mitchell College , and The Williams School . The Coast Guard Station New London and New London Harbor is home port to the Coast Guard Cutter Chinook and the Coast Guard 's tall ship Eagle . The city had a population of 27,620 at the 2010 census . The Norwich-New London metropolitan area includes 21 towns and 274,055 people ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Norwich,_Connecticut', 'summary': "Norwich , known as 'The Rose of New England , ' is a city in New London County , Connecticut , United States . The population was 40,493 at the 2010 United States Census . Three rivers , the Yantic , the Shetucket , and the Quinebaug , flow into the city and form its harbor , from which the Thames River flows south to Long Island Sound ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,789', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windham Region Transit District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windham_Region_Transit_District', 'summary': "Windham Region Transit District , or WRTD , is a bus operator for Windham County , with NECTD , SEAT , UConn Transportation Services in neighboring towns . Prior to August 2019 , The company operated 4 routes in total , connecting with a small handful of other operators , such as UConn Transportation Services in Mansfield , SEAT in Norwich , and NECTD in Brooklyn , Connecticut . Because of the small collection of routes , they have approximately 10 fixed route buses , with some Paratransit vehicles . Beginning August 14 , 2017 , WRTD provided connections to CTtransit in Mansfield Storrs with the 913 Express route to Hartford , Connecticut . WRTD also provides Dial-A-Ride within their nine-town district ( Ashford , Chaplin , Columbia , Coventry , Lebanon , Mansfield , Scotland , Willington and Windham . ADA Paratransit is provided for areas within 3/4 mile of WRTD 's Local Routes ."}]}, {'value': 'Windham County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windham_County,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Windham County is a county located in the northeastern corner of the U.S. state of Connecticut . As of the 2010 census , the population was 118,428 , making it the least populous county in Connecticut . It forms the core of the region known as the Quiet Corner . Windham County is included in the Worcester , MA-CT Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Boston-Worcester-Providence , MA-RI-NH-CT Combined Statistical Area . The entire county is within the Quinebaug and Shetucket Rivers Valley National Heritage Corridor , as designated by the National Park Service .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magic Carpet Bus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic_Carpet_Bus', 'summary': 'The Magic Carpet Bus system serves the Town of Enfield , Connecticut . The service began in January 2013 , and operates on two routes , the Blue Line and the Yellow Line . Blue Line service typically begins at 7 AM and ends at 11 PM and Yellow Line service typically begins at 7:30 AM and ends at 6:30 PM , Monday though Friday . The Blue Line also operates 7 AM to 9 PM on Saturday . Enfield Transit also operates ADA Paratransit within 3/4 miles of a fixed route for persons who can not use the fixed route service due to a disability .'}]}, {'value': 'Enfield Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enfield,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Enfield is a town in Hartford County , Connecticut , United States , founded by Reverend Zachary of Deer Run . The population was 44,654 at the 2010 census . It is bordered by Longmeadow , Massachusetts and East Longmeadow , Massachusetts , to the north , Somers to the east , East Windsor and Ellington to the south , and the Connecticut River ( towns of Suffield and Windsor Locks ) to the west .'}]}, {'value': 'Enfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enfield,_Connecticut', 'summary': 'Enfield is a town in Hartford County , Connecticut , United States , founded by Reverend Zachary of Deer Run . The population was 44,654 at the 2010 census . It is bordered by Longmeadow , Massachusetts and East Longmeadow , Massachusetts , to the north , Somers to the east , East Windsor and Ellington to the south , and the Connecticut River ( towns of Suffield and Windsor Locks ) to the west .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northeastern Connecticut Transit District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_Connecticut_Transit_District', 'summary': 'The Northeastern Connecticut Transit District is an agency that provides public transpotation services in Northeastern Connecticut . It provides local bus service in towns of Brooklyn , Canterbury , Killingly , Putnam , Thompson , Eastford , Plainfield , Pomfret , Woodstock , and Union . Service is available 7 days per week , offering both deviated-fixed route service , and paratransit ( door-to-door service ) . The Green , Blue , and Purple/Red Lines are consolidated into one route on the weekends .'}]}, {'value': 'Northeastern Connecticut ( Brooklyn , Canterbury , Killingly , Putnam , Thompson , Eastford , Plainfield , Pomfret , Woodstock , and Union )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valley Transit District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ansonia , Derby , Seymour , and Shelton', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Connecticut', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_bus_transit_systems_in_the_United_States_6', 'intro': 'The following is a list of presently-operating bus transit systems in the United States with regular service. The list excludes charter buses, private bus operators, paratransit systems, and trolleybus systems. Figures for daily ridership, number of vehicles, and daily vehicle revenue miles are accurate as of 2009 and come from the FTA National Transit Database.'}
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What is the daily ridership in the capital city of Connecticut ?
37,201
0ac6d9e3f630c62b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marvelous_Entertainment_games', 'title': 'List of Marvelous Entertainment games', 'header': ['Title', 'Date', 'Developer', 'Region ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Harvest Moon DS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvest_Moon_DS', 'summary': 'Harvest Moon DS ( 牧場物語 コロボックルステーション , Bokujō Monogatari : Korobokkuru Sutēshon ) is a farm simulation role-playing video game for the Nintendo DS , part of the Story of Seasons series . It was published and developed by Marvelous Interactive Inc. , and released in Japan on March 17 , 2005 and in North America on September 12 , 2006 . It is the first entry in the series without series creator Yasuhiro Wada heavily involved , though it borrows many assets from Harvest Moon : Friends of Mineral Town and Harvest Moon : A Wonderful Life , such as the graphical style from the former and setting of the latter .'}]}, {'value': 'March 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvelous Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvelous_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Marvelous Entertainment Inc. ( 株式会社 マーベラスエンターテイメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Māberasu Entāteimento ) ( MMV ) was a multinational corporation that produced animation , music , video games and television series . MMV is known for its involvement in the Story of Seasons series .'}]}, {'value': 'JP / EU / AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Space Invaders Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Space_Invaders', 'summary': "Space Invaders ( Japanese : スペースインベーダー , Hepburn : Supēsu Inbēdā ) is a 1978 arcade game created by Tomohiro Nishikado . It was manufactured and sold by Taito in Japan , and licensed in the United States by the Midway division of Bally . Within the shooter genre , Space Invaders was the first fixed shooter and set the template for the shoot 'em up genre . The goal is to defeat wave after wave of descending aliens with a horizontally moving laser to earn as many points as possible . Space Invaders was an immediate commercial success ; by 1982 , it had grossed $ 3.8 billion , with a net profit of $ 450 million , making it the best-selling video game and highest-grossing entertainment product at the time . Adjusted for inflation , the many versions of the game are estimated to have grossed over $ 13 billion in total revenue as of 2016 , making it the highest-grossing video game of all time . Space Invaders is considered one of the most influential video games of all time . It helped expand the video game industry from a novelty to a global industry , and ushered in the golden age of arcade video games . It was the inspiration for numerous video games and game designers across different genres , and has been ported and re-released in various forms . The 1980 Atari VCS version quadrupled sales of the VCS , thereby becoming the first killer app for video game consoles . More broadly , the pixelated enemy alien has become a pop culture icon , often representing video games as a whole . Designer Nishikado drew inspiration from games like 1976 's ball-bouncing game Breakout and the 1975 shooter game Gun Fight , as well as science fiction narratives such as The War of the Worlds , Space Battleship Yamato , and Star Wars ."}]}, {'value': 'July 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Lunar : Dragon Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lunar:_Dragon_Song', 'summary': "Lunar : Dragon Song , known in Japan and Europe as Lunar Genesis ( ルナ-ジェネシス- , Runa Jenesisu ) , is a role-playing video game developed by Japan Art Media for the Nintendo DS handheld console . The game was released in Japan by Marvelous Interactive on August 25 , 2005 , and later available in North America by Ubisoft on September 27 , 2005 , and a European version on February 17 , 2006 by Rising Star Games . As the first original Lunar series title in ten years , it was also the first traditional role-playing game available for the Nintendo DS , utilizing several new features such as combat taking place across of two screens and the use of the system 's built-in microphone to issue commands . The game takes place a thousand years before the events of the first Lunar game , Lunar : The Silver Star , and centers on Jian Campbell , a young delivery boy and adventurer who must save the world from the rising menace of the Vile Tribe , a race of powerful magicians who wish to gain control of the goddess Althena and take over the world . Largely panned by critics , the game has received negative reviews due to a number of gameplay additions often seen as tedious and debilitating , such as the inability to target specific enemies in combat , as well as the decision to not include series mainstays such as voice acting and full-motion video sequences ."}]}, {'value': 'August 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan Art Media', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JP / EU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Urusei Yatsura : Endless Summer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urusei_Yatsura', 'summary': "Urusei Yatsura ( うる星やつら ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Rumiko Takahashi and serialized in Weekly Shōnen Sunday from 1978 to 1987 . Its 374 individual chapters were published in 34 tankōbon volumes . It tells the story of Ataru Moroboshi , and the alien Lum , who believes she is Ataru 's wife after he accidentally proposes to her . The series makes heavy use of Japanese mythology , culture and puns . It was adapted into an anime television series produced by Kitty Films and broadcast on Fuji Television affiliates from 1981 to 1986 with 195 episodes . Twelve OVAs and six theatrical movies followed , and the series was released on VHS , Laserdisc , DVD , and Blu-ray Disc in Japan . The manga series was republished in different formats in Japan . Viz Media released the series in North America in the 1990s under the names Lum and The Return of Lum , but dropped it after nine volumes . They re-licensed the manga and began releasing an omnibus edition under its original title with new translations in 2019 . The television series , OVAs , and five of the films were released in North America with English subtitles , as well as a dub for the films by AnimEigo . They provided extensive notes on the series to allow people to understand the many cultural references and jokes in the series that would not normally be understood by non-Japanese . The remaining film , Beautiful Dreamer , was released bilingually by Central Park Media ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bubble Bobble Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bubble_Bobble_Revolution', 'summary': 'Bubble Bobble Revolution is a 2D platformer for the Nintendo DS . Developed by Dreams , Inc . It was released in Japan on November 24 , 2005 by Taito Corporation as Bubble Bobble DS , in Europe on December 2 , 2005 by Rising Star Games and Atari and in North America on October 3 , 2006 by Codemasters . Bubble Bobble Revolution became notorious for gaining negative reception after its release , due to poor graphics , level design , and the presence of a major software bug that prevents the game from being completed .'}]}, {'value': 'December 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dreams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EU / AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Harvest Moon DS Cute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvest_Moon_DS_Cute', 'summary': 'Harvest Moon DS ( 牧場物語 コロボックルステーション , Bokujō Monogatari : Korobokkuru Sutēshon ) is a farm simulation role-playing video game for the Nintendo DS , part of the Story of Seasons series . It was published and developed by Marvelous Interactive Inc. , and released in Japan on March 17 , 2005 and in North America on September 12 , 2006 . It is the first entry in the series without series creator Yasuhiro Wada heavily involved , though it borrows many assets from Harvest Moon : Friends of Mineral Town and Harvest Moon : A Wonderful Life , such as the graphical style from the former and setting of the latter .'}]}, {'value': 'December 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvelous Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvelous_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Marvelous Entertainment Inc. ( 株式会社 マーベラスエンターテイメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Māberasu Entāteimento ) ( MMV ) was a multinational corporation that produced animation , music , video games and television series . MMV is known for its involvement in the Story of Seasons series .'}]}, {'value': 'JP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ys Strategy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ys_Strategy', 'summary': 'Ys Strategy is a real-time strategy video game developed by Future Creates and published by Marvelous Interactive ( now absorbed into its parent company , Marvelous Entertainment ) in Japan and Rising Star Games in Europe and Australia , and part of the Ys series . It was released in 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Future Creates', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JP / EU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Contact', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contact_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Contact [ a ] is a role-playing video game developed by Grasshopper Manufacture for the Nintendo DS handheld game console . It was published by Marvelous Entertainment in Japan on March 30 , 2006 , by Atlus USA in North America on October 19 , 2006 , and by Rising Star Games in Australia , Asia and Europe on January 25 , 2007 and February 2 , 2007 respectively .'}]}, {'value': 'March 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grasshopper Manufacture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grasshopper_Manufacture', 'summary': 'Grasshopper Manufacture Inc. ( 株式会社グラスホッパー・マニファクチュア , Kabushiki Gaisha Gurasuhoppā Manifakuchua ) is a Japanese video game developer founded in March 30 , 1998 by Goichi Suda . They are well known for creating tiles such as killer7 and the No More Heroes series .'}]}, {'value': 'JP / EU / AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Rainbow Islands Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainbow_Islands_Revolution', 'summary': "Rainbow Islands Revolution is a game on the Nintendo DS . It is an update of the original game , Rainbow Islands . Unlike in the original , the main character , Bub , rides in a bubble , and the player has to guide him with the stylus , and draw rainbows with it as well . Therefore , the game uses mainly the DS 's touch screen ."}]}, {'value': 'April 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dreams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EU / AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'SBK : Snowboard Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SBK:_Snowboard_Kids', 'summary': 'SBK : Snowboard Kids , released in Japan as Snowboard Kids Party ( スノボキッズパーティー , Sunobo Kizzu Pātī ) , is a snowboarding video game for the Nintendo DS released on November 2005 in North America and Japan . It was also released in Europe on April 28 , 2006 . It is the third in the Snowboard Kids series . Up to four people can play wirelessly with one game card .'}]}, {'value': 'April 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'racjin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racjin', 'summary': 'Racjin , ( 株式会社ラクジン Kabushiki-Gaisha Rakujin ) formerly known as Racdym ( ラクディム ) , is a Japanese video game developer located in Yodogawa-ku , Osaka , established in 1995 . Its name was changed in 2000 to make it more easily pronounced to the Japanese .'}]}, {'value': 'EU / AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Rune Factory : A Fantasy Harvest Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rune_Factory:_A_Fantasy_Harvest_Moon', 'summary': 'Rune Factory : A Fantasy Harvest Moon ( ルーンファクトリー -新牧場物語- , Rūn Fakutorī -Shin Bokujō Monogatari- , Rune Factory : A New Farm Story ) is a simulation role-playing video game developed by Neverland and published by Marvelous Interactive Inc. , Natsume , and Rising Star Games for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console . Rune Factory is a fantasy farm simulation game and a spin-off of the Harvest Moon/Story of Seasons video game series , celebrating the 10th anniversary of the franchise . It is described by Yoshifumi Hashimoto ( longtime producer of the Harvest Moon/Story of Seasons series ) as Harvest Moon where you wield a sword . Rune Factory 4 is the most recent game of the series , released in Japan as of July 19 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neverland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neverland_(company)', 'summary': 'Neverland Company Inc. ( 株式会社ネバーランドカンパニー , Kabushiki-gaisha Nabārando Kanpanī ) was a Japanese video game developer founded on May 7 , 1993 . It has developed games for Super NES , Dreamcast , GameCube , PlayStation 2 , Game Boy Color , Nintendo DS , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 3 and the Wii . The most notable games this company developed were part of the Lufia and Rune Factory series of video games . On November 29 , 2013 , the company announced that it would cease operations and file for bankruptcy . The very next day , Rune Factory producer Yoshifumi Hashimoto of Marvelous AQL , the series publisher , said that while what their next project was a secret , the staff members are still doing great . In February 2014 , it was revealed that the Rune Factory development team had been hired by Marvelous AQL , and that they were developing the Nintendo 3DS simulation role-playing video game Lord of Magna : Maiden Heaven .'}]}, {'value': 'JP / EU / AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Negima ! ? : Chou Mahora Taisen Kattoiin , Keiyaku Shikkou Dechai masuu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Negima!?', 'summary': "Negima ! ? ( ネギま ! ? ) is an anime television series created by Shaft . It is an alternate retelling of the Negima ! Magister Negi Magi series . Directed by Akiyuki Shinbo , it aired from October 4 , 2006 to March 28 , 2007 in Japan . The anime was accompanied by a monthly manga series by Takuya Fujima called Negima ! ? neo . Both series feature the same characters and locations . This new season aired on TV Tokyo 's late afternoon time slot rather than on late nights , like the original anime series did ."}]}, {'value': 'October 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natsume', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natsume_(company)', 'summary': 'Natsume ( Japanese : ナツメ ) is the name of two video games publishers , Natsume-Atari and Natsume Inc. , that were once the same company but are now completely separated . Natsume Co. , Ltd. was founded in Japan on October 20 , 1987 . It established an American division called Natsume Inc. in 1988 . In 1995 , Natsume Inc. split from Natsume Co. , Ltd. to become an independent company . The name Natsume was retained by both companies in their respective countries . In 2013 , Natsume Co. , Ltd. renamed itself Natsume-Atari following a merger with its subsidiary Atari that year . Also in 2013 , Natsume Inc. ( the American company ) inaugurated a Japanese division called Natsume Inc. Japan with no connection to its former parent company . Natsume-Atari is based in Shinjuku , Tokyo , Japan and is known for developing licensed titles and mobile games . Natsume Inc. is located in Burlingame , California and is best known for publishing unique , family-oriented niche games , such as Harvest Moon and Reel Fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'JP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Harvest Moon : Island of Happiness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvest_Moon:_Island_of_Happiness', 'summary': 'Harvest Moon DS : Island of Happiness ( 牧場物語 キミと育つ島 , Bokujō Monogatari : Kimi to Sodatsu Shima , lit . Farm Story : The Island Grows With You ) is a farm simulation video game published and developed by Marvelous Interactive Inc. in Japan , and released in North America by Natsume exclusively for the Nintendo DS . It is the third installment of the Harvest Moon series on the DS . It is the first entry without series creator Yasuhiro Wada involved . Harvest Moon DS : Island of Happiness is the second time that the series has branched a protagonist in an ongoing story , as the game no longer taking place in the previous continuity . Alongside its sequel , Harvest Moon DS : Sunshine Islands , they both follow the new protagonists Mark and Chelsea . Prior entries before Harvest Moon DS : Island of Happiness were all interconnected to a central story of descendants that all carried over the family farm .'}]}, {'value': 'February 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvelous Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvelous_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Marvelous Entertainment Inc. ( 株式会社 マーベラスエンターテイメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Māberasu Entāteimento ) ( MMV ) was a multinational corporation that produced animation , music , video games and television series . MMV is known for its involvement in the Story of Seasons series .'}]}, {'value': 'JP / AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'New Zealand Story Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_Story_Revolution', 'summary': "The NewZealand Story ( ニュージーランドストーリー , Nyū Jīrando Sutōrī ) is a 1988 arcade game developed and published by Taito . The game 's concept and setting were inspired by a holiday trip in New Zealand by one of the Taito programmers . The player controls Tiki ( ティキ ) , a kiwi who must save his girlfriend Phee Phee ( ピューピュー ) and several of his other kiwi chick friends who have been kidnapped by a large blue leopard seal . While avoiding enemies , the player has to navigate a scrolling maze-like level , at the end of which they release one of Tiki 's kiwi chick friends trapped in a cage . In 2005 , the arcade game received a remake for the Nintendo DS under the title , New Zealand Story Revolution ."}]}, {'value': 'February 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dreams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'EU / AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Luminous Arc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luminous_Arc', 'summary': "Luminous Arc ( ルミナスアーク , Ruminasu Āku ) is a tactical role-playing game from Marvelous for the Nintendo DS . Luminous Arc was released on February 8 , 2007 in Japan , August 14 , 2007 in North America , and October 18 , 2007 in Australia by Atlus , and in Europe on the next day by Rising Star Games . The game features voiced scenes , character designs by Kaito Shibano and music by Akari Kaida , Yasunori Mitsuda , and Mitsuda 's studio , Procyon . Along with the main gameplay , there is an online multiplayer battle option . The game has a sequel , Luminous Arc 2 , that was released in 2008 . Luminous Arc 3 : Eyes was released on December 10 , 2009 in Japan . Another new title , Luminous Arc Infinity , was announced for PlayStation Vita ."}]}, {'value': 'February 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'imageepoch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imageepoch', 'summary': 'Imageepoch Inc. ( イメージエポック , Imējiepokku ) was a video game developer based out of Tokyo , Japan . The company filed for bankruptcy in 2015 , due to its declining sales and debt .'}]}, {'value': 'JP / EU / AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Negima ! ? : Chou Mahora Taisen Chuu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Negima!?', 'summary': "Negima ! ? ( ネギま ! ? ) is an anime television series created by Shaft . It is an alternate retelling of the Negima ! Magister Negi Magi series . Directed by Akiyuki Shinbo , it aired from October 4 , 2006 to March 28 , 2007 in Japan . The anime was accompanied by a monthly manga series by Takuya Fujima called Negima ! ? neo . Both series feature the same characters and locations . This new season aired on TV Tokyo 's late afternoon time slot rather than on late nights , like the original anime series did ."}]}, {'value': 'March 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natsume', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natsume_(company)', 'summary': 'Natsume ( Japanese : ナツメ ) is the name of two video games publishers , Natsume-Atari and Natsume Inc. , that were once the same company but are now completely separated . Natsume Co. , Ltd. was founded in Japan on October 20 , 1987 . It established an American division called Natsume Inc. in 1988 . In 1995 , Natsume Inc. split from Natsume Co. , Ltd. to become an independent company . The name Natsume was retained by both companies in their respective countries . In 2013 , Natsume Co. , Ltd. renamed itself Natsume-Atari following a merger with its subsidiary Atari that year . Also in 2013 , Natsume Inc. ( the American company ) inaugurated a Japanese division called Natsume Inc. Japan with no connection to its former parent company . Natsume-Atari is based in Shinjuku , Tokyo , Japan and is known for developing licensed titles and mobile games . Natsume Inc. is located in Burlingame , California and is best known for publishing unique , family-oriented niche games , such as Harvest Moon and Reel Fishing .'}]}, {'value': 'JP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'River King : Mystic Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legend_of_the_River_King', 'summary': 'River King ( North America ) or Harvest Fishing ( PAL ) ( known in Japan as Kawa no Nushi Tsuri ( 川のぬし釣り , lit . Fishing the River Master ) ) , and originally released in English as Legend of the River King , is a fishing-themed role playing video game series by Natsume . The series has releases over 6 video game systems . Of these , 4 have been released in America . In addition to the River King series a spinoff series of saltwater fishing games has also been released called Umi no Nushi Tsuri . The series has been released for the Game Boy , Super Nintendo , PlayStation , and Wii .'}]}, {'value': 'June 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'JP / EU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Rune Factory 2 : A Fantasy Harvest Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rune_Factory_2:_A_Fantasy_Harvest_Moon', 'summary': 'Rune Factory 2 : A Fantasy Harvest Moon [ a ] is a simulation role-playing video game developed by Neverland . It was published in Japan , North America and the PAL regions by Marvelous Entertainment , Natsume and Rising Star Games respectively for the Nintendo DS .'}]}, {'value': 'January 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neverland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neverland_(company)', 'summary': 'Neverland Company Inc. ( 株式会社ネバーランドカンパニー , Kabushiki-gaisha Nabārando Kanpanī ) was a Japanese video game developer founded on May 7 , 1993 . It has developed games for Super NES , Dreamcast , GameCube , PlayStation 2 , Game Boy Color , Nintendo DS , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation 3 and the Wii . The most notable games this company developed were part of the Lufia and Rune Factory series of video games . On November 29 , 2013 , the company announced that it would cease operations and file for bankruptcy . The very next day , Rune Factory producer Yoshifumi Hashimoto of Marvelous AQL , the series publisher , said that while what their next project was a secret , the staff members are still doing great . In February 2014 , it was revealed that the Rune Factory development team had been hired by Marvelous AQL , and that they were developing the Nintendo 3DS simulation role-playing video game Lord of Magna : Maiden Heaven .'}]}, {'value': 'JP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Flower , Sun , and Rain : Murder and Mystery in Paradise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flower,_Sun,_and_Rain:_Murder_and_Mystery_in_Paradise', 'summary': "Flower , Sun , and Rain [ a ] is an adventure game developed by Grasshopper Manufacture for the PlayStation 2 . It was initially published by Victor Interactive Software in Japan in 2001 . A port for the Nintendo DS ( DS ) was developed by h.a.n.d . under supervision by Grasshopper Manufacture . It was published by Marvelous Entertainment in Japan ( 2008 ) , Rising Star Games in Europe ( 2008 ) , and Xseed Games in North America ( 2009 ) . Flower , Sun , and Rain is set on the Micronesian island resort of Lospass , and is loosely connected to the events of The Silver Case . The story follows Sumio Mondo , a searcher who makes a living looking for things people have lost . Mondo is initially contracted to defuse a bomb planted on a plane , but is so distracted with helping the islanders that the bomb goes off . He ends up caught in a timeloop , where he relives the same day running up to the explosion . Gameplay focuses on Mondo exploring the island , solving numerical puzzles with the help of his computer Catherine to solve people 's problems on Lospass . Flower , Sun , and Rain was conceived , directed , designed and co-written by studio founder Goichi Suda . Production began in 1999 following the release of The Silver Case , the studio 's debut title ."}]}, {'value': 'March 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grasshopper Manufacture , h.a.n.d', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grasshopper_Manufacture', 'summary': 'Grasshopper Manufacture Inc. ( 株式会社グラスホッパー・マニファクチュア , Kabushiki Gaisha Gurasuhoppā Manifakuchua ) is a Japanese video game developer founded in March 30 , 1998 by Goichi Suda . They are well known for creating tiles such as killer7 and the No More Heroes series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/H.a.n.d.', 'summary': "h.a.n.d . Inc. ( ハ・ン・ド , ha.n.do ) , abbreviation of Hokkaido Artists ' Network and Development , is a Japanese video game developer . The company originally started as a service selling Macintosh hardware and software to universities before the Mac platform was widely known . When competition in the field increased , h.a.n.d . reorganized to develop original software . h.a.n.d . 's earliest known game is Treasure Strike : Full Swing , developed in collaboration with publisher , Kid , who released the PC follow-up to the Dreamcast original in 2004 . The company consists of two other divisions - North Point Inc. for the development of mobile phone apps and other software , and S.N.S . Inc. who work on social games for Facebook and Mixi for external publishers ."}]}, {'value': 'JP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bomberman Story DS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bomberman_Story_DS', 'summary': 'Bomberman Story DS ( ボンバーマンストーリーDS ) is a puzzle action role-playing video game for the Nintendo DS . It was announced at the Nintendo Conference 2005 . It is able to connect to the Nintendo Wi-Fi connection service . This game has received translations into several languages including English for releases in Europe and Australia by Rising Star Games .'}]}, {'value': 'March 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}]}, {'value': 'EU / AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Nintendo DS', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Marvelous_Entertainment_games_2', 'intro': 'This is a list of games by Marvelous Entertainment. This list pertains to games that were published March 31, 2003 onward, after the purchase of Victor Interactive Software was complete. Games published by the privately owned subsidiary Rising Star Games in Europe are also included on this list.'}
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The Developer founded on May 18 , 1973 created a Title that is a puzzle action role-playing video game for ?
the Nintendo DS
0ac74722b22a44fd
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_Yankees_team_records', 'title': 'List of New York Yankees team records', 'header': ['Statistic', 'Player', 'Record', 'Season'], 'data': [{'value': 'Wins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Win_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball and softball , a pitcher 's win-loss record ( also referred to simply as their record ) indicates the number of wins ( denoted W ) and losses ( denoted L ) they have been credited with . For example , a 20-10 win-loss record would represent 20 wins and 10 losses . In each game , one pitcher on the winning team is awarded a win ( the winning pitcher ) and one pitcher on the losing team is given a loss ( the losing pitcher ) in their respective statistics . These pitchers are collectively known as the pitchers of record . The designation of win or loss for a pitcher is known as a decision , and only one pitcher for each team receives a decision . A starting pitcher who does not receive credit for a win or loss is said to have no decision . In certain situations , another pitcher on the winning team who pitched in relief of the winning pitcher can be credited with a save , and holds can be awarded to relief pitchers on both sides , but these are never awarded to the same pitcher who is awarded the win . The decisions are awarded by the official scorer of the game in accordance with the league 's rules . The official scorer does not assign a winning or losing pitcher in some games which are forfeited , such as those that are tied at the time of forfeiture . If the game is tied ( a rare event ) , no pitcher is awarded any decision . A pitcher 's winning percentage is calculated by dividing the number of wins by the number of decisions ( wins plus losses ) , and it is commonly expressed with three decimal places ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Chesbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Chesbro', 'summary': "John Dwight Chesbro ( June 5 , 1874 - November 6 , 1931 ) was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) pitcher . Nicknamed Happy Jack , Chesbro played for the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1899-1902 ) , the New York Highlanders ( 1903-1909 ) , and the Boston Red Sox ( 1909 ) . Chesbro finished his career with a 198-132 win-loss record , a 2.68 earned run average , and 1,265 strikeouts . His 41 wins during the 1904 season remains an American League record . Though some pitchers have won more games in some seasons prior to 1901 , historians demarcating 1901 as the beginning of 'modern-era ' major league baseball refer to and credit Jack Chesbro and his 1904 win-total as the modern era major league record and its holder . Some view Chesbro 's 41 wins in a season as an unbreakable record . Chesbro 's 1904 pitching totals of 51 games started and 48 complete games also fall into the same historical category as his 1904 wins total , as they are all-time American League single-season records . These 1904 single-season totals for games started and complete games , like the wins total , are also the most recorded by a pitcher in either the American or National League since the beginning of the twentieth century and the co-existence of the American and National Leagues as major leagues . If one demarcates 1901 as the beginning of major league baseball 's modern era , Jack Chesbro holds the modern era major league historical single-season records for wins by a pitcher ( 41 ) , games started by a pitcher ( 51 ) , and complete games pitched ( 48 ) . Chesbro was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 by the Veterans Committee , though he had received little consideration from the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . Some baseball historians consider the 1946 election a mistake , and believe that Chesbro was elected solely on the basis of his 1904 season ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Losses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loss_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball and softball , a pitcher 's win-loss record ( also referred to simply as their record ) indicates the number of wins ( denoted W ) and losses ( denoted L ) they have been credited with . For example , a 20-10 win-loss record would represent 20 wins and 10 losses . In each game , one pitcher on the winning team is awarded a win ( the winning pitcher ) and one pitcher on the losing team is given a loss ( the losing pitcher ) in their respective statistics . These pitchers are collectively known as the pitchers of record . The designation of win or loss for a pitcher is known as a decision , and only one pitcher for each team receives a decision . A starting pitcher who does not receive credit for a win or loss is said to have no decision . In certain situations , another pitcher on the winning team who pitched in relief of the winning pitcher can be credited with a save , and holds can be awarded to relief pitchers on both sides , but these are never awarded to the same pitcher who is awarded the win . The decisions are awarded by the official scorer of the game in accordance with the league 's rules . The official scorer does not assign a winning or losing pitcher in some games which are forfeited , such as those that are tied at the time of forfeiture . If the game is tied ( a rare event ) , no pitcher is awarded any decision . A pitcher 's winning percentage is calculated by dividing the number of wins by the number of decisions ( wins plus losses ) , and it is commonly expressed with three decimal places ."}]}, {'value': 'Joe Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Lake', 'summary': "Joseph Henry Lake ( January 6 , 1881 - June 30 , 1950 ) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1908 to 1913 . He played for the New York Highlanders , St. Louis Browns , and Detroit Tigers . Lake made his major league debut on April 21 , 1908 ; his final game was five years later on August 25 , 1913 . Lake 's key pitches were the spitball and the fastball ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strikeouts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strikeout', 'summary': 'In baseball or softball , a strikeout ( or strike-out ) occurs when a batter racks up three strikes during a time at bat . It usually means the batter is out . A strikeout is a statistic recorded for both pitchers and batters , and is denoted by K. A strikeout looking - in which the batter does not swing and the third strike is called by the umpire - is usually denoted by a ꓘ . Although a strikeout suggests that the pitcher dominated the batter , the free-swinging style that generates home runs also leaves batters susceptible to striking out . Some of the greatest home run hitters of all time - such as Alex Rodriguez , Reggie Jackson , and Jim Thome - were notorious for striking out .'}]}, {'value': 'Ron Guidry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Guidry', 'summary': "Ronald Ames Guidry ( /ˈɡɪdri/ ; born August 28 , 1950 ) , nicknamed Louisiana Lightning and Gator , is a former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) left-handed pitcher who played his entire 14-year career for the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . Guidry was also the pitching coach of the Yankees from 2006 to 2007 . Guidry 's major league career began in 1975 . He was a member of World Series-winning Yankees teams in 1977 and 1978 , both over the Los Angeles Dodgers . He won the AL Cy Young Award in 1978 , winning 25 games and losing only 3 . He also won five Gold Glove Awards and appeared in four All-Star games . Guidry served as captain of the Yankees beginning in 1986 ; he retired from baseball in 1989 . In 2003 , the Yankees retired Guidry 's uniform number ( 49 ) and dedicated a plaque to him in Monument Park ."}]}, {'value': '248', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earned run average', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earned_run_average', 'summary': "In baseball statistics , earned run average ( ERA ) is the average of earned runs given up by a pitcher per nine innings pitched ( i.e . the traditional length of a game ) . It is determined by dividing the number of earned runs allowed by the number of innings pitched and multiplying by nine . Runs resulting from passed balls or defensive errors ( including pitchers ' defensive errors ) are recorded as unearned runs and omitted from ERA calculations ."}]}, {'value': 'Spud Chandler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spud_Chandler', 'summary': "Spurgeon Ferdinand Spud Chandler ( September 12 , 1907 - January 9 , 1990 ) was an American professional baseball player . He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed starting pitcher and played his entire career for the New York Yankees from 1937 through 1947 . He was named the American League 's Most Valuable Player in 1943 after anchoring the team 's pitching staff with 20 wins and only 4 losses as New York won its third consecutive pennant ; his 1.64 earned run average in that season was the lowest by any major league pitcher between 1920 and 1967 , and remains a Yankees team record . In eleven seasons , he never suffered a losing record ; with a total of 109 wins and 43 losses , his career winning percentage of .717 is the highest of any pitcher with at least 100 victories since 1876 ."}]}, {'value': '1.64', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earned runs allowed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earned_run', 'summary': "In baseball , an earned run is any run that was fully enabled by the offensive team 's production in the face of competent play from the defensive team . Conversely , an unearned run is a run that would not have been scored without the aid of an error or a passed ball committed by the defense . An unearned run counts just as much as any other run for the purpose of determining the score of the game . However , it is unearned in that it was , in a sense , given away by the defensive team . Both total runs and earned runs are tabulated as part of a pitcher 's statistics . However , earned runs are specially denoted because of their use in calculating a pitcher 's earned run average ( ERA ) , the number of earned runs allowed by the pitcher per nine innings pitched ( i.e. , averaged over a regulation game ) . Thus , in effect , the pitcher is held personally accountable for earned runs , while the responsibility for unearned runs is shared with the rest of the team . To determine whether a run is earned , the official scorer must reconstruct the inning as it would have occurred without errors or passed balls ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Jones_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Samuel Toothpick Jones ( December 14 , 1925 - November 5 , 1971 ) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the Cleveland Indians , Chicago Cubs , St. Louis Cardinals , San Francisco Giants , Detroit Tigers and the Baltimore Orioles between 1951 and 1964 . He batted and threw right-handed . Born in Stewartsville , Ohio , Jones played for several Negro League teams , including the Orlando All-Stars in 1946 ; and the Cleveland Buckeyes , where he played under the management of Quincy Trouppe , in 1947 and 1948 ; and the Kansas City Royals , touring Negro League squad handpicked by Satchel Paige . In 1948-49 he played in Panama , and then , with the end of the Negro National League , played semi-pro ball until he was signed by the Indians organization in the fall of 1949 , playing Class A ball in the season and winter ball for Panama in 1949-50 . Jones began his major league career with the Cleveland Indians in 1951 . When he entered a game on May 3 , 1952 , 39-year-old rookie Quincy Trouppe , a Negro League veteran , was behind the plate . Together they formed the first black battery in American League history . Both Sam Jones and Quincy Trouppe played for the Cleveland Buckeyes in the Negro American League . After the 1954 season , the Tribe traded him to the Chicago Cubs for two players to be named later , one of whom was slugger Ralph Kiner . In 1956 , the Cubs traded him to the St. Louis Cardinals in a multi-player deal ; prior to the 1959 season , he was dealt this time to the San Francisco Giants for Bill White and Ray Jablonski . He was picked 25th by the expansion Houston Colt .45s in the 1961 expansion draft , then traded to the Detroit Tigers for Bob Bruce and Manny Montejo . He rejoined the Cardinals for the 1963 campaign and played 1964 with the Baltimore Orioles .'}]}, {'value': '127', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hits allowed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hits_allowed', 'summary': 'In Baseball statistics , hits allowed ( HA ) signifies the total number of hits a pitcher allowed .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack Powell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Powell_(baseball)', 'summary': 'John Joseph Powell ( July 9 , 1874 - October 17 , 1944 ) was a Major League Baseball pitcher around the turn of the 19th and 20th century . He had a relatively successful 16-year career , which lasted from 1897 to 1912 - he won 245 games , but also lost 254 games . So , despite his sparking 2.97 career ERA , he holds the record for most wins by a pitcher with a career losing record . Powell was born in Bloomington , Illinois . He made his debut with the Cleveland Spiders in 1897 , and by 1898 he became one of the best pitchers on the team . His 23 wins trailed only teammate Cy Young . He was one of the star players sold to the St. Louis Browns before the 1899 season . He won 23 games again that year , which was three more than the Spiders had all year . After three successful seasons , he was lured to the new American League in 1902 , where he pitched for the St. Louis Browns . Powell was traded to the New York Highlanders before the 1904 season , where he went 23-19 . However , after an 8-13 start in 1905 , he was traded back to the Browns . By this time , the Browns had become one of the worst teams in the league .'}]}, {'value': '340', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shutouts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shutouts_in_baseball', 'summary': "In Major League Baseball , a shutout ( denoted statistically as ShO or SHO ) refers to the act by which a single pitcher pitches a complete game and does not allow the opposing team to score a run . If two or more pitchers combine to complete this act , no pitcher is awarded a shutout , although the team itself can be said to have shut out the opposing team . The ultimate single achievement among pitchers is a perfect game , which has been accomplished 23 times in over 135 years , most recently by Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners on August 15 , 2012 . By definition , a perfect game is counted as a shutout . A no-hitter completed by one pitcher is also a shutout unless the opposing team manages to score through a series of errors , base on balls , catcher 's interferences , dropped third strikes , or hit batsmen . The all-time career leader in shutouts is Walter Johnson , who pitched for the Washington Senators from 1907-1927 . He accumulated 110 shutouts , which is 20 more than the second place leader , Pete Alexander . The most shutouts recorded in one season was 16 , which was a feat accomplished by both Pete Alexander ( 1916 ) and George Bradley ( 1876 ) . These records are considered among the most secure records in baseball , because pitchers today rarely earn more than one or two shutouts per season with a heavy emphasis on pitch count and relief pitching . Complete games themselves have also become rare among starting pitchers . The current leader among active players for career shutouts is Clayton Kershaw , who has thrown 15 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ron Guidry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Guidry', 'summary': "Ronald Ames Guidry ( /ˈɡɪdri/ ; born August 28 , 1950 ) , nicknamed Louisiana Lightning and Gator , is a former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) left-handed pitcher who played his entire 14-year career for the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . Guidry was also the pitching coach of the Yankees from 2006 to 2007 . Guidry 's major league career began in 1975 . He was a member of World Series-winning Yankees teams in 1977 and 1978 , both over the Los Angeles Dodgers . He won the AL Cy Young Award in 1978 , winning 25 games and losing only 3 . He also won five Gold Glove Awards and appeared in four All-Star games . Guidry served as captain of the Yankees beginning in 1986 ; he retired from baseball in 1989 . In 2003 , the Yankees retired Guidry 's uniform number ( 49 ) and dedicated a plaque to him in Monument Park ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Save_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a save ( abbreviated SV or S ) is credited to a pitcher who finishes a game for the winning team under certain prescribed circumstances . Most commonly a pitcher earns a save by entering in the ninth inning of a game in which his team is winning by three or fewer runs and finishing the game by pitching one inning without losing the lead . The number of saves or percentage of save opportunities successfully converted are oft-cited statistics of relief pitchers , particularly those in the closer role . The save statistic was created by journalist Jerome Holtzman in 1959 to measure the effectiveness of relief pitchers and was adopted as an official MLB statistic in 1969 . The save has been retroactively measured for pitchers before that date . Mariano Rivera is MLB 's all-time leader in regular-season saves with 652 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mariano Rivera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariano_Rivera', 'summary': "Mariano Rivera ( born November 29 , 1969 ) is a Panamanian-American former professional baseball pitcher who played 19 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the New York Yankees , from 1995 to 2013 . Nicknamed Mo and Sandman , he spent most of his career as a relief pitcher and served as the Yankees ' closer for 17 seasons . A thirteen-time All-Star and five-time World Series champion , he is MLB 's career leader in saves ( 652 ) and games finished ( 952 ) . Rivera won five American League ( AL ) Rolaids Relief Man Awards and three Delivery Man of the Year Awards , and he finished in the top three in voting for the AL Cy Young Award four times . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame as part of its class of 2019 in his first year of eligibility , and was the first player ever to be elected unanimously by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . Raised in the modest Panamanian fishing village of Puerto Caimito , Rivera was an amateur player until he was signed by the Yankees organization in 1990 . He debuted in the major leagues in 1995 as a starting pitcher , before permanently converting to a relief pitcher late in his rookie year . After a breakthrough season in 1996 as a setup man , he became the Yankees ' closer in 1997 . In the following seasons , he established himself as one of baseball 's top relievers , leading the major leagues in saves in 1999 , 2001 , and 2004 . Rivera primarily threw a sharp-moving , mid-90s mile-per-hour cut fastball that frequently broke hitters ' bats and earned a reputation as one of the league 's toughest pitches to hit . With his presence at the end of games , signaled by his foreboding entrance song Enter Sandman , Rivera was a key contributor to the Yankees ' success in the late 1990s and early 2000s . An accomplished postseason performer , he was named the 1999 World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) and the 2003 AL Championship Series MVP , and he holds several postseason records , including lowest earned run average ( ERA ) ( 0.70 ) and most saves ( 42 ) ."}]}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Games_played', 'summary': 'Games played ( GP ) is a statistic used in team sports to indicate the total number of games in which a player has participated ( in any capacity ) ; the statistic is generally applied irrespective of whatever portion of the game is contested .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Quantrill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Quantrill', 'summary': 'Paul John Quantrill ( born November 3 , 1968 ) is a former Major League Baseball right-handed relief pitcher . He earned a reputation for being very durable and having impeccable control . Quantrill regularly appeared in 80 or more games a season and did not walk more than 25 batters in a season from 1996 onwards . Commentators often joked that he had a rubber arm .'}]}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Games started', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Games_started', 'summary': "In baseball statistics , games started ( denoted by GS ) indicates the number of games that a pitcher has started for his team . A pitcher is credited with starting the game if he throws the first pitch to the first opposing batter . If a player is listed in the starting lineup as the team 's pitcher , but is replaced before facing an opposing batter , the player is credited with a game pitched but not a game started ; there have been instances in major league history in which a starting pitcher was removed before his first pitch due to an injury , perhaps suffered while batting or running the bases during the top half of the first inning . The all-time leader for games started is Cy Young with 815 over a 22-year career . The players with the most starts in a single season are Pud Galvin and Will White , each with 75 games started . For position players , games started is also used to denote the number of times their names appear in a team 's starting lineup during the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Chesbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Chesbro', 'summary': "John Dwight Chesbro ( June 5 , 1874 - November 6 , 1931 ) was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) pitcher . Nicknamed Happy Jack , Chesbro played for the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1899-1902 ) , the New York Highlanders ( 1903-1909 ) , and the Boston Red Sox ( 1909 ) . Chesbro finished his career with a 198-132 win-loss record , a 2.68 earned run average , and 1,265 strikeouts . His 41 wins during the 1904 season remains an American League record . Though some pitchers have won more games in some seasons prior to 1901 , historians demarcating 1901 as the beginning of 'modern-era ' major league baseball refer to and credit Jack Chesbro and his 1904 win-total as the modern era major league record and its holder . Some view Chesbro 's 41 wins in a season as an unbreakable record . Chesbro 's 1904 pitching totals of 51 games started and 48 complete games also fall into the same historical category as his 1904 wins total , as they are all-time American League single-season records . These 1904 single-season totals for games started and complete games , like the wins total , are also the most recorded by a pitcher in either the American or National League since the beginning of the twentieth century and the co-existence of the American and National Leagues as major leagues . If one demarcates 1901 as the beginning of major league baseball 's modern era , Jack Chesbro holds the modern era major league historical single-season records for wins by a pitcher ( 41 ) , games started by a pitcher ( 51 ) , and complete games pitched ( 48 ) . Chesbro was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 by the Veterans Committee , though he had received little consideration from the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . Some baseball historians consider the 1946 election a mistake , and believe that Chesbro was elected solely on the basis of his 1904 season ."}]}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Complete games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Complete_game', 'summary': 'In baseball , a complete game ( denoted by CG ) is the act of a pitcher pitching an entire game without the benefit of a relief pitcher . A pitcher who meets this criterion will be credited with a complete game regardless of the number of innings played - pitchers who throw an entire official game that is shortened by rain will still be credited with a complete game , while starting pitchers who are relieved in extra innings after throwing nine or more innings will not be credited with a complete game . A starting pitcher who is replaced by a pinch hitter in the final half inning of a game will still be credited with a complete game . The frequency of complete games has evolved since the early days of baseball . The complete game was essentially an expectation in the early 20th century and pitchers completed almost all of the games they started . In modern baseball , the feat is much more rare and no pitcher has reached 30 complete games in a season since 1975 ; in the 21st century , a pitcher has thrown 10 or more complete games in a season only twice .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack Chesbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Chesbro', 'summary': "John Dwight Chesbro ( June 5 , 1874 - November 6 , 1931 ) was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) pitcher . Nicknamed Happy Jack , Chesbro played for the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1899-1902 ) , the New York Highlanders ( 1903-1909 ) , and the Boston Red Sox ( 1909 ) . Chesbro finished his career with a 198-132 win-loss record , a 2.68 earned run average , and 1,265 strikeouts . His 41 wins during the 1904 season remains an American League record . Though some pitchers have won more games in some seasons prior to 1901 , historians demarcating 1901 as the beginning of 'modern-era ' major league baseball refer to and credit Jack Chesbro and his 1904 win-total as the modern era major league record and its holder . Some view Chesbro 's 41 wins in a season as an unbreakable record . Chesbro 's 1904 pitching totals of 51 games started and 48 complete games also fall into the same historical category as his 1904 wins total , as they are all-time American League single-season records . These 1904 single-season totals for games started and complete games , like the wins total , are also the most recorded by a pitcher in either the American or National League since the beginning of the twentieth century and the co-existence of the American and National Leagues as major leagues . If one demarcates 1901 as the beginning of major league baseball 's modern era , Jack Chesbro holds the modern era major league historical single-season records for wins by a pitcher ( 41 ) , games started by a pitcher ( 51 ) , and complete games pitched ( 48 ) . Chesbro was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 by the Veterans Committee , though he had received little consideration from the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . Some baseball historians consider the 1946 election a mistake , and believe that Chesbro was elected solely on the basis of his 1904 season ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Innings pitched', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Innings_pitched', 'summary': "In baseball , innings pitched ( IP ) are the number of innings a pitcher has completed , measured by the number of batters and baserunners that are put out while the pitcher is on the pitching mound in a game . Three outs made is equal to one inning pitched . One out counts as one-third of an inning , and two outs counts as two-thirds of an inning . Sometimes , the statistic is written 34.1 , 72.2 , or 91.0 , for example , to represent \u200b34 1⁄3 innings , \u200b72 2⁄3 innings , and 91 innings exactly , respectively . Runners left on base by a pitcher are not counted in determining innings pitched . It is possible for a pitcher to enter a game , give up several hits and possibly even several runs , and be removed before achieving any outs , thereby recording a total of zero innings pitched . Alternatively , it is possible for a pitcher to enter a situation where there are two runners on base and no outs . He 'll throw one pitch which will result in a triple play , and for that one pitch he 'll be credited with a full inning pitched ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Chesbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Chesbro', 'summary': "John Dwight Chesbro ( June 5 , 1874 - November 6 , 1931 ) was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) pitcher . Nicknamed Happy Jack , Chesbro played for the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1899-1902 ) , the New York Highlanders ( 1903-1909 ) , and the Boston Red Sox ( 1909 ) . Chesbro finished his career with a 198-132 win-loss record , a 2.68 earned run average , and 1,265 strikeouts . His 41 wins during the 1904 season remains an American League record . Though some pitchers have won more games in some seasons prior to 1901 , historians demarcating 1901 as the beginning of 'modern-era ' major league baseball refer to and credit Jack Chesbro and his 1904 win-total as the modern era major league record and its holder . Some view Chesbro 's 41 wins in a season as an unbreakable record . Chesbro 's 1904 pitching totals of 51 games started and 48 complete games also fall into the same historical category as his 1904 wins total , as they are all-time American League single-season records . These 1904 single-season totals for games started and complete games , like the wins total , are also the most recorded by a pitcher in either the American or National League since the beginning of the twentieth century and the co-existence of the American and National Leagues as major leagues . If one demarcates 1901 as the beginning of major league baseball 's modern era , Jack Chesbro holds the modern era major league historical single-season records for wins by a pitcher ( 41 ) , games started by a pitcher ( 51 ) , and complete games pitched ( 48 ) . Chesbro was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 by the Veterans Committee , though he had received little consideration from the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . Some baseball historians consider the 1946 election a mistake , and believe that Chesbro was elected solely on the basis of his 1904 season ."}]}, {'value': '454⅔', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Individual single-season records -- Single-season pitching', 'section_text': 'Jack Chesbro won an American League-record 41 games in the 1904 season .', 'uid': 'List_of_New_York_Yankees_team_records_3', 'intro': "The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the Bronx, New York. They compete in the East Division of Major League Baseball's (MLB) American League (AL). The club began play in 1903 as the Highlanders, after owners Frank Farrell and William S. Devery had bought the defunct Baltimore Orioles and moved the team to New York City; in 1913, the team changed its nickname to the Yankees. From 1903 to 2019, the franchise has won more than 10,000 games and 27 World Series championships. The list below documents players and teams that hold particular club records. Outfielder Babe Ruth holds the most franchise records, with 16, including career home runs, and career and single-season batting average and on-base percentage. Shortstop Derek Jeter has the second-most records among hitters, with eight. Jeter's marks include the records for career hits, singles, doubles, and stolen bases. Among pitchers, Whitey Ford has the most Yankees records with five, all of which are career totals. These include games won, games started, and innings pitched. Several Yankees hold AL and MLB records. Ruth has MLB single-season records for extra-base hits and total bases, and holds four other AL single-season records."}
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What was the first team the Yankee that allowed 340 hits in 1904 playe for ?
Cleveland Spiders
0ac7bfa3ab668c3f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Tottori)', 'title': 'List of Historic Sites of Japan (Tottori)', 'header': ['Site', 'Municipality', 'Type', 'Ref'], 'data': [{'value': '* Sainoo Haiji Site 斎尾廃寺跡 Sainoo Haiji ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kotoura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kotoura,_Tottori', 'summary': 'Kotoura ( 琴浦町 , Kotoura-chō ) is a town located in Tōhaku District , Tottori Prefecture , Japan . As of February 2 , 2012 , the town had an estimated population of 18,183 and a population density of 130 per km² . The total area is 139.90 square kilometres ( 54.02 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 1 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amidaji Kofun Cluster 阿弥大寺古墳群 Amidaji kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurayoshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurayoshi,_Tottori', 'summary': "Kurayoshi ( 倉吉市 , Kurayoshi-shi ) is a city located in the central part of Tottori Prefecture , Japan . As of October 1 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 48,558 and a population density of 180 persons per km² , making it the third largest city in Tottori . The total area is 272.15 km² . The ancient provincial government of Hoki province was located in this area , and in medieval times Uchikoshiyama ( a hill ) featured a castle . Today the remnants of the provincial government and two monasteries can still be seen in the city . Kurayoshi was officially founded on October 1 , 1953 though historical Kurayoshi predates this foundation and the grid outline of the streets reflects a certain amount of Edo Period planning . Additionally there are many 'soil lacquered ' warehouses ( dozo , 土蔵 ) that survive , 'soil lacquering ' being a traditional Japanese style of architecture . On March 22 , 2005 the town of Sekigane ( from Tōhaku District ) was merged into Kurayoshi ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 2 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ifukibe-no-Tokotari Grave Site 伊福吉部徳足比売 墓跡 Ifukibe Tokotari hime no haka ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tottori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tottori,_Tottori', 'summary': "Tottori ( 鳥取市 , Tottori-shi ) is the capital city of Tottori Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan . As of June 1 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 192,912 and a population density of 250 persons per km2 . The total area is 765.31 km2 . Within Japan the city is best known for its sand dunes which are a popular tourist attraction , drawing visitors from outside the prefecture . The sand dunes are also important as a centre for research into arid agriculture , hosting Tottori University 's Arid Land Research Center . Most of Tottori is located in the western part of the San'in Kaigan Geopark . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 3 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inaba Provincial Offices Site 因幡国庁跡 Inaba koku-chō ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tottori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tottori,_Tottori', 'summary': "Tottori ( 鳥取市 , Tottori-shi ) is the capital city of Tottori Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan . As of June 1 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 192,912 and a population density of 250 persons per km2 . The total area is 765.31 km2 . Within Japan the city is best known for its sand dunes which are a popular tourist attraction , drawing visitors from outside the prefecture . The sand dunes are also important as a centre for research into arid agriculture , hosting Tottori University 's Arid Land Research Center . Most of Tottori is located in the western part of the San'in Kaigan Geopark . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 4 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kajiyama Kofun 梶山古墳 Kajiyama kofun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tottori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tottori,_Tottori', 'summary': "Tottori ( 鳥取市 , Tottori-shi ) is the capital city of Tottori Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan . As of June 1 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 192,912 and a population density of 250 persons per km2 . The total area is 765.31 km2 . Within Japan the city is best known for its sand dunes which are a popular tourist attraction , drawing visitors from outside the prefecture . The sand dunes are also important as a centre for research into arid agriculture , hosting Tottori University 's Arid Land Research Center . Most of Tottori is located in the western part of the San'in Kaigan Geopark . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 5 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iwai Haiji Pagoda Site 岩井廃寺塔跡 Iwai Haiji tō ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iwami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iwami,_Tottori', 'summary': "Iwami ( 岩美町 , Iwami-chō ) is a town located in Iwami District , Tottori Prefecture , Japan . Iwami lies entirely within the San'in Kaigan Geopark ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 6 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hashizu Kofun Cluster 橋津古墳群 Hashizu kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yurihama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yurihama,_Tottori', 'summary': 'Yurihama ( 湯梨浜町 , Yurihama-chō ) is a town located in Tōhaku District , Tottori Prefecture , Japan . As of October 31 , 2019 , the town had an estimated population of 16,837 and a density of 216 persons per km2 . The total area is 77.95 km2 . Yurihama was created on October 1 , 2004 , after a merger of the towns of Hawai and Tōgō , and the village of Tomari , all from Tōhaku District . A large volume of Nashi pears and other agricultural products are produced in Yurihama ; in 2006 , it was one of the top ten largest exporters of pears in Japan . Yurihama is also known for its hot springs near Lake Tōgō .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 7 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mukoeyama Kofun Cluster 向山古墳群 Mukoeyama kofun-gun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yonago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yonago,_Tottori', 'summary': "Yonago ( 米子市 , Yonago-shi ) is a city in western Tottori Prefecture , Japan , facing the Sea of Japan and making up part of the boundary of Lake Nakaumi . It is adjacent to Shimane Prefecture and across the lake from its capital of Matsue . It is the prefecture 's second largest city after Tottori , and forms a commercial center of the western part of this prefecture . As of October 1 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 148,720 and a population density of 1,100 persons per km2 . The total area is 132.21 km2 . It is home to the Yonago City Museum of Art . Kaike Onsen , which sits along the Miho Bay and is part of Yonago , is said to be the birthplace of the triathlon in Japan . Since the city has begun to develop into a trade center of note , it has acquired the nickname Osaka in San-in . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 8 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mukibanda Site 妻木晩田遺跡 Mukoeyama kofun-gun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mukibanda_Yayoi_remains', 'summary': 'Mukibanda Yayoi remains ( 妻木晩田遺跡 , Mukibanda-iseki ) are the largest Yayoi period remains in Japan . The Mukibanda site is located in the low foothills of Mount Daisen in the cities of Daisen and Yonago , Tottori Prefecture . The Mukibanda site was designated a Monument of Japan in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Yonago / Daizen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yonago,_Tottori', 'summary': "Yonago ( 米子市 , Yonago-shi ) is a city in western Tottori Prefecture , Japan , facing the Sea of Japan and making up part of the boundary of Lake Nakaumi . It is adjacent to Shimane Prefecture and across the lake from its capital of Matsue . It is the prefecture 's second largest city after Tottori , and forms a commercial center of the western part of this prefecture . As of October 1 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 148,720 and a population density of 1,100 persons per km2 . The total area is 132.21 km2 . It is home to the Yonago City Museum of Art . Kaike Onsen , which sits along the Miho Bay and is part of Yonago , is said to be the birthplace of the triathlon in Japan . Since the city has begun to develop into a trade center of note , it has acquired the nickname Osaka in San-in . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Daisen,_Tottori', 'summary': 'Daisen ( 大山町 , Daisen-chō ) is a town located in Saihaku District , Tottori Prefecture , Japan . As of June 1 , 2016 , Daisen had an estimated population of 16,357 and a population density of 86.2 persons per km² . The total area is 189.79 square kilometres ( 73.28 sq mi ) . The town is known for Mount Daisen , the tallest mountain in the Chūgoku Region . The mountain was an early center of Shinto and Buddhist practice , and the town has numerous designated Cultural Properties of Japan .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 9 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Mitoku 三徳山 Mitoku-san', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Mitoku', 'summary': 'Mount Mitoku ( 三徳山 , Mitoku-san ) , is a mountain located in Misasa , Tottori Prefecture . Mount Mitoku has an elevation of 900 m ( 2,953 ft ) . Mount Mitoku was known from ancient times as a place of both religious significance and scenic beauty . The mountain is home to Sanbutsu-ji , a historically significant temple designated an Important Treasure of Japan in 1952 .'}]}, {'value': 'Misasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misasa,_Tottori', 'summary': "Misasa ( 三朝町 , Misasa-chō ) is a town located in Tōhaku District , Tottori Prefecture , Japan . It is also home to the official treasure of Sanbutsu-ji , the Misasa Onsen , and Okayama Hospital . The name Misasa ( literally three mornings ) originates from the belief that one who stays to enjoy three mornings in the town 's famous hot springs will find all of his ailments cured . As of June 1 , 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 6,407 and a density of 27.4 persons per km² . The total area is 233.46 km² . Misasa is for the most part a spa resort , boasting springs of radium-rich water , exhausting radon , a radioactive gas . It is believed [ by whom ? ] that bathing one in such waters can be good for one 's health , although there is no scientific consensus on whether doing so is detrimental or helpful to one 's health ( see Radiation hormesis ) . For this reason , the town of Misasa organizes a yearly Marie Curie festival - Marie Curie discovered radium . The film Koitanibashi was shot in Misasa ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 10 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sanmyōji Kofun 三明寺古墳 Sanmyōji kofun', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurayoshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurayoshi,_Tottori', 'summary': "Kurayoshi ( 倉吉市 , Kurayoshi-shi ) is a city located in the central part of Tottori Prefecture , Japan . As of October 1 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 48,558 and a population density of 180 persons per km² , making it the third largest city in Tottori . The total area is 272.15 km² . The ancient provincial government of Hoki province was located in this area , and in medieval times Uchikoshiyama ( a hill ) featured a castle . Today the remnants of the provincial government and two monasteries can still be seen in the city . Kurayoshi was officially founded on October 1 , 1953 though historical Kurayoshi predates this foundation and the grid outline of the streets reflects a certain amount of Edo Period planning . Additionally there are many 'soil lacquered ' warehouses ( dozo , 土蔵 ) that survive , 'soil lacquering ' being a traditional Japanese style of architecture . On March 22 , 2005 the town of Sekigane ( from Tōhaku District ) was merged into Kurayoshi ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 11 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wakasa Oniga Castle Site 若桜鬼ヶ城 跡 Wakasa Oniga-jō ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakasa_Oniga_Castle', 'summary': 'Wakasa Oniga Castle ( 若桜鬼ヶ城 , Wakasa Oniga-jō ) was a Sengoku period mountain-top castle in Tottori Prefecture , Japan . The site was designated a National Historic Site .'}]}, {'value': 'Wakasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakasa,_Tottori', 'summary': "Wakasa ( 若桜町 , Wakasa-chō ) is a town located in Yazu District , Tottori Prefecture , Japan . As of 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 3,209 and a density of 16 persons per km² . The total area is 199.31 square kilometres ( 76.95 sq mi ) . Wakasa , located deep in the Chūgoku Mountains , is 95% mountainous . The population of Wakasa is primarily located in mountain villages in a line from the southeast to northwest of the town . Most of the population is located along the Hattō River or its small tributaries . The town hosts an annual 'Yukigassen ' , an organised snowball fighting tournament in which up to fifty teams participate . The winners win a trip to participate in the Hokkaido grand tournament ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 12 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kamiyodo Haiji Site 上淀廃寺跡 Kamiyodo Haiji ato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kamiyodo_Haiji', 'summary': 'Kamiyodo Haiji ( 上淀廃寺 ) is a ruined Buddhist temple and national Historic Site in Yonago , Tottori Prefecture , Japan . Excavations between 1991 and 1993 uncovered temple buildings of the late Asuka period ( end of the seventh or beginning of the eighth century ) . The complex , which has an unusual plan , appears to have been destroyed by fire during the tenth or eleventh century . From the site of the kondō , hundreds of fragments of early Buddhist wall painting have been recovered . These were at the time identified as the earliest in Japan , alongside the wall paintings of the Hōryū-ji kondō . The paintings show a considerable sophistication of decoration despite the remoteness of the site , far from the political centre in the Yamato plain .'}]}, {'value': 'Yonago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yonago,_Tottori', 'summary': "Yonago ( 米子市 , Yonago-shi ) is a city in western Tottori Prefecture , Japan , facing the Sea of Japan and making up part of the boundary of Lake Nakaumi . It is adjacent to Shimane Prefecture and across the lake from its capital of Matsue . It is the prefecture 's second largest city after Tottori , and forms a commercial center of the western part of this prefecture . As of October 1 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 148,720 and a population density of 1,100 persons per km2 . The total area is 132.21 km2 . It is home to the Yonago City Museum of Art . Kaike Onsen , which sits along the Miho Bay and is part of Yonago , is said to be the birthplace of the triathlon in Japan . Since the city has begun to develop into a trade center of note , it has acquired the nickname Osaka in San-in . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 13 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aoyakamiji Site 青谷上寺地遺跡 Aoyakamiji chiiseki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tottori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tottori,_Tottori', 'summary': "Tottori ( 鳥取市 , Tottori-shi ) is the capital city of Tottori Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan . As of June 1 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 192,912 and a population density of 250 persons per km2 . The total area is 765.31 km2 . Within Japan the city is best known for its sand dunes which are a popular tourist attraction , drawing visitors from outside the prefecture . The sand dunes are also important as a centre for research into arid agriculture , hosting Tottori University 's Arid Land Research Center . Most of Tottori is located in the western part of the San'in Kaigan Geopark . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 14 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aoki Site 青木遺跡 Aoki iseki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yonago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yonago,_Tottori', 'summary': "Yonago ( 米子市 , Yonago-shi ) is a city in western Tottori Prefecture , Japan , facing the Sea of Japan and making up part of the boundary of Lake Nakaumi . It is adjacent to Shimane Prefecture and across the lake from its capital of Matsue . It is the prefecture 's second largest city after Tottori , and forms a commercial center of the western part of this prefecture . As of October 1 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 148,720 and a population density of 1,100 persons per km2 . The total area is 132.21 km2 . It is home to the Yonago City Museum of Art . Kaike Onsen , which sits along the Miho Bay and is part of Yonago , is said to be the birthplace of the triathlon in Japan . Since the city has begun to develop into a trade center of note , it has acquired the nickname Osaka in San-in . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 15 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senjōsan Temporary Palace Site 船上山 行宮 跡 Senjōsan angū ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kotoura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kotoura,_Tottori', 'summary': 'Kotoura ( 琴浦町 , Kotoura-chō ) is a town located in Tōhaku District , Tottori Prefecture , Japan . As of February 2 , 2012 , the town had an estimated population of 18,183 and a population density of 130 per km² . The total area is 139.90 square kilometres ( 54.02 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '2 , 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 16 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōhara Haiji Pagoda Site 大原廃寺塔跡 Ōhara Haiji tō ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurayoshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurayoshi,_Tottori', 'summary': "Kurayoshi ( 倉吉市 , Kurayoshi-shi ) is a city located in the central part of Tottori Prefecture , Japan . As of October 1 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 48,558 and a population density of 180 persons per km² , making it the third largest city in Tottori . The total area is 272.15 km² . The ancient provincial government of Hoki province was located in this area , and in medieval times Uchikoshiyama ( a hill ) featured a castle . Today the remnants of the provincial government and two monasteries can still be seen in the city . Kurayoshi was officially founded on October 1 , 1953 though historical Kurayoshi predates this foundation and the grid outline of the streets reflects a certain amount of Edo Period planning . Additionally there are many 'soil lacquered ' warehouses ( dozo , 土蔵 ) that survive , 'soil lacquering ' being a traditional Japanese style of architecture . On March 22 , 2005 the town of Sekigane ( from Tōhaku District ) was merged into Kurayoshi ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 17 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōmidō Haiji Site 大御堂廃寺跡 Ōmidō Haiji ato', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurayoshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurayoshi,_Tottori', 'summary': "Kurayoshi ( 倉吉市 , Kurayoshi-shi ) is a city located in the central part of Tottori Prefecture , Japan . As of October 1 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 48,558 and a population density of 180 persons per km² , making it the third largest city in Tottori . The total area is 272.15 km² . The ancient provincial government of Hoki province was located in this area , and in medieval times Uchikoshiyama ( a hill ) featured a castle . Today the remnants of the provincial government and two monasteries can still be seen in the city . Kurayoshi was officially founded on October 1 , 1953 though historical Kurayoshi predates this foundation and the grid outline of the streets reflects a certain amount of Edo Period planning . Additionally there are many 'soil lacquered ' warehouses ( dozo , 土蔵 ) that survive , 'soil lacquering ' being a traditional Japanese style of architecture . On March 22 , 2005 the town of Sekigane ( from Tōhaku District ) was merged into Kurayoshi ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 18 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōtaka Government Offices Site 大高野官衙遺跡 Ōtaka no kanga iseki', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kotoura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kotoura,_Tottori', 'summary': 'Kotoura ( 琴浦町 , Kotoura-chō ) is a town located in Tōhaku District , Tottori Prefecture , Japan . As of February 2 , 2012 , the town had an estimated population of 18,183 and a population density of 130 per km² . The total area is 139.90 square kilometres ( 54.02 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 19 ]', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chizu Road - Shitosaka Pass 智頭往来 志戸坂峠越 Chizu-ōrai Shitosaka-tōgekoe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chizu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chizu,_Tottori', 'summary': 'Chizu ( 智頭町 , Chizu-chō ) is a town located in Yazu District , Tottori Prefecture , Japan . As of 2016 , the town has an estimated population of 7,031 . The total area is 224.61 km² . The population has been steadily declining since the 1970s . Because of this decline , in March 2012 the town closed down six elementary schools and opened a single integrated school . There is also one junior high school and one agricultural and forestry high school . The main industry in the area is logging , woodworking , tourism , and brewing .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan', 'summary': "Monuments ( 記念物 , kinenbutsu ) is a collective term used by the Japanese government 's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan [ note 1 ] as historic locations such as shell mounds , ancient tombs , sites of palaces , sites of forts or castles , monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value ; gardens , bridges , gorges , mountains , and other places of great scenic beauty ; and natural features such as animals , plants , and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value ."}]}, {'value': '[ 20 ]', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'National Historic Sites', 'section_text': "As of 1 July 2019 , thirty-four Sites have been designated as being of national significance ( including one *Special Historic Site ) ; the San'indō spans the prefectural borders with Shimane . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]", 'uid': 'List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Tottori)_0', 'intro': 'This list is of the Historic Sites of Japan located within the Prefecture of Tottori.'}
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what is the type 1 site in the municipality that is a city located in the central part of Tottori Prefecture , Japan ?
Amidaji Kofun Cluster
0acb9e49cb71d765
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density', 'title': 'List of United States cities by population density', 'header': ['Rank', 'Metropolitan area', 'Principal city', '10,000+ places', 'Densest incorporated place', 'Density'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guttenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guttenberg,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Guttenberg ( /ˈɡʌtənbɜːrɡ/ ) is a town in the northern part of Hudson County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the town 's population was 11,176 . Only four blocks wide , Guttenberg is the ninth-smallest municipality in the state and the most densely populated incorporated municipality in the United States , as well as one of the most densely populated municipalities worldwide , with 57,116 people per square mile ( 22,052/km² ) of land area . The population increased by 369 ( +3.4% ) from the 10,807 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 2,539 ( +30.7% ) from the 8,268 counted in the 1990 Census . As of the 2010 Census , about one-fifth of the town 's population resides in the Galaxy Towers , a trio of residential skyscrapers overlooking the Hudson River . The current population growth and density in Guttenberg represents a significant change since 1983 , when it was described by The New York Times , as an old community of two-story row houses , small stores and light industry ."}]}, {'value': '56,012.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Los Angeles Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area', 'summary': "Greater Los Angeles is the second-largest urban region in the United States , encompassing five counties in southern California , extending from Ventura County in the west to San Bernardino County and Riverside County on the east , with Los Angeles County in the center and Orange County to the southeast . It consists of three metropolitan areas in Southern California : the Los Angeles metropolitan area , the Inland Empire and the Ventura/Oxnard metropolitan area ( Ventura County ) . Throughout the 20th century , it was one of the fastest-growing regions in the United States , although growth has slowed since 2000 . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the Los Angeles metropolitan area had a population of nearly 13 million residents . Meanwhile , the larger metropolitan region 's population at the 2010 census was estimated to be over 17.8 million residents , and a 2015 estimate reported a population of about 18.7 million . Either definition makes it the second largest metropolitan region in the country , behind the New York metropolitan area , as well as one of the largest urban agglomerations in the world . The agglomeration of the urbanized Greater Los Angeles area surrounds the urban core of Los Angeles County . The regional term is defined to refer to the more-or-less continuously urbanized area stretching from Ventura County to the southern border of Orange County and from the Pacific Ocean to the Coachella Valley in the Inland Empire . The US Census Bureau defines the Los Angeles-Long Beach , CA Combined Statistical Area as including the entire Los Angeles County , Ventura County , Orange County and the two counties of the Inland Empire . However , this Census definition includes large , sparsely populated and primarily desert swaths of Los Angeles , San Bernardino and Riverside counties that are not part of the urbanized region . The term Greater Los Angeles does not include San Diego County ; that county 's urbanized area is separated from San Clemente , the southernmost contiguous urbanized area south of Los Angeles , by a 16.4-mile ( 26.4 km ) stretch of the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the Los Angeles metropolitan area has a total area of 4,850 square miles ( 12,561 km2 ) , while the wider combined statistical area covers 33,954 square miles ( 87,940 km2 ) , making it the largest metropolitan region in the United States by land area ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles', 'summary': "Los Angeles ( /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] Spanish : Los Ángeles ; Spanish for The Angels ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the most populous city in California ; the second most populous city in the United States , after New York City ; and the third most populous city in North America , after Mexico City and New York City . With an estimated population of nearly four million people , Los Angeles is the cultural , financial , and commercial center of Southern California . The city is known for its Mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , Hollywood , the entertainment industry , and its sprawling metropolis . Los Angeles lies in a basin in Southern California , adjacent to the Pacific Ocean , with mountains as high as 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) , and deserts . The city , which covers about 469 square miles ( 1,210 km2 ) , is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populous county in the United States . The Los Angeles metropolitan area ( MSA ) is the second-largest metropolitan area in the nation with a population of 13.1 million people . Greater Los Angeles , which includes the metro area of Riverside and San Bernardino , is the nation 's second most populous combined statistical area , with a 2015 estimate of 18.7 million people . Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican-American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and thus became part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maywood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maywood,_California', 'summary': 'Maywood is a small Gateway city in Los Angeles County . At 1.18 square miles ( 3.1 km2 ) , Maywood is the third-smallest incorporated city in Los Angeles County . It is bordered by the cities of Bell on the south , Vernon on the north and west , Huntington Park on the southwest , and Commerce on the east . It is the most densely-populated city in California , and has the highest proportion of Latinos , immigrants , and undocumented immigrants in the county . As of July 1 , 2010 , Maywood became the first municipality in California to outsource all of its city services , dismantling its police department , laying off all city employees except for the city manager , city attorney and elected officials , and contracting with outside agencies for the provision of all municipal services . The population was 27,395 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '23,887.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delaware_Valley', 'summary': "The Delaware Valley is the valley through which the Delaware River flows . By extension , this toponym is commonly used to refer to Greater Philadelphia or Philadelphia metropolitan area ( the [ Lower ] Delaware Valley Metropolitan Area ) . The Delaware Valley is coterminous with a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) and broader combined statistical area ( CSA ) , and is composed of counties located in Southeastern Pennsylvania , South Jersey , Delaware , and the Eastern Shore of Maryland . As of the 2010 Census , the MSA has a population of over 6 million , while the CSA has a population of over 7.1 million . Philadelphia is by far the largest municipality in the Delaware Valley , and serves as the region 's major commercial , cultural , and industrial center . Other municipalities in the MSA include Camden , New Jersey and Wilmington , Delaware , while the larger CSA also includes municipalities such as Reading , Pennsylvania and Atlantic City , New Jersey . The Delaware Valley Metropolitan Area is located in the Northeastern United States and forms part of a larger urbanized area known as the Northeast megalopolis . According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis , the Philadelphia metropolitan area has a gross domestic product of $ 431 billion , the ninth-largest among U.S. metropolitan areas . 2016 Census Bureau estimates rank the Delaware Valley CSA as the ninth-largest CSA in the United States . The Delaware Valley has been influential in American history and industry ; its citizens have become leaders in higher education , biotechnology , medicine , tourism , and other fields . The area has hosted many people and sites significant to American culture , history , and politics . Philadelphia is sometimes known as The Birthplace of America , as both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were drafted and signed in Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia', 'summary': "Philadelphia , known colloquially as Philly , is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , and the sixth-most populous U.S. city with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138 . Since 1854 , the city has had the same geographic boundaries as Philadelphia County , the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area , with over 6 million residents as of 2017 [ update ] . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States . Philadelphia is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia remained the nation 's largest city until being overtaken by New York City in 1790 ; the city was also one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , serving as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany - the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 [ update ] . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millbourne,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Millbourne /ˈmɪlbərn/ is a borough in Delaware County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 1,159 at the 2010 census . Millbourne borders Philadelphia along Cobbs Creek . The borough is not part of neighboring Upper Darby , although Millbourne students attend Upper Darby School District schools . Magisterial courts with presiding jurisdiction for Millbourne are also located in Upper Darby . Millbourne , at over 16,000 people per square mile , is the most densely populated incorporated place in Pennsylvania , and 22nd in the entire United States .'}]}, {'value': '16,557.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area', 'summary': 'The Miami metropolitan area , also known as the Greater Miami Area or South Florida , is the 72nd largest metropolitan area in the world and the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the United States . Located in southern Florida with 6,198,782 inhabitants as of 2018 , the Miami metropolitan area is the most populous in Florida and second largest in the southeastern United States . It extends about 120 miles ( 190 km ) from north to south . The metropolitan area is defined by the Office of Management and Budget as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach , FL ( MSA ) , consisting of Miami-Dade , Broward , and Palm Beach counties , a metropolitan statistical area used for statistical purposes by the United States Census Bureau and other agencies . Its land area is 6,137 sq . mi ( 15,890 km2 ) . Miami-Dade , Broward , and Palm Beach counties are the first , second , and third most populous counties in Florida , and Miami-Dade , with 2,761,581 people in 2018 , is the seventh most populous county in the United States . The three counties together are known as the Greater Miami Area and have principal cities including Miami , Fort Lauderdale , West Palm Beach , Hialeah , Pembroke Pines and Boca Raton . Besides its association with the South Florida region , which includes the Everglades and the Florida Keys , it is also synonymous with an area known collectively as the Gold Coast . The Census Bureau also defines a wider region based on commuting patterns , the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie , FL Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , with an estimated population of 6,723,472 in 2016 . This includes the four additional counties of Martin , St. Lucie , Indian River , and Okeechobee . Because the population of South Florida is largely confined to a strip of land between the Atlantic Ocean and the Everglades , the Miami urbanized area ( that is , the area of contiguous urban development ) is about 100 miles ( 160 km ) long ( north to south ) , but never more than 20 miles ( 32 km ) wide , and in some areas only 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) wide ( east to west ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miami', 'summary': 'Miami , officially the City of Miami , is the seat of Miami-Dade County , and the cultural , economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States . The city covers an area of about 56 square miles ( 150 km2 ) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east . Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914 . The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people , the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation . The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises , 55 of which exceed 490 ft ( 149 m ) . Miami is a major center and leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States , with a GDP of $ 344.9 billion as of 2017 . In 2018 , Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC . In 2019 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities , the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality . Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States , and is home to many large national and international companies .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Bay Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Bay_Village,_Florida', 'summary': 'North Bay Village is a city located in Miami-Dade County , Florida . As of the 2000 census , the city had a total population of 6,733 . As of 2010 , the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 7,137 . North Bay Village is located at 25°50′44″N 80°09′13″W / 25.845574°N 80.153543°W / 25.845574 ; -80.153543 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.837 square miles ( 2.17 km2 ) . 0.3322 square miles ( 0.860 km2 ) of it is land and 0.5048 square miles ( 1.307 km2 ) of it is water . The total area is 60.31% water .'}]}, {'value': '20,267.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Boston', 'summary': "Greater Boston is the metropolitan region of New England encompassing the municipality of Boston , the capital of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England , as well as its surrounding areas . The region forms the northern arc of the US northeast megalopolis and as such , Greater Boston can be described either as a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , or as a broader combined statistical area ( CSA ) . The MSA consists of most of the eastern third of Massachusetts , excluding the South Coast region and Cape Cod ; while the CSA additionally includes the municipalities of Manchester ( the largest city in the U.S. state of New Hampshire ) , Worcester , Massachusetts ( the second largest city in New England ) , as well as the South Coast region and Cape Cod in Massachusetts . While the small footprint of the city of Boston itself only contains an estimated 685,094 , the urbanization has extended well into surrounding areas ; the CSA is one of two in Massachusetts , the only other being Greater Springfield . Greater Boston is the only CSA-form statistical area in New England which crosses into three states ( Massachusetts , New Hampshire and Rhode Island ) . Some of Greater Boston 's most well-known contributions involve the region 's higher education and medical institutions . Greater Boston has been influential upon American history and industry . The region and the state of Massachusetts are global leaders in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Over 80% of Massachusetts ' population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan region . Greater Boston is ranked tenth in population among US metropolitan statistical areas , home to 4,875,390 people as of the 2018 US Census estimate , and sixth among combined statistical areas , with a population of 8,285,407 . The area has hosted many people and sites significant to American culture and history , particularly American literature , politics , and the American Revolution . Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England , founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Somerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Somerville ( /ˈsʌmərvɪl/ SUM-ər-vil ) is a city located directly to the northwest of Boston , and north of Cambridge , in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , United States . As of 2010 [ update ] , the United States Census listed the city with a total population of 75,754 people , making it the most densely populated municipality in New England . As of 2010 , it was the 16th most densely populated incorporated municipality in the country . Somerville was established as a town in 1842 , when it was separated from Charlestown . In 2006 , the city was named the best-run city in Massachusetts by the Boston Globe . In 1972 , in 2009 , and again in 2015 , the city received the All-America City Award . It is home to Tufts University , which has its campus along the Somerville and Medford border .'}]}, {'value': '18,868.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Metropolitan Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Metropolitan_Area', 'summary': "The Chicago metropolitan area , or Chicagoland , is the metropolitan area that includes the city of Chicago , Illinois , and its suburbs . With an estimated CSA population of 9.9 million people and an MSA population of 9.5 million people , it is the third largest metropolitan area in the United States . The Chicago metropolitan area has one of the world 's largest and most diversified economies , with more than four million employees and generating an annual gross regional product ( GRP ) of $ 680 billion in 2017 . The region is home to more than 400 major corporate headquarters , including 31 in the Fortune 500 . For six consecutive years , Chicagoland was ranked the nation 's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations . There are several definitions of the area , including the areas defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) as the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) and the slightly larger Combined Statistical Area , and the area under the jurisdiction of the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning ( CMAP ) ( a metropolitan planning organization ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stone Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stone_Park,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Stone Park is a village in Cook County , Illinois , United States . The population was 4,946 at the 2010 census . Incorporated in 1939 , the town was named for insurance magnate Clement Stone , who bought most of the land when it was still corn fields .'}]}, {'value': '15,378.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco Bay Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area', 'summary': "The San Francisco Bay Area , popularly referred to as the Bay Area or simply the Bay , is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco , San Pablo , and Suisun Bay estuaries in Northern California . Although the exact boundaries of the region vary depending on the source , the Bay Area is defined by the Association of Bay Area Governments to include the nine counties that border the aforementioned estuaries : Alameda , Contra Costa , Marin , Napa , San Mateo , Santa Clara , Solano , Sonoma , and San Francisco . Other sources may exclude parts of or even entire counties , or expand the definition to include neighboring counties that do not border the bay such as San Benito , San Joaquin , and Santa Cruz . Home to approximately 7.75 million people , Northern California 's nine-county Bay Area contains many cities , towns , airports , and associated regional , state , and national parks , connected by a complex multimodal transportation network . The larger combined statistical area of the region , which includes fourteen counties , is the second-largest in California ( after the Greater Los Angeles area ) , the fifth-largest in the United States , and the 41st-largest urban area in the world with 9.67 million people . The Bay Area 's population is ethnically diverse : for example , roughly half of the region 's residents are Hispanic , Asian , African American , or Pacific Islander , all of whom have a significant presence throughout the region . The earliest archaeological evidence of human settlements in the Bay Area dates back to 8000-10,000 BC ( from shell mounds in the Coyote Hills ) . In 1769 , the Bay Area was inhabited by the Ohlone people when a Spanish exploration party led by Gaspar de Portolà entered the Bay - the first documented European visit to the Bay Area . After Mexico established independence from Spain in 1821 , the region was briefly controlled by the Mexican government until the United States purchased the territory in 1846 during the Mexican-American War . Soon after , discovery of gold in California attracted a flood of treasure seekers , many using ports in the Bay Area as an entry point . During the early years of California 's statehood , state legislative business rotated between three locations in the Bay Area before a permanent state capital was established in Sacramento . A major earthquake leveled the city of San Francisco and environs in 1906 , but the region quickly rebuilt in time to host the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco / San Jose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Jose,_California', 'summary': "San Jose [ A ] ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ , -ˈseɪ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ xoˈse ] ; Spanish for Saint Joseph ) , officially the City of San José , [ B ] is the economic , cultural and political center of Silicon Valley , and the largest city in Northern California ( both by population and area ) . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,030,119 , it is the third-most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth-most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.1 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the main component of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area , with an estimated population of around 2 million residents in 2018 . It is also the most populous city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . San Jose is a global city , notable as a center of innovation , for its affluence , Mediterranean climate , and extremely high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname Capital of Silicon Valley . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Broadcom , Samsung , Acer , Hewlett Packard Enterprise , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco', 'summary': "San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi ."}]}, {'value': '17,246.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Metropolitan Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Area', 'summary': "The Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area is the metropolitan area centered on Washington , D.C. , the capital of the United States . The area includes all of the federal district and parts of the U.S. states of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia . It is part of the larger Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area . The Washington D.C. metropolitan area is one of the most educated and most affluent metropolitan areas in the US . The metro area anchors the southern end of the densely populated Northeast megalopolis with an estimated total population of 6,216,589 as of the 2017 U.S. Census Bureau estimate [ update ] , making it the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the nation and the largest metropolitan area in the Census Bureau 's South Atlantic division ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington , D.C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Rainier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Rainier,_Maryland', 'summary': "Mount Rainier /reɪˈnɪər/ is a city in Prince George 's County , Maryland , United States , bordering Washington . The population was 8,080 at the 2010 census . Mount Rainier is contained between the Northwest Branch Anacostia River , Cedar Lane Alley , and 34th Street to the north , 37th Street and 37th Place to the northeast , Upshur Street and Queens Chapel Road to the west , the Cargo Train tracks to the east , and Eastern Avenue NE to the south . Mount Rainier got its start as a streetcar suburb , when tracks where laid for the 82 Streetcar Line . According to local tradition , surveyors from the Pacific Northwest named the town , giving the streets names such as Shasta and Cascade . Historic U.S. 1 runs through the center of the town and serves as the main street and central business district ."}]}, {'value': '13,038.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_metropolitan_area', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton , PA-OH-WV Combined Statistical Area is a 12-county Combined Statistical Area in the United States . The principal city of the area is the City of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania but includes parts of the states of Pennsylvania , West Virginia , and Ohio and was officially defined by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2013 . As a CSA , the Census Bureau has identified that the region shares integrated transportation and economic ties as evidenced by commuting patterns . The estimated population of the area was 2,635,228 in mid-2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh', 'summary': 'Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/ PITS-burg ) is a city in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States , and is the county seat of Allegheny County . A population of about 302,407 ( 2018 ) residents live within the city limits , making it the 66th-largest city in the U.S . The metropolitan population of 2,324,743 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia , the second-largest in Pennsylvania ( behind Philadelphia ) , and the 27th-largest in the U.S. Pittsburgh is located in the southwest of the state , at the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers . Pittsburgh is known both as the Steel City for its more than 300 steel-related businesses and as the City of Bridges for its 446 bridges . The city features 30 skyscrapers , two inclined railways , a pre-revolutionary fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers . The city developed as a vital link of the Atlantic coast and Midwest , as the mineral-rich Allegheny Mountains made the area coveted by the French and British empires , Virginians , Whiskey Rebels , and Civil War raiders . Aside from steel , Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum , glass , shipbuilding , petroleum , foods , sports , transportation , computing , autos , and electronics . For part of the 20th century , Pittsburgh was behind only New York City and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment ; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita . Deindustrialization in the 1970s and 80s laid off area blue-collar workers as steel and other heavy industries declined , and thousands of downtown white-collar workers also lost jobs when several Pittsburgh-based companies moved out . The population dropped from a peak of 675,000 in 1950 to 370,000 in 1990 . However , this rich industrial history left the area with renowned museums , medical centers , parks , research centers , and a diverse cultural district . After the deindustrialization of the mid-20th century , Pittsburgh has transformed into a hub for the health care , education , and technology industries .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pennsbury Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsbury_Village,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Pennsbury Village is a borough in Allegheny County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 661 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '12,710.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisville-Jefferson County metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville-Jefferson_County,_KY-IN_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area', 'summary': 'The Louisville metropolitan area or Kentuckiana , also known as the Louisville-Jefferson County , Kentucky-Indiana , metropolitan statistical area , is the 45th largest [ b ] metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) in the United States . The principal city is Louisville , Kentucky . It was originally formed by the United States Census Bureau in 1950 and consisted of the Kentucky county of Jefferson and the Indiana counties of Clark and Floyd . As surrounding counties saw an increase in their population densities and the number of their residents employed within Jefferson County , they met Census criteria to be added to the MSA . Jefferson County , Kentucky ( contiguous with Louisville Metro ) , plus twelve outlying counties - seven in Kentucky and five in Southern Indiana - are now a part of this MSA . One other Kentucky county was part of the MSA in the 2000 and 2010 U.S. Censuses , but was spun off by the Census Bureau into its own Micropolitan Statistical Area in 2013 . People living in any of the MSA are said to be living in the Louisville-Jefferson County Area . Because it includes counties in Indiana , the MSA ( or a large portion thereof ) is regularly referred to as Kentuckiana . It is now the primary MSA of the Louisville-Jefferson County-Elizabethtown-Madison , Kentucky-Indiana combined statistical area ( or Louisville CSA , which adds Hardin County , Kentucky , LaRue County , Kentucky , Jefferson County , Indiana , and Nelson County , Kentucky ) . The combined statistical area created by the United States Bureau of the Census in 2000 and most recently redefined in 2013 comprises the Louisville-Jefferson County MSA , the Elizabethtown-Fort Knox , Kentucky , MSA , the Bardstown , Kentucky , micropolitan statistical area and the Madison , Indiana micropolitan statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Louisville ( US : /ˈluːəvəl/ ( listen ) LOO-ə-vəl , /ˈluːivɪl/ ( listen ) LOO-ee-vil , /ˈlʊvəl/ ( listen ) LUUV-əl , UK : /ˈluːivɪl/ ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 29th most-populous city in the United States . [ d ] It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class , the other being Lexington , the state 's second-largest city . [ e ] Louisville is the historical seat and , since 2003 , the nominal seat of Jefferson County , on the Indiana border . Named after King Louis XVI of France , Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark , making it one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachians . With nearby Falls of the Ohio as the only major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico , the settlement first grew as a portage site . It was the founding city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad , which grew into a 6,000-mile ( 9,700 km ) system across 13 states . Today , the city is known as the home of legendary boxer Muhammad Ali , the Kentucky Derby , Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) , the University of Louisville and its Cardinals , Louisville Slugger baseball bats , and three of Kentucky 's six Fortune 500 companies : Humana , Kindred Healthcare , and Yum ! Brands . Muhammad Ali International Airport , Louisville 's main commercial airport , hosts UPS 's worldwide hub . Since 2003 , Louisville 's borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County , after a city-county merger . The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government , abbreviated to Louisville Metro . Despite the merger and renaming , the term Jefferson County continues to be used in some contexts in reference to Louisville Metro , particularly including the incorporated cities outside the balance which make up Louisville proper ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poplar Hills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poplar_Hills,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Poplar Hills is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County , Kentucky , United States . A part of the Louisville Metro government , it is Kentucky 's only city with a majority African-American population . The population was 362 at the 2010 census . It currently has the highest population density for any city in Kentucky , and is the only Kentucky city that is on the highest population densities of American cities list . It currently ranks 19th on the list , and has the second-lowest population for any city on that list . It is tied with Mobile City , Texas , as the smallest city by total area on the list ."}]}, {'value': '17,036.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Providence metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Providence_metropolitan_area', 'summary': "The Providence metropolitan area is a region extending into eight counties in two states , and is the 38th largest metropolitan area in the United States . Anchored by the city of Providence , Rhode Island , it has an estimated population of 1,622,520 , exceeding that of Rhode Island by slightly over 60% . The area covers almost all of Rhode Island . 38 of the 39 municipalities in the state are included . Only Westerly is not . The Providence Metropolitan Statistical Area also extends into southern Massachusetts with an average population density of 2300 per mi² ( 888 per km² ) . Its Gross Metropolitan Product is the country 's 42nd largest at $ 64.7 billion , just above the Gross State Product of the entire state of Hawaii . Since 2006 , the Providence metropolitan area has been officially included in the Greater Boston Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , the sixth-largest CSA in the country , with over 8 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Providence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Providence is the capital and most populous city of the state of Rhode Island and is one of the oldest cities in the United States . It was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams , a Reformed Baptist theologian and religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of God 's merciful Providence which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay . Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its textile manufacturing and subsequent machine tool , jewelry , and silverware industries . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning which have shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains some manufacturing activity . The city is the third most populous city in New England after Boston and Worcester , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Falls,_Rhode_Island', 'summary': 'Central Falls is a city in Providence County , Rhode Island , United States . The population was 19,376 at the 2010 census . With an area of only 1.29 square miles ( 3.3 km2 ) , it is the smallest and most densely populated city in the smallest state , and the 27th most densely populated incorporated place in the United States . It is also one of only four incorporated places in New England that have a higher population density than the city of Boston ( ranking fourth , behind the Massachusetts cities of Somerville , Chelsea and Cambridge , all inner suburbs of Boston ) . The city takes its name from a waterfall on the Blackstone River . In May 2010 , Central Falls went into receivership , then filed for bankruptcy August 1 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '15,652.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas–Fort_Worth_Metroplex', 'summary': "The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , officially designated Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget , is a metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Texas encompassing 13 counties . It is the economic and cultural hub of North Texas . Residents of the area also refer to it as DFW , or the Metroplex . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex 's population is 7,539,711 according to the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2018 population estimates , making it the most populous metropolitan area in both Texas and the Southern United States , the fourth-largest in the U.S. , and the tenth-largest in the Americas . In 2016 , Dallas-Fort Worth ascended to the number one spot in the U.S. in year-over-year population growth . The region 's economy is primarily based on banking , commerce , insurance , telecommunications , technology , energy , healthcare , medical research , transportation and logistics . In 2020 , Dallas-Fort Worth is home to 25 Fortune 500 companies , the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the United States behind New York City ( 70 ) and Chicago ( 34 ) . In 2016 , the metropolitan economy surpassed Houston to become the fourth-largest in the U.S . Currently the region boasts a GDP of just over $ 620.6 billion in 2020 . The DFW metroplex encompasses 9,286 square miles ( 24,100 km2 ) of total area : 8,991 sq mi ( 23,290 km2 ) is land , while 295 sq mi ( 760 km2 ) is water , making it larger in area than the states of Rhode Island and Connecticut combined ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mobile City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mobile_City,_Texas', 'summary': 'Mobile City is a city in Rockwall County , Texas , United States on the outskirts of Rockwall . The population was 188 at the 2010 census . It currently has the highest population density for any city in Texas , and is the only Texas city that is on the highest population densities of American cities list . It currently ranks 74th on the list , and has the lowest population for any city on that list . It is tied with Poplar Hills , Kentucky as the smallest city by total area on the list . Mobile City consists of a mobile home park , liquor store , and convenience store .'}]}, {'value': '11,911.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo-Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area', 'summary': 'The Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area is a metropolitan area , designated by the United States Census Bureau , encompassing two counties - Erie and Niagara - in Western New York , with a population , as of the 2010 census , of 1,135,509 inhabitants . It is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state of New York , centering on the urbanized area of Buffalo . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . It is part of the Great Lakes Megalopolis , which contains an estimated 54 million people . The larger Buffalo Niagara Region is an economic zone consisting of eight counties in Western New York . In 2010 , the Buffalo - Niagara Falls metropolitan statistical area was ranked the 10th best place in the U.S. for working mothers by ForbesWoman magazine .'}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York', 'summary': "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenmore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenmore,_New_York', 'summary': "Kenmore is a village in Erie County , New York , United States . The population was 15,423 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area . Kenmore is in the south part of the town of Tonawanda , and together with the town it is often referred to as Ken-Ton . It is bordered to the south by the city of Buffalo . The village is in the northwest part of Erie County . The village has received accolades : In 2009 , the American Planning Association named Kenmore One of the Top 10 Great Neighborhoods in the United States . The village is also one of the country 's 100 most densely populated incorporated places . And in 2011 , Buffalo Business First named Kenmore the highest-rated community in Western New York . Kenmore holds 1,328th place among 3,764 municipalities throughout the United States . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '11,437.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portland metropolitan area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area', 'summary': "The Portland metropolitan area or Greater Portland is a metropolitan area in the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington centered on the principal city of Portland , Oregon . The U.S. Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) identifies it as the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro , OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area , a metropolitan statistical area used by the United States Census Bureau ( USCB ) and other entities . The OMB defines the area as comprising Clackamas , Columbia , Multnomah , Washington , and Yamhill Counties in Oregon , and Clark and Skamania Counties in Washington . The area 's population is estimated at 2,753,168 in 2017 . The Oregon portion of the metropolitan area is the state 's largest urban center , while the Washington portion of the metropolitan area is the state 's third largest urban center after Seattle ( the Seattle Urban Area includes Tacoma and Everett ) and Spokane . Portions of this are under the jurisdiction of Metro , a directly elected regional government which , among other things , is responsible for land-use planning in the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Portland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Oregon', 'summary': "Portland ( /ˈpɔːrtlənd/ ; PORT-lənd ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . As of 2018 , Portland had an estimated population of 653,115 , making it the 25th most populated city in the United States , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest after Seattle . Approximately 2.4 million people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , making it the 25th most populous in the United States . Its combined statistical area ( CSA ) ranks 19th-largest with a population of around 3.2 million . Approximately 60% of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area . [ a ] Named after Portland , Maine , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing progressive political values , earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnson City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnson_City,_Oregon', 'summary': 'Johnson City is a city in Clackamas County , Oregon , United States . The population was 566 at the 2010 census . Because of its small area , its population density is over 8,000 per square mile , making it the most densely populated city in Oregon .'}]}, {'value': '11,061.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metro Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metro_Detroit', 'summary': 'The Detroit metropolitan area , often referred to as Metro Detroit , is a major metropolitan area in the U.S. State of Michigan , consisting of the city of Detroit and its surrounding area . There are varied definitions of the area , including the official statistical areas designated by the Office of Management and Budget , a federal agency of the United States . Metro Detroit is known for its automotive heritage , arts , entertainment , popular music , and sports . The area includes a variety of natural landscapes , parks , and beaches , with a recreational coastline linking the Great Lakes . Metro Detroit also has one of the largest metropolitan economies in the U.S. , with seventeen Fortune 500 companies .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamtramck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamtramck,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Hamtramck ( /hæmˈtræmɪk/ ham-TRAM-ik ) is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 22,423 . Hamtramck is surrounded by the city of Detroit except for a small portion of the western border that touches the similarly surrounded city of Highland Park . Hamtramck is by far the most densely-populated municipality in the state of Michigan . Known in the 20th century as a vibrant center of Polish-American life and culture , Hamtramck has attracted new immigrants in the 21st century , especially from Yemen and Bangladesh . In 2015 , its city council became the first Muslim-majority city council in the history of the United States , with four of the six council members being adherents of the Islamic faith .'}]}, {'value': '10,900.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greater Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Cleveland', 'summary': "The Cleveland metropolitan area , or Greater Cleveland as it is more commonly known , is the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Cleveland in Northeast Ohio , United States . According to 2018 United States Census estimates , the five-county Cleveland-Elyria Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) consists of Cuyahoga County , Geauga County , Lake County , Lorain County , and Medina County , and has a population of 2,057,009 making Greater Cleveland the 33rd most populous metropolitan area in the United States , the third largest metro area in Ohio , and the second largest metro area , behind Columbus , entirely in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area and the Great Lakes Megalopolis . Changes in house prices for Greater Cleveland are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case-Shiller index ; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor 's and is also a component of S & P 's 20-city composite index of the value of the U.S. residential real estate market . Northeast Ohio refers to a similar but substantially larger area . This article covers the area generally considered to be Greater Cleveland , but includes some information generally applicable to the larger region , which is itself part of what is known historically as the Connecticut Western Reserve ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio', 'summary': "Lakewood is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , on the southern coast of Lake Erie . Established in 1889 , it is one of Cleveland 's historical streetcar suburbs and part of the Greater Cleveland Metropolitan Area . The population was 52,131 at the 2010 United States Census , making it the third largest city in Cuyahoga County , behind Cleveland and Parma . Lakewood is home to a young and diverse population , including significant numbers of immigrants . Its population density is the highest of any city in Ohio and is roughly comparable to that of Washington , D.C ."}]}, {'value': '10,208.5', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Distributions -- Metropolitan areas', 'section_text': 'The following ranks United States metropolitan areas by the number of incorporated places with densities over 10,000 within them . If two or more metropolitan areas have the same number of incorporated places , as is the case of the eight metros with one place , the metro areas are ranked by the densest incorporated place within the metro area .', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density_6', 'intro': 'The following is a list of incorporated places in the United States with a population density of over 10,000 people per square mile. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, an incorporated place is defined as a place that has a self-governing local government and as such has been incorporated by the state it is in. Each state has different laws defining how a place can be incorporated and so an incorporated place as recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau can designate a variety of places, such as a city, town, village, borough, and township. [a]\n The other type of place defined by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes are census-designated places. Census-designated places are distinct from incorporated places because they do not have a local government and thus depend on higher government bodies, such as a county, for governance. Census-designated places are defined as being in an unincorporated area. Census-designated places that have a population density of over 10,000 people per square mile are listed in a separate table below. The five boroughs of New York City, and the census-designated places of Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands that have densities over 10,000, are also listed in separate tables below.'}
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How many boroughs make up the main city of the densest metropolitan area of the USA ?
boroughs
0acd02c7a0044905
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksys_Games', 'title': 'Aksys Games', 'header': ['Title', 'First release', 'Developer ( s )', 'Platform ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Calamity_Trigger', 'summary': "BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger ( ブレイブルー カラミティ トリガー , BureiBurū : Karamiti Torigā ) is a fighting game developed by Arc System Works in 2008 . The game 's name is a portmanteau of blaze and blue , with the z sound omitted in the Japanese pronunciation , rendering it similar to the word bray in pronunciation . Originally released for the arcades , it was also released for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Windows . A port for the PlayStation Portable , titled BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger Portable ( ブレイブルー カラミティ トリガー ポータブル , BureiBurū : Karamiti Torigā Pōtaburu ) , was released in 2010 . It was the first title in the BlazBlue game series and extended franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Battle Fantasia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_Fantasia', 'summary': "Battle Fantasia ( バトルファンタジア , Batoru Fantajia ) is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . Originally released in Japanese arcades in April 2007 , the title was ported to the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 home consoles in Japan in May 2008 , with a North American Xbox 360-exclusive version released in English in September 2008 by Aksys Games . It was later released in the PAL region in 2009 for both systems by 505 Games ( Europe ) and Aksys Games ( Australia ) . A Microsoft Windows version , ported in collaboration with DotEmu and distributed via Steam , was released on July 7 , 2015 as Battle Fantasia : Revised Edition . The game 's development was headed by Emiko Iwasaki , who had previously served as illustrator for the company 's Guilty Gear series , and features three-dimensional character models restricted to a two-dimensional plane . Battle Fantasia retains a number of features of its predecessor including fast-paced gameplay , colorful anime-style graphics , and over-the-top effects , yet was designed to be a more basic representation of the fighting genre . The game is notable for its stylistic departure from many fighting games , and is set in a fantasy world depicted as a storybook , and borrows many superficial elements from role-playing games including damage represented as numbers and a text-heavy story mode , which involves a number of heroes answering the call to battle to stop an evil force from once again attempting to destroy the world . Battle Fantasia met with relatively low sales in Japan and received mixed to average reviews from critics ."}]}, {'value': 'December 22 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Record of Agarest War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_of_Agarest_War', 'summary': 'Record of Agarest War ( アガレスト戦記 , Agaresuto Senki ) , known in Europe as Agarest : Generations of War , is a tactical role-playing game for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows . The game is a collaboration between Idea Factory , Red Entertainment and Compile Heart . An updated port of the game was released in Japan for the Xbox 360 on November 27 , 2008 . HyperDevbox released an Android port on December 19 , 2013 , and an iOS port on May 16 , 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 27 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compile Heart , Red Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_Heart', 'summary': "Compile Heart ( 株式会社コンパイルハート , Kabushiki gaisha Konpairu Hāto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 2 , 2006 as a subsidiary of Idea Factory . The company was formerly managed by Compile 's former executive Masamitsu Moo Niitani , most well known as the creator of the Madou Monogatari and Puyo Puyo series , before his retirement in December 2012 . Compile Heart is primarily known for its Hyperdimension Neptunia and Record of Agarest War brands . As of 2010 , the company managed to acquire a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise ( the copyright holder of most property rights under Compile ) to create new video games based on franchises from the defunct developer . This does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series which D4 does not own and remains the property of Sega ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Red Entertainment ( 株式会社レッド・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Reddo Entateinmento ) is a video game developer and publisher based in Japan . Formerly known as the Red Company ( レッドカンパニー , Reddo Kanpanī ) since its founding in 1976 ( though it did not begin doing business until 1985 ) , it was reorganized under its current moniker on December 4 , 2000 . While Red Company as a public corporation dates back to the mid-1980s , the first title released under the Red Entertainment brand was Gungrave on July 17 , 2002 . The name RED comes from Royal Emperor Dragon . In 2011 , the company was acquired by Chinese game developer UltiZen Games Limited . In 2014 , Red Entertainment was sold to Oizumi Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Continuum Shift', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Continuum_Shift', 'summary': 'BlazBlue : Continuum Shift ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto ) is a 2009 fighting game developed by Arc System Works as an official sequel to BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger . As with the previous game , the game first came to arcades before both the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions as the game was currently released for the Taito Type X2 arcade system board , with a 16:9 ratio and 768p resolution . Revisions entitled BlazBlue : Continuum Shift II ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト ツウ , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto Tsū ) and BlazBlue : Continuum Shift Extend ( ブレイブルー コンティニュアム シフト エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kontinyuamu Shifuto Ekusutendo ) were released in arcades in 2010-2011 . They were later ported to the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo 3DS , and Windows .'}]}, {'value': 'July 27 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcana Heart 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcana_Heart_3', 'summary': 'Arcana Heart 3 ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī ) is a 2011 2D arcade fighting game developed by Team Arcana ( the first three updates co-developed with Examu ( formerly Yuki Enterprise ) ) and published by Arc System Works . It is the third entry in the Arcana Heart series , following the events of Arcana Heart 2 . The game went through location tests in Japan starting in late 2011 , and was officially released on September 20 , 2011 . An official PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was later released on February 6 , 2013 . An American ( PlayStation Network only ) version was released on August 20 , 2013 by Aksys Games and in Europe on October 2 , 2013 by Zen United . An update for the game , called Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max ! ! ! ! ! , written with multiple exclamation marks ) , with rebalanced gameplay and new game modes was released in Japan on May 8 , 2013 for Arcades , and later released for PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows . This was followed by Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max Six Stars ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX SIX STARS ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max Six Stars ! ! !'}]}, {'value': 'April 19 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works , Examu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Examu', 'summary': "Examu , formerly known as Yuki Enterprise , is a Japanese video game company created in 2000 who mostly produces fighting games for arcades and home consoles . It is known for owning Team Arcana , the developer of the original IP series Arcana Heart . Initially , they developed games for their own arcade system board called eX-Board , to then release their games almost exclusively on Taito 's NESiCAxLive arcade delivery system . Support for eX-Board ceased in December , 2013 . By the end of February 2020 , Examu will suspend business operations by the end of February 2020 . Any ongoing development works and product supports ( most particularly ongoing supported fighting games ( including licensed fighting games ) ) are migrating to Team Arcana ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Record of Agarest War Zero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_of_Agarest_War_Zero', 'summary': 'Record of Agarest War Zero , known as Agarest Senki Zero ( アガレスト戦記 ZERO , Agaresuto Senki Zero ) in Japan and Agarest : Generations of War Zero in Europe , is a tactical role-playing game developed by Compile Heart and Red Entertainment . It was published in Japan by Idea Factory on June 25 , 2009 for the PlayStation 3 . It is the prequel to the 2007 game Record of Agarest War . An enhanced port of Agarest Zero was released for the Xbox 360 titled Agarest Senki Zero : Dawn of War . The Xbox 360 version contained extra content not found in the PlayStation 3 version of the game , such as costumes , CGs and more . Both versions feature an extra mode where you can return to the maps from the previous game , and unlock characters via the PlayStation Store or Xbox Live Marketplace .'}]}, {'value': 'June 14 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compile Heart , Red Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_Heart', 'summary': "Compile Heart ( 株式会社コンパイルハート , Kabushiki gaisha Konpairu Hāto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 2 , 2006 as a subsidiary of Idea Factory . The company was formerly managed by Compile 's former executive Masamitsu Moo Niitani , most well known as the creator of the Madou Monogatari and Puyo Puyo series , before his retirement in December 2012 . Compile Heart is primarily known for its Hyperdimension Neptunia and Record of Agarest War brands . As of 2010 , the company managed to acquire a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise ( the copyright holder of most property rights under Compile ) to create new video games based on franchises from the defunct developer . This does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series which D4 does not own and remains the property of Sega ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Red Entertainment ( 株式会社レッド・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Reddo Entateinmento ) is a video game developer and publisher based in Japan . Formerly known as the Red Company ( レッドカンパニー , Reddo Kanpanī ) since its founding in 1976 ( though it did not begin doing business until 1985 ) , it was reorganized under its current moniker on December 4 , 2000 . While Red Company as a public corporation dates back to the mid-1980s , the first title released under the Red Entertainment brand was Gungrave on July 17 , 2002 . The name RED comes from Royal Emperor Dragon . In 2011 , the company was acquired by Chinese game developer UltiZen Games Limited . In 2014 , Red Entertainment was sold to Oizumi Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Record of Agarest War 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Record_of_Agarest_War_2', 'summary': 'Record of Agarest War 2 , known as Agarest Senki 2 ( アガレスト戦記2 , Agaresuto Senki 2 ) in Japan and as Agarest : Generations of War 2 in Europe , is a tactical role-playing game developed by Idea Factory and Red Entertainment . It was published in Japan by Compile Heart on November 18 , 2010 for the PlayStation 3 . A Windows version was released in February 19 , 2015 . It is the sequel to the 2007 game Record of Agarest War and the third game in the series . A patch via download allows for use of a PlayStation Move motion controller for certain mini-games . The Soul Breeding system receives a new additional feature with the implementation of a Dark Love ending which occurs if the relationship rate is low with the chosen mate . Rather than a happy wedding , the main character has a marriage with his bride for political interests and enters a loveless relationship to conceive a child , resulting in poor stats for the next protagonist .'}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Compile Heart , Red Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Compile_Heart', 'summary': "Compile Heart ( 株式会社コンパイルハート , Kabushiki gaisha Konpairu Hāto ) is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 2 , 2006 as a subsidiary of Idea Factory . The company was formerly managed by Compile 's former executive Masamitsu Moo Niitani , most well known as the creator of the Madou Monogatari and Puyo Puyo series , before his retirement in December 2012 . Compile Heart is primarily known for its Hyperdimension Neptunia and Record of Agarest War brands . As of 2010 , the company managed to acquire a licensing deal with D4 Enterprise ( the copyright holder of most property rights under Compile ) to create new video games based on franchises from the defunct developer . This does not affect the rights to the Puyo Puyo series which D4 does not own and remains the property of Sega ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Entertainment', 'summary': 'Red Entertainment ( 株式会社レッド・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Reddo Entateinmento ) is a video game developer and publisher based in Japan . Formerly known as the Red Company ( レッドカンパニー , Reddo Kanpanī ) since its founding in 1976 ( though it did not begin doing business until 1985 ) , it was reorganized under its current moniker on December 4 , 2000 . While Red Company as a public corporation dates back to the mid-1980s , the first title released under the Red Entertainment brand was Gungrave on July 17 , 2002 . The name RED comes from Royal Emperor Dragon . In 2011 , the company was acquired by Chinese game developer UltiZen Games Limited . In 2014 , Red Entertainment was sold to Oizumi Corporation .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Crazy Strike Bowling', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 21 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corecell Technology', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Bit.Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bit.Trip_Presents..._Runner2:_Future_Legend_of_Rhythm_Alien', 'summary': 'Bit.Trip Presents . Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien , generally shortened as Runner2 , is a 2013 side-scrolling platformer developed by Gaijin Games . The game is the direct sequel to Bit.Trip Runner and has been released as a downloadable title available on the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , Xbox 360 and Wii U consoles , Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux and on iOS . The PC , Mac , Linux , and Wii U versions were self-published by Gaijin Games , and the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions were published by Aksys Games . Cutscenes and menus are narrated by Charles Martinet . While Runner2 has a lot in common with its predecessor , its polygonal graphics mark a significant departure from past entries in the Bit.Trip series . In an interview with Push Square , Gaijin Games co-founder Mike Roush cited the studios urge to spread its wings a bit as the inspiration behind the change . Runner2 has been well received by video game critics . The game received a sequel , Runner3 , for the Nintendo Switch and PC platforms in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 5 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaijin Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaijin_Games', 'summary': 'Choice Provisions Inc. , formerly known as Gaijin Games Inc. prior to June 2014 , is an independent video game development studio , best known for their Bit.Trip series of video games . The studio was founded in 2007 by Alex Neuse , Mike Roush , and Chris Osborn and is located in Santa Cruz , California .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3 ( PSN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_Network', 'summary': "PlayStation Network ( PSN ) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment . Launched in November 2006 , PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles , but soon extended to encompass smartphones , tablets , Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions . As of April 2016 , over 110 million users have been documented , with 103 million of them active monthly as of December 2019 . PlayStation Network 's services are dedicated to an online marketplace ( PlayStation Store ) , a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features ( PlayStation Plus ) , movie streaming , rentals and purchases ( PlayStation Video ) , music streaming ( PlayStation Music , powered by Spotify ) and a cloud gaming service ( PlayStation Now ) . The service is available in 73 territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Magus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magus_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Magus ( pronounced may-jus ) , is an action role-playing game for the PlayStation 3 , co-developed by Black Tower and Aksys Games . The title has become infamous due to the negative reception it received from critics upon release .'}]}, {'value': 'February 25 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Tower_Studios', 'summary': 'Black Tower Studios is a Japanese game developer based in Tokyo and Australia . It was started by former Acquire creative director Richie Casper . Black Tower primarily creates action role-playing games for smartphones and tablets . Black Tower co-developed their first full game for the PlayStation 3 with Aksys Games .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Chrono_Phantasma', 'summary': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma , released in Japan as BlazBlue : Chronophantasma ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ , BureiBurū Kuronofantazuma ) , is a 2-D fighting game developed by Arc System Works . It is the third game of the Blazblue series , set after the events of BlazBlue : Continuum Shift . The game was originally to be released first as an arcade game in the early fourth quarter of 2012 , which was later pushed forward to November 2012 . A PlayStation 3 version of the game was released in Japan on October 24 , 2013 , while it was released in the United States on March 25 , 2014 . Due to limited hardware and disc space the game was not released on the Xbox 360 . An updated version of the game titled BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma Extend ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma Ekusutendo , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma Extend ) , dubbed as BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma 2.0 ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ ２.０ , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma 2.0 , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma 2.0 ) in the Arcade version , was originally released for Arcades in October 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One in April 2015 . It was released on June 30 , 2015 in North America , with the European region version releasing on October 23 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 25 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Hakuoki : Stories of the Shinsengumi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakuōki', 'summary': 'Hakuoki ( 薄桜鬼 〜新選組奇譚〜 , Hakuoki ~Shinsengumi Kitan~ , Demon of the Fleeting Blossom : The Mysterious Tale of the Shinsengumi ) is an otome video game series by Idea Factory , released for the PlayStation 2 and ported to PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable ( VITA ) , Nintendo DS , and Nintendo 3DS . It has been adapted into an anime series by Studio Deen ; the first season began airing in Japan on the TV Kanagawa and UHF stations on April 4 , 2010 . The second season began airing on October 10 , 2010 and ended on December 12 , 2010 . The series has been adapted as two different manga series . A third series based on the prequel , Hakuoki Reimeiroku aired in summer of 2012 . Two films were released in 2013 and 2014 . The first was released in August 2013 and was released on DVD February 2014 . The film is a retelling of both seasons in greater detail and with a slightly different ending . The second film was released on March 8 , 2014 . The anime television series and films have been licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America .'}]}, {'value': 'May 6 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idea Factory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idea_Factory', 'summary': 'Idea Factory ( アイディアファクトリー株式会社 , Aidia Fakutorī Kabushiki-gaisha ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher founded by former employees of Data East on October 26 , 1994 headed by company chairman Shingo Kuwana and president Yoshiteru Sato . On 30 September 2013 , Idea Factory opened their international branch based in California , under the name Idea Factory International . A subsection of Idea Factory develops otome games , under the name of Otomate .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Xblaze Code : Embryo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xblaze_Code:_Embryo', 'summary': "XBlaze Code : Embryo ( エクスブレイズ コード：エンブリオ , EkusuBureizu Kōdo : Enburio ) is a prequel visual novel of the fighting game series BlazBlue by Arc System Works . It was released in Japan for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on July 23 , 2013 and North America on June 24 , 2014 by Aksys Games . The Microsoft Windows 's version was released worldwide on March 1 , 2016 . A sequel titled XBlaze Lost : Memories has been released for the PS3 and Vita in 2015 and on Windows in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 24 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max ! ! ! ! !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcana_Heart_3', 'summary': 'Arcana Heart 3 ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī ) is a 2011 2D arcade fighting game developed by Team Arcana ( the first three updates co-developed with Examu ( formerly Yuki Enterprise ) ) and published by Arc System Works . It is the third entry in the Arcana Heart series , following the events of Arcana Heart 2 . The game went through location tests in Japan starting in late 2011 , and was officially released on September 20 , 2011 . An official PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was later released on February 6 , 2013 . An American ( PlayStation Network only ) version was released on August 20 , 2013 by Aksys Games and in Europe on October 2 , 2013 by Zen United . An update for the game , called Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max ! ! ! ! ! , written with multiple exclamation marks ) , with rebalanced gameplay and new game modes was released in Japan on May 8 , 2013 for Arcades , and later released for PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows . This was followed by Arcana Heart 3 : Love Max Six Stars ! ! ! ! ! ( Japanese : アルカナハート3 LOVE MAX SIX STARS ! ! ! ! ! , Hepburn : Arukana Hāto Surī Love Max Six Stars ! ! !'}]}, {'value': 'September 23 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works , Examu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Examu', 'summary': "Examu , formerly known as Yuki Enterprise , is a Japanese video game company created in 2000 who mostly produces fighting games for arcades and home consoles . It is known for owning Team Arcana , the developer of the original IP series Arcana Heart . Initially , they developed games for their own arcade system board called eX-Board , to then release their games almost exclusively on Taito 's NESiCAxLive arcade delivery system . Support for eX-Board ceased in December , 2013 . By the end of February 2020 , Examu will suspend business operations by the end of February 2020 . Any ongoing development works and product supports ( most particularly ongoing supported fighting games ( including licensed fighting games ) ) are migrating to Team Arcana ."}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Guilty Gear Xrd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guilty_Gear_Xrd', 'summary': 'Guilty Gear Xrd [ a ] ( Japanese : ギルティギア イグザード , Hepburn : Giruti Gia Iguzādo ) is a fighting video game developed by Arc System Works . The 5th main ( 16th overall ) installment in the Guilty Gear series , Guilty Gear Xrd was developed using Unreal Engine 3 , with cel-shaded graphics in place of the series traditional hand drawn sprites . Following the storyline of the last game in the series , Guilty Gear 2 : Overture , it introduced seven new characters . The first Xrd game , Guilty Gear Xrd -Sign- was released in arcades on February 20 , 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 in Japan and North America in December of the same year . A digital-only release happened in Europe in June 2015 , and it was brought to Microsoft Windows via Steam on December 9 , 2015 . The game has been praised for its cel-shaded graphics and approachable gameplay , but criticized for its non-interactive story mode and smaller roster of characters . A sequel follow-up , [ b ] titled Guilty Gear Xrd -Revelator- , was released on consoles in May-June 2016 . An update title to Revelator titled Guilty Gear Xrd Rev 2 was announced at Arc System Works Fighting Game Award 2016 on January 14 , 2017 and released for Arcades in March 2017 , while PS3 , PS4 and PC versions were released worldwide at the end of May 2017 . The Rev 2 update patch for those who bought Revelator on PlayStation Store or Steam was released as a paid-DLC . The PS4 also received an exclusive physical disc version .'}]}, {'value': 'December 16 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Under Night In-Birth Exe : Late', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Under_Night_In-Birth', 'summary': 'Under Night In-Birth ( アンダーナイトインヴァース , Andā naito invāsu ) is a visual novel and 2D fighting game co-developed by Ecole Software and French-Bread , known for the licensed fighting game , Type-Moons Melty Blood series . Since its initial arcade release in Japan , Under Night In-Birth has received numerous version updates , adjusting various system features and character attributes as well as adding several new playable characters to the roster .'}]}, {'value': 'February 24 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ecole Software , French Bread', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ecole_Software', 'summary': 'Ecole Software ( 株式会社エコールソフトウェア ECOLE SOFTWARE CORPORATION ) , commonly known as Ecole , is a Japanese corporation dealing in the development and sale of arcade and console video games , which was established on March 31 , 1989 , with representative director Yoshiyuki Manabe . Although the company was initially established in the Harbor Ward of Osaka City , the company is currently headquartered in Nishinomiya City of Hyogo Prefecture . Prior to entering the video game industry , Ecole was involved in CAD software development . The company marked its entrance into the industry by its release of Pappara : Paoon on November 22 , 1995 . That was shortly followed by the release of light gun shooter Death Crimson , which became an instant hit . In addition , the puzzle game Musapeys Choco Marker received high rankings among puzzle gamers . Ecole is also known for its role in gal games like Raindia , which features attractive characters , and gay games like Coxbax . However , the company has shifted its industry focus ever since the release of its greatly-successful arcade game Melty Blood . Act Cadenza . Ecole is mostly known associate with a video game developer company French Bread on mostly producing 2D fighting game products .'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_Bread_(game_developer)', 'summary': 'French Bread is a video game developer founded in 1995 as Watanabe Production ( 渡辺製作所 , Watanabe Seisakujo ) . Originally a dōjin circle , French Bread became well known for their work in 2D fighting games , particularly the Melty Blood series . In recent years , they have also worked on other licensed-based fighting games such as Dengeki Bunko Fighting Climax and their own original IP , Under Night In-Birth .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Tokyo Twilight Ghost Hunters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_Twilight_Ghost_Hunters', 'summary': 'Tokyo Twilight Ghost Hunters ( 魔都紅色幽撃隊 , Mato Kurenai Yūgekitai ) is a video game produced by Toybox Inc. for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita . It was originally released on 10 April 2014 in Japan by Arc System Works , and was released in North America by Aksys Games on 10 March 2015 and in Europe by NIS America on 13 March 2015 . An updated version with a reworked battle system , titled Tokyo Twilight Ghost Hunters Daybreak : Special Gigs , was released in Japan on 26 November 2015 , in North America on 20 September 2016 and in Europe on 21 October 2016 for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita . A Microsoft Windows version of Daybreak : Special Gigs , published by PQube , was released worldwide on 17 March 2017 . The game includes adventure game and visual novel gameplay , as well as strategy role-playing elements .'}]}, {'value': 'March 10 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma Extend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BlazBlue:_Chrono_Phantasma', 'summary': 'BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma , released in Japan as BlazBlue : Chronophantasma ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ , BureiBurū Kuronofantazuma ) , is a 2-D fighting game developed by Arc System Works . It is the third game of the Blazblue series , set after the events of BlazBlue : Continuum Shift . The game was originally to be released first as an arcade game in the early fourth quarter of 2012 , which was later pushed forward to November 2012 . A PlayStation 3 version of the game was released in Japan on October 24 , 2013 , while it was released in the United States on March 25 , 2014 . Due to limited hardware and disc space the game was not released on the Xbox 360 . An updated version of the game titled BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma Extend ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ エクステンド , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma Ekusutendo , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma Extend ) , dubbed as BlazBlue : Chrono Phantasma 2.0 ( ブレイブルー クロノファンタズマ ２.０ , BureiBurū : Kuronofantazuma 2.0 , BlazBlue : Chronophantasma 2.0 ) in the Arcade version , was originally released for Arcades in October 2014 , and for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One in April 2015 . It was released on June 30 , 2015 in North America , with the European region version releasing on October 23 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Xblaze : Lost Memories', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xblaze:_Lost_Memories', 'summary': "XBlaze Lost : Memories ( エクスブレイズ ロスト：メモリーズ , EkusuBureizu Rosuto : Memorīzu ) is a sequel to the 2013 visual novel Xblaze Code : Embryo developed by Arc System Works . It was released in Japan for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita on April 9 , 2015 , in North America on August 11 , 2015 and in Europe on June 21 , 2016 by Aksys Games . The Microsoft Windows 's version was released worldwide on August 11 , 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 11 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arc System Works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arc_System_Works', 'summary': 'Arc System Works Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社アークシステムワークス , Kabushiki gaisha Āku Shisutemu Wākusu ) is a video game developer and publisher located in Yokohama . Founded by Minoru Kidooka in 1988 , the company is known for arcade 2D fighting game franchises , including Guilty Gear and BlazBlue , as well as other licensed-based fighting games for Dragon Ball and Persona 4 Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}, {'value': 'Aegis of Earth : Protonovus Assault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aegis_of_Earth:_Protonovus_Assault', 'summary': 'Aegis of Earth : Protonovus Assault ( 絶対迎撃ウォーズ , Zettai Geigeki Wars : Metropolis Defenders ) is a 2015 real-time tactics video game developed and published by Acquire in Japan , with a western release by Aksys Games ( North America ) and PQube ( Europe ) coming the following year .'}]}, {'value': 'March 15 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acquire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acquire_(company)', 'summary': 'Acquire Corp. ( 株式会社アクワイア , Kabushikigaisha Akuwaia ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher , mainly known for their Tenchu and Way of the Samurai series .'}]}, {'value': 'PlayStation 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_3', 'summary': "The PlayStation 3 ( officially abbreviated as PS3 ) is a home video game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to PlayStation 2 , and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles . It was first released on November 11 , 2006 in Japan , November 17 , 2006 in North America , and March 23 , 2007 in Europe and Australia . The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . The console was first officially announced at E3 2005 , and was released at the end of 2006 . It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium . The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services , including the PlayStation Network , as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console , through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita . In September 2009 , the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released . It no longer provided the hardware ability to run PS2 games . It was lighter and thinner than the original version , and featured a redesigned logo and marketing design , as well as a minor start-up change in software . A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012 , further refining and redesigning the console . During its early years , the system was negatively received , due to its high price ( $ 599 for a 60 gigabyte model , $ 499 for a 20 GB model ) , a complex processor architecture , and lack of quality games but was praised for its Blu-ray capabilities and untapped potential ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Video games -- Console games', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Aksys_Games_1', 'intro': "Aksys Games Localization, Inc. is a video game publisher that specializes in translating and localizing Japanese video games for English-speaking markets. It was founded by Akibo Shieh in 2006. Some of its clients include Namco Bandai Games, Xseed Games, and Atlus USA. Aksys Games is best known for its involvement in the Guilty Gear series. It has become a full-fledged game publisher with the announcement of Eagle Eye Golf for PlayStation 2, and has expressed a desire to publish for all current platforms from Microsoft, Nintendo, and Sony. The company's name is coincidentally similar to Arc System Works, with whom it has a partnership. Despite their similar names, and the partnership between them, neither company owns the other. Aksys Games publishes many games for Arc System Works in North America, and has even assisted the latter in releasing the Bit.Trip series in Japan. Aksys is also the North American distributor for the European publisher Rising Star Games."}
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Who headed the development of the game developed by the company known for the Guilty Gear and BlazBlue franchises ?
Emiko Iwasaki
0ace2c5f6498214d
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_insects', 'title': 'List of prehistoric insects', 'header': ['Name', 'Authors', 'Unit', 'Location', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Acanthognathus poinari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acanthognathus_poinari', 'summary': 'Acanthognathus poinari is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae known from a single possibly Miocene fossil found on Hispaniola . A. poinari is the first species of the ant genus Acanthognathus to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is one of several species of Acanthognathus found in the Greater Antillies .'}]}, {'value': 'Baroni Urbani & De Andrade , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A trap-jaw ant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Acanthostichus hispaniolicus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acanthostichus_hispaniolicus', 'summary': 'Acanthostichus hispaniolicus is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Dorylinae known from a group of possibly Miocene fossils found on Hispaniola . A. hispaniolicus is the first species of the ant genus Acanthostichus to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is the only species of Acanthostichus found in the West Indies .'}]}, {'value': 'De Andrade , 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A doryline ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorylinae', 'summary': 'Dorylinae is an ant subfamily , with distributions in both the Old World and New World . In 2014 , Brady et al . synonymized the previous dorylomorph subfamilies ( Aenictinae , Aenictogitoninae , Cerapachyinae , Ecitoninae , and Leptanilloidinae ) under the Dorylinae .'}]}, {'value': 'Acropyga glaesaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acropyga_glaesaria', 'summary': 'Acropyga glaesaria is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Formicinae known from a group of possibly Miocene fossils found on Hispaniola . A. glaesaria is the first species of the ant genus Acropyga to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is the one of several species of Acropyga found in the West Indies . As with other members of the genus , A. glaesaria was most likely trophobiotic .'}]}, {'value': 'Lapolla , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'Oldest record of trophophoresy in ants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trophophoresy', 'summary': 'Trophobiosis is a symbiotic association between organisms where food is obtained or provided . The provider of food in the association is referred to as a trophobiont . The name is derived from the Greek τροφή trophē , meaning nourishment and -βίωσις -biosis which is short for the English symbiosis . Among the more noted trophobiotic groups are ants and members of a number of hemipteran families . A number of ant genera are recorded as tending groups of hemipterans to varying degrees . In most cases the ants collect and transport the honeydew secretions from the hemipterans back to the nest for consumption . Not all examples of ant trophobiotic interactions are mutualistic , with instances such as ants attracted to Cacopsylla pyricola feeding on both the honeydew and the C. pyricola individuals . This interaction has been recorded in Ancient Chinese writings and is noted as one of the oldest instances of biological pest control . In mutualistic relationships , the production of honeydew by trophobionts is rewarded by removal of dead hemipterans and protection from a variety of predators by the attendant ants . In some relationships the ants will build shelters for the farmed trophobionts , either to protect them or keep them from leaving the area . Some species of ants construct underground rooms to house the trophobionts and carry them between the host plant and housing area daily . In more complex obligate relationships ( where both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival ) the ants will nest with the partner trophobionts in silk constructed leaf shelters or in underground colonies .'}]}, {'value': 'Anochetus ambiguus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anochetus_ambiguus', 'summary': 'Anochetus ambiguus is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae known from two possibly Miocene fossils found on Hispaniola . A. ambiguus is one of eight species in the ant genus Anochetus to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is one of a number of Anochetus species found in the Greater Antillies .'}]}, {'value': 'De Andrade , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A ponerin ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponerinae', 'summary': "Ponerinae is a subfamily of ants in the Poneromorph subfamilies group , with about 1,600 species in 47 extant genera , including Dinoponera gigantea - one of the world 's largest species of ant . Mated workers have replaced the queen as the functional egg-layers in several species of ponerine ants . In such queenless species , the reproductive status of workers can only be determined through ovarian dissections . They are most easily identified from other subfamilies by a constricted gaster ( abdomen ) . They are rare examples of stinging ants ."}]}, {'value': 'Anochetus brevidentatus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anochetus_brevidentatus', 'summary': 'Anochetus brevidentatus is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae known from two possibly Miocene fossils found on Hispaniola . A. ambiguus is one of eight species in the ant genus Anochetus to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is one of a number of Anochetus species found in the Greater Antillies .'}]}, {'value': 'MacKay , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A ponerin ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponerinae', 'summary': "Ponerinae is a subfamily of ants in the Poneromorph subfamilies group , with about 1,600 species in 47 extant genera , including Dinoponera gigantea - one of the world 's largest species of ant . Mated workers have replaced the queen as the functional egg-layers in several species of ponerine ants . In such queenless species , the reproductive status of workers can only be determined through ovarian dissections . They are most easily identified from other subfamilies by a constricted gaster ( abdomen ) . They are rare examples of stinging ants ."}]}, {'value': 'Anochetus conisquamis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anochetus_conisquamis', 'summary': 'Anochetus conisquamis is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae known from one possibly Miocene fossil found on Hispaniola . A. conisquamis is one of eight species in the ant genus Anochetus to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is one of a number of Anochetus species found in the Greater Antilles .'}]}, {'value': 'De Andrade , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A ponerin ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponerinae', 'summary': "Ponerinae is a subfamily of ants in the Poneromorph subfamilies group , with about 1,600 species in 47 extant genera , including Dinoponera gigantea - one of the world 's largest species of ant . Mated workers have replaced the queen as the functional egg-layers in several species of ponerine ants . In such queenless species , the reproductive status of workers can only be determined through ovarian dissections . They are most easily identified from other subfamilies by a constricted gaster ( abdomen ) . They are rare examples of stinging ants ."}]}, {'value': 'Anochetus dubius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anochetus_dubius', 'summary': 'Anochetus dubius is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae known from two possibly Miocene fossils found on Hispaniola . A. dubius is one of eight species in the ant genus Anochetus to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is one of a number of Anochetus species found in the Greater Antillies .'}]}, {'value': 'De Andrade , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A ponerin ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponerinae', 'summary': "Ponerinae is a subfamily of ants in the Poneromorph subfamilies group , with about 1,600 species in 47 extant genera , including Dinoponera gigantea - one of the world 's largest species of ant . Mated workers have replaced the queen as the functional egg-layers in several species of ponerine ants . In such queenless species , the reproductive status of workers can only be determined through ovarian dissections . They are most easily identified from other subfamilies by a constricted gaster ( abdomen ) . They are rare examples of stinging ants ."}]}, {'value': 'Anochetus exstinctus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anochetus_exstinctus', 'summary': 'Anochetus exstinctus is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae known from two possibly Miocene fossils found on Hispaniola . A. exstinctus is one of eight species in the ant genus Anochetus to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is one of a number of Anochetus species found in the Greater Antillies .'}]}, {'value': 'De Andrade , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A ponerin ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponerinae', 'summary': "Ponerinae is a subfamily of ants in the Poneromorph subfamilies group , with about 1,600 species in 47 extant genera , including Dinoponera gigantea - one of the world 's largest species of ant . Mated workers have replaced the queen as the functional egg-layers in several species of ponerine ants . In such queenless species , the reproductive status of workers can only be determined through ovarian dissections . They are most easily identified from other subfamilies by a constricted gaster ( abdomen ) . They are rare examples of stinging ants ."}]}, {'value': 'Anochetus intermedius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anochetus_intermedius', 'summary': 'Anochetus intermedius is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae known from two possibly Miocene fossils found on Hispaniola . A. intermedius is one of eight species in the ant genus Anochetus to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is one of a number of Anochetus species found in the Greater Antilles .'}]}, {'value': 'De Andrade , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A ponerin ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponerinae', 'summary': "Ponerinae is a subfamily of ants in the Poneromorph subfamilies group , with about 1,600 species in 47 extant genera , including Dinoponera gigantea - one of the world 's largest species of ant . Mated workers have replaced the queen as the functional egg-layers in several species of ponerine ants . In such queenless species , the reproductive status of workers can only be determined through ovarian dissections . They are most easily identified from other subfamilies by a constricted gaster ( abdomen ) . They are rare examples of stinging ants ."}]}, {'value': 'Anochetus lucidus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anochetus_lucidus', 'summary': 'Anochetus lucidus is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae known from two possibly Miocene fossils found on Hispaniola . A. lucidus is one of eight species in the ant genus Anochetus to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is one of a number of Anochetus species found in the Greater Antillies .'}]}, {'value': 'De Andrade , 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A ponerin ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ponerinae', 'summary': "Ponerinae is a subfamily of ants in the Poneromorph subfamilies group , with about 1,600 species in 47 extant genera , including Dinoponera gigantea - one of the world 's largest species of ant . Mated workers have replaced the queen as the functional egg-layers in several species of ponerine ants . In such queenless species , the reproductive status of workers can only be determined through ovarian dissections . They are most easily identified from other subfamilies by a constricted gaster ( abdomen ) . They are rare examples of stinging ants ."}]}, {'value': 'Anthophorula persephone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthophorula_persephone', 'summary': 'Anthophorula ( Anthophorula ) persephone is an extinct species of bee in the subfamily Apinae known from a pair of possibly Miocene fossils found on Hispaniola . A. persephone is the first species of the bee tribe Exomalopsini to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber and is the only species of Anthophorula found in the West Indies .'}]}, {'value': 'Engel , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A bee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aphaenogaster amphioceanica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aphaenogaster_amphioceanica', 'summary': 'Aphaenogaster amphioceanica is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae known from a single possibly Miocene fossil found in amber on Hispaniola . At the time of description A. amphioceanica was one of two Aphaenogaster species known from the Caribbean islands .'}]}, {'value': 'De Andrade , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A myrmicin ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myrmicinae', 'summary': 'Myrmicinae is a subfamily of ants , with about 140 extant genera ; their distribution is cosmopolitan . The pupae lack cocoons . Some species retain a functional sting . The petioles of Myrmicinae consist of two nodes . The nests are permanent and in soil , rotting wood , under stones , or in trees .'}]}, {'value': 'Aphaenogaster avita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aphaenogaster_avita', 'summary': 'Aphaenogaster avita is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae known from a solitary early to middle Miocene fossil found in Japan . At the time of description A. praerelicta was one of twelve Aphaenogaster species to have been described from fossils and the only fossil species from Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Fujiyama , 1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chojabaru Formation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'A myrmicin ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myrmicinae', 'summary': 'Myrmicinae is a subfamily of ants , with about 140 extant genera ; their distribution is cosmopolitan . The pupae lack cocoons . Some species retain a functional sting . The petioles of Myrmicinae consist of two nodes . The nests are permanent and in soil , rotting wood , under stones , or in trees .'}]}, {'value': 'Aphaenogaster praerelicta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aphaenogaster_praerelicta', 'summary': 'Aphaenogaster praerelicta is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae known from a solitary Late Oligocene to Early Miocene fossil found in Mexico . At the time of description A. praerelicta was one of three Aphaenogaster species known from Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'De Andrade , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexican_amber', 'summary': 'Mexican amber , also known as Chiapas Amber is amber found in Mexico , created during the late Oligocene and Early Miocene epochs of the Cenozoic Era in southwestern North America . As with other ambers , a wide variety of taxa have been found as inclusions including insects and other arthropods , as well as plant fragments and epiphyllous fungi .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'A myrmicin ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myrmicinae', 'summary': 'Myrmicinae is a subfamily of ants , with about 140 extant genera ; their distribution is cosmopolitan . The pupae lack cocoons . Some species retain a functional sting . The petioles of Myrmicinae consist of two nodes . The nests are permanent and in soil , rotting wood , under stones , or in trees .'}]}, {'value': 'Apterostigma electropilosum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apterostigma_electropilosum', 'summary': 'Apterostigma electropilosum is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae known from a single possibly Miocene fossil found on Hispaniola . A. electropilosum is one of only two species of the ant genus Apterostigma and one of five attini species to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber .'}]}, {'value': 'Schultz , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A myrmicin fungus farming ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myrmicinae', 'summary': 'Myrmicinae is a subfamily of ants , with about 140 extant genera ; their distribution is cosmopolitan . The pupae lack cocoons . Some species retain a functional sting . The petioles of Myrmicinae consist of two nodes . The nests are permanent and in soil , rotting wood , under stones , or in trees .'}]}, {'value': 'Apterostigma eowilsoni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apterostigma_eowilsoni', 'summary': 'Apterostigma eowilsoni is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae known from a single possibly Miocene fossil found on Hispaniola . A. eowilsoni is one of only two species of the ant genus Apterostigma and one of five attini species of to have been described from fossils found in Dominican amber .'}]}, {'value': 'Schultz , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A myrmicin fungus farming ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myrmicinae', 'summary': 'Myrmicinae is a subfamily of ants , with about 140 extant genera ; their distribution is cosmopolitan . The pupae lack cocoons . Some species retain a functional sting . The petioles of Myrmicinae consist of two nodes . The nests are permanent and in soil , rotting wood , under stones , or in trees .'}]}, {'value': 'Attopsis longipennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attopsis_longipennis', 'summary': 'Attopsis is an extinct genus of ants in the formicid subfamily Formicinae . While formerly containing a number of species , the genus is currently monotypic ; the type species , Attopsis longipennis , is known from a single Early Miocene fossil found in what is now Croatia .'}]}, {'value': 'Heer , 1849', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oswald_Heer', 'summary': 'Oswald Heer ( or Oswald von Heer ) ( 31 August 1809 - 27 September 1883 ) , Swiss geologist and naturalist , was born at Niederuzwil in Canton of St. Gallen and died in Lausanne .'}]}, {'value': 'Radoboj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radoboj', 'summary': 'Radoboj is a village and municipality in Krapina-Zagorje County in Croatia . In the 2011 census , the total population was 3,387 , in the following settlements :'}]}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': 'A formicine ant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Formicinae', 'summary': 'The Formicinae are a subfamily within the Formicidae containing ants of moderate evolutionary development . Formicines retain some primitive features , such as the presence of cocoons around pupae , the presence of ocelli in workers , and little tendency toward reduction of palp or antennal segmentation in most species , except subterranean groups . Extreme modification of mandibles is rare , except in the genera Myrmoteras and Polyergus . However , some members show considerable evolutionary advancement in behaviors such as slave-making and symbiosis with root-feeding hemipterans . Finally , all formicines have very reduced stings and enlarged venom reservoirs , with the venom gland , specialized ( uniquely among ants ) for the production of formic acid . [ citation needed ] All members of the Formicinae have a one-segmented petiole in the form of a vertical scale .'}]}, {'value': 'Augochlora leptoloba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augochlora_leptoloba', 'summary': 'Augochlora leptoloba is a species of sweat bee in the genus Augochlora and the extinct monotypic subgenus Electraugochlora .'}]}, {'value': 'Engel , 1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_amber', 'summary': 'Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic . Resin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent , and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions . This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A sweat bee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halictidae', 'summary': 'Halictidae is the second-largest family of Apoidea bees . Halictid species occur all over the world and are usually dark-colored and often metallic in appearance . Several species are all or partly green and a few are red ; a number of them have yellow markings , especially the males , which commonly have yellow faces , a pattern widespread among the various families of bees . The family is distinguished by the arcuate ( strongly curved ) basal vein found on the wing . They are commonly referred to as sweat bees ( especially the smaller species ) , as they are often attracted to perspiration . They are only likely to sting if disturbed ; the sting is minor .'}]}, {'value': 'Dicromantispa electromexicana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dicromantispa_electromexicana', 'summary': 'Dicromantispa electromexicana is an extinct species of mantidfly in the neuropteran family Mantispidae known from a fossil found in North America .'}]}, {'value': 'Engel & Grimaldi , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexican Amber', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'A mantidfly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mantidfly', 'summary': 'Mantispidae , known commonly as mantidflies , mantispids , mantid lacewings or mantis-flies , is a family of small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera . There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide , especially in the tropics and subtropics . Only 5 species of Mantispa occur in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Dicromantispa moronei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dicromantispa_moronei', 'summary': 'Dicromantispa moronei is an extinct species of mantidfly in the neuropteran family Mantispidae known from a fossil found in the Caribbean .'}]}, {'value': 'Engel & Grimaldi , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican amber', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'A mantidfly', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Miocene', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_prehistoric_insects_6', 'intro': 'Prehistoric insects are various groups of insects that lived before recorded history. Their study is the field of paleoentomology. Insects inhabited Earth since before the time of the dinosaurs. The earliest identifiable insect is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti, estimated at 407 to 396 million years ago. Forms similar to many modern insects had already evolved before the dawning of the dinosaur and lived alongside them and beyond up to the present day. Like today, prehistoric insects were an important part of the food chain in their time. The differences between modern and prehistoric varieties can be essential, and, like many other creatures of prehistory, the latter tended to be much larger than their contemporary equivalents. This size difference is thought to be due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels (allowing diffusion through spiracles over greater distances), higher temperatures (enhancing metabolism), and the absence of birds as key predators of insect life. Since insects have chitin exoskeletons rather than mineralized bones, their burial processes differ compared to the fossils of much larger vertebrates such as dinosaurs. Many insect remains are found preserved in the hardened sap of ancient trees (amber).'}
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What insect ( s ) were found in the location whose nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area ?
Aphaenogaster praerelicta
0ace9e7d00911f73
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Baffico', 'title': 'James A. Baffico', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2003 in film involved some significant events .'}]}, {'value': 'Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( TV series )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order:_Criminal_Intent', 'summary': "Law & Order : Criminal Intent is an American police procedural drama television series set in New York City , where it was also primarily produced . Created and produced by Dick Wolf and René Balcer , the series premiered on September 30 , 2001 , as the third series in Wolf 's successful Law & Order franchise . Criminal Intent focuses on the investigations of the Major Case Squad in a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department set in New York City 's One Police Plaza . In the style of the original Law & Order , episodes are often ripped from the headlines or loosely based on a real crime that received media attention . The series aired on NBC for the first six seasons but was moved to the NBCUniversal-owned USA Network starting with the seventh season to share costs and due to declining ratings . During its NBC run , each episode aired on USA the week after its original NBC airing . The 10th and final season premiered on Sunday , May 1 , 2011 , at 9 p.m. EDT with original cast members Vincent D'Onofrio and Kathryn Erbe starring as Detectives Robert Goren and Alexandra Eames , respectively , and featuring Jay O. Sanders as Captain Joseph Hannah . The series ended on June 26 , 2011 , after 10 seasons comprising 195 episodes ."}]}, {'value': 'Derwin Cooper', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2000 in film involved some significant events . The top grosser worldwide was Mission : Impossible 2 . Domestically in North America , Gladiator won the Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actor ( Russell Crowe ) . Dinosaur was the most expensive film of 2000 and a box-office success .'}]}, {'value': 'It Had to Be You', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Police Sergeant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993 - 1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1993 in film involved many significant films , including the blockbuster hits Jurassic Park , The Fugitive and The Firm . ( For more about films in foreign languages , check sources in those languages . ) Walt Disney Studios celebrated its 70th anniversary in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'Law & Order ( TV series )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Law_&_Order', 'summary': "Law & Order is an American police procedural and legal drama television series created by Dick Wolf , launching the Law & Order franchise . Airing its entire run on NBC , Law & Order premiered on September 13 , 1990 and completed its twentieth and final season on May 24 , 2010 . Set and filmed in New York City , the series follows a two-part approach : the first half-hour is the investigation of a crime ( usually murder ) and apprehension of a suspect by New York City Police Department detectives ; the second half is the prosecution of the defendant by the Manhattan District Attorney 's Office . Plots are often based on real cases that recently made headlines , although the motivation for the crime and the perpetrator may be different . The show has had a revolving cast over the years . Among the longest-running main cast members were Steven Hill as District Attorney Adam Schiff ( seasons 1-10 ) , Jerry Orbach as Detective Lennie Briscoe ( seasons 3-14 ) , S. Epatha Merkerson as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren ( seasons 4-20 ) , Sam Waterston as Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy ( seasons 5-20 ; later District Attorney ) and Jesse L. Martin as Detective Ed Green ( seasons 10-18 ) . Law & Order 's twenty seasons are second only to its spin-off Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999-present ) for the longest-running live-action scripted American primetime series . The success of the series has led to the creation of additional shows , making Law & Order a franchise , with also a television film , several video games , and international adaptations of the series . It has won and has been nominated for numerous awards over the years , including a number of Emmy Awards . On May 14 , 2010 , NBC announced that it had canceled Law & Order and would air its final episode on May 24 , 2010 . Immediately following the show 's cancellation , Wolf attempted to find a new home for the series . Those attempts failed , and in July 2010 , Wolf declared that the series had now moved to the history books ."}]}, {'value': 'Det . Scapelli , Fred Field , Henninger', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1989 involved many significant films .'}]}, {'value': 'Dream Street ( TV series )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1988 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . Rain Man was awarded the Academy Award for Best Picture , marking one of the few instances where the top-grossing film of the year was also the winner of such an award that year .'}]}, {'value': 'Me and Him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Me_and_Him', 'summary': "Me and Him ( German : Ich und Er ) is a 1988 comedy film . It depicts a man whose penis develops a mind of its own and starts telling him what to do , often to the point where people think that he 's crazy . It is a remake of the Italian film Io e lui ( 1973 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Stu Gazzo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986 - 1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1989 involved many significant films .'}]}, {'value': 'Spenser : For Hire ( TV series )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spenser:_For_Hire', 'summary': "Spenser : For Hire is an American crime drama series based on Robert B. Parker 's Spenser novels . The series , developed for TV by John Wilder and starring Robert Urich , was broadcast on ABC from September 20 , 1985 until May 7 , 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Murray Peltzer / Nash Bodine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1985 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver Bullet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Bullet_(film)', 'summary': "Silver Bullet is a 1985 American horror film based on the Stephen King novella Cycle of the Werewolf . It stars Corey Haim , Gary Busey , Everett McGill , Megan Follows , Terry O'Quinn , Lawrence Tierney , Bill Smitrovich , Kent Broadhurst , David Hart , and James Gammon . The film is directed by Dan Attias , written by King and produced by Dino De Laurentiis.Now considered a cult classic ."}]}, {'value': 'Milt Sturmfuller', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1983 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'All the Right Moves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_the_Right_Moves_(film)', 'summary': 'All the Right Moves is a 1983 American sports drama film directed by Michael Chapman and starring Tom Cruise , Craig T. Nelson , Lea Thompson , Chris Penn , and Gary Graham . It was filmed on location in Johnstown , Pennsylvania , and Pittsburgh .'}]}, {'value': 'Bosko', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1981 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'Knightriders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knightriders', 'summary': "Knightriders , also known as George A. Romero 's Knightriders , is a 1981 American drama film written and directed by George A. Romero and starring Ed Harris , Gary Lahti , Tom Savini , Amy Ingersoll , Patricia Tallman , and Christine Forrest . It was filmed entirely on location in the Pittsburgh metro area , including Fawn Township and Natrona during the summer of 1980 . The film represents a change of pace for Romero , known primarily for his horror films ; it is a personal drama about a travelling renaissance fair troupe ."}]}, {'value': 'Lester Dean', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 1980 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'Death Penalty ( TV movie )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murray Peltzer / Nash Bodine', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1978_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 1978 in film involved some significant events .'}]}, {'value': 'Dawn of the Dead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_(1978_film)', 'summary': "Dawn of the Dead ( also known internationally as Zombi or Zombie ) is a 1978 Italian-American independent zombie horror film directed by George A. Romero . It was written by Romero in collaboration with the Italian filmmaker Dario Argento and produced by Richard P. Rubinstein . It was the second film made in Romero 's Night of the Living Dead series and shows in a larger scale the apocalyptic effects on society , though it contains no characters or settings from the film Night of the Living Dead . In the film , a phenomenon of unidentified origin has caused the reanimation of the dead , who prey on human flesh . David Emge , Ken Foree , Scott Reiniger , and Gaylen Ross star as survivors of the outbreak who barricade themselves inside a suburban shopping mall amid mass hysteria . Dawn of the Dead was filmed over approximately four months , from late 1977 to early 1978 , in the Pennsylvania cities of Pittsburgh and Monroeville . Its primary filming location was the Monroeville Mall . The film was made on a budget estimated at $ 1.5 million and grossed approximately $ 55 million worldwide . The film has a 93% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes , which calls it one of the most compelling and entertaining zombie films ever made in its critical consensus . In addition to four official sequels , the film has spawned numerous parodies and pop culture references . A remake was released in 2004 . In 2008 , Dawn of the Dead was chosen by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time , along with Night of the Living Dead ."}]}, {'value': 'Wooley', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'James_A._Baffico_0', 'intro': "James Angelo Baffico (born January 1, 1942) is an American television soap opera director, producer and occasional script writer. Born in San Francisco, California, has a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan, an M.A. and B.A. from the University of Nebraska. He is known for his role as Bosko in the 1983 Tom Cruise vehicle film All the Right Moves and as Wooley in George A. Romero's Dawn of the Dead. Baffico has produced films and written screenplays for Universal Studios, Vista, and Paramount Pictures. He has been variously credited as Jim Baffico, James Baffico, and James A. Baffico."}
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What role did Baffico play in the 1985 American horror film based on the Stephen King novella Cycle of the Werewolf ?
Milt Sturmfuller
0aced84a86a2f682
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Japan', 'title': 'List of Ultras of Japan', 'header': ['No', 'Peak', 'Island', 'Elevation ( m )', 'Prominence ( m )', 'Col ( m )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Fuji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Fuji', 'summary': "Mount Fuji ( 富士山 , Fujisan , IPA : [ ɸɯꜜ ( d ) ʑisaɴ ] ( listen ) ) , located on Honshū , is the highest volcano in Japan at 3,776.24 m ( 12,389 ft ) , 2nd-highest volcano of an island in Asia ( after Mount Kerinci in Sumatra ) , and 7th-highest peak of an island in the world . It is an active stratovolcano that last erupted in 1707-1708 . Mount Fuji lies about 100 kilometers ( 60 mi ) south-west of Tokyo , and can be seen from there on a clear day . Mount Fuji 's exceptionally symmetrical cone , which is snow-capped for about 5 months a year , is commonly used as a symbol of Japan and it is frequently depicted in art and photographs , as well as visited by sightseers and climbers . Mount Fuji is one of Japan 's Three Holy Mountains ( 三霊山 , Sanreizan ) along with Mount Tate and Mount Haku . It is also a Special Place of Scenic Beauty and one of Japan 's Historic Sites . It was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22 , 2013 . According to UNESCO , Mount Fuji has inspired artists and poets and been the object of pilgrimage for centuries . UNESCO recognizes 25 sites of cultural interest within the Mount Fuji locality . These 25 locations include the mountain and the Shinto shrine , Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha , as well as the Buddhist Taisekiji Head Temple founded in 1290 , later depicted by Japanese ukiyo-e artist Katsushika Hokusai ."}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '3,776', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,776', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Hotaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Hotaka_(Nagano,_Gifu)', 'summary': "Mount Hotaka ( 穂高岳 , Hotaka-dake ) , also known as Mount Hotakadake , is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains as coined by the media , reaching a height of 3,190 m ( 10,466 ft ) . Mount Hotaka is situated in Japan 's Hida Mountains and all its major peaks except Mount Maehotaka , lie on the border between the cities of Matsumoto , Nagano Prefecture , and Takayama , Gifu Prefecture . This mountain is located in Chūbu-Sangaku National Park . The peaks of Okuhotaka , Karasawa , Kitahotaka , Maehotaka and Nishihotaka are called the Hotaka Mountains . The highest peak in this range , and also the tallest mountain in both Nagano and Gifu prefectures , is Mount Okuhotaka . Mount Hotaka is also referred to as the Leader of the Northern Alps ( 北アルプスの盟主 , Kita-Arupusu no Meishu ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '3,190', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,307', 'urls': []}, {'value': '883', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asahidake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asahidake', 'summary': 'Mount Asahi ( 旭岳 , Asahi-dake ) is a mountain located in the town of Higashikawa , Hokkaido and the tallest mountain in the Japanese island of Hokkaido . It is part of the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group of the Ishikari Mountains , it is located in the northern part of the Daisetsuzan National Park . The mountain is popular with hikers in the summer and can be easily reached from Asahidake Onsen via Asahidake Ropeway . During winter , the mountain is open for use by skiers and snowboarders . Sugatami Pond , directly below the peak , is famous for its reflection of the peaks , snow , and steam escaping from the volcanic vents .'}]}, {'value': 'Hokkaidō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokkaidō', 'summary': 'Hokkaido ( 北海道 , Hokkaidō , lit . Northern Sea Circuit ; Japanese : [ hokːaꜜidoː ] ( listen ) , English : /hɒˈkaɪdoʊ/ ) is the second largest main island of Japan , and the largest and northernmost prefecture . The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu . It was formerly known as Ezo , Yezo , Yeso , or Yesso . The two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel . The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital , Sapporo , which is also its only ordinance-designated city . About 43 kilometers ( 26 mi ) north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin Island and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands , which are administered by Russia , although the four most southerly are claimed by Japan - see Kuril Islands dispute .'}]}, {'value': '2,290', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,290', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Kita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Kita', 'summary': 'Mount Kita ( 北岳 , Kita-dake ) is a mountain of the Akaishi Mountains−Southern Alps ( 南アルプス Minami-Arupusu ) , in Yamanashi Prefecture , Japan . It is the second tallest mountain in Japan , after Mount Fuji , and is known as the Leader of the Southern Alps . It is included in the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains . It is located in Minami Alps National Park , near the city of Minami-Alps .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '3,192', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,239', 'urls': []}, {'value': '953', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Ishizuchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Ishizuchi', 'summary': 'Mount Ishizuchi ( 石鎚山 , Ishizuchi-san ) is a 1,982-metre-high ( 6,503 ft ) mountain on the border of Saijō and Kumakōgen , in Ehime , Japan . This mountain is one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan . It is the highest mountain in Western Japan and the island of Shikoku .'}]}, {'value': 'Shikoku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shikoku', 'summary': "Shikoku ( 四国 , literally four provinces ) is one of the five main islands of Japan . Shikoku is the second smallest main island after Okinawa . It is 225 km or 139.8 mi long and between 50 and 150 km or 31.1 and 93.2 mi wide . It has a population of 3.8 million ( as of 2015 [ update ] , 3.1% ) . It is located south of Honshu and north east of Kyushu . Shikoku 's ancient names include Iyo-no-futana-shima ( 伊予之二名島 ) , Iyo-shima ( 伊予島 ) , and Futana-shima ( 二名島 ) , and its current name refers to the four former provinces that made up the island : Awa , Tosa , Sanuki , and Iyo ."}]}, {'value': '1,982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Miyanoura', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yakushima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yakushima', 'summary': "Yakushima ( 屋久島 ) is one of the Ōsumi Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture , Japan . The island , 504.88 km2 ( 194.94 sq mi ) in area , has a population of 13,178 . Access to the island is by hydrofoil ferry ( 7 or 8 times a day from Kagoshima , depending on the season ) , slow car ferry ( once or twice a day from Kagoshima ) , or by air to Yakushima Airport ( 3 to 5 times daily from Kagoshima , once daily from Fukuoka and once daily from Osaka ) . Administratively , the whole island is the town of Yakushima . The town also serves neighbouring Kuchinoerabujima . The majority of the island is within the borders of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park . Yakushima 's electricity is more than 50% hydroelectric , and surplus power has been used to produce hydrogen gas in an experiment by Kagoshima University . The island has been a test site for Honda 's hydrogen fuel cell vehicle research . ( There are no hydrogen cars stationed on the island but electric cars are run by the municipality . )"}]}, {'value': '1,936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Aka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Aka_(Yatsugatake)', 'summary': 'Mount Aka ( 赤岳 , Aka-dake ) is a 2,899m mountain on the border of Chino , Hara of Nagano , and Hokuto of Yamanashi in Japan . This mountain is the tallest mountain of Yatsugatake Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,899', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,916', 'urls': []}, {'value': '883', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Haku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Haku', 'summary': "Mount Haku ( 白山 , Haku-san , White Mountain ) , or Mount Hakusan ( commonly referred to as simply Hakusan ) , is a dormant volcano . The stratovolcano is located on the borders of Gifu and Ishikawa ( which are in Honshu ) prefectures in Japan . It is thought [ citation needed ] to have first been active 300,000 to 400,000 years ago , with the most recent eruption occurring in 1659 . Along with Mount Tate and Mount Fuji , it is one of Japan 's Three Holy Mountains ( 三霊山 , Sanreizan ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,702', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,897', 'urls': []}, {'value': '805', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Chōkai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Chōkai', 'summary': 'Mount Chōkai ( 鳥海山 , Chōkai-san or Chōkai-zan ) is an active volcano located on the southern border of Akita and Yamagata in the Tōhoku region of Japan , and is 2,236 m ( 7,336 ft ) tall . Because of its ( roughly ) symmetrical shape and massive size , it is also known as Dewa no Fuji ( 出羽の富士 ) or by Akita natives as Akita Fuji . Mount Chōkai is regarded as sacred by followers of the Shugendō branch of Shinto and is popular with hikers .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,236', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,891', 'urls': []}, {'value': '345', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Yōtei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Yōtei', 'summary': 'Mount Yōtei ( 羊蹄山 , Yōtei-zan , literally sheep-hoof mountain ) is an active stratovolcano located in Shikotsu-Toya National Park , Hokkaidō , Japan . It is also called Yezo Fuji or Ezo Fuji ( 蝦夷富士 ) , Ezo being an old name for the island of Hokkaido , because it resembles Mount Fuji . The mountain is also known as Makkari Nupuri ( マッカリヌプリ ) and Mount Shiribeshi ( 後方羊蹄山 , Shiribeshi-yama ) . It is one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Hokkaidō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hokkaidō', 'summary': 'Hokkaido ( 北海道 , Hokkaidō , lit . Northern Sea Circuit ; Japanese : [ hokːaꜜidoː ] ( listen ) , English : /hɒˈkaɪdoʊ/ ) is the second largest main island of Japan , and the largest and northernmost prefecture . The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu . It was formerly known as Ezo , Yezo , Yeso , or Yesso . The two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel . The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital , Sapporo , which is also its only ordinance-designated city . About 43 kilometers ( 26 mi ) north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin Island and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands , which are administered by Russia , although the four most southerly are claimed by Japan - see Kuril Islands dispute .'}]}, {'value': '1,898', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,878', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Kujū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Kujū', 'summary': 'Mount Kujū ( 九重山 , Kujū-san ) is the highest mountain in Kyushu Island , Japan . It is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains . The 1,791-metre-high ( 5,876 ft ) mountain lies on the border of Kokonoe and Taketa in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu . They are part of Aso-Kujū National Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Kyūshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyūshū', 'summary': "Kyushu ( 九州 , Kyūshū , pronounced [ kʲɯꜜːɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; literally Nine Provinces ) is the third largest island of Japan 's five main islands . Its alternative ancient names include Kyūkoku ( 九国 , Nine Countries ) , Chinzei ( 鎮西 , West of the Pacified Area ) , and Tsukushi-no-shima ( 筑紫島 , Island of Tsukushi ) . The historical regional name Saikaidō ( 西海道 , lit . West Sea Circuit ) referred to Kyushu and its surrounding islands . In the 8th-century Taihō Code reforms , Dazaifu was established as a special administrative term for the region . As of 2016 [ update ] , Kyushu has a population of 12,970,479 and covers 36,782 square kilometres ( 14,202 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1,791', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,791', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Kisokoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Kisokoma', 'summary': 'Mount Kisokoma ( 木曽駒ヶ岳 , Kisokoma-ga-take ) is a mountain located in Miyada , Kamiina District , and Kiso and Agematsu , Kiso District , Nagano Prefecture , in the Chūbu region of Japan . It is 2,956 m ( 9,698 ft ) tall and is the tallest peak in the Kiso Mountains . It is also included on the list of 100 Famous Japanese Mountains . Sometimes its name is just shortened to Kisokoma . Alternative kanji for the name are 木曾駒ヶ岳 ( Kisokoma-ga-take ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,751', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1205', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Iwate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Iwate', 'summary': 'Mount Iwate ( 岩手山 , Iwate-san ) is a stratovolcano complex in the Ōu Mountains of western Iwate Prefecture , in the Tōhoku region of northern Honshū , Japan . With an elevation of 2,038 metres ( 6,686 ft ) , it is the highest in Iwate Prefecture . It is included as one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan , a book composed in 1964 by mountaineer and author Kyūya Fukada . The mountain is on the borders of the municipalities of Hachimantai , Takizawa , and Shizukuishi , west of the prefectural capital of Morioka . Much of the mountain is within the borders of the Towada-Hachimantai National Park . The mountain is also referred to as the Nanbu Fuji for its resemblance to Mount Fuji .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,038', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,745', 'urls': []}, {'value': '293', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Hakkyō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Hakkyō', 'summary': 'Mount Hakkyō ( 八経ヶ岳 , Hakkyō-ga-take ) is a 1,914.6 m ( 6,281 ft ) mountain of Omine Mountains , which is located on the border of Tenkawa and Kamikitayama , Yoshino District , Nara Prefecture , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '1,915', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,732', 'urls': []}, {'value': '183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Rishiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Rishiri', 'summary': "Mount Rishiri ( 利尻山 , Rishiri-zan ) is a Quaternary stratovolcano located off the coast of Hokkaidō , Japan in the Sea of Japan . It rises out of the Sea of Japan forming Rishiri Island . Because its cone shape resembles Mount Fuji it is sometimes referred to as Rishiri Fuji . It is one of the 100 famous mountains in Japan . Mount Rishiri 's opening festival is held annually on July 2 and July 3 . This festival officially opens the climbing season ."}]}, {'value': 'Rishiri Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rishiri_Island', 'summary': 'Rishiri Island ( 利尻島 , Rishiri-tō ) is a high island in the Sea of Japan off the coast of Hokkaido , Japan . Administratively the island is part of Hokkaido Prefecture , and is divided between two towns , Rishiri and Rishirifuji . The island is formed by the cone-shaped extinct volcanic peak of Mount Rishiri . Along with Rebun Island and the coastal area of the Sarobetsu Plain , Rishiri forms the Rishiri-Rebun-Sarobetsu National Park . The main industries of Rishiri are tourism and fishing . The island is about 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) in circumference and covers 183 square kilometres ( 71 sq mi ) . The island has a population of 5,102 residents .'}]}, {'value': '1,721', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,721', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Ontake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Ontake', 'summary': 'Mount Ontake ( 御嶽山 , Ontake-san ) , also referred to as Mount Kiso Ontake ( 木曽御嶽山 , Kiso Ontake-san ) , is the 14th highest mountain and second highest volcano in Japan ( after Mount Fuji ) at 3,067 m ( 10,062 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '3,067', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,712', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1355', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Hiuchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Hiuchi', 'summary': "Mount Hiuchi ( 火打山 , Hiuchi-yama ) is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains , reaching the height of 2,462 m ( 8,077 ft ) . It is situated in Japan 's Kubiki Mountains in Niigata Prefecture . It was specified for Jōshin'etsu Kōgen National Park on July 10 , 1956 , but since has been absorbed by the Togakushi-Renzan National Park , which encompasses Mount Myōkō ( 妙高山 Myōkō-san ) and Mount Yake ( 焼山Yake-yama ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,462', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,637', 'urls': []}, {'value': '825', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daisen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daisen_(mountain)', 'summary': 'Mount Daisen ( 大山 , Daisen ) , is a volcanic mountain in Tottori Prefecture , Japan . It has an elevation of 1,729 metres . This mountain is the highest in the Chūgoku region , and the most important volcano on the Daisen volcanic belt : a part of Southwest Honshu volcanic arc , where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting under the Amurian Plate .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '1,729', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,634', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Nikkō-Shirane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Nikkō-Shirane', 'summary': 'Mount Nikkō-Shirane ( 日光白根山 , Nikkō-Shirane-san ) is a strato-volcano in the Nikkō National Park in central Honshū , the main island of Japan . It stands at 2,578 m high . It is the highest mountain in north eastern Japan ( no higher mountains exist in the east or north of this mountain ) . Its peak ( Mt Okushirane ) is a Lava dome of andesite . Mt Nikkō-Shirane is listed in the 100 famous mountains in Japan proposed by Kyuya Fukada . It should not be confused with Mount Kusatsu-Shirane elsewhere in Gunma Prefecture . Shirane means a white mountain covered with snow , hence such name can be found in many places in Japan . In order to distinguish this mountain from other Shirane , this mountain is called Nikkō-Shirane .'}]}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,578', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,613', 'urls': []}, {'value': '965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Dainichi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honshū', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honshū', 'summary': "Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [ hoɰ̃ꜜɕɯː ] ( listen ) ; Main island/Main province ) is the largest and most populous main island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west , from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east . It is the 7th largest island in the world , and the 2nd most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 [ update ] , mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains . Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . [ citation needed ] As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power , [ citation needed ] the island includes several past Japanese capitals , including Kyoto , Nara and Kamakura . Much of the island 's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands . Most of Japan 's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu 's southern coast , from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyoto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; [ citation needed ] by contrast , the economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture . The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels . Its climate is humid and mild ."}]}, {'value': '2,128', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,593', 'urls': []}, {'value': '535', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of all the Ultra prominent peaks ( with topographic prominence greater than 1,500 metres ) in Japan . Mount Fuji , Japan Asahidake , Japan Mount Kisokoma , Japan Mount Yōtei , Japan', 'uid': 'List_of_Ultras_of_Japan_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of all the Ultra prominent peaks (with topographic prominence greater than 1,500 metres) in Japan.'}
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What is the nickname of the mountain in Japan with a height of 3,190 m ?
Leader of the Northern Alps
0ad234cef26ad872
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers', 'title': 'List of Renaissance composers', 'header': ['Name', 'Born', 'Died'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pycard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pycard', 'summary': "Pycard , also spelt Picard and Picart ( late 14th century - early 15th century ) was an English or French Medieval and Renaissance transitional composer . He may have served in John of Gaunt 's household in the 1390s as 'Jehan Pycard alias Vaux ' . The name Picard suggests a French origin , but his music is regarded as being in an English tradition . He is one of the most prolific composers represented in the Old Hall Manuscript ( British Library : Additional 57950 ) , with nine works from it attributed to him . His music is in the ars nova style , and is unusual in its virtuosity ."}]}, {'value': 'fl . c. 1390', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'after c. 1410', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leonel Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonel_Power', 'summary': 'Leonel Power ( also spelled Lionel , Lyonel , Leonellus , Leonelle ; Polbero ; 1370 to 1385 - 5 June 1445 ) was an English composer of the late Medieval and early Renaissance eras . Along with John Dunstaple , he was one of the major figures in English music in the early 15th century .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1370', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1445', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roy Henry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roy_Henry', 'summary': "Roy Henry ( King Henry ) ( fl . around 1410 ) was an English composer , almost certainly a king of England : probably Henry V , but also possibly Henry IV . His music , two compositions in all , appears in a position of prominence in the Old Hall Manuscript . Musicologists have not been able to agree on which English monarch wrote the two mass movements which appear , at the head of their respective sections , in the Old Hall Manuscript . Henry IV , who reigned from 1399 to 1413 , was in his early forties when the music was most likely written , since stylistic evidence places it around 1410 . However , by 1410 Henry IV was suffering from a disfiguring disease and struggling to maintain his regal power . Therefore , it is unlikely that he , albeit a talented musician , could be the composer of the two pieces . Whereas Henry V , despite being extremely 'busy on campaigns ' after his succession , was recorded to never have ceased in his fondness for music . In 1420 the Pell Rolls recorded payments for two new harps to be shipped to the King in France . And the King even went so far as to take his chapel to the Agincourt campaign . This , as well as being substantial evidence for his piety , suggests that the latter is the composer . Henry V , who reigned from 1413 to 1422 , was known to have cultivated music in his youth ."}]}, {'value': 'fl . 1410', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'after 1410', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Byttering possibly Thomas Byttering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byttering', 'summary': "Byttering ( also Bytering , Bytteryng , or Biteryng ; possible first name Thomas ) ( fl . c. 1400 - 1420 ) was an English composer during the transitional period from Medieval to Renaissance styles . Five of his compositions have survived , all of them in the Old Hall Manuscript . A possible identification of Byttering with a Thomas Byteryng has been made . Byteryng was a canon at Hastings Castle between 1405 and 1408 , and was a rector somewhere in London in 1414 . There is no information on the composer in the Old Hall Manuscript other than that his surname is attached to several pieces . Those pieces stand out from many of the works in the manuscript by their relatively advanced stylistic traits . Byttering 's music includes three mass sections - two Glorias and a Credo - a motet based on Nesciens Mater , and a substantial three-voice , isorhythmic wedding motet , En Katerine solennia/Virginalis contio/Sponsus amat sponsum , his best-known work , which was almost certainly written for the wedding , on 2 June 1420 , of King Henry V and Catherine of Valois . The four-voice Gloria , No . 18 in the Old Hall MS , is one of the most complex canons of the early 15th century , and represents what was probably the extreme of stylistic differentiation between English and continental practice . Canons in continental sources are extremely rare , but there are seven in the Old Hall MS , and Byttering 's is the only one with the standard arrangement of the same tune in all four voices ."}]}, {'value': 'fl . c. 1410', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'after 1420', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Dunstaple ( or Dunstable )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Dunstaple', 'summary': 'John Dunstaple ( or Dunstable , c. 1390 - 24 December 1453 ) was an English composer of polyphonic music of the late medieval era and early Renaissance periods . He was one of the most famous composers active in the early 15th century , a near-contemporary of Leonel Power , and was widely influential , not only in England but on the continent , especially in the developing style of the Burgundian School . The spelling Dunstaple is preferred by Margaret Bent , since it occurs in more than twice as many musical attributions as that of Dunstable . The few English musical sources are equally divided between b and p ; however , the contemporary non-musical sources , including those with a claim to a direct association with the composer , spell his name with a p. Both spellings remain in common usage .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1390', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1453', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Plummer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Plummer_(composer)', 'summary': "John Plummer ( also Plomer , Plourmel , Plumere , Polmier , Polumier ; c. 1410 - c. 1483 ) was an English composer who flourished during the reign of Henry VI of England . Not many of Plummer 's compositions survive . The motets Anna mater matris Christi ( Anne , mother of the mother of Christ ) and Tota Pulchra Es ( My Love is Wholly Beautiful ) are widely available and recorded . A number of Plummer 's compositions appear in the manuscript Brussels Biliothèque Royale MS 5557 . During his own lifetime , knowledge and performance of his works spread at least as far as the present-day Czech Republic , where pieces such as Tota Pulchra Es were copied into the Codex Speciálník ( c. 1500 ) . These pieces are unaccompanied sacred vocal music written for use in the great royal and noble chapels of northern Europe . Plummer was a member of the English Chapel Royal at least from 1438 , and was also apparently the first to hold the office of Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal from 1444 to 1455 . He left the royal household towards the end of his career and moved to St Georges Chapel , Windsor , where he was a verger . This post is likely to have supported him in his declining years ."}]}, {'value': 'c. 1410', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1483', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Abyngdon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Abyngdon', 'summary': 'Henry Abyngdon , Abingdon or Abington ( ca . 1418 - 1 September 1497 ) was an English ecclesiastic and musician , perhaps the first to receive a university degree in music .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1418', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1497', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Frye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Frye', 'summary': 'Walter Frye ( died 1474 ? ) was an English composer of the early Renaissance .'}]}, {'value': 'fl . c. 1450', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1474', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Horwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Horwood_(composer)', 'summary': "William Horwood , also Horewud , was an English polyphonic vocal composer in the late-medieval period ( c. 1430 - 1484 ) . In 1470 , he was a singer at Lincoln Cathedral , in 1476 , he was a vicar choral at Lincoln , and from 1477 until 1484 , he was the Cathedral choirmaster . He has three complete pieces and one incomplete piece in the Eton Choirbook , and one incomplete piece in a York manuscript . Horwood 's Magnificat secundi toni a 5 bears a strong resemblance to compositions of his near contemporary Josquin des Prez ( c. 1440-1521 ) , so much so that he might easily be mistaken for Josquin upon first audition . No mention is made of Horwood among the listing of Josquin 's contemporaries in Grout ; neither is the Eton Choirbook mentioned in Grout . A very scanty on-line article - only a thumbnail description of the composer - is present on ( FM 99.5 , New York ) WBAI producer Chris Whent 's Here of a Sunday Morning site . ( The link Partial William Horwood Discography has no content . ) Virtually no other information is available on the internet ."}]}, {'value': 'c. 1430', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1484', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Hothby Johannes Ottobi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Hothby', 'summary': 'John Hothby ( Otteby , Hocby , Octobi , Ottobi , c. 1410-1487 ) , also known by his Latinised names Johannes Ottobi or Johannes de Londonis , was an English Renaissance composer and musical theorist who travelled widely in Europe and gained an international reputation for his work .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1430', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1487', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Hawte William Haute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Hawte', 'summary': 'Sir William Hawte ( also Haute or Haut ) ( c. 1430- 2 Jul 1497 ) was a prominent member of a Kentish gentry family of long standing in royal service , which , through its near connections to the Woodville family , became closely and dangerously embroiled in the last phases of the Wars of the Roses . It is claimed that he is the same Sir William Hawte who was a composer of liturgical and devotional choral music ( who flourished c. 1460-1470 ) , represented in a number of manuscript choirbooks that survive to this day . Two settings of the Benedicamus Domino are found in the Pepys Manuscript , and another work attributed to him , a Stella coeli , extirpavit ( a Latin prayer to the Virgin , for protection from plague ) exists in the Ritson Manuscript .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1430', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1497', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Hygons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Hygons', 'summary': 'Richard Hygons ( also Higons , Huchons , Hugo ; c. 1435 - c. 1509 ) was an English composer of the early Renaissance . While only two compositions of this late 15th-century composer have survived , one of them , a five-voice setting of the Salve Regina Marian antiphon , has attracted interest from musicologists because of its close relationship to music being written at the same time on the continent , as well as its high level of workmanship .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1435', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1509', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gilbert Banester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilbert_Banester', 'summary': "Gilbert Banester ( c. 1445 - 1487 ) was an English composer and poet of Flemish influences . Possibly a native of London , he was Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal from 1478 to 1490 . His works are found in a number of Tudor manuscript collections of church music , including the Pepys Manuscript ; there is also an antiphon by his hand in the Eton Choirbook . Stylistically the work is similar to those of William Horwood in the same book , but is unusual in that it is written to a prose text . Two poems have been ascribed to Banester , the Miracle of St Thomas of 1467 and a translation of Boccaccio , dating to 1450 , that is the first known in the English language . Little else is known of Banester 's life . He was recorded as the king 's servant in 1471 . In addition , it is known that Edward IV provided him with corrodies for two Abbeys , and he was made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in 1475 . In 1478 he became master of the choristers . He died in 1487 ."}]}, {'value': 'c. 1445', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1487', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Lambe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Lambe', 'summary': "Walter Lambe ( 1450-1 ? - after Michaelmas 1504 ) was an English composer . His works are well represented in Eton Choirbook . Also Lambeth and Caius Choirbook include his works . Born in Salisbury , elected King 's Scholar at Eton College in August 1467 aged 15 . [ a ] By 1477 Lambe was a clerk at Holy Trinity College , Arundel [ b ] and in 1479 he moved to St George 's Chapel , Windsor as a clerk of the choir there ."}]}, {'value': 'c. 1450', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'after 1504', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh Kellyk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Kellyk', 'summary': 'Hugh Kellyk ( fl.c.1480 ) was an English composer , whose two surviving works are preserved in the Eton Choirbook . These two works are a five-part Magnificat and a seven-part Gaude flore virginali , which appear to be among the earlier pieces in the choirbook . Gaude Flore Virginali was recorded by The Sixteen in 1994 , the Magnificat by Tonus Peregrinus .'}]}, {'value': 'late 15th century', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16th century ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmund Turges possibly the same as Edmund Sturges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edmund_Turges', 'summary': "Edmund Turges ( c. 1450-1500 ) thought to be also Edmund Sturges ( fl . 1507-1508 ) was an English Renaissance era composer who came from Petworth , was ordained by Bishop Ridley in 1550 , and joined the Fraternity of St. Nicholas ( the London Guild of Parish Clerks ) in 1522 . Several works are listed in the name of Turges in the Eton Choirbook , which survived Henry VIII 's Dissolution of the Monasteries between 1536 and 1541 . Turges also has a Magnificat extant in the Caius Choirbook , and compositions in the Fayrfax Boke . A Kyrie and Gloria are ascribed to Sturges in the Ritson Manuscript . At least two masses and three Magnificat settings have been lost , as well as eight six-part pieces listed in the 1529 King 's College Inventory ."}]}, {'value': '1450', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1500', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'English -- 1370–1450', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Renaissance_composers_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of composers active during the Renaissance period of European history. Since the 14th century is not usually considered by music historians to be part of the musical Renaissance, but part of the Middle Ages, composers active during that time can be found in the List of Medieval composers. Composers on this list had some period of significant activity after 1400, before 1600, or in a few cases they wrote music in a Renaissance idiom in the several decades after 1600.'}
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What year was the singer at Lincoln Cathedral born ?
c. 1430
0ad51e0211f74c9f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MBTA_subway_stations', 'title': 'List of MBTA subway stations', 'header': ['Station', 'Line ( Branch )', 'City/neighborhood', 'Date closed'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arborway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arborway_station', 'summary': 'Arborway was an MBTA light rail stop and bus transfer location in Boston , Massachusetts . It served the MBTA Green Line E Branch . It was located in Arborway Yard near the Forest Hills station complex . It closed in 1985 when the outer section of the branch was temporarily - and ultimately permanently - closed .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Line ( E )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) in the Boston , Massachusetts , metropolitan area . It is the oldest Boston rapid transit line , and with tunnel sections dating from 1897 , the oldest in America . It runs as a deep-level subway through downtown Boston , and on the surface into inner suburbs via four branches on several radial boulevards . With an average daily weekday ridership of 160,000 in 2019 , it is the second most heavily used light rail system in the country . The line was assigned the green color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston . The four branches are the remnants of a large streetcar system , which began in 1856 with the Cambridge Horse Railroad and was consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway several decades later . The branches all travel downtown through the Tremont Street Subway , the oldest subway tunnel in North America . The Tremont Street Subway opened its first section on September 1 , 1897 , to take streetcars off overcrowded downtown streets ; it was extended five times over the next five decades . The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was gradually replaced with trackless trolleys and buses , with cuts as late as 1985 . A new branch opened on a converted commuter rail line in 1959 ; the Green Line Extension project will extend two branches into Somerville and Medford in 2021 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_"E"_Branch', 'summary': 'The E Branch ( also referred to as the Huntington Avenue Branch , or formerly as the Arborway Branch ) is a streetcar line in the Boston , Massachusetts area , operating as a branch of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Green Line . From 1985 to 2011 , service beyond Heath Street ( from VA Medical Center to the original outbound terminus at Arborway ) was temporarily suspended , with the 39 bus providing service beyond ; service restoration was officially canceled in 2011 after the defeat of a lawsuit . The segment of the line between Brigham Circle and Heath Street is the only remaining section of street-running tracks in revenue use by the MBTA ; all other trackage is in tunnels and bridges , on private rights-of-way , in reserved medians , or is used for out-of-service trains ( near Cleveland Circle ) . Northeast of the street-running section , the tracks run in the median of Huntington Avenue before descending via the Northeastern Incline into the Huntington Avenue Subway . Just west of Copley station , an underground flat junction connects the line into the other Green Line branches in the Boylston Street Subway , where they all run together to downtown . As of 2019 [ update ] , the E Branch is the only Green Line branch that regularly runs through to Lechmere Station , the northern terminus of the Green Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/Jamaica Plain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 28 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Falcon Avenue & Design Center Place', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver Line ( SL2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Silver Line is a system of bus routes in Boston and Chelsea , Massachusetts operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) . It is operated as part of the MBTA Bus system , but branded as bus rapid transit ( BRT ) as part of the MBTA subway system . Six routes are operated as part of two disconnected corridors . As of 2019 [ update ] , weekday ridership on the Silver Line was 39,000 . The four Waterfront routes operate out of an underground terminal at South Station and run through the South Boston Piers Transitway - a dedicated bus tunnel through the Seaport District with stations at Courthouse and World Trade Center . At Silver Line Way , they fan out on the surface : the SL1 to Logan International Airport , the SL2 to Design Center , and the SL3 to Chelsea via East Boston . ( An additional short turn route , SLW , runs only at peak hours between South Station and Silver Line Way . ) The SL1 and SL3 operate in mixed traffic through the Ted Williams Tunnel ; the SL3 uses a limited-access haul road in East Boston and a dedicated busway in Chelsea for part of its route . The SL2 operates in mixed traffic in the Seaport . The Waterfront routes use articulated dual-mode buses that operate as electric trolleybuses in the Transitway and conventional diesel buses on the surface . Battery electric buses and a diesel hybrid bus with extended battery range are being tested ; one of the types may ultimately replace the dual-mode buses . Two routes operate on Washington Street between Dudley Square station ( at Nubian Square in Roxbury ) and Downtown Boston .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SL2_(MBTA_bus)', 'summary': 'The Silver Line is a system of bus routes in Boston and Chelsea , Massachusetts operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) . It is operated as part of the MBTA Bus system , but branded as bus rapid transit ( BRT ) as part of the MBTA subway system . Six routes are operated as part of two disconnected corridors . As of 2019 [ update ] , weekday ridership on the Silver Line was 39,000 . The four Waterfront routes operate out of an underground terminal at South Station and run through the South Boston Piers Transitway - a dedicated bus tunnel through the Seaport District with stations at Courthouse and World Trade Center . At Silver Line Way , they fan out on the surface : the SL1 to Logan International Airport , the SL2 to Design Center , and the SL3 to Chelsea via East Boston . ( An additional short turn route , SLW , runs only at peak hours between South Station and Silver Line Way . ) The SL1 and SL3 operate in mixed traffic through the Ted Williams Tunnel ; the SL3 uses a limited-access haul road in East Boston and a dedicated busway in Chelsea for part of its route . The SL2 operates in mixed traffic in the Seaport . The Waterfront routes use articulated dual-mode buses that operate as electric trolleybuses in the Transitway and conventional diesel buses on the surface . Battery electric buses and a diesel hybrid bus with extended battery range are being tested ; one of the types may ultimately replace the dual-mode buses . Two routes operate on Washington Street between Dudley Square station ( at Nubian Square in Roxbury ) and Downtown Boston .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/Seaport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 21 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bynner Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bynner_Street_station', 'summary': 'Bynner Street was a light rail stop on the MBTA Green Line E Branch , located at the intersection of South Huntington Avenue and Bynner Street in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . It was closed on December 28 , 1985 when service on the E Branch past Heath Street was temporarily suspended . The route 39 bus , the replacement for the Arborway Line , now stops at the same location .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Line ( E )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) in the Boston , Massachusetts , metropolitan area . It is the oldest Boston rapid transit line , and with tunnel sections dating from 1897 , the oldest in America . It runs as a deep-level subway through downtown Boston , and on the surface into inner suburbs via four branches on several radial boulevards . With an average daily weekday ridership of 160,000 in 2019 , it is the second most heavily used light rail system in the country . The line was assigned the green color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston . The four branches are the remnants of a large streetcar system , which began in 1856 with the Cambridge Horse Railroad and was consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway several decades later . The branches all travel downtown through the Tremont Street Subway , the oldest subway tunnel in North America . The Tremont Street Subway opened its first section on September 1 , 1897 , to take streetcars off overcrowded downtown streets ; it was extended five times over the next five decades . The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was gradually replaced with trackless trolleys and buses , with cuts as late as 1985 . A new branch opened on a converted commuter rail line in 1959 ; the Green Line Extension project will extend two branches into Somerville and Medford in 2021 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_"E"_Branch', 'summary': 'The E Branch ( also referred to as the Huntington Avenue Branch , or formerly as the Arborway Branch ) is a streetcar line in the Boston , Massachusetts area , operating as a branch of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Green Line . From 1985 to 2011 , service beyond Heath Street ( from VA Medical Center to the original outbound terminus at Arborway ) was temporarily suspended , with the 39 bus providing service beyond ; service restoration was officially canceled in 2011 after the defeat of a lawsuit . The segment of the line between Brigham Circle and Heath Street is the only remaining section of street-running tracks in revenue use by the MBTA ; all other trackage is in tunnels and bridges , on private rights-of-way , in reserved medians , or is used for out-of-service trains ( near Cleveland Circle ) . Northeast of the street-running section , the tracks run in the median of Huntington Avenue before descending via the Northeastern Incline into the Huntington Avenue Subway . Just west of Copley station , an underground flat junction connects the line into the other Green Line branches in the Boylston Street Subway , where they all run together to downtown . As of 2019 [ update ] , the E Branch is the only Green Line branch that regularly runs through to Lechmere Station , the northern terminus of the Green Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/Jamaica Plain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 28 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carolina Avenue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carolina_Avenue_station', 'summary': 'Carolina Avenue was a light rail stop on the MBTA Green Line E Branch , located at the intersection of South Street and Carolina Avenue in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . It was closed on December 28 , 1985 when service on the E Branch past Heath Street was temporarily suspended . The route 39 bus , the replacement for the Arborway Line , now stops at the same location northbound and a block to the north southbound .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Line ( E )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) in the Boston , Massachusetts , metropolitan area . It is the oldest Boston rapid transit line , and with tunnel sections dating from 1897 , the oldest in America . It runs as a deep-level subway through downtown Boston , and on the surface into inner suburbs via four branches on several radial boulevards . With an average daily weekday ridership of 160,000 in 2019 , it is the second most heavily used light rail system in the country . The line was assigned the green color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston . The four branches are the remnants of a large streetcar system , which began in 1856 with the Cambridge Horse Railroad and was consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway several decades later . The branches all travel downtown through the Tremont Street Subway , the oldest subway tunnel in North America . The Tremont Street Subway opened its first section on September 1 , 1897 , to take streetcars off overcrowded downtown streets ; it was extended five times over the next five decades . The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was gradually replaced with trackless trolleys and buses , with cuts as late as 1985 . A new branch opened on a converted commuter rail line in 1959 ; the Green Line Extension project will extend two branches into Somerville and Medford in 2021 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_"E"_Branch', 'summary': 'The E Branch ( also referred to as the Huntington Avenue Branch , or formerly as the Arborway Branch ) is a streetcar line in the Boston , Massachusetts area , operating as a branch of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Green Line . From 1985 to 2011 , service beyond Heath Street ( from VA Medical Center to the original outbound terminus at Arborway ) was temporarily suspended , with the 39 bus providing service beyond ; service restoration was officially canceled in 2011 after the defeat of a lawsuit . The segment of the line between Brigham Circle and Heath Street is the only remaining section of street-running tracks in revenue use by the MBTA ; all other trackage is in tunnels and bridges , on private rights-of-way , in reserved medians , or is used for out-of-service trains ( near Cleveland Circle ) . Northeast of the street-running section , the tracks run in the median of Huntington Avenue before descending via the Northeastern Incline into the Huntington Avenue Subway . Just west of Copley station , an underground flat junction connects the line into the other Green Line branches in the Boylston Street Subway , where they all run together to downtown . As of 2019 [ update ] , the E Branch is the only Green Line branch that regularly runs through to Lechmere Station , the northern terminus of the Green Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/Jamaica Plain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 28 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Child Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Child_Street_station', 'summary': 'Child Street was a light rail stop on the MBTA Green Line E Branch , located at the intersection of South Street and Child Street in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . It was closed on December 28 , 1985 when service on the E Branch past Heath Street was temporarily suspended . The route 39 bus , the replacement for the Arborway Line , now stops at the same location .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Line ( E )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) in the Boston , Massachusetts , metropolitan area . It is the oldest Boston rapid transit line , and with tunnel sections dating from 1897 , the oldest in America . It runs as a deep-level subway through downtown Boston , and on the surface into inner suburbs via four branches on several radial boulevards . With an average daily weekday ridership of 160,000 in 2019 , it is the second most heavily used light rail system in the country . The line was assigned the green color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston . The four branches are the remnants of a large streetcar system , which began in 1856 with the Cambridge Horse Railroad and was consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway several decades later . The branches all travel downtown through the Tremont Street Subway , the oldest subway tunnel in North America . The Tremont Street Subway opened its first section on September 1 , 1897 , to take streetcars off overcrowded downtown streets ; it was extended five times over the next five decades . The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was gradually replaced with trackless trolleys and buses , with cuts as late as 1985 . A new branch opened on a converted commuter rail line in 1959 ; the Green Line Extension project will extend two branches into Somerville and Medford in 2021 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_"E"_Branch', 'summary': 'The E Branch ( also referred to as the Huntington Avenue Branch , or formerly as the Arborway Branch ) is a streetcar line in the Boston , Massachusetts area , operating as a branch of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Green Line . From 1985 to 2011 , service beyond Heath Street ( from VA Medical Center to the original outbound terminus at Arborway ) was temporarily suspended , with the 39 bus providing service beyond ; service restoration was officially canceled in 2011 after the defeat of a lawsuit . The segment of the line between Brigham Circle and Heath Street is the only remaining section of street-running tracks in revenue use by the MBTA ; all other trackage is in tunnels and bridges , on private rights-of-way , in reserved medians , or is used for out-of-service trains ( near Cleveland Circle ) . Northeast of the street-running section , the tracks run in the median of Huntington Avenue before descending via the Northeastern Incline into the Huntington Avenue Subway . Just west of Copley station , an underground flat junction connects the line into the other Green Line branches in the Boylston Street Subway , where they all run together to downtown . As of 2019 [ update ] , the E Branch is the only Green Line branch that regularly runs through to Lechmere Station , the northern terminus of the Green Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/Jamaica Plain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 28 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_Point_Bus_Terminal', 'summary': "City Point is a transportation station in South Boston , Massachusetts , at the terminus of the former SL3 branch of the MBTA 's Silver Line . It lacked waiting facilities for passengers , and existed solely as a turnaround for the buses on the SL3 ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver Line ( SL3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Silver Line is a system of bus routes in Boston and Chelsea , Massachusetts operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) . It is operated as part of the MBTA Bus system , but branded as bus rapid transit ( BRT ) as part of the MBTA subway system . Six routes are operated as part of two disconnected corridors . As of 2019 [ update ] , weekday ridership on the Silver Line was 39,000 . The four Waterfront routes operate out of an underground terminal at South Station and run through the South Boston Piers Transitway - a dedicated bus tunnel through the Seaport District with stations at Courthouse and World Trade Center . At Silver Line Way , they fan out on the surface : the SL1 to Logan International Airport , the SL2 to Design Center , and the SL3 to Chelsea via East Boston . ( An additional short turn route , SLW , runs only at peak hours between South Station and Silver Line Way . ) The SL1 and SL3 operate in mixed traffic through the Ted Williams Tunnel ; the SL3 uses a limited-access haul road in East Boston and a dedicated busway in Chelsea for part of its route . The SL2 operates in mixed traffic in the Seaport . The Waterfront routes use articulated dual-mode buses that operate as electric trolleybuses in the Transitway and conventional diesel buses on the surface . Battery electric buses and a diesel hybrid bus with extended battery range are being tested ; one of the types may ultimately replace the dual-mode buses . Two routes operate on Washington Street between Dudley Square station ( at Nubian Square in Roxbury ) and Downtown Boston .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/South Boston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 20 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City Square', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_Square_station', 'summary': "City Square was a rapid transit station in Charlestown , Massachusetts . It served the Charlestown Elevated , part of the MBTA 's Orange Line , from 1901 until 1975 . It was closed when the line was rerouted into a tunnel that was constructed as part of the Haymarket North Extension project . The closest replacement station to the location is now Community College ."}]}, {'value': 'Orange Line ( Charlestown Elevated )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Orange Line is one of the four subway lines of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority . It extends from Forest Hills in Jamaica Plain , Boston in the south to Oak Grove in Malden in the north . It meets the Red Line at Downtown Crossing , the Blue Line at State , and the Green Line at Haymarket and North Station . It connects with Amtrak service at Back Bay and North Station , and with MBTA Commuter Rail service at Back Bay , North Station , Forest Hills , Ruggles station in Roxbury , and Malden Center in Malden . From 1901 to 1987 , it provided the first elevated rapid transit in Boston ; the last elevated section was torn down in 1987 when the southern portion of the line was moved to the Southwest Corridor . All stations on the Orange Line are handicapped accessible . These stations are equipped with high-level platforms for easy boarding , as well as elevators for easy platform access .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlestown_Elevated', 'summary': 'The Charlestown Elevated was a segment of the MBTA Orange Line rapid transit line that ran from the Canal Street Incline in downtown Boston , Massachusetts through Charlestown to a terminal in Everett , Massachusetts . It opened in June 1901 and was replaced by the Haymarket North Extension in April 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/ Charlestown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston', 'summary': "Charlestown is the oldest neighborhood within the city of Boston , Massachusetts , United States . Originally called Mishawum by the Massachusett tribe , it is located on a peninsula north of the Charles River , across from downtown Boston , and also adjoins the Mystic River and Boston Harbor waterways . Charlestown was laid out in 1629 by engineer Thomas Graves , one of its earliest settlers , in the reign of Charles I of England . It was originally a separate town and the first capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Charlestown became a city in 1848 and was annexed by Boston on January 5 , 1874 . With that , it also switched from Middlesex County , to which it had belonged since 1643 , to Suffolk County . It has had a substantial Irish-American population since the migration of Irish people during the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s . Since the late 1980s , the neighborhood has changed dramatically because of its proximity to downtown and its colonial architecture . A mix of yuppie and upper-middle-class gentrification has influenced much of the area , as it has in many of Boston 's neighborhoods , but Charlestown still maintains a strong Irish-American population and Townie identity . In the 21st century , Charlestown 's diversity has expanded dramatically , along with growing rates of the very poor and very wealthy . Today Charlestown is a largely residential neighborhood , with much housing near the waterfront , overlooking the Boston skyline . Charlestown is home to many historic sites , hospitals and organizations , with access from the Orange Line Sullivan Square or Community College stops or the I-93 expressway ."}]}, {'value': 'April 4 , 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dover', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dover_station_(MBTA)', 'summary': "Dover station was an elevated rapid transit station located above Washington Street at Dover Street ( now East Berkeley Street ) in the South End neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . It served the Washington Street Elevated , part of the MBTA 's Orange Line , from 1901 until 1987 . East Berkeley Street station , a street-level bus station on the Washington Street branch of the MBTA Silver Line bus rapid transit service , opened on the site in 2002 . It is served by the SL4 and SL5 Silver Line routes as well as several local MBTA Bus routes . Like all Silver Line stops , East Berkeley Street is accessible ."}]}, {'value': 'Orange Line ( Washington Street Elevated )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Orange Line is one of the four subway lines of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority . It extends from Forest Hills in Jamaica Plain , Boston in the south to Oak Grove in Malden in the north . It meets the Red Line at Downtown Crossing , the Blue Line at State , and the Green Line at Haymarket and North Station . It connects with Amtrak service at Back Bay and North Station , and with MBTA Commuter Rail service at Back Bay , North Station , Forest Hills , Ruggles station in Roxbury , and Malden Center in Malden . From 1901 to 1987 , it provided the first elevated rapid transit in Boston ; the last elevated section was torn down in 1987 when the southern portion of the line was moved to the Southwest Corridor . All stations on the Orange Line are handicapped accessible . These stations are equipped with high-level platforms for easy boarding , as well as elevators for easy platform access .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Street_Elevated', 'summary': "The Washington Street Elevated was an elevated segment of Boston 's Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority subway system , comprising the southern stretch of the Orange Line . It ran from Chinatown through the South End and Roxbury , ending in Forest Hills in Jamaica Plain , Boston ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston/ South End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_End,_Boston', 'summary': "The South End is a neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . It is bordered by Back Bay , Chinatown , and Roxbury . It is distinguished from other neighborhoods by its Victorian style houses and the many parks in and around the area . The South End is the largest intact Victorian row house district in the country , which is made up of over 300 acres . Eleven residential parks are scattered around the South End . In 1973 , the South End was listed in the National Register of Historic Places . The construction of the South End began in 1849 when the neighborhood was built on tidal marshes . It is home to many diverse groups , including immigrants , young families , and professionals , and it is very popular with the gay and lesbian community of Boston . Since the 1880s the South End has been characterized by its diversity , with substantial Irish , Jewish , African-American , Puerto Rican ( in the San Juan Street area ) , Chinese , and Greek populations . In 2010 , the population was 55.2% white , 13.3% Hispanic , 12.5% Black or African American , 16.2% Asian , and 2.7% other ; 55.2% of its residents had a bachelor 's degree or higher ; the median household income was $ 57,699 ; the median age was 36 ; 65.6% were primarily English speakers ; and 12.9% were primarily Spanish speakers . The South End has five primary and secondary schools that offer education from kindergarten to grade 12 . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'April 30 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East 1st Street & M Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver Line ( SL3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Silver Line is a system of bus routes in Boston and Chelsea , Massachusetts operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) . It is operated as part of the MBTA Bus system , but branded as bus rapid transit ( BRT ) as part of the MBTA subway system . Six routes are operated as part of two disconnected corridors . As of 2019 [ update ] , weekday ridership on the Silver Line was 39,000 . The four Waterfront routes operate out of an underground terminal at South Station and run through the South Boston Piers Transitway - a dedicated bus tunnel through the Seaport District with stations at Courthouse and World Trade Center . At Silver Line Way , they fan out on the surface : the SL1 to Logan International Airport , the SL2 to Design Center , and the SL3 to Chelsea via East Boston . ( An additional short turn route , SLW , runs only at peak hours between South Station and Silver Line Way . ) The SL1 and SL3 operate in mixed traffic through the Ted Williams Tunnel ; the SL3 uses a limited-access haul road in East Boston and a dedicated busway in Chelsea for part of its route . The SL2 operates in mixed traffic in the Seaport . The Waterfront routes use articulated dual-mode buses that operate as electric trolleybuses in the Transitway and conventional diesel buses on the surface . Battery electric buses and a diesel hybrid bus with extended battery range are being tested ; one of the types may ultimately replace the dual-mode buses . Two routes operate on Washington Street between Dudley Square station ( at Nubian Square in Roxbury ) and Downtown Boston .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/South Boston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 20 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Egleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egleston_station', 'summary': "Egleston was a rapid transit station in Boston , Massachusetts . It served the Washington Street Elevated , part of the MBTA 's Orange Line . It was located over Egleston Square at the intersection of Washington Street and Columbus Avenue in the Roxbury neighborhood . The station opened in November 1909 , and was closed in April 1987 when the Orange Line was rerouted to the west along the Southwest Corridor ."}]}, {'value': 'Orange Line ( Washington Street Elevated )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Orange Line is one of the four subway lines of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority . It extends from Forest Hills in Jamaica Plain , Boston in the south to Oak Grove in Malden in the north . It meets the Red Line at Downtown Crossing , the Blue Line at State , and the Green Line at Haymarket and North Station . It connects with Amtrak service at Back Bay and North Station , and with MBTA Commuter Rail service at Back Bay , North Station , Forest Hills , Ruggles station in Roxbury , and Malden Center in Malden . From 1901 to 1987 , it provided the first elevated rapid transit in Boston ; the last elevated section was torn down in 1987 when the southern portion of the line was moved to the Southwest Corridor . All stations on the Orange Line are handicapped accessible . These stations are equipped with high-level platforms for easy boarding , as well as elevators for easy platform access .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington_Street_Elevated', 'summary': "The Washington Street Elevated was an elevated segment of Boston 's Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority subway system , comprising the southern stretch of the Orange Line . It ran from Chinatown through the South End and Roxbury , ending in Forest Hills in Jamaica Plain , Boston ."}]}, {'value': 'Boston/ Roxbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston', 'summary': "Roxbury ( /ˈrɒksbəri/ ) is a neighborhood within the city of Boston , Massachusetts . Roxbury is a dissolved municipality and one of 23 official neighborhoods of Boston used by the city for neighborhood services coordination . The city states that Roxbury serves as the heart of Black culture in Boston . Roxbury has been referred to as the Bronx of greater Boston , and as The coal in the crown of Boston towns . It is famous for its Long John Silvers restaurant , one of the few still in existence in New England . Roxbury was one of the first towns founded in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 , and became a city in 1846 before being annexed to Boston on January 5 , 1868 . The original boundaries of the Town of Roxbury can be found in Drake 's History of Roxbury and its noted Personages . Those boundaries include the modern day Longwood , Mission Hill and Symphony neighborhoods , including the Christian Science Center , the Prudential Center ( built on the old Roxbury Railroad Yards ) and everything south and east of the Muddy River including Symphony Hall , Northeastern University , Boston Latin School , Madison Park Technical Vocational High School John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science , Roxbury Community College YMCA , Harvard Medical School and many hospitals and schools in the area . This side of the Muddy River is Roxbury , the other side is Brookline and Boston . Franklin Park , once entirely within Roxbury when Jamaica Plain , West Roxbury and Roslindale were villages within the town of Roxbury until 1854 , has been divided with the line between Jamaica Plain and Roxbury located in the vicinity of Peter Parley Road on Walnut Avenue , through the park to Columbia Road . Here , Walnut Avenue changes its name to Sigourney Street , indicating the area is now Jamaica Plain . One side of Columbia Road is Roxbury , the other Dorchester ."}]}, {'value': 'April 30 , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Everett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everett_station_(MBTA)', 'summary': "Everett was a rapid transit station in Everett , Massachusetts . It served the MBTA 's Orange Line . It opened in 1919 as an extension of the Charlestown Elevated , and served as its northern terminus until the Elevated was closed and demolished in 1975 , when it was replaced by the Haymarket North Extension ."}]}, {'value': 'Orange Line ( Charlestown Elevated )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Orange Line is one of the four subway lines of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority . It extends from Forest Hills in Jamaica Plain , Boston in the south to Oak Grove in Malden in the north . It meets the Red Line at Downtown Crossing , the Blue Line at State , and the Green Line at Haymarket and North Station . It connects with Amtrak service at Back Bay and North Station , and with MBTA Commuter Rail service at Back Bay , North Station , Forest Hills , Ruggles station in Roxbury , and Malden Center in Malden . From 1901 to 1987 , it provided the first elevated rapid transit in Boston ; the last elevated section was torn down in 1987 when the southern portion of the line was moved to the Southwest Corridor . All stations on the Orange Line are handicapped accessible . These stations are equipped with high-level platforms for easy boarding , as well as elevators for easy platform access .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlestown_Elevated', 'summary': 'The Charlestown Elevated was a segment of the MBTA Orange Line rapid transit line that ran from the Canal Street Incline in downtown Boston , Massachusetts through Charlestown to a terminal in Everett , Massachusetts . It opened in June 1901 and was replaced by the Haymarket North Extension in April 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'Everett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Everett is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , United States , directly north of Boston , bordering the neighborhood of Charlestown . The population was 41,667 at the time of the 2010 United States Census . Everett was the last city in the United States to have a bicameral legislature , which was composed of a seven-member Board of Aldermen and an eighteen-member Common Council . On November 8 , 2011 , the voters approved a new City Charter that changed the City Council to a unicameral body with eleven members - six ward councilors and five councilors-at-large . The new City Council was elected during the 2013 City Election .'}]}, {'value': 'April 4 , 1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evergreen Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evergreen_Street_station', 'summary': 'Evergreen Street was a light rail stop on the MBTA Green Line E Branch , located at the intersection of South Huntington Avenue and Evergreen Street in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . It was closed on December 28 , 1985 when service on the E Branch past Heath Street was temporarily suspended . Unlike with most of the former stops on the line , the route 39 bus , the replacement for the Arborway Line , does not stop at same location . It instead stops at Bynner Street a block to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Line ( E )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) in the Boston , Massachusetts , metropolitan area . It is the oldest Boston rapid transit line , and with tunnel sections dating from 1897 , the oldest in America . It runs as a deep-level subway through downtown Boston , and on the surface into inner suburbs via four branches on several radial boulevards . With an average daily weekday ridership of 160,000 in 2019 , it is the second most heavily used light rail system in the country . The line was assigned the green color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston . The four branches are the remnants of a large streetcar system , which began in 1856 with the Cambridge Horse Railroad and was consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway several decades later . The branches all travel downtown through the Tremont Street Subway , the oldest subway tunnel in North America . The Tremont Street Subway opened its first section on September 1 , 1897 , to take streetcars off overcrowded downtown streets ; it was extended five times over the next five decades . The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was gradually replaced with trackless trolleys and buses , with cuts as late as 1985 . A new branch opened on a converted commuter rail line in 1959 ; the Green Line Extension project will extend two branches into Somerville and Medford in 2021 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_"E"_Branch', 'summary': 'The E Branch ( also referred to as the Huntington Avenue Branch , or formerly as the Arborway Branch ) is a streetcar line in the Boston , Massachusetts area , operating as a branch of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Green Line . From 1985 to 2011 , service beyond Heath Street ( from VA Medical Center to the original outbound terminus at Arborway ) was temporarily suspended , with the 39 bus providing service beyond ; service restoration was officially canceled in 2011 after the defeat of a lawsuit . The segment of the line between Brigham Circle and Heath Street is the only remaining section of street-running tracks in revenue use by the MBTA ; all other trackage is in tunnels and bridges , on private rights-of-way , in reserved medians , or is used for out-of-service trains ( near Cleveland Circle ) . Northeast of the street-running section , the tracks run in the median of Huntington Avenue before descending via the Northeastern Incline into the Huntington Avenue Subway . Just west of Copley station , an underground flat junction connects the line into the other Green Line branches in the Boylston Street Subway , where they all run together to downtown . As of 2019 [ update ] , the E Branch is the only Green Line branch that regularly runs through to Lechmere Station , the northern terminus of the Green Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/Jamaica Plain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 28 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farragut Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver Line ( SL3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silver_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Silver Line is a system of bus routes in Boston and Chelsea , Massachusetts operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) . It is operated as part of the MBTA Bus system , but branded as bus rapid transit ( BRT ) as part of the MBTA subway system . Six routes are operated as part of two disconnected corridors . As of 2019 [ update ] , weekday ridership on the Silver Line was 39,000 . The four Waterfront routes operate out of an underground terminal at South Station and run through the South Boston Piers Transitway - a dedicated bus tunnel through the Seaport District with stations at Courthouse and World Trade Center . At Silver Line Way , they fan out on the surface : the SL1 to Logan International Airport , the SL2 to Design Center , and the SL3 to Chelsea via East Boston . ( An additional short turn route , SLW , runs only at peak hours between South Station and Silver Line Way . ) The SL1 and SL3 operate in mixed traffic through the Ted Williams Tunnel ; the SL3 uses a limited-access haul road in East Boston and a dedicated busway in Chelsea for part of its route . The SL2 operates in mixed traffic in the Seaport . The Waterfront routes use articulated dual-mode buses that operate as electric trolleybuses in the Transitway and conventional diesel buses on the surface . Battery electric buses and a diesel hybrid bus with extended battery range are being tested ; one of the types may ultimately replace the dual-mode buses . Two routes operate on Washington Street between Dudley Square station ( at Nubian Square in Roxbury ) and Downtown Boston .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/South Boston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 20 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fordham Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fordham_Road_station_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'Fordham Road station was a light rail stop on the MBTA Green Line B Branch , located in the median of Commonwealth Avenue at Fordham Road in Allston , Boston , Massachusetts . The stop had two side platforms , each located before the pedestrian crossing at Fordham Road . It was closed in 2004 as part of an effort to speed up travel times on the line .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Line ( B )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) in the Boston , Massachusetts , metropolitan area . It is the oldest Boston rapid transit line , and with tunnel sections dating from 1897 , the oldest in America . It runs as a deep-level subway through downtown Boston , and on the surface into inner suburbs via four branches on several radial boulevards . With an average daily weekday ridership of 160,000 in 2019 , it is the second most heavily used light rail system in the country . The line was assigned the green color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston . The four branches are the remnants of a large streetcar system , which began in 1856 with the Cambridge Horse Railroad and was consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway several decades later . The branches all travel downtown through the Tremont Street Subway , the oldest subway tunnel in North America . The Tremont Street Subway opened its first section on September 1 , 1897 , to take streetcars off overcrowded downtown streets ; it was extended five times over the next five decades . The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was gradually replaced with trackless trolleys and buses , with cuts as late as 1985 . A new branch opened on a converted commuter rail line in 1959 ; the Green Line Extension project will extend two branches into Somerville and Medford in 2021 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_"B"_Branch', 'summary': 'The B Branch , also called the Commonwealth Avenue Branch or Boston College Branch , is a branch of the MBTA Green Line light rail system which operates on Commonwealth Avenue west of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . One of four branches of the Green Line , the B Branch runs from Boston College station down the median of Commonwealth Avenue to Blandford Street . There , it enters Blandford Street Portal into Kenmore station , where it merges with the C and D branches . The combined services run into the Boylston Street Subway and Tremont Street Subway to downtown Boston . As of 2016 [ update ] , B Branch service terminates at Park Street . Unlike the other branches , the B branch runs solely through the city limits of Boston . The Green Line Rivalry between Boston College and Boston University is named in reference to the B Branch , which runs to both universities .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/ Allston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allston', 'summary': 'Allston is an officially recognized neighborhood within the City of Boston , Massachusetts . It was named after the American painter and poet Washington Allston . It comprises the land covered by the zip code 02134 . For the most part , Allston is administered collectively with the adjacent neighborhood of Brighton . The two are often referred to together as Allston-Brighton . Boston Police Department District D-14 covers the Allston-Brighton area and a Boston Fire Department Allston station is located in Union Square which houses Engine 41 and Ladder 14 . Engine 41 is nicknamed The Bull to commemorate the historic stockyards of Allston . Housing stock varies but largely consists of brick apartment buildings , especially on Commonwealth Avenue and the streets directly off it , while areas further down Brighton Avenue , close to Brighton , are largely dotted with wooden triple-deckers . Lower Allston , across the Massachusetts Turnpike from the southern portion of Allston , consists of mostly 1890-1920s single-family and multi-family Victorian homes .'}]}, {'value': 'April 20 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greycliff Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greycliff_Road_station', 'summary': 'The B Branch , also called the Commonwealth Avenue Branch or Boston College Branch , is a branch of the MBTA Green Line light rail system which operates on Commonwealth Avenue west of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . One of four branches of the Green Line , the B Branch runs from Boston College station down the median of Commonwealth Avenue to Blandford Street . There , it enters Blandford Street Portal into Kenmore station , where it merges with the C and D branches . The combined services run into the Boylston Street Subway and Tremont Street Subway to downtown Boston . As of 2016 [ update ] , B Branch service terminates at Park Street . Unlike the other branches , the B branch runs solely through the city limits of Boston . The Green Line Rivalry between Boston College and Boston University is named in reference to the B Branch , which runs to both universities .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Line ( B )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) in the Boston , Massachusetts , metropolitan area . It is the oldest Boston rapid transit line , and with tunnel sections dating from 1897 , the oldest in America . It runs as a deep-level subway through downtown Boston , and on the surface into inner suburbs via four branches on several radial boulevards . With an average daily weekday ridership of 160,000 in 2019 , it is the second most heavily used light rail system in the country . The line was assigned the green color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston . The four branches are the remnants of a large streetcar system , which began in 1856 with the Cambridge Horse Railroad and was consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway several decades later . The branches all travel downtown through the Tremont Street Subway , the oldest subway tunnel in North America . The Tremont Street Subway opened its first section on September 1 , 1897 , to take streetcars off overcrowded downtown streets ; it was extended five times over the next five decades . The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was gradually replaced with trackless trolleys and buses , with cuts as late as 1985 . A new branch opened on a converted commuter rail line in 1959 ; the Green Line Extension project will extend two branches into Somerville and Medford in 2021 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_"B"_Branch', 'summary': 'The B Branch , also called the Commonwealth Avenue Branch or Boston College Branch , is a branch of the MBTA Green Line light rail system which operates on Commonwealth Avenue west of downtown Boston , Massachusetts . One of four branches of the Green Line , the B Branch runs from Boston College station down the median of Commonwealth Avenue to Blandford Street . There , it enters Blandford Street Portal into Kenmore station , where it merges with the C and D branches . The combined services run into the Boylston Street Subway and Tremont Street Subway to downtown Boston . As of 2016 [ update ] , B Branch service terminates at Park Street . Unlike the other branches , the B branch runs solely through the city limits of Boston . The Green Line Rivalry between Boston College and Boston University is named in reference to the B Branch , which runs to both universities .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/ Brighton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brighton,_Boston', 'summary': 'Brighton is a dissolved municipality and current neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts , United States , located in the northwestern corner of the city . It is named after the town of Brighton in the English city of Brighton and Hove . Initially Brighton was part of Cambridge , and known as Little Cambridge . Brighton separated from Cambridge in 1807 after a bridge dispute , and was annexed to Boston in 1874 . For much of its early history , it was a rural town with a significant commercial center at its eastern end . The neighborhood of Allston was also formerly part of the town of Brighton , but is now often considered to be separate , leading to the name Allston-Brighton for the combined area . This historic center of Brighton is the Brighton Center Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'April 20 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvard/Brattle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_station', 'summary': "Harvard is a rapid transit and bus transfer station in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Located at Harvard Square , it serves the MBTA 's Red Line subway system as well as MBTA Buses . Harvard averaged 23,199 entries each weekday in 2013 , making it the third-busiest MBTA station and the busiest outside the four downtown hub stations . Only Downtown Crossing and South Station handled more passengers . It is also an important transfer point , with subway , bus , and trackless trolley ( trolleybus ) service all connecting at the station . Five of the fifteen key MBTA bus routes , with one extended late-night service , stop at the station . Harvard station is located directly beneath Harvard Square , a transportation , business , and cultural focal point in Cambridge . The Red Line rail platforms lie underneath Massachusetts Avenue just north of the center of the square . Many connecting surface transit routes are served by the Harvard Bus Tunnel , which runs on the west side of the station . The primary station entrance leads to a central atrium fare lobby under Harvard Square ; there is also a secondary fare lobby for the Red Line toward the north end of the station , with entrances at Church Street and opposite it , near Harvard 's Johnston Gate ; and an unpaid entrance to the bus tunnel at Brattle Square ."}]}, {'value': 'Red Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Red Line is a rapid transit line operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) . It runs roughly northwest-to-southeast across Cambridge and Davis Square in Somerville - from Alewife in North Cambridge to Kendall/MIT in Kendall Square - with a connection to commuter rail at Porter . It then crosses over the Longfellow Bridge into downtown Boston , where it connects with the Green Line at Park Street , the Orange Line at Downtown Crossing , the Silver Line at South Station , as well as Amtrak and commuter rail at the South Station surface terminal before passing through South Boston and Dorchester . South of JFK/UMass in Dorchester , it splits into two branches terminating at Braintree and Ashmont stations ; transfers to commuter rail are again possible at JFK/UMass , Quincy Center , and Braintree . From Ashmont , passengers may continue to Mattapan via the Ashmont-Mattapan High Speed Line , a 2.6-mile ( 4.2 km ) light rail line . All operating Red Line stations are handicapped accessible except Valley Road on the Ashmont-Mattapan High Speed Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 2 , 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvard/Holyoke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_station', 'summary': "Harvard is a rapid transit and bus transfer station in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Located at Harvard Square , it serves the MBTA 's Red Line subway system as well as MBTA Buses . Harvard averaged 23,199 entries each weekday in 2013 , making it the third-busiest MBTA station and the busiest outside the four downtown hub stations . Only Downtown Crossing and South Station handled more passengers . It is also an important transfer point , with subway , bus , and trackless trolley ( trolleybus ) service all connecting at the station . Five of the fifteen key MBTA bus routes , with one extended late-night service , stop at the station . Harvard station is located directly beneath Harvard Square , a transportation , business , and cultural focal point in Cambridge . The Red Line rail platforms lie underneath Massachusetts Avenue just north of the center of the square . Many connecting surface transit routes are served by the Harvard Bus Tunnel , which runs on the west side of the station . The primary station entrance leads to a central atrium fare lobby under Harvard Square ; there is also a secondary fare lobby for the Red Line toward the north end of the station , with entrances at Church Street and opposite it , near Harvard 's Johnston Gate ; and an unpaid entrance to the bus tunnel at Brattle Square ."}]}, {'value': 'Red Line', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Red Line is a rapid transit line operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) . It runs roughly northwest-to-southeast across Cambridge and Davis Square in Somerville - from Alewife in North Cambridge to Kendall/MIT in Kendall Square - with a connection to commuter rail at Porter . It then crosses over the Longfellow Bridge into downtown Boston , where it connects with the Green Line at Park Street , the Orange Line at Downtown Crossing , the Silver Line at South Station , as well as Amtrak and commuter rail at the South Station surface terminal before passing through South Boston and Dorchester . South of JFK/UMass in Dorchester , it splits into two branches terminating at Braintree and Ashmont stations ; transfers to commuter rail are again possible at JFK/UMass , Quincy Center , and Braintree . From Ashmont , passengers may continue to Mattapan via the Ashmont-Mattapan High Speed Line , a 2.6-mile ( 4.2 km ) light rail line . All operating Red Line stations are handicapped accessible except Valley Road on the Ashmont-Mattapan High Speed Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 2 , 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakeville Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeville_Road_station', 'summary': 'Lakeville Road was a light rail stop on the MBTA Green Line E Branch , located at the intersection of Centre Street and Lakeville Road in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . It was closed on December 28 , 1985 when service on the E Branch past Heath Street was temporarily suspended . The route 39 bus , the replacement for the Arborway Line , does not stop at the same location .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Line ( E )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) in the Boston , Massachusetts , metropolitan area . It is the oldest Boston rapid transit line , and with tunnel sections dating from 1897 , the oldest in America . It runs as a deep-level subway through downtown Boston , and on the surface into inner suburbs via four branches on several radial boulevards . With an average daily weekday ridership of 160,000 in 2019 , it is the second most heavily used light rail system in the country . The line was assigned the green color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston . The four branches are the remnants of a large streetcar system , which began in 1856 with the Cambridge Horse Railroad and was consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway several decades later . The branches all travel downtown through the Tremont Street Subway , the oldest subway tunnel in North America . The Tremont Street Subway opened its first section on September 1 , 1897 , to take streetcars off overcrowded downtown streets ; it was extended five times over the next five decades . The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was gradually replaced with trackless trolleys and buses , with cuts as late as 1985 . A new branch opened on a converted commuter rail line in 1959 ; the Green Line Extension project will extend two branches into Somerville and Medford in 2021 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_"E"_Branch', 'summary': 'The E Branch ( also referred to as the Huntington Avenue Branch , or formerly as the Arborway Branch ) is a streetcar line in the Boston , Massachusetts area , operating as a branch of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Green Line . From 1985 to 2011 , service beyond Heath Street ( from VA Medical Center to the original outbound terminus at Arborway ) was temporarily suspended , with the 39 bus providing service beyond ; service restoration was officially canceled in 2011 after the defeat of a lawsuit . The segment of the line between Brigham Circle and Heath Street is the only remaining section of street-running tracks in revenue use by the MBTA ; all other trackage is in tunnels and bridges , on private rights-of-way , in reserved medians , or is used for out-of-service trains ( near Cleveland Circle ) . Northeast of the street-running section , the tracks run in the median of Huntington Avenue before descending via the Northeastern Incline into the Huntington Avenue Subway . Just west of Copley station , an underground flat junction connects the line into the other Green Line branches in the Boylston Street Subway , where they all run together to downtown . As of 2019 [ update ] , the E Branch is the only Green Line branch that regularly runs through to Lechmere Station , the northern terminus of the Green Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/Jamaica Plain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 28 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monument', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monument_station_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'Monument station was an MBTA Green Line light rail stop in Boston , Massachusetts . Located at Monument Square in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood , it served the E Branch . It was closed on December 28 , 1985 when service on the E Branch past Heath Street was temporarily suspended . The route 39 bus , the replacement for the Arborway Line , now stops at the same location southbound and one block to the south northbound .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Line ( E )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) in the Boston , Massachusetts , metropolitan area . It is the oldest Boston rapid transit line , and with tunnel sections dating from 1897 , the oldest in America . It runs as a deep-level subway through downtown Boston , and on the surface into inner suburbs via four branches on several radial boulevards . With an average daily weekday ridership of 160,000 in 2019 , it is the second most heavily used light rail system in the country . The line was assigned the green color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston . The four branches are the remnants of a large streetcar system , which began in 1856 with the Cambridge Horse Railroad and was consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway several decades later . The branches all travel downtown through the Tremont Street Subway , the oldest subway tunnel in North America . The Tremont Street Subway opened its first section on September 1 , 1897 , to take streetcars off overcrowded downtown streets ; it was extended five times over the next five decades . The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was gradually replaced with trackless trolleys and buses , with cuts as late as 1985 . A new branch opened on a converted commuter rail line in 1959 ; the Green Line Extension project will extend two branches into Somerville and Medford in 2021 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_"E"_Branch', 'summary': 'The E Branch ( also referred to as the Huntington Avenue Branch , or formerly as the Arborway Branch ) is a streetcar line in the Boston , Massachusetts area , operating as a branch of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Green Line . From 1985 to 2011 , service beyond Heath Street ( from VA Medical Center to the original outbound terminus at Arborway ) was temporarily suspended , with the 39 bus providing service beyond ; service restoration was officially canceled in 2011 after the defeat of a lawsuit . The segment of the line between Brigham Circle and Heath Street is the only remaining section of street-running tracks in revenue use by the MBTA ; all other trackage is in tunnels and bridges , on private rights-of-way , in reserved medians , or is used for out-of-service trains ( near Cleveland Circle ) . Northeast of the street-running section , the tracks run in the median of Huntington Avenue before descending via the Northeastern Incline into the Huntington Avenue Subway . Just west of Copley station , an underground flat junction connects the line into the other Green Line branches in the Boylston Street Subway , where they all run together to downtown . As of 2019 [ update ] , the E Branch is the only Green Line branch that regularly runs through to Lechmere Station , the northern terminus of the Green Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/Jamaica Plain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 28 , 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moraine Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moraine_Street_station', 'summary': 'Moraine Street was a light rail stop on the MBTA Green Line E Branch , located at Canary Square ( the intersection of South Huntington Avenue , Centre Street , Moraine Street , and Boylston Street ) in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . It was closed on December 28 , 1985 when service on the E Branch past Heath Street was temporarily suspended . The route 39 bus , the replacement for the Arborway Line , now stops at the same location . Stony Brook station on the Orange Line is 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) to the east along Boylston Street .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Line ( E )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)', 'summary': 'The Green Line is a light rail system run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) in the Boston , Massachusetts , metropolitan area . It is the oldest Boston rapid transit line , and with tunnel sections dating from 1897 , the oldest in America . It runs as a deep-level subway through downtown Boston , and on the surface into inner suburbs via four branches on several radial boulevards . With an average daily weekday ridership of 160,000 in 2019 , it is the second most heavily used light rail system in the country . The line was assigned the green color in 1967 during a systemwide rebranding because several branches pass through sections of the Emerald Necklace of Boston . The four branches are the remnants of a large streetcar system , which began in 1856 with the Cambridge Horse Railroad and was consolidated into the Boston Elevated Railway several decades later . The branches all travel downtown through the Tremont Street Subway , the oldest subway tunnel in North America . The Tremont Street Subway opened its first section on September 1 , 1897 , to take streetcars off overcrowded downtown streets ; it was extended five times over the next five decades . The streetcar system peaked in size around 1930 and was gradually replaced with trackless trolleys and buses , with cuts as late as 1985 . A new branch opened on a converted commuter rail line in 1959 ; the Green Line Extension project will extend two branches into Somerville and Medford in 2021 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Line_"E"_Branch', 'summary': 'The E Branch ( also referred to as the Huntington Avenue Branch , or formerly as the Arborway Branch ) is a streetcar line in the Boston , Massachusetts area , operating as a branch of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Green Line . From 1985 to 2011 , service beyond Heath Street ( from VA Medical Center to the original outbound terminus at Arborway ) was temporarily suspended , with the 39 bus providing service beyond ; service restoration was officially canceled in 2011 after the defeat of a lawsuit . The segment of the line between Brigham Circle and Heath Street is the only remaining section of street-running tracks in revenue use by the MBTA ; all other trackage is in tunnels and bridges , on private rights-of-way , in reserved medians , or is used for out-of-service trains ( near Cleveland Circle ) . Northeast of the street-running section , the tracks run in the median of Huntington Avenue before descending via the Northeastern Incline into the Huntington Avenue Subway . Just west of Copley station , an underground flat junction connects the line into the other Green Line branches in the Boylston Street Subway , where they all run together to downtown . As of 2019 [ update ] , the E Branch is the only Green Line branch that regularly runs through to Lechmere Station , the northern terminus of the Green Line .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston/Jamaica Plain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 28 , 1985', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Former stations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_MBTA_subway_stations_1', 'intro': "This is a list of MBTA Subway stations in Boston and surrounding municipalities. All stations are operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. This list includes all rapid transit, light rail, and bus rapid transit (BRT) stations currently open on the MBTA's subway system. As of 2019[update], the system has 149 stops and stations served by the Green, Blue, Red, Orange, and Silver lines. These range in scale from marked stops on the Green and Silver lines with no fixed infrastructure, to sprawling underground complexes at the downtown transfer stations. Boylston and Park Street stations, which opened in 1897, were the first two subway stations in the United States."}
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Which station was located on a bus route with 39,000 weekday riders ?
Black Falcon Avenue & Design Center Place
0ad58bdc96d9e187
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadran_Film', 'title': 'Jadran Film', 'header': ['Year', 'Film', 'Director'], 'data': [{'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'H-8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/H-8_(film)', 'summary': 'H-8 is a 1958 Yugoslav film directed by Nikola Tanhofer .'}]}, {'value': 'Nikola Tanhofer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikola_Tanhofer', 'summary': 'Nikola Tanhofer ( Croatian pronunciation : [ nǐkola tânhoːfer ] ; 25 December 1926 - 24 November 1998 ) was a Croatian film director , screenwriter and cinematographer . His first film as director , It Was Not in Vain was entered into the 7th Berlin International Film Festival . His most accomplished film , H-8 ( 1958 ) , won him a Golden Arena award at the Pula Film Festival . After two less successful films , the psychological war drama Osma vrata ( 1959 ) and Sreća dolazi u 9 ( 1961 ) , the first Yugoslavian feature film with fantastical elements , he directed two somewhat more successful ones , Dvostruki obruč ( 1963 ) and Svanuće ( 1964 ) . After directing Bablje ljeto ( 1970 ) , he devoted himself to teaching at the Department for Film and Television Cinematography , which he founded in 1969 at the former Academy For Theater , Film And Television in Zagreb . He wrote Filmska fotografija ( Film Photography ) in 1981 .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Train Without a Timetable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Train_Without_a_Timetable', 'summary': 'Train Without a Timetable ( Serbo-Croatian : Vlak bez voznog reda ) is a 1959 Yugoslav film directed by Veljko Bulajić . It was entered into the 1959 Cannes Film Festival . The film was also selected as the Yugoslav entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 32nd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Veljko Bulajić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veljko_Bulajić', 'summary': 'Veljko Bulajić ( born 22 March 1928 ) is a Montenegrin-Croatian film director and UNESCO Kalinga Prize recipient . He has spent the majority of his life working in Croatia and is primarily known for directing the Yugoslav state-sponsored World War II-themed movies from the Partisan film genre . Bulajić was a resistance fighter in World War II having joined the Yugoslav Partisans group at the age of 13 . Bulajić and his two older brothers were all wounded in battle and at one point his entire family was imprisoned in an Italian fascist concentration camp . The two surviving brothers , Veljko and Stevan , would later co-write the movies Kozara and Battle of Neretva . According to the Croatian Public Broadcasting Company , his films have reached an audience in excess of 500 million viewers worldwide . The top four most viewed Yugoslav films of all time were all directed by Bulajic .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ninth Circle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Ninth_Circle', 'summary': 'The Ninth Circle ( Serbo-Croatian : Deveti krug / Девети круг ) is a 1960 Yugoslavian film directed by France Štiglic . The story revolves around the Croatian Ustasha concentration camp named The Ninth Circle , based on the infamous Jasenovac concentration camp . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . It was also entered into the 1960 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'France Štiglic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France_Štiglic', 'summary': "France Štiglic ( 12 November 1919 - 4 May 1993 ) was a Slovenian film director and screenwriter . His 1948 film On Our Own Land was entered into the 1949 Cannes Film Festival . His film The Ninth Circle ( 1960 ) was Yugoslavia 's submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 33rd Academy Awards , where it was shortlisted for the award ."}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Face to Face', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Face_to_Face_(1963_film)', 'summary': 'Face to Face ( Licem u lice ) is a 1963 Yugoslavian political film . It is directed by Branko Bauer , written by Bogdan Jovanović , and stars Ilija Džuvalekovski , Husein Čokić , and Vladimir Popović .'}]}, {'value': 'Branko Bauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Branko_Bauer', 'summary': 'Branko Bauer ( 18 February 1921 - 11 April 2002 ) was a Croatian film director . He is considered to be the leading figure of classical narrative cinema in Croatian and Yugoslav cinema of the 1950s .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prometheus of the Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prometheus_of_the_Island', 'summary': "Prometheus of the Island ( Serbo-Croatian : Prometej s otoka Viševice ) , also known in English as Prometheus from the island of Viševica , is a 1964 Yugoslav film directed by Vatroslav Mimica . It won the Big Golden Arena for Best Film at the 1965 Pula Film Festival ( shared with Aleksandar Petrović 's film Three ) . The film was also entered into the 4th Moscow International Film Festival winning a Special Diploma ."}]}, {'value': 'Vatroslav Mimica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vatroslav_Mimica', 'summary': 'Vatroslav Mimica ( 25 June 1923 - 15 February 2020 ) was a Croatian film director and screenwriter . Born in Omiš , Mimica had enrolled at the University of Zagreb School of Medicine before the outbreak of World War II . In 1942 he joined Young Communist League of Yugoslavia ( SKOJ ) and in 1943 he went on to join the Yugoslav Partisans , becoming a member of their medical units . After the war Mimica wrote literary and film reviews , and his career in filmmaking began in 1950 when he became the director of the Jadran Film production studio . He had his directorial and screenwriting debut in the 1952 Yugoslav film In the Storm ( Croatian : U oluji ) which starred Veljko Bulajić , Mia Oremović and Antun Nalis . In the 1950s Mimica worked as a director and writer on a number of critically acclaimed animated films and became a prominent member of the Zagreb School of Animated Films ( his 1958 animated short film The Loner ( Samac ) was awarded the Venice Grand Prix ) , along with authors such as Vlado Kristl and Academy Award-winning Dušan Vukotić . In the 1960s Mimica moved away from animation ( his last animated film was 1971 film The Firemen ( Vatrogasci ) ) and turned to directing feature films , starting with the 1961 Yugoslav-Italian film Suleiman the Conqueror ( Italian : Solimano il conquistatore ) starring Edmund Purdom and Giorgia Moll . His 1965 film Prometheus of the Island ( Prometej s otoka Viševice ) won the Big Golden Arena for Best Film at the 1965 Pula Film Festival and earned Mimica a runner-up Silver Arena award for Best Director . It was also entered into the 4th Moscow International Film Festival winning a Special Diploma . The following year his 1966 film Monday or Tuesday ( Ponedjeljak ili utorak ) also won the Big Golden Arena for Best Film and Mimica won the Golden Arena for Best Director . Mimica made several other films through the 1970s , most notably the period films Anno Domini 1573 ( Peasant revolt of 1573 ) - Seljačka buna 1573. in Croatian - depicting the 16th century Croatian-Slovenian peasant revolt , and The Falcon ( Banović Strahinja ) , set in 14th century Serbia , before retiring from filmmaking in 1981 . His son Sergio Mimica-Gezzan is an American film and television director .'}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monday or Tuesday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monday_or_Tuesday_(film)', 'summary': 'Monday or Tuesday ( Serbo-Croatian : Ponedjeljak ili utorak ) is a 1966 Yugoslav drama film directed by Vatroslav Mimica starring Slobodan Dimitrijević .'}]}, {'value': 'Vatroslav Mimica', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Handcuffs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handcuffs_(film)', 'summary': 'Handcuffs ( Lisice ) is a Croatian film directed by Krsto Papić . It was released in Yugoslavia in 1969 . In 1999 , a poll of Croatian film critics found it to be one of the best Croatian films ever made .'}]}, {'value': 'Krsto Papić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krsto_Papić', 'summary': 'Krsto Papić ( 7 December 1933 - 7 February 2013 ) was a Croatian screenwriter and film director whose career spanned over five decades . He is generally considered among the best directors of former Yugoslavia and the only director from Croatia that can be counted among the Yugoslav Black Wave .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_House_(1975_film)', 'summary': 'The House ( Serbo-Croatian : Kuća ) is a 1975 Yugoslav film directed by Bogdan Žižić .'}]}, {'value': 'Bogdan Žižić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bogdan_Žižić', 'summary': "Bogdan Žižić ( born 8 November 1934 in Solin ) is a Croatian film director and screenwriter . Žižić is regarded as one of the most prolific Croatian directors of short documentary films , and is also known for several critically acclaimed feature films made in the 1970s . Žižić had graduated from the University of Zagreb Faculty of Law before taking up filmmaking in the early 1960s . From 1960 to 1964 he worked as a dramaturge at the Zagreb Film production company , and he had his directing debut with the 1964 film The Flood ( Croatian : Poplava ) , a documentary about the 1964 Zagreb flood . He went on to make a number of acclaimed documentaries in the 1960s and 1970s , mostly dealing with social issues and art . After making a few surrealist experimental short films in the early 1970s , Žižić started making feature films , his most notable works being The House ( Kuća , 1975 ) and Do n't Lean Out the Window ( Ne naginji se van , 1977 ) , which both won the Big Golden Arena for Best Film awards at the 1975 and 1977 editions of the Pula Film Festival . This made him the only film director whose first two feature films both won the award . In the second half of the 1980s and in the early 1990s Žižić served as head of Zagreb Film . In 2008 Žižić was awarded the Vladimir Nazor Award for Life Achievement , and in 2009 Žižić was named as the inaugural winner of the Honorary Stamp life achievement award for contributions to documentary filmmaking at the 2009 ZagrebDox film festival , along with American filmmaker Jon Alpert ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Do n't Lean Out the Window", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_Lean_Out_the_Window", 'summary': "Do n't Lean Out the Window ( Serbo-Croatian : Ne naginji se van ) , is a 1977 Yugoslav drama film directed by Bogdan Žižić . The film won two Golden Arena awards at the 1977 Pula Film Festival , for Best Film and for Best Supporting Actress ( Mira Banjac ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bogdan Žižić', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Occupation in 26 Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Occupation_in_26_Pictures', 'summary': 'Occupation in 26 Pictures , also known as Occupation in 26 Tableaux ( Croatian : Okupacija u 26 slika ) , is a 1978 Yugoslavian war film directed by Lordan Zafranović . It was entered into the 1979 Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the Yugoslav entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Lordan Zafranović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lordan_Zafranović', 'summary': 'Lordan Zafranović ( born 11 February 1944 ) is a Czech-Croatian film director , and a major figure of the Yugoslav Black Wave . He lives in Prague and Zagreb .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Fall of Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Fall_of_Italy', 'summary': 'The Fall of Italy ( Croatian : Pad Italije ) , is a 1981 Yugoslav war film directed by Lordan Zafranović . It won the Big Golden Arena for Best Film at the 1981 Pula Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Lordan Zafranović', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washed Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washed_Out_(film)', 'summary': 'Washed Out ( Croatian : Isprani ) is a 1995 Croatian film directed by Zrinko Ogresta . The film was selected as the Croatian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 68th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . The winner of the Prix Italia ( 1996 ) for the best fiction .'}]}, {'value': 'Zrinko Ogresta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zrinko_Ogresta', 'summary': "Zrinko Ogresta ( born 5 October 1958 in Virovitica ) is a Croatian screenwriter and film director , professor of film directing at the Academy of Dramatic Arts in Zagreb and a member of the European Film Academy in Berlin . Praised for their strong visual style , well articulated mise-en-scène and innovative storytelling , his films focus on the anxieties that lurk behind the well cultivated burgeois facade of the characters , using their emotional and psychological fractures to bring to light the complexes that haunt the society in general , while subtly analysing social and political forces behind it . Ogresta 's films were screened and awarded at renowned international and local festivals ( Berlin , Venice , Karlovy Vary , London , Montpellier , Denver , Milan , Pula… ) . Some of the most notable prizes are the nomination for European Film Award in the category of best young director for the film Fragments , Prix Italia for the film Washed Out , the Special Jury Prize at the Karlovy Vary festival for the film Here and a Special Mention at the Berlinale for the film On the other side ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'When the Dead Start Singing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/When_the_Dead_Start_Singing', 'summary': 'When the Dead Start Singing ( Kad mrtvi zapjevaju ) is a Croatian feature film directed by Krsto Papić . It was released in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'Krsto Papić', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Notable films -- Big Golden Arena winners', 'section_text': 'See also : Big Golden Arena for Best Film and Pula Film Festival Below is the complete list of films produced by Jadran Film which won the Golden Arena for Best Film , the main award at the Pula Film Festival . The festival served as the Yugoslav national film awards ( i.e . the local equivalent of the Academy Award ) since its establishment in 1955 until 1990 . Due to the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s the festival was re-branded as the Croatian film awards in 1992 . A total of 11 Jadran Film films won the award in Yugoslav competition , and another two won the award since 1992 .', 'uid': 'Jadran_Film_0', 'intro': "Jadran Film is a film production studio and distribution company founded in 1946 in Zagreb, Croatia. In the period between the early 1960s and late 1980s Jadran Film was one of the biggest and most notable film studios in Central Europe, with some 145 international and around 120 Yugoslav productions filmed at the studio during those three decades, including two Oscar-winning films and Orson Welles' 1962 screen adaptation of Franz Kafka's novel The Trial. The word Jadran refers to the Adriatic Sea in Croatian. During most of its existence it was one of the two main film studios in Yugoslav cinema (along with Avala Film of Belgrade) and was one of the few film companies which played a major role in the post-World War II history of Croatian cinema, along with Croatia Film and Zagreb Film (which is mainly known for animated films). In the 1990s the company experienced a sharp downturn amid the breakup of Yugoslavia and most of the company's property was either sold or fell into disrepair in the ensuing privatization. The company still continues to produce films, although Jadran Film's once voluminous output has since dwindled to only a handful of films produced every year, mainly Croatian and regional co-productions."}
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The films of the director of `` Vlak bez voznog reda '' have been viewed by an estimated how many people ?
500 million viewers
0ad6a46924926e07
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_MLS_SuperDraft', 'title': '2003 MLS SuperDraft', 'header': ['Pick #', 'MLS team', 'Player', 'Position', 'Affiliation'], 'data': [{'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '* Brian Carroll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Carroll', 'summary': 'Brian Carroll ( born July 20 , 1981 ) is a retired American soccer player who last played for Philadelphia Union in Major League Soccer . He is currently the only player in MLS history to have won 4 consecutive Supporter Shields .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wake Forest University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wake_Forest_University', 'summary': "Wake Forest University is a private research university in Winston-Salem , North Carolina . Founded in 1834 , the university received its name from its original location in Wake Forest , north of Raleigh , North Carolina . The Reynolda Campus , the university 's main campus , has been located north of downtown Winston-Salem since the university moved there in 1956 . The Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center campus has two locations , the older one located near the Ardmore neighborhood in central Winston-Salem , and the newer campus at Wake Forest Innovation Quarter downtown . The university also occupies lab space at Biotech Plaza at Innovation Quarter , and at the Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials . The university 's Graduate School of Management maintains a presence on the main campus in Winston-Salem and in Charlotte , North Carolina . Wake Forest has produced 15 Rhodes Scholars , including 13 since 1986 , four Marshall Scholars , 15 Truman Scholars and 92 Fulbright recipients since 1993. Notable people of Wake Forest University include author Maya Angelou , mathematician Phillip Griffiths , Senators Richard Burr and Kay Hagan , former sportscaster and athlete Billy Packer , athletes Chris Paul , Tim Duncan , Muggsy Bogues , Brian Piccolo and Arnold Palmer , and CEO Charlie Ergen . Wake Forest student athletes are known as the Demon Deacons and compete in the NCAA Division I - Atlantic Coast Conference ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MetroStars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MetroStars', 'summary': "The New York Red Bulls are an American professional soccer club based in Harrison , New Jersey . The Red Bulls compete as a member of the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established in October 1994 and began play in the league 's inaugural season in 1996 as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars . In 2006 , the team was sold to Red Bull GmbH and re-branded as part of the company 's global network of football clubs , leading to the team 's current name . The Red Bulls have played their home matches at Red Bull Arena since 2010 , having previously played at Giants Stadium . The club is one of two teams in MLS based in the New York metropolitan region along with New York City FC , which entered the league in 2015 . The two sides compete against each other in the Hudson River Derby . The team 's current head coach is former United States international midfielder Chris Armas . The Red Bulls have reached the MLS Cup final once in 2008 where they were defeated by the Columbus Crew . The club has won three regular season Supporters ' Shield titles in 2013 , 2015 and 2018 , and has also twice reached the final of the U.S. Open Cup in 2003 and 2017 , losing on both occasions ."}]}, {'value': '* Eddie Gaven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Gaven', 'summary': 'Eddie Gaven ( born October 25 , 1986 in Hamilton Township , New Jersey ) is a retired American soccer player who played 11 seasons in Major League Soccer , primarily with the Columbus Crew . In July 2012 , Gaven became the youngest player to play in 250 MLS matches at 25 years and 257 days old .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nike Project-40', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike_Project-40', 'summary': 'Generation Adidas is a joint venture between Major League Soccer and U.S. Soccer aimed at raising the level of young professional soccer talent in the United States . The program , sponsored by Adidas , offers professional-ready players in the U.S. developmental system not yet eligible for the MLS SuperDraft early entry , allowing MLS to compete with foreign professional clubs without comparable restrictions on player signing . From its establishment in 1997 to 2005 , the program was sponsored by Nike and was called Project-40 . Originally intended to improve the U.S. national team player pool , American national team eligibility is no longer required for program entry . Carlos Parra was the first Project-40 player when he signed with the league and was allocated to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars in 1997 . Since then , the program has included players such as Tim Howard , DaMarcus Beasley , Maurice Edu , Carlos Bocanegra , Clint Dempsey , Jozy Altidore , Ben Olsen , Sacha Kljestan , Freddy Adu , Brad Guzan , Michael Bradley , Nick Rimando and Kyle Beckerman . Generation Adidas players do not count against the MLS senior roster and usually earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . Entering into the program automatically classifies a player as professional , and thus disqualifies them from playing college soccer . As a result , Generation Adidas players are also guaranteed scholarships to continue their college education should their professional career not pan out . From 1998 to 2000 , MLS entered a team of Project-40 players , supplemented by other MLS players who did not get much playing time , into the A-League in the USL . In 2017 , MLS introduced Canadian Generation Adidas players , part of a new initiative with the Canadian Soccer Association . Canadian Generation Adidas players count as domestic players on US based MLS teams .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Earthquakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes', 'summary': "The San Jose Earthquakes are an American professional soccer team based in San Jose , California , United States , that competes as a member of the Western Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 ( originally as the San Jose Clash ) as one of the charter clubs of the league . The Earthquakes took part in the first game in MLS history , defeating D.C. United 1-0 . The Earthquakes have won two MLS Cup titles , in 2001 and 2003 , and two Supporters ' Shields in 2005 and 2012 . In 2002 , the team played in its first CONCACAF Champions Cup ( now called the CONCACAF Champions League ) , making it to the quarterfinals . The team holds a fierce rivalry with the LA Galaxy known as the California Clásico . In 2005 , the then owner of the Earthquakes , Anschutz Entertainment Group , announced plans of the team relocating to Houston due to failing efforts to secure a soccer-specific stadium in San Jose . The organization in Houston would be considered an expansion team by the league , eventually becoming the Houston Dynamo , which began play in 2006 . The Earthquakes returned after a two-year hiatus , resuming play in 2008 . Argentinian Matías Almeyda is the Quakes ' current head coach . Since 2015 the Earthquakes play their home games at Avaya Stadium . The team previously played its home games at Buck Shaw Stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in Santa Clara , California from 2008 to 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '* Arturo Alvarez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arturo_Álvarez_(footballer,_born_1985)', 'summary': 'José Arturo Álvarez Hernández ( born June 28 , 1985 ) is a retired Salvadoran-American professional footballer who played as a winger and forward .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nike Project-40', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike_Project-40', 'summary': 'Generation Adidas is a joint venture between Major League Soccer and U.S. Soccer aimed at raising the level of young professional soccer talent in the United States . The program , sponsored by Adidas , offers professional-ready players in the U.S. developmental system not yet eligible for the MLS SuperDraft early entry , allowing MLS to compete with foreign professional clubs without comparable restrictions on player signing . From its establishment in 1997 to 2005 , the program was sponsored by Nike and was called Project-40 . Originally intended to improve the U.S. national team player pool , American national team eligibility is no longer required for program entry . Carlos Parra was the first Project-40 player when he signed with the league and was allocated to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars in 1997 . Since then , the program has included players such as Tim Howard , DaMarcus Beasley , Maurice Edu , Carlos Bocanegra , Clint Dempsey , Jozy Altidore , Ben Olsen , Sacha Kljestan , Freddy Adu , Brad Guzan , Michael Bradley , Nick Rimando and Kyle Beckerman . Generation Adidas players do not count against the MLS senior roster and usually earn a much higher salary than the league minimum . Entering into the program automatically classifies a player as professional , and thus disqualifies them from playing college soccer . As a result , Generation Adidas players are also guaranteed scholarships to continue their college education should their professional career not pan out . From 1998 to 2000 , MLS entered a team of Project-40 players , supplemented by other MLS players who did not get much playing time , into the A-League in the USL . In 2017 , MLS introduced Canadian Generation Adidas players , part of a new initiative with the Canadian Soccer Association . Canadian Generation Adidas players count as domestic players on US based MLS teams .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.C. United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D.C._United', 'summary': "D.C. United is an American professional soccer club based in Washington , D.C . The club competes as a member of the Eastern Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of professional American soccer . The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league . The club was one of the most successful clubs in the early years of MLS , winning eight of its thirteen titles between 1996 and 1998 under then head coach Bruce Arena . United holds the joint MLS record for most Supporters ' Shields , has four MLS Cups , and been crowned U.S. Open Cup champions three times . It is also the first club to win both the MLS Supporters ' Shield and MLS Cup consecutively . On the international stage , D.C. United has competed in both the CONCACAF Champions League and its predecessor , the CONCACAF Champions ' Cup . The club won the 1998 CONCACAF Champions ' Cup , making them one of only two MLS teams to ever win a CONCACAF tournament . Subsequently , United won the now-defunct Copa Interamericana in 1998 against Vasco da Gama of Brazil . This is the only intercontinental title won by an MLS club . The team 's home field from 1996 to 2017 was the 45,596-seat Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , owned by the District of Columbia . The team moved into the new Audi Field , a soccer-specific stadium with a capacity of 20,000 at Buzzard Point just a few blocks from Nationals Park in July 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Doug Warren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doug_Warren', 'summary': 'Douglas Patrick Doug Warren ( born March 18 , 1981 in Palatine , Illinois ) is an American soccer goalkeeper , who last played for the New England Revolution in Major League Soccer . He was a member of the U.S. team at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clemson University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_University', 'summary': "Clemson University ( /ˈklɛmp.sən , ˈklɛm.zən/ [ note a ] ) is a public , land-grant research university in Clemson , South Carolina . Founded in 1889 , Clemson is the second-largest university in student population in South Carolina . For the fall 2017 semester , the university enrolled a total of 19,402 undergraduate students and 4,985 graduate students , and the student/faculty ratio was 18:1 . Clemson 's 1,400-acre campus is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits next to Lake Hartwell . The university manages the nearby 17,500-acre Clemson Experimental Forest that is used for research , education , and recreation . Clemson University consists of seven colleges : Agriculture , Forestry and Life Sciences ; Architecture , Arts and Humanities ; Business ; Behavioral , Social and Health Sciences ; Education ; Engineering , Computing and Applied Sciences ; and Science . U.S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University tied for 24 among all national public universities . Clemson University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Burn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Burn', 'summary': "FC Dallas is an American professional soccer club based in the Dallas suburb of Frisco , Texas . The club competes as a member of the Western Conference in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The franchise began play in 1996 as a charter club of the league . The club was founded in 1995 as the Dallas Burn before adopting its current name in 2004 . Dallas plays its home games at their 20,500-capacity soccer-specific Toyota Stadium , where they have played since 2005 . In the club 's early years , Dallas played their home games in the Cotton Bowl . The team is owned by the Hunt Sports Group led by brothers Clark Hunt and Dan Hunt , who is the team 's president . The Hunt family also owns the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs and part of the Chicago Bulls . FC Dallas in 2016 won their first Supporters ' Shield . In 2010 they were runners-up in the MLS Cup , losing to the Colorado Rapids in extra time . The team has won the U.S. Open Cup on two occasions ( in 1997 and again in 2016 ) . Their fully owned USL affiliate , North Texas SC , won the 2019 USL League One regular season and overall championship titles , the third division title in American soccer ."}]}, {'value': '* Jason Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Thompson_(soccer)', 'summary': 'Jason Thompson ( born on November 22 , 1981 in Garland , Texas ) is an American soccer player who last played striker for D.C. United of Major League Soccer .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Illinois University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Illinois_University', 'summary': "Eastern Illinois University is a public university in Charleston , Illinois . Established in 1895 as the Eastern Illinois State Normal School , a teacher 's college offering a two-year degree , Eastern Illinois University gradually expanded into a comprehensive university with a broad curriculum , including bachelor 's and master 's degrees in education , business , arts , sciences , and humanities ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Scot Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scot_Thompson', 'summary': 'Scot Thompson ( born February 11 , 1981 in New York , New York ) is an American soccer player . On January 20 , 2010 he was ranked 21st in the USL First Division Top 25 of the Decade , which announced a list of the best and most influential players of the previous decade . He was the official community ambassador for the Portland Timbers and involved in social media connecting with fans , both Twitter and Facebook , for the Timbers .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MetroStars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MetroStars', 'summary': "The New York Red Bulls are an American professional soccer club based in Harrison , New Jersey . The Red Bulls compete as a member of the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The club was established in October 1994 and began play in the league 's inaugural season in 1996 as the New York/New Jersey MetroStars . In 2006 , the team was sold to Red Bull GmbH and re-branded as part of the company 's global network of football clubs , leading to the team 's current name . The Red Bulls have played their home matches at Red Bull Arena since 2010 , having previously played at Giants Stadium . The club is one of two teams in MLS based in the New York metropolitan region along with New York City FC , which entered the league in 2015 . The two sides compete against each other in the Hudson River Derby . The team 's current head coach is former United States international midfielder Chris Armas . The Red Bulls have reached the MLS Cup final once in 2008 where they were defeated by the Columbus Crew . The club has won three regular season Supporters ' Shield titles in 2013 , 2015 and 2018 , and has also twice reached the final of the U.S. Open Cup in 2003 and 2017 , losing on both occasions ."}]}, {'value': 'Tim Regan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Regan', 'summary': 'Tim Regan ( born June 27 , 1981 ) is a former American soccer defender .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradley University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradley_University', 'summary': 'Bradley University is a private university in Peoria , Illinois . Founded in 1897 , Bradley University currently enrolls 5,400 students who are pursuing degrees in more than 100 undergraduate programs and more than 30 graduate programs in five colleges . The university is regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and 22 national accrediting agencies .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago Fire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Soccer_Club', 'summary': "Chicago Fire Football Club is an American professional soccer franchise based in Chicago , Illinois . The team competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference , having moved to the conference in 2002 . The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , and was founded as the Chicago Fire Soccer Club on October 8 , 1997 , the event 's 126th anniversary . The team began play in 1998 as one of the league 's first expansion teams . The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup ( the double ) in their first season in 1998 . They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000 , 2003 , and 2006 , in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters ' Shield . In 2015 , the club won the first ever MLS Wooden Spoon , and repeated the feat in 2016 . The Fire maintains an extensive development system , consisting of the Chicago Fire Development Academy and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization . They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation , the team 's community-based charitable division . The Fire 's home stadium is Soldier Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Damani Ralph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damani_Ralph', 'summary': 'Damani Ralph ( born 6 November 1980 ) is a Jamaican retired footballer who played as a forward . His professional career spanned five years , two with Chicago Fire S.C. ( 2003-2004 ) and three with FC Rubin Kazan ( 2005-2007 ) . He also earned 18 caps with the Jamaica national football team from 2002 to 2005 . He has been a Licensed FIFA player agent with Global Premier Management since 2011 and is also currently its Vice President .'}]}, {'value': 'F', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University of Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Connecticut', 'summary': "The University of Connecticut ( UConn ) is a public land grant , National Sea Grant and National Space Grant research university in Storrs , Connecticut . It was founded in 1881 . The primary 4,400-acre ( 17.8 km2 ) campus is in Storrs , Connecticut , approximately a half hour 's drive from Hartford and 90 minutes from Boston . It is a flagship university that is ranked as tied for the best public national university in New England and is tied for 24th in top public schools and tied for 64th best national university in the 2020 U.S. News & World Report rankings . UConn has been ranked by Money Magazine and Princeton Review top 18th in value . The university is designated R-1 : Doctoral Universities - Highest Research Activity with the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education classifying the student body as More Selective , its most selective admissions category . The university has been recognized as a Public Ivy , defined as a select group of publicly funded universities considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . UConn is one of the founding institutions of the Hartford , Connecticut/Springfield , Massachusetts regional economic and cultural partnership alliance known as New England 's Knowledge Corridor . UConn was the second U.S. university invited into Universitas 21 , an elite international network of 24 research-intensive universities , who work together to foster global citizenship . UConn is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges . UConn was founded in 1881 as the Storrs Agricultural School , named after two brothers who donated the land for the school . In 1893 , the school became a land grant college ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': 'Arturo Torres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arturo_Torres', 'summary': 'Arturo Torres ( born December 11 , 1980 in Harbor City , California ) is an American soccer player , the first player in the history of Chivas USA of Major League Soccer . Torres played college soccer at Loyola Marymount University from 1999 to 2002 . As a freshman , although he only started 13 of 18 games , Torres scored 16 goals and 4 assists , and was a first-team All-WCC selection . Torres had continued success in 2000 , registering 11 goals and 10 assists , and was named the WCC Co-Player of the Year . As a junior , Torres was again a first-team All-WCC selection , after scoring 11 goals and 3 assists . As a senior , he scored 8 goals and 13 assists , and was named to the All-WCC first team for the fourth straight year . He finished his career at LMU with 46 goals and 22 assists . Upon graduating , Torres was selected 19th overall by the Los Angeles Galaxy in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft and signed to a developmental contract . In his first year , he appeared in nine games , starting three . In 2004 , he appeared in 18 games , scoring a goal and two assists . Despite the meek numbers , Chivas USA made Torres the first official player in club history , drafting him first overall in the 2004 MLS Expansion Draft . He would go on to play 23 games for the club during the 2005 season , scoring 2 goals .'}]}, {'value': 'M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loyola Marymount University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University', 'summary': "Loyola Marymount University ( LMU ) is a private Jesuit and Marymount research university in Los Angeles , California . It is located on the west side of the city and is scenically positioned atop the bluffs overlooking Playa Vista . LMU is also the parent school to Loyola Law School located in downtown Los Angeles . LMU offers 60 major and 55 minor undergraduate degrees and programs across 6 undergraduate colleges . The Graduate Division offers 51 master 's degree programs , one education doctorate , one doctorate in juridical science , one juris doctorate and 12 credential programs . As of 2019 [ update ] , Loyola Marymount University is one of the largest Roman Catholic universities on the U.S. West Coast with just under 9,700 undergraduate , graduate and law school students . LMU 's sports teams are called the Lions and compete at the NCAA Division I level as members of the West Coast Conference in 19 sports ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Galaxy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy', 'summary': "The LA Galaxy , also known as the Los Angeles Galaxy , is an American professional soccer club based in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California , that competes in Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , as a member of the Western Conference . The club began play in 1996 as one of the league 's ten charter members . The Galaxy was founded in 1994 and is owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group . In their early years , the club played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Since 2003 , they have played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson , California . The team holds a rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before that team folded in 2014 . A new rival emerged in 2018 in the form of Los Angeles FC in the El Tráfico derby . The franchise is one of Major League Soccer 's most successful teams , with a record five MLS Cups and having appeared an additional four times in the final , and won the Western Conference regular season title eight times , four Supporters ' Shields , two U.S. Open Cups and one CONCACAF Champions ' Cup title . In 2017 , the club added the dubious MLS Wooden Spoon to its trophy case for finishing bottom of the MLS league table . In 2007 , the club made international headlines with the signing of English player David Beckham from Real Madrid , the most high-profile transaction with Major League Soccer to that point . The club has fielded other high-profile international players including Zlatan Ibrahimović , Robbie Keane , Luis Hernández , Giovani dos Santos , Jonathan dos Santos , Jorge Campos , Steven Gerrard , Ashley Cole , and American Landon Donovan who is the all-time leading scorer for the club . Mostly recently in 2020 they signed Javier Chicharito Hernández , the all-time leading scorer for Mexico 's National Team ."}]}, {'value': '* Ricky Lewis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Lewis', 'summary': 'Ricky Lewis realname Eric Timothy Lewis ( born May 29 , 1982 , in Houston , Texas ) is an American soccer defender . Lewis played college soccer at Clemson University for three years from 2000 to 2002 . A starter for all three years , Lewis finished his career at the school with ten goals and 12 assists in 61 games . After his junior season , Lewis signed a Project-40 contract with MLS , and was selected 20th overall in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft by the Los Angeles Galaxy . As a rookie with the Galaxy , Lewis played in 13 games for the team , a starter in seven of those . In the 2004 season , he was traded mid-season to the Colorado Rapids in exchange for a late-round draft pick . Lewis started for Colorado in 16 games in 2005 . He was waived at the end of 2005 . After leaving Colorado , he was invited to train with Standard Liege in Belgium for two weeks in the fall of 2005 . Lewis had five years of youth national team experience . He was the starting left back of the US Under-20 team which competed in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship . He was also a member of the US Under-23 team which competed for a berth in the 2004 Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clemson University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clemson_University', 'summary': "Clemson University ( /ˈklɛmp.sən , ˈklɛm.zən/ [ note a ] ) is a public , land-grant research university in Clemson , South Carolina . Founded in 1889 , Clemson is the second-largest university in student population in South Carolina . For the fall 2017 semester , the university enrolled a total of 19,402 undergraduate students and 4,985 graduate students , and the student/faculty ratio was 18:1 . Clemson 's 1,400-acre campus is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits next to Lake Hartwell . The university manages the nearby 17,500-acre Clemson Experimental Forest that is used for research , education , and recreation . Clemson University consists of seven colleges : Agriculture , Forestry and Life Sciences ; Architecture , Arts and Humanities ; Business ; Behavioral , Social and Health Sciences ; Education ; Engineering , Computing and Applied Sciences ; and Science . U.S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University tied for 24 among all national public universities . Clemson University is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Player selection -- Round Two', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2003_MLS_SuperDraft_1', 'intro': 'The 2003 MLS Superdraft was held January 17, 2003 in Kansas City, Missouri. It was the fifth annual SuperDraft held by Major League Soccer.'}
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How old is the Player that has a Pick # of 14 ?
39
0ad7e65ffb8d4618
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte_Football_Money_League', 'title': 'Deloitte Football Money League', 'header': ['Rank', 'Club', 'Income ( € million )', 'Country'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manchester United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}, {'value': '251.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juventus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventus_F.C.', 'summary': "Juventus Football Club ( from Latin : iuventūs , youth ; Italian pronunciation : [ juˈvɛntus ] ) , colloquially known as Juve ( pronounced [ ˈjuːve ] ) , is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin , Piedmont . Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students , the club has worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played home matches in different grounds around its city , the latest being the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium . Nicknamed Vecchia Signora ( the Old Lady ) , the club has won 35 official league titles , 13 Coppa Italia titles and eight Supercoppa Italiana titles , being the record holder for all these competitions ; two Intercontinental Cups , two European Cups / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint national record of three UEFA Cups , two UEFA Super Cups and a joint national record of one UEFA Intertoto Cup . Consequently , the side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ( FIGC ) ranking [ a ] whilst on the international stage occupies the 5th position in Europe and the eleventh in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies , having led the UEFA ranking during seven seasons since its inception in 1979 , the most for an Italian team and joint second overall . Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus , initially as an athletics club , it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section ( 1893 ) and has competed uninterruptedly in the top flight league ( reformulated as Serie A from 1929 ) since its debut in 1900 after changing its name to Foot-Ball Club Juventus , with the exception of the 2006-07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923 . [ b ] The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus the first professional sporting club ante litteram in the country , having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since the mid-1970s and becoming one of the first ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value , revenue and profit since the mid-1990s , being listed on the Borsa italiana since 2001 . Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles , and became the first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the 1976-77 UEFA Cup ( first Southern European side to do so ) , the 1983-84 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1984-85 European Champions ' Cup . With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup , it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies ; an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi , becoming in addition the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . In December 2000 , Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA 's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th Century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) , the highest for an Italian club in both . The club 's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide . Unlike most European sporting supporters ' groups , which are often concentrated around their own club 's city of origin , it is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora , making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ( anti-parochialism ) and italianità ( Italianness ) . Juventus players have won eight Ballon d'Or awards , four of these in consecutive years ( 1982-1985 , an overall record ) , among these the first player representing Serie A , Omar Sívori , as well as Michel Platini and three of the five recipients with Italian nationality as the former member of the youth sector Paolo Rossi ; they have also won four FIFA World Player of the Year awards , with winners as Roberto Baggio and Zinédine Zidane , a national record and third and joint second highest overall , respectively , in the cited prizes ."}]}, {'value': '218.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': '200.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F.', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}]}, {'value': '193.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayern Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich', 'summary': "Fußball-Club Bayern München e.V. , commonly known as FC Bayern München ( German pronunciation : [ ʔɛf tseː ˈbaɪɐn ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ) , FCB , Bayern Munich , or FC Bayern , is a German sports club based in Munich , Bavaria . It is best known for its professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system , and is the most successful club in German football history , having won a record 29 national titles and 19 national cups . FC Bayern was founded in 1900 by 11 football players , led by Franz John . Although Bayern won its first national championship in 1932 , the club was not selected for the Bundesliga at its inception in 1963 . The club had its period of greatest success in the middle of the 1970s when , under the captaincy of Franz Beckenbauer , it won the European Cup three consecutive times ( 1974-1976 ) . Overall , Bayern has reached ten European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals , most recently winning their fifth title in 2013 as part of a continental treble . Bayern has also won one UEFA Cup , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one FIFA Club World Cup and two Intercontinental Cups , making it one of the most successful European clubs internationally and the only German club to have won both international titles . Since the formation of the Bundesliga , Bayern has been the dominant club in German football , winning 29 titles , including seven consecutively since 2013 . They have traditional local rivalries with 1860 Munich and 1 . FC Nürnberg , as well as with Borussia Dortmund since the mid-1990s . Since the beginning of the 2005-06 season , Bayern has played its home games at the Allianz Arena . Previously the team had played at Munich 's Olympiastadion for 33 years ."}]}, {'value': '163.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internazionale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inter_Milan', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '162.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arsenal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.', 'summary': "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington , London , England , that plays in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club has won 13 League titles , a record 13 FA Cups , 2 League Cups , 15 FA Community Shields , 1 League Centenary Trophy , 1 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and 1 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League , in 1893 , and they reached the First Division in 1904 . Relegated only once , in 1913 , they continue the longest streak in the top division , and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history . In the 1930s , Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups , and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war . In 1970-71 , they won their first League and FA Cup Double . Between 1989 and 2005 , they won five League titles and five FA Cups , including two more Doubles . They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position . Herbert Chapman won Arsenal 's first national trophies , but died prematurely . He helped introduce the WM formation , floodlights , and shirt numbers , and added the white sleeves and brighter red to the club 's kit . Arsène Wenger was the longest-serving manager and won the most trophies . He won a record 7 FA Cups , and his title-winning team set an English record for the longest top-flight unbeaten league run at 49 games between 2003 and 2004 , receiving the nickname The Invincibles ."}]}, {'value': '150.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liverpool', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool_F.C.', 'summary': "Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won six European Cups , more than any other English club , three UEFA Cups , four UEFA Super Cups ( both also English records ) , one FIFA Club World Cup , eighteen League titles , seven FA Cups , a record eight League Cups , fifteen FA Community Shields and one Football League Super Cup . Founded in 1892 , the club joined the Football League the following year and has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in English and European football in the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Kenny Dalglish led the club to a combined eleven League titles and four European Cups . Under the management of Rafael Benítez and captained by homegrown player Steven Gerrard , Liverpool became European champions for the fifth time in 2005 , before a sixth title was added under Jürgen Klopp in 2019 . Liverpool was the seventh highest-earning football club in the world in 2019 , with an annual revenue of €513.7 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at $ 2.183 billion . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Liverpool has long-standing rivalries with Manchester United and Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies : the Heysel Stadium disaster , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels , with 39 people - mostly Italians and Juventus fans - dying , after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition , and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . Red has been the main shirt colour ever since 1896 . The club 's anthem is You 'll Never Walk Alone ."}]}, {'value': '149.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newcastle United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Newcastle United Football Club is an English professional football club based in Newcastle upon Tyne , Tyne and Wear , that plays in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . Founded in 1892 by the merger of Newcastle East End and Newcastle West End . Per the requirements from the Taylor Report , in response to the Hillsborough disaster , that all Premiership teams have an all-seater stadium , the grounds were adjusted in the mid-1990s and now has a capacity of 52,354. , The team plays its home matches at St James ' Park . The club has been a member of the Premier League for all but three years of the competition 's history , spending 86 seasons in the top tier as of May 2018 , and has never dropped below English football 's second tier since joining the Football League in 1893 . They have won four League Championship titles , six FA Cups and a Charity Shield , as well as the 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup , the ninth highest total of trophies won by an English club . The club 's most successful period was between 1904 and 1910 , when they won an FA Cup and three of their First Division titles . The club was relegated in 2009 and again in 2016 . The club won promotion at the first time of asking each time , returning to the Premier League as Championship winners in 2010 and 2017 for the 2017-18 season . Newcastle has a local rivalry with Sunderland , with whom they have contested the Tyne-Wear derby since 1898 . The club 's traditional kit colours are black and white striped shirts , black shorts and black socks . Their crest has elements of the city coat of arms , which features two grey seahorses . Before each home game , the team enters the field to Local Hero , and Blaydon Races is also sung during games ."}]}, {'value': '139.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chelsea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chelsea_F.C.', 'summary': "Chelsea Football Club are an English professional football club based in Fulham , London . Founded in 1905 , they compete in the Premier League , the top division of English football . Chelsea are among England 's most successful clubs ; they have been league champions six times and won over thirty competitive honours , including six European trophies . Their home ground is Stamford Bridge . Chelsea won their first major honour , the League Championship , in 1955 . They won the FA Cup for the first time in 1970 and their first European honour , the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1971 . After a period of decline in the late 1970s and 1980s , the club enjoyed a revival in the 1990s and had more success in cup competitions . The past two decades have been the most successful in Chelsea 's history : they won five of their six league titles and the UEFA Champions League during this period . Chelsea are one of five clubs to have won all three of UEFA 's main club competitions , and the only London club to have won the Champions League . Chelsea 's home kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks . The club 's crest features a ceremonial lion rampant regardant holding a staff . The club have rivalries with neighbouring teams Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur , and a historic rivalry with Leeds United ."}]}, {'value': '134.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Rankings by season -- 2004', 'section_text': 'English clubs dominated the money league for the 2002–03 season , with five Premier League clubs occupying spots in the top 10 .', 'uid': 'Deloitte_Football_Money_League_17', 'intro': 'The Deloitte Football Money League is a ranking of football clubs by revenue generated from football operations. It is produced annually by the accountancy firm Deloitte and released in early February of each year, describing the season most recently finished.'}
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What is the largest country in Southern Europe ?
Spain
0ad93737e1900eda
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Michelin_3-star_restaurants', 'title': 'List of Michelin 3-star restaurants', 'header': ['Location', 'Restaurant', 'Chef ( s )', 'Awarded since'], 'data': [{'value': 'Annecy-le-Vieux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annecy-le-Vieux', 'summary': 'Annecy-le-Vieux is a former commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France . On 1 January 2017 , it was merged into the commune Annecy . It is the fourth-largest town in Haute-Savoie in terms of population , and is located on the northeastern shore of Lake Annecy . It is essentially a residential suburb of Annecy , being less than 3 km from its centre , and is sometimes known at the 16th arrondissement of Annecy . The last mayor of Annecy-le-Vieux was Bernard Accoyer , who served from 1989 until December 2016 . A doctor by profession , he is also the député of the district and has been president of the UMP group in the Assemblée nationale since 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Clos de Sens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurent Petit', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chagny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chagny,_Saône-et-Loire', 'summary': 'Chagny is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne in eastern France .'}]}, {'value': 'Maison Lameloise', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Éric Pras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Éric_Pras', 'summary': 'Éric Pras ( born 1 March 1972 ) is a French chef , Meilleur Ouvrier de France ( 2004 ) , rated three stars by the Guide Michelin . He is the owner of the restaurant Lameloise located in Chagny , Saône-et-Loire .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courchevel 1850', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courchevel_(commune)', 'summary': 'Courchevel is a commune in the department of Savoie , southeastern France . This city was established on January 1 , 2017 by merging the two formerly distinct communes of Saint-Bon-Tarentaise ( the seat ) and La Perrière . It takes its name from the eponymous nearby ski resort of Courchevel .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Courchevel', 'summary': "Courchevel is a French Alps ski resort . It is a part of Les Trois Vallées , the largest linked ski areas in the world . Courchevel also refers to the towns of Courchevel 1300 ( Le Praz ) , Courchevel 1550 , Courchevel 1650 ( Moriond ) , and Courchevel 1850 , which are named for their altitudes in metres . The resort centre of Courchevel is at 1,747 metres ( 5,732 ft ) . The name Courchevel 1850 was chosen for marketing reasons to compete with rival ski resort Val d'Isère . It is the Jardin Alpin area of Courchevel 1850 rather than the centre which is located at 1,850 metres ( 6,070 ft ) . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Le 1947 at Cheval Blanc', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yannick Alléno and Gérard Barbin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yannick_Alléno', 'summary': 'Yannick Alléno is a French chef . He has been awarded three Michelin stars since 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eugénie-les-Bains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugénie-les-Bains', 'summary': 'Eugénie-les-Bains is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France . Eugénie-les-Bains is best known for housing a spa resort and three restaurants , all belonging to chef Michel Guérard , inventor of cuisine minceur .'}]}, {'value': "Les Prés d'Eugénie - Michel Guérard", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michel Guérard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Guérard', 'summary': 'Michel Guérard ( born 27 March 1933 ) is a French chef , author , one of the founders of nouvelle cuisine , and the inventor of cuisine minceur .'}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fontjoncouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fontjoncouse', 'summary': "Fontjoncouse is a commune in the Aude department in southern France . Fontjoncouse has gained a reputation in the culinary world , as it is the location of Gilles Goujon 's three-Michelin starred restaurant , L'Auberge du Vieux Puits ."}]}, {'value': "L'Auberge du Vieux Puits", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gilles Goujon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gilles_Goujon', 'summary': "Gilles Goujon ( born December 10 , 1961 ) is a French chef and owner of the restaurant L'Auberge du Vieux Puits ( roughly The Old Well Inn ) in Fontjoncouse , Aude . His restaurant has earned three Michelin stars , the first being awarded in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Rochelle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Rochelle', 'summary': "La Rochelle ( /ˌlɑː rəˈʃɛl/ , French : [ la ʁɔʃɛl ] ) is a city in western France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay , a part of the Atlantic Ocean . It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department . The city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9-kilometre ( 1.8-mile ) bridge completed on 19 May 1988 . Its harbour opens into a protected strait , the Pertuis d'Antioche ."}]}, {'value': 'Christopher Coutanceau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Coutanceau', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Castellet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Castellet,_Var', 'summary': "Le Castellet ( Occitan : Lo Castelet ) is a commune in the Var department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France . It consists of a small feudal village perched on a cliff edge and its surroundings . It is situated north-west of Toulon next to La Cadière-d'Azur and Le Beausset . It is surrounded by vineyards and is part of the Côtes de Provence Appellation d'origine contrôlée ( AOC ) of Bandol . The Circuit Paul Ricard is also located in the commune ."}]}, {'value': 'Christophe Bacquié', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christophe Bacquié', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Baux-de-Provence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Baux-de-Provence', 'summary': "Les Baux-de-Provence ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ le bo də pʁɔvɑ̃s ] ; Provençal : Lei Bauç de Provença ) is a French commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department of the province of Provence in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southern France . It has a spectacular position in the Alpilles mountains , set atop a rocky outcrop that is crowned with a ruined castle overlooking the plains to the south . Its name refers to its site : in Provençal , a bauç is a rocky spur . The name bauxite ( Aluminium ore ) is derived from the village name when it was first discovered there by geologist Pierre Berthier in 1821 . It has been named one of the most beautiful villages in France and has over 1.5 million visitors per year although it has only 22 residents in the upper part of the commune and 436 for the whole commune . Inhabitants of the commune are known as Baussencs or Baussenques ."}]}, {'value': "L'Oustau de Baumanière", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenn Viel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Belleville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Belleville', 'summary': 'Les Belleville is a commune in the Savoie department of southeastern France . The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 by the merger of the former communes of Saint-Martin-de-Belleville and Villarlurin . On 1 January 2019 , the former commune Saint-Jean-de-Belleville was merged into Les Belleville .'}]}, {'value': 'La Bouitte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'René and Maxime Meilleur', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marseille', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marseille', 'summary': "Marseille ( /mɑːrˈseɪ/ mar-SAY , also spelled in English as Marseilles ; French : [ maʁsɛj ] ( listen ) , locally [ maʁˈsɛjə ] ( listen ) ; Occitan : Marselha [ maʀˈsejɔ , -ˈsijɔ ] ) is the prefecture of the department of Bouches-du-Rhône and region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . It is located on the Mediterranean coast near the mouth of the Rhône . The city covers an area of 241 km2 ( 93 sq mi ) and had a population of 870,018 in 2016 . Its metropolitan area , which extends over 3,173 km2 ( 1,225 sq mi ) is the third-largest in France after those of Paris and Lyon , with a population of 1,831,500 as of 2010 . Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia ( Greek : Μασσαλία , romanized : Massalía ) , Marseille was an important European trading centre and remains the main commercial port of the French Republic . Marseille is now France 's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce , freight and cruise ships . The city was European Capital of Culture in 2013 and European Capital of Sport in 2017 ; it hosted matches at the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2016 . It is home to Aix-Marseille University ."}]}, {'value': 'Le Petit Nice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gérald Passédat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gérald_Passédat', 'summary': 'Gérald Passédat ( born 24 March 1960 ) is a French chef , owner of the restaurant Le Petit Nice in Marseille . He has three stars at the Guide Michelin since 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Megève', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megève', 'summary': 'Megève ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ məʒɛv ] ; Arpitan : Megéva ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France with a population of more than 3,000 residents . The town is well known as a ski resort near Mont Blanc in the French Alps . Conceived in the 1920s as a French alternative to St. Moritz by the Rothschilds , it was the first purpose-built resort in the Alps . Originally it was a prime destination for the French aristocracy . It remains one of the most famous and fanciest ski resorts in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Flocons de Sel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emmanuel Renaut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emmanuel_Renaut', 'summary': 'Emmanuel Renaut ( born 26 January 1968 ) is a French chef , three Michelin stars and Meilleur Ouvrier de France in 2004 . A former sous-chef of Marc Veyrat , he then founded his own restaurant Flocons de sel at Mégève .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Menton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Menton', 'summary': "Menton ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɑ̃tɔ̃ ] ; Occitan : [ meˈta ] , written Menton in classical norm or Mentan in Mistralian norm ; Italian : Mentone [ menˈtoːne ] ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region on the French Riviera , close to the Italian border . Menton has always been an important frontier town . For centuries , it formed the border between Provence and Genoa , as part of Monaco . It has been French ever since the plebiscite of 1860 , when it soon became a fashionable tourist centre with grand mansions and gardens . Its temperate Mediterranean climate is especially favourable to the citrus industry , with which it is strongly identified ."}]}, {'value': 'Mirazur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mauro Colagreco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mauro_Colagreco', 'summary': 'Mauro Colagreco ( born 5 October 1976 in La Plata , Argentina ) is an Italian Argentine chef at the three-Michelin stars restaurant Mirazur in Menton , France .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monte Carlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monte_Carlo', 'summary': "Monte Carlo ( /ˌmɒnti ˈkɑːrloʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈmonte ˈkarlo ] ; French : Monte-Carlo [ mɔ̃te kaʁlo ] , or colloquially Monte-Carl [ mɔ̃te kaʁl ] ; Monégasque : Munte Carlu ; lit . Mount Charles ) is officially an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco , specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues , where the Monte Carlo Casino is located . Informally , the name also refers to a larger district , the Monte Carlo Quarter ( corresponding to the former municipality of Monte Carlo ) , which besides Monte Carlo/Spélugues also includes the wards of La Rousse/Saint Roman , Larvotto/Bas Moulins , and Saint Michel . The permanent population of the ward of Monte Carlo is about 3,500 , while that of the quarter is about 15,000 . Monaco has four traditional quarters . From west to east they are : Fontvieille ( the newest ) , Monaco-Ville ( the oldest ) , La Condamine , and Monte Carlo . Monte Carlo is situated on a prominent escarpment at the base of the Maritime Alps along the French Riviera . Near the quarter 's western end is the world-famous Place du Casino , the gambling center which has made Monte Carlo an international byword for the extravagant display and reckless dispersal of wealth . It is also the location of the Hôtel de Paris , Café de Paris and Salle Garnier ( the casino theatre which is the home of the Opéra de Monte-Carlo ) . The quarter 's eastern part includes the community of Larvotto with Monaco 's only public beach , as well as its new convention center ( the Grimaldi Forum ) , and the Monte-Carlo Bay Hotel & Resort . At the quarter 's eastern border , one crosses into the French town of Beausoleil ( sometimes referred to as Monte-Carlo-Supérieur ) , and just 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) to its east is the western border of Italy ."}]}, {'value': "Le Louis XV - Alain Ducasse à l'Hôtel de Paris", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Louis_XV_(restaurant)', 'summary': "Le Louis XV - Alain Ducasse à l'Hôtel de Paris is a French restaurant in Monte Carlo , Monaco . Run by chef Alain Ducasse , it holds three Michelin stars . It has been featured in lists of the world 's top restaurants ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alain_Ducasse', 'summary': 'Alain Ducasse ( French : [ alɛ̃ dykas ] ; born 13 September 1956 ) is a French-born Monégasque chef . He operates a number of restaurants including Alain Ducasse at The Dorchester which holds three stars ( the top ranking ) in the Michelin Guide .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hôtel_de_Paris_Monte-Carlo', 'summary': 'The Hôtel de Paris Monte-Carlo is a hotel located in Monaco , It was opened in 1863 as part of the development of Monaco by the Société des Bains de Mer ( SBM ) under the auspices of Charles III of Monaco .'}]}, {'value': 'Franck Cerutti and Dominique Lory', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ouches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ouches', 'summary': 'Ouches is a commune in the Loire department in central France .'}]}, {'value': 'Le Bois sans Feuilles - Troisgros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Maison_Troisgros', 'summary': 'La Maison Troisgros is a Michelin Guide three-starred restaurant in Roanne , France north west of the city of Lyon . Head chef , Michel Troisgros of the Troisgros family , runs the hotel/restaurant along with his wife Marie-Pierre . In 1930 , Burgundy native Jean-Baptiste Troisgros moved to Roanne with his wife , Marie , and bought a small hotel . She did the cooking , he oversaw the house . This was the beginning of a 3-generation dynasty of gastronomy that has seen La Maison Troisgros celebrate more than 30 consecutive years with three Michelin stars . Marie and Jean-Baptiste had two famous chef sons , Jean and Pierre among the inventors of nouvelle cuisine . Michel Trosgros is one of two celebrated chef sons ( the other is Claude ) of Pierre . In this generation Michel is the cook and his wife Marie-Pierre ( they met while she was studying hotel management in Grenoble ) looks after the house , the decor and the shop .'}]}, {'value': 'Michel and César Troisgros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troisgros_family', 'summary': 'Troisgros is a French restaurant and hotel with a primary location in Ouches ( Loire , France ) and additional affiliated restaurants in France and abroad . It started in 1930 as a restaurant located in Roanne , held by Jean-Baptiste Troisgros and his wife Marie , then by their sons Jean and Pierre under the name of Les Frères Troisgros in 1957 , and finally by their grandson Michel , owner of the current Le Bois sans feuilles restaurant in Ouches , near Roanne . It has been awarded three Michelin stars since 1968 . The hotel ( 5 stars ) has been a member of Relais & Châteaux since 1966 .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1st_arrondissement_of_Paris', 'summary': "The 1st arrondissement of Paris ( Ier arrondissement ) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France . In spoken French , this arrondissement is colloquially referred to as premier ( first/the first ) . Also known as Louvre , the arrondissement is situated principally on the right bank of the River Seine . It also includes the west end of the Île de la Cité . The arrondissement is one of the oldest in Paris , the Île de la Cité having been the heart of the city of Lutetia , conquered by the Romans in 52 BC , while some parts on the right bank ( including Les Halles ) date back to the early Middle Ages . It is the least populated of the city 's arrondissements and one of the smallest by area , a significant part of which is occupied by the Louvre Museum and the Tuileries Gardens . The Forum des Halles is the largest shopping mall in Paris . Much of the remainder of the arrondissement is dedicated to business and administration ."}]}, {'value': 'Kei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kei Kobayashi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kei_Kobayashi_(chef)', 'summary': 'Kei Kobayashi ( 小林圭 Kobayashi Kei born c. 1978 ) is a French chef and owner of the restaurant Kei in Paris 1e . His restaurant has earned three Michelin stars in 2020 . He is the first Japanese chef earned three Michelin stars in France . Kobayashi was born in Nagano . He elected to focus on French cuisine after viewing a documentary about Alain Chapel . Kobayashi trained at French restaurants in Japan before moving to France in 1998 to work with Gilles Goujon and Alain Ducasse .'}]}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/4th_arrondissement_of_Paris', 'summary': 'The 4th arrondissement of Paris ( IVe arrondissement ) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France . In spoken French , this arrondissement is referred to as quatrième . The arrondissement , also known as Hôtel-de-Ville , is situated on the right bank of the River Seine . The 4th arrondissement contains the Renaissance-era Paris City Hall , rebuilt between 1874 and 1882 . It also contains the Renaissance square of Place des Vosges , the overtly modern Pompidou Centre , and the lively southern part of the medieval district of Le Marais , which today is known for being the gay district of Paris . ( The quieter northern part of Le Marais is within the 3rd arrondissement ) . The eastern parts of the Île de la Cité ( including Notre-Dame de Paris ) as well as the Île Saint-Louis are also included within the 4th arrondissement . The 4th arrondissement is known for its little streets , cafés , and shops but is often regarded by Parisians as expensive and congested . [ citation needed ] It is desirable for those wanting old buildings and a mix of many cultures .'}]}, {'value': "L'Ambroisie", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Ambroisie", 'summary': "L'Ambroisie ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ lɑ̃bʁwazi ] ) is a traditional French restaurant in Paris , France founded by Bernard Pacaud and now run by his son Mathieu that has maintained three Michelin stars for more than thirty years . The name L'Ambroisie ( Ambrosia in English ) comes from Greek mythology and means both food for gods and source of immortality ."}]}, {'value': 'Bernard Pacaud', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris 6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/6th_arrondissement_of_Paris', 'summary': "The 6th arrondissement of Paris ( VIe arrondissement ) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France . In spoken French , this arrondissement is referred to as sixième . The arrondissement , called Luxembourg , is situated on the left bank of the River Seine . It includes world-famous educational institutions such as the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts , the École des hautes études en sciences sociales and the Académie française , the seat of the French Senate as well as a concentration of some of Paris 's most famous monuments such as Saint-Germain Abbey and square , St. Sulpice Church and square , the Pont des Arts , and the Jardin du Luxembourg . This central arrondissement , which includes the historic districts of Saint-Germain-des-Prés ( surrounding the Abbey founded in the 6th century ) and Luxembourg ( surrounding the Palace and its Gardens ) , has played a major role throughout Paris history and is well known for its café culture and the revolutionary intellectualism ( see : existentialism , Jean-Paul Sartre , Simone de Beauvoir ) and literature ( see : Paul Éluard , Boris Vian , Albert Camus , Françoise Sagan ) it has hosted . With its world-famous cityscape , deeply rooted intellectual tradition , prestigious history , beautiful architecture , and central location , the arrondissement has long been home to French intelligentsia . It is a major locale for art galleries and fashion stores and one of the most fashionable districts of Paris as well as Paris ' most expensive area . The arrondissement is one of France 's richest district in terms of average income ; it is part of Paris Ouest alongside the 7th , 8th , and 16th arrondissements , and Neuilly-sur-Seine , but has a much more bohemian and intellectual reputation than the others ."}]}, {'value': 'Guy Savoy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guy Savoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Savoy', 'summary': 'Guy Savoy ( born 24 July 1953 ) is a French chef , who is the Head Chef and owner of the eponymous Guy Savoy restaurant in Paris and sister restaurant in Las Vegas , both of which have gained multiple Michelin stars . He owns three other restaurants in Paris . The writer Jean-Pierre Thiollet described him in 2015 as one of the biggest names in his profession .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris 7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris', 'summary': "The 7th arrondissement of Paris ( VIIe arrondissement ) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France . In spoken French , this arrondissement is referred to as septième . The arrondissement , called Palais-Bourbon , includes some of the major and well-known tourist attractions of Paris , such as the Eiffel Tower , the Hôtel des Invalides ( Napoleon 's resting place ) , the Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal , and a concentration of such world-famous museums as the Musée d'Orsay , Musée Rodin , and the Musée du quai Branly . Situated on the Rive Gauche - the Left bank of the River Seine - this central arrondissement , which includes the historical aristocratic neighbourhood of Faubourg Saint-Germain , contains a number of French national institutions , among them the French National Assembly and numerous government ministries . It is also home to many foreign diplomatic embassies , some of them occupying outstanding Hôtels particuliers . The arrondissement has been home to the French upper class since the 17th century , when it became the new residence of French highest nobility . The district has been so fashionable within the French aristocracy that the phrase le Faubourg - referring to the ancient name of the current 7th arrondissement - has been used to describe French nobility ever since . The 7th arrondissement of Paris and Neuilly-sur-Seine form the most affluent and prestigious residential area in France ."}]}, {'value': 'Arpège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arpège_(restaurant)', 'summary': "Arpège ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ aʁpɛʒ ] , Arpeggio ) is a 3 Michelin-star French restaurant in Paris . The chef is Alain Passard . It was previously known as L'Archestrate by Alain Senderens . Passard bought the restaurant from Senderens in 1986 . It earned one star in the Michelin Guide in its first year , and earned two soon thereafter . It earned three Michelin stars in 1996 , which it has maintained since . It was voted the 8th best restaurant in the world , in The World 's 50 Best Restaurants in 2018 . Arpège is noted for being suitable for vegetarian and vegan dining ."}]}, {'value': 'Alain Passard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Passard', 'summary': "Alain Passard ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ alɛ̃ pasaʁ ] ; born 4 August 1956 at La Guerche-de-Bretagne , France ) is a French chef and owner of the three-star restaurant L'Arpège in Paris . The son of musicians , Passard plays the saxophone ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris 8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Paris', 'summary': "The 8th arrondissement of Paris ( VIIIe arrondissement ) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France . In spoken French , this arrondissement is colloquially referred to as huitième ( eighth/the eighth ) . The arrondissement , called Élysée , is situated on the right bank of the River Seine and centred on the Champs-Élysées . The 8th is , together with the 1st , 9th , 16th , and 17th arrondissements , one of Paris 's main business districts . According to the 1999 census , it was the place of employment of more people than any other single arrondissement of the capital . It is also the location of many places of interest , among them the Champs-Élysées , the Arc de Triomphe ( partial ) , and the Place de la Concorde , as well as the Élysée Palace , the official residence of the President of France . Most French fashion luxury brands have their main store in 8th arrondissement , Avenue Montaigne or Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré , both in the Champs-Elysees Avenue shopping district ."}]}, {'value': 'Alain Ducasse au Plaza Athénée', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Ducasse', 'summary': 'Alain Ducasse ( French : [ alɛ̃ dykas ] ; born 13 September 1956 ) is a French-born Monégasque chef . He operates a number of restaurants including Alain Ducasse at The Dorchester which holds three stars ( the top ranking ) in the Michelin Guide .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Plaza_Athénée', 'summary': "The Hotel Plaza Athénée is a Brunei-owned historic luxury hotel in Paris , France . It is located at 25 Avenue Montaigne in the 8th arrondissement of Paris , near the Champs-Élysées and the Palais de Tokyo . The hotel is part of the Dorchester Collection group of international luxury hotels . The hotel has five restaurants and a bar , and it has room rates ranging from US $ 1,150 to US $ 20,000 per night for the hotel 's premier suite ."}]}, {'value': 'Romain Meder', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris 8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/8th_arrondissement_of_Paris', 'summary': "The 8th arrondissement of Paris ( VIIIe arrondissement ) is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France . In spoken French , this arrondissement is colloquially referred to as huitième ( eighth/the eighth ) . The arrondissement , called Élysée , is situated on the right bank of the River Seine and centred on the Champs-Élysées . The 8th is , together with the 1st , 9th , 16th , and 17th arrondissements , one of Paris 's main business districts . According to the 1999 census , it was the place of employment of more people than any other single arrondissement of the capital . It is also the location of many places of interest , among them the Champs-Élysées , the Arc de Triomphe ( partial ) , and the Place de la Concorde , as well as the Élysée Palace , the official residence of the President of France . Most French fashion luxury brands have their main store in 8th arrondissement , Avenue Montaigne or Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré , both in the Champs-Elysees Avenue shopping district ."}]}, {'value': 'Alléno Paris au Pavillon Ledoyen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pavillon_Ledoyen', 'summary': "Alléno Paris au Pavillon Ledoyen is one of the oldest restaurants in Paris , situated in the square gardens in the eastern part of the Champs-Élysées in the 8th arrondissement . Its long history places it on the Champs-Élysées before the street 's beautification . Situated in a two-storey pavilion with gardens , Ledoyen is considered to be one of Paris ' best gourmet restaurants , and boasts three Michelin stars . The building is owned by the City of Paris , and the current operator of the restaurant itself is the company Carré des Champs Elysées ."}]}, {'value': 'Yannick Alléno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yannick_Alléno', 'summary': 'Yannick Alléno is a French chef . He has been awarded three Michelin stars since 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of Michelin 3-star restaurants by country in the latest version -- France ( including Monaco )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Michelin_starred_restaurants_4', 'intro': 'Michelin stars are a rating system used by the red Michelin Guide to grade restaurants on their quality. The guide was originally developed in 1900 to show French drivers where local amenities such as restaurants and mechanics were. The rating system was first introduced in 1926 as a single star, with the second and third stars introduced in 1933. According to the Guide, one star signifies a very good restaurant, two stars are excellent cooking that is worth a detour, and three stars mean exceptional cuisine that is worth a special journey. The listing of starred restaurants is updated once a year.'}
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What style of cooking is mastered by the chef of Maison Lameloise ?
French
0ad9397f20fc01af
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Hockey_League_attendance_figures', 'title': 'List of National Hockey League attendance figures', 'header': ['Team', 'Arena', 'Home Games', 'Average Attendance', 'Total Attendance', 'Capacity Percentage'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chicago Blackhawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks', 'summary': "The Chicago Blackhawks ( spelled Black Hawks until 1986 , and known colloquially as the Hawks ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . They have won six Stanley Cup championships since their founding in 1926 . The Blackhawks are one of the Original Six NHL teams along with the Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , Toronto Maple Leafs , Boston Bruins and New York Rangers . Since 1994 , the club 's home rink is the United Center , which they share with the National Basketball Association 's Chicago Bulls . The club had previously played for 65 years at Chicago Stadium . The club 's original owner was Frederic McLaughlin , who owned the club until his death in 1944 . Under McLaughlin , a hands-on owner who fired many coaches during his ownership , the club won two Stanley Cup titles . The club was then owned by the Norris family , who as owners of the Chicago Stadium were the club 's landlord , and owned stakes in several of the NHL teams . At first , the Norris ownership was as part of a syndicate fronted by long-time executive Bill Tobin , and the team languished in favor of the Norris-owned Detroit Red Wings . After the senior James E. Norris died in 1952 , the Norris assets were spread among family members and James D. Norris became owner . Norris Jr. took an active interest in the team and under his ownership , the club won one Stanley Cup title in 1961 ."}]}, {'value': 'United Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Center', 'summary': "United Center is an indoor arena on the Near West Side of Chicago , Illinois , United States . It is home to the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , named after its corporate sponsor , United Airlines . United Center 's predecessor , the Chicago Stadium , was demolished after the new arena opened in 1994 . The first event at United Center was WWF Summerslam . Due to a lockout , the Blackhawks did not move in until the 1994-95 NHL season . The east side of the arena features statues of Michael Jordan , Bobby Hull and Stan Mikita , while a statue of various Blackhawks sits to the north on Madison Street , where the Chicago Stadium was located . United Center also hosted the 1996 Democratic National Convention , at which a new style of four-screen speech prompting system for speakers was pioneered in the United States , consisting of two glass teleprompters , accompanied by an inset lectern monitor , and for the first time , a large under-camera confidence monitor ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,755', 'urls': []}, {'value': '522,619', 'urls': []}, {'value': '110.4%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Canadiens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens', 'summary': "The Montreal Canadiens [ note 3 ] ( French : Les Canadiens de Montréal ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Montreal . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club 's official name is le Club de hockey Canadien . The team is frequently referred to in English and French as the Habs . French nicknames for the team include Les Canadiens ( or Le Canadien ) , Le Bleu-Blanc-Rouge , La Sainte-Flanelle , Le Tricolore , Les Glorieux ( or Nos Glorieux ) , Le CH , Le Grand Club and Les Habitants ( from which Habs is derived ) . Founded in 1909 , the Canadiens are the longest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide , and the only existing NHL club to predate the founding of the NHL . One of the oldest North American professional sports franchises , the Canadiens ' history predates that of every other Canadian franchise outside football as well as every American franchise outside baseball and the National Football League 's Arizona Cardinals . The franchise is one of the Original Six teams , a description used for the teams that made up the NHL from 1942 until the 1967 expansion . The team 's championship season in 1992-93 was the last time a Canadian team won the Stanley Cup . The Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup more times than any other franchise . They have won 24 Stanley Cup championships , 23 of them since the founding of the NHL and 22 of them since 1927 , when NHL teams became the only ones to compete for the Stanley Cup . On a percentage basis , as of 2014 [ needs update ] , the franchise has won 25.3% of all Stanley Cup championships contested after the Challenge Cup era , making it the second most successful professional sports team of the traditional four major sports of Canada and the United States , behind only the Boston Celtics ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Centre', 'summary': "The Bell Centre ( French : Centre Bell ) , formerly known as the Molson Centre ( or Le Centre Molson ) , is a multi-purpose arena in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It opened on March 16 , 1996 , after nearly three years under construction . It is best known as the home of the National Hockey League 's Montreal Canadiens ice hockey team , and it has the largest arena capacity to regularly host an NHL team . It is currently owned by a partnership group headed by Geoff Molson and his brothers , Andrew and Justin . The same ownership group also owns the Montreal Canadiens and Evenko , an entertainment event promoter . Since it opened in 1996 , it has consistently been listed as one of the world 's busiest arenas , usually receiving the highest attendance of any arena in Canada . In 2012 , it was the fifth-busiest arena in the world based on ticket sales for non-sporting events ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,273', 'urls': []}, {'value': '510,552', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Red Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings', 'summary': 'The Detroit Red Wings are a professional ice hockey team based in Detroit . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference , and are one of the Original Six teams of the league . Founded in 1926 , the team was known as the Detroit Cougars until 1930 . For the 1930-31 and 1931-32 seasons the team was called the Detroit Falcons , and in 1932 changed their name to the Red Wings . As of 2020 [ update ] , the Red Wings have won the most Stanley Cup championships of any NHL franchise based in the United States ( 11 ) and are third overall in total Stanley Cup championships , behind the Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) and Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 ) . The Wings played their home games at Joe Louis Arena from 1979 until 2017 , after playing for 52 years in Olympia Stadium . They moved into the new Little Caesars Arena beginning with the 2017-18 season . The Red Wings are one of the most popular and successful franchises in the NHL ; fans and sports commentators refer to the Detroit area as Hockeytown , which has been a registered trademark owned by the franchise since 1996 . Between the 1931-32 and 1965-66 seasons , the Red Wings missed the playoffs only four times . Between the 1966-67 and 1982-83 seasons , the Red Wings made the playoffs only two times . However , thereafter , from 1983-84 to 2015-16 , they made the playoffs 30 times in 32 seasons , including 25-straight from 1990-91 to 2015-16 ( not counting the cancelled 2004-05 season ) , in 2006 this became the longest active streak of postseason appearances in all of North American professional sports and finished tied for the third longest streak in NHL history . Since 1983-84 , the Red Wings have tallied six regular season first-place finishes and have won the Stanley Cup four times ( 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , and 2008 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Louis Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Louis_Arena', 'summary': 'Joe Louis Arena is a defunct arena in Downtown Detroit , currently undergoing demolition . Completed in 1979 at a cost of $ 57 million as a replacement for Olympia Stadium , it sits adjacent to TCF Center on the bank of the Detroit River and was accessible by the Joe Louis Arena station on the Detroit People Mover . The venue is named after former heavyweight champion boxer Joe Louis , who grew up in Detroit . It was the home of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League and the second oldest NHL venue after Madison Square Garden until the start of the 2017-18 NHL season . Joe Louis Arena is owned by the city of Detroit , and operated by Olympia Entertainment , a subsidiary of team owner Ilitch Holdings . In April 2017 , the Red Wings hosted their final game at Joe Louis Arena ; the venue was succeeded by Little Caesars Arena . The arena closed on July 29 , 2017 . Demolition started on April 4 , 2019 , with the site scheduled to be cleared by early 2020 .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,066', 'urls': []}, {'value': '481,584', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Flyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Flyers are a professional ice hockey team based in Philadelphia . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . Part of the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Flyers were the first expansion team in the post-Original Six era to win the Stanley Cup , victorious in 1973-74 and again in 1974-75 . The Flyers ' all-time points percentage of 57.5% ( as of the 2018-19 NHL season [ update ] ) is the third-best in the NHL , behind only the Vegas Golden Knights and Montreal Canadiens . Additionally , the Flyers have the most appearances in the conference finals of all 24 expansion teams ( 16 appearances , winning 8 ) , and they are second behind the St. Louis Blues for the most playoff appearances out of all expansion teams ( 39 out of 51 seasons ) . The Flyers have played their home games on Broad Street since their inception , first at the Spectrum from 1967 until 1996 , and then at the Wells Fargo Center since 1996 . The Flyers have had rivalries with several teams over the years . Historically , their biggest adversaries have been the New York Rangers , with an intense rivalry stretching back to the 1970s . They have also waged lengthy campaigns against the New York Islanders in the 70s and 80s , the Boston Bruins , a bruising battle especially in the 1970s , the Washington Capitals , which has always been intense since their days in the Patrick Division , as well as the New Jersey Devils , with whom they traded the Atlantic Division title every season between 1994-95 and 2006-07 , and finally they enjoy a spirited rivalry with their cross-state and expansion brethren , the Pittsburgh Penguins , which is considered by some to be the best rivalry in the league ."}]}, {'value': 'Wells Fargo Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)', 'summary': 'The Wells Fargo Center is a multi-purpose arena located in Philadelphia . It serves as the home of the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the Philadelphia Wings of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) . The arena lies at the southwest corner of the South Philadelphia Sports Complex , which includes Lincoln Financial Field , Citizens Bank Park , and Xfinity Live ! . The Wells Fargo Center , originally called Spectrum II , was completed in 1996 to replace the Spectrum as the home arena of the 76ers and Flyers , on the former site of John F. Kennedy Stadium at a cost of $ 210 million , largely privately financed ( though the city and state helped to pay for the local infrastructure ) . It is owned by Comcast Spectacor , which also owns the Flyers , and is operated by its arena-management subsidiary , Global Spectrum . Since opening , it has been known by a number of different names through naming rights deals and bank mergers , including CoreStates Center from 1996 to 1998 , First Union Center from 1998 to 2003 , and Wachovia Center from 2003 to 2010 . Since 2010 , naming rights have been held by financial services company Wells Fargo , after their merger with Wachovia . In addition to hosting home games for its main tenants , the arena has been the site of a number of other notable athletic events including Games 1 and 2 from the 1997 and Games 3 , 4 and 6 of the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals , Games 3 , 4 and 5 of the 2001 NBA Finals , and various collegiate events for the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Wells Fargo Center has hosted two political conventions , hosting the 2000 Republican National Convention and 2016 Democratic National Convention . The arena is a regular venue for concerts and WWE events . The arena has a concert seating capacity of 21,000 seated and at least 21,500 standing .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,786', 'urls': []}, {'value': '474,878', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toronto Maple Leafs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs', 'summary': "The Toronto Maple Leafs , officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs , are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum . The Maple Leafs ' broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications . For their first 14 seasons , the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena , before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931 . The Maple Leafs moved to their present home , Scotiabank Arena ( originally named the Air Canada Centre ) in February 1999 . The club was founded in 1917 , operating simply as Toronto and known then as the Toronto Arenas . Under new ownership , the club was renamed the Toronto St. Patricks in 1919 . In 1927 the club was purchased by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs . A member of the Original Six , the club was one of six NHL teams to have endured through the period of League retrenchment during the Great Depression . The club has won thirteen Stanley Cup championships , second only to the 24 championships of the Montreal Canadiens . The Maple Leafs history includes two recognized dynasties , from 1947 to 1951 ; and from 1962 to 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'Air Canada Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_Canada_Centre', 'summary': 'Scotiabank Arena , formerly Air Canada Centre , is a multi-purpose arena located on Bay Street in the South Core district of Downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada . It is the home of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the Toronto Rock of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) . In addition , the minor league Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Raptors 905 of the NBA G League play occasional games at the arena . The arena was previously home to the Toronto Phantoms of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) during their brief existence . The arena is 61,780.5 square metres ( 665,000 sq ft ) in size . It is owned and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd. ( MLSE ) , the same group that owns the Leafs and the Raptors , as well as their respective development teams . In 2018 , Scotiabank Arena was the 13th busiest arena in the world and the busiest in Canada . It is also the most photographed location in Canada on Instagram according to BuzzFeed . Scotiabank Arena is connected to Toronto Union railway station , subway station and bus terminal via the PATH . Scotiabank Arena has , from its initial design to completion , revolutionized many concepts included in new arenas and stadiums built since then . [ according to whom ? ] These features include luxury suites accessible on the ground floor , splitting the main scoreboard into several sections , rotating all sponsor signage in the bowl at once ( to allow dominant messaging or neutralization for events that disallow commercial advertising ) , and multiple restaurants in and out of the main arena bowl view .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,426', 'urls': []}, {'value': '466,224', 'urls': []}, {'value': '103.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ottawa Senators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_Senators', 'summary': "The Ottawa Senators ( French : Sénateurs d'Ottawa ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The Senators play their home games at the 18,652-seat Canadian Tire Centre , which opened in 1996 as the Palladium . Founded and established by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone , the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name . The original Ottawa Senators , founded in 1883 , had a famed history , winning 11 Stanley Cups , playing in the NHL from 1917 until 1934 . On December 6 , 1990 , after a two-year public campaign by Firestone , the NHL awarded a new franchise , which began play in the 1992-93 season . The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk , and in 2019 , the franchise was valued by Forbes magazine at $ 445 million . The Senators have won four division titles and , in 2003 , the Presidents ' Trophy ; and have once appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals ( 2007 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotiabank Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotiabank_Place', 'summary': "Canadian Tire Centre ( French : Centre Canadian Tire ) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada , located in the western suburb of Kanata . It opened in January 1996 as The Palladium and was also known as Corel Centre from 1996 to 2006 and Scotiabank Place from 2006 to 2013 . The arena is primarily used for ice hockey , serving as the home arena of the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) since its opening in 1996 , and as a temporary home for the Ottawa 67 's of the Ontario Hockey League during renovations at its arena . The arena is also used regularly for music concerts and has hosted events such as the Canadian Interuniversity Sport men 's basketball championship and the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,408', 'urls': []}, {'value': '465,801', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calgary Flames', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calgary_Flames', 'summary': "The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The club is the third major professional ice hockey team to represent the city of Calgary , following the Calgary Tigers ( 1921-1927 ) and Calgary Cowboys ( 1975-1977 ) . The Flames are one of two NHL franchises in Alberta ; the other is the Edmonton Oilers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Alberta . The team was founded in 1972 in Atlanta as the Atlanta Flames until relocating to Calgary in 1980 . The Flames played their first three seasons in Calgary at the Stampede Corral before moving into their current home arena , the Scotiabank Saddledome ( originally known as the Olympic Saddledome ) , in 1983 . In 1985-86 , the Flames became the first Calgary team since the 1923-24 Tigers to compete for the Stanley Cup . In 1988-89 , the Flames won their first and only championship . The Flames ' unexpected run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals gave rise to the Red Mile , and in 2011 the team hosted and won the second Heritage Classic outdoor game . The Flames have won two Presidents ' Trophies as the NHL 's top regular season team , and have claimed seven division championships . Individually , Jarome Iginla is the franchise leader in games played , goals and points and is a two-time winner of the Maurice Rocket Richard Trophy as the NHL 's leading goal scorer ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotiabank Saddledome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome', 'summary': "Scotiabank Saddledome is a multi-use indoor arena in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . Located in Stampede Park in the southeast end of downtown Calgary , the Saddledome was built in 1983 to replace the Stampede Corral as the home of the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League , and to host ice hockey and figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics . The facility also hosts concerts , conferences and other sporting championships , and events for the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede . It underwent a major renovation in 1994-95 and sold its naming rights , during which its original name of Olympic Saddledome was changed to Canadian Airlines Saddledome . The facility was given the name Pengrowth Saddledome in 2000 , after Pengrowth Management Ltd. signed a ten-year agreement . It adopted its current name in October 2010 as Scotiabank signed on as title sponsor . The Saddledome is owned by the City of Calgary , who leases it to the Saddledome Foundation , a non-profit organization , to oversee its operation . Since 1996 , it has been managed by the Flames . The Saddledome was damaged during the 2013 Alberta floods but was repaired and reopened in time for the 2013-14 NHL season . The arena 's roof is shaped like a saddle , thus earning the name Saddledome ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,289', 'urls': []}, {'value': '462,936', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Lightning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning', 'summary': 'The Tampa Bay Lightning are a professional ice hockey team based in Tampa , Florida . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The club has won one Stanley Cup championship in their history , in 2003-04 . The team is often referred to as the Bolts , and the nickname was used on the former third jerseys . The Lightning plays home games in Amalie Arena in Tampa . The owner of the Lightning is Jeffrey Vinik , while Julien BriseBois serves as general manager . The team is currently coached by Jon Cooper , who has led the team since 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tampa Bay Times Forum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times_Forum', 'summary': "Amalie Arena is an arena in Tampa , Florida that has been used for ice hockey , basketball , arena football games , and concerts . It is home to the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League . The building was originally known as the Ice Palace . In August 2002 , the building 's naming rights were sold to the St. Petersburg Times , which became the Tampa Bay Times in January 2012 ; accordingly , the arena was known as the St. Pete Times Forum from 2002 to 2012 and Tampa Bay Times Forum ( 2012-2014 ) . In September 2014 , the arena was renamed Amalie Arena when the naming rights were transferred to Amalie Oil Company ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,055', 'urls': []}, {'value': '457,337', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Sabres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres', 'summary': 'The Buffalo Sabres are a professional ice hockey team based in Buffalo , New York . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team was established in 1970 , along with the Vancouver Canucks , when the league expanded to 14 teams . They have played at KeyBank Center since 1996 . Prior to that , the Buffalo Sabres played at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium from the start of the franchise in 1970 . The Sabres are owned by Terry Pegula , who purchased the club in 2011 from Tom Golisano . The Sabres have the longest active playoff drought in the NHL , at 8 seasons . The team has twice advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , losing to the Philadelphia Flyers in 1975 and to the Dallas Stars in 1999 . The best known line in team history is The French Connection , which consisted of Gilbert Perreault , Rick Martin and Rene Robert . All three players have had their sweater numbers ( 11 , 7 and 14 , respectively ) retired and a statue erected in their honor at KeyBank Center in 2012 . The Sabres , along with the Canucks , share the record for being the longest continuously running active NHL franchise to have never won the Stanley Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'First Niagara Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Niagara_Center', 'summary': 'KeyBank Center , formerly known as Marine Midland Arena , HSBC Arena and First Niagara Center , is a multipurpose indoor arena located in downtown Buffalo , New York . It is the largest indoor arena in Western New York , seating 19,070 fans in its normal configuration , and was constructed primarily for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , who have called the arena home since 1996 , when it replaced the now-demolished Memorial Auditorium . The arena was renamed as KeyBank Center starting with the 2016-2017 NHL season . It is owned by Erie County and operated by Pegula Sports and Entertainment ( as Hockey Western New York , LLC ) .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,970', 'urls': []}, {'value': '455,290', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99.5%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver Canucks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks', 'summary': "The Vancouver Canucks are a professional ice hockey team based in Vancouver . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The Canucks play their home games at Rogers Arena , formerly known as General Motors Place , which has an official capacity of 18,910 . Travis Green is the head coach and Jim Benning is the general manager . The Canucks joined the league in 1970 as an expansion team along with the Buffalo Sabres . In its NHL history , the team has advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals three times , losing to the New York Islanders in 1982 , the New York Rangers in 1994 and the Boston Bruins in 2011 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy in back-to-back seasons as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2010-11 and 2011-12 seasons . They won three division titles as a member of the Smythe Division from 1974 to 1993 , and seven titles as a member of the Northwest Division from 1998 to 2013 . The Canucks , along with fellow expansion team , the Buffalo Sabres , are the two oldest teams to have never won the Stanley Cup . The Canucks have retired six players ' jerseys in their history - Stan Smyl ( 12 ) , Trevor Linden ( 16 ) , Markus Naslund ( 19 ) , Daniel Sedin ( 22 ) , Henrik Sedin ( 33 ) , and Pavel Bure ( 10 ) ; all but Bure and Daniel Sedin have served as team captain . Smyl has the distinction of being the only Canuck to have his jersey number retired at their former arena , the Pacific Coliseum ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Arena', 'summary': "Rogers Arena is a multi-purpose arena located at 800 Griffiths Way in the downtown area of Vancouver , British Columbia . Opened in 1995 , the arena was known as General Motors Place ( GM Place ) from its opening until July 6 , 2010 , when General Motors Canada ended its naming rights sponsorship and a new agreement for those rights was reached with Rogers Communications . Rogers Arena was built to replace Pacific Coliseum as Vancouver 's primary indoor sports facility and in part due to the National Basketball Association 's 1995 expansion into Canada , when Vancouver and Toronto were given expansion teams . It is home to the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League and the Vancouver Warriors of the National Lacrosse League . The arena also hosted the ice hockey events at the 2010 Winter Olympics . The name of the arena temporarily became Canada Hockey Place during the Olympics . It was previously home to the Vancouver Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association from 1995 to 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '454,740', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Wild', 'summary': 'The Minnesota Wild are a professional ice hockey team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The Wild were founded on June 25 , 1997 , but did not start play until the 2000-01 season . The Wild were the first NHL franchise in Minnesota since the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas in 1993 . They lost their first game , 3-1 , to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and recorded their first win against the Tampa Bay Lightning five games later . The Wild play at the Xcel Energy Center . In the 2002-03 season , the team made its first Stanley Cup playoffs appearance , making a surprising run to the Western Conference Finals . Since then , the Wild have struggled in the postseason , having only advanced to the second round twice since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Xcel Energy Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xcel_Energy_Center', 'summary': "The Xcel Energy Center ( also known as The X ) is a multi-purpose arena , located in Saint Paul , Minnesota . It is named for its locally based corporate sponsor Xcel Energy . With an official capacity of 17,954 , the arena has four spectator levels : one suite level and three general seating levels . The building is home to the NHL 's Minnesota Wild . The arena is owned by the city of Saint Paul and operated by the Wild 's parent company , Minnesota Sports & Entertainment . It is on the same block as the RiverCentre convention facility , Roy Wilkins Auditorium and the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts , in downtown St. Paul . It also served as official home to the 2008 Republican National Convention ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,794', 'urls': []}, {'value': '451,075', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Penguins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins', 'summary': "The Pittsburgh Penguins ( colloquially known as the Pens ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Penguins are one of two NHL franchises in Pennsylvania , the other being the Philadelphia Flyers . The cities ' proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Pennsylvania . The club is owned by Mario Lemieux and Ronald Burkle , who purchased the Penguins in 1999 and brought the club out of bankruptcy . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the league 's expansion from six to twelve teams . The Penguins played in the Civic Arena , also known as The Igloo , from the time of their inception through the end of the 2009-10 season , when they moved to the Consol Energy Center , which was later renamed PPG Paints Arena . The 1992-93 Penguins won the franchise 's first-ever Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . In addition to their eight division titles , they have qualified for six Stanley Cup Finals , winning the Stanley Cup five times - in 1991 , 1992 , 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . Along with the Edmonton Oilers , the Penguins are tied for the most Stanley Cup championships among non-Original Six teams and sixth overall . With their Stanley Cup wins in 2016 and 2017 , the Penguins became the first back-to-back champions in 19 years ( since the 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings ) and the first team to do so since the introduction of the NHL salary cap . They also became the fifth team to accomplish this feat multiple times ."}]}, {'value': 'Consol Energy Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consol_Energy_Center', 'summary': "PPG Paints Arena is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania that serves as home to the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , and was the home of the Pittsburgh Power of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) from 2011 to 2014 . Construction was completed on August 1 , 2010 , and the arena opened in time for the 2010-11 NHL season . It replaced the Penguins ' former arena , Civic Arena ( formerly known as Mellon Arena ) , which was completed in 1961 . A ceremonial ground-breaking was held on August 14 , 2008 . The arena is the first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) gold-certified arena in both the NHL and AFL . Soon after the arena opened in 2010 it was named Best New Major Concert Venue in the Pollstar Concert Industry Awards and Best NHL Arena in the Sports Business Journal reader poll . The arena was originally named Consol Energy Center ( CEC ) after Consol Energy purchased the naming rights in December 2008 . The current name comes from Pittsburgh-based PPG Industries , who purchased naming rights in October 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,648', 'urls': []}, {'value': '447,560', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101.4%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Kings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Kings are a professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The team was founded on June 5 , 1967 , after Jack Kent Cooke was awarded an NHL expansion franchise for Los Angeles on February 9 , 1966 , becoming one of the six teams that began play as part of the 1967 NHL expansion . The Kings played their home games at The Forum in Inglewood , California , a suburb of Los Angeles , for thirty-two years , until they moved to the Staples Center in Downtown Los Angeles at the start of the 1999-2000 season . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the Kings had many years marked by impressive play in the regular season only to be washed out by early playoff exits . Their highlights in those years included the strong goaltending of Rogie Vachon , and the Triple Crown Line of Charlie Simmer , Dave Taylor and Hall of Fame player Marcel Dionne , who had a famous upset of the uprising Edmonton Oilers in a 1982 playoff game known as the Miracle on Manchester . In 1988 , the Kings traded with the Oilers to get their captain Wayne Gretzky , leading to a successful phase of the franchise that raised hockey 's popularity in Los Angeles , and helped raise the sport 's profile in the American Sun Belt region . Gretzky , fellow Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille and defenseman Rob Blake led the Kings to the franchise 's sole division title in 1990-91 , and the Kings ' first Stanley Cup Final appearance in 1993 . After the 1993 Finals , the Kings entered financial problems , with a bankruptcy in 1995 , which led to the franchise being acquired by Philip Anschutz ( owner of Anschutz Entertainment Group , operators of Staples Center ) and Edward P. Roski . A period of mediocrity ensued , with the Kings only resurging as they broke a six-year playoff drought in the 2009-10 season , with a team that included goaltender Jonathan Quick , defenseman Drew Doughty , and forwards Dustin Brown , Anze Kopitar and Justin Williams . Under coach Darryl Sutter , who was hired early in the 2011-12 season , the Kings won two Stanley Cups in three years : 2012 , over the New Jersey Devils , and 2014 , against the New York Rangers while Quick and Williams respectively won the Conn Smythe Trophy ."}]}, {'value': 'Staples Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Staples_Center', 'summary': "Staples Center ( officially stylized as STAPLES Center ) is a multi-purpose arena in Downtown Los Angeles . Adjacent to the L.A. Live development , it is located next to the Los Angeles Convention Center complex along Figueroa Street . The arena opened on October 17 , 1999 . It is owned and operated by the Arturo L.A . Arena Company and Anschutz Entertainment Group . The arena is home venue to the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . The Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) and the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA D-League were also tenants ; the Avengers were folded in 2009 , and the D-Fenders moved to the Lakers ' practice facility at the Toyota Sports Center in El Segundo , California for the 2011-12 season . Staples Center is also host to over 250 events and nearly 4 million guests each year . It is the only arena in the NBA shared by two teams , as well as one of only two North American professional sports venues to host two teams from the same league ; MetLife Stadium , the home of the National Football League 's New York Giants and New York Jets , is the other . Staples Center is the venue of the Grammy Awards ceremony and will host the basketball competition during the 2028 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,178', 'urls': []}, {'value': '436,295', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.3%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Capitals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Capitals', 'summary': "The Washington Capitals ( colloquially known as the Caps ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington , D.C . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Capitals are owned by Monumental Sports & Entertainment , headed by Ted Leonsis . From 1974 to 1997 the Capitals played their home games at the Capital Centre , in Landover , Maryland ( a suburb in the Washington metropolitan area ) . In 1997 the team moved to the arena now called Capital One Arena , their present home arena in Washington , D.C . The Capitals were founded in 1974 as an expansion franchise , alongside the Kansas City Scouts . Since purchasing the team in 1999 , Leonsis revitalized the franchise by drafting star players such as Alexander Ovechkin , Nicklas Backstrom , Mike Green and Braden Holtby . The 2009-10 Capitals won the franchise 's first Presidents ' Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season . They won it a second time in 2015-16 , and did so for a third time the following season in 2016-17 . In addition to twelve division titles and three Presidents ' Trophies , the Capitals have reached the Stanley Cup Finals in 1998 and 2018 , winning in the latter . The Capitals have retired the use of four numbers in honor of four players . In addition , the team holds an association with a number of individuals inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Verizon Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_One_Arena', 'summary': "The Capital One Arena is an indoor arena in Washington , D.C . Located in the Chinatown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , the arena sits atop the Gallery Place rapid transit station of the Washington Metro . It has been largely considered to be a commercial success and is regarded as one of the driving catalysts of the revitalization of Washington , D.C. 's Chinatown neighborhood . Owned and operated by Monumental Sports & Entertainment , it is the home arena of the Washington Capitals of the NHL , the Washington Wizards of the NBA , and the Georgetown University men 's basketball team . It was also home to the Washington Mystics of the WNBA from 1998 to 2018 until they moved to the St. Elizabeths East Entertainment and Sports Arena in southeast Washington for the 2019 season ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,734', 'urls': []}, {'value': '425,638', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Bruins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Bruins', 'summary': "The Boston Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Boston . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The team has been in existence since 1924 , and is the league 's third-oldest team overall and the oldest in the United States . It is also an Original Six franchise , along with the Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Bruins have won six Stanley Cup championships , tied for fourth most of all-time with the Blackhawks and tied second-most of any American NHL team also with the Blackhawks ( behind the Red Wings , who have 11 ) . The first facility to host the Bruins was the Boston Arena ( today 's Matthews Arena ) - the world 's oldest ( built 1909-10 ) indoor ice hockey facility still in use for the sport at any level of competition - and following the Bruins ' departure from the Boston Arena , the team played its home games at the Boston Garden for 67 seasons , beginning in 1928 and concluding in 1995 , when they moved to the TD Garden ."}]}, {'value': 'TD Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TD_Garden', 'summary': "TD Garden , often called The Garden , is a multi-purpose arena in Boston , Massachusetts . It is named after its sponsor , TD Bank , a subsidiary of Canada 's Toronto-Dominion Bank . It opened in 1995 as a replacement for the original Boston Garden and has been known as FleetCenter , and TD Banknorth Garden . The arena is located directly above the MBTA 's North Station . TD Garden is the home arena for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association . It is owned by Delaware North , whose CEO , Jeremy Jacobs , also owns the Bruins , and Mike Key . It is the site of the annual Beanpot college hockey tournament , and hosts the annual Hockey East Championships . The arena has also hosted many major national sporting events including the 1999 and 2003 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball regional first and second rounds , the 2009 , 2012 , and 2018 Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight , the 1998 Frozen Four , the 2004 Frozen Four , the 2014 United States Figure Skating Championships , the 2006 Women 's Final Four , and the 2015 Frozen Four . It hosted games 3 , 4 , and 6 of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals and the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals for the Bruins , Games 1 , 2 , 5 , and 7 of the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals for the Bruins , and games 1 , 2 , and 6 of the 2008 NBA Finals and games 3 , 4 , and 5 of the 2010 NBA Finals for the Celtics . Furthermore , it hosted the NA LCS 2017 Summer Split Finals . TD Garden is also set to host the 2020 Laver Cup , an international mens tennis tournament ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,565', 'urls': []}, {'value': '421,560', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Jose Sharks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks', 'summary': "The San Jose Sharks are a professional ice hockey team based in San Jose , California . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference . The franchise is owned by San Jose Sports & Entertainment Enterprises . Beginning play in the 1991-92 season , the Sharks initially played their home games at the Cow Palace , before they moved to their present home , now named SAP Center at San Jose , in 1993 . The SAP Center is known locally as the Shark Tank . The Sharks were founded in 1991 and were the first NHL franchise based in the San Francisco Bay Area since the California Golden Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976 . The Sharks have advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals once , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2016 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy once , as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2008-09 season . They have also won six division titles as a member of the Pacific Division since 1993 . The club is affiliated with the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League ."}]}, {'value': 'HP Pavilion at San Jose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HP_Pavilion_at_San_Jose', 'summary': 'The SAP Center at San Jose ( originally known as San Jose Arena ) is an indoor arena located in San Jose , California . Its primary tenant is the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League , for which the arena has earned the nickname The Shark Tank . It is also home to the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,561', 'urls': []}, {'value': '421,472', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carolina Hurricanes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes', 'summary': "The Carolina Hurricanes are a professional ice hockey team based in Raleigh , North Carolina . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The Hurricanes play their home games at the 18,680-seat PNC Arena ( formerly known as RBC center ) . The franchise was formed in 1971 as the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . The Whalers saw success immediately , winning the Eastern Division in the WHA 's first three seasons , as well as becoming the inaugural Avco World Trophy Champions to cap off the 1972-73 season . The Whalers again competed for the World Trophy in 1978 , this time falling short to the Winnipeg Jets in a rematch of the 1973 Finals . The franchise joined the NHL in 1979 as part of the NHL-WHA merger , renaming themselves the Hartford Whalers . The team relocated to North Carolina in 1997 , rebranding themselves as the Hurricanes . Carolina advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time in 2002 , where they were defeated by the Detroit Red Wings , 4-1 . The Hurricanes won the 2006 Stanley Cup over the Edmonton Oilers in seven games , giving the state of North Carolina its first major professional sports championship . On February 15 , 2020 , it was announced that the Hurricanes would host a Stadium Series game at Carter-Finley Stadium on February 20 , 2021 ."}]}, {'value': 'PNC Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PNC_Arena', 'summary': "PNC Arena ( originally Raleigh Entertainment & Sports Arena and formerly the RBC Center ) is an indoor arena located in Raleigh , North Carolina . The arena seats 19,722 for basketball and 18,680 for ice hockey , including 59 suites , 13 loge boxes and 2,000 club seats . The building has three concourses and a 300-seat restaurant . PNC Arena is home to the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League and the NC State Wolfpack men 's basketball team of NCAA Division I . The arena neighbors Carter-Finley Stadium , home of Wolfpack Football ; the North Carolina State Fairgrounds and Dorton Arena ( on the Fairgrounds ) . The arena also hosted the Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League from 2000 to 2002 . It is the fourth-largest arena in the ACC ( after the Carrier Dome , KFC Yum ! Center and the Dean Smith Center ) and the eighth-largest arena in the NCAA ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,558', 'urls': []}, {'value': '421,401', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Blues', 'summary': "The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Central Division of the Western Conference . The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the six teams from the 1967 NHL expansion and is named after the W. C. Handy song Saint Louis Blues . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150-seat Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis , which has been their arena since moving from St. Louis Arena in 1994 . The Blues qualified for the playoffs in all but nine of their 52 seasons , appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals four times , and won the Stanley Cup in 2019 . Their 42 playoff appearances are the most for any NHL team outside of the Original Six , although the franchise struggled in the postseason throughout much of their history . While they made the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , they were swept each time . With the Blues ' victory in their fourth Stanley Cup Final , 49 years after their last appearance and in their 52nd year of existence , they became the final active team from the 1967 expansion to win their first Stanley Cup . The Blues have a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , with both teams having played in the same division since 1970 . The San Antonio Rampage of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) and the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL are the two minor league affiliates of the Blues ."}]}, {'value': 'Scottrade Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottrade_Center', 'summary': "Enterprise Center is an 18,096-seat arena located in downtown St. Louis , Missouri , United States . Its primary tenant is the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League , but it is also used for other functions , such as NCAA basketball , NCAA hockey , concerts , professional wrestling and more . In a typical year , the facility hosts about 175 events . Industry trade publication Pollstar has previously ranked Enterprise Center among the top ten arenas worldwide in tickets sold to non-team events , but the facility has since fallen into the upper sixties , as of 2017 . The arena opened in 1994 and was known as Kiel Center until 2000 , Savvis Center from 2000 to 2006 , and Scottrade Center from 2006 to 2018 . On May 21 , 2018 , the St. Louis Blues and representatives of Enterprise Holdings , based in St. Louis , announced that the naming rights had been acquired by Enterprise and that the facility 's name would change to Enterprise Center , effective July 1 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,263', 'urls': []}, {'value': '414,328', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90.1%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Rangers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Rangers', 'summary': 'The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden in the borough of Manhattan , an arena they share with the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . They are one of three NHL teams located in the New York metropolitan area ; the others being the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders . Founded in 1926 by Tex Rickard , the Rangers are one of the Original Six teams that competed in the NHL before its 1967 expansion , along with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs . The team attained success early on under the guidance of Lester Patrick , who coached a team containing Frank Boucher , Murray Murdoch , and Bun and Bill Cook to Stanley Cup glory in 1928 , making them the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the trophy . The team would then go onto win two additional Stanley Cups in 1933 and 1940 . Following this initial grace period , the franchise struggled between the 1940s and 1960s , whereby playoff appearances and success was infrequent . The team enjoyed a mini renaissance in the 1970s , where they made the Stanley Cup finals twice , albeit , losing to the Bruins in 1972 and the Canadiens in 1979 . The Rangers subsequently embraced a rebuild for much of the 1980s and early 1990s , which eventually paid dividends , where the team , led by Mark Messier , Brian Leetch , Adam Graves , and Mike Richter , captured their fourth Stanley Cup in 1994 . The team was unable to duplicate that success in the years that followed , and entered into another period of mediocrity . They endured a franchise-record seven-year postseason drought from 1998 to 2005 , and languished for the majority of the 2000s before enjoying another period of prosperity after the 2004-05 NHL Lockout .'}]}, {'value': 'Madison Square Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden', 'summary': "Madison Square Garden , colloquially known as The Garden or in initials as MSG , is a multi-purpose indoor arena in New York City . Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets , it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station . It is the fourth venue to bear the name Madison Square Garden ; the first two ( 1879 and 1890 ) were located on Madison Square , on East 26th Street and Madison Avenue , with the third Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) further uptown at Eighth Avenue and 50th Street . The Garden is used for professional ice hockey and basketball , as well as boxing , concerts , ice shows , circuses , professional wrestling and other forms of sports and entertainment . It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks , including the Empire State Building , Koreatown , and Macy 's at Herald Square . It is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and was home to the New York Liberty ( WNBA ) from 1997 to 2017 . Originally called Madison Square Garden Center , the Garden opened on February 11 , 1968 , and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area . It is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the National Basketball Association . In 2016 , MSG was the second-busiest music arena in the world in terms of ticket sales , behind The O2 Arena in London . Including two major renovations , its total construction cost is approximately $ 1.1 billion , and it has been ranked as one of the 10 most expensive stadium venues ever built . It is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex , named for the railway station . Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '412,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey Devils', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils', 'summary': "The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark , New Jersey . They compete in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) as a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . The club was founded as the Kansas City Scouts in Kansas City , Missouri , in 1974 . The Scouts moved to Denver , Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies . In 1982 , they moved to East Rutherford , New Jersey and took their current name . For their first 25 seasons in New Jersey , the Devils were based at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford and played their home games at Brendan Byrne Arena ( later renamed to Continental Airlines Arena ) . Before the 2007-08 season , the Devils moved to Prudential Center in Newark . The franchise was poor to mediocre in the eight years before moving to New Jersey , a pattern that continued during the first five years in New Jersey as they failed to make the Stanley Cup playoffs and never finished higher than fifth in their division . Their fortunes began to turn around following the hiring of president and general manager Lou Lamoriello in 1987 . Under Lamoriello 's stewardship , the Devils made the playoffs all but three times between 1988 and 2012 , including 13 berths in a row from 1997 to 2010 , and finished with a winning record every season from 1992-93 to 2009-10 . They have won the Atlantic Division regular season title nine times , most recently in 2009-10 , before transferring to the newly created Metropolitan Division as part of the NHL 's realignment in 2013 . The Devils have reached the Stanley Cup Finals five times , winning in 1994-95 , 1999-2000 and 2002-03 , and losing in 2000-01 and 2011-12 ."}]}, {'value': 'Prudential Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prudential_Center', 'summary': "Prudential Center is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the central business district of Newark , New Jersey , United States . It was designed by HOK Sport ( now Populous ) , with the exterior designed by Morris Adjmi Architects . Opened in 2007 , it is the home of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and the men 's basketball program of Seton Hall University , known as the Seton Hall Pirates . The arena officially seats 16,514 patrons for hockey games and up to 18,711 for basketball . Fans and sports writers have affectionately nicknamed the arena The Rock in reference to the Rock of Gibraltar , the corporate logo of Prudential Financial , a financial institution that owns the naming rights to the arena and is headquartered within walking distance of it . In December 2013 , the arena ranked third nationally and ninth internationally for self-reported annual revenue . The arena was built amidst financial concerns and years of speculation that the Devils would relocate , despite the fact that the team was a perennial playoff contender and had been at or near the top of the NHL 's standings for over a decade . The arena is located two blocks from Newark Penn Station in downtown Newark , just west of Newark 's Ironbound district , which makes it easily accessible via New Jersey Transit , PATH , Newark Light Rail , and Amtrak . At the time of its opening , Prudential Center was the first major league sports venue to be built in the New York metropolitan area since the Brendan Byrne Arena , the Devils ' former home , opened in 1981 . According to the Devils organization , the Prudential Center has played a major role in the revitalization of downtown Newark ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,114', 'urls': []}, {'value': '410,739', 'urls': []}, {'value': '97.1%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2012–13 attendance statistics', 'section_text': 'First Niagara Center Tampa Bay Times Forum MTS Centre American Airlines Center', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Hockey_League_attendance_figures_6', 'intro': 'The National Hockey League is one of the top attended professional sports in the world, as well as one of the top two attended indoor sports in both average and total attendance. As of the 2018-19 season the NHL averaged 17,377 live spectators per game, and 22,002,081 total for the season.'}
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Who owns the arena that is used by the team owned by Terry Pegula ?
Erie County
0adb876b0214551b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_British_Bangladeshis', 'title': 'Demographics of British Bangladeshis', 'header': ['Ward', 'Population', 'Percentage'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bethnal Green North', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethnal_Green', 'summary': "Bethnal Green is an area in the East End of London which lies 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) northeast of Charing Cross . It is an electoral ward of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , though the wider area stretches across both Bethnal Green Ward and St Peter 's ward . Part of the area has been designated by the council as a conservation area which includes a number of important listed buildings . The area emerged from the hamlet which developed around the Green , much of which survives today as Bethnal Green Gardens , located on Canbridge Heath Road . The hamlet was part of the ancient parish of Stepney , but adopted its definition as a wider district when , following population increases caused by the expansion of London in the 18th century , it was split off from Stepney as the parish of Bethnal Green in 1743 . It became part of the metropolis in 1855 and the County of London in 1889 . The parish became the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green in 1900 . In 1965 it was abolished and became a district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . The economic history of Bethnal Green is characterised by a shift away from agricultural provision for the City of London to market gardening , weaving and light industry , which has now all but disappeared . The quality of the built environment had deteriorated by the turn of the 20th century and was radically altered by aerial bombardment in the Second World War and the subsequent social housing developments . In 1943 , 173 people were killed at a single incident at Bethnal Green Underground station . Bethnal Green has formed part of Greater London since 1965 and is connected to the London Underground and London Overground ."}]}, {'value': '3,915', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33.28%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bethnal Green South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethnal_Green', 'summary': "Bethnal Green is an area in the East End of London which lies 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) northeast of Charing Cross . It is an electoral ward of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , though the wider area stretches across both Bethnal Green Ward and St Peter 's ward . Part of the area has been designated by the council as a conservation area which includes a number of important listed buildings . The area emerged from the hamlet which developed around the Green , much of which survives today as Bethnal Green Gardens , located on Canbridge Heath Road . The hamlet was part of the ancient parish of Stepney , but adopted its definition as a wider district when , following population increases caused by the expansion of London in the 18th century , it was split off from Stepney as the parish of Bethnal Green in 1743 . It became part of the metropolis in 1855 and the County of London in 1889 . The parish became the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green in 1900 . In 1965 it was abolished and became a district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . The economic history of Bethnal Green is characterised by a shift away from agricultural provision for the City of London to market gardening , weaving and light industry , which has now all but disappeared . The quality of the built environment had deteriorated by the turn of the 20th century and was radically altered by aerial bombardment in the Second World War and the subsequent social housing developments . In 1943 , 173 people were killed at a single incident at Bethnal Green Underground station . Bethnal Green has formed part of Greater London since 1965 and is connected to the London Underground and London Overground ."}]}, {'value': '6,609', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48.33%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackwall and Cubitt Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackwall,_London', 'summary': 'Blackwall is a locale in East London , located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and also forms part of the Port of London and the conservation area of Coldharbour . The area takes its name from a historic stretch of riverside wall built along an outside curve of the Thames , to protect the area from flooding . While mostly residential , Blackwall Yard here provides moorings for vessels .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cubitt_Town', 'summary': 'Cubitt Town is a district on the eastern side of the Isle of Dogs in London , England . This part of Poplar was redeveloped as part of the Port of London in 1840s and 1850s by William Cubitt , Lord Mayor of London ( 1860-1862 ) , after whom it is named . It is on the east of the Isle , facing Royal Borough of Greenwich across the River Thames . To the west is Millwall , to the east and south is Greenwich , to the northwest Canary Wharf and to the north , across the Blue Bridge , is the rest of Poplar . It is in Blackwall & Cubitt Town Ward of Tower Hamlets London Borough Council .'}]}, {'value': '2,066', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.30%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bow East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bow,_London', 'summary': 'Bow ( /ˈboʊ/ ) is an area of East London within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . It is primarily a built-up and mostly residential area and is 4.6 miles ( 7.4 km ) east of Charing Cross . It was in the traditional county of Middlesex but became part of the County of London following the passing of the Local Government Act 1888 . Bow is an abbreviation of the medieval name Stratford-at-Bow , in which Bow refers to the bowed bridge built here in the early 12th century . Bow contains parts of both Victoria Park and the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park . Old Ford and Fish Island are localities within Bow , but Bromley-by-Bow ( historically and officially just Bromley ) immediately to the south , is a separate district . These distinctions have their roots in historic parish boundaries . Bow underwent extensive urban regeneration including the replacement or improvement of council homes , with the impetus given by the staging of the 2012 Olympic Games at nearby Stratford .'}]}, {'value': '877', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.97%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bow West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bow,_London', 'summary': 'Bow ( /ˈboʊ/ ) is an area of East London within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . It is primarily a built-up and mostly residential area and is 4.6 miles ( 7.4 km ) east of Charing Cross . It was in the traditional county of Middlesex but became part of the County of London following the passing of the Local Government Act 1888 . Bow is an abbreviation of the medieval name Stratford-at-Bow , in which Bow refers to the bowed bridge built here in the early 12th century . Bow contains parts of both Victoria Park and the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park . Old Ford and Fish Island are localities within Bow , but Bromley-by-Bow ( historically and officially just Bromley ) immediately to the south , is a separate district . These distinctions have their roots in historic parish boundaries . Bow underwent extensive urban regeneration including the replacement or improvement of council homes , with the impetus given by the staging of the 2012 Olympic Games at nearby Stratford .'}]}, {'value': '1,423', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13.70%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bromley-by-Bow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bromley-by-Bow', 'summary': "Bromley , commonly known as Bromley-by-Bow , is a district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in East London , located on the western banks of the River Lea , in the Lower Lea Valley in East London . The area is distinct from Bow , which lies immediately north and east of the formal boundary between the two , which runs along Bow Road , or near the Lea , slightly to the south of the Road . The area has become better known as Bromley-by-Bow due to Bromley tube station being renamed to Bromley-by-Bow in 1967 , to prevent confusion with Bromley railway station in the London Borough of Bromley . Over time the station 's name has become applied to the district itself . The formal boundaries of the area were set when the area became an parish in 1537 when it split from Stepney . The boundaries of the new parish were based on those of much older pre-existing estates . Bromley has a rich history and historical ties with the Commonwealth of Nations , but many of its most historic buildings have been lost . It is connected to the London Underground and Docklands Light Railway . Schools which are located near Bromley by Bow are Bow School secondary , Little House Nursery , Wellington Primary , St Paul 's Way Trust secondary , Phoenix primary and secondary and Central Foundation Girl 's School secondary ."}]}, {'value': '4,639', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40.06%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East India and Lansbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lansbury_Estate', 'summary': 'The Lansbury Estate is a large , historic council housing estate in Poplar and Bromley-by-Bow in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . It is named after George Lansbury , a Poplar councillor and Labour Party MP .'}]}, {'value': '3,237', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28.16%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Limehouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Limehouse', 'summary': "Limehouse is a district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in East London . It is 3.9 miles ( 6.3 km ) east of Charing Cross , on the northern bank of the River Thames . Its proximity to the river has given it a strong maritime character , which it retains through its riverside public houses and steps , such as The Grapes and Limehouse Stairs . It was part of the traditional county of Middlesex , but became part of the County of London following the passing of the Local Government Act 1888 , and then part of Greater London in 1965 . It is located between Stepney to the west and north , Mile End and Bow to the northwest , Poplar to the east , and Canary Wharf and Millwall to the south , and stretches from the end of Cable Street and Butcher Row in the west to Stainsby Road near Bartlett Park in the east , and from West India Dock ( South Dock ) and the River Thames in the south to Salmon Lane and Rhodeswell Road in the north . The area gives its name to Limehouse Reach , a section of the Thames which runs south to Millwall after making a right-angled bend at Cuckold 's Point , Rotherhithe . The west-to-east section upstream of Cuckold 's Point is properly called the Lower Pool ."}]}, {'value': '3,684', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29.51%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mile End East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mile_End', 'summary': 'Mile End is a district in the East End of London , England , 3.6 miles ( 5.8 km ) east-northeast of Charing Cross . Situated on the London-to-Colchester road , it was one of the earliest suburbs of the City of London . It became part of the metropolitan area of London in 1855 , and is connected to the London Underground . It was also known as Mile End Old Town ; the name provides a geographical distinction from the unconnected former hamlet called Mile End New Town . In 2011 , Mile End had a population of 28,544 .'}]}, {'value': '3,896', 'urls': []}, {'value': '34.98%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mile End and Globe Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Globe_Town', 'summary': "Bethnal Green is an area in the East End of London which lies 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) northeast of Charing Cross . It is an electoral ward of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , though the wider area stretches across both Bethnal Green Ward and St Peter 's ward . Part of the area has been designated by the council as a conservation area which includes a number of important listed buildings . The area emerged from the hamlet which developed around the Green , much of which survives today as Bethnal Green Gardens , located on Canbridge Heath Road . The hamlet was part of the ancient parish of Stepney , but adopted its definition as a wider district when , following population increases caused by the expansion of London in the 18th century , it was split off from Stepney as the parish of Bethnal Green in 1743 . It became part of the metropolis in 1855 and the County of London in 1889 . The parish became the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green in 1900 . In 1965 it was abolished and became a district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . The economic history of Bethnal Green is characterised by a shift away from agricultural provision for the City of London to market gardening , weaving and light industry , which has now all but disappeared . The quality of the built environment had deteriorated by the turn of the 20th century and was radically altered by aerial bombardment in the Second World War and the subsequent social housing developments . In 1943 , 173 people were killed at a single incident at Bethnal Green Underground station . Bethnal Green has formed part of Greater London since 1965 and is connected to the London Underground and London Overground ."}]}, {'value': '3,537', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29.97%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millwall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millwall', 'summary': "Millwall is a district on the western and southern side of the Isle of Dogs , in east London , England , in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . It lies to the immediate south of Canary Wharf and Limehouse , north of Greenwich and Deptford , east of Rotherhithe , west of Cubitt Town , and has a long shoreline along London 's Tideway , part of the River Thames . It was part of the County of Middlesex and from 1889 the County of London following the passing of the Local Government Act 1888 , it later became part of Greater London in 1965 . Millwall had a population of 23,084 in 2011 and includes Island Gardens , The Quarterdeck and The Space ."}]}, {'value': '2,027', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15.72%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shadwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shadwell', 'summary': 'Shadwell is a district in East London , England , in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . It is located north of Wapping and south of Whitechapel , about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east of Charing Cross . It was historically part of the parish of Stepney , Middlesex and became a parish in its own right in 1670 . The boundaries of Shadwell have changed over time ; it previously included areas south of the Highway including Shadwell Basin and King Edward Memorial Park , now part of Wapping .'}]}, {'value': '5,922', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49.03%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spitalfields and Banglatown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spitalfields', 'summary': 'Spitalfields /ˈspɪtəlfiːldz/ is a district in the East End of London and within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . The area is formed around Commercial Street ( on the A1202 London Inner Ring Road ) and includes the locale around Brick Lane , Christ Church , Toynbee Hall and Commercial Tavern . It has several markets , including Spitalfields Market , the historic Old Spitalfields Market , Brick Lane Market and Petticoat Lane Market . It was part of the ancient parish of Stepney in the county of Middlesex and was split off as a separate parish in 1729 . Just outside the City of London , the parish became part of the Metropolitan Board of Works area in 1855 as part of the Whitechapel District . It formed part of the County of London from 1889 and was part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney from 1900 . It was abolished as a civil parish in 1921 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Banglatown', 'summary': "Brick Lane ( Bengali : ব্রিক লেন ) is a street in the East End of London , in the Borough of Tower Hamlets . It runs from Swanfield Street in Bethnal Green , crosses Bethnal Green Road in Shoreditch , enters Whitechapel and is linked to Whitechapel High Street to the south by the short stretch of Osborn Street . Today , it is the heart of the city 's Bangladeshi community and is known to some as Banglatown . It is famous for its many curry houses ."}]}, {'value': '4,874', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58.15%', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Dunstan 's and Stepney Green", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stepney_Green', 'summary': "Stepney , also known as Stepney Green , is a district in the East End of London in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets that grew out of a merging of both a medieval village around St Dunstan 's church and a 15th-century ribbon development of Mile End Road called Stepney Green . The district is not officially defined , and is usually used to refer to a relatively small area , however for much its history the place name applied to a much wider area . The area was built up rapidly in the 19th century , mainly to accommodate immigrant workers and displaced London poor , and developed a reputation for poverty , overcrowding , violence and political dissent . It was severely damaged during the Blitz , with over a third of housing totally destroyed ; and then , in the 1960s , slum clearance and development replaced most residential streets with tower blocks and modern housing estates . Some Georgian architecture and Victorian era terraced housing survive in patches : for example Arbour Square , the eastern side of Stepney Green , and the streets around Matlock Street ."}]}, {'value': '5,471', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43.15%', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Katharine 's and Wapping", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wapping', 'summary': "Wapping ( /ˈwɒpɪŋ/ ) is a district in East London in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and uniquely has it own postcode area E1W , which covers the entire area . It is situated between the north bank of the River Thames and the ancient thoroughfare simply called The Highway . Wapping 's proximity to the river has given it a strong maritime character , which it retains through its riverside public houses and steps , such as the Prospect of Whitby and Wapping Stairs . It also has a Royal Navy shore establishment base on the riverfront called HMS President and home to Tobacco Dock and King Edward Memorial Park . Many of the original buildings were demolished during the construction of the London Docks and Wapping was further seriously damaged during the Blitz . As the London Docklands declined after the Second World War , the area became run down , with the great warehouses left empty . The area 's fortunes were transformed during the 1980s by the London Docklands Development Corporation when the warehouses started to be converted into luxury flats . Rupert Murdoch moved his News International printing and publishing works into Wapping in 1986 , resulting in a trade union dispute that became known as the Battle of Wapping ."}]}, {'value': '2,780', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24.72%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weavers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,358', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37.30%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whitechapel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitechapel', 'summary': 'Whitechapel is a district in East London and the future administrative centre of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets . It is a part of the East End of London , 3.4 miles ( 5.5 km ) east of Charing Cross . It was part of the ancient parish of Stepney , Middlesex . It was split off as a separate parish in the 14th century . It became part of the County of London in 1889 and Greater London in 1965 . Because the area is close to the London Docklands and east of the City of London , it has been a popular place for immigrants and the working class . The area was the centre of the London Jewish community in the 19th and early 20th century , and the location of the infamous 11 Whitechapel murders ( 1888-91 ) , some of which were attributed to the mysterious serial killer known as Jack the Ripper . In the latter half of the 20th century , Whitechapel became a significant settlement for the British Bangladeshi community , and has the Royal London Hospital and East London Mosque .'}]}, {'value': '6,238', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51.78%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Population -- Tower Hamlets wards', 'section_text': 'The Bangladeshi populations in the 17 local electoral districts called wards in London borough of Tower Hamlets [ 10 ] ( based on census data , from the Office for National Statistics - Neighbourhood statistics ) . [ 11 ]', 'uid': 'Demographics_of_British_Bangladeshis_0', 'intro': 'British Bangladeshis are people who have immigrated from Bangladesh to the United Kingdom. They have mainly settled in the boroughs of east London, primarily in the borough of Tower Hamlets, Camden, Haringey, Hackney, Newham, Westminster and Redbridge. Over 50% of the Bangladeshi population living in the United Kingdom, live in London.'}
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What area with a population over 3,000 and under 35 percentage had an incident in 1947 that led to the deaths of 173 people ?
Bethnal Green North
0adc7be672ad0654
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_video_games', 'title': '2003 in video games', 'header': ['Game', 'Publisher', 'Release Date', 'Platform ( s )', 'MC score', 'GR score'], 'data': [{'value': 'Grand Theft Auto Double Pack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto', 'summary': "Grand Theft Auto ( GTA ) is an action-adventure video game series created by David Jones and Mike Dailly ; the later titles of which were created by brothers Dan and Sam Houser , Leslie Benzies and Aaron Garbut . It is primarily developed by British development house Rockstar North ( formerly DMA Design ) , and published by its parent company , Rockstar Games . The name of the series references the term grand theft auto , used in the U.S. for motor vehicle theft . Most games in the series are set in fictional locales modelled on cities , usually either Liberty City , Vice City or San Andreas , which are stand-ins for New York City , Miami and the state of California , respectively . The first game encompassed three fictional cities , while subsequent titles tend to emphasise a single setting . Gameplay focuses on an open world where the player can choose missions to progress an overall story , as well as engaging in side activities , all consisting of action-adventure , driving , third-person shooting , carjacking , occasional role-playing , stealth and racing elements . The series focuses on many different protagonists who attempt to rise through the ranks of the criminal underworld , although their motives for doing so vary in each game . The series also has elements of the earlier beat 'em up games from the 16-bit era . The antagonists are commonly characters who have betrayed the protagonist or his organisation , or characters who have the most impact impeding the protagonist 's progress . Film and music veterans have voiced characters , including Ray Liotta , Dennis Hopper , Samuel L. Jackson , James Woods , Debbie Harry , Axl Rose and Peter Fonda . DMA Design began the series in 1997 , with the release of the original Grand Theft Auto . As of 2019 [ update ] , the series has eleven stand-alone games and four expansion packs ."}]}, {'value': 'Rockstar Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockstar_Games', 'summary': "Rockstar Games , Inc. is an American video game publisher based in New York City . The company was established in December 1998 as a subsidiary of Take-Two Interactive , and as successor to BMG Interactive , a dormant video game publisher of which Take-Two had previously acquired the assets . Founding members of the company were Sam and Dan Houser , Terry Donovan and Jamie King , who worked for Take-Two at the time , and of which the Houser brothers were previously executives at BMG Interactive . Co-founders Sam and Dan Houser head the studio as president and vice-president for creative , respectively . Since 1999 , several companies acquired by or established under Take-Two have become part of Rockstar Games , such as Rockstar Canada ( later renamed Rockstar Toronto ) becoming the first one in 1999 , and Rockstar India the most recent in 2016 . All companies organized under Rockstar Games bear the Rockstar name and logo . In this context , Rockstar Games is sometimes also referred to as Rockstar New York , Rockstar NY or Rockstar NYC . Rockstar Games also sports a motion capture studio in Bethpage , New York . Rockstar Games predominantly publishes games in the action-adventure genre , while racing games also saw success for the company . One of such action-adventure game franchises is Grand Theft Auto , which Rockstar Games took over from BMG Interactive , which published the series ' original 1997 entry . The most recent game in the series , Grand Theft Auto V , has shipped over 110 million copies since its release in September 2013 , making it one of the best-selling video games of all time . Other popular franchises published by Rockstar Games are Red Dead , Midnight Club , Max Payne and Manhunt ."}]}, {'value': 'November 4 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xbox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_(console)', 'summary': "The Xbox is a home video game console and the first installment in the Xbox series of video game consoles manufactured by Microsoft . It was released as Microsoft 's first foray into the gaming console market on November 15 , 2001 , in North America , followed by Australia , Europe and Japan in 2002 . It is classified as a sixth generation console , competing with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Nintendo 's GameCube . It was also the first major console produced by an American company since the Atari Jaguar ceased production in 1996 . Announced in 2000 , the Xbox was graphically powerful compared to its rivals , featuring a 733 MHz Intel Pentium III processor , a processor that could be found on a standard PC . It was also noted for its PC-like size and weight , and was the first console to feature a built-in hard disk . In November 2002 , Microsoft launched Xbox Live , a fee-based online gaming service that enabled subscribers to download new content and connect with other players through a broadband connection . Unlike online services from Sega and Sony , Xbox Live had support in the original console design through an integrated Ethernet port . The service gave Microsoft an early foothold in online gaming and would help the Xbox become a competitor in the sixth-generation of consoles . The popularity of blockbuster titles such as Bungie 's Halo 2 contributed to the popularity of online console gaming , and in particular first-person shooters . The Xbox had a record-breaking launch in North America , selling 1.5 million units before the end of 2001 , aided by the popularity of one of the system 's launch titles , Halo : Combat Evolved , which sold a million units by April 2002 . The system went on to sell a worldwide total of 24 million units , including 16 million in North America ; however , Microsoft was unable to make a steady profit off of the console , which had a manufacturing price far more expensive than its retail price , despite its popularity , losing over $ 4 billion during its market life ."}]}, {'value': '96/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Legend of Zelda Collector 's Edition", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_The_Wind_Waker', 'summary': "The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker [ b ] is a 2002 action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube . The tenth installment in The Legend of Zelda series , The Wind Waker is set on a group of islands in a vast sea , a departure for the series . It follows series protagonist Link as he attempts to save his sister from the sorcerer Ganon and becomes embroiled in a struggle for the Triforce , a sacred wish-granting relic . Aided by allies including pirate captain Tetra - an incarnation of Princess Zelda - and a talking boat named the King of Red Lions , Link sails the ocean , explores islands , and traverses dungeons to acquire the power necessary to defeat Ganon . Gameplay is presented from the third-person perspective . The player controls Link , who fights with a sword and shield , in addition to other items . Like previous Zelda games , Link explores dungeons to fight enemies , find items , and solve puzzles . The player must also explore the oceans , and wind , which facilitates sailing , plays a prominent role and can be controlled with a magic conductor 's baton called the Wind Waker . While the game retains the basic 3D gameplay of its predecessors , Ocarina of Time ( 1998 ) and Majora 's Mask ( 2000 ) , The Wind Waker features a distinctive cartoon-like art style created through cel shading . Development began before Majora 's Mask was completed in 2000 and lasted until late 2002 . Eiji Aonuma reprised his directorial duties for The Wind Waker , while Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka produced . Nintendo 's Zelda team did not want to continue using the realistic graphics of previous Zelda games , instead choosing a cartoonish aesthetic that would offer new gameplay and combat possibilities ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GameCube', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GameCube', 'summary': "The Nintendo GameCube [ b ] [ c ] ( commonly abbreviated as GameCube ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo in Japan and North America in 2001 and in the PAL territories in 2002 . The sixth-generation console is the successor to the Nintendo 64 . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft 's original Xbox . The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium . The discs are in the miniDVD format and the system was not designed to play full-sized DVDs or audio CDs , unlike its competitors , and focused on gaming instead . The console supports limited online gaming for a small number of games via a GameCube broadband or modem adapter and can connect to a Game Boy Advance with a link cable , which allows players to access exclusive in-game features using the handheld as a second screen and controller . The GameCube uses composite video cables to display games on the television ; however , there are differences in the two GameCube models . The models produced before May 2004 also have the ability to use digital component AV cables and progressive scan and a second serial port . The nameplate on the top of the console with the words Nintendo GameCube can be removed . This model is known as DOL-001 . The previously mentioned features were removed in GameCube consoles produced between 2004-2007 ; the later model was known as DOL-101 . The newer model has updated firmware that disables Action Replay cheats and cheat codes ( a newer version was developed to circumvent this ) and the disc-reading laser was improved in many ways , though it is not as durable ."}]}, {'value': '95/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92.17%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Championship Manager 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Championship_Manager_4', 'summary': 'Championship Manager 4 is a football management game in the Championship Manager series .'}]}, {'value': 'Eidos Interactive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Square_Enix_Europe', 'summary': 'Square Enix Limited ( formerly Domark Limited and Eidos Interactive Limited ) , doing business as Square Enix Europe , is a British video game publisher , acting as the European subsidiary of Square Enix . The company was founded as Domark in 1984 , named after the founders Mark Strachan and Dominic Wheatley . In 1995 , the company was acquired by Eidos and was merged with two other studios and renamed Eidos Interactive the following year . Eidos was in turn acquired by SCi in 2005 , and Eidos Interactive was sold to Square Enix in 2009 . On 9 November 2009 , Square Enix completed the merger of its existing European branch with Eidos Interactive , renaming the resulting company Square Enix Europe . Intellectual properties owned by Square Enix Europe include Deus Ex , Tomb Raider and Just Cause , among others .'}]}, {'value': 'March 28 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Theft Auto : Vice City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto:_Vice_City', 'summary': "Grand Theft Auto : Vice City is a 2002 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games . It is the sixth title in the Grand Theft Auto series and the first main entry since 2001 's Grand Theft Auto III . Set within the fictional Vice City , based on Miami , the game follows Tommy Vercetti following his release from prison . After he is caught up in an ambushed drug deal , he seeks out those responsible while building a criminal empire and seizing power from other criminal organisations in the city . The game is played from a third-person perspective , and its world is navigated on foot or by vehicle . The open world design lets the player freely roam Vice City , consisting of two main islands . The game 's plot is based on multiple real-world people and events in Miami such as Cuban , Haitian , and biker gangs , the 1980s crack epidemic , the Mafioso drug lords of Miami , and the dominance of glam metal . The game was also influenced by the film and television of the era , including Scarface and Miami Vice . Much of the development work constituted creating the game world to fit the inspiration and time period ; the development team conducted extensive field research in Miami while creating the world . Grand Theft Auto : Vice City was released in October 2002 for the PlayStation 2 , in May 2003 for Microsoft Windows , and in October 2003 for the Xbox . Upon release , the game received critical acclaim , with praise particularly directed at its music , gameplay and open world design . However , the game also generated controversy , with criticism directed at the depiction of violence and racial groups ."}]}, {'value': 'Rockstar Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockstar_Games', 'summary': "Rockstar Games , Inc. is an American video game publisher based in New York City . The company was established in December 1998 as a subsidiary of Take-Two Interactive , and as successor to BMG Interactive , a dormant video game publisher of which Take-Two had previously acquired the assets . Founding members of the company were Sam and Dan Houser , Terry Donovan and Jamie King , who worked for Take-Two at the time , and of which the Houser brothers were previously executives at BMG Interactive . Co-founders Sam and Dan Houser head the studio as president and vice-president for creative , respectively . Since 1999 , several companies acquired by or established under Take-Two have become part of Rockstar Games , such as Rockstar Canada ( later renamed Rockstar Toronto ) becoming the first one in 1999 , and Rockstar India the most recent in 2016 . All companies organized under Rockstar Games bear the Rockstar name and logo . In this context , Rockstar Games is sometimes also referred to as Rockstar New York , Rockstar NY or Rockstar NYC . Rockstar Games also sports a motion capture studio in Bethpage , New York . Rockstar Games predominantly publishes games in the action-adventure genre , while racing games also saw success for the company . One of such action-adventure game franchises is Grand Theft Auto , which Rockstar Games took over from BMG Interactive , which published the series ' original 1997 entry . The most recent game in the series , Grand Theft Auto V , has shipped over 110 million copies since its release in September 2013 , making it one of the best-selling video games of all time . Other popular franchises published by Rockstar Games are Red Dead , Midnight Club , Max Payne and Manhunt ."}]}, {'value': 'May 12 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': '94/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94.39%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic', 'summary': "Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic is a role-playing video game set in the Star Wars universe . Developed by BioWare and published by LucasArts , the game was released for the Xbox on July 19 , 2003 , and for Microsoft Windows on November 19 , 2003 . The game was later ported to Mac OS X , iOS , and Android by Aspyr , and it is playable on the Xbox 360 and Xbox One via their respective backward compatibility features . The story of Knights of the Old Republic takes place almost 4,000 years before the formation of the Galactic Empire , where Darth Malak , a Dark Lord of the Sith , has unleashed a Sith armada against the Republic . The player character , as a Jedi , must venture to different planets in the galaxy to defeat Malak . Players choose from three character classes ( Scout , Soldier or Scoundrel ) and customize their characters at the beginning of the game , and engage in round-based combat against enemies . Through interacting with other characters and making plot decisions , players can earn Light Side and Dark Side Points , and the alignment system will determine whether the player 's character aligns with the light or dark side of the Force . The game was directed by Casey Hudson , designed by James Ohlen , and written by Drew Karpyshyn . LucasArts proposed developing a game tied to Star Wars : Episode II - Attack of the Clones , or a game set thousands of years before the prequels . The team chose the latter as they thought that they would have more creative freedom . Ed Asner , Ethan Phillips , and Jennifer Hale were hired to perform voices for the game 's characters , while Jeremy Soule composed the soundtrack . Announced in 2000 , the game was delayed several times before its release on July 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'LucasArts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LucasArts', 'summary': "LucasArts Entertainment Company , LLC , doing business as Lucasfilm Games , is an American licensor . Until 2013 , it was also a video game developer and publisher . LucasArts is best known for its graphic adventure games , as well as games based on the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises . Its headquarters are in San Francisco , California . It was founded in May 1982 by George Lucas as Lucasfilm Games , the video game development group of his film company , Lucasfilm . Lucas initially served as the company 's chairman . During a 1990 reorganization of Lucas companies , the Lucasfilm Games division was renamed LucasArts . LucasArts was acquired by The Walt Disney Company through the acquisition of its parent company Lucasfilm in 2012 . On April 3 , 2013 , Disney halted all internal development at LucasArts and laid off most of its staff . However , LucasArts remained open so that it could retain its function as a licensor . Development of games based on the Star Wars license will be carried out by Electronic Arts , through an exclusive license , for the core gaming market . Disney Interactive Studios retained the ability to develop , and LucasArts retained the ability to license the franchise for the casual gaming market ."}]}, {'value': 'July 15 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xbox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_(console)', 'summary': "The Xbox is a home video game console and the first installment in the Xbox series of video game consoles manufactured by Microsoft . It was released as Microsoft 's first foray into the gaming console market on November 15 , 2001 , in North America , followed by Australia , Europe and Japan in 2002 . It is classified as a sixth generation console , competing with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Nintendo 's GameCube . It was also the first major console produced by an American company since the Atari Jaguar ceased production in 1996 . Announced in 2000 , the Xbox was graphically powerful compared to its rivals , featuring a 733 MHz Intel Pentium III processor , a processor that could be found on a standard PC . It was also noted for its PC-like size and weight , and was the first console to feature a built-in hard disk . In November 2002 , Microsoft launched Xbox Live , a fee-based online gaming service that enabled subscribers to download new content and connect with other players through a broadband connection . Unlike online services from Sega and Sony , Xbox Live had support in the original console design through an integrated Ethernet port . The service gave Microsoft an early foothold in online gaming and would help the Xbox become a competitor in the sixth-generation of consoles . The popularity of blockbuster titles such as Bungie 's Halo 2 contributed to the popularity of online console gaming , and in particular first-person shooters . The Xbox had a record-breaking launch in North America , selling 1.5 million units before the end of 2001 , aided by the popularity of one of the system 's launch titles , Halo : Combat Evolved , which sold a million units by April 2002 . The system went on to sell a worldwide total of 24 million units , including 16 million in North America ; however , Microsoft was unable to make a steady profit off of the console , which had a manufacturing price far more expensive than its retail price , despite its popularity , losing over $ 4 billion during its market life ."}]}, {'value': '94/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94.21%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NCAA Football 2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Football_2004', 'summary': 'NCAA Football 2004 is an American football video game released in 2003 by Tiburon . It is the successor to NCAA Football 2003 in the NCAA Football series . The player on the cover is former USC quarterback Carson Palmer . The game is available for play with the N-Gage . Commentators are Brad Nessler , Kirk Herbstreit and Lee Corso . The game is an EA Sports Bio game , and is compatible with other games with the feature ( Madden NFL 2004 and NASCAR Thunder 2004 , for example ) .'}]}, {'value': 'EA Sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EA_Sports', 'summary': 'EA Sports is a division of Electronic Arts that develops and publishes sports video games . Formerly a marketing gimmick of Electronic Arts , in which they tried to imitate real-life sports networks by calling themselves the EA Sports Network ( EASN ) with pictures or endorsements with real commentators such as John Madden , it soon grew up to become a sub-label on its own , releasing game series such as FIFA , NHL , NBA Live and Madden NFL . Most games under this brand are developed by EA Vancouver , the studio of Electronic Arts in Burnaby , British Columbia as well as EA Tiburon in Maitland , Florida . The main rival to EA Sports is 2K Sports . Notably , both companies compete over the realm of NBA games . Konami is its rival in association football games . Unlike some other sports game companies , EA Sports has no special ties to a single platform , which means that all games are released for the bestselling active platforms , sometimes long after most of the other companies abandon them . For example , FIFA 98 , Madden NFL 98 , NBA Live 98 , and NHL 98 were released for the Sega Genesis and the Super NES throughout 1997 ; Madden NFL 2005 and FIFA 2005 had PlayStation releases in 2004 ( FIFA 2005 and Madden NFL 2005 were also the last two PlayStation titles to be released ) ; and NCAA Football 08 had an Xbox release in 2007 . Madden NFL 08 also had Xbox and Nintendo GameCube releases in 2007 , and was the final title released for the GameCube , with Madden NFL 09 following as the final Xbox title . Additionally , NASCAR Thunder 2003 and NASCAR Thunder 2004 were released not only for the PlayStation 2 , but for the original PlayStation as well . EA Sports brand name is used to sponsor English Football League Two team Swindon Town F.C . from the 2009-10 season onward and the EA Sports Cup in the Republic of Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'July 16 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '94/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.27%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario Advance 4 : Super Mario Bros. 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_Advance_4:_Super_Mario_Bros._3', 'summary': "Super Mario Advance 4 : Super Mario Bros 3 [ a ] is a platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance handheld game console . It was released in Japan , and later released in Europe , North America , and Australia . It is an enhanced remake of the Nintendo Entertainment System video game Super Mario Bros. 3 , and is based on the remake found in Super Mario All-Stars for the Super NES . The game was revealed at Nintendo 's conference at the E3 2003 convention . It contains several enhancements , including the addition of Mario and Luigi 's voices by Charles Martinet , the ability to scan e-Cards into Nintendo 's e-Reader to add certain content , and a multiplayer mode based on the original arcade game Mario Bros ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 21 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Game Boy Advance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance', 'summary': 'The Game Boy Advance [ a ] ( commonly abbreviated as GBA ) is a 32-bit handheld game console developed , manufactured and marketed by Nintendo as the successor to the Game Boy Color . It was released in Japan on March 21 , 2001 , in North America on June 11 , 2001 , in Australia and Europe on June 22 , 2001 , and in mainland China on June 8 , 2004 as iQue Game Boy Advance . The GBA is part of the sixth generation of video game consoles . The original model did not have an illuminated screen ; Nintendo addressed that with the release of a redesigned model with a frontlit screen , the Game Boy Advance SP , in 2003 . A newer revision of the aforementioned redesign was released in 2005 , which included a backlit screen . The final redesign , the Game Boy Micro , was released in 2005 . As of June 30 , 2010 , the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.51 million units worldwide . Its successor , the Nintendo DS , was released in November 2004 and is also compatible with Game Boy Advance software .'}]}, {'value': '94/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92.25%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madden NFL 2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madden_NFL_2004', 'summary': 'Madden NFL 2004 is the 15th installment of the Madden NFL series of American football video games . Former Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick is on the cover .'}]}, {'value': 'EA Sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EA_Sports', 'summary': 'EA Sports is a division of Electronic Arts that develops and publishes sports video games . Formerly a marketing gimmick of Electronic Arts , in which they tried to imitate real-life sports networks by calling themselves the EA Sports Network ( EASN ) with pictures or endorsements with real commentators such as John Madden , it soon grew up to become a sub-label on its own , releasing game series such as FIFA , NHL , NBA Live and Madden NFL . Most games under this brand are developed by EA Vancouver , the studio of Electronic Arts in Burnaby , British Columbia as well as EA Tiburon in Maitland , Florida . The main rival to EA Sports is 2K Sports . Notably , both companies compete over the realm of NBA games . Konami is its rival in association football games . Unlike some other sports game companies , EA Sports has no special ties to a single platform , which means that all games are released for the bestselling active platforms , sometimes long after most of the other companies abandon them . For example , FIFA 98 , Madden NFL 98 , NBA Live 98 , and NHL 98 were released for the Sega Genesis and the Super NES throughout 1997 ; Madden NFL 2005 and FIFA 2005 had PlayStation releases in 2004 ( FIFA 2005 and Madden NFL 2005 were also the last two PlayStation titles to be released ) ; and NCAA Football 08 had an Xbox release in 2007 . Madden NFL 08 also had Xbox and Nintendo GameCube releases in 2007 , and was the final title released for the GameCube , with Madden NFL 09 following as the final Xbox title . Additionally , NASCAR Thunder 2003 and NASCAR Thunder 2004 were released not only for the PlayStation 2 , but for the original PlayStation as well . EA Sports brand name is used to sponsor English Football League Two team Swindon Town F.C . from the 2009-10 season onward and the EA Sports Cup in the Republic of Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'August 12 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '94/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '91.77%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madden NFL 2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madden_NFL_2004', 'summary': 'Madden NFL 2004 is the 15th installment of the Madden NFL series of American football video games . Former Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick is on the cover .'}]}, {'value': 'EA Sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EA_Sports', 'summary': 'EA Sports is a division of Electronic Arts that develops and publishes sports video games . Formerly a marketing gimmick of Electronic Arts , in which they tried to imitate real-life sports networks by calling themselves the EA Sports Network ( EASN ) with pictures or endorsements with real commentators such as John Madden , it soon grew up to become a sub-label on its own , releasing game series such as FIFA , NHL , NBA Live and Madden NFL . Most games under this brand are developed by EA Vancouver , the studio of Electronic Arts in Burnaby , British Columbia as well as EA Tiburon in Maitland , Florida . The main rival to EA Sports is 2K Sports . Notably , both companies compete over the realm of NBA games . Konami is its rival in association football games . Unlike some other sports game companies , EA Sports has no special ties to a single platform , which means that all games are released for the bestselling active platforms , sometimes long after most of the other companies abandon them . For example , FIFA 98 , Madden NFL 98 , NBA Live 98 , and NHL 98 were released for the Sega Genesis and the Super NES throughout 1997 ; Madden NFL 2005 and FIFA 2005 had PlayStation releases in 2004 ( FIFA 2005 and Madden NFL 2005 were also the last two PlayStation titles to be released ) ; and NCAA Football 08 had an Xbox release in 2007 . Madden NFL 08 also had Xbox and Nintendo GameCube releases in 2007 , and was the final title released for the GameCube , with Madden NFL 09 following as the final Xbox title . Additionally , NASCAR Thunder 2003 and NASCAR Thunder 2004 were released not only for the PlayStation 2 , but for the original PlayStation as well . EA Sports brand name is used to sponsor English Football League Two team Swindon Town F.C . from the 2009-10 season onward and the EA Sports Cup in the Republic of Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'August 12 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GameCube', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GameCube', 'summary': "The Nintendo GameCube [ b ] [ c ] ( commonly abbreviated as GameCube ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo in Japan and North America in 2001 and in the PAL territories in 2002 . The sixth-generation console is the successor to the Nintendo 64 . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft 's original Xbox . The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium . The discs are in the miniDVD format and the system was not designed to play full-sized DVDs or audio CDs , unlike its competitors , and focused on gaming instead . The console supports limited online gaming for a small number of games via a GameCube broadband or modem adapter and can connect to a Game Boy Advance with a link cable , which allows players to access exclusive in-game features using the handheld as a second screen and controller . The GameCube uses composite video cables to display games on the television ; however , there are differences in the two GameCube models . The models produced before May 2004 also have the ability to use digital component AV cables and progressive scan and a second serial port . The nameplate on the top of the console with the words Nintendo GameCube can be removed . This model is known as DOL-001 . The previously mentioned features were removed in GameCube consoles produced between 2004-2007 ; the later model was known as DOL-101 . The newer model has updated firmware that disables Action Replay cheats and cheat codes ( a newer version was developed to circumvent this ) and the disc-reading laser was improved in many ways , though it is not as durable ."}]}, {'value': '94/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '91.54%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pro Evolution Soccer 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Evolution_Soccer_3', 'summary': 'Pro Evolution Soccer 3 ( known as World Soccer : Winning Eleven 7 in Japan and World Soccer : Winning Eleven 7 International in North America ) is a football video game developed and produced by Konami as part of the Pro Evolution Soccer series . It is also the first in the series which was released on Microsoft Windows . The cover features the image and signature of iconic Italian referee Pierluigi Collina , who had previously officiated the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final . This was unusual , as football games had come to almost exclusively feature only players and managers on their covers ; plus , referees only appear in cutscenes in this game ( they would only be integrated to the playing field in the next entry of the series ) . PES 3 was succeeded by Pro Evolution Soccer 4 , which was released in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'October 17 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': '92/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.33%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic', 'summary': "Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic is a role-playing video game set in the Star Wars universe . Developed by BioWare and published by LucasArts , the game was released for the Xbox on July 19 , 2003 , and for Microsoft Windows on November 19 , 2003 . The game was later ported to Mac OS X , iOS , and Android by Aspyr , and it is playable on the Xbox 360 and Xbox One via their respective backward compatibility features . The story of Knights of the Old Republic takes place almost 4,000 years before the formation of the Galactic Empire , where Darth Malak , a Dark Lord of the Sith , has unleashed a Sith armada against the Republic . The player character , as a Jedi , must venture to different planets in the galaxy to defeat Malak . Players choose from three character classes ( Scout , Soldier or Scoundrel ) and customize their characters at the beginning of the game , and engage in round-based combat against enemies . Through interacting with other characters and making plot decisions , players can earn Light Side and Dark Side Points , and the alignment system will determine whether the player 's character aligns with the light or dark side of the Force . The game was directed by Casey Hudson , designed by James Ohlen , and written by Drew Karpyshyn . LucasArts proposed developing a game tied to Star Wars : Episode II - Attack of the Clones , or a game set thousands of years before the prequels . The team chose the latter as they thought that they would have more creative freedom . Ed Asner , Ethan Phillips , and Jennifer Hale were hired to perform voices for the game 's characters , while Jeremy Soule composed the soundtrack . Announced in 2000 , the game was delayed several times before its release on July 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'LucasArts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LucasArts', 'summary': "LucasArts Entertainment Company , LLC , doing business as Lucasfilm Games , is an American licensor . Until 2013 , it was also a video game developer and publisher . LucasArts is best known for its graphic adventure games , as well as games based on the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises . Its headquarters are in San Francisco , California . It was founded in May 1982 by George Lucas as Lucasfilm Games , the video game development group of his film company , Lucasfilm . Lucas initially served as the company 's chairman . During a 1990 reorganization of Lucas companies , the Lucasfilm Games division was renamed LucasArts . LucasArts was acquired by The Walt Disney Company through the acquisition of its parent company Lucasfilm in 2012 . On April 3 , 2013 , Disney halted all internal development at LucasArts and laid off most of its staff . However , LucasArts remained open so that it could retain its function as a licensor . Development of games based on the Star Wars license will be carried out by Electronic Arts , through an exclusive license , for the core gaming market . Disney Interactive Studios retained the ability to develop , and LucasArts retained the ability to license the franchise for the casual gaming market ."}]}, {'value': 'November 19 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Microsoft Windows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Microsoft_Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': '93/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.19%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Project Gotham Racing 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Project_Gotham_Racing_2', 'summary': "Project Gotham Racing 2 is a racing video game developed by Bizarre Creations and published by Microsoft Game Studios . It was released exclusively for the Xbox in November 2003 . As in 2001 's Project Gotham Racing , the route to advancement in Project Gotham Racing 2 differs from most racing games . Advancement in Project Gotham Racing 2 requires a combination of driving fast enough to meet the challenge set , and scoring enough Kudos points to advance . Kudos points are gained through the player 's driving skills , such as power sliding around a corner at speed , or overtaking other drivers in the race . Kudos points are used to unlock new cars . The Kudos system , challenges set , available cars , and the tracks around which players race were expanded greatly from the original . Project Gotham Racing 2 supported Xbox Live and allowed players to race against other people all around the world . The in-game garage featured the cult-classic mini-game Geometry Wars ."}]}, {'value': 'Microsoft Game Studios', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_Game_Studios', 'summary': 'Xbox Game Studios , previously known as Microsoft Studios , Microsoft Game Studios , and Microsoft Games , is a division of Microsoft based in Redmond , Washington . It was established in March 2000 , spun out from an internal Games Group , for the development and publishing of video games for Microsoft Windows . It has since expanded to include games and other interactive entertainment for the namesake Xbox platforms , Windows Mobile and other mobile platforms , and web-based portals . As the studio grew , it has acquired and relinquished ownership of several other studios , and is the parent organization of fifteen other studios .'}]}, {'value': 'November 18 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xbox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_(console)', 'summary': "The Xbox is a home video game console and the first installment in the Xbox series of video game consoles manufactured by Microsoft . It was released as Microsoft 's first foray into the gaming console market on November 15 , 2001 , in North America , followed by Australia , Europe and Japan in 2002 . It is classified as a sixth generation console , competing with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Nintendo 's GameCube . It was also the first major console produced by an American company since the Atari Jaguar ceased production in 1996 . Announced in 2000 , the Xbox was graphically powerful compared to its rivals , featuring a 733 MHz Intel Pentium III processor , a processor that could be found on a standard PC . It was also noted for its PC-like size and weight , and was the first console to feature a built-in hard disk . In November 2002 , Microsoft launched Xbox Live , a fee-based online gaming service that enabled subscribers to download new content and connect with other players through a broadband connection . Unlike online services from Sega and Sony , Xbox Live had support in the original console design through an integrated Ethernet port . The service gave Microsoft an early foothold in online gaming and would help the Xbox become a competitor in the sixth-generation of consoles . The popularity of blockbuster titles such as Bungie 's Halo 2 contributed to the popularity of online console gaming , and in particular first-person shooters . The Xbox had a record-breaking launch in North America , selling 1.5 million units before the end of 2001 , aided by the popularity of one of the system 's launch titles , Halo : Combat Evolved , which sold a million units by April 2002 . The system went on to sell a worldwide total of 24 million units , including 16 million in North America ; however , Microsoft was unable to make a steady profit off of the console , which had a manufacturing price far more expensive than its retail price , despite its popularity , losing over $ 4 billion during its market life ."}]}, {'value': '90/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.16%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pro Evolution Soccer 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Evolution_Soccer_3', 'summary': 'Pro Evolution Soccer 3 ( known as World Soccer : Winning Eleven 7 in Japan and World Soccer : Winning Eleven 7 International in North America ) is a football video game developed and produced by Konami as part of the Pro Evolution Soccer series . It is also the first in the series which was released on Microsoft Windows . The cover features the image and signature of iconic Italian referee Pierluigi Collina , who had previously officiated the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final . This was unusual , as football games had come to almost exclusively feature only players and managers on their covers ; plus , referees only appear in cutscenes in this game ( they would only be integrated to the playing field in the next entry of the series ) . PES 3 was succeeded by Pro Evolution Soccer 4 , which was released in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'August 7 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '93/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92.97%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SSX 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SSX_3', 'summary': "SSX 3 is a snowboard racing game developed by EA Canada and published under the EA Sports BIG brand . The game was initially released on October 20 , 2003 for the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox . It was later ported to the Game Boy Advance by Visual Impact on November 11 , 2003 and to the Gizmondo by Exient Entertainment on August 31 , 2005 as a launch title . It is the third installment in the SSX series . On 17th April 2018 it was made playable on Xbox one systems via backwards compatibility . Set on a fictional mountain , the single-player mode follows snowboarders competing in the SSX Championship . Players choose from a variety of characters and take part in various events in different locations , earning points and money by performing tricks , winning races , completing goals and finding collectables . Money can be used to upgrade character attributes , buy new clothes and boards , and unlock music and extras . Multiple players can play against each other in local multiplayer modes , and an online multiplayer mode also allowed players to connect to games and play against each other online on the PlayStation 2 version of the game , but has since been discontinued . Development of SSX 3 initially began in 2001 following the release of the previous title in the series , SSX Tricky . The development team was composed of people from various different employment backgrounds , including an Oscar-nominated visual effects designer who worked as one of the game 's art directors . The game includes 30 different types of snow and general visual improvements over the previous game , such as enhanced models and shadows ."}]}, {'value': 'EA Sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EA_Sports', 'summary': 'EA Sports is a division of Electronic Arts that develops and publishes sports video games . Formerly a marketing gimmick of Electronic Arts , in which they tried to imitate real-life sports networks by calling themselves the EA Sports Network ( EASN ) with pictures or endorsements with real commentators such as John Madden , it soon grew up to become a sub-label on its own , releasing game series such as FIFA , NHL , NBA Live and Madden NFL . Most games under this brand are developed by EA Vancouver , the studio of Electronic Arts in Burnaby , British Columbia as well as EA Tiburon in Maitland , Florida . The main rival to EA Sports is 2K Sports . Notably , both companies compete over the realm of NBA games . Konami is its rival in association football games . Unlike some other sports game companies , EA Sports has no special ties to a single platform , which means that all games are released for the bestselling active platforms , sometimes long after most of the other companies abandon them . For example , FIFA 98 , Madden NFL 98 , NBA Live 98 , and NHL 98 were released for the Sega Genesis and the Super NES throughout 1997 ; Madden NFL 2005 and FIFA 2005 had PlayStation releases in 2004 ( FIFA 2005 and Madden NFL 2005 were also the last two PlayStation titles to be released ) ; and NCAA Football 08 had an Xbox release in 2007 . Madden NFL 08 also had Xbox and Nintendo GameCube releases in 2007 , and was the final title released for the GameCube , with Madden NFL 09 following as the final Xbox title . Additionally , NASCAR Thunder 2003 and NASCAR Thunder 2004 were released not only for the PlayStation 2 , but for the original PlayStation as well . EA Sports brand name is used to sponsor English Football League Two team Swindon Town F.C . from the 2009-10 season onward and the EA Sports Cup in the Republic of Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'October 20 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '93/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92.28%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soulcalibur II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soulcalibur_II', 'summary': "Soulcalibur II ( ソウルキャリバーII , Sōrukyaribā Tsū ) is a 2002 fighting game developed by Project Soul and published by Namco and the third installment in the Soulcalibur series of weapon-based fighting games . It is the sequel to Soulcalibur , which was released in July 1998 . Originally intended to be released on Sega 's NAOMI board , the game was released on the Namco System 246 arcade board before being ported to the PlayStation 2 , GameCube , and Xbox in 2003 . The game 's plot revolves around the legendary weapon Soul Edge having been shattered into pieces , with different characters seeking to collect all the pieces to gain possession of the complete weapon or to destroy it once and for all . Compared to Soulcalibur , Soulcalibur II had improvements in graphics and the game system and introduced several new and guest characters . This is the first Soul game depicting the 1590 A.D. trilogy , which ends in Soulcalibur IV . The game was a critical and commercial success . A high-definition port , titled SoulCalibur II HD Online , was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Namco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namco', 'summary': "Namco Ltd. [ a ] ( stylized as NAMCO ) [ b ] is a former Japanese developer and publisher of arcade and home console video games , originally headquartered in Ōta , Tokyo . Several international divisions were established , including Namco America in Santa Clara , California , Shanghai Namco in mainland China , and Namco Enterprises Asia in Hong Kong . Namco was founded by Masaya Nakamura as Nakamura Seisakusho [ c ] on June 1 , 1955 , beginning as a producer of coin-operated amusement rides for Japanese department store roof gardens , seeing success with making children 's rides for the Mitsukoshi chain . Renamed Nakamura Manufacturing in 1959 , the company purchased the struggling Japanese division of Atari from Nolan Bushnell in 1974 and began releasing their games in Japan , where they quickly became one of the leading game companies in Asia . The acquisition inspired Namco to produce their own video games in-house , beginning with Gee Bee in 1978 . Namco released their first major hit Galaxian a year later , followed by Pac-Man in 1980 - the latter has since become the most successful arcade game of all time and one of the highest-grossing video games of all time . In February 2005 , Namco announced they would merge with Bandai to form Bandai Namco Holdings . The merge was finalized on September 25 , creating Japan 's third-largest video game entity by revenue and the seventh largest by revenue in the world . Both operated independently under the new holdings company until March 31 , 2006 , where their video game operations were merged to form Namco Bandai Games . The original Namco name was spun-off into a new company the same day , which handled the amusement park and arcade center operations of Bandai Namco Holdings . It was renamed to Bandai Namco Amusement during a corporate restructuring on April 1 , 2018 . Namco produced several critically and commercially successful franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Tekken , Ace Combat , Dig Dug , Soulcalibur , Xevious , Ridge Racer and Tales , and was one of the world 's most prolific video game companies ."}]}, {'value': 'March 27 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GameCube', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GameCube', 'summary': "The Nintendo GameCube [ b ] [ c ] ( commonly abbreviated as GameCube ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo in Japan and North America in 2001 and in the PAL territories in 2002 . The sixth-generation console is the successor to the Nintendo 64 . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft 's original Xbox . The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium . The discs are in the miniDVD format and the system was not designed to play full-sized DVDs or audio CDs , unlike its competitors , and focused on gaming instead . The console supports limited online gaming for a small number of games via a GameCube broadband or modem adapter and can connect to a Game Boy Advance with a link cable , which allows players to access exclusive in-game features using the handheld as a second screen and controller . The GameCube uses composite video cables to display games on the television ; however , there are differences in the two GameCube models . The models produced before May 2004 also have the ability to use digital component AV cables and progressive scan and a second serial port . The nameplate on the top of the console with the words Nintendo GameCube can be removed . This model is known as DOL-001 . The previously mentioned features were removed in GameCube consoles produced between 2004-2007 ; the later model was known as DOL-101 . The newer model has updated firmware that disables Action Replay cheats and cheat codes ( a newer version was developed to circumvent this ) and the disc-reading laser was improved in many ways , though it is not as durable ."}]}, {'value': '93/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92.23%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virtua Fighter 4 : Evolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virtua_Fighter_4', 'summary': 'Virtua Fighter 4 ( Japanese : バーチャファイター4 , Hepburn : Bācha Faitā Fō ) is a fighting game by Sega . It is the fourth game in the Virtua Fighter series . The game was first released in arcades on the NAOMI 2 board in 2001 . A console port of Virtua Fighter 4 , as well as that of Virtua Fighter 4 : Evolution under the budget-priced Greatest Hits label , appeared on the Sony PlayStation 2 in 2002 and 2003 , respectively . In Japan , Virtua Fighter 4 is famous for spearheading and opening the market for internet functionality in arcades . VF.NET started in Japan in 2001 , and since companies have created their own arcade networks , e-Amusement by Konami , NESiCAxLive by Taito and Square Enix , and ALL.Net by Sega .'}]}, {'value': 'Sega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sega', 'summary': "Sega Games Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher headquartered in Shinagawa , Tokyo . Its international branches , Sega of America and Sega Europe , are respectively headquartered in Irvine , California , and London . Sega 's arcade division , once part of Sega Corporation , has existed as Sega Interactive Co. , Ltd. since 2015 . Both companies are subsidiaries of Sega Holdings Co. , Ltd. , which is in turn a part of Sega Sammy Holdings . From 1983 until 2001 , Sega also developed and sold video game consoles . Sega was founded by Martin Bromley and Richard Stewart as Nihon Goraku Bussan [ b ] on June 3 , 1960 . The company became known as Sega Enterprises , Ltd. after acquiring Rosen Enterprises , an importer of coin-operated games . Sega developed its first coin-operated game with Periscope in the late 1960s . In an effort to become a publicly traded company , Sega was sold to Gulf and Western Industries in 1969 . Following a downturn in the arcade business in the early 1980s , Sega began to develop video game consoles , starting with the SG-1000 and Master System , but struggled against competitors such as the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 1984 , Sega executives David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama led a management buyout of the company with backing from CSK Corporation . Sega released its next console , the Sega Genesis ( known as the Mega Drive outside North America ) , in 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'March 13 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PlayStation 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PlayStation_2', 'summary': "The PlayStation 2 ( officially branded as PS2 ) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was first released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , and in Europe and Australia on November 24 , 2000 , and is the successor to the original PlayStation , as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up . A sixth-generation console , it competed with Sega 's Dreamcast , Nintendo 's GameCube , and Microsoft 's original Xbox . Announced in 1999 , the PS2 offered backward-compatibility for its predecessor 's DualShock controller , as well as its games . The PS2 is the best-selling video game console of all time , having sold over 155 million units worldwide , as confirmed by Sony . Over 3,800 game titles have been released for the PS2 , with over 1.5 billion copies sold . Sony later manufactured several smaller , lighter revisions of the console known as Slimline models in 2004 . Even with the release of its successor , the PlayStation 3 , the PS2 remained popular well into the seventh generation , and continued to be produced until 2013 , when Sony finally announced it had been discontinued after twelve years of production - one of the longest lifespans of a video game console . Despite the announcement , new games for the console continued to be produced until the end of 2013 , including Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin for Japan , FIFA 13 for North America , and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 for Europe . Repair services for the system in Japan ended on September 7 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '93/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '91.59%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viewtiful Joe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viewtiful_Joe', 'summary': "Viewtiful Joe [ b ] is a side scrolling beat 'em up video game developed by Team Viewtiful for the GameCube . It was originally released in 2003 as a part of the Capcom Five under director Hideki Kamiya and producer Atsushi Inaba . The game was later ported to the PlayStation 2 by the same design team under the name Clover Studio , subtitled in Japan Aratanaru Kibō ( Japanese : 新たなる希望 , lit . A New Hope ) . The game 's story concerns Joe , an avid movie-goer whose girlfriend Silvia is kidnapped during a film starring Joe 's favorite superhero , Captain Blue . Joe is shortly thereafter thrust into Movieland , where Silvia is taken by the villainous group known as Jadow . After accepting a special V-Watch from Captain Blue , Joe transforms into the tokusatsu-style persona Viewtiful Joe and sets out to rescue her . The gameplay of Viewtiful Joe features traditional 2D platform side-scrolling intermixed with 3D cel-shaded graphics . Abilities known as VFX Powers grant the player special actions for combat and puzzle-solving , such as slowing down or speeding up time . Viewtiful Joe was critically acclaimed for its unique visual style and gameplay , earning itself a number of awards from various media publications . A minor commercial success , the game spawned a few sequels with releases seen on other consoles such as the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) and Nintendo DS . An anime adaption of the game and a manga series were also produced ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'June 26 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GameCube', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GameCube', 'summary': "The Nintendo GameCube [ b ] [ c ] ( commonly abbreviated as GameCube ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo in Japan and North America in 2001 and in the PAL territories in 2002 . The sixth-generation console is the successor to the Nintendo 64 . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft 's original Xbox . The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium . The discs are in the miniDVD format and the system was not designed to play full-sized DVDs or audio CDs , unlike its competitors , and focused on gaming instead . The console supports limited online gaming for a small number of games via a GameCube broadband or modem adapter and can connect to a Game Boy Advance with a link cable , which allows players to access exclusive in-game features using the handheld as a second screen and controller . The GameCube uses composite video cables to display games on the television ; however , there are differences in the two GameCube models . The models produced before May 2004 also have the ability to use digital component AV cables and progressive scan and a second serial port . The nameplate on the top of the console with the words Nintendo GameCube can be removed . This model is known as DOL-001 . The previously mentioned features were removed in GameCube consoles produced between 2004-2007 ; the later model was known as DOL-101 . The newer model has updated firmware that disables Action Replay cheats and cheat codes ( a newer version was developed to circumvent this ) and the disc-reading laser was improved in many ways , though it is not as durable ."}]}, {'value': '93/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '91.19%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_of_Persia:_The_Sands_of_Time', 'summary': "Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time is a third-person action-adventure puzzle-platform video game developed and published by Ubisoft . Revealed in March 2003 , it was released across Game Boy Advance , PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox and Microsoft Windows in November 2003 . The Sands of Time is a reboot of the Prince of Persia series , created by Jordan Mechner . Mechner served as creative consultant , designer , and scenario writer for The Sands of Time . The game follows an unnamed Prince whose father sacks a Maharaja 's city at the instigation of its treacherous Vizier . During the attack , the Prince obtains an artifact called the Dagger of Time , while his army captures an hourglass containing the Sands of Time . Visiting Azad to present the Sands as a gift to the city 's ruler , the Vizier tricks the Prince into releasing the Sands , transforming the city 's population into savage monsters . Together with the Maharaja 's daughter Farah , the Prince works to correct his mistake and return the Sands to the hourglass . The gameplay revolves around the Prince 's platforming abilities , broken up by fights with the creatures created by the Sands . A key mechanic in the game is using the Dagger to rewind time if the Prince makes a mistake platforming , and using it to kill and freeze enemies . Concept work began in spring of 2001 , after Ubisoft acquired the Prince of Persia catalog . After Mechner was brought on board , production began in June of that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Ubisoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ubisoft', 'summary': "Ubisoft Entertainment SA ( /ˈjuːbisɒft , -sɔːft/ ; French : [ ybisɔft ] ; formerly Ubi Soft Entertainment SA ) is a French video game company headquartered in Montreuil with several development studios across the world . It publishes games for several video game franchises , including Assassin 's Creed , Far Cry , Just Dance , Prince of Persia , Rayman , Raving Rabbids , and Tom Clancy 's . As of March 2018 , Ubisoft is the fourth largest publicly traded game company in the Americas and Europe in terms of revenue and market capitalisation , after Activision Blizzard , Electronic Arts , and Take-Two Interactive ."}]}, {'value': 'November 18 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xbox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xbox_(console)', 'summary': "The Xbox is a home video game console and the first installment in the Xbox series of video game consoles manufactured by Microsoft . It was released as Microsoft 's first foray into the gaming console market on November 15 , 2001 , in North America , followed by Australia , Europe and Japan in 2002 . It is classified as a sixth generation console , competing with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Nintendo 's GameCube . It was also the first major console produced by an American company since the Atari Jaguar ceased production in 1996 . Announced in 2000 , the Xbox was graphically powerful compared to its rivals , featuring a 733 MHz Intel Pentium III processor , a processor that could be found on a standard PC . It was also noted for its PC-like size and weight , and was the first console to feature a built-in hard disk . In November 2002 , Microsoft launched Xbox Live , a fee-based online gaming service that enabled subscribers to download new content and connect with other players through a broadband connection . Unlike online services from Sega and Sony , Xbox Live had support in the original console design through an integrated Ethernet port . The service gave Microsoft an early foothold in online gaming and would help the Xbox become a competitor in the sixth-generation of consoles . The popularity of blockbuster titles such as Bungie 's Halo 2 contributed to the popularity of online console gaming , and in particular first-person shooters . The Xbox had a record-breaking launch in North America , selling 1.5 million units before the end of 2001 , aided by the popularity of one of the system 's launch titles , Halo : Combat Evolved , which sold a million units by April 2002 . The system went on to sell a worldwide total of 24 million units , including 16 million in North America ; however , Microsoft was unable to make a steady profit off of the console , which had a manufacturing price far more expensive than its retail price , despite its popularity , losing over $ 4 billion during its market life ."}]}, {'value': '92/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92.67%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_of_Persia:_The_Sands_of_Time', 'summary': "Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time is a third-person action-adventure puzzle-platform video game developed and published by Ubisoft . Revealed in March 2003 , it was released across Game Boy Advance , PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox and Microsoft Windows in November 2003 . The Sands of Time is a reboot of the Prince of Persia series , created by Jordan Mechner . Mechner served as creative consultant , designer , and scenario writer for The Sands of Time . The game follows an unnamed Prince whose father sacks a Maharaja 's city at the instigation of its treacherous Vizier . During the attack , the Prince obtains an artifact called the Dagger of Time , while his army captures an hourglass containing the Sands of Time . Visiting Azad to present the Sands as a gift to the city 's ruler , the Vizier tricks the Prince into releasing the Sands , transforming the city 's population into savage monsters . Together with the Maharaja 's daughter Farah , the Prince works to correct his mistake and return the Sands to the hourglass . The gameplay revolves around the Prince 's platforming abilities , broken up by fights with the creatures created by the Sands . A key mechanic in the game is using the Dagger to rewind time if the Prince makes a mistake platforming , and using it to kill and freeze enemies . Concept work began in spring of 2001 , after Ubisoft acquired the Prince of Persia catalog . After Mechner was brought on board , production began in June of that year ."}]}, {'value': 'Ubisoft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ubisoft', 'summary': "Ubisoft Entertainment SA ( /ˈjuːbisɒft , -sɔːft/ ; French : [ ybisɔft ] ; formerly Ubi Soft Entertainment SA ) is a French video game company headquartered in Montreuil with several development studios across the world . It publishes games for several video game franchises , including Assassin 's Creed , Far Cry , Just Dance , Prince of Persia , Rayman , Raving Rabbids , and Tom Clancy 's . As of March 2018 , Ubisoft is the fourth largest publicly traded game company in the Americas and Europe in terms of revenue and market capitalisation , after Activision Blizzard , Electronic Arts , and Take-Two Interactive ."}]}, {'value': 'November 18 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GameCube', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GameCube', 'summary': "The Nintendo GameCube [ b ] [ c ] ( commonly abbreviated as GameCube ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo in Japan and North America in 2001 and in the PAL territories in 2002 . The sixth-generation console is the successor to the Nintendo 64 . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft 's original Xbox . The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium . The discs are in the miniDVD format and the system was not designed to play full-sized DVDs or audio CDs , unlike its competitors , and focused on gaming instead . The console supports limited online gaming for a small number of games via a GameCube broadband or modem adapter and can connect to a Game Boy Advance with a link cable , which allows players to access exclusive in-game features using the handheld as a second screen and controller . The GameCube uses composite video cables to display games on the television ; however , there are differences in the two GameCube models . The models produced before May 2004 also have the ability to use digital component AV cables and progressive scan and a second serial port . The nameplate on the top of the console with the words Nintendo GameCube can be removed . This model is known as DOL-001 . The previously mentioned features were removed in GameCube consoles produced between 2004-2007 ; the later model was known as DOL-101 . The newer model has updated firmware that disables Action Replay cheats and cheat codes ( a newer version was developed to circumvent this ) and the disc-reading laser was improved in many ways , though it is not as durable ."}]}, {'value': '92/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92.12%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SSX 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SSX_3', 'summary': "SSX 3 is a snowboard racing game developed by EA Canada and published under the EA Sports BIG brand . The game was initially released on October 20 , 2003 for the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox . It was later ported to the Game Boy Advance by Visual Impact on November 11 , 2003 and to the Gizmondo by Exient Entertainment on August 31 , 2005 as a launch title . It is the third installment in the SSX series . On 17th April 2018 it was made playable on Xbox one systems via backwards compatibility . Set on a fictional mountain , the single-player mode follows snowboarders competing in the SSX Championship . Players choose from a variety of characters and take part in various events in different locations , earning points and money by performing tricks , winning races , completing goals and finding collectables . Money can be used to upgrade character attributes , buy new clothes and boards , and unlock music and extras . Multiple players can play against each other in local multiplayer modes , and an online multiplayer mode also allowed players to connect to games and play against each other online on the PlayStation 2 version of the game , but has since been discontinued . Development of SSX 3 initially began in 2001 following the release of the previous title in the series , SSX Tricky . The development team was composed of people from various different employment backgrounds , including an Oscar-nominated visual effects designer who worked as one of the game 's art directors . The game includes 30 different types of snow and general visual improvements over the previous game , such as enhanced models and shadows ."}]}, {'value': 'EA Sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/EA_Sports', 'summary': 'EA Sports is a division of Electronic Arts that develops and publishes sports video games . Formerly a marketing gimmick of Electronic Arts , in which they tried to imitate real-life sports networks by calling themselves the EA Sports Network ( EASN ) with pictures or endorsements with real commentators such as John Madden , it soon grew up to become a sub-label on its own , releasing game series such as FIFA , NHL , NBA Live and Madden NFL . Most games under this brand are developed by EA Vancouver , the studio of Electronic Arts in Burnaby , British Columbia as well as EA Tiburon in Maitland , Florida . The main rival to EA Sports is 2K Sports . Notably , both companies compete over the realm of NBA games . Konami is its rival in association football games . Unlike some other sports game companies , EA Sports has no special ties to a single platform , which means that all games are released for the bestselling active platforms , sometimes long after most of the other companies abandon them . For example , FIFA 98 , Madden NFL 98 , NBA Live 98 , and NHL 98 were released for the Sega Genesis and the Super NES throughout 1997 ; Madden NFL 2005 and FIFA 2005 had PlayStation releases in 2004 ( FIFA 2005 and Madden NFL 2005 were also the last two PlayStation titles to be released ) ; and NCAA Football 08 had an Xbox release in 2007 . Madden NFL 08 also had Xbox and Nintendo GameCube releases in 2007 , and was the final title released for the GameCube , with Madden NFL 09 following as the final Xbox title . Additionally , NASCAR Thunder 2003 and NASCAR Thunder 2004 were released not only for the PlayStation 2 , but for the original PlayStation as well . EA Sports brand name is used to sponsor English Football League Two team Swindon Town F.C . from the 2009-10 season onward and the EA Sports Cup in the Republic of Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'October 20 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GameCube', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GameCube', 'summary': "The Nintendo GameCube [ b ] [ c ] ( commonly abbreviated as GameCube ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo in Japan and North America in 2001 and in the PAL territories in 2002 . The sixth-generation console is the successor to the Nintendo 64 . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft 's original Xbox . The GameCube is the first Nintendo console to use optical discs as its primary storage medium . The discs are in the miniDVD format and the system was not designed to play full-sized DVDs or audio CDs , unlike its competitors , and focused on gaming instead . The console supports limited online gaming for a small number of games via a GameCube broadband or modem adapter and can connect to a Game Boy Advance with a link cable , which allows players to access exclusive in-game features using the handheld as a second screen and controller . The GameCube uses composite video cables to display games on the television ; however , there are differences in the two GameCube models . The models produced before May 2004 also have the ability to use digital component AV cables and progressive scan and a second serial port . The nameplate on the top of the console with the words Nintendo GameCube can be removed . This model is known as DOL-001 . The previously mentioned features were removed in GameCube consoles produced between 2004-2007 ; the later model was known as DOL-101 . The newer model has updated firmware that disables Action Replay cheats and cheat codes ( a newer version was developed to circumvent this ) and the disc-reading laser was improved in many ways , though it is not as durable ."}]}, {'value': '92/100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Titles with notable critical reception -- Critically acclaimed titles', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2003_in_video_gaming_1', 'intro': '2003 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as Beyond Good & Evil, Call of Duty, Mario & Luigi Superstar Saga, PlanetSide, Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, and True Crime: Streets of LA.'}
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The game published by Nintendo on November 17 , 2003 involves a protagonist by what name ?
Ganon
0ade37c2c358e4cc
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_African_airports_by_passenger_movements', 'title': 'List of South African airports by passenger movements', 'header': ['Rank', 'Airport', 'Location', 'Code ( IATA/ICAO )', 'Total passengers', '% Change'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OR Tambo International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OR_Tambo_International_Airport', 'summary': "O. R. Tambo International Airport ( IATA : JNB , ICAO : FAOR ) is a major international airport situated in Kempton Park , Gauteng , South Africa . It serves as the primary airport for domestic and international travel to/from South Africa and is Africa 's busiest airport , with a capacity to handle up to 28 million passengers annually . The airport serves as the hub for South African Airways . The airport handled over 21 million passengers in 2017 . It was originally known as Jan Smuts International Airport , after the former South African Prime Minister of the same name . The airport was renamed Johannesburg International Airport in 1994 when the newly elected African National Congress ( ANC ) government implemented a policy of not naming airports after politicians . This policy was later reversed , and on 27 October 2006 the airport was renamed O. R. Tambo International Airport after Oliver Reginald Tambo , a former ANC President ."}]}, {'value': 'Johannesburg , Gauteng', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johannesburg', 'summary': "Johannesburg ( /dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/ joh-HAN-iss-burg , also US : /-ˈhɑːn-/ -\u2060HAHN- ; Afrikaans : [ jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ ] ; Zulu and Xhosa : eGoli ) , informally known as Jozi or Joburg , is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world . It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng , which is the wealthiest province in South Africa . Johannesburg is the seat of the Constitutional Court . The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade , It was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . In 2019 , the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127 , making it the most populous city in South Africa . In the same year , the population of Johannesburg 's urban agglomeration was put at 8,000,000. land area of the municipal city ( 1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi ) is large in comparison with those of other major cities , resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre ( 6,120/sq mi ) . The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm . Due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand , within ten years , the population had grown to 100,000 inhabitants . A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994 , Soweto is now part of Johannesburg . Originally an acronym for South-Western Townships , Soweto originated as a collection of settlements on the outskirts of Johannesburg , populated mostly by native African workers from the gold mining industry . Soweto , although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg , had been separated as a residential area for Blacks , who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper ."}]}, {'value': 'JNB/FAJS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,596,203', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cape Town International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Airport', 'summary': "Cape Town International Airport ( IATA : CPT , ICAO : FACT ) is the primary airport serving the city of Cape Town , and is the second-busiest airport in South Africa and fourth-busiest in Africa . Located approximately 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from the city centre , the airport was opened in 1954 to replace Cape Town 's previous airport , Wingfield Aerodrome . Cape Town International Airport is the only airport in the Cape Town metropolitan area that offers scheduled passenger services . The airport has domestic and international terminals , linked by a common central terminal . The airport has direct flights from South Africa 's other two main urban areas , Johannesburg and Durban , as well as flights to smaller centres in South Africa . Internationally , it has direct flights to several destinations in Africa , the Middle East , Asia , Europe and the United States . The air route between Cape Town and Johannesburg was the world 's ninth-busiest air route in 2011 with an estimated 4.5 million passengers ."}]}, {'value': 'Cape Town , Western Cape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Town', 'summary': "Cape Town ( Afrikaans : Kaapstad ) [ ˈkɑːpstat ] ; Xhosa : iKapa ; Khoi-San : //Hui ! Gaeb ) is the second most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and also the legislative capital of South Africa . Colloquially named the Mother City , it is the largest city of the Western Cape province . It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality , The Parliament of South Africa sits in Cape Town . The other two capitals are located in Pretoria ( the executive capital where the Presidency is based ) and Bloemfontein ( the judicial capital where the Supreme Court of Appeal is located ) . The city is known for its harbour , for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region , and for landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point . Cape Town is home to 64% of the Western Cape 's population . The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design . In 2014 , Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both The New York Times and The Daily Telegraph. , Cape Town was one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Located on the shore of Table Bay , Cape Town , as the oldest urban area in South Africa , was developed by the United East India Company ( VOC ) as a supply station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa , India , and the Far East . Jan van Riebeeck 's arrival on 6 April 1652 established VOC Cape Colony , the first permanent European settlement in South Africa . Cape Town outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope , becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony . Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg , Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'CPT/FACT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,810,069', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.0%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Durban International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durban_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Durban International Airport ( formerly Louis Botha Airport ) was the international airport of Durban from 1951 until 2010 , when it was replaced by King Shaka International Airport , 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) to the north . The airport is co-located with AFB Durban .'}]}, {'value': 'Durban , KwaZulu-Natal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Durban', 'summary': "Durban ( Zulu : eThekwini , from itheku meaning bay/lagoon ) is the third most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and Cape Town and the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal . Located on the east coast of South Africa , Durban is the busiest port in the country . It is also one of the major centres of tourism because of the city 's warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches . Durban forms part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality , which includes neighboring towns and has a population of about 3.44 million , making the combined municipality one of the biggest cities on the Indian Ocean coast of the African continent . It is also the second most important manufacturing hub in South Africa after Johannesburg . In May 2015 , Durban was officially recognized as one of the New 7 Wonders Cities , Durban was one of the host cities for the 2010 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'DUR/FADN', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,403,340', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.6%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Elizabeth Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Elizabeth_Airport', 'summary': "Port Elizabeth International Airport ( IATA : PLZ , ICAO : FAPE ) is an airport serving Port Elizabeth , a city in the Eastern Cape province in South Africa . It was formerly known as H. F. Verwoerd Airport . The airport is owned and operated by the Airports Company South Africa which also operates nine other airports around South Africa . The airport is located approximately two miles south of the city 's central business district . In 2017 , the airport served 1,620,705 passengers ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Elizabeth , Eastern Cape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Elizabeth', 'summary': 'Port Elizabeth or Nelson Mandela Bay ( Xhosa : iBhayi ; Afrikaans : Die Baai [ di ˈbɑːi ] ) often known by its initials P.E. , and colloquially as The Friendly City , is a major seaport city in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa along the Indian Ocean . Port Elizabeth is Africas southern-most and South Africas second oldest city . It is the seat of the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality ( South Africas second largest metropolitan administrative district by area ) ; the countrys sixth most-populous city ; the most-populous city of Eastern Cape ; and the cultural , economic and financial center of the Eastern Cape . The city is among the top five cities in the world for pleasant weather , according to a 2014 scientific climate study of 600 global cities . Port Elizabeth is known for many blue-flag beaches along the citys urban coastline ; its popularity as an international and local holiday destination ; and its rich and diverse cultural heritage . It is a tourism gateway city for the Eastern Cape and the only city with the closest proximity to malaria-free big five game game reserves . The economy of Port Elizabeth is primarily oriented towards automotive assembly , manufacturing and export industries , and the city is also a major South African and sub-Saharan African destination for investment . Foreign direct investments of $ 19,8 billion has been secured over the past decade . Several Fortune 500 companies have a presence or their African operations headquartered in Port Elizabeth . The citys most prominent landmarks are Shark Rock pier , the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , and the Donkin Reserve . Port Elizabeth was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Port Elizabeth is a popular domestic and international holiday destination .'}]}, {'value': 'PLZ/FAPE', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,349,673', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East London Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_London_Airport', 'summary': "East London Airport ( IATA : ELS , ICAO : FAEL ) is an airport serving East London , a city in the Eastern Cape province on the southeast coast of South Africa . East London 's airport is a small but bustling one that plays an important role in the growing economy of the Eastern Cape . Every day it welcomes between 20 and 30 flights - which bring 346,000 people to East London each year . Of these , about 140,000 are holidaymakers , mostly local , and about 15% are foreign tourists . In 2013 , the airport served 658,363 passengers . In 2016 , East London Airport was voted the fastest growing airport in South Africa , having accomplished an almost 19% increase in traffic over a 12-month-period . The airport welcomed over 806,000 passengers in 2016 , beating the 679,000 that passed through East London in 2015 . The second best performing airport for growth in 2014 was Kimberley , with its traffic growing by 11% . Overall the top airports of South Africa witnessed nearly 39.7 million passengers in 2016 , up 5.3% on the year before ."}]}, {'value': 'East London , Eastern Cape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_London,_South_Africa', 'summary': "East London ( Xhosa : eMonti ; Afrikaans : Oos-Londen ) is a city on the southeast coast of South Africa in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality of the Eastern Cape province . The city lies on the Indian Ocean coast , largely between the Buffalo River and the Nahoon River , and hosts the country 's only river port . As of 2011 [ update ] , East London had a population of over 267,000 with over 755,000 in the metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': 'ELS/FAEL', 'urls': []}, {'value': '676,982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.2%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Airport', 'summary': 'George Airport ( IATA : GRJ , ICAO : FAGG ) is an airport located in George , Western Cape , South Africa . It was formerly known as P.W . Botha Airport , named after the state president who lived in this part of the country . This airport was originally built in 1977 as an exact replica of the Keetmanshoop Airport in Namibia , but since its expansion and renovation , it now looks completely different . George Airport has won the award for Africas best airport in the category under two million passengers per year six times , the last time 2017 . The award is given by Airports Council International ( ACI ) . In 2013 , the airport served 560,432 passengers , substantially more than the 154,000 in 2003 . From 2014 onwards continued increase in passenger numbers were witnessed , with 2017 recording a record number of passengers of 785,486 , closing in on the design capacity of the airport which should necessitate further terminal expansion in the near future .'}]}, {'value': 'George , Western Cape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George,_Western_Cape', 'summary': 'George is the second largest city in the Western Cape province of South Africa . The city is a popular holiday and conference centre and the administrative and commercial hub and the capital city of the Garden Route . The city is situated roughly halfway between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth on the Garden Route . It is situated on a 10-kilometre plateau between the Outeniqua Mountains to the north and the Indian Ocean to the south . The former township of Pacaltsdorp , now a fully incorporated suburb , lies to the south .'}]}, {'value': 'GRJ/FAGG', 'urls': []}, {'value': '537,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10.9%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bloemfontein Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloemfontein_Airport', 'summary': "Bram Fischer International Airport ( IATA : BFN , ICAO : FABL ) is a primary airport located in Bloemfontein , the capital city of the Free State province of South Africa . The runways are shared with AFB Bloemspruit . In November 2012 , the South African government announced that the airport 's name was to be changed to Bram Fischer International Airport ; the official renaming was performed by Pres . Jacob Zuma on Thursday , 13 December 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bloemfontein , Free State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bloemfontein', 'summary': "Bloemfontein ( /ˈbluːmfɒnteɪn/ ; Afrikaans : [ ˈblumfɔntəi̯n ] ; from ! Orakobab : ǀʼAuxa ǃXās Bloem 's fountain ; in Dutch : fountain of flowers or blooming fountain ; also known as Bloem ) is the capital city of the province of Free State of South Africa ; and , as the judicial capital of the nation , one of South Africa 's three national capitals ( the other two being Cape Town , the legislative capital , and Pretoria , the administrative capital ) and is the seventh largest city in South Africa . Situated at an elevation of 1,395 m ( 4,577 ft ) above sea level , the city is home to approximately 520,000 residents and forms part of the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality which has a population of 747,431 . It was one of the host cities for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The city of Bloemfontein hosts the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa , the Franklin Game Reserve , Naval Hill , the Maselspoort Resort and the Sand du Plessis Theatre . The city hosts numerous museums , including the National Women 's Monument , the Anglo-Boer War Museum , the National Museum , and the Oliewenhuis Art Museum . Bloemfontein also host sub-Saharan Africa 's first digital planetarium , the Naval Hill Planetarium and Boyden Observatory , an astronomical research observatory erected by Harvard University . Bloemfontein is popularly and poetically known as the city of roses , for its abundance of these flowers and the annual rose festival held there . The city 's Sesotho name is Mangaung , meaning place of cheetahs . Its ! Orakobab name is ǀʼAuxa ǃXās or ǀKxʼauxa ǃXās ( Khoekhoegowab spelling : ǀAuxa ! Khās ) , which refers to Jan Bloem II , known as ! Xās-aob or Blumtseb who was a gaokxʼaob ( chief ) of the ǀŨdiǁʼaes ( Springbok Clan ) of the ! Ora ( Korana ) nation , whose kraal was the original settlement before the city was built ."}]}, {'value': 'BFN/FABL', 'urls': []}, {'value': '397,228', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.8%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kimberley Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimberley_Airport', 'summary': 'Kimberley Airport ( IATA : KIM , ICAO : FAKM ) is an airport serving Kimberley , the capital city of the province of Northern Cape in South Africa . The airport is approximately 10 km away from the centre of Kimberley .'}]}, {'value': 'Kimberley , Northern Cape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape', 'summary': 'Kimberley is the capital and largest city of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa . It is located approximately 110 km east of the confluence of the Vaal and Orange Rivers . The city has considerable historical significance due to its diamond mining past and the siege during the Second Boer War . British businessmen Cecil Rhodes and Barney Barnato made their fortunes in Kimberley , and Rhodes established the De Beers diamond company in the early days of the mining town . On September 2 , 1882 , Kimberley was the first city in the Southern Hemisphere and the second in the world after Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in the United States to integrate electric street lights into its infrastructure . The first Stock Exchange in Africa was built in Kimberley , as early as 1881 .'}]}, {'value': 'KIM/FAKM', 'urls': []}, {'value': '131,885', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12.7%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Upington Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upington_Airport', 'summary': 'Upington Airport ( IATA : UTN , ICAO : FAUP ) is an airport located in Upington , Northern Cape , South Africa . At 4900 metres , runway 17/35 is one of the longest runways in the world . The high elevation of the airport , extremely high summer temperatures and the fact that it was designed for the Boeing 747 necessitated the extreme length of the main runway .'}]}, {'value': 'Upington , Northern Cape', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upington,_Northern_Cape', 'summary': "Upington ( Nama : //Khara hais ) is a town founded in 1873 and located in the Northern Cape province of South Africa , on the banks of the Orange River . The town was originally called Olijvenhoutsdrift ( 'Olive wood drift ' ) , due to the abundance of olive wood trees in the area , but later renamed after Sir Thomas Upington , Attorney-General and then Prime Minister of the Cape . It originated as a mission station established in 1871 and run by Reverend Christiaan Schröder . The mission station now houses the town museum , known as the Kalahari Orange Museum . The museum is also the home of a donkey statue , which recognises the enormous contribution that this animal made to the development of the region during the pioneering days of the 19th century . The elevation of Upington is 2,742 feet ( 835 metres ) . It is the closest large centre to the Augrabies Falls ( arguably the greatest of South African waterfalls ) and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park . The landscape is very arid but the soil is fertile and crops such as fruit are grown in irrigated fields . The area is best known for its export-quality grapes , raisins and wines , which are cultivated on the rich flood plains of the Orange River ."}]}, {'value': 'UTN/FAUP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42,229', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11.6%', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Statistics -- 2009–10', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_South_African_airports_by_passenger_movements_3', 'intro': 'The following is a list of South African airports by passenger movements.'}
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What is the elevation of the city in South Africa with an airport that handles 397,228 passengers a year ?
1,395 m
0ae08d301471a8b4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'title': 'France at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camille Lacourt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camille_Lacourt', 'summary': 'Camille Lacourt ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ kamij lakuʁ ] ; born 22 April 1985 ) is a retired French competitive swimmer and backstroke specialist . He won the 50 metre backstroke at three consecutive world championships ( 2013 Barcelona , 2015 Kazan , and 2017 Budapest ) . He competed at the 2012 Olympics in the 100 metre backstroke and finished fourth . In the 2016 Rio Olympics , he finished fifth in the same event .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 metre backstroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_100_metre_backstroke", 'summary': "The men 's 100 metre backstroke competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 25 with the preliminary round and the semifinals and July 26 with the final ."}]}, {'value': '26 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jérémy Stravius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jérémy_Stravius', 'summary': 'Jérémy Stravius ( born 14 July 1988 ) is a French swimmer , swimming freestyle , backstroke , and butterfly .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 metre backstroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_100_metre_backstroke", 'summary': "The men 's 100 metre backstroke competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 25 with the preliminary round and the semifinals and July 26 with the final ."}]}, {'value': '26 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aurélie Muller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurélie_Muller', 'summary': 'Aurélie Muller ( born 7 June 1990 ) is a French swimmer , who specializes in long-distance freestyle events and open water marathon . She won the 10-kilometer competition at the 2015 world championship in Kazan , Russia and at the 2017 world championship in Budapest , Hungary .'}]}, {'value': 'Open Water Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_water_swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The open water swimming portion of the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held between July 19-23 in Shanghai , China at the Jinshan City Beach .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 5km", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Open_water_swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_5_km", 'summary': "The Women 's 5 km competition of the Open water swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 22 ."}]}, {'value': '22 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alain Bernard Jérémy Stravius William Meynard Fabien Gilot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Bernard', 'summary': 'Alain Bernard ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ alɛ̃ bɛʁnaʁ ] ; born 1 May 1983 ) is a former French swimmer from Aubagne , Bouches-du-Rhône . Bernard won a total of four medals ( two golds , one silver , and one bronze ) at two Olympic Games ( 2008 and 2012 ) . He also won numerous medals at the World Championships ( short course and long course ) and European Championships ( short course and long course ) . Bernard formerly held the world record for the 50 metres freestyle ( long course ) and the 100 metres freestyle ( long course and short course ) . Bernard has a shark tattoo on his right hip .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jérémy_Stravius', 'summary': 'Jérémy Stravius ( born 14 July 1988 ) is a French swimmer , swimming freestyle , backstroke , and butterfly .'}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Meynard', 'summary': "William Meynard ( born 11 July 1987 ) is a French swimmer . He won a bronze medal in the Men 's 100 metre freestyle at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai , with a time of 48.00 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fabien_Gilot', 'summary': 'Fabien Pierre Aurélien Dominique Gilot ( born 27 April 1984 ) is a French Olympic and world champion swimmer .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_4_×_100_metre_freestyle_relay", 'summary': "The men 's 4×100 metre freestyle relay competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships took place July 24 . The heats and final took place July 24 ."}]}, {'value': '24 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yannick Agnel Grégory Mallet Jérémy Stravius Fabien Gilot Sébastien Rouault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yannick_Agnel', 'summary': "Yannick Agnel ( born 9 June 1992 ) is a French former competitive swimmer who specializes in freestyle events , and is a three-time Olympic medalist . In his Olympic debut at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , he won gold in the 200-meter freestyle , gold in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay , and silver in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay . He is the current world record holder in the 400-meter freestyle ( short course ) , the European record holder in the 800-meter freestyle ( short course ) , and the national record holder in the 200- and 400-meter freestyle ( long course ) . Agnel 's success have earned him Swimming World 's European Swimmer of the Year award in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grégory_Mallet', 'summary': 'Grégory Mallet ( born 21 March 1984 ) is a French Olympic swimmer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jérémy_Stravius', 'summary': 'Jérémy Stravius ( born 14 July 1988 ) is a French swimmer , swimming freestyle , backstroke , and butterfly .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fabien_Gilot', 'summary': 'Fabien Pierre Aurélien Dominique Gilot ( born 27 April 1984 ) is a French Olympic and world champion swimmer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Rouault', 'summary': 'Sébastien Rouault ( born 24 February 1986 ) is a male freestyle swimmer from France , who competed for his native country at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_4_×_200_metre_freestyle_relay", 'summary': "The men 's 4×200 metre freestyle relay competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 29 with the heats and final ."}]}, {'value': '29 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camille Lacourt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camille_Lacourt', 'summary': 'Camille Lacourt ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ kamij lakuʁ ] ; born 22 April 1985 ) is a retired French competitive swimmer and backstroke specialist . He won the 50 metre backstroke at three consecutive world championships ( 2013 Barcelona , 2015 Kazan , and 2017 Budapest ) . He competed at the 2012 Olympics in the 100 metre backstroke and finished fourth . In the 2016 Rio Olympics , he finished fifth in the same event .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50m Backstroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_50_metre_backstroke", 'summary': "The men 's 50 metre backstroke competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 30 with the heats and the semifinals and July 31 with the final ."}]}, {'value': '31 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camille Muffat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camille_Muffat', 'summary': 'Camille Muffat ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ka.mij myfa ] ; 28 October 1989 - 9 March 2015 ) was a French swimmer and three-time Olympic medalist . Swimming for the Olympic Nice Natation club , she specialised in the individual medley and the free style events . Her career ran from 2005 to 2014 . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , she won gold in the 400-metre freestyle , silver in the 200-metre freestyle and bronze in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay . In so doing , she became the fourth French swimmer to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games . She was also the third French athlete overall to win three Olympic medals at a single edition of the Olympic Games . She died in the Villa Castelli helicopter collision , at age 25 , during the filming of French TV reality show Dropped for the TF1 network .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 400m Freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_400_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The women 's 400 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships took place July 24 . The heats and the final took place on July 24 ."}]}, {'value': '24 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camille Muffat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camille_Muffat', 'summary': 'Camille Muffat ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ka.mij myfa ] ; 28 October 1989 - 9 March 2015 ) was a French swimmer and three-time Olympic medalist . Swimming for the Olympic Nice Natation club , she specialised in the individual medley and the free style events . Her career ran from 2005 to 2014 . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , she won gold in the 400-metre freestyle , silver in the 200-metre freestyle and bronze in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay . In so doing , she became the fourth French swimmer to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games . She was also the third French athlete overall to win three Olympic medals at a single edition of the Olympic Games . She died in the Villa Castelli helicopter collision , at age 25 , during the filming of French TV reality show Dropped for the TF1 network .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 200m Freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_200_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The women 's 200 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 26 with the heats and the semifinals and July 27 with the final ."}]}, {'value': '27 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Meynard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Meynard', 'summary': "William Meynard ( born 11 July 1987 ) is a French swimmer . He won a bronze medal in the Men 's 100 metre freestyle at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai , with a time of 48.00 ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100m Freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_100_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The men 's 100 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 27 with the heats and the semifinals and July 28 with the final ."}]}, {'value': '28 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alain Bernard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alain_Bernard', 'summary': 'Alain Bernard ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ alɛ̃ bɛʁnaʁ ] ; born 1 May 1983 ) is a former French swimmer from Aubagne , Bouches-du-Rhône . Bernard won a total of four medals ( two golds , one silver , and one bronze ) at two Olympic Games ( 2008 and 2012 ) . He also won numerous medals at the World Championships ( short course and long course ) and European Championships ( short course and long course ) . Bernard formerly held the world record for the 50 metres freestyle ( long course ) and the 100 metres freestyle ( long course and short course ) . Bernard has a shark tattoo on his right hip .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50m Freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Men's_50_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The men 's 50 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 29 with the heats and the semifinals and July 30 with the final ."}]}, {'value': '30 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mélanie Henique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mélanie_Henique', 'summary': 'Mélanie Henique ( born 22 December 1992 ) is a French swimmer who won a bronze medal in 50 m butterfly at the 2011 World Championships in Shanghai .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships', 'summary': 'The swimming portion of the 2011 FINA World Championships was held July 24-31 at the Shanghai Oriental Sports Center in Shanghai , China . Swimming is one of five aquatic disciplines at the championships .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 50m Butterfly", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_–_Women's_50_metre_butterfly", 'summary': "The women 's 50 metre butterfly competition of the swimming events at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships was held on July 29 with the heats and the semifinals and July 30 with the final ."}]}, {'value': '30 July', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'France_at_the_2011_World_Aquatics_Championships_0', 'intro': 'France competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China between July 16 and 31, 2011.'}
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On what date did the athlete born on 22 December 1992 win a medal ?
30 July
0ae1b3c1ce3cd0d5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_and_youngest_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees', 'title': 'List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees', 'header': ['Rank', 'Age', 'Name', 'Year in Film', 'Date of Birth', 'Date of Award'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94 years , 341 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eli Wallach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eli_Wallach', 'summary': "Eli Herschel Wallach ( /ˈiːlaɪ ˈwɔːlək/ ; December 7 , 1915 - June 24 , 2014 ) was an American film , television and stage actor whose career spanned more than six decades , beginning in the late 1940s . Trained in stage acting , which he enjoyed doing most , he became one of the greatest 'character actors ' ever to appear on stage and screen , with over 90 film credits . He and his wife Anne Jackson often appeared together on stage , and were one of the best-known acting couples in American theater . As a stage and screen character actor , Wallach had one of the longest-ever careers in show business , spanning 62 years from his Broadway debut to his last two major Hollywood studio movies ( which were released in the same year ) . Wallach initially studied method acting under Sanford Meisner , and later became a founding member of the Actors Studio , where he studied under Lee Strasberg . He played a wide variety of roles throughout his career , primarily as a supporting actor . For his debut screen performance in Baby Doll ( 1956 ) , he won a BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer and a Golden Globe Award nomination . Among his other most famous roles are Calvera in The Magnificent Seven ( 1960 ) , Guido in The Misfits ( 1961 ) , and Tuco ( The Ugly ) in The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 ) . Other notable portrayals include outlaw Charlie Gant in How the West Was Won ( 1962 ) , Hitman Leon B . Little in Tough Guys ( 1986 ) , Don Altobello in The Godfather Part III , Cotton Weinberger in The Two Jakes ( both 1990 ) , and Arthur Abbott in The Holiday ( 2006 ) . One of America 's most prolific screen actors , Wallach remained active well into his nineties , with roles as recently as 2010 in Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps and The Ghost Writer . In 1988 , Wallach was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/83rd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 83rd Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2010 in the United States and took place on February 27 , 2011 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST ( 8:30 p.m. EST ) . During the ceremony , Academy Awards ( commonly called the Oscars ) were presented in 24 competitive categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Bruce Cohen and Don Mischer , with Mischer also serving as director . Actors James Franco and Anne Hathaway co-hosted the ceremony , marking the first time for each . In related events , the Academy held its second annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 13 , 2010 . On February 12 , 2011 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Marisa Tomei . Inception and The King 's Speech won four awards each with the latter film winning Best Picture . Other winners included The Social Network with three awards , Alice in Wonderland , The Fighter , and Toy Story 3 , with two awards , and Black Swan , God of Love , In a Better World , Inside Job , The Lost Thing , Strangers No More , and The Wolfman with one . The telecast garnered almost 38 million viewers in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'December 7 , 1915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 13 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94 years , 83 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Maureen O'Hara", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Maureen_O'Hara", 'summary': "Maureen O'Hara ( born Maureen FitzSimons ; 17 August 1920 - 24 October 2015 ) was an American and Irish actress and singer . She was a famous redhead who was known for playing fiercely passionate but sensible heroines , often in westerns and adventure films . On numerous occasions , she worked with director John Ford and longtime friend John Wayne . O'Hara was one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood . O'Hara grew up in Dublin in a Catholic family and aspired to become an actress from a very young age . She trained with the Rathmines Theatre Company from the age of 10 and at the Abbey Theatre from the age of 14 . She was given a screen test , which was deemed unsatisfactory , but Charles Laughton saw potential and arranged for her to co-star with him in Alfred Hitchcock 's Jamaica Inn in 1939 . She moved to Hollywood the same year to appear with him in the production of The Hunchback of Notre Dame , and was given a contract by RKO Pictures . From there , she went on to enjoy a long and highly successful career , and acquired the nickname The Queen of Technicolor . She appeared in films such as How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) ( her first collaboration with John Ford ) , The Black Swan with Tyrone Power ( 1942 ) , The Spanish Main ( 1945 ) , Sinbad the Sailor ( 1947 ) , the Christmas classic Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) with John Payne and Natalie Wood , and Comanche Territory ( 1950 ) . O'Hara made her first film with John Wayne , the actor with whom she is most closely associated , in Rio Grande ( 1950 ) . This was followed by The Quiet Man ( 1952 ) , The Wings of Eagles ( 1957 ) , McLintock !"}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/87th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 87th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2014 and took place on February 22 , 2015 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , produced by Neil Meron and Craig Zadan and directed by Hamish Hamilton . Actor Neil Patrick Harris hosted the ceremony for the first time . In related events , the Academy held its 6th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 8 , 2014 . On February 7 , 2015 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Margot Robbie and Miles Teller . Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) and The Grand Budapest Hotel each won four awards , with the former film earning the Best Picture honor . Other winners include Whiplash with three and American Sniper , Big Hero 6 , Boyhood , Citizenfour , Crisis Hotline : Veterans Press 1 , Feast , Ida , The Imitation Game , Interstellar , The Phone Call , Selma , Still Alice , and The Theory of Everything with one . The telecast garnered more than 37 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'August 17 , 1920', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 8 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93 years , 334 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cicely Tyson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cicely_Tyson', 'summary': "Cicely L. Tyson ( born December 19 , 1923 ) is an American actress and former fashion model . In a career spanning more than seven decades , she became known for her portrayal of strong African-American women . Tyson is the recipient of three Primetime Emmy Awards , four Black Reel Awards , one Screen Actor Guild Award , one Tony Award and an honorary Academy Award . Having appeared in minor film and television roles early in her career , Tyson garnered widespread attention and critical acclaim for her performance as Rebecca Morgan in Sounder ( 1972 ) ; she was nominated for both the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work in the film . Tyson 's portrayal of the title role in the 1974 television film The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman won her further praise ; among other accolades , the role won her two Emmy Awards and a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . Tyson has continued to act in film and on television in the 21st century . In 2011 , she played the role of Constantine Jefferson in the award-winning film The Help . She has also played the role of Ophelia Harkness in American Broadcasting Company 's legal drama How to Get Away With Murder since the show 's inception in 2014 , for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series four times . In addition to her screen career , Tyson has appeared in various theater productions . She received a Drama Desk Award in 1962 for her Off-Broadway performance in Moon on a Rainbow Shawl . Tyson also starred as Carrie Watts in the Broadway play The Trip to Bountiful , winning the Tony Award , the Outer Critics Award , and the Drama Desk Award for Best Actress in a Play in 2013 . Tyson was named a Kennedy Center honoree in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/91st_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 91st Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2018 , and took place at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was held on February 24 , 2019 . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , produced by Donna Gigliotti and Glenn Weiss , with Weiss also serving as director . It was the first ceremony in three decades , since the 61st Academy Awards in 1989 , to be conducted without a host . In related events , the Academy held its 10th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 18 , 2018 . The Academy Scientific and Technical Awards were presented by host David Oyelowo on February 9 , 2019 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills . Green Book won three awards , including Best Picture , and Bohemian Rhapsody led the ceremony with four awards , including Best Actor for Rami Malek 's portrayal of Freddie Mercury . Roma and Black Panther also received three awards apiece , with the former winning Best Director for Alfonso Cuarón and becoming the first Mexican submission to win Best Foreign Language Film . Olivia Colman was awarded Best Actress for portraying Anne , Queen of Great Britain in The Favourite . With a U.S. viewership of 29.6 million , it marked a 12% increase over the 2018 ceremony , but still ranks amongst the least watched ceremonies ."}]}, {'value': 'December 19 , 1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 18 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88 years , 31 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angela Lansbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angela_Lansbury', 'summary': "Dame Angela Brigid Lansbury DBE ( born 16 October 1925 ) is a British-American-Irish actress who has appeared in theatre , television , and film roles . Her career has spanned almost eight decades , much of it in the United States . Her work received international attention . Lansbury was born to Irish actress Moyna Macgill and English politician Edgar Lansbury , an upper-middle-class family in Regent 's Park , central London . To escape the Blitz , in 1940 she moved to the United States with her mother and two brothers , and studied acting in New York City . Proceeding to Hollywood in 1942 , she signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and obtained her first film roles , in Gaslight ( 1944 ) and The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1945 ) , earning her two Oscar nominations and a Golden Globe Award . She appeared in eleven further films for MGM , mostly in supporting roles , and after her contract ended in 1952 she began supplementing her cinematic work with theatrical appearances . Although largely seen as a B-list star during this period , her appearance in the film The Manchurian Candidate ( 1962 ) received widespread acclaim and is cited as being one of her finest performances . Moving into musical theatre , Lansbury finally gained stardom for playing the leading role in the Broadway musical Mame ( 1966 ) , which earned her a range of awards . Amid difficulties in her personal life , Lansbury moved from California to County Cork , Ireland in 1970 , and continued with her theatrical and cinematic appearances throughout the decade . These included leading roles in the stage musicals Gypsy , Sweeney Todd , and The King and I , Back in the U.S. , moving into television , she achieved worldwide fame as fictional writer and sleuth Jessica Fletcher in the American whodunit series Murder , She Wrote , which ran for twelve seasons from 1984 until 1996 , becoming one of the longest-running detective drama series in television history . Through Corymore Productions , a company that she co-owned with her husband Peter Shaw , Lansbury assumed ownership of the series and was its executive producer for the final four seasons ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/86th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 86th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2013 and took place on March 2 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . The ceremony was scheduled well after its usual late-February date to avoid conflicting with the 2014 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and produced by Neil Meron and Craig Zadan and directed by Hamish Hamilton . Actress Ellen DeGeneres hosted the show for the second time , having previously hosted the 79th ceremony held in 2007 . In related events , the Academy held its 5th annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 16 , 2013 . On February 15 , 2014 , in a ceremony at The Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Kristen Bell and Michael B. Jordan . 12 Years a Slave won three awards including Best Picture . Gravity won the most awards with seven including Best Director for Alfonso Cuarón . Other winners included Dallas Buyers Club also with three awards , Frozen , and The Great Gatsby with two , and Blue Jasmine , The Great Beauty , Helium , Her , The Lady in Number 6 , Mr Hublot , and 20 Feet from Stardom with one . The telecast garnered nearly 44 million viewers in the United States , making it the most watched Oscar ceremony since the 72nd Academy Awards in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 16 , 1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 16 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '85 years , 235 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myrna Loy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myrna_Loy', 'summary': "Myrna Loy ( born Myrna Adele Williams ; August 2 , 1905 - December 14 , 1993 ) was an American film , television and stage actress . Trained as a dancer , Loy devoted herself fully to an acting career following a few minor roles in silent films . She was originally typecast in exotic roles , often as a vamp or a woman of Asian descent , but her career prospects improved greatly following her portrayal of Nora Charles in The Thin Man ( 1934 ) . Born in Helena , Montana , Loy was raised in rural Radersburg during her early childhood , before relocating to Los Angeles with her mother in her early adolescence . There , she began studying dance , and trained extensively throughout her high school education . She was discovered by production designer Natacha Rambova , who helped facilitate film auditions for her , and she began obtaining small roles in the late 1920s , mainly portraying vamps . Her role in The Thin Man helped elevate her reputation as a versatile actress , and she reprised the role of Nora Charles five more times . Loy 's career began to slow in the 1940s , and she appeared in only a few films in the 1950s , including a lead role in the comedy Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) , as well as supporting parts in The Ambassador 's Daughter ( 1956 ) and the drama Lonelyhearts ( 1958 ) . She appeared in only eight films between 1960 and 1981 , after which she retired from acting . Although Loy was never nominated for an Academy Award , in March 1991 she received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her life 's work both onscreen and off , including serving as assistant to the director of military and naval welfare for the Red Cross during World War II , and a member-at-large of the U.S. Commission to UNESCO . Loy died in December 1993 in New York City , aged 88 ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/63rd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 63rd Academy Awards ceremony , organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 25 , 1991 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST . During the ceremony , Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as the Oscars ) were presented in 23 categories . The ceremony , which was televised in the United States on ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis . Actor Billy Crystal hosted for the second consecutive year . Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California on March 2 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Geena Davis . Dances with Wolves won seven awards including Best Picture . Other winners included Dick Tracy with three awards , Ghost with two awards , and American Dream , Creature Comforts , Cyrano de Bergerac , Days of Waiting , Goodfellas , The Hunt for Red October , Journey of Hope , The Lunch Date , Misery , Reversal of Fortune , and Total Recall with one . The telecast garnered nearly 43 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'August 2 , 1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 25 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '85 years , 148 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gena Rowlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gena_Rowlands', 'summary': 'Virginia Cathryn Gena Rowlands ( born June 19 , 1930 ) is an American actress , whose career in film , stage , and television has spanned over six decades . A four-time Emmy and two-time Golden Globe winner , she is known for her collaborations with her late actor-director husband John Cassavetes in ten films , including A Woman Under the Influence ( 1974 ) and Gloria ( 1980 ) , which earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress . She also won the Silver Bear for Best Actress for Opening Night ( 1977 ) . In November 2015 , Rowlands received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her unique screen performances .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/88th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 88th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2015 and took place on February 28 , 2016 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles , 5:30 p.m. PST . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by David Hill and Reginald Hudlin and directed by Glenn Weiss . Actor Chris Rock hosted the show for the second time , having previously hosted the 77th ceremony held in 2005 . In related events , the Academy held its 7th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 14 , 2015 . On February 13 , 2016 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Olivia Munn and Jason Segel . Spotlight won two awards including Best Picture , making it the first film since The Greatest Show On Earth to win Best Picture while only winning one other award and Mad Max : Fury Road won six awards , the most for the evening . The Revenant earned three awards including Best Director for Alejandro G. Iñárritu and Best Actor for Leonardo DiCaprio . Brie Larson won Best Actress for Room , while Mark Rylance and Alicia Vikander won supporting acting honors for Bridge of Spies and The Danish Girl , respectively . The telecast garnered 34.42 million viewers in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'June 19 , 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 14 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '85 years , 59 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lauren Bacall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lauren_Bacall', 'summary': "Lauren Bacall ( /bəˈkɔːl/ , born Betty Joan Perske ; September 16 , 1924 - August 12 , 2014 ) was an American actress known for her distinctive voice and sultry looks . She was named the 20th-greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema by the American Film Institute and received an Academy Honorary Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2009 in recognition of her central place in the Golden Age of motion pictures . Bacall began her career as a model before making her film debut as a leading lady in To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) . She continued in the film noir genre with appearances with Humphrey Bogart in The Big Sleep ( 1946 ) , Dark Passage ( 1947 ) , and Key Largo ( 1948 ) , and she starred in the romantic comedies How to Marry a Millionaire ( 1953 ) with Marilyn Monroe and Betty Grable , and Designing Woman ( 1957 ) with Gregory Peck . She co-starred with John Wayne in his final film The Shootist ( 1976 ) by Wayne 's personal request . She also worked on Broadway in musicals , earning Tony Awards for Applause ( 1970 ) and Woman of the Year ( 1981 ) . She won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance in The Mirror Has Two Faces ( 1996 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/82nd_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 82nd Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , honored the best films of 2009 and took place on March 7 , 2010 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST . The ceremony was scheduled after its usual late-February date to avoid conflicting with the 2010 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories . The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC , and was produced by Bill Mechanic and Adam Shankman and directed by Hamish Hamilton . Actors Alec Baldwin and Steve Martin hosted the show . Martin hosted for the third time ; he first presided over the 73rd ceremony held in 2001 and last hosted the 75th ceremony held in 2003 . Meanwhile , this was Baldwin 's first Oscars hosting stint . This was also the first telecast to have multiple hosts since the 59th ceremony held in 1987 . On June 24 , 2009 , Academy president Sid Ganis announced at a press conference that , in an attempt to revitalize interest surrounding the awards , the 2010 ceremony would feature ten Best Picture nominees instead of five , a practice that was discontinued after the 16th ceremony in 1944 . On February 20 , 2010 , in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Elizabeth Banks . The Hurt Locker won six awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Kathryn Bigelow , the first woman to win an Academy Award for Best Director . Other winners were Avatar with three awards , Crazy Heart , Precious : Based on the Novel 'Push ' by Sapphire , and Up , with two awards , and The Cove , Inglourious Basterds , The Blind Side , Logorama , Music by Prudence , The New Tenants , The Secret in Their Eyes , Star Trek , and The Young Victoria with one ."}]}, {'value': 'September 16 , 1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 14 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83 years , 182 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Groucho Marx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Groucho_Marx', 'summary': "Julius Henry Groucho Marx ( /ˈɡraʊtʃoʊ/ ; October 2 , 1890 - August 19 , 1977 ) was an American comedian , writer , stage , film , radio , and television star . A master of quick wit , he is widely considered one of America 's greatest comedians . He made 13 feature films with his siblings the Marx Brothers , of whom he was the third-born . He also had a successful solo career , most notably as the host of the radio and television game show You Bet Your Life . His distinctive appearance , carried over from his days in vaudeville , included quirks such as an exaggerated stooped posture , spectacles , cigar , and a thick greasepaint mustache and eyebrows . These exaggerated features resulted in the creation of one of the most recognizable and ubiquitous novelty disguises , known as Groucho glasses : a one-piece mask consisting of horn-rimmed glasses , a large plastic nose , bushy eyebrows and mustache ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/46th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 46th Academy Awards were presented on Tuesday , April 2 , 1974 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles , California . The ceremonies were presided over by Burt Reynolds , Diana Ross , John Huston , and David Niven . The Sting won 7 awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for George Roy Hill . The Exorcist and The Way We Were were the only other films to win multiple awards .'}]}, {'value': 'October 2 , 1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 2 , 1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82 years , 360 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlie Chaplin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin', 'summary': "Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin KBE ( 16 April 1889 - 25 December 1977 ) was an English comic actor , filmmaker , and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film . He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona , The Tramp , and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry . His career spanned more than 75 years , from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977 , and encompassed both adulation and controversy . Chaplin 's childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship , as his father was absent and his mother struggled financially , and he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine . When he was 14 , his mother was committed to a mental asylum . Chaplin began performing at an early age , touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian . At 19 , he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company , which took him to America . He was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios . He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a large fan base . He directed his own films and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay , Mutual , and First National corporations . By 1918 , he was one of the best-known figures in the world . In 1919 , Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists , which gave him complete control over his films ."}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/44th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 44th Academy Awards were presented April 10 , 1972 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Helen Hayes , Alan King , Sammy Davis Jr. , and Jack Lemmon . One of the highlights of the evening was the appearance of Betty Grable , battling cancer at the time , who made one of her last public appearances . She appeared along with one of her leading men from the 1940s , singer Dick Haymes , to present the musical scoring awards . Grable died the following year . This was the first time in the history of the Awards in which the nominees were shown on superimposed pictures while being announced .'}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 10 , 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82 years , 356 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Pickford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Pickford', 'summary': "Gladys Louise Smith ( April 8 , 1892 - May 29 , 1979 ) , known professionally as Mary Pickford , was a Canadian-born American film actress and producer . With a career spanning 50 years , she was a co-founder of both the Pickford-Fairbanks Studio ( along with Douglas Fairbanks ) and , later , the United Artists film studio ( with Fairbanks , Charlie Chaplin and D. W. Griffith ) , and one of the original 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences who present the yearly Oscar award ceremony . Pickford was known in her prime as America 's Sweetheart and the girl with the curls . She was one of the Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood and a significant figure in the development of film acting . Pickford was one of the earliest stars to be billed under her own name , and was one of the most popular actresses of the 1910s and 1920s , earning the nickname Queen of the Movies . She is credited as having defined the ingénue archetype in cinema . She was awarded the second ever Academy Award for Best Actress for her first sound-film role in Coquette ( 1929 ) and also received an honorary Academy Award in 1976 . In consideration of her contributions to American cinema , the American Film Institute ranked Pickford as 24th in its 1999 list of greatest female stars of classic Hollywood Cinema ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/48th_Academy_Awards', 'summary': "The 48th Academy Awards were presented Monday , March 29 , 1976 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles , California . The ceremonies were presided over by Walter Matthau , Robert Shaw , George Segal , Goldie Hawn and Gene Kelly . This year , ABC took over broadcast rights from NBC and continues to broadcast them today . The recent previous editions had been held on Tuesday night . ( NBC 's coverage of the NCAA championship basketball game aired opposite the ceremony ; during the presentation of the Best Film Editing award , the winner was jokingly announced ( by presenter Elliott Gould ) as Indiana , 86-68 ; the undefeated Indiana Hoosiers had won the NCAA title that night in Philadelphia . The following year , the two events were again on the same night . ) Miloš Forman 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest made a clean sweep of the major categories : Best Picture , Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Director and Best Screenplay ( Adapted ) . It was the second of three films to date to accomplish the sweep , following It Happened One Night in 1934 and preceding The Silence of the Lambs in 1991 . French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year , making Adjani , 20 at the time , the youngest actress to be nominated in the leading actress category , breaking the record set by 22-year-old Elizabeth Hartman in 1965 . This record would later be surpassed by 13-year-old Keisha Castle-Hughes in 2004 , and again in 2013 by nine-year old Quvenzhané Wallis . Adjani also presented the Best Film Editing award that night along with Gould who delivered the Indiana joke during the presentation . At age 80 , George Burns became the oldest acting and Best Supporting Actor awardee ( as well as the final person to receive an acting award born in the nineteenth century ) , a record that stood until Jessica Tandy won Best Actress in 1989 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 8 , 1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 29 , 1976', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Honorary Awards -- Academy Honorary Award', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_oldest_and_youngest_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees_22', 'intro': 'This is a list of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees in the award categories acting and directing. This list is based on statistics valid through the nomination announcement for the 2015 (88th Academy Awards), announced on January 14, 2016, as documented in The Official Academy Awards Database. At the 90th Academy Awards, James Ivory became the oldest ever Oscar winner in any category at the age of 89 after receiving the award for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work on Call Me by Your Name. [circular reference] There are only two people in Oscar history to have won two Oscars before the age of 30; Luise Rainer and Jodie Foster.'}
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How many actors are still alive ?
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0ae26461f837aec5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_United_States_Congress', 'title': '8th United States Congress', 'header': ['State ( class )', 'Vacator', 'Reason for change', 'Successor', "Date of successor 's formal installation"], 'data': [{'value': 'Ohio ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Ohio', 'summary': 'Ohio was admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 and elects U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Its current U.S. senators are Democrat Sherrod Brown ( serving since 2007 ) and Republican Rob Portman ( serving since 2011 ) , making it one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation .'}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Failure to elect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Smith ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Smith_(Ohio_politician_born_1735)', 'summary': 'John Smith ( c. 1735 - July 30 , 1824 ) was one of the first two U.S . Senators from the state of Ohio . He reluctantly resigned from the Senate under charges of alleged complicity in the Burr conspiracy . Little is known of his early life . There are conflicting reports on the location of his birth , with some sources saying he was born in the Province of Virginia , and others saying Hamilton County , Ohio ( which did not exist until 1790 ) ; the identity of his parents are unknown . He prepared for the ministry , and was pastor of the Baptist Church at Columbia , Miami Purchase , Northwest Territory , during the 1790s which some sources credit as the first Baptist Church in modern Ohio . He then began a profitable business supplying military posts near Cincinnati , Ohio . He also ran multiple grain mills . In 1799 Smith along with his agent Reuben Kemper were the first US based merchants to ship to Baton Rouge , taking nearly $ 10,000 worth of goods , primarily fine clothing and house furnishings . He was a member of the Northwest Territorial legislature 1799-1803 and a delegate to the Ohio state constitutional convention in 1802 . He was a leader of a group that supported statehood in opposition to the Territorial Governor Arthur St. Clair . Upon the admission of Ohio as a State into the Union , he was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate and served in the 8th , 9th and 10th Congresses ( 1803-1808 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated April 1 , 1803', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Ohio', 'summary': 'Ohio was admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 and elects U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 3 . Its current U.S. senators are Democrat Sherrod Brown ( serving since 2007 ) and Republican Rob Portman ( serving since 2011 ) , making it one of nine states to have a split United States Senate delegation .'}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Failure to elect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Worthington ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Worthington_(governor)', 'summary': 'Thomas Worthington ( July 16 , 1773 - June 20 , 1827 ) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio . He served as the sixth Governor of Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated April 1 , 1803', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_Jersey', 'summary': "This is a chronological listing of the United States senators from New Jersey . Since the enforcement of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , U.S. senators are popularly elected for a six-year term beginning January 3 . Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1 . Before 1914 , they were chosen by the New Jersey Legislature , and before 1935 , their terms began March 4 . The state 's current Senators are Democrats Bob Menendez ( serving since 2006 ) and Cory Booker ( serving since 2013 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Failure to elect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Condit ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Condit', 'summary': 'John Condict a.k.a . Condit ( July 8 , 1755 - May 4 , 1834 ) was a United States Representative and a United States Senator from New Jersey and father of United States Representative Silas Condit . John Condict was born in Orange , New Jersey and after attending public schools he then studied medicine . Condict went on to serve as a surgeon in the American Revolutionary War . He became one of the founders and a trustee of the Orange Academy in 1785 .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated September 1 , 1803', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennessee ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1 , 1796 . Its United States Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1862 owing to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from July 1866 . Tennessee 's current Senators are Republicans Lamar Alexander and Marsha Blackburn ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Failure to elect', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Anderson ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Anderson', 'summary': 'Joseph Inslee Anderson ( November 5 , 1757 - April 17 , 1837 ) was an American soldier , judge , and politician , who served as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1797 to 1815 , and later as the First Comptroller of the United States Treasury . He also served as one of three judges of the Southwest Territory in the 1790s , and was a delegate to the Tennessee state constitutional convention in 1796 .'}]}, {'value': 'Elected September 22 , 1803', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia has sent senators to the U.S. Senate since 1789 . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 , due to its secession from the Union , but Senators representing its western counties continued to sit until March 1863 . Virginia 's Senate seats were again filled from January 1870 . Virginia 's current Senators are Democrats Mark Warner and Tim Kaine ."}]}, {'value': 'Stevens T. Mason ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stevens_Thomson_Mason_(Virginia)', 'summary': 'Stevens Thomson Mason ( December 29 , 1760 - May 10 , 1803 ) was a Colonel in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War , a member of the Virginia state legislature and a Republican U.S . Senator from Virginia ( 1794-1803 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Died May 10 , 1803', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Taylor ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline', 'summary': "John Taylor ( December 19 , 1753 - August 21 , 1824 ) , usually called John Taylor of Caroline , was a politician and writer . He served in the Virginia House of Delegates ( 1779-81 , 1783-85 , 1796-1800 ) and in the United States Senate ( 1792-94 , 1803 , 1822-24 ) . He wrote several books on politics and agriculture . He was a Jeffersonian Republican and his works provided inspiration to the later states ' rights and libertarian movements . Sheldon and Hill ( 2008 ) locate Taylor at the intersection of republicanism and classical liberalism . They see his position as a combination of a concern with Lockean natural rights , freedom , and limited government along with a classical interest in strong citizen participation in rule to prevent concentrated power and wealth , political corruption , and financial manipulation ( p. 224 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Appointed June 4 , 1803', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_York', 'summary': "Below is a list of U.S. senators who have represented the State of New York in the United States Senate since 1789 . The date of the start of the tenure is either the first day of the legislative term ( Senators who were elected regularly before the term began ) , or the day when they took the seat ( U.S. senators who were elected in special elections to fill vacancies , or after the term began ) . New York 's current U.S. senators are Democrats Chuck Schumer ( serving since 1999 , also serving as Senate Minority Leader since 2017 ) and Kirsten Gillibrand ( serving since 2009 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'DeWitt Clinton ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton', 'summary': "DeWitt Clinton ( March 2 , 1769 - February 11 , 1828 ) was an American politician and naturalist who served as a United States Senator , Mayor of New York City and sixth Governor of New York . In this last capacity , he was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal . Clinton was a major candidate for the American presidency in the election of 1812 , challenging incumbent James Madison . A nephew of long-time New York Governor George Clinton , DeWitt Clinton served as his uncle 's secretary before launching his own political career . As a Democratic-Republican , Clinton won election to the New York State Legislature in 1798 before briefly serving as a U.S . Senator . Returning to New York , Clinton served three terms as Mayor of New York City and also won election as the Lieutenant Governor of New York . In the 1812 election , Clinton won support from the Federalists as well as a group of Democratic-Republicans dissatisfied with Madison . Though Madison won re-election , Clinton carried most of the Northeastern United States and fared significantly better than the previous two Federalist-supported candidates . After the presidential election , Clinton continued to affiliate with the Democratic-Republican Party . Clinton served as Governor of New York from 1817 to 1822 and from 1825 to 1828 , presiding over the construction of the Erie Canal . Clinton believed that infrastructure improvements could transform American life , drive economic growth , and encourage political participation ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned November 4 , 1803 , to become Mayor of New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City', 'summary': "The mayor of New York City is head of the executive branch of the Government of New York City . The mayor 's office administers all city services , public property , police and fire protection , most public agencies , and enforces all city and state laws within New York City . The budget , overseen by New York City Mayor 's Office of Management and Budget , is the largest municipal budget in the United States at $ 92 billion a year . The city employs 325,000 people , spends about $ 21 billion to educate more than 1.1 million students ( the largest public school system in the United States ) and levies $ 27 billion in taxes . It receives $ 14 billion from the state and federal governments . The mayor 's office is located in New York City Hall ; it has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of New York City : Manhattan , Brooklyn , the Bronx , Staten Island and Queens . The mayor appoints numerous officials , including commissioners who head city departments , and his deputy mayors . The mayor 's regulations are compiled in title 43 of the New York City Rules . According to current law , the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office but may run again after a four-year break . It was changed from two to three terms on October 23 , 2008 , when the New York City Council voted 29-22 in favor of passing the term limit extension into law . However , in 2010 , a referendum reverting the limit to two terms passed overwhelmingly . The current mayor is Democrat Bill de Blasio , who was elected on November 5 , 2013 and reelected to a second term on November 7 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Armstrong , Jr. ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Armstrong,_Jr.', 'summary': 'John Armstrong Jr. ( November 25 , 1758 - April 1 , 1843 ) was an American soldier and statesman who was a delegate to the Continental Congress , U.S . Senator from New York , and Secretary of War .'}]}, {'value': 'Appointed December 7 , 1803', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia has sent senators to the U.S. Senate since 1789 . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 , due to its secession from the Union , but Senators representing its western counties continued to sit until March 1863 . Virginia 's Senate seats were again filled from January 1870 . Virginia 's current Senators are Democrats Mark Warner and Tim Kaine ."}]}, {'value': 'John Taylor ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline', 'summary': "John Taylor ( December 19 , 1753 - August 21 , 1824 ) , usually called John Taylor of Caroline , was a politician and writer . He served in the Virginia House of Delegates ( 1779-81 , 1783-85 , 1796-1800 ) and in the United States Senate ( 1792-94 , 1803 , 1822-24 ) . He wrote several books on politics and agriculture . He was a Jeffersonian Republican and his works provided inspiration to the later states ' rights and libertarian movements . Sheldon and Hill ( 2008 ) locate Taylor at the intersection of republicanism and classical liberalism . They see his position as a combination of a concern with Lockean natural rights , freedom , and limited government along with a classical interest in strong citizen participation in rule to prevent concentrated power and wealth , political corruption , and financial manipulation ( p. 224 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Successor elected December 7 , 1803', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abraham B. Venable ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abraham_B._Venable', 'summary': 'Abraham Bedford Venable ( November 20 , 1758 - December 26 , 1811 ) was a representative and senator from Virginia . He was the uncle of US Representative Abraham Watkins Venable .'}]}, {'value': 'Elected December 7 , 1803', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_York', 'summary': "Below is a list of U.S. senators who have represented the State of New York in the United States Senate since 1789 . The date of the start of the tenure is either the first day of the legislative term ( Senators who were elected regularly before the term began ) , or the day when they took the seat ( U.S. senators who were elected in special elections to fill vacancies , or after the term began ) . New York 's current U.S. senators are Democrats Chuck Schumer ( serving since 1999 , also serving as Senate Minority Leader since 2017 ) and Kirsten Gillibrand ( serving since 2009 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Theodorus Bailey ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theodorus_Bailey_(senator)', 'summary': 'Theodorus Bailey ( October 12 , 1758 - September 6 , 1828 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Poughkeepsie , New York , who represented New York in both the U.S. House and Senate .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned January 16 , 1804 , to become Postmaster of New York City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Armstrong , Jr. ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Armstrong,_Jr.', 'summary': 'John Armstrong Jr. ( November 25 , 1758 - April 1 , 1843 ) was an American soldier and statesman who was a delegate to the Continental Congress , U.S . Senator from New York , and Secretary of War .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated February 25 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_York', 'summary': "Below is a list of U.S. senators who have represented the State of New York in the United States Senate since 1789 . The date of the start of the tenure is either the first day of the legislative term ( Senators who were elected regularly before the term began ) , or the day when they took the seat ( U.S. senators who were elected in special elections to fill vacancies , or after the term began ) . New York 's current U.S. senators are Democrats Chuck Schumer ( serving since 1999 , also serving as Senate Minority Leader since 2017 ) and Kirsten Gillibrand ( serving since 2009 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'John Armstrong , Jr. ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Armstrong,_Jr.', 'summary': 'John Armstrong Jr. ( November 25 , 1758 - April 1 , 1843 ) was an American soldier and statesman who was a delegate to the Continental Congress , U.S . Senator from New York , and Secretary of War .'}]}, {'value': 'Successor elected February 23 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Smith ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Smith_(New_York_politician_born_1752)', 'summary': 'John Smith ( February 12 , 1752 - August 12 , 1816 ) was an American politician from New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Elected February 23 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia has sent senators to the U.S. Senate since 1789 . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 , due to its secession from the Union , but Senators representing its western counties continued to sit until March 1863 . Virginia 's Senate seats were again filled from January 1870 . Virginia 's current Senators are Democrats Mark Warner and Tim Kaine ."}]}, {'value': 'Wilson C. Nicholas ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas', 'summary': 'Wilson Cary Nicholas ( January 31 , 1761 - October 10 , 1820 ) was an American politician who served in the U.S. Senate from 1799 to 1804 and was the 19th Governor of Virginia from 1814 to 1816 .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned May 22 , 1804 , to become Collector of Port of Norfolk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Moore ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(politician)', 'summary': 'Andrew Moore ( 1752 - April 14 , 1821 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Lexington , Virginia . Moore studied law under George Wythe and was admitted to bar in 1774 . He rose to the rank of captain in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , seeing action at Saratoga . After the war he was eventually commissioned a major general in the Virginia militia in 1803 . He was a delegate to the Virginia convention that ratified the United States Constitution in 1788 . He was a member of the Virginia legislature from 1791-1789 and 1799-1800 . He represented Virginia in both the U.S. House ( 1789-97 , 1804 ) and the U.S. Senate ( 1804-1809 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Appointed August 11 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia has sent senators to the U.S. Senate since 1789 . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 , due to its secession from the Union , but Senators representing its western counties continued to sit until March 1863 . Virginia 's Senate seats were again filled from January 1870 . Virginia 's current Senators are Democrats Mark Warner and Tim Kaine ."}]}, {'value': 'Abraham B. Venable ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abraham_B._Venable', 'summary': 'Abraham Bedford Venable ( November 20 , 1758 - December 26 , 1811 ) was a representative and senator from Virginia . He was the uncle of US Representative Abraham Watkins Venable .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned June 7 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William B. Giles ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Branch_Giles', 'summary': 'William Branch Giles ( August 12 , 1762 - December 4 , 1830 ; the g is pronounced like a j ) was an American statesman , long-term Senator from Virginia , and the 24th Governor of Virginia . He served in the House of Representatives from 1790 to 1798 and again from 1801 to 1803 ; in between , he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates , and was an Elector for Jefferson ( and Aaron Burr ) in 1800 . He served as United States Senator from 1804 to 1815 , and then served briefly in the House of Delegates again . After a time in private life , he joined the opposition to John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay , in 1824 ; he ran for the Senate again in 1825 , and was defeated , but appointed Governor for 3 one-year terms in 1827 ; he was succeeded by John Floyd , in the year of his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Appointed August 11 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_York', 'summary': "Below is a list of U.S. senators who have represented the State of New York in the United States Senate since 1789 . The date of the start of the tenure is either the first day of the legislative term ( Senators who were elected regularly before the term began ) , or the day when they took the seat ( U.S. senators who were elected in special elections to fill vacancies , or after the term began ) . New York 's current U.S. senators are Democrats Chuck Schumer ( serving since 1999 , also serving as Senate Minority Leader since 2017 ) and Kirsten Gillibrand ( serving since 2009 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'John Armstrong , Jr. ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Armstrong,_Jr.', 'summary': 'John Armstrong Jr. ( November 25 , 1758 - April 1 , 1843 ) was an American soldier and statesman who was a delegate to the Continental Congress , U.S . Senator from New York , and Secretary of War .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned June 30 , 1804 , after being appointed Minister to France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France', 'summary': "The United States Ambassador to France is the official representative of the President of the United States to the President of France . The United States has maintained diplomatic relations with France since the American Revolution . Relations were upgraded to the higher rank of Ambassador in 1893 . The diplomatic relationship has continued through France 's five republics , two empires , and three monarchies . Since 2006 the ambassador to France has also served as the ambassador to Monaco ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Latham Mitchill ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Latham_Mitchill', 'summary': 'Samuel Latham Mitchill ( August 20 , 1764 - September 7 , 1831 ) was an American physician , naturalist , and politician who lived in Plandome , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated November 23 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhode Island ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Rhode_Island', 'summary': "Rhode Island ratified the United States Constitution on May 29 , 1790 and elects its U.S. senators to Class 1 and Class 2 . The state 's current U.S. senators are Democrats Jack Reed ( since 1997 ) and Sheldon Whitehouse ( since 2007 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel J. Potter ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_J._Potter', 'summary': 'Samuel John Potter ( June 29 , 1753 - October 14 , 1804 ) was a United States Senator from Rhode Island and was a prominent Country Party anti-Federalist leader . Born in South Kingstown , Potter completed preparatory studies , studied law , and was admitted to the bar and practiced . He was deputy governor of Rhode Island from 1790 to 1799 ( during which time the office was renamed lieutenant Governor ) and again from 1800 to 1803 . He was also a presidential elector in 1792 and 1796 . Potter was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4 , 1803 , until his death in Washington , D.C. on October 14 , 1804 . Interment was in the family burial ground , Kingston ( formerly Little Rest ) , Washington County , Rhode Island .'}]}, {'value': 'Died October 14 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin Howland ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Howland', 'summary': 'Benjamin Howland ( July 27 , 1755 - May 1 , 1821 ) was a United States Senator from Rhode Island . Born in Tiverton , he attended the common schools , engaged in agricultural pursuits , was collector of taxes in 1801 , town auditor in 1802 , and town moderator in 1805 . He was a member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives in 1810 and a general in the State militia during the War of 1812 . Howland was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Samuel J. Potter and served from October 29 , 1804 , until March 4 , 1809 . He died in Tiverton in 1821 ; interment was in the family lot on his estate .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated October 29 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Delaware', 'summary': "Below is a chronological listing of the United States senators from Delaware . U.S. senators were originally elected by the Delaware General Assembly for designated six-year terms beginning March 4 . Frequently portions of the term would remain only upon a U.S. senator 's death or resignation . From 1914 and the enforcement of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , adopted in 1913 , officeholders were popularly elected on the first Tuesday after November 1 ; starting 1935 , the beginning of their term is January 3 . Delaware 's current U.S. senators are Democrats Tom Carper ( serving since 2001 ) and Chris Coons ( serving since 2010 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'William H. Wells ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_H._Wells', 'summary': 'William Hill Wells ( January 7 , 1769 - March 11 , 1829 ) was a lawyer and politician from Dagsboro , in Sussex County , Delaware . He was a member of the Federalist Party , who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as U.S . Senator from Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned November 6 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James A. Bayard ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_A._Bayard_(elder)', 'summary': 'James Asheton Bayard Sr. ( July 28 , 1767 - August 6 , 1815 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington , Delaware . He was a member of the Federalist Party , who served as U.S. Representative from Delaware and U.S . Senator from Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated November 13 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Carolina ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_South_Carolina', 'summary': "South Carolina ratified the United States Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in July 1861 owing to its secession from the Union . They were again filled from July 1868 . The state 's current U.S. senators are Republicans Lindsey Graham , serving since 2003 , and Tim Scott , serving since 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pierce Butler ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierce_Butler', 'summary': "Pierce Butler ( July 11 , 1744 - February 15 , 1822 ) was a South Carolina rice planter , slaveholder , politician , an officer in the Revolutionary War , and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States . He served as a state legislator , a member of the Congress of the Confederation , a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention , and a member of the United States Senate . As one of the largest slaveholders in the United States , he defended American slavery for both political and personal motives , even though he had private misgivings about the institution and particularly about the African slave trade . He introduced the Fugitive Slave Clause into a draft of the U.S. Constitution , which gave a federal guarantee to the property rights of slaveholders . He supported counting the full slave population in state totals for the purposes of Congressional apportionment . The Constitution 's Three-Fifths Compromise counted only three-fifths of the slave population in state totals , but still led to Southern states having disproportionate power in the U.S. Congress ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned November 21 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Gaillard ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Gaillard', 'summary': "John Gaillard ( September 5 , 1765 - February 26 , 1826 ) was a U.S . Senator from South Carolina . Gaillard was born in St. Stephen 's district , South Carolina , on September 5 , 1765 . He was of Huguenot descent . He was elected to the United States Senate in place of Pierce Butler , who resigned , and served from December 6 , 1804 until his death in Washington , D.C. on February 26 , 1826 . During his tenure , Gaillard voted for the War of 1812 . He served as President pro tempore of the Senate during part of the 11th Congress and at least part of every Congress from the 13th to the 18th . He was also first in the presidential line of succession from November 25 , 1814 , two days after the death of Vice President Elbridge Gerry , to March 4 , 1817 . In his memoir Thirty Years ' View , Thomas H. Benton , one of Gaillard 's contemporaries , described him thus :"}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 6 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia has sent senators to the U.S. Senate since 1789 . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 , due to its secession from the Union , but Senators representing its western counties continued to sit until March 1863 . Virginia 's Senate seats were again filled from January 1870 . Virginia 's current Senators are Democrats Mark Warner and Tim Kaine ."}]}, {'value': 'William B. Giles ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Branch_Giles', 'summary': 'William Branch Giles ( August 12 , 1762 - December 4 , 1830 ; the g is pronounced like a j ) was an American statesman , long-term Senator from Virginia , and the 24th Governor of Virginia . He served in the House of Representatives from 1790 to 1798 and again from 1801 to 1803 ; in between , he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates , and was an Elector for Jefferson ( and Aaron Burr ) in 1800 . He served as United States Senator from 1804 to 1815 , and then served briefly in the House of Delegates again . After a time in private life , he joined the opposition to John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay , in 1824 ; he ran for the Senate again in 1825 , and was defeated , but appointed Governor for 3 one-year terms in 1827 ; he was succeeded by John Floyd , in the year of his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Successor elected December 4 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Moore ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(politician)', 'summary': 'Andrew Moore ( 1752 - April 14 , 1821 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Lexington , Virginia . Moore studied law under George Wythe and was admitted to bar in 1774 . He rose to the rank of captain in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , seeing action at Saratoga . After the war he was eventually commissioned a major general in the Virginia militia in 1803 . He was a delegate to the Virginia convention that ratified the United States Constitution in 1788 . He was a member of the Virginia legislature from 1791-1789 and 1799-1800 . He represented Virginia in both the U.S. House ( 1789-97 , 1804 ) and the U.S. Senate ( 1804-1809 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Elected December 4 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia has sent senators to the U.S. Senate since 1789 . Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 , due to its secession from the Union , but Senators representing its western counties continued to sit until March 1863 . Virginia 's Senate seats were again filled from January 1870 . Virginia 's current Senators are Democrats Mark Warner and Tim Kaine ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Moore ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(politician)', 'summary': 'Andrew Moore ( 1752 - April 14 , 1821 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Lexington , Virginia . Moore studied law under George Wythe and was admitted to bar in 1774 . He rose to the rank of captain in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , seeing action at Saratoga . After the war he was eventually commissioned a major general in the Virginia militia in 1803 . He was a delegate to the Virginia convention that ratified the United States Constitution in 1788 . He was a member of the Virginia legislature from 1791-1789 and 1799-1800 . He represented Virginia in both the U.S. House ( 1789-97 , 1804 ) and the U.S. Senate ( 1804-1809 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Successor elected December 4 , 1804', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William B. Giles ( DR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Branch_Giles', 'summary': 'William Branch Giles ( August 12 , 1762 - December 4 , 1830 ; the g is pronounced like a j ) was an American statesman , long-term Senator from Virginia , and the 24th Governor of Virginia . He served in the House of Representatives from 1790 to 1798 and again from 1801 to 1803 ; in between , he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates , and was an Elector for Jefferson ( and Aaron Burr ) in 1800 . He served as United States Senator from 1804 to 1815 , and then served briefly in the House of Delegates again . After a time in private life , he joined the opposition to John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay , in 1824 ; he ran for the Senate again in 1825 , and was defeated , but appointed Governor for 3 one-year terms in 1827 ; he was succeeded by John Floyd , in the year of his death .'}]}, {'value': 'Elected December 4 , 1804', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Changes in membership -- Senate', 'section_text': 'See also : List of special elections to the United States Senate', 'uid': '8th_United_States_Congress_0', 'intro': 'The Eighth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1803, to March 4, 1805, during the last two years of the first presidency of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Second Census of the United States in 1800. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority.'}
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What party was the successor for the state of Delaware a member of ?
Federalist Party
0ae26a597ab5f530
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nature_centers_in_Maryland', 'title': 'List of nature centers in Maryland', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'County', 'Region', 'Summary'], 'data': [{'value': 'Agricultural History Farm Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derwood,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Derwood is an unincorporated area and census-designated place in east-central Montgomery County , Maryland , United States . It lies just north of Rockville , southeast of Gaithersburg , southwest of Olney , and northwest of the greater Silver Spring area . Derwood , originally Deer Park , then Deer Wood , is home to approximately 15,600 people . Derwood includes the neighborhoods of Derwood Heights , Derwood Station , Mill Creek Towne , Needwood Estates , Muncaster Manor , Muncaster View , Hollybrooke , Granby Woods , Park Overlook , Redland Crossing , Candlewood Park , Cashell Estates , Avery Forest , Avery Lodge , Avery Village , Bowie Mill Estates , Bowie Mill Park , Winters Run , Redland Station , Rolling Knolls , Emory Grove , and Shady Grove Crossing . Between 2009 and 2011 , Maryland Route 200 ( also known as the Intercounty Connector or ICC ) was constructed directly through central Derwood , affecting Cashell Estates and areas near Shady Grove Road .'}]}, {'value': 'Montgomery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland', 'summary': "Montgomery County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Maryland , located adjacent to Washington , D.C. As of the 2010 census , the county 's population was 971,777 , increasing by 8.3% to an estimated 1,052,567 in 2018 . The county seat and largest municipality is Rockville , although the census-designated place of Germantown is the most populous city within the county . Montgomery County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area , which in turn forms part of the Baltimore-Washington Combined Statistical Area . Most of the county 's residents live in unincorporated locales , of which the most urban are Silver Spring and Bethesda , although the incorporated cities of Rockville and Gaithersburg are also large population centers , as are many smaller but significant places . [ N 1 ] As one of the most affluent counties in the United States , Montgomery County also has the highest percentage ( 29.2% ) of residents over 25 years of age who hold post-graduate degrees . The county has been ranked as one of the wealthiest in the United States . Like other inner-suburban Washington , D.C. counties , Montgomery County contains many major U.S. government offices , scientific research and learning centers , and business campuses , which provide a significant amount of revenue for the county ."}]}, {'value': 'Capital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by the County , 455-acre complex with a historic farm site and a modern farming activity center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle Creek Cypress Swamp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_Creek_Cypress_Swamp', 'summary': 'Battle Creek Cypress Swamp ( BCCS ) is a forested wetland near Prince Frederick in Calvert County , Maryland , United States . It is one of the northernmost sites of naturally occurring bald cypress ( Taxodium distichum ) trees in North America , and the only large stand of the trees on the western shore of Maryland . In 1965 , the National Park Service designated the BCCS a National Natural Landmark .'}]}, {'value': 'Prince Frederick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Prince Frederick is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Calvert County , Maryland , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population of Prince Frederick was 2,538 , up from 1,432 in 2000 . It is the county seat of Calvert County .'}]}, {'value': 'Calvert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calvert_County,_Maryland', 'summary': "Calvert County is located in the U.S. state of Maryland . As of the 2010 census , the population was 88,737 . Its county seat is Prince Frederick . The county 's name is derived from the family name of the Barons of Baltimore , the proprietors of the English Colony of Maryland . Calvert County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area . It occupies the Calvert Peninsula , which is bordered on the east by Chesapeake Bay and on the west by the Patuxent River . Calvert County is part of the Southern Maryland region . The county has one of the highest median household incomes in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Maryland', 'summary': "Southern Maryland in popular usage is composed of the state 's southernmost counties on the Western Shore of the Chesapeake Bay in the state of Maryland . This region includes all of Calvert , Charles , and St. Mary 's counties and sometimes the southern portions of Anne Arundel and Prince George 's counties ."}]}, {'value': 'Nature Conservancy preserve and county park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nature_Conservancy', 'summary': "The Nature Conservancy ( TNC ) is a charitable environmental organization , headquartered in Arlington , Virginia , United States . Founded in 1951 , The Nature Conservancy has over one million members , and has protected more than 119,000,000 acres ( 48,000,000 ha ) of land and thousands of miles of rivers worldwide . The largest environmental nonprofit by assets and revenue in the Americas , The Nature Conservancy ranks as one of the most trusted national organizations in Harris Interactive polls every year since 2005 . Forbes magazine rated The Nature Conservancy 's fundraising efficiency at 88 percent in its 2005 survey of the largest U.S. charities . The Conservancy received a three-star rating from Charity Navigator in 2016 ( three-star in 2015 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Bear Branch Nature Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bear_Branch_Nature_Center', 'summary': "Bear Branch Nature Center is a nature center in Carroll County , Maryland near Westminster . It features interpretive exhibits about local plants and animals , an outdoor water feature and play area , a Discovery Room for children , an observation beehive , live animals including an eagle , hawks , owls , snakes , salamanders , turtles , frogs , and toads , a planetarium and observatory . The center is a facility of Carroll County Recreation & Parks . The nature center is adjacent to Hashawha Environmental Center , a residential facility that is also operated by Carroll County Recreation & Parks . Hashawha Environmental Center is home to Carroll County Public Schools ' Outdoor School , a residential environmental education program open to every sixth grade student in the county . The two facilities are located on approximately 320 acres , with more than five miles of multi-use trails , a restored 19th century cabin , a lake , a pond , and access to both Bear Branch and Big Pipe Creek ."}]}, {'value': 'Westminster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westminster,_Maryland', 'summary': "Westminster is a city in northern Maryland , United States . A suburb of Baltimore , it is the seat of Carroll County . The city 's population was 18,590 at the 2010 census . Westminster is an outlying community within the Baltimore-Towson , MD MSA , which is part of a greater Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia , DC-MD-VA-WV CSA ."}]}, {'value': 'Carroll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carroll_County,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Carroll County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland . As of the 2010 census , the population was 167,134 . Its county seat is Westminster . Carroll County is included in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson , MD Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington , DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area . While predominantly rural , the county has become increasingly suburban in recent years .'}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operated by the County . Center located on 320 acres ; features live animals , interpretive exhibits , more than five miles of multi-use trails , a planetarium and observatory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Hill Visitors Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boyds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boyds,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Boyds is an unincorporated community in rural Montgomery County , Maryland , United States , located approximately 27 miles ( 43 km ) north of Washington , D.C. Its ZIP Code is 20841 . According to the United States 2010 Census , the ZIP Code Tabulation Area ( ZCTA ) for Boyds covers an area of about 26 square miles ( 67 km2 ) and has a population of 10,460 . Black Hill Regional Park , Little Seneca Lake , and Seneca Creek State Park are located in Boyds .'}]}, {'value': 'Montgomery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by the County in Black Hill Regional Park with over 2,000 acres', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrie Murray Nature Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrie_Murray_Nature_Center', 'summary': "Carrie Murray Nature Center ( CMNC ) is operated by Baltimore City Recreation and Parks . CMNC offers environmental education programs for children , families , and adults as Baltimore City 's only nature center . A native live animal collection , outdoor bird aviary , and indoor exhibits support the center 's environmental education programs . School field trips , nature camps , public programs , and community events take place at CMNC in the expansive and historic Gwynns Falls Leakin Park . It was named after Carrie Murray , mother of former Baltimore Orioles star and hall-of-famer Eddie Murray . Wild Haven forest immersion programs are offered for young children ages 3-5 in the Gwynns Falls Leakin Park , which is Wild Haven 's pilot site within the Baltimore City Recreation and Parks . Monica Wiedel-Lubinski , Monica French , and Mepi Neill are the founding directors of Wild Haven ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltimore', 'summary': "Baltimore ( /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or , locally : /ˈbɔːlmər/ ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland , as well as the 30th most populous city in the United States , with a population of 602,495 in 2018 and also the largest such independent city in the country . Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729 . As of 2017 , the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.802 million , making it the 21st largest metropolitan area in the country . Baltimore is located about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northeast of Washington , D.C. , making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area ( CSA ) , the fourth-largest CSA in the nation , with a calculated 2018 population of 9,797,063 . The city 's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States . In addition , Baltimore was a major manufacturing center . After a decline in major manufacturing , heavy industry , and restructuring of the rail industry , Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy . Johns Hopkins Hospital ( founded 1889 ) and Johns Hopkins University ( founded 1876 ) are the city 's top two employers . With hundreds of identified districts , Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods . Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe , Edith Hamilton , Frederick Douglass , W.E.B . Du Bois , Ogden Nash , Gertrude Stein , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Dashiell Hammett , Upton Sinclair , Tom Clancy , Ta-Nehisi Coates , and H. L. Mencken ; musicians James Eubie Blake , Billie Holiday , Cab Calloway , Tori Amos , Frank Zappa , Tupac Shakur , Dan Deacon , Robbie Basho , Bill Frisell , Philip Glass , Cass Elliot , and Ric Ocasek ; actors and filmmakers John Waters , Barry Levinson , Divine , David Hasselhoff , Don Messick , John Kassir , Jada Pinkett Smith , and Mo'Nique ; artist Jeff Koons ; baseball player Babe Ruth ; swimmer Michael Phelps ; radio host Ira Glass ; television host Mike Rowe ; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall ; Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi ; and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson . During the War of 1812 , Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry ."}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located in Gwynns Falls Leakin Park , includes rehabilitation center for disabled birds of prey and an insect zoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwynns_Falls_Leakin_Park', 'summary': "The adjoining Gwynns Falls Park and Leakin Park , in Baltimore , Maryland , United States , generally referred to as Gwynns Falls/Leakin Park , covers 1,216 acres ( 492 ha ) of contiguous parkland , forming the most extensive park in the city . Gwynns Falls-Leakin Park situated along the Gwynns Falls stream , through the western side of Baltimore City and suburban Baltimore County , which eventually flows into the Middle Branch of the Patapsco River ( Baltimore Harbor ) , The combined / joint parks are a protected wilderness area , heavily forested and largely left in its natural state , somewhat like Herring Run in the northeast section of the city , but unlike other large urban parks in Baltimore city such as Druid Hill or Patterson Parks , which have some tree cover , with open meadows and mowed lawns in between . Baltimore 's City Department of Recreation and Parks operates Gwynns Falls and Leakin as a single park , beginning at the western edge of the city , following the Gwynns Falls stream from Windsor Mill Road ( northwest ) to Wilkens Avenue ( southeast ) . Franklintown Road serves as the main vehicular route through the park , as a continuation of Dogwood Road from the Baltimore County suburb of Woodlawn . It exits the park near West Lafayette Avenue further into the city . Although surrounded by an urban environment , some areas of the park are so heavily wooded that they give the impression of wilderness . Portions of the 1999 horror film The Blair Witch Project were filmed here . The combination of its many secluded areas and easy vehicular access gave it a reputation , in Baltimore and beyond , as a place of crime in the past . In the early 2010s the park began efforts to improve its public image by barricading many dead-end access roads and publicizing family-friendly events ."}]}, {'value': "Charlotte 's Quest Nature Center", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Charlotte's_Quest_Nature_Center", 'summary': "Charlotte 's Quest Nature Center is a nature center in Manchester , Maryland . It is operated by the Manchester Parks Foundation and is adjacent to Pine Valley Park and Manchester Elementary School . It is located on 60 acres ( 240,000 m2 ) of land and contains 4 1⁄2 miles ( 7.2 km ) of hiking trails ."}]}, {'value': 'Manchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manchester,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Manchester is a small incorporated town in northeastern Carroll County , Maryland , United States , located just south of the Pennsylvania state line and north of Baltimore . The population was 4,808 at the 2010 census . Manchester was incorporated in 1833 and is the second oldest incorporated area in Carroll County after Westminster , which was incorporated in 1818 . The town was originally formed as a part of Baltimore County , before the creation of Carroll County in 1837 . It is governed by an elected mayor and an elected five-person town council . Manchester lies in the humid continental climate region , marked by cold and snowy winters but humid and hot summers . This climate is ideal for growing farmed crops in the summer such as tomatoes , sweet corn and squash , leaving much of the outlying area marked with large tracts of farmland . Manchester is a rural commuting town where residents travel to work in the greater Baltimore Metropolitan Area and the greater Washington Metropolitan Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Carroll', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operated by the Manchester Parks Foundation , located on 60 acres ( 240,000 m2 ) of land and features over 4 miles of trails', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clearwater Nature Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clinton,_Maryland', 'summary': "Clinton is an unincorporated census-designated place ( CDP ) in Prince George 's County , Maryland , United States . Clinton was formerly known as Surrattsville until after the time of the Civil War . The population of Clinton was 35,970 at the 2010 census . Clinton is historically known for its role in the American Civil War concerning the Abraham Lincoln assassination . Clinton is adjacent to Camp Springs , Rosaryville , Melwood , and Andrews Air Force Base ."}]}, {'value': "Prince George 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Prince_George's_County,_Maryland", 'summary': "Prince George 's County ( often shortened to PG County ) is located in the U.S. state of Maryland , bordering the eastern portion of Washington , D.C. As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the population was 863,420 , making it the second-most populous county in Maryland , behind Montgomery County . Its county seat is Upper Marlboro . It is one of the richest African American-majority counties in the United States , with five of its communities identified in a 2015 top ten list . Prince George 's County is included in the Washington metropolitan area . The county also hosts many federal governmental facilities , such as Joint Base Andrews and the United States Census Bureau headquarters ."}]}, {'value': 'Capital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by the County in Cosca Regional Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cromwell Valley Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cromwell_Valley_Park', 'summary': 'Cromwell Valley Park is a public park just to the north of Baltimore City . The park initially opened in 1993 , on 426 acres ( 172 ha ) of rural farm land . It is primarily open fields , woods , cultivated gardens and orchards . The varied terrain provides an excellent habitat for local wildlife , particularly birds of prey which feed on large populations of mice , rabbits and other small mammals . Healthy populations of white-tailed deer , red fox and local songbirds can also be found throughout the park . Several miles of trails traverse the park making it popular among local hikers , birdwatchers and photographers .'}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': '426 acres , features the Willow Grove Nature Education Center , programs about nature , farming , local history and conservation awareness , operated by the Baltimore County Department of Recreation and Parks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Croydon Creek Nature Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rockville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland', 'summary': "Rockville is a city and the county seat of Montgomery County , Maryland , United States , part of the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area . The 2010 census tabulated Rockville 's population at 61,209 , making it one of the largest communities in Maryland and the third largest location in Montgomery County , after Silver Spring and Germantown . Rockville , along with neighboring Gaithersburg and Bethesda , is at the core of the Interstate 270 Technology Corridor which is home to numerous software and biotechnology companies as well as several federal government institutions . The city also has several upscale regional shopping centers and is one of the major retail hubs in Montgomery County ."}]}, {'value': 'Montgomery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'website , operated by the City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cylburn Arboretum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cylburn_Arboretum', 'summary': "Cylburn Arboretum ( 200 acres ) is a city park with arboretum and gardens , located at 4915 Greenspring Avenue , Baltimore , Maryland . It is open daily - excluding Mondays-without charge . The arboretum began as the private estate of businessman Jesse Tyson , who started construction of Cylburn Mansion in 1863 . The house , designed by Baltimore City Hall architect George Aloysius Frederick , was eventually completed in 1888 and remains intact , a stone structure built of gneiss from Tyson 's quarries at Bare Hills , with mansard roof , tower , and an Italianate cupola . It became the Cylburn Wildflower Preserve and Garden Center in 1954 and , in 1982 , was renamed the Cylburn Arboretum Association . The Cylburn Mansion houses a display of watercolor paintings of Maryland wildflowers that is open to the public . Today the arboretum contains an extensive collection of trees and woody shrubs based loosely on the Tysons ' original plantings . Collections include azaleas , bamboo , beeches , boxwoods , chestnuts , conifers , hollies , Japanese maples , magnolias , maples , Maryland oaks , and viburnum . The arboretum also includes a number of flower and vegetable gardens , as well as greenhouses designed and built in the 1960s by Lord & Burnham . The greenhouses grow plants for the city 's parks , and are not open to the general public . The arboretum is included in the Baltimore National Heritage Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baltimore City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City park with arboretum and gardens , features the Cylburn Nature Museum with Maryland natural history exhibits', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deep Creek Lake Discovery Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deep_Creek_Lake_State_Park', 'summary': 'Deep Creek Lake State Park is a public recreation area occupying more than 1,100 acres ( 450 ha ) on the northeast side of Deep Creek Lake in Garrett County , Maryland , in the United States . The park features water activities , camping facilities , and recreational trails and is located about 18 miles ( 29 km ) south of Interstate 68 on U.S. Route 219 .'}]}, {'value': 'Swanton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swanton,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Swanton is an unincorporated area and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Garrett County , Maryland , United States . Swanton is close to several recreation areas , such as Deep Creek Lake State Park and Jennings-Randolph Lake . A church and a post office are located in the downtown area . The population was 58 at the 2010 census . Anderson Chapel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'Garrett', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operated by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources in the state park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maryland_Department_of_Natural_Resources', 'summary': 'The Maryland Department of Natural Resources ( DNR ) is a government agency in the state of Maryland charged with maintaining natural resources including state parks , public lands , state forests , state waterways , wildlife and recreation areas . Its headquarters are in Annapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Eden Mill Nature Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eden_Mill_Nature_Center', 'summary': 'Eden Mill Nature Center is a nature center in Pylesville , Maryland .'}]}, {'value': 'Pylesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pylesville,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Pylesville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Harford County , Maryland , United States . The population was 693 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area . Legend says the town was named after Brandon Pyles . Until 1958 , this community was served by the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad at milepost 40.3 .'}]}, {'value': 'Harford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harford_County,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Harford County is a county in the U.S. state of Maryland . As of the 2010 census , the population was 244,826 . Its county seat is Bel Air . Harford County is included in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson , MD Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington , DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent organization in partnership with Harford County Parks and Recreation , nature center and historic grist mill museum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fair Hill Nature Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elkton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elkton,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Elkton is a town in and the county seat of Cecil County , Maryland , United States . The population was 15,443 at the 2010 census . It was formerly called Head of Elk because it sits at the head of navigation on the Elk River , which flows into the nearby Chesapeake Bay . Elkton was once known as the Gretna Green of the East because of its popularity as a place for eloping couples to marry .'}]}, {'value': 'Cecil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cecil_County,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Cecil County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland . As of the 2010 census , the population was 101,108 . The county seat is Elkton . The county was named for Cecil Calvert , 2nd Baron Baltimore ( 1605-1675 ) , the first Proprietary Governor of the Province ( colony ) of Maryland . It is the only Maryland county that is part of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington , PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area . Cecil County has existed since the late 1600s , though it continued to grow in population and town size .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Shore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland', 'summary': "The Eastern Shore of Maryland is a part of the U.S. state of Maryland that lies mostly on the east side of the Chesapeake Bay and consists of nine counties , seven of which have Chesapeake Bay coastlines . The region also contains Maryland 's only coast on the Atlantic Ocean . As of the 2010 census , its population was 449,226 , with just under 8% of Marylanders living in the region . The term Eastern Shore distinguishes a territorial part of the state of Maryland from the Western Shore of Maryland , land west of the Chesapeake Bay . The Eastern Shore is part of the larger Delmarva Peninsula that Maryland shares with Delaware and Virginia . The Eastern Shore is largely rural , with the small city of Salisbury being the largest community . The economy is dominated by three sectors : fishing along the coasts , especially for shellfish such as the blue crab ; farming , especially large-scale chicken farms ; and tourism , especially centered on the Atlantic coast resort of Ocean City ."}]}, {'value': 'website , operated by the Fair Hill Environmental Foundation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fountain Rock Park & Nature Center', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walkersville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walkersville,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Walkersville is a town in Frederick County , Maryland , United States . The population was 5,800 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Frederick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland', 'summary': "Frederick County is located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Maryland . As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the population was 240,336 . The county seat is Frederick . Frederick County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area . Like other outlying sections of the Washington metropolitan area , Frederick County has experienced a rapid population increase in recent years . It borders the southern border of Pennsylvania and the northeastern border of Virginia . The county is home to Catoctin Mountain Park ( encompassing the presidential retreat Camp David ) and to the U.S. Army 's Fort Detrick . Notable persons from here include Francis Scott Key , Chris Rose , Zach Taylor , Matt Bennett , Thomas Johnson , Roger B. Taney , and Barbara Fritchie ."}]}, {'value': 'Western', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Maryland', 'summary': "Western Maryland is the portion of the U.S. state of Maryland that typically consists of Washington , Allegany , and Garrett counties . The region is bounded by the Mason-Dixon line to the north , Preston County , West Virginia to the west , and the Potomac River to the south . Western Maryland is more rural than the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area , where most of the state 's population lives , and is noted for its mountainous terrain . The area is in the central Appalachians . Washington , Allegany , and Garrett counties are part of the Appalachian Regional Commission ."}]}, {'value': 'website , operated by the County', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glen Echo Park Aquarium', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glen Echo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montgomery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aquarium and nature center that focuses on local tributaries and the Chesapeake Bay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hard Bargain Farm Environmental Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hard_Bargain_Farm', 'summary': 'Hard Bargain Farm is the former country estate and working farm of Alice and Henry Ferguson . It is located at 2001 Bryan Point Road in Accokeek , Maryland , overlooking the Potomac River . The property , now a smaller portion of the 330 acres ( 130 ha ) they purchased , was developed by them into a country garden . Alice Ferguson , an artist , produced a significant body of her work here , and oversaw both the operations of the farm they established , and studied the prehistoric archaeological remains found on the property . ( The Accokeek Creek Site , now in Piscataway Park on land donated by the Fergusons , was first studied by her . ) The Fergusons established the Ferguson Foundation in 1954 to manage the property . The foundation operates the property as an educational center focused on land stewardship and historical farming practices in the region . The property includes a heavy timber frame tobacco barn originally constructed between about 1830 and 1850 , and rebuilt in the post-American Civil War era . Popular events include the annual Oktoberfest , and theater in the woods productions . Hard Bargain Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Accokeek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Accokeek,_Maryland', 'summary': "Accokeek ( /ɑːkˈəkiːk/ ) , at the edge of the hill in Algonquin , is a census-designated place ( CDP ) located in Prince George 's County , Maryland , United States . The CDP is located on the Potomac River , borders Charles County and is approximately 17 miles from Washington . It is a part of the Washington metropolitan area . The population of the CDP , as of the 2010 United States Census was 10,573 , making it the 118th most populous place in the state of Maryland . While the area around Accokeek was occupied by Native Americans since approximately 2,000 BCE , John Smith was the first European to settle the area in 1608 . In 1990 , the United States Census Bureau officially made Accokeek a CDP ."}]}, {'value': "Prince George 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital', 'urls': []}, {'value': '330-acre working farm , operated by the Alice Ferguson Foundation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harford Glen Environmental Education Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harford_Glen_Environmental_Education_Center', 'summary': 'Harford Glen Environmental Education Center is a division of Harford County Public Schools and is involved in environmental and elementary education . The park , which is open to the public during the summer and on weekends is located on Winters Run . Harford Glen was also the host of the 13th annual Maryland Envirothon state level event in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bel Air', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bel_Air,_Harford_County,_Maryland', 'summary': 'The town of Bel Air is the county seat of Harford County , Maryland , United States . According to the 2010 United States Census the population of the town was 10,120 .'}]}, {'value': 'Harford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operated by Harford County Public Schools', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harford_County_Public_Schools', 'summary': 'Harford County Public Schools is an American public school system serving the residents of Harford County , Maryland .'}]}, {'value': 'Howard County Conservancy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_County_Conservancy', 'summary': 'The center was founded in 1990 as a private land trust with the goal of protecting and preserving farmland and historic sites in Howard County . The conservancy currently manages legal easements on 1,600 acres of land . In 2014 , the conservancy started a second nature center at Belmont Manor .'}]}, {'value': 'Woodstock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodstock,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Woodstock is an unincorporated community which is a suburb of Baltimore , Maryland , United States . The original village of Woodstock is located in Howard County , and also includes portions of Baltimore County and Carroll County .'}]}, {'value': 'Howard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_County,_Maryland', 'summary': "Howard County is a county in the central part of the U.S. state of Maryland . As of the 2010 census , the population was 287,085 . Its county seat is Ellicott City . Howard County is included in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson , MD Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington , DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area . However , recent development in the south of the county has led to some realignment towards the Washington , D.C. media and employment markets . The county is home to Columbia , a major planned community of approximately 100,000 founded by developer James Rouse in 1967 . Howard County is frequently cited for its affluence , quality of life , and excellent schools . With an estimated median household income of $ 120,194 in 2016 , Howard County had the second-highest median household income of any U.S. county in 2016 . Many of the most affluent communities in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area , such as Clarksville , Dayton , Glenelg , Glenwood , and West Friendship , are located along the Route 32 corridor in Howard County . The main population center of Columbia/Ellicott City was named second among Money magazine 's 2010 survey of America 's Best Places to Live . In 2010 , the center of population of Maryland was located in the Howard County town of Jessup ."}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located on a 300-year-old , 232-acre farm', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irvine Nature Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irvine_Nature_Center', 'summary': 'Irvine Nature Center is a nature center in Owings Mills , Maryland . The center , which is set on 210 acres ( 0.85 km2 ) of land in the Caves Valley Historic District , includes a 17,200-square-foot ( 1,600 m2 ) green exhibit hall , classrooms , outdoor classroom , amphitheater and trails . Irvine has 80,000 visitors a year . The center is renowned for holding green weddings . There are also family nature programs , summer camps and the Nature Preschool . Irvine is one of the first in the country to hold a Nature Preschool Conference for educators looking to add nature to their education to the 3-5 year old set .'}]}, {'value': 'Owings Mills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owings_Mills,_Maryland', 'summary': "Owings Mills is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Baltimore County , Maryland , United States . It is a suburb of Baltimore . The population was 30,622 at the 2010 census . Owings Mills is home to the northern terminus of the Baltimore Metro Subway , and housed the Owings Mills Mall until its closure in 2015 . It is also home to the Baltimore Ravens ' headquarters facility . In 2008 , CNNMoney.com named Owings Mills number 49 of the 100 Best Places to Live and Launch ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltimore', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Private organization set on 116 acres ( 0.47 km2 ) of land', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jug_Bay_Wetlands_Sanctuary', 'summary': "The Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary is located along the tidal Patuxent River in southern Maryland , United States . It was established in 1985 and is operated by the Anne Arundel County Department of Recreation and Parks . It includes more than 1,500 acres ( 6.1 km2 ) of tidal freshwater wetlands , forests , meadows and fields . The wetlands , with large stands of aquatic plants including wild rice , are home to many birds , fish , reptiles , and mammals . Miles of trails and boardwalks traverse a variety of habitats and provide glimpses into the rich history of the region . In 1990 , the Sanctuary became a component of the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve System . The sanctuary is also recognized as a Nationally Important Bird Area by the American Bird Conservancy and the National Audubon Society . The goals of the sanctuary are to provide environmental education opportunities to the public , to conduct ecological research , and to conserve Jug Bay 's unique ecosystem . Each year about 10,000 visitors enjoy programs for students , families and groups . Several hundred volunteers act as docents and guides to the public and assist with long-term ecological studies . In return , volunteers gain in-depth knowledge of ecology , natural history , and the functions of wetland ecosystems . The sanctuary is located in Bristol , Maryland , 43 miles ( 69 km ) from the mouth of the 115-mile ( 185 km ) long river ."}]}, {'value': 'Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Bristol is an unincorporated community in Anne Arundel County , Maryland , United States . Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary ( a stop on the Patuxent Water Trail ) and the colonial town of Pig Point ( alternately referred to as Bristol Landing and Leon at times ) are on the Patuxent River waterfront portion of Bristol . Pig Point saw War of 1812 action and was the largest steamboat port on the Patuxent in the mid-19th century . Pig Point is a very significant Native American Early Archaic Period archaeological site . The Chesapeake Beach Railway was completed in 1899 through the southern part of Bristol or Pindell ; ruins of the Pindell Station and its general store remain . The James Owens Farm , listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and the southern terminus of the Stephanie Roper Highway portion of Maryland Route 4 are also located in Bristol . In the mid-twentieth century , the segregated Bristol Elementary School was located in the northern part of town , three-quarter mile southeast of Waysons Corner and a half mile south of the crossroad village of Drury . The school in 1953 published a history of Bristol ( largely reprinting a 1927 Bristol town history from the Annapolis Capital newspaper ) . The following year it was enlarged and renovated , growing to 200 students ( and four teachers and a heating and rodent problem ) by 1969 after the county was ordered to desegregate schools in 1966 .'}]}, {'value': 'Anne Arundel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County,_Maryland', 'summary': 'Anne Arundel County ( /əˈrʌndəl/ ) , also notated as AA or A.A. County , is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland . As of the 2010 United States Census , its population was 537,656 , a population increase of just under 10% since 2000 . Its county seat is Annapolis , which is also the capital of the state . The county is named for Lady Anne Arundell ( 1615-1649 ) , a member of the ancient family of Arundells in Cornwall , England , and the wife of Cecilius Calvert , 2nd Baron Baltimore ( 1605-1675 ) , founder and first Lord Proprietor of the colony Province of Maryland . Anne Arundel County is included in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson metropolitan statistical area , which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington combined statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Features the McCann Wetlands Study Center with displays about the wetlands , estuaries and the Patuxent River watershed , operated by the Anne Arundel County Department of Recreation and Parks', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of nature centers and environmental education centers in the state of Maryland . To use the sortable tables : click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order ; click again for reverse alphabetical order . See also : List of nature centers in the United States', 'uid': 'List_of_nature_centers_in_Maryland_0', 'intro': 'N/A'}
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For the environmental centre that host of the 13th annual Maryland Envirothon state level event in 2002 , what 's the population of the town where the centre is located ?
10,120
0ae306be543dc684
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Tapping', 'title': 'Amanda Tapping', 'header': ['Year', 'Series', 'Episode'], 'data': [{'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stargate SG-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stargate_SG-1', 'summary': "Stargate SG-1 ( often abbreviated SG-1 ) is a Canadian-American military science fiction adventure television series and part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 's Stargate franchise . The show , created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner , is based on the 1994 science fiction film Stargate by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich . The television series was filmed in and around the city of Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The series premiered on Showtime on July 27 , 1997 and moved to the Sci Fi Channel on June 7 , 2002 ; the final episode first aired on Sky1 on March 13 , 2007 . The story of Stargate SG-1 begins about a year after the events of the feature film when the United States government learns that an ancient alien device called the Stargate can access a network of such devices on a multitude of planets and in space . SG-1 is an elite United States Air Force special operations team , one of about 20 teams from Earth who explore the galaxy and defend against alien threats such as the Goa'uld , the Replicators and the Ori . The series draws upon Egyptian mythology , Greek mythology , Norse mythology and Arthurian legend . The series was a ratings success for its first-run broadcasters and in syndication and was particularly popular in Europe and Australia . Stargate SG-1 was honored with numerous awards and award nominations in its ten-season run . It also spawned the animated television series Stargate Infinity , the live-action spin-off TV series Stargate Atlantis , Stargate Universe , and Stargate Origins and the direct-to-DVD films Stargate : The Ark of Truth and Stargate : Continuum . Merchandise for Stargate SG-1 includes games and toys , print media and an original audio series ."}]}, {'value': 'Episode # 151 ( 7.19 ) : Resurrection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Stargate_SG-1_episodes', 'summary': "Stargate SG-1 is a Canadian-American military science fiction television series created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner . The series resumes the story of the 1994 Stargate film , where a military team led by Colonel Jack O'Neill and supported by the archeologist Daniel Jackson use an ancient alien artifact called the Stargate to travel to a planet where an alien named Ra oppressed the planet 's people by posing as a god . After the Earth team defeated Ra , O'Neil returns to Earth while Daniel Jackson stays on the planet . The series pilot , which takes place roughly one year after the events of the film , reveals that Ra was not the only alien to use Stargates to transport human slaves to many worlds for thousands of years . Stargate SG-1 premiered on July 27 , 1997 on the subscription channel Showtime . After five seasons on the same network , the Sci Fi Channel bought Stargate SG-1 and would air it for five further seasons , totalling to 214 episodes in ten seasons ( seasons 1 through 7 consisted of 22 episodes each , and seasons 8 through 10 had 20 episodes each ) . Since the American broadcast splits each season to allow the production to catch up , the British channel Sky One aired the second part of some seasons before their American counterpart . Stargate SG-1 's finale episode premiered in the United Kingdom on Sky One on March 13 , 2007 . The Sci Fi Channel concluded the tenth season on June 22 , 2007 . All seasons of Stargate SG-1 are available on DVD , and two direct-to-DVD Stargate films have continued the series , the first released in March 2008 , the second in July 2008 . The cast of the first five seasons consisted of Richard Dean Anderson starring as Col. Jack O'Neill , Michael Shanks as Dr. Daniel Jackson , Amanda Tapping as Cpt./Maj . Samantha Carter ( who would be promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in Season 8 and to Colonel in the films ) , Christopher Judge as the Jaffa alien Teal ' c , and Don S. Davis as Maj. Gen. George Hammond ."}]}, {'value': '2009-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sanctuary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sanctuary_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Sanctuary is a Canadian science fiction-fantasy television series , created by Damian Kindler and funded largely by the Beedie Development Group . The show ran for four seasons , from 2008 to 2011 ; a fifth season was planned but never made . The show is an expansion of an eight-webisode series that was released through the Internet in early 2007 . Seeing the success of the web series , Syfy decided to buy the broadcast rights to the series and pay to re-stage the series in a season of thirteen episodes . The show centers on Dr. Helen Magnus , a 157-year-old teratologist , and her team of experts who run the Sanctuary , an organization that seeks out extraordinarily powerful creatures and people , known as Abnormals , and tries to help and to learn from them while also having to contain the more dangerous ones . The series premiered on October 3 , 2008 , in both Canada and the United States and on October 6 in the United Kingdom . The premiere drew in more than 3 million viewers , making it the highest rated original series premiere for Syfy since Eureka debuted in July 2006 . The premiere two-parter , Sanctuary for All , was a combination and rewriting of the first four webisodes and was followed by Fata Morgana , based on Webisodes 5-8 . Amanda Tapping , with all of the original cast from the web series , made the transition to the television series . A second season of 13 episodes aired in 2009-10 , and Sanctuary was renewed for a third season of 20 episodes on December 12 , 2009 . The second season premiered on Friday , October 9 , 2009 , in the 10 pm timeslot . In Australia , the program debuted on Pay Television 's Sci Fi and on free-to-air channel ABC2 , where Season 1 started on March 1 , 2010 , each Monday at 9:30 pm ."}]}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Primeval : New World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Primeval:_New_World', 'summary': 'Primeval : New World is a Canadian-British science fiction television program , set in Vancouver , British Columbia , created by Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens . A co-production between Impossible Pictures and Omni Film Productions for Space , the show is a spin-off of the British series Primeval . However , the two shows have little to do with each other . It was broadcast on Space in Canada , and on Watch in the United Kingdom . As with Primeval , the premise of Primeval : New World involves a team who has to deal with animals from the past and future that travel through time to the present day through anomalies . On 21 February 2013 , it was announced that the series had been cancelled after a single season .'}]}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arctic Air', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arctic_Air', 'summary': 'Arctic Air is a Canadian drama television series that began airing on CBC Television on January 10 , 2012 . The series was canceled on March 17 , 2014 , due to government budgetary cuts .'}]}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Continuum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Continuum_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Continuum is a Canadian science fiction series created by Simon Barry that premiered on Showcase on May 27 , 2012 , and ran for four seasons . It was produced by Reunion Pictures , Boy Meets Girl Film Company , and Shaw Media . The plot centres around the conflict between a group of terrorists from the year 2077 who time travel to Vancouver , British Columbia in 2012 and a police officer who unintentionally accompanies them . In spite of being many years early , the terrorist group decides to continue its violent campaign to stop corporations of the future from replacing governments , while the police officer endeavours to stop them without revealing to everyone that she and the terrorists are from the future .'}]}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strange Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strange_Empire', 'summary': 'Strange Empire is a Canadian television drama series that aired on CBC Television in the 2014-15 television season . Created by Laurie Finstad-Knizhnik , the series is a serialized Western drama set in Janestown , near the Alberta-Montana border in the 1860s , in which three women band together for survival after their husbands are murdered . The cast includes Cara Gee , Melissa Farman and Tattiawna Jones . The first season began airing on 6 October 2014 and consists of 13 episodes . CBC cancelled the series in March 2015 after one season . Strange Empire was broadcast on LMN in the USA and was renamed Strange Empire : Rise of the Women , it premiered on May 29 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Episode # 3 ( 1.3 ) : Other Powers', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympus_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Olympus is a Canadian/British fantasy television series that premiered on Syfy in the USA and Super Channel in Canada on 2 April 2015 . A retelling of Greek myths , the first season had thirteen episodes , and concluded on 2 July 2015 . The series has since been cancelled .'}]}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015-2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dark Matter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dark_Matter_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Dark Matter is a Canadian science fiction series created by Joseph Mallozzi and Paul Mullie , based on their comic book of the same name and developed by Prodigy Pictures in association with Space channel . An order for 13 episodes was placed for the first season of the series , which premiered on June 12 , 2015 on both Space and Syfy . On September 5 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a second season . Dark Matter was renewed for a 13-episode third season in September 2016 , which premiered on June 9 , 2017 . On September 1 , 2017 , Syfy canceled the series after three seasons .'}]}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'X Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X_Company', 'summary': "X Company was a Canadian/Hungarian spy thriller television series created by Flashpoint 's Mark Ellis and Stephanie Morgenstern which premiered on February 18 , 2015 , on CBC Television . The series takes place during World War II , and follows five recruits as they are trained as agents at a secret Canadian training facility , Camp X near Lake Ontario east of Toronto and then sent out into the field in Europe . The final episode of the series aired on CBC on March 15 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Family for Christmas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TV film', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Magicians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Magicians_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': 'The Magicians is an American fantasy television series that airs on Syfy and is based on the novel of the same name by Lev Grossman . Michael London , Janice Williams , John McNamara , and Sera Gamble serve as executive producers . A 13-episode order was placed for the first season in May 2015 , and the series premiered on December 16 , 2015 , as a special preview . In February 2018 , the series was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes , which premiered on January 23 , 2019 . In January 2019 , Syfy renewed the series for a fifth season , which premiered on January 15 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'Episode # 11 ( 1.11 ) : Remedial Battle Magic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_The_Magicians_(U.S._TV_series)_episodes', 'summary': 'The Magicians is an American fantasy television series that airs on Syfy and is based on the novel of the same name by Lev Grossman . Michael London , Janice Williams , John McNamara , and Sera Gamble serve as executive producers . A 13-episode order was placed for the first season in May 2015 , and the series premiered on December 16 , 2015 , as a special preview . On January 22 , 2019 , Syfy renewed the series for a fifth season , which premiered on January 15 , 2020 . As of February 12 , 2020 , [ update ] 58 episodes of The Magicians have aired .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Romeo Section', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Romeo_Section', 'summary': 'The Romeo Section is a Canadian spy thriller television series created and written by Chris Haddock which debuted on October 14 , 2015 , on CBC Television . CBC renewed the series for a second season which began airing on October 5 , 2016 . The series ran for two seasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Episode # 14 ( 2.4 ) : Seeds of War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Romeo_Section', 'summary': 'The Romeo Section is a Canadian spy thriller television series created and written by Chris Haddock which debuted on October 14 , 2015 , on CBC Television . CBC renewed the series for a second season which began airing on October 5 , 2016 . The series ran for two seasons .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Van Helsing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Van_Helsing_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Van Helsing is an American-Canadian dark fantasy horror drama television series that premiered on September 23 , 2016 , on Syfy in the United States . Kelly Overton plays the titular character of the series , which was inspired by Zenescope Entertainment 's graphic novel series Helsing . In December 2019 , Syfy renewed the series for a fifth and final season ."}]}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Travelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Travelers_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Travelers is a Canadian-American science fiction television series created by Brad Wright , starring Eric McCormack , Mackenzie Porter , Jared Abrahamson , Nesta Cooper , Reilly Dolman , and Patrick Gilmore . The series was an international co-production between streaming service Netflix and Canadian specialty channel Showcase for its first two seasons , after which Netflix took over as its sole production company and exclusive worldwide distributor . The show premiered in Canada on October 17 , 2016 , and worldwide on December 23 , 2016 . A second season followed in 2017 , and a third season was released on December 14 , 2018 . In February 2019 , McCormack revealed that the series had been cancelled .'}]}, {'value': '9 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Anne with an E , initially titled Anne for its first season , is a Canadian drama television series based on the 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery , and adapted by Emmy Award-winning writer and producer Moira Walley-Beckett . It airs on CBC Television in Canada , and elsewhere in the world it is available for streaming on Netflix . The series premiered on March 19 , 2017 on CBC , and on May 12 internationally . On August 3 , 2017 , CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a 10-episode second season , which premiered on Netflix on July 6 , 2018 , and on CBC on September 23 , 2018 . CBC adopted the Anne with an E name beginning in the second season . In August 2018 , CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a ten-episode third season , which premiered on September 22 , 2019 , on CBC and concluded on November 24 , after which it was announced that the series had been cancelled . The final season was released on Netflix outside Canada on January 3 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reel Women Seen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Supernatural', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)', 'summary': "Supernatural is an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke . It was first broadcast on September 13 , 2005 , on The WB , and subsequently became part of successor The CW 's lineup . Starring Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester , the series follows the two brothers as they hunt demons , ghosts , monsters , and other supernatural beings . The series is produced by Warner Bros. Television , in association with Wonderland Sound and Vision . Along with Kripke , executive producers have been McG , Robert Singer , Phil Sgriccia , Sera Gamble , Jeremy Carver , John Shiban , Ben Edlund and Adam Glass . Former executive producer and director Kim Manners died of lung cancer during production of the fourth season . The series is filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia and surrounding areas and was in development for nearly ten years , as creator Kripke spent several years unsuccessfully pitching it . The pilot was viewed by an estimated 5.69 million viewers , and the ratings of the first four episodes prompted The WB to pick up the series for a full season . Originally , Kripke planned the series for three seasons but later expanded it to five . The fifth season concluded the series ' main storyline , and Kripke departed the series as showrunner . The series has continued on for several more seasons with new showrunners , including Sera Gamble , Jeremy Carver , Robert Singer and Andrew Dabb . With its eleventh season , Supernatural became the longest-running American live-action fantasy TV series ."}]}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siren_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Siren ( formerly known as The Deep ) is an American television drama series that premiered on Freeform on March 29 , 2018 . The first season included 10 episodes . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a 16-episode second season which premiered on January 24 , 2019 . In May 2019 , the series was renewed for a third season which is set to premiere on April 2 , 2020 .'}]}, {'value': '2 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blindspot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blindspot_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Blindspot is an American crime drama television series created by Martin Gero , starring Sullivan Stapleton and Jaimie Alexander . The Warner Bros. Television-produced series premiered September 21 , 2015 , on NBC . The series ' fourth season premiered on October 12 , 2018 . On May 10 , 2019 , NBC renewed the series for a fifth and final season of 13 episodes , which will air in mid-2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Episode # 88 ( 4.21 ) : Masters of War 1:5 - 8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Blindspot_episodes', 'summary': 'Blindspot is an American crime drama television series created by Martin Gero , starring Sullivan Stapleton and Jaimie Alexander . The series was ordered by NBC on May 1 , 2015 , and premiered on September 21 , 2015 . A back nine order was given on October 9 , 2015 , bringing the first season to a total of 22 episodes , plus an additional episode bringing the order to 23 episodes . On May 10 , 2018 , NBC renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on October 12 , 2018 . On May 10 , 2019 , NBC renewed the series for a fifth and final season of 13 episodes . As of May 31 , 2019 , [ update ] 89 episodes of Blindspot have aired , concluding the fourth season .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The 100', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_100_(TV_series)', 'summary': "The 100 ( pronounced The Hundred ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series that premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . The series , developed by Jason Rothenberg , is loosely based on the novel series of the same name by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of post-apocalyptic survivors , chiefly a group of criminal adolescents , including Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , Finn Collins ( Thomas McDonell ) , Bellamy Blake ( Bob Morley ) , Octavia Blake ( Marie Avgeropoulos ) , Jasper Jordan ( Devon Bostick ) , Monty Green ( Christopher Larkin ) , Raven Reyes ( Lindsey Morgan ) , John Murphy ( Richard Harmon ) , and Wells Jaha ( Eli Goree ) . They are among the first people from a space habitat , the Ark , to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse . Other lead characters include Dr. Abby Griffin ( Paige Turco ) , Clarke 's mother ; Marcus Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) , a council member on the Ark ; and Thelonious Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) , the Chancellor of the Ark and Wells 's father . In April 2019 , the series was renewed for a seventh season , which will consist of 16 episodes . In August 2019 , it was announced that the series will conclude with the seventh season ."}]}, {'value': 'Episode # 81 ( 6.10 )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Director', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Amanda_Tapping_2', 'intro': 'Amanda Tapping (born 28 August 1965) is a British-Canadian actress and director. She is best known for portraying Samantha Carter in the Canadian-American military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1, Stargate Atlantis, and Stargate Universe. She also starred as Helen Magnus in the science fiction-fantasy television series Sanctuary.'}
null
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In what year ( s ) was the series that is an expansion of an eight-webisode series that was released through the Internet in early 2007 ?
2009-2011
0ae4139b6d936629
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ViacomCBS_television_programs', 'title': 'List of ViacomCBS television programs', 'header': ['Title', 'Original run', 'Network', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Life_and_Times_of_Grizzly_Adams', 'summary': "The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams is a 1974 independent feature film inspired by a 1972 historical fiction novella written by Charles E. Sellier Jr . The film 's popularity led to an NBC television series of the same name . The title character , played by Dan Haggerty , was loosely based on California mountain man James Grizzly Adams ( 1812-1860 ) . The film and TV series portrayed the fictional Grizzly Adams as a frontier woodsman who fled into the mountains after he was wrongly accused of murder . While struggling to survive , Adams saves an orphaned grizzly bear cub he adopts and names Ben . The bear , while growing to its huge adult size , becomes Adams ' closest companion . Consistently kind and gentle , Adams discovers and demonstrates an uncanny ability to gain the trust of most of the indigenous wildlife of the region , and he helps , sometimes rescues , takes in and tames many species . Originally a hunter , with his learned affection for wildlife Adams resolves never to harm another animal whenever possible . In the television series , Adams had two human friends , an old mountain man trader named Mad Jack played by Denver Pyle who was often featured with his mule ( Number Seven ) , and a Native American by the name of Nakoma played by Don Shanks . Adams , Mad Jack , and Nakoma helped myriad mountain visitors while protecting wildlife at the same time . NBC aired the series finale on February 21 , 1982 by way of a two-hour TV movie called The Capture of Grizzly Adams where a bounty hunter used Adams ' daughter , who was not seen or mentioned since the 1974 film , in a kidnap-extortion ploy to lure the fugitive mountain man back to civilization . In the end Adams proves his innocence ."}]}, {'value': '1977-1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'formerly distributed by Viacom ; produced by Schick Sunn Classic Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunn_Classic_Pictures', 'summary': 'Sunn Classic Pictures , also known as Sunn International Pictures , Schick Sunn Classic Pictures , and Taft International Pictures was an independent U.S.-based film distributor , founded in 1971 . The company was notable for family films and documentaries , and was purchased by Taft Broadcasting in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'Holocaust', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holocaust_(TV_miniseries)', 'summary': 'Holocaust is a 1978 American four part television miniseries which recounts the trajectory of the Holocaust from the perspectives of the fictional Weiss family of German Jews and that of a rising member of the SS , who gradually becomes a merciless war criminal . Holocaust highlighted numerous events which occurred up to and during World War II , such as Kristallnacht , the creation of Jewish ghettos , and later , the use of gas chambers . Although the miniseries won several awards and received positive reviews , it was criticized by others , such as the Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel , who wrote in The New York Times that it was : Untrue , offensive , cheap : as a TV production , the film is an insult to those who perished and to those who survived .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'mini-series ; produced by Titus Productions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greatest Heroes of the Bible', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978-1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBC', 'summary': "The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal , a subsidiary of Comcast . The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City , with additional major offices near Los Angeles ( at 10 Universal City Plaza ) , Chicago ( at the NBC Tower ) and Philadelphia ( at the Comcast Technology Center ) . The network is one of the Big Three television networks . NBC is sometimes referred to as the Peacock Network , in reference to its stylized peacock logo , introduced in 1956 to promote the company 's innovations in early color broadcasting . It became the network 's official emblem in 1979 . Founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) , NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States . At that time the parent company of RCA was General Electric ( GE ) . In 1932 , GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges . In 1986 , control of NBC passed back to General Electric ( GE ) through its $ 6.4 billion purchase of RCA . GE immediately began to liquidate RCA 's various divisions , but retained NBC . Following the acquisition by GE , Bob Wright served as chief executive officer of NBC , remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007 , when he was succeeded by Jeff Zucker . In 2003 , French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE , forming NBC Universal ."}]}, {'value': 'formerly distributed by Viacom ; produced by Schick Sunn Classic Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunn_Classic_Pictures', 'summary': 'Sunn Classic Pictures , also known as Sunn International Pictures , Schick Sunn Classic Pictures , and Taft International Pictures was an independent U.S.-based film distributor , founded in 1971 . The company was notable for family films and documentaries , and was purchased by Taft Broadcasting in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'Laugh Trax', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982-83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broadcast_syndication', 'summary': 'Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcast television programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations , without going through a broadcast network . It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates . Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world , as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates . Shows can be syndicated internationally , although this is less common . The three main types of syndication are first-run syndication , which is programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ; off-network syndication ( colloquially called a rerun ) , which is the licensing of a program that was originally run on network TV or in some cases , first-run syndication ; and public broadcasting syndication .'}]}, {'value': 'produced by Sunn Classic Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunn_Classic_Pictures', 'summary': 'Sunn Classic Pictures , also known as Sunn International Pictures , Schick Sunn Classic Pictures , and Taft International Pictures was an independent U.S.-based film distributor , founded in 1971 . The company was notable for family films and documentaries , and was purchased by Taft Broadcasting in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Lucie Arnaz Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lucie_Arnaz_Show', 'summary': 'The Lucie Arnaz Show is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from April 2 until June 11 , 1985 . It was based on the British sitcom Agony .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBS', 'summary': "CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS ."}]}, {'value': 'with Sam Denoff Productions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'You Again ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/You_Again?', 'summary': 'You Again ? is an American sitcom that aired for two seasons on NBC from February 27 , 1986 to January 7 , 1987 .'}]}, {'value': '1986-1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NBC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'with Sweater Productions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Throb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Throb', 'summary': "Throb is an American sitcom that aired in syndication from September 6 , 1986 to May 21 , 1988 . The series , created by Fredi Towbin , was produced by Procter & Gamble Productions in association with Taft Entertainment Television , and was distributed by Worldvision Enterprises . The series ' rights are currently held by CBS Television Distribution ."}]}, {'value': '1986-1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'with Swany , Inc. and Procter & Gamble Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Procter_&_Gamble_Productions', 'summary': "The Procter & Gamble Company ( P & G ) is an American multinational consumer goods corporation headquartered in Cincinnati , Ohio , founded in 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble . It specializes in a wide range of personal health/consumer health , and personal care and hygiene products ; these products are organized into several segments including Beauty ; Grooming ; Health Care ; Fabric & Home Care ; and Baby , Feminine , & Family Care . Before the sale of Pringles to Kellogg 's , its product portfolio also included foods , snacks , and beverages . P & G is incorporated in Ohio . In 2014 , P & G recorded $ 83.1 billion in sales . On August 1 , 2014 , P & G announced it was streamlining the company , dropping and selling off around 100 brands from its product portfolio in order to focus on the remaining 65 brands , which produced 95% of the company 's profits . A. G. Lafley - the company 's chairman , and CEO until October 31 , 2015 - said the future P & G would be a much simpler , much less complex company of leading brands that 's easier to manage and operate . David S. Taylor is the current chairman and CEO of P & G ."}]}, {'value': 'Sable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sable_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Sable is an American mystery crime drama television series that aired on ABC from November 7 , 1987 to January 2 , 1988 , during the 1987-1988 season , and is based on the comic book , Jon Sable : Freelance , by Mike Grell . Seven episodes of the series aired . The show was a one-hour adventure/drama about mercenary and vigilante Jon Sable ( Lewis Van Bergen ) , who by day was children 's book author Nicholas Fleming . The program ran on Saturdays at 8:00 , and aired its final episode on January 2 , 1988 . Rene Russo had her first television role on the series . Lara Flynn Boyle also had one of her first acting roles playing a kidnapped girl in the series pilot ."}]}, {'value': '1987-1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ABC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}]}, {'value': 'with Sherman-Rosetti Productions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Starting from Scratch', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988-1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syndication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'with Ohlmeyer Communications and Flying Unicorn Productions', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internal Affairs', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mini-series ; produced by Titus Productions', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Spelling Television -- Worldvision Enterprises', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_television_series_produced_by_Paramount_Television_26', 'intro': "This is a list of television series produced and/or owned by ViacomCBS' brands, including Paramount Television Studios, CBS Television Studios, CBS Television Distribution, CBS News, and ViacomCBS media networks. This list also includes shows produced or distributed by ViacomCBS' predecessor companies, including CBS Productions, Viacom Productions/Enterprises, the older incarnation of Paramount Television, Rysher Entertainment, Republic Pictures Television, Worldvision Enterprises/Taft Entertainment, Group W Productions, KingWorld, Desilu Productions and Spelling Television."}
null
null
How many seasons did the show associated with Sweater Productions last ?
two
0ae4e1f15af8ddbd
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_German_Grand_Prix', 'title': '1951 German Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Time', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto Ascari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Ascari', 'summary': "Alberto Ascari ( Italian pronunciation : [ alˈbɛrto ˈaskari ] ; 13 July 1918 - 26 May 1955 ) was an Italian racing driver and twice Formula One World Champion . He was a multitalented racer who competed in motorcycle racing before switching to cars . Ascari won consecutive world titles in 1952 and 1953 for Scuderia Ferrari . He was the team 's first World Champion and the last Italian to date to win the title . This was sandwiched an appearance in the Indianapolis 500 in 1952 . Ascari also won the Mille Miglia in 1954 . Ascari was noted for the careful precision and finely-judged accuracy that made him one of the safest drivers in a most dangerous era . Ascari remains along with Michael Schumacher Ferrari 's only back-to-back World Champions , and he is also Ferrari 's sole Italian champion . As the first driver to win multiple World Championship titles , he held the record for most World Championship titles in 1952-54 , as a result he is one of 3 drivers to have held the record for most World Championship titles . Juan Manuel Fangio held the record in 1951-52 and 1954-2002 ( jointly with Ascari in 1952 and 1954 ) and Michael Schumacher has held the record since 2002 . When Alberto was a young child , his father , Antonio , who was also a famous racing driver , died in an accident at the 1925 French Grand Prix . Alberto once admitted that he warned his children not to become extremely close to him because of the risk involved in his profession ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '9:55.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Froilán González', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Froilán_González', 'summary': "José Froilán González ( October 5 , 1922 - June 15 , 2013 ) was an Argentine racing driver , particularly notable for scoring Ferrari 's first win in a Formula One World Championship race at the 1951 British Grand Prix . He made his Formula One debut for Scuderia Achille Varzi in the 1950 Monaco Grand Prix . His last Grand Prix was the 1960 Argentine Grand Prix . González competed in 26 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix over nine seasons ( 1950-1957 and 1960 ) and numerous non-Championship events . In the 26 World Championship races , González scored two victories ( the 1951 British Grand Prix and the 1954 British Grand Prix ) , seven second-place finishes , six third-place finishes , three pole positions , six fastest laps , and 72 \u200b1⁄7 points . He won the 1951 Coppa Acerbo , in 1954 the 24 Hours of Le Mans with Maurice Trintignant , and the Portuguese Grand Prix for Ferrari . González 's nicknames were The Pampas Bull ( by his English fans ) and El Cabezón ( Fat Head , by his close colleagues ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '9:57.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Manuel Fangio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio', 'summary': "Juan Manuel Fangio Deramo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈfanχjo ] , Italian pronunciation : [ ˈfandʒo ] ; 24 June 1911 - 17 July 1995 ) , nicknamed El Chueco ( the bowlegged or bandy legged one ) or El Maestro ( The Master ) , was an Argentine racing car driver . He dominated the first decade of Formula One racing , winning the World Drivers ' Championship five times . From childhood , he abandoned his studies to pursue auto mechanics . In 1938 , he debuted in Turismo Carretera , competing in a Ford V8 . In 1940 , he competed with Chevrolet , winning the Grand Prix International Championship and devoted his time to the Argentine Turismo Carretera becoming its champion , a title he successfully defended a year later . Fangio then competed in Europe between 1947 and 1949 , where he achieved further success . He won the World Championship of Drivers five times - a record which stood for 47 years until beaten by Michael Schumacher - with four different teams ( Alfa Romeo , Ferrari , Mercedes-Benz and Maserati ) , a feat that has not been repeated . He is regarded by many as one of the greatest F1 drivers of all time and holds the highest winning percentage in Formula One - 46.15% - winning 24 of 52 Formula One races he entered . Fangio is the only Argentine driver to have won the Argentine Grand Prix , which he won four times in his career , more than any other driver . After retirement , Fangio presided as the honorary president of Mercedes-Benz Argentina from 1987 , a year after the inauguration of his museum , until his death in 1995 . On the centenary of his birth in 2011 , Fangio was remembered around the world and various activities were held in his honor ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfa Romeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One . It currently participates as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG . The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987 , and later as a commercial partner since 2015 . The company 's works drivers won the first two World Drivers ' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta : Nino Farina in 1950 ; and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951 . Following these successes Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One . During the 1960s , although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport a number of Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars . In the early 1970s , Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich , supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich 's McLaren ( 1970 ) and March ( 1971 ) entries . None of these engine combinations scored championship points . In the mid-1970s , Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8 , which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship . Bernie Ecclestone , then owner of the Brabham Formula One team , persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season . Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo 's first season was relatively modest , during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes , including two race victories for Niki Lauda . The company 's sporting department , Autodelta , returned as the works team in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '9:59.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 3.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nino Farina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Farina', 'summary': 'Emilio Giuseppe Farina also known as Giuseppe Antonio Nino Farina ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈniːno faˈriːna ] ; 30 October 1906 - 30 June 1966 ) was an Italian racing driver and first official Formula One World Champion . He gained the title in 1950 . He was the Italian Champion in 1937 , 1938 and 1939 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfa Romeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One . It currently participates as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG . The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987 , and later as a commercial partner since 2015 . The company 's works drivers won the first two World Drivers ' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta : Nino Farina in 1950 ; and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951 . Following these successes Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One . During the 1960s , although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport a number of Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars . In the early 1970s , Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich , supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich 's McLaren ( 1970 ) and March ( 1971 ) entries . None of these engine combinations scored championship points . In the mid-1970s , Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8 , which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship . Bernie Ecclestone , then owner of the Brabham Formula One team , persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season . Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo 's first season was relatively modest , during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes , including two race victories for Niki Lauda . The company 's sporting department , Autodelta , returned as the works team in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '10:01.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 5.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luigi Villoresi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luigi_Villoresi', 'summary': 'Luigi Villoresi ( 16 May 1909 - 24 August 1997 ) was an Italian Grand Prix motor racing driver who continued racing on the Formula One circuit at the time of its inception .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '10:06.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 10.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piero Taruffi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piero_Taruffi', 'summary': 'Piero Taruffi ( 12 October 1906 , Albano Laziale - 12 January 1988 ) , was a racing driver from Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '10:12.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 17.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Pietsch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Pietsch', 'summary': 'Paul Pietsch ( 20 June 1911 - 31 May 2012 ) was a racing driver , journalist and publisher from Germany , who founded the magazine Das Auto .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfa Romeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One . It currently participates as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG . The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987 , and later as a commercial partner since 2015 . The company 's works drivers won the first two World Drivers ' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta : Nino Farina in 1950 ; and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951 . Following these successes Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One . During the 1960s , although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport a number of Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars . In the early 1970s , Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich , supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich 's McLaren ( 1970 ) and March ( 1971 ) entries . None of these engine combinations scored championship points . In the mid-1970s , Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8 , which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship . Bernie Ecclestone , then owner of the Brabham Formula One team , persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season . Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo 's first season was relatively modest , during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes , including two race victories for Niki Lauda . The company 's sporting department , Autodelta , returned as the works team in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '10:15.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 19.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '91', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudi Fischer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudi_Fischer', 'summary': 'Rudolf Rudi Fischer ( 19 April 1912 - 30 December 1976 ) was a racing driver from Switzerland . Fischer participated in eight World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on 27 May 1951 . He achieved two podium finishes , and scored a total of 10 championship points . He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One and Formula Two races .'}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '10:23.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 28.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Manzon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Manzon', 'summary': 'Robert Manzon ( 12 April 1917 - 19 January 2015 ) was a French racing driver . He participated in 29 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on 21 May 1950 . He achieved two podiums , and scored a total of 16 championship points . At the time of his death , Manzon was the last surviving driver to have taken part in the first Formula One World Championship in 1950 .'}]}, {'value': 'Simca-Gordini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simca-Gordini', 'summary': 'Gordini ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡɔʁdini ] ) is a division of Renault Sport Technologies ( Renault Sport ) . In the past , it was a sports car manufacturer and performance tuner , established in 1946 by Amédée Gordini , nicknamed Le Sorcier ( The Sorcerer ) . Gordini became a division of Renault in 1968 and of Renault Sport in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '10:28.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 33.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felice Bonetto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felice_Bonetto', 'summary': 'Felice Bonetto ( 9 June 1903 in Manerbio , near Brescia , Italy - 21 November 1953 in Silao , Mexico ) was a courageous racing driver who earned the nickname Il Pirata ( The Pirate ) . He was a road racing legend , who started racing in the 1930s , and enjoyed a brief Formula One career , including a win in the non-Championship Grande Premio do Jubileu in 1953 . During his Formula One career , he raced Italian cars , starting with a privateer Maserati for Scuderia Milano , then the works Alfa Romeo , and finally the works Maserati , achieving two shared podiums finishes in the World Championship . His greatest successes were in sport cars , winner of the 1952 Targa Florio , but his career and life were cut short when he fatally crashed into a lamp post in the 1953 Carrera Panamericana whilst leading .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfa Romeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo has participated many times in Formula One . It currently participates as Alfa Romeo Racing Orlen while being operated by Sauber Motorsport AG . The brand has competed in motor racing as both a constructor and engine supplier sporadically between 1950 and 1987 , and later as a commercial partner since 2015 . The company 's works drivers won the first two World Drivers ' Championships in the pre-war Alfetta : Nino Farina in 1950 ; and Juan Manuel Fangio in 1951 . Following these successes Alfa Romeo withdrew from Formula One . During the 1960s , although the company had no official presence in the top tier of motorsport a number of Formula One teams used independently developed Alfa Romeo engines to power their cars . In the early 1970s , Alfa provided Formula One support for their works driver Andrea de Adamich , supplying adapted versions of their 3-litre V8 engine from the Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/3 sports car to power Adamich 's McLaren ( 1970 ) and March ( 1971 ) entries . None of these engine combinations scored championship points . In the mid-1970s , Alfa engineer Carlo Chiti designed a flat-12 engine to replace the T33 V8 , which achieved some success in taking the 1975 World Sportscar Championship . Bernie Ecclestone , then owner of the Brabham Formula One team , persuaded Alfa Romeo to supply this engine free for the 1976 Formula One season . Although the Brabham-Alfa Romeo 's first season was relatively modest , during the 1977 and 1978 World Championships their cars took 14 podium finishes , including two race victories for Niki Lauda . The company 's sporting department , Autodelta , returned as the works team in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '10:46.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 50.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yves Giraud-Cabantous', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yves_Giraud-Cabantous', 'summary': 'Marius Aristide Yves Giraud-Cabantous ( 8 October 1904 - 30 March 1973 ) was a racing driver from France . He drove in Formula One from 1950 to 1953 , participating in 13 World Championship Grands Prix , plus numerous non-Championship Formula One races . Giraud-Cabantous was born in Saint-Gaudens . He drove a Talbot-Lago-Talbot in 10 Championship races in 1950 and 1951 , and his final three events were in an HWM-Alta . He amassed a total of 5 Championship points , 3 at the 1950 British Grand Prix ( also his highest finish , a 4th place ) and 2 at the 1951 Belgian Grand Prix . He died in Paris , aged 68 .'}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '10:52.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 57.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Simon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Simon_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'André Simon ( 5 January 1920 - 11 July 2012 ) was a racing driver from France . He participated in Formula One from 1951 to 1957 , competing in a total of 12 World Championship races but scoring no championship points .'}]}, {'value': 'Simca-Gordini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simca-Gordini', 'summary': 'Gordini ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡɔʁdini ] ) is a division of Renault Sport Technologies ( Renault Sport ) . In the past , it was a sports car manufacturer and performance tuner , established in 1946 by Amédée Gordini , nicknamed Le Sorcier ( The Sorcerer ) . Gordini became a division of Renault in 1968 and of Renault Sport in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '10:57.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1:01.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Chiron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Chiron', 'summary': 'Louis Alexandre Chiron ( 3 August 1899 - 22 June 1979 ) was a Monégasque racing driver who competed in rallies , sports car races , and Grands Prix . Among the greatest drivers between the two World Wars , his career embraced over thirty years , coming to light already in 1927 , and ending at the end of the 1950s . This is also why he is still the oldest driver ever to have raced in Formula One , having taken 6th place in the 1955 Monaco Grand Prix when he was 55 . The Bugatti Chiron takes its name from him .'}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '11:00.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1:04.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maurice Trintignant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maurice_Trintignant', 'summary': 'Maurice Bienvenu Jean Paul Trintignant ( 30 October 1917 , in Sainte-Cécile-les-Vignes , Vaucluse - 13 February 2005 , in Nîmes ) was a motor racing driver and vintner from France . He competed in the Formula One World Championship for fourteen years , between 1950 and 1964 , one of the longest careers in the early years of Formula One . During this time he also competed in sports car racing , including winning the 1954 24 Hours of Le Mans race . Following his retirement from the track Trintignant concentrated on the wine trade . Maurice Trintignant was the brother of Bugatti race car driver Louis Trintignant - who was killed in 1933 , in practice , at Péronne , Picardy - and the uncle of renowned French film actor Jean-Louis Trintignant .'}]}, {'value': 'Simca-Gordini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simca-Gordini', 'summary': 'Gordini ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɡɔʁdini ] ) is a division of Renault Sport Technologies ( Renault Sport ) . In the past , it was a sports car manufacturer and performance tuner , established in 1946 by Amédée Gordini , nicknamed Le Sorcier ( The Sorcerer ) . Gordini became a division of Renault in 1968 and of Renault Sport in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '11:07.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1:11.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Rosier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Rosier', 'summary': 'Louis Rosier ( 5 November 1905 in Chapdes-Beaufort - 29 October 1956 in Neuilly-sur-Seine ) was a racing driver from France .'}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '11:08.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1:12.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '79', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toulo de Graffenried', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toulo_de_Graffenried', 'summary': "Baron Emmanuel 'Toulo ' de Graffenried ( 18 May 1914 , Paris , France - 22 January 2007 , Lonay , Switzerland ) was a Swiss motor racing driver . He participated in 23 World Championship Grands Prix , debuting on 13 May 1950 , and scored a total of nine championship points . He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races . De Graffenried began his racing career in 1936 , driving his own Maserati voiturette . Some of his most memorable results came at his home track : the challenging , cobbled , street circuit at Bremgarten near Bern . He won the 1949 British Grand Prix , a year before the FIA World Championship began . In that inaugural year de Graffenried contested four of the season 's seven races , with mixed results . He continued to drive in occasional races over the next six years , with his best finish being fourth place at the 1953 Belgian Grand Prix . Following his retirement from racing , de Graffenried managed his car dealership in Lausanne , featuring Alfa Romeo , Rolls-Royce and Ferrari automobiles . He also acted as stunt double for Kirk Douglas during the filming of The Racers . Later , he became a common figure at Formula One events during the 1970s and 1980s as the corporate ambassador for Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In recognition of his win at the first British Grand Prix , de Graffenried made his last appearance at the wheel of a racing car during the 1998 celebrations of Silverstone 's 50th anniversary at age 84 ."}]}, {'value': 'Maserati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maserati_in_motorsport', 'summary': 'Throughout its history , the Italian auto manufacturer Maserati has participated in various forms of motorsports including Formula One , sportscar racing and touring car racing , both as a works team and through private entrants .'}]}, {'value': '11:25.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1:29.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '92', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toni Branca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toni_Branca', 'summary': 'Antonio Branca ( 15 September 1916 , Sion , Switzerland - 10 May 1985 , Sierre , Switzerland ) was a Formula One driver from Switzerland who competed in three World Championship races . His motor racing career was allegedly financed by an admiring Belgian countess , the Vicomtesse de Walkiers . Branca mainly competed in privately owned Maserati 4CLT , in Formula One and Two races . Branca made his Formula One debut at the 1950 Swiss Grand Prix , finishing 11th , and briefly led the non-championship Formula One race in Circuit des Nations at Geneva in a Simca-Gordini . He scored a number of top-six placings in other minor races , his best finish being fourth at a Formula Two race at the Aix les Bains Circuit du Lac , before entering the Belgian Grand Prix and finishing in 10th place . Branca continued to race in 1951 , retiring from the Formula One German Grand Prix and finishing sixth in the non-championship Pescara Grand Prix , but finished competing in Grand Prix racing at the end of the year . Branca competed at a lower level until the mid-1950s , racing in hillclimbs and participated twice in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race . Racing with a Moretti 750cc , in 1955 the car was not ready and could not be brought to the starting line at the time of the start , and in 1956 the car broke down before his turn behind the steering wheel .'}]}, {'value': 'Maserati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maserati_in_motorsport', 'summary': 'Throughout its history , the Italian auto manufacturer Maserati has participated in various forms of motorsports including Formula One , sportscar racing and touring car racing , both as a works team and through private entrants .'}]}, {'value': '11:26.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1:30.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Claes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Claes', 'summary': 'Octave John Johnny Claes ( 11 August 1916 - 3 February 1956 ) was an English-born racing driver who competed for Belgium . Before his fame as a racing driver , Claes was also a jazz trumpeter and successful bandleader in Britain .'}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '11:33.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1:38.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierre Levegh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierre_Levegh', 'summary': 'Pierre Eugène Alfred Bouillin ( 22 December 1905 - 11 June 1955 ) was a French sportsman and racing driver . He took the racing name Pierre Levegh [ ləvɛk ] in memory of his uncle , a pioneering driver who died in 1904 . Levegh died in the 1955 Le Mans disaster which also killed 83 spectators during the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans automobile race .'}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '11:41.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1:46.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duncan Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duncan_Hamilton_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'James Duncan Hamilton ( 30 April 1920 in Cork , County Cork , Ireland - 13 May 1994 in Sherborne , Dorset , England ) . His colourful and extrovert personality often overshadowed his genuine talent . After fighting in , and surviving the Second World War , he vowed to live life to the full and took up motor sport . Although adept in single-seaters , sportscars was where he enjoyed most success , winning the 1953 24 Heures du Mans , two Coupe de Paris events , and the 12 heures internationals Reims race in 1956 . He retired in 1958 and ran a garage in Bagshot , Surrey for many years . He died from lung cancer in 1994 .'}]}, {'value': 'Talbot-Lago - Talbot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talbot-Lago', 'summary': 'The Suresnes factory had been built by Alexandre Darracq for his pioneering car manufacturing business begun in 1896 , which he named A. Darracq & Cie . It was very profitable . Alexandre Darracq built racing as well as pleasure cars and Darracq rapidly became famous for its motor racing successes . Darracq sold his remaining portion of his business in 1912 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talbot', 'summary': "Talbot or Clément-Talbot Limited was a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1903 . Clément-Talbot 's products were named just Talbot from shortly after introduction , but the business remained Clément-Talbot Limited until 1938 when it was renamed Sunbeam-Talbot Limited . The founders , Charles Chetwynd-Talbot , 20th Earl of Shrewsbury and Adolphe Clément-Bayard , reduced their financial interests in their Clément-Talbot business during the First World War . Soon after the end of the war , Clément-Talbot was brought into a combine named S T D Motors . Shortly afterward , S T D Motors ' French products were renamed Talbot instead of Darracq . In the mid-1930s , with the collapse of S T D Motors , Rootes bought the London Talbot factory and Antonio Lago bought the Paris Talbot factory , Lago producing vehicles under the marques Talbot and Talbot-Lago . Rootes renamed Clément-Talbot Limited Sunbeam-Talbot Limited in 1938 , and stopped using the brand name Talbot in the mid-1950s . The Paris factory closed a few years later . Ownership of the marque came by a series of takeovers to Peugeot S.A. , which revived use of the Talbot name from 1978 until 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '11:49.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+ 1:53.5', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1951_German_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': 'The 1951 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 29 July 1951 at the Nürburgring Nordschleife. It was race 6 of 8 in the 1951 World Championship of Drivers.'}
null
null
How many points in championships were gained by the driver that finished right behind Rudi Fischer in the German Grand Prix qualifying round of 1951 ?
16
0ae5be8f74a607c6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_least_carbon_efficient_power_stations', 'title': 'List of least carbon efficient power stations', 'header': ['Power Station , Location', 'Country', 'Emissions ( Mt CO 2 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bełchatów Power Station , Bełchatów', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bełchatów_Power_Station', 'summary': "The Bełchatów Power Station is the world 's largest ( nominal power of 5,102 MW ) lignite-fired power station , situated near Bełchatów in Łódź Voivodeship , Poland . It is the largest thermal power station in Europe , and fourth largest fossil-fuel power station in the world . It produces 27-28 TWh of electricity per year , or 20% of the total power generation in Poland . The power station is owned and operated by PGE GiEK Oddział Elektrownia Bełchatów , a subsidiary of Polska Grupa Energetyczna ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bełchatów', 'summary': 'Bełchatów ( [ bɛu̯ˈxatuf ] ( listen ) ; German : Belchatow , 1943-1945 Belchental ) is a town in central Poland with a population of 57,432 ( 2018 ) . It is located in Łódź Voivodeship , 160 kilometres ( 99 miles ) from Warsaw . The Elektrownia Bełchatów , located in Bełchatów , is the largest coal fueled power plant in Europe and one of the largest in the world . It produces 27-28 TWh of electricity per year , or 20% of the total power generation in Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '29.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niederaussem Power Station , Niederaussem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niederaussem_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Niederaussem Power Station is a lignite-fired power station in the Bergheim Niederaussem/Rhein Erft circle , owned by RWE . It consists of nine units , which were built between 1963 and 2003 . It is the second-largest brown coal power plant in operation in Germany , with total output capacity of 3,864 MW and a net capacity of 3,396 MW . According to the study Dirty Thirty , issued in May 2007 by the WWF , Niederaussem Power Station is the third-worst power station in Europe in terms of the relation of energy efficiency to CO2 emissions and second worst in terms of mercury emissions due to the use of lignite .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Niederaussem', 'summary': 'Niederaußem is a section of the city of Bergheim , North Rhine-Westphalia , located 18 km west of Cologne . It has 6000 inhabitants and is well known for its power station .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '26.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jänschwalde Power Station , Jänschwalde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jänschwalde_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Jänschwalde Power Station is located near the village of Jänschwalde in Brandenburg on the German-Polish border . The lignite-fired power station has an installed capacity of 3,000 megawatts and consists of six 500 MW units . It is the third-largest brown coal power plant in operation in Germany and is currently owned by EPH , who took over its ownership from Vattenfall in 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jänschwalde', 'summary': 'Jänschwalde ( Sorbian : Janšojce ) is a municipality in the district of Spree-Neiße in Brandenburg in East Germany . It is situated in the region of Niederlausitz . The nearest town is Peitz ; Cottbus is 25 km away .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '23.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drax Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drax_Power_Station', 'summary': "Drax power station is a large biomass and coal-fired power station in North Yorkshire , England , capable of co-firing petcoke . It has a 2.6 GW capacity for biomass and 1.29 GW capacity for coal . Its name comes from the nearby village of Drax . It is situated on the River Ouse between Selby and Goole . Its generating capacity of 3,906 megawatts ( MW ) is the highest of any power station in the United Kingdom , providing about 6% of the United Kingdom 's electricity supply . Opened in 1973 and extended in the mid-1980s , the station was initially operated by the Central Electricity Generating Board . Since privatisation in 1990 ownership has changed several times , and it is operated by the Drax Group . Completed in 1986 , it is the newest coal-fired power station in England , flue gas desulphurisation equipment was fitted between 1988 and 1995 ; high and low pressure turbines were replaced between 2007 and 2012 . By 2010 , the station was co-firing biomass . In 2012 , the company announced plans to convert three generating units to solely biomass , burning 7.5 million tonnes imported from the United States and Canada . This work was completed in 2016 and a further fourth unit was converted in 2018 . The company now plans to convert its remaining two coal units to Combined Cycle Gas Turbine units and 200 MW battery storage ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '19.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weisweiler Power Station , Eschweiler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eschweiler', 'summary': 'Eschweiler ( German pronunciation : [ ˈɛʃvaɪlɐ ] ) is a municipality in the district of Aachen in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany on the river Inde , near the German-Belgian-Dutch frontier , and about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) east of Aachen and 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) west of Cologne .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '19.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neurath Power Station , Grevenbroich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neurath_Power_Station', 'summary': "Neurath Power Station is a lignite-fired power station at Neurath in Grevenbroich , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is located to the south of Grevenbroich , and it borders the municipalities of Rommerskirchen and Bedburg . The power station consists of seven units and it is owned by RWE . It was named as the second biggest single polluter for Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the European Union in 2019 by the EU 's Transport and Environment Group"}, {'url': '/wiki/Grevenbroich', 'summary': "Grevenbroich ( German pronunciation : [ ˌɡʁeːvənˈbʁoːx ] ; known as the Capital of Energy ) is a town in the Rhein-Kreis Neuss , in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is situated on the river Erft , approximately 15 km southwest of Neuss and 15 km southeast of Mönchengladbach . The Cistercian Order has a monastery in Langwaden . It is notable for having a wind turbine test park , similar to the Østerild Wind Turbine Test Field , [ citation needed ] and the Frimmersdorf Power Station , which was one of Europe 's least carbon-efficient power stations . Grevenbroich is about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northwest of Cologne ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '17.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frimmersdorf Power Station , Grevenbroich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frimmersdorf_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Frimmersdorf Power Station , located in Grevenbroich , is one of the largest lignite-fired power stations in Germany . It has fourteen units with a total output capacity of 2,413 megawatts ( MW ) , of which 277 MW are used by the station itself . The chimneys of the power station are 200 metres high .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Grevenbroich', 'summary': "Grevenbroich ( German pronunciation : [ ˌɡʁeːvənˈbʁoːx ] ; known as the Capital of Energy ) is a town in the Rhein-Kreis Neuss , in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is situated on the river Erft , approximately 15 km southwest of Neuss and 15 km southeast of Mönchengladbach . The Cistercian Order has a monastery in Langwaden . It is notable for having a wind turbine test park , similar to the Østerild Wind Turbine Test Field , [ citation needed ] and the Frimmersdorf Power Station , which was one of Europe 's least carbon-efficient power stations . Grevenbroich is about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northwest of Cologne ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '16.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brindisi Sud Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '13.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agios Dimitrios Power Station , Agios Dimitrios , Kozani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agios_Dimitrios_Power_Station', 'summary': "Agios Dimitrios Power Station is a power plant located near Agios Dimitrios , Kozani , Greece , situated between the towns of Kozani and Ellispontos village . In terms of its location in relation to a metropolis , the plant lies 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) west of Thessaloniki , a major city in northern Greece . The Agios Dimitrios Power Station is the largest of Greece 's power plants , generating a total capacity of 1,600 MW from two 300 MW units ( Units I and II ) , two 310 MW units ( Units III and IV ) , and one 365 MW unit ( Unit V ) . In terms of physical size , the three flue gas stacks of the facility are 200 metres ( 660 ft ) tall . The plant burns lignite extracted through opencast mining , a process undertaken at the Lignite Center of Western Macedonia , which is located in the Ptolemais-Amynteo region , the main coal mining area of Greece . The station is owned by the Public Power Corporation ( PPC ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Agios_Dimitrios,_Kozani', 'summary': 'Agios Dimitrios ( Topsilar , since Turkish domination ) is a village in the Ellispontos municipal unit , Kozani regional unit , Greece . It is situated at an elevation of 780 meters above sea level . The Postal Code is 50100 , and the Telephone code is +30 24610 . Near the village , there is the largest thermal power station of Greek .'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '12.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bohlen Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '12.8', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'EC list from 2009 [ 5 ]', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_least_carbon_efficient_power_stations_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of least carbon efficient power stations in selected countries. Lists were created by the WWF and lists the most polluting power stations in terms of the level of carbon dioxide produced per unit of electricity generated. In 2005 WWF created list of power stations from 30 industrialised countries, also list for EU, in 2007 WWF published updated EU list. In 2009 European Commission list with absolute emissions only, also in 2014 Climate Action Network Europe, WWF, European Environmental Bureau, Health and Environment Alliance and Climate Alliance Germany.'}
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What is the name of the power station situated in a country with an area of 312,696 square kilometres ?
Bełchatów Power Station
0ae64bdf894dbfa0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_association_football_clubs_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland', 'title': 'List of association football clubs in the Republic of Ireland', 'header': ['Team', 'Home town/suburb', 'Home ground'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ballymun United', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ballymun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballymun', 'summary': "Ballymun ( Irish : Baile Munna ) is an outer suburb of Dublin , Ireland , at the northern edge of the Northside , the development of which began in the 1960s to accommodate a housing crisis in inner city areas of Dublin . The area became well known for its high-rise tower blocks and flat complexes . It has several sub-districts such as Sillogue and Poppintree , and is in close proximity to Dublin Airport . In 1997 , a regeneration plan was announced , which led to demolition of the flats and their replacement by new low-rise housing and some civic amenities , but also saw the loss of most of the area 's shops . The regeneration had cost about one billion euro as of 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Soccer Complex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beggsboro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beggsboro_A.F.C.', 'summary': 'Beggsboro A.F.C.is an Irish association football club based in Cabra , Dublin . They were founded in 1938 . The club plays at Kilkiernan Road . Beggsboro compete in the Leinster Senior League . The club competed in the 2013 FAI Cup , but did not make it out of the first round .'}]}, {'value': 'Cabra , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cabra,_Dublin', 'summary': 'Cabra ( Irish : An Chabrach , meaning the poor land ) is an inner suburb on the northside of Dublin city in Ireland . It is approximately 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) northwest of the city centre , in the administrative area of Dublin City Council . It was commonly known as Cabragh until the early 20th century . Largely located between the Royal Canal and the Phoenix Park , it is primarily a residential suburb , with a range of institutions and some light industry . Cabra is served by bus , tram and mainline rail ; it lies across Navan Road , one of the main roads from central Dublin to the orbital motorway .'}]}, {'value': 'Kilkiernan Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dublin University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_University_A.F.C.', 'summary': "Dublin University Association Football Club is an Irish association football club based at Trinity College Dublin . Founded in 1883 , Dublin University A.F.C . is the oldest surviving association football club in the Republic of Ireland . Their senior men 's team currently competes in the Leinster Senior League . They have previously played in both the League of Ireland B Division and the League of Ireland U21 Division . The club also enters teams in the College & Universities Football League , the Women 's Soccer Colleges Association of Ireland League , the Collingwood Cup and the FAI Intermediate Cup . The club has previously entered teams in both the Irish Cup and the FAI Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Trinity College , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin', 'summary': "Trinity College ( Irish : Coláiste na Tríonóide ) , officially the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin , is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin , a research university located in Dublin , Ireland . The college was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I as the mother of a university that was modeled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge , but unlike these institutions , only one college was ever established ; as such , the designations Trinity College and University of Dublin are usually synonymous for practical purposes . The college is legally incorporated by the Provost , Fellows , Foundation Scholars and other members of the Board as outlined by its founding charter . It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland , as well as Ireland 's oldest surviving university . Trinity College is widely considered the most prestigious university in Ireland , in part due to its extensive history . It is consistently ranked as one of the top universities in Europe , and is particularly acclaimed in the fields of Law , Literature and Humanities . In accordance with the formula of ad eundem gradum , a form of recognition that exists among the three universities , a graduate of Oxford , Cambridge , or Dublin can be conferred with the equivalent degree at either of the other two universities without further examination . Trinity College , Dublin is a sister college to St John 's College , Cambridge and Oriel College , Oxford . Originally Trinity was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the outlawed Catholic Augustinian Priory of All Hallows . Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland , and as a result was the university of the Protestant Ascendancy for much of its history . While Catholics were admitted from 1793 , certain restrictions on membership of the college remained , as professorships , fellowships and scholarships were reserved for Protestants . These restrictions were lifted by Act of Parliament in 1873 ."}]}, {'value': 'College Park , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_Park,_Dublin', 'summary': "College Park is a cricket ground in the grounds of Trinity College Dublin in Ireland and is the home ground of Dublin University Cricket Club . A cricket match at Trinity College was mentioned in a poem 1820s between a team from Ballinasloe playing the Collegians , although whether this match was played on the present ground is not known . The first recorded mention of cricket on the present ground dates from 1868 , when Ireland played an All-England Eleven in a non first-class fixture . The ground is where Dublin University Cricket Club play their home matches , during the time when Ireland was part of the United Kingdom ; the club held a great influence over Irish cricket , and the ground was considered the centre of cricket in Ireland . The cricket club once had first-class status , it was in 1895 that the ground held its first first-class match between Dublin University and the Marylebone Cricket Club . Ireland first used the ground for a first-class fixture in 1907 against the touring South Africans . With the Partition of Ireland in 1922 , cricket lost much of its standing in the newly created Republic of Ireland , Dublin University suffered too with the subsequent decline of the sport in the Republic . Nevertheless , the ground continued to host touring sides and English county sides , with 1926 seeing Dublin University play its third and final first-class fixture against Northamptonshire . The ground continued to host first-class fixtures until 1961 , the year in which the 28th and final first-class fixture to date to be held there between Ireland and the Marylebone Cricket Club was played . Decades later the ground made history in 2000 by playing host to Ireland women 's first Women 's Test match against Pakistan women , which Ireland women won by an innings and 54 runs . Despite as of 2011 still holding Test status , this remains Ireland women 's only Test appearance . College Park has also held Women 's One Day International cricket , the first match of that type being played there in 1987 between Ireland Women and Australia women ."}]}, {'value': 'Edenderry Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edenderry_Town_F.C.', 'summary': 'Edenderry Town F.C . are an association football team from Edenderry , County Offaly . They play in the Leinster Senior League . They were founded in 1926 and have provided senior football since its establishment and underage football to the North Offaly Area for over 25 years . The club has developed rapidly in recent times but the core beliefs remain the same . Former League of Ireland player Dessie Baker plays for Edenderry Town in a player/coach role .'}]}, {'value': 'Edenderry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edenderry', 'summary': 'Edenderry ( /ˌiːdənˈdɛri/ ; Irish : Éadan Doire , meaning hill-brow of the oak wood ) is a town in east County Offaly , Ireland . It is near the borders with Counties Kildare , Meath and Westmeath . The Grand Canal runs along the south of Edenderry , through the Bog of Allen , and there is a short spur to the town centre . The R401 road from Kinnegad to the north and the R402 from Enfield to the east meet at the northeastern end of the Main Street . At the Grand Canal they split , with the R402 continuing westwards towards Tullamore and the R401 heads south to Rathangan and Kildare Town .'}]}, {'value': 'Fr . Paul Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liffey Wanderers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irishtown , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irishtown,_Dublin', 'summary': 'Irishtown ( Irish : An Baile Gaelach ) is an inner suburb of Dublin , Ireland . It is situated on the southside of the River Liffey , between Ringsend to the north and Sandymount to the south , and is to the east of the River Dodder .'}]}, {'value': 'Irishtown Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irishtown_Stadium', 'summary': "The Irishtown Stadium is an association football stadium in the Republic of Ireland based in Ringsend/Irishtown , Dublin . It was originally built in the 1950s and used as a home ground by Shelbourne F.C . However Shels only spent one season , 1955-56 , playing competitive first team matches there . The stadium was renovated in 2004 and is now managed by Dublin City Council . Irishtown Stadium features a pavilion which contains a fully equipped gymnasium , an aerobics studio and meeting rooms . There are also track and field facilities , including a 400m running track . Association football facilities include five floodlit , all-weather five-a-side football pitches and a full sized UEFA-standard astropitch . Its regular tenants/users include two association football clubs - St. Patrick 's C.Y.F.C . and Liffey Wanderers F.C . - that play in the Leinster Senior League and Crusaders Athletics Club ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucan United', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucan / Leixlip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucan,_Dublin', 'summary': "Lucan ( /ˈljuːkən/ ; ( Irish : Leamhcán , meaning place of elms ) is a large village and suburb located roughly 12 km west of Dublin city centre , on the River Liffey near the Strawberry Beds and Lucan Weir , and at the confluence of the River Griffeen . The majority of the area lies under the jurisdiction of South Dublin county council while a small portion north of the Liffey , including Laraghcon , Westmanstown , St Catherine 's Park and Lucan Demesne , lies under Fingal council control . Main road access is from the N4 bypass , and the M50 orbital motorway at junction 7 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leixlip', 'summary': "Leixlip ( /ˈliːkslɪp/ or /ˈliːslɪp/ ; Irish : Léim an Bhradáin ) is a town in north-east County Kildare , Ireland , near Dublin . Its location on the confluence of the River Liffey and the Rye Water has marked it as a frontier town historically : on the border between the ancient kingdoms of Leinster and Brega , as an outpost of The Pale , and on Kildare 's border with County Dublin . As of 2016 , the population of the town was 15,504 . It is the fourth largest town in Kildare , and the 29th largest in Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Leixlip Amenities Centre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maynooth University Town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maynooth University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maynooth_University', 'summary': "The National University of Ireland , Maynooth ( NUIM ; Irish : Ollscoil na hÉireann Mhá Nuad ) , commonly known as Maynooth University ( MU ) , is a constituent university of the National University of Ireland in Maynooth , County Kildare , Ireland . It was Ireland 's youngest university until Technological University Dublin was established in 2019 , as it was founded by the Universities Act , 1997 from the secular faculties of the now separate St Patrick 's College , Maynooth , which was founded in 1795 . Maynooth is also the only university town in Ireland , all other universities being based within cities ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Merrion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Merrion_YMCA_F.C.', 'summary': "Mount Merrion F.C . is an amateur association football club based in Mount Merrion , Dublin , Ireland . The real team being the mount merrion b team under 17s . The club plays in the Leinster Senior League and the champions league . Its training ground is in St. Benildus College in Kilmacud but currently building new ground worth 1 billion .Top goal scorer Matthew Mckeone ( 422 ) . Most Clean sheets Aaron hare ( 14 ) . Most red cards jack hogan ( 42 ) . Captain ( Bill schmitz ) . Player of the season 2019 ( Aaron hare ) Mount Merrion FC , formed in 1981 , initially played home matches in Marley Park . The senior team 's first match was on the AFL against Quinnsworth in Marlay . Mount Merrion lost the match 1-0 . Home matches later moved to football pitches at Rosemount park Stadium , Co. Dublin but is now no confirmed pitch as deer park stadium is being built with a capacity of 170,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sandymount / Leopardstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandymount', 'summary': 'Sandymount ( Irish : Dumhach Thrá ) is an affluent coastal suburb in the Dublin 4 district on the south side of Dublin in Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leopardstown', 'summary': 'Leopardstown ( Irish : Baile na Lobhar , meaning Town of the Lepers ) is a village in Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown , County Dublin , Ireland , located at the foot of the Dublin Mountains . A residential suburb in the east of the greater Dublin area , it is divided by the course of the M50 motorway , and adjoins the neighbouring areas of Sandyford , Stepaside , Ballyogan , Foxrock and Stillorgan .'}]}, {'value': 'Leopardstown Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newtown Rangers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tallaght', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tallaght', 'summary': "Tallaght ( /ˈtælə/ TAL-ə ; Irish : Tamhlacht , IPA : [ ˈt̪ˠəul̪ˠəxt̪ˠ ] ) is the largest settlement , and county town , of South Dublin , Ireland , and the largest suburb of Dublin . The central village area , dating from at least the 1st century , held one of the earliest monastic settlements known in the eastern part of the island , which became one of medieval Ireland 's more important monastic centres . Up to the 1960s Tallaght was a small village in the traditional County Dublin ( now the Dublin Region ) , linked to several nearby rural areas which were part of the large civil parish of the same name - the local council estimates the then population at 2,500 . Suburban development began in the 1970s and a town centre area has been developing since the late 1980s . There is no legal definition of the boundaries of Tallaght , but the electoral divisions known as Tallaght followed by the name of a locality have , according to the 2016 census , a population of 76,119 , up from 69,454 over five years . There have been calls in recent years for Tallaght to be declared a city . The village core of the district is located north of , and near to , the River Dodder , and parts of the broader area within South Dublin are close to the borders of Dublin City , Kildare , Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown and County Wicklow . Several streams flow in the area , notably the Jobstown or Tallaght Stream ( a tributary of the Dodder ) , and the Fettercairn Stream ( a tributary of the River Camac ) , while the Tymon River , the main component of the River Poddle ( Liffey tributary ) , rises in Cookstown , near Fettercairn ."}]}, {'value': 'Farrell Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peamount United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peamount_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Peamount United Football Club ( Irish : Club Sacair Mullaigh na Pise ) is an Irish association football club based in Newcastle , South Dublin . The club is best known for its senior women 's team who in 2011-12 became founder members and inaugural champions of the Women 's National League . They have also represented the Republic of Ireland in Europe and in 2011-12 they became the first Republic of Ireland team , including men 's team , to qualify from their group for the knockout stages of a European competition . The club 's senior men 's team compete in the Leinster Senior League . Peamount United also field teams in the Dublin Women 's Soccer League , the Dublin and District Schoolboys League and the Metropolitan Girls League ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle , South Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newcastle,_South_Dublin', 'summary': 'Newcastle ( Irish : An Caisleán Nua ) is a village in south-west South Dublin , Ireland . It is also a civil parish in the barony of the same name . It was the location of the castle of the barony , which in historical and official documents is described as Newcastle-Lyons . The area is still primarily rural in nature .'}]}, {'value': 'Greenogue Astro/Grass', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dublin 24', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin_24', 'summary': "Dublin postal districts have been used by Ireland 's postal service , known as An Post , to sort mail in Dublin . The system is similar to that used in cities in Europe and North America until they adopted national postal code systems in the 1960s and 1970s . These were incorporated into a new national postcode system , known as Eircode , which was implemented in 2015 . Under the Eircode system , the city is covered by the original routing areas D01 to D24 , along with A # # and K # # codes for locations elsewhere in the Dublin Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Killinarden Hill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shamrock Bhoys', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Wicklow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Wicklow', 'summary': "County Wicklow ( /ˈwɪkloʊ/ WIK-loh ; Irish : Contae Chill Mhantáin [ ˈkɔnˠt̪ˠeː ˈçɪl̠ʲ ˈwanˠt̪ˠaːnʲ ] ) is a county in Ireland . The last of the traditional 32 counties to be formed , as late as 1606 , it is part of the Mid-East Region and also part of the traditional province of Leinster . It is named after the town of Wicklow , which derives from the Old Norse name Víkingaló , meaning Vikings ' Meadow . Wicklow County Council is the local authority for the county . The county had a population of 142,425 at the 2016 census [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Vevay Sports Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Templeogue United', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Templeogue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Templeogue', 'summary': "Templeogue ( from Irish : Teach Mealóg , meaning New Church of Saint Mel ) is a southwestern , largely residential , suburb of Dublin in Ireland . It lies between the River Poddle and River Dodder , and is about halfway from Dublin 's centre to the mountains to the south ."}]}, {'value': 'St McDaras School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tullamore Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tullamore_Town_F.C.', 'summary': "Tullamore Town F.C . ( Irish : Cumann Peile Tulach Mhór ) is an Irish association football club based in Tullamore , County Offaly , playing their home games at Leah Victoria Park . Their senior men 's team currently play in Leinster Senior League . They have previously played in the A Championship and the League of Ireland B Division ."}]}, {'value': 'Tullamore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tullamore', 'summary': "Tullamore ( Irish : Tulach Mhór , meaning great mound ) is the county town of County Offaly , in the midlands of Ireland , and is located in the centre of the county . It is the fourth most populous town in the midlands region with a population of 14,607 in the 2016 census . The town retained Gold Medal status in the National Tidy Town Awards in 2015 and also played host to the World Sheep Dog Trials in 2005 which attracted international interest in the region . The Tullamore Show is held near the town every year . The town 's most famous export is Tullamore Dew - an Irish whiskey distilled by Tullamore Distillery - that can be traced back to 1829 . The original distillery was shut down in 1954 , with the brand later being resurrected and produced at the Midleton Distillery , in Cork . However , the brand 's new owners , William Grant & Sons , invested in a new distillery near Tullamore , bringing whiskey production back to the town in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Leah Victoria Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leah_Victoria_Park', 'summary': 'Leah Victoria Park is an Irish football ground situated in Tullamore , Co. Offaly . It is the home of Tullamore Town F.C . The ground has three pitches in total , two which are of international standard and an all-weather pitch .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Intermediate/Provincial leagues -- Leinster Senior League', 'section_text': "Senior Team Home town/suburb Home ground Bangor Celtic Crumlin , Dublin Iveagh Grounds Bluebell United Bluebell/Red Cow Capco Park Cherry Orchard Ballyfermot Elmdale Crescent Crumlin United Crumlin , Dublin Pearse Park Drumcondra Clonturk , Drumcondra Clonturk Park Firhouse Clover Firhouse Belgard Road Greystones United Greystones Woodlands Killester United Killester Haddon Park Malahide United Malahide Gannon Park St. Patrick 's C.Y.F.C . Ringsend Irishtown Stadium St. Mochtas F.C . Clonsilla/Blanchardstown Porterstown Road Tolka Rovers Glasnevin Frank Cooke Park UCD Reserves Belfield , Dublin UCD Bowl Wayside Celtic Kilternan Jackson Park Senior 1 Team Home town/suburb Home ground Arklow Town Arklow Lamberton Grass/Astro Broadford Rovers Dublin 16 Marlay Park Dunboyne Dunboyne Summerhill Road Dublin Bus Clondalkin Coldcut Glebe North Balbriggan Market Green Glenville Palmerstown Palmerstown School Home Farm Whitehall , Dublin Whitehall Stadium Leixlip United Leixlip Leixlip Amenities Center Portmarnock Portmarnock Paddys Hill Newbridge Town Newbridge , County Kildare Station Road St. John Bosco Crumlin , Dublin Iveagh Grounds Swords Celtic Swords , Dublin Balheary Reservoir TEK United Blackrock , Dublin Stradbrook Road Verona Coolmine Senior 1A", 'uid': 'List_of_association_football_clubs_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_5', 'intro': 'Traditionally, association football clubs in the Republic of Ireland have been classified as either senior, intermediate or junior. These classifications effectively categorise clubs who compete in national, provincial and county leagues respectively.'}
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When was the team founded that represents one of the most prestigious universities in Ireland ?
1883
0ae8c45535df3159
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submarine_classes_of_the_United_States_Navy', 'title': 'List of submarine classes of the United States Navy', 'header': ['Class name', 'No', 'First ship laid down', 'Last ship commissioned'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barracuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/V-boat', 'summary': 'The V-boats were a group of nine United States Navy submarines built between World War I and World War II from 1921 to 1934 . These were not a ship class in the usual sense of a series of nearly identical ships built from the same design , but shared authorization under the fleet boat program . The term V-boats as used includes five separate classes of submarines . They broke down into three large , fast fleet submarines ( V-1 through V-3 ) , three large long-range submarines ( V-4 through V-6 ) , and three medium-sized submarines ( V-7 through V-9 ) . The successful fleet submarines of World War II ( Tambor class through Tench class ) were descended from the last three , especially V-7 , though somewhat larger with pure diesel-electric propulsion systems . Originally called USS V-1 through V-9 ( SS-163 through SS-171 ) , in 1931 the nine submarines were renamed Barracuda , Bass , Bonita , Argonaut , Narwhal , Nautilus , Dolphin , Cachalot , and Cuttlefish , respectively . All served in World War II , six of them on war patrols in the central Pacific . Argonaut was lost to enemy action .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Barracuda ( SS-163 ) and USS Bass ( SS-164 ) 20 October 1921', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Barracuda_(SS-163)', 'summary': 'USS Barracuda ( SF-4/SS-163 ) , lead ship of her class and first of the V-boats , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the barracuda ( after USS F-2 ) . Her keel was laid down at Portsmouth Navy Yard . She was launched as V-1 ( SF-4 ) on 17 July 1924 , sponsored by Mrs. Cornelia Wolcott Snyder , wife of Captain Snyder , and commissioned on 1 October 1924 with Lieutenant Commander S. Picking in command . V-1 and her sisters V-2 ( Bass ) and V-3 ( Bonita ) were the only class of the nine V-boats designed to meet the fleet submarine requirement of 21 knots ( 39 km/h ) surface speed for operating with contemporary battleships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USS_Bass_(SS-164)', 'summary': 'USS Bass ( SF-5/SS-164 ) , a Barracuda-class submarine and one of the V-boats , was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the bass . Her keel was laid at the Portsmouth Navy Yard . She was launched as V-2 ( SF-5 ) on 27 December 1924 sponsored by Mrs. Douglas E. Dismukes , wife of Captain Dismukes , and commissioned on 26 September 1925 , Lieutenant Commander G.A . Rood in command . Like her sisters , Bass was designed to meet the fleet submarine requirement of 21 knots ( 39 km/h ) surface speed for operating with contemporary battleships .'}]}, {'value': 'USS Bonita ( SS-165 ) 22 May 1926', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Bonita_(SS-165)', 'summary': 'USS Bonita ( SF-6/SS-165 ) , a Barracuda-class submarine and one of the V-boats , was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the bonito . Her keel was laid down by the Portsmouth Navy Yard . She was launched on 9 June 1925 as V-3 ( SF-6 ) , sponsored by Mrs. L.R . DeSteiguer , wife of Rear Admiral DeSteiguer , and commissioned on 22 May 1926 , Lieutenant Commander Charles A. Lockwood , Jr. in command . Like her sisters , Bonita was designed to meet the fleet submarine requirement of 21 knots ( 39 km/h ) surface speed for operating with contemporary battleships .'}]}, {'value': 'Argonaut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Argonaut_(SM-1)', 'summary': 'USS Argonaut ( V-4/SF-7/SM-1/A-1/APS-1/SS-166 ) was a submarine of the United States Navy , the first boat to carry the name . Argonaut was laid down as V-4 on 1 May 1925 at Portsmouth Navy Yard . She was launched on 10 November 1927 , sponsored by Mrs. Philip Mason Sears , the daughter of Rear Admiral William D. MacDougall , and commissioned on 2 April 1928 , Lieutenant Commander W.M . Quigley in command . Although never officially designated as SS-166 , at some point she displayed this number on her conning tower .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 May 1925', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 April 1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narwhal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narwhal-class_submarine', 'summary': 'The V-boats were a group of nine United States Navy submarines built between World War I and World War II from 1921 to 1934 . These were not a ship class in the usual sense of a series of nearly identical ships built from the same design , but shared authorization under the fleet boat program . The term V-boats as used includes five separate classes of submarines . They broke down into three large , fast fleet submarines ( V-1 through V-3 ) , three large long-range submarines ( V-4 through V-6 ) , and three medium-sized submarines ( V-7 through V-9 ) . The successful fleet submarines of World War II ( Tambor class through Tench class ) were descended from the last three , especially V-7 , though somewhat larger with pure diesel-electric propulsion systems . Originally called USS V-1 through V-9 ( SS-163 through SS-171 ) , in 1931 the nine submarines were renamed Barracuda , Bass , Bonita , Argonaut , Narwhal , Nautilus , Dolphin , Cachalot , and Cuttlefish , respectively . All served in World War II , six of them on war patrols in the central Pacific . Argonaut was lost to enemy action .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Narwhal ( SS-167 ) 10 May 1927', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Narwhal_(SS-167)', 'summary': 'USS Narwhal ( SS-167 ) , the lead ship of her class of submarine and one of the V-boats , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the narwhal . She was named V-5 ( SC-1 ) when her keel was laid down on 10 May 1927 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery , Maine . V-5 was launched on 17 December 1929 sponsored by Mrs. Frances Adams ( née Lovering ) , wife of Charles F. Adams , Secretary of the Navy , and commissioned on 15 May 1930 , Lieutenant Commander John H. Brown , Jr. in command .'}]}, {'value': 'USS Nautilus ( SS-168 ) 1 July 1930', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SS-168)', 'summary': 'USS Nautilus ( SF-9/SS-168 ) , a Narwhal-class submarine and one of the V-boats , was the third ship of the United States Navy to bear the name . She was originally named and designated V-6 ( SF-9 ) , but was redesignated and given hull classification symbol SC-2 on 11 February 1925 . Her keel was laid on 10 May 1927 by the Mare Island Naval Shipyard of Vallejo , California . She was launched on 15 March 1930 sponsored by Miss Joan Keesling , and commissioned on 1 July 1930 with Lieutenant Commander Thomas J. Doyle Jr. in command .'}]}, {'value': 'Dolphin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Dolphin_(SS-169)', 'summary': 'USS Dolphin ( SF-10/SC-3/SS-169 ) , a submarine and one of the V-boats , was the sixth ship of the United States Navy to be named for that aquatic mammal . She also bore the name V-7 and the classifications SF-10 and SC-3 prior to her commissioning . She was launched on 6 March 1932 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard , sponsored by Mrs. E.D . Toland , and commissioned on 1 June 1932 with Lieutenant John B. Griggs , Jr. in command .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14 June 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 June 1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cachalot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cachalot-class_submarine', 'summary': "The Cachalot-class submarines were a pair of medium-sized submarines of the United States Navy built under the tonnage limits of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 . They were originally named V-8 and V-9 , and so were known as V-boats even though they were unrelated to the other seven submarines ( V-1 through V-7 ) constructed between World War I and World War II . An extensive study was conducted to determine the optimum submarine size under the treaty restrictions , factoring in total force , endurance , and percentage of the force that could be maintained on station far from a base , as in a Pacific war scenario . Joseph W. Paige of the Navy 's Bureau of Construction and Repair ( BuC & R ) developed the basic design , but the builder , Electric Boat , was responsible for detailed arrangement ; this was fairly bold , since EB had not built any new submarines since finishing four obsolescent boats for Peru . The previous V-boats were all built in naval shipyards . Cuttlefish was the first submarine built at EB 's facility in Groton , Connecticut ; construction of previous Electric Boat designs had been subcontracted to other shipyards , notably Fore River Shipbuilding of Quincy , Massachusetts ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Cachalot ( SS-170 ) 7 October 1931', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Cachalot_(SS-170)', 'summary': "USS Cachalot ( SC-4/SS-170 ) , the lead ship of her class and one of the V-boats , was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the sperm whale . Her keel was laid down by the Portsmouth Navy Yard . She was launched on 19 October 1933 as V-8 ( SC-4 ) sponsored by Miss K. D. Kempff , and commissioned on 1 December 1933 with Lieutenant Commander Merril Comstock in command . Cachalot was the first submarine to have the Torpedo Data Computer , Arma Corporation 's Mark 1 , installed ."}]}, {'value': 'USS Cuttlefish ( SS-171 ) 8 June 1934', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Cuttlefish_(SS-171)', 'summary': "USS Cuttlefish ( SC-5/SS-171 ) , a Cachalot-class submarine and one of the V-boats , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the cuttlefish . Her keel was laid down by Electric Boat Company in Groton , Connecticut . She was launched on 21 November 1933 sponsored by Mrs. B. S. Bullard , and commissioned on 8 June 1934 , Lieutenant Commander Charles W. Gin Styer in command . Cuttlefish was the first submarine built entirely at Electric Boat 's facility in Groton , Connecticut ; construction of previous Electric Boat designs had been subcontracted to other shipyards , notably Fore River Shipbuilding of Quincy , Massachusetts . Four Peruvian R-class submarines had previously been finished in Groton , using material from cancelled S-boats salvaged from Fore River ."}]}, {'value': 'Porpoise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Porpoise-class_submarine', 'summary': 'The Porpoise class were submarines built for the United States Navy in the late 1930s , and incorporated a number of modern features that would make them the basis for subsequent Salmon , Sargo , Tambor , Gato , Balao , and Tench classes . Based on the Cachalots , enlarged to incorporate additional main diesels and generators , the Portsmouth boats were all riveted while the other boats were welded . In some references , the Porpoises are called the P class .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Porpoise ( SS-172 ) 24 October 1933', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(SS-172)', 'summary': 'USS Porpoise ( SS-172 ) , the fifth United States Navy ship to bear her name , was the lead ship of her class of submarines . She was laid down at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard , Kittery , Maine on 27 October 1933 ; launched on 20 June 1935 , sponsored by Miss Eva Croft ; and commissioned on 15 August 1935 , Lieutenant Commander Stuart S. Murray in command .'}]}, {'value': 'USS Pompano ( SS-181 ) 12 June 1937', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Pompano_(SS-181)', 'summary': 'USS Pompano ( SS-181 ) , a United States Porpoise-class submarine , [ note 1 ] was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the pompano . Her keel was laid down on 14 January 1936 by the Mare Island Navy Yard in California . She was launched on 11 March 1937 , sponsored by Mrs. Isaac I. Yates , wife of Captain Isaac I. Yates , manager of Mare Island Navy Yard . The boat was commissioned on 12 June 1937 , Lieutenant Commander Lewis S. Parks in command .'}]}, {'value': 'Salmon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salmon-class_submarine', 'summary': 'The United States Navy Salmon-class submarines were an important developmental step in the design of the fleet submarine concept during the 1930s . An incremental improvement over the previous Porpoise class , they were the first US submarine class to achieve 21 knots with a reliable propulsion plant , allowing them to operate with the Standard-type battleships of the surface fleet . Also , their 11,000 nautical miles ( 20,000 km ) unrefueled range would allow them to operate in Japanese home waters . These rugged and dependable boats provided yeoman service during World War II , along with their immediate successors , the similar Sargo class . In some references , the Salmons and Sargos are called the New S Class , 1st and 2nd Groups .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Salmon ( SS-182 ) 15 April 1936', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Salmon_(SS-182)', 'summary': 'USS Salmon ( SS-182 ) was the lead ship of her class of submarine . She was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the salmon , a soft-finned , game fish which inhabits the coasts of America and Europe in northern latitudes and ascends rivers for the purpose of spawning . Her keel was laid down on 15 April 1936 by the Electric Boat Company in Groton , Connecticut . She was launched on 12 June 1937 sponsored by Miss Hester Laning , daughter of Rear Admiral Harris Laning , Commandant of the 3rd Naval District and New York Navy Yard . The boat was commissioned on 15 March 1938 with Lieutenant M.M . Stephens in command .'}]}, {'value': 'USS Skipjack ( SS-184 ) 30 June 1938', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Skipjack_(SS-184)', 'summary': 'USS Skipjack ( SS-184 ) , a Salmon-class submarine , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named after the fish . Her keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company in Groton , Connecticut , on 22 July 1936 . She was launched on 23 October 1937 sponsored by Miss Frances Cuthbert Van Keuren , daughter of Captain Alexander H. Van Keuren , Superintending Constructor , New York Navy Yard . The boat was commissioned on 30 June 1938 with Lieutenant Herman Sall in command . She earned multiple battle stars during World War II and then was sunk , remarkably , by an atomic bomb during post-war testing . Among the most thoroughly sunk ships , she was refloated and then sunk a second time as a target ship two years later .'}]}, {'value': 'Sargo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sargo-class_submarine', 'summary': 'The Sargo-class submarines were among the first US submarines to be sent into action after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , starting war patrols the day after the attack , having been deployed to the Philippines in late 1941 . Similar to the previous Salmon class , they were built between 1937 and 1939 . With a top speed of 21 knots , a range of 11,000 nautical miles ( 20,000 km ) ( allowing patrols in Japanese home waters ) , and a reliable propulsion plant , along with the Salmons they were an important step in the development of a true fleet submarine . In some references , the Salmons and Sargos are called the New S Class , 1st and 2nd Groups . The Sargo-class submarine USS Swordfish ( SS-193 ) had the distinction of being the first US Navy submarine to sink a Japanese ship in World War II .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Sargo ( SS-188 ) 12 May 1937', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Sargo_(SS-188)', 'summary': 'USS Sargo ( SS-188 ) , the lead ship of her class of submarine , was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the sargo . Her keel was laid on 12 May 1937 by the Electric Boat Company in Groton , Connecticut . She was launched on 6 June 1938 sponsored by Mrs. Catherine V. Nimitz , wife of Captain Chester W. Nimitz , and commissioned on 7 February 1939 , Lieutenant E. E. Yeomans in command .'}]}, {'value': 'USS Seawolf ( SS-197 ) 1 December 1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Seawolf_(SS-197)', 'summary': 'USS Seawolf ( SS-197 ) , a Sargo-class submarine , was the second submarine of the United States Navy named for the seawolf . Her keel was laid down on 27 September 1938 by the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery , Maine . She was launched on 15 August 1939 sponsored by Mrs. Syria Florence Kalbfus , wife of Admiral Edward C. Kalbfus and commissioned on 1 December 1939 , Lieutenant Frederick B. Warder in command .'}]}, {'value': 'Tambor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tambor-class_submarine', 'summary': "The Tambor-class submarine was a United States Navy submarine design , used primarily during World War II . It was the USN 's first fully successful fleet submarine , and began the war close to the fighting . Six of the class were in Hawaiian waters or the Central Pacific on 7 December 1941 , with Tautog at Pearl Harbor during the attack . They went on to see hard service ; seven of the twelve boats in the class were sunk before the survivors were withdrawn from front-line service in early 1945 ; this was the highest percentage lost of any US submarine class . Tautog was credited with sinking 26 ships , the largest number of ships sunk by a US submarine in World War II . The Tambors attained the top speed of 21 knots ( 39 km/h ) and range of 11,000 nautical miles ( 20,000 km ) ( allowing patrols in Japanese home waters ) of the preceding Sargo class , and improvements included six bow torpedo tubes , a more reliable full diesel-electric propulsion plant , and improved combat efficiency with key personnel and equipment relocated to the conning tower . In some references , the Tambors are called the T Class , and SS-206 through SS-211 are sometimes called the Gar class ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Tambor ( SS-198 ) 16 January 1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Tambor_(SS-198)', 'summary': 'USS Tambor ( SS-198 ) , the lead ship of her class of submarine , was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the tambor . Her keel was laid down on 16 January 1939 by the Electric Boat Company in Groton , Connecticut . She was launched on 20 December 1939 sponsored by Miss Lucia Ellis , and commissioned on 3 June 1940 with Lieutenant Commander John M. Murphy , Jr. ( Class of 1925 ) , in command . After fitting out at New London , Tambor got underway on 6 August 1940 for her shakedown cruise which took her to New York City , Washington , D.C. , Morehead City , North Carolina , and Houston , Texas . Following further training off Colón , Panama , the submarine returned to New London , Connecticut , before holding her acceptance trials and undergoing a post-shakedown overhaul at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery , Maine . After conducting live-fire trials on the effectiveness of depth charges , the first of their kind in the U.S. Navy , Tambor reported in May 1941 to the Submarine Force , Pacific Fleet , and the command of Rear Admiral Thomas W. Withers , Jr. ( COMSUBPAC ) . Tambor began a routine peacetime patrol in late November 1941 and was off Wake Island when hostilities with Japan broke out . However , she was forced to return to Pearl Harbor with one engine out of commission . Routed back to Mare Island , where the damage was repaired , the submarine returned to Pearl Harbor in March 1942 .'}]}, {'value': 'USS Grayback ( SS-208 ) 30 June 1941', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Grayback_(SS-208)', 'summary': "USS Grayback ( SS-208 ) , a Tambor-class submarine , was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the lake herring , Coregonus artedi . Her keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company in Groton , Connecticut . She was launched on 31 January 1941 sponsored by Mrs. Wilson Brown , wife of Rear Admiral Wilson Brown , Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy , and commissioned on 30 June 1941 with Lieutenant Willard A. Saunders in command . Attached to the Atlantic Fleet Grayback conducted her shakedown cruise in Long Island Sound out of Newport , New London , and New York City . In company with Grampus ( SS-207 ) she departed New London , Connecticut , on 8 September for patrol duty in the Caribbean Sea and Chesapeake Bay ; then arrived at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard , on 30 November for overhaul . With the United States 's entry into the war , Grayback sailed for Pearl Harbor , arriving 8 February 1942 . The sub was sunk near Okinawa on 26 February 1944 ; the wreck was discovered in June 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mackerel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mackerel-class_submarine', 'summary': 'The Mackerel-class submarines were a pair of experimental prototype submarines built just prior to World War II and launched in 1940 and 1941 . The two submarines were similar in size and capability to the S-class submarines built at the end of World War I , and had been ordered to test the feasibility of using mass production techniques to build small submarines . Until at least 1940 it was thought that mass production of fleet submarines would be impractical , and in any case small submarines could provide area defense for submarine bases . Once it became apparent that there would be sufficient production of the more capable Gato-class submarines , interest in the design waned and no additional small submarines were ordered . Submarine production standardized during the war on the Gato class and its successors , the Balao and Tench-class submarines . In some references , the Mackerels are called the M class .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Mackerel ( SS-204 ) 6 October 1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Mackerel_(SS-204)', 'summary': 'USS Mackerel ( SS-204 ) , the lead ship of her class of submarines , was the first ship of the United States Navy named for the mackerel . Mackerel and her near-sister Marlin ( designed and built by Portsmouth Navy Yard ) were prototype small submarines which the Navy was exploring to replace the aging S-class submarines .'}]}, {'value': 'USS Marlin ( SS-205 ) 1 August 1941', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Marlin_(SS-205)', 'summary': 'USS Marlin ( SS-205 ) , a Mackerel-class submarine , was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the marlin , a large game fish . Marlin and her near-sister Mackerel ( designed and built by the Electric Boat Company ) were prototype small submarines , which the Navy was exploring to replace the aging S-class submarines . References differ as to whether Marlin had a direct drive propulsion system or diesel-electric drive . Her keel was laid down by Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery , Maine , on 23 May 1940 . She was launched on 29 January 1941 sponsored by Mrs. John D. Wainwright , and commissioned on 1 August 1941 with Lieutenant George A . Sharp in command . After service in the Atlantic Fleet out of Submarine Base New London , Connecticut , for half a year , Marlin departed New London 21 March 1942 for Casco Bay , Maine . She arrived the next day for duty with TG 27.1 , training new escort vessels in antisubmarine warfare . She returned to New London 18 April , and operated in Long Island Sound through 1942 . On 7 January 1943 the submarine arrived in Casco Bay for further duty with TG 27.1 until 16 January . She then spent the next 2½ years patrolling and training ships off New London and Portsmouth , New Hampshire . On 26 July 1945 , while making a submerged practice approach on Chaffee ( DE-230 ) , she collided with SC-642 with slight damage to both ships .'}]}, {'value': 'Gato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gato-class_submarine', 'summary': "The Gato class was a class of submarines built for the United States Navy and launched in 1941-1943 ; they were the first mass-production U.S. submarine class of World War II . Together with their near-sisters the Balao and Tench classes , their design formed the majority of the United States Navy 's World War II submarine fleet . Named after the lead ship of the class , USS Gato , the Gatos and their successors formed the core of the submarine service that was largely responsible for the destruction of the Japanese merchant marine and a large portion of the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II . Gato 's name comes from a species of small catshark . Like most other U.S. Navy submarines of the period , boats of the Gato class were given the names of marine creatures . In some references , the Gatos are combined with their successors , especially the Balao class ."}]}, {'value': '77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USS Drum ( SS-228 ) 11 September 1940', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Drum_(SS-228)', 'summary': 'USS Drum ( SS-228 ) is a Gato-class submarine of the United States Navy , the first Navy ship named after the drum . Drum is a museum ship in Mobile , Alabama , at Battleship Memorial Park . Drum was laid down on 11 September 1940 at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard , Kittery , Maine . She was launched on 12 May 1941 , sponsored by Mrs. Beatrice M. Holcomb , wife of Major General Thomas Holcomb , Commandant of the United States Marine Corps . The boat was commissioned on 1 November 1941 , with Commander Robert H. Rice in command . Drum was the twelfth of the Gato class but was the first completed and the first to enter combat in World War II . She is the oldest of her class still in existence .'}]}, {'value': 'USS Croaker ( SS-246 ) 21 April 1944', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USS_Croaker_(SS-246)', 'summary': 'USS Croaker ( SS/SSK/AGSS/IXSS-246 ) , a Gato-class submarine , was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the croaker , any of various fishes which make throbbing or drumming noises . Her keel was laid down on 1 April 1943 by Electric Boat Company in Groton , Connecticut . She was launched on 19 December 1943 ( sponsored by the wife of Admiral William H. P. Blandy ) , and commissioned on 21 April 1944 , with Commander John E. Lee in command .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Between the world wars', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_submarine_classes_of_the_United_States_Navy_2', 'intro': 'Submarines of the United States Navy are built in classes, using a single design for a number of boats. Minor variations occur as improvements are incorporated into the design, so later boats of a class may be more capable than earlier. Also, boats are modified, sometimes extensively, while in service, creating departures from the class standard. However, in general, all boats of a class are noticeably similar. Experimental use: an example is USS Albacore (AGSS-569), which used an unprecedented hull design. In this list such single boat classes are marked with (unique).'}
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Which class name is a higher number numerically ? A type of submarines which was produced in 1941 until 1943 for the US Navy , or a pair of medium-sized submarines of the United States Navy that was restricted by the tonnage limits of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 ?
Cachalot
0aea8c486091d66f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Naval Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Edward David Taussig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_David_Taussig', 'summary': 'Edward David Taussig ( November 20 , 1847 - January 29 , 1921 ) was a decorated Rear Admiral in the United States Navy . He is best remembered for being the officer to claim Wake Island after the Spanish-American War , as well as accepting the physical relinquishment of Guam by its indigenous governor following the Treaty of Paris in which Spain ceded Guam to the U.S. following nearly 300 years of colonial rule . Taussig briefly served as Governor of Guam . He was the first of a four-generational family of United States Naval Academy graduates including his son , Vice Admiral Joseph K. Taussig ( 1877-1947 ) , grandson Captain Joseph K. Taussig Jr. ( 1920-1999 ) , and great-grandson , Captain Joseph K. Taussig USMC ( 1945- ) .'}]}, {'value': '1867', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st Naval Governor of Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'William Elbridge Sewell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Elbridge_Sewell', 'summary': 'William Elbridge Sewell ( November 16 , 1851 - March 18 , 1904 ) was a United States Navy Lieutenant Commander and the 6th Naval Governor of Guam from February 9 , 1903 until he returned to the mainland United States for medical treatment on January 11 , 1904 . He was born in Colchester , New York and appointed to the United States Naval Academy from that state in 1867 . He served on numerous ships before becoming an ensign , and eventually became executive officer or commanding officer of a series of ships and installations . He then became commanding officer of the Guam flagship , and soon after , governor of Guam . As governor , he initiated a series of tax and legal reforms , including many that restored the rights of the native population to practice their culture more freely . He legalized and taxed alcohol , and set up a court system that lasted 30 years . In March 1904 , he fell ill from intestinal troubles and was transported to California for treatment , where he died while still in office .'}]}, {'value': '1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th Naval Governor of Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Templin Potts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Templin_Potts', 'summary': 'Templin Morris Potts ( November 1 , 1855 - March 22 , 1927 ) was a United States Navy Captain and the 11th Naval Governor of Guam . He held many important posts during his time in the Navy , including Director of the Office of Naval Intelligence , Naval attaché to Kaiser Wilhelm II , and aid for naval personnel . During the Spanish-American War , he participated in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba , after which he commanded a number of ships . In 1913 , he was forced into retirement after not having spent a large enough portion of his service at sea . This forced retirement sparked outrage from many , and led to letters and marches of protest . A United States Senator even introduced a bill in Congress to have him re-instated . Though these efforts all ultimately failed , they led to greater scrutiny of the retirement board . As governor , he forbade the men under his command to marry native Chamorro women and increased funding to fight disease on Guam .'}]}, {'value': '1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11th Naval Governor of Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'George Salisbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Salisbury_(governor)', 'summary': 'George Robert Salisbury was a United States Navy Commodore who served as the 15th Naval Governor of Guam . Though he originally served as an Engineering Duty Officer , he eventually stopped being a Restricted Line Officer , and retired from the Navy as a Commodore . As governor , he rolled back a number of educational reforms and encouraged a new ranch system . He also took drastic measures to control the leprosy epidemic on the island , removing the infected to Philippines . He was briefly called into service during World War I before retiring .'}]}, {'value': '1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15th Naval Governor of Guam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'William John Maxwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_John_Maxwell', 'summary': 'William John Maxwell was a United States Navy officer who served as the 18th Naval Governor of Guam . He entered the United States Naval Academy in 1874 , but was not commissioned as an ensign until 1883 . He served aboard many ships before becoming one of the inaugural members of the General Board of the United States Navy . Afterward , he commanded both USS Mississippi and USS Florida . After becoming governor in 1914 , Maxwell instituted a number of reforms , including establishing the Bank of Guam and the Guam Insular Patrol Force . He also reorganized the tax system and stressed the building and improvement of new roads . His plans to give Guamanians United States citizenship was rejected by then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Guam became the center an international relations incident when the German SMS Cormoran made port there asking for coal at a time when the United States remained neutral in World War I. Maxwell refused to break neutrality by providing fuel and supplies , forcing the ship to stay in port for the next two years . Maxwell attracted controversy during his term , particularly when he approved the first execution on the island since the US takeover . Eventually , a lower-ranking officer , William P. Cronan , placed Maxwell on the sick list , despite his protest , and removed him from power , taking the office himself . The Navy launched an inquiry into the appropriateness and motives of the dismissal , but nonetheless , Maxwell , declared perfectly healthy by mainland doctors , was reassigned to the Naval War College .'}]}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18th Naval Governor of Guam ( 1914-1916 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Martin Poyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Martin_Poyer', 'summary': 'John Martin Poyer ( 1861 - May 12 , 1922 ) was the twelfth Naval Governor of American Samoa , from March 1 , 1915 to June 10 , 1919 . He held the longest term of any American governor appointed over the territory by the United States Government . A Naval Academy graduate , Poyer served in numerous positions and retired in 1906 on account of failing health ; however , the navy recalled him to service in 1915 to serve as governor . During the 1918 flu pandemic , Poyer quarantined the territory to stop the spread of the pandemic to American Samoa . Because of his actions , no deaths occurred in American Samoa , and he received the Navy Cross . Upon his final retirement , Poyer had reached the rank of commander .'}]}, {'value': '1884', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12th Governor of American Samoa ( 1915-1919 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Coontz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Coontz', 'summary': 'Robert Edward Coontz ( June 11 , 1864 - January 26 , 1935 ) was an admiral in the United States Navy , who sailed with the Great White Fleet and served as the second Chief of Naval Operations .'}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiral ; Chief of Naval Operations ( 1919-1923 ) ; governor of Guam ( 1912-1914 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guam', 'summary': 'Guam ( /ˈɡwɑːm/ ( listen ) ; Chamorro : Guåhån [ ˈɡʷɑhɑn ] ) is an organized territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean . It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States , along with the Northern Mariana Islands . The capital city of Guam is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo . Guam has been a member of the Pacific Community since 1983 . The inhabitants of Guam are called Guamanians , and they are American citizens by birth . The indigenous Guamanians are the Chamorros , who are related to other Austronesian natives of Eastern Indonesia , the Philippines , and Taiwan . In 2016 , 162,742 people resided on Guam . Guam has an area of 210 square miles ( 540 km2 ; 130,000 acres ) and a population density of 775 per square mile ( 299/km2 ) . In Oceania , it is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia . Among its municipalities , Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest population density at 3,691 per square mile ( 1,425/km2 ) , whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119 per square mile ( 46/km2 ) . The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,332 feet ( 406 m ) above sea level . Since the 1960s , the economy has been supported by two industries : tourism and the United States Armed Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'William Gilmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Gilmer', 'summary': "William Wirt Gilmer ( May 21 , 1863 - January 8 , 1955 ) was a United States Navy Captain who served as both the 22nd and 24th Naval Governor of Guam . A graduate of the United States Naval Academy , he commanded the USS South Carolina during World War I , for which he received the Navy Cross . During his two terms as governor , he proved one of the most contentious leaders in Guam 's history . He exercised a large amount of control over islanders ' daily lives , including banning whistling and smoking and setting up a curfew . He came into conflict with prominent Americans and Washington Naval leaders when he outlawed marriage between whites and non-whites on the island , believing the Chamorro people inferior . Eventually , concerned islanders gained the attention of Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels , who had Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt personally order the rescinding of the act . Gilmer was removed for a short time before serving a second term . During his second term , he continued making numerous edicts , eventually equaling 50 separate orders . He required all men over sixteen to carry identification cards , partially in an effort to wipe out the Spanish naming customs of adopting both the mother 's and father 's name . Seen as autocratic and abusive of his power , the Navy ultimately removed him from the post in 1920 . A number of geographical features in Alaska , as well as a school in North Carolina , are named after him , largely during an expedition that he took part in to explore parts of the Alaskan islands ."}]}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; Governor of Guam ( 1918-19 ) and ( 1919-20 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Hughes Hough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Hughes_Hough', 'summary': 'Henry Hughes Hough ( January 8 , 1871 - September 9 , 1943 ) was a Rear Admiral of the United States Navy and one-time military Governor of the United States Virgin Islands . In 1923 he was the director of the Office of Naval Intelligence . He commanded the Yangtze Patrol from 1925 to 1927 .'}]}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Admiral ; Governor of the United States Virgin Islands , a role that he only acted in for a year . He was the first non-acting military governor to govern as a Captain , rather than a Rear Admiral , and the first not to be born in the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands', 'summary': 'The governor of the United States Virgin Islands is the chief executive of the Government of the Virgin Islands whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Territory addresses to the Virgin Islands Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that territory public laws are enforced . The position was created through the passage of the Elective Governor Acts of 1968 which took effect in 1970 . Melvin Evans was the first elected governor . The following is a list of governors of the United States Virgin Islands . For governors of the territory that is now the U.S. Virgin Islands prior to United States administration ( while it was ruled by Denmark as the Danish West Indies ) , see List of Governors of the Danish West Indies .'}]}, {'value': 'Henry Francis Bryan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Francis_Bryan', 'summary': 'Henry Francis Bryan ( May 3 , 1865 - 1944 ) was a United States Navy Rear Admiral and the 17th Governor of American Samoa . He served as governor from March 17 , 1925 to September 9 , 1927 . Bryan was one of only three naval governors of the territory who had retired from naval service before serving as governor , the others being John Martin Poyer and his immediate predecessor , Edward Stanley Kellogg . In the Navy , he had numerous commands , and served in the Spanish-American War . His largest command was the Special Service Squadron .'}]}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral ; 17th Governor of American Samoa ( 1925-1927 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'William Michael Crose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Michael_Crose', 'summary': 'William Michael Crose ( February 8 , 1867 - April 4 , 1929 ) was a United States Navy Captain and the seventh Naval Governor of American Samoa , from November 10 , 1910 to March 14 , 1913 . He was the first person designated Governor of American Samoa , rather than the previous Governor of Tutuila .'}]}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commander ; 7th Governor of American Samoa ( 1910-1913 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'Adelbert Althouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelbert_Althouse', 'summary': "Adelbert Althouse ( May 23 , 1869 - May 17 , 1954 ) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 27th and 29th Naval Governor of Guam . Prior to his Governorship , he served on ships in the Navy and participated in both the Spanish-American War and World War I . He earned the Navy Cross for his actions commanding USS Brooklyn and serving as Chief of Staff for the Commander and Chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet during the World War . As Governor , he focused on reforming the island 's education system . He modeled a new system after that of co-educational California but also outlawed the speaking of the Chamorro language at schools in an effort to improve the English language skills of the local children . Most of his education reform took place in his first term ."}]}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 27th and 29th Naval Governor of Guam ( 1922-1923 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Luke McNamee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_McNamee', 'summary': 'Luke McNamee ( April 4 , 1871 - December 30 , 1952 ) was a United States Navy Admiral , businessman , and the 10th and 12th Naval Governor of Guam . He served in the Navy for 42 years , during which time he held multiple commands . During the Spanish-American War , he earned the Navy Cross , and later the Legion of Honour . Earlier on his career , he served as governor , and expanded funding for fighting the infectious diseases running through the native population . He represented the U.S. Navy as a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 . He later became Director of the Office of Naval Intelligence . He was promoted to full admiral after being placed in charge of the Battle Fleet . After this command , he served as President of the Naval War College before retiring in 1934 . After leaving the Navy , he became President and Chairman of the Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company , where he aggressively expanded telegraph and radio service overseas .'}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th and 12th Naval Governor of Guam ; Admiral in charge of the Battle Fleet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_Fleet', 'summary': 'The United States Battle Fleet or Battle Force was part of the organization of the United States Navy from 1922 to 1941 . The General Order of 6 December 1922 organized the United States Fleet , with the Battle Fleet as the Pacific presence . This fleet comprised the main body of ships in the Navy , with the smaller Scouting Fleet as the Atlantic presence . The battleships , including most of the modern ones , and new aircraft carriers were assigned to this fleet .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward Stanley Kellogg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Stanley_Kellogg', 'summary': "Edward Stanley Kellogg ( August 20 , 1870 - January 8 , 1948 ) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 16th Governor of American Samoa . Kellogg graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1892 and joined the Naval Engineer Corps . He served as an assistant engineer on numerous ships and participated in the Spanish-American War . He retired in 1920 , and became governor three years later , making him only one of two Naval Governors of American Samoa to hold the office following retirement from the service . As Governor , Kellogg asserted the authority of the United States over the tribal chiefs of the islands . He removed the title of Tu ' i Manu ' a from Chris Young , claiming it implied king-like authority over the people of American Samoa . He also removed Chief Tui Manu ' a from power , resulting in widespread protest among the islands ' people . Kellogg died at the National Naval Medical Center in Maryland and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery ."}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 16th Governor of American Samoa ( 1923-1925 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfred Walton Hinds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_Walton_Hinds', 'summary': "Alfred Walton Hinds ( July 25 , 1874 - December 25 , 1957 ) was a United States Navy captain who served as the 17th Naval Governor of Guam . His early naval service included serving as Assistant Engineer aboard USS Texas , the United States Navy 's first battleship , where he was reprimanded for an accident aboard in 1896 . In 1911 , Hinds joined the staff of the United States Naval Academy , heading the Department of Marine Engineering and Naval Construction , writing a textbook on the subject while there . From September 23 , 1913 , to March 28 , 1914 , Hinds served as acting Governor of Guam . Having already helped form the policies of the previous governor , Hinds continued much of the practices of the earlier administration . He successfully drew new import and export businesses to the island , though he failed in his attempts to further development of Guam as a key naval outpost . Following his governorship , Hinds commanded various ships and eventually became marine superintendent of the Panama Canal in 1924 , serving in that office until early 1925 ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 17th Naval Governor of Guam ( 1913-1914 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry Bertram Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Bertram_Price', 'summary': 'Henry Bertrand Price ( June 29 , 1869 - September 23 , 1941 ) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 30th Naval Governor of Guam . As a naval officer , he served on many assignments , including with the Bureau of Ordnance . In 1913 , he became executive officer of USS Delaware , and two years later commanding officer of USS Melville . Becoming governor in 1923 , Price focused on agricultural development , particularly in the region of Mangilao , Guam . He also ordered increased road building and the establishment of the Guam Department of Agriculture .'}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 30th Naval Governor of Guam ( 1923-1924 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Victor Graham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Victor_Graham', 'summary': 'Stephen Victor Graham ( March 4 , 1874 - September 2 , 1955 ) was a United States Naval Rear Admiral and the 18th Governor of American Samoa from September 9 , 1927 , to August 2 , 1929 . Graham attended the United States Naval Academy and served on numerous ships before being posted to the governorship . As governor , he established a strong charter for the former Bank of American Samoa and reworked Samoan fiscal law . After his governorship , he worked at the Naval Academy as the head of the Modern Languages department .'}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rear Admiral ; 18th Governor of American Samoa ( 1927-1929 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'Gatewood Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gatewood_Lincoln', 'summary': 'Gatewood Sanders Lincoln ( August 5 , 1875 - October 15 , 1957 ) was a United States Navy officer who served as the 19th and 22nd Governor of American Samoa . With Nathan Woodworth Post , Lincoln was one of only two American Samoan governors to serve non-consecutive terms . He commanded a supply ship during World War I , and was an instructor at the United States Naval Academy , serving as Department Head of the College of Electrical Engineering and Physics .'}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 22nd Governor of American Samoa ( 1931-1932 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa', 'summary': 'This is a list of governors , etc . of the part of the Samoan Islands ( now comprising American Samoa ) under United States administration since 1900 . From 1900 to 1977 governors were appointed by the Federal government of the United States . Since that time they have been elected for 4-year terms by the people of American Samoa .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivan Wettengel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Wettengel', 'summary': 'Ivan Cyrus Wettengel ( 1876 - February 19 , 1935 ) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 25th Naval Governor of Guam . A graduate of the United States Naval Academy , Wettengel commanded a number of ships . He received the Navy Cross for his command of USS Wisconsin during World War I . He also commanded USS Texas and the Naval Training Station Hampton Roads . During his tenure as governor , he overturned many of the unpopular policies of William Gilmer . He also attempted to assemble a bull-mounted Guam Cavalry , but the initiative failed . A number of locations in Guam are named in his honor .'}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain ; 25th Naval Governor of Guam ( 1920-21 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naval_Governor_of_Guam', 'summary': "The Governor of Guam ( Chamorro : I Maga'låhen/Maga'håga Guåhan ) is the chief executive of the Government of Guam and the commander-in-chief of the Guam National Guard , whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Island ( formerly the State of the Territory ) addresses to the Guam Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that Guam 's public laws are enforced . The position was created in 1968 , through the passage of the Guam Elected Governors Act which took effect in 1970 . Guam elected its first civilian governor in 1970 with the inauguration of former governor Carlos Camacho . The current governor is Lou Leon Guerrero , a Democrat who was inaugurated on January 7 , 2019 following her election in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'William D. Leahy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_D._Leahy', 'summary': "Fleet Admiral William Daniel Leahy ( May 6 , 1875 - July 20 , 1959 ) was an American naval officer who served as the senior-most United States military officer on active duty during World War II . He held multiple titles and was at the center of all major military decisions the United States made in World War II . As Chief of Naval Operations from 1937 to 1939 , he was the senior officer in the navy , overseeing the preparations for war . After retiring from the navy , he was appointed in 1939 by his close friend President Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of Puerto Rico . In his most controversial role , he served as the United States Ambassador to France 1940-42 , but had limited success in keeping the Vichy government free of German control . Leahy was recalled to active duty as the personal Chief of Staff to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 and served in that position throughout World War II . He chaired the Chiefs of Staff and was a major decision-maker during the war . He continued under President Harry S. Truman until finally retiring in 1949 . From 1942 until his retirement in 1949 , he was the highest-ranking active duty member of the U.S. military , reporting only to the President . He was the United States ' first de facto Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( not his official title ) and he also presided over the American delegation to the Combined Chiefs of Staff , when the American and British staffs worked together . As fleet admiral , Leahy was the first U.S. naval officer ever to hold a five-star rank in the U.S. Armed Forces . USS Leahy ( DLG-16 ) was named in his honor ."}]}, {'value': '1897', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chief of Naval Operations ( 1937-1939 ) ; became the first fleet admiral during World War II and crafted future thought leadership ; served as Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief , which was the role model for the first Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ; Governor of Puerto Rico ( 1939-1940 ) ; ambassador to the Vichy French', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni_15', 'intro': 'The United States Naval Academy (USNA) is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The Academy was founded in 1845 and graduated its first class in 1846. The Academy is often referred to as Annapolis, while sports media refer to the Academy as Navy and the students as Midshipmen; this usage is officially endorsed. During the latter half of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th, the United States Naval Academy was the primary source of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps officers, with the Class of 1881 being the first to provide officers to the Marine Corps. Graduates of the Academy are also given the option of entering the United States Army or United States Air Force. Most Midshipmen are admitted through the congressional appointment system. The curriculum emphasizes various fields of engineering. The list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former Midshipmen, current Midshipmen, and faculty of the Naval Academy. Over 50 U.S. astronauts have graduated from the Naval Academy, more than from any other undergraduate institution. [a] Over 990 noted scholars from a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including 45 Rhodes Scholars and 16 Marshall Scholars. Additional notable graduates include 1 President of the United States, 2 Nobel Prize recipients, and 73 Medal of Honor recipients. [b]'}
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What is the class year of the alumnus who originally served as an Engineering Duty Officer ?
1879
0aebf5ed59a8adc5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_members_of_parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'title': 'Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom', 'header': ['Title/Rank', 'Name known by while in Commons', 'Born', 'Killed', "MP 's Seat", 'Offices Held'], 'data': [{'value': 'Sir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralph Carminowe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'before 1339', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1386 ( pulled over cliff by hounds when hunting )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cornwall ( 1383 , 1384 , and 1386 but died before taking seat )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornwall_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Cornwall is a former county constituency covering the county of Cornwall , in the South West of England . It was a constituency of the House of Commons of England then of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832 . It was represented by two Knights of the Shire , elected by the bloc vote system . Under the Reform Act 1832 , it was divided between the constituencies of East Cornwall and West Cornwall .'}]}, {'value': 'High Sheriff of Cornwall 1378', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cornwall', 'summary': 'High Sheriffs of Cornwall : a chronological list : Note : The right to choose High Sheriffs each year is vested in the Duchy of Cornwall , rather than the Privy Council , chaired by the Sovereign , which chooses the Sheriffs of all other English counties , other than those in the Duchy of Lancaster . This right came from the Earldom of Cornwall . In the time of Earls Richard and Edmund , the steward or seneschal of Cornwall was often also the sheriff .'}]}, {'value': 'Sir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Rempston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Rempston', 'summary': "Sir Thomas Rempston ( or Ramston ) KG ( died 1406 ) , was Constable of the Tower and an MP . He was born the son of John Rempston at Rempstone , Nottinghamshire , where the family had long been settled . In 1381 he was Knight of the Shire for Nottinghamshire , which he also represented in the parliaments of 1382 , 1393 , and 1395 and served as Sheriff of Nottinghamshire for 1393 . In 1398 he adopted the cause of Henry , Earl of Derby , who had been exiled by Richard II , and in the following year made his way to France to join the earl . He was one of the fifteen lances who embarked with Henry at Boulogne and landed at Ravenspur in July 1399 . In Shakespeare 's Richard II ( act ii . scene i . 298 ) his name is given as Sir John Ramston , probably to suit the metre . On 7 Oct. he was appointed Constable of the Tower , and in this capacity had custody of Richard II ; he was present at Richard 's abdication , and was one of the witnesses to the form of resignation signed by the king . In February 1400 he was on a commission to inquire into treasons in London and the neighbourhood , and shortly after was appointed admiral of the fleet from the Thames eastwards ; in August he was made a knight of the Garter , and about the same time steward of the king 's household . In 1401 he was made admiral of the fleet from the Thames westwards , and was placed on a commission to deal with infractions of the truce with France , and to settle the question of the still unpaid ransom of the late King John . He was summoned to the great council held in that year ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1406 ( drowned in River Thames near London Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/River_Thames', 'summary': "The River Thames ( /ˈtɛmz/ ( listen ) TEMZ ) , known alternatively in parts as the Isis , is a river that flows through southern England including London . At 215 miles ( 346 km ) , it is the longest river entirely in England and the second-longest in the United Kingdom , after the River Severn . It flows through Oxford ( where it is called the Isis ) , Reading , Henley-on-Thames and Windsor . The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway , derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock . It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire , and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary . The Thames drains the whole of Greater London . Its tidal section , reaching up to Teddington Lock , includes most of its London stretch and has a rise and fall of 23 feet ( 7 m ) . Running through some of the driest parts of mainland Britain and heavily abstracted for drinking water , the Thames ' discharge is low considering its length and breadth : the Severn has a discharge almost twice as large on average despite having a smaller drainage basin . In Scotland , the Tay achieves more than double the Thames ' average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60% smaller . Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs . Its catchment area covers a large part of south-eastern and a small part of western England ; the river is fed by at least 50 named tributaries . The river contains over 80 islands ."}, {'url': '/wiki/London_Bridge', 'summary': 'Several bridges named London Bridge have spanned the River Thames between the City of London and Southwark , in central London . The current crossing , which opened to traffic in 1973 , is a box girder bridge built from concrete and steel . It replaced a 19th-century stone-arched bridge , which in turn superseded a 600-year-old stone-built medieval structure . This was preceded by a succession of timber bridges , the first of which was built by the Roman founders of London . The current bridge stands at the western end of the Pool of London and is positioned 30 metres ( 98 ft ) upstream from previous alignments . The approaches to the medieval bridge were marked by the church of St Magnus-the-Martyr on the northern bank and by Southwark Cathedral on the southern shore . Until Putney Bridge opened in 1729 , London Bridge was the only road-crossing of the Thames downstream of Kingston upon Thames . London Bridge has been depicted in its several forms , in art , literature , and songs , including the nursery rhyme London Bridge Is Falling Down . The modern bridge is owned and maintained by Bridge House Estates , an independent charity of medieval origin overseen by the City of London Corporation . It carries the A3 road , which is maintained by the Greater London Authority . The crossing also delineates an area along the southern bank of the River Thames , between London Bridge and Tower Bridge , that has been designated as a business improvement district .'}]}, {'value': 'Nottinghamshire ( 1381-86 , 1393-94 , 1395-99 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nottinghamshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Nottinghamshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832 . It was represented by two Members of Parliament ( MPs ) , traditionally known as Knights of the Shire . The constituency was split into two two-member divisions , for Parliamentary purposes , by the Reform Act 1832 . The county was then represented by the North Nottinghamshire and South Nottinghamshire constituencies .'}]}, {'value': 'KG PC ; Sheriff of Nottinghamshire 1393 , Constable of the Tower 1399-death', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Privy_Counsellor', 'summary': "A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a nation , typically , but not always , in the context of a monarchic government . The word privy means private or secret ; thus , a privy council was originally a committee of the monarch 's closest advisors to give confidential advice on state affairs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Nottinghamshire,_Derbyshire_and_the_Royal_Forests', 'summary': 'The Sheriff of Nottinghamshire , Derbyshire and the Royal Forests is a position established by the Normans in England . The sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown . Formerly the sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct , so that its functions are now largely ceremonial . From 1068 until 1566 the position existed as Sheriff of Nottinghamshire , Derbyshire and the Royal Forests but after 1566 separate appointments were made as Sheriff of Derbyshire and Sheriff of Nottinghamshire .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower', 'summary': "The Constable of the Tower is the most senior appointment at the Tower of London . In the Middle Ages a constable was the person in charge of a castle when the owner - the king or a nobleman - was not in residence . The Constable of the Tower had a unique importance as the person in charge of the principal fortress defending the capital city of England . Today the role of Constable is a ceremonial one and mainly involves taking part in traditional ceremonies within the Tower as well as being part of the community that lives within its perimeter . The Constable is also a trustee of Historic Royal Palaces and of the Royal Armouries . Under the Queen 's Regulations for the Army , the office of Constable is conferred upon a field marshal or a retired general officer for a five-year term . The Constable appointed in 2016 is General Sir Nick Houghton . The Constable 's ceremonial deputy is the Lieutenant of the Tower of London , currently Simon Mayall ; this office is generally entrusted to a general officer of lower rank than the Constable . At the conclusion of the Constable 's Installation ceremony , the Lord Chamberlain symbolically hands over the Queens House to the Constable . He in turn entrusts it to the Resident Governor , who is responsible for the day-to-day running of Her Majestys Palace and Fortress , the Tower of London ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Burnebury', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1432 ( drowned in well )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Launceston ( 1410-11 , 1413 , 1414 , 1417 , 1419 , 1422 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Launceston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Launceston , also known at some periods as Dunheved , was a parliamentary constituency in Cornwall which returned two Members of Parliament to the British House of Commons from 1295 until 1832 , and one member from 1832 until 1918 . It was a parliamentary borough until 1885 , and a county constituency thereafter .'}]}, {'value': 'Coroner of Cornwall 1423', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis Yaxley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Yaxley', 'summary': 'Francis Yaxley ( died 1565 ) was an English politician and conspirator .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1565 ( lost in shipwreck in North Sea )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stamford ( 1555-58 ) , Saltash ( 1558 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stamford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Stamford was a constituency in the county of Lincolnshire of the House of Commons for the Parliament of England to 1706 then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918 . It was represented by two Members of Parliament until 1868 when this was reduced to one .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Saltash_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Saltash , sometimes called Essa , was a rotten borough in Cornwall which returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons in the English and later British Parliament from 1552 to 1832 , when it was abolished by the Great Reform Act .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Humphrey Gilbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sir_Humphrey_Gilbert', 'summary': 'Sir Humphrey Gilbert ( c. 1539 - 9 September 1583 ) of Compton in the parish of Marldon and of Greenway in the parish of Churston Ferrers , both in Devon , England , was an adventurer , explorer , member of parliament and soldier who served during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and was a pioneer of the English colonial empire in North America and the Plantations of Ireland . He was a uterine half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh and a cousin of Sir Richard Grenville .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1539', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1583 ( lost in storm on Squirrel ( 1582 ) returning from Newfoundland )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HMS_Squirrel_(1582)', 'summary': "Squirrel was an exploration vessel launched in the 1570s and lost with all hands in 1583 . In the 1570s Squirrel made a return voyage from England to Narragansett Bay , piloted by Simon Fernandez . The voyage was considered remarkable given her small size and the dangers of sailing in largely uncharted waters . She was one of a small fleet of vessels under the command of Sir Humphrey Gilbert , commissioned in 1579 by the lord deputy of Ireland , William Drury , to attack James FitzMaurice FitzGerald by sea and to intercept a fleet expected to arrive from Spain . The expedition was a failure with the fleet dispersed by heavy seas and forced to seek shelter at Land 's End . Squirrel was again under Gilbert 's command in 1583 for a voyage to Newfoundland and the north-eastern coast of North America . Departing England in June in company with four other vessels , she made an uneventful crossing of the Atlantic and reached the Newfoundland coast on 5 August . Gilbert went ashore at St John 's to claim the area as England 's first overseas colony under Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I . Plans for a further expedition south along the American coastline were abandoned following a critical shortage of supplies , and Gilbert elected instead to return to England . Squirrel was selected as the flagship for this return voyage and was armed with some small cannon , in Gilbert 's words more to give a show [ of force ] than with judgement to foresee unto the safety of her and the men ."}]}, {'value': 'Plymouth ( 1571-72 ) , Queenborough ( 1580-death )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plymouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Plymouth was a parliamentary borough in Devon , which elected two members of parliament ( MPs ) to the House of Commons in 1298 and again from 1442 until 1918 , when the borough was merged with the neighbouring Devonport and the combined area divided into three single-member constituencies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Queenborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Queenborough was a rotten borough situated on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent . From 1572 until it was abolished by the great reform act of 1832 , it returned two Members of Parliament . The franchise was vested in the freemen of the town , of whom there were more than 300 . Its electorate was therefore one of largest of the 56 boroughs that were abolished . Most freemen , however , were non resident . A small town in Kent , England , which grew as a port near the Thames Estuary . Formerly a municipal borough in the Faversham parliamentary division of Kent , is two miles south of Sheerness on the Isle of Sheppey , nearby the westward entrance to the Swale , where it joins the River Medway . It is now in the Sittingbourne and Sheppey parliamentary constituency and governed by Swale Borough Council and Queenborough Town Council . Queenborough Harbour offers moorings between the Thames and Medway . It is possible to land at Queenborough on any tide and there are boat builders and chandlers in the marina . Admiral Lord Nelson , is reputed to have learnt much of his seafaring skills in these waters , and also shared a house near the small harbour with his mistress , the Lady Hamilton .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Glanville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Glanville_(judge)', 'summary': 'Sir John Glanville ( 1542 - 27 July 1600 ) , the elder , of Kilworthy , Tavistock , in Devon , was an English Member of Parliament and judge and was the first judge recorded as having reached the bench after beginning his career as an attorney .'}]}, {'value': '1542', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1600 ( fall from horse while travelling on judicial circuit )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Launceston ( 1584-85 ) , Tavistock ( 1586-87 ) , St Germans ( 1593 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Launceston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Launceston , also known at some periods as Dunheved , was a parliamentary constituency in Cornwall which returned two Members of Parliament to the British House of Commons from 1295 until 1832 , and one member from 1832 until 1918 . It was a parliamentary borough until 1885 , and a county constituency thereafter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tavistock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Tavistock was the name of a parliamentary constituency in Devon between 1330 and 1974 . Until 1885 it was a parliamentary borough , consisting solely of the town of Tavistock ; it returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1868 , when its representation was reduced to one member . From 1885 , the name was transferred to a single-member county constituency covering a much larger area . ( Between 1885 and 1918 , the constituency had the alternative name of West Devon . ) The constituency was abolished for the February 1974 general election , when it was largely replaced by the new West Devon constituency .'}, {'url': '/wiki/St_Germans_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'St Germans was a rotten borough in Cornwall which returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons in the English and later British Parliament from 1562 to 1832 , when it was abolished by the Great Reform Act .'}]}, {'value': 'Recorder of Launceston 1590 , Justice of the Common Pleas 1598-death', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Recorder_(judge)', 'summary': 'A Recorder is a judicial officer in England and Wales and some other common law jurisdictions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)', 'summary': "The Court of Common Pleas , or Common Bench , was a common law court in the English legal system that covered common pleas ; actions between subject and subject , which did not concern the king . Created in the late 12th to early 13th century after splitting from the Exchequer of Pleas , the Common Pleas served as one of the central English courts for around 600 years . Authorised by Magna Carta to sit in a fixed location , the Common Pleas sat in Westminster Hall for its entire existence , joined by the Exchequer of Pleas and Court of King 's Bench . The court 's jurisdiction was gradually undercut by the King 's Bench and Exchequer of Pleas with legal fictions , the Bill of Middlesex and Writ of Quominus respectively . The Common Pleas maintained its exclusive jurisdiction over matters of real property until its dissolution , and due to its wide remit was considered by Sir Edward Coke to be the lock and key of the common law . It was staffed by one Chief Justice and a varying number of puisne justices , who were required to be Serjeants-at-Law , and until the mid 19th century only Serjeants were allowed to plead there . As one of the two principal common law courts with the King 's Bench , the Common Pleas fought to maintain its jurisdiction and caseload , in a way that during the 16th and 17th centuries was categorised as conservative and reactionary . Reaching an acceptable medium with the King 's Bench and Exchequer of Pleas proved to be the downfall of all three courts ; with several courts of near-identical jurisdiction , there was little need for separate bodies , and the superior courts of Westminster were merged by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 into a single High Court of Justice . With an Order in Council issued on 16 December 1880 , the Common Pleas Division of the High Court ceased to exist , marking the end of the Court of Common Pleas ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Warre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1576', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1617 ( drowned in River Severn )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgwater ( 1614 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgwater_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bridgwater was a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , until 2010 when it was replaced by the Bridgwater and West Somerset constituency . It elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election .'}]}, {'value': 'Recorder of Bridgwater 1610-death', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Recorder_(judge)', 'summary': 'A Recorder is a judicial officer in England and Wales and some other common law jurisdictions .'}]}, {'value': 'Sir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Knollys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Knollys_(politician_died_1619)', 'summary': 'Sir Robert Knollys KB ( 1547- 1619 or 1626 ) was an English courtier and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1572 and 1611 .'}]}, {'value': '1547', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1619 ( after fall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reading ( 1572-86 ) , Breconshire ( 1589-1611 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reading_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Reading was a parliamentary borough , and later a borough constituency , represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It comprised the town of Reading in the county of Berkshire . From 1295 , as a parliamentary borough , Reading elected two members of parliament ( MPs ) . Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 , this representation was reduced to a single MP . The constituency was abolished in 1950 , re-created in 1955 , and finally abolished in 1974 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Breconshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Breconshire or Brecknockshire was a constituency in Wales which returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the English Parliament , and later to the Parliament of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom , between 1542 and 1918 . ( Historically , the -shire suffix was often omitted , leading to potential confusion with the Brecon borough constituency , which existed until 1885 . )'}]}, {'value': 'KB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath', 'summary': 'The Most Honourable Order of the Bath ( formerly the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath ) is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725 . The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a knight , which involved bathing ( as a symbol of purification ) as one of its elements . The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath . George I erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order . He did not ( as is commonly believed ) revive the Order of the Bath , since it had never previously existed as an Order , in the sense of a body of knights who were governed by a set of statutes and whose numbers were replenished when vacancies occurred . The Order consists of the Sovereign ( currently Queen Elizabeth II ) , the Great Master ( currently Charles , Prince of Wales ) and three Classes of members :'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Whitson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Whitson', 'summary': "John Whitson ( c. 1558 - 1629 ) was an English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1605 and 1626 . He also founded The Red Maid 's School ."}]}, {'value': 'c. 1558', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1629 ( fall from horse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol ( 1605-21 and 1625-28 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bristol was a two-member constituency , used to elect members to the House of Commons in the Parliaments of England ( to 1707 ) , Great Britain ( 1707-1800 ) and the United Kingdom ( from 1801 ) . The constituency existed until Bristol was divided into single member constituencies in 1885 .'}]}, {'value': 'High Sheriff of Bristol 1589 , Mayor of Bristol 1616', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Bristol', 'summary': "This is a list of Civic Sheriffs and High Sheriffs of the County and City of Bristol , England . The office of High Sheriff is over 1000 years old , with its establishment before the Norman Conquest . The High Sheriff remained first in precedence in the counties until the reign of Edward VII when an Order in Council in 1908 gave the Lord-Lieutenant the prime office under the Crown as the Sovereign 's personal representative . The High Sheriff remains the Sovereign 's representative in the County for all matters relating to the judiciary and the maintenance of law and order . Bristol is unusual in having been a city with county status since medieval times ( 1373 ) . The Lord Mayor and one or sometimes two sheriffs served the city and county as part of its civic governance . The county was expanded to include suburbs such as Clifton in 1835 , and it was named a county borough in 1889 , when the term was first introduced . However , on 1 April 1974 it became a part of the local government county of Avon . On 1 April 1996 Avon was abolished , allowing Bristol to regain its independence and county status and became a unitary authority with the royal appointments of Lord-Lieutenant and High Sheriff ."}]}, {'value': 'Sir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miles Hobart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miles_Hobart', 'summary': "Sir Miles Hobart ( 12 April 1595 - 20 June 1632 ) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1628 to 1629 . Hobart was born at Plumstead , the son of Miles Hobart of London ( though others have considered him to be a son of Sir Henry Hobart , 1st Baronet ) . He matriculated at Queen 's College , Oxford on 30 June 1615 , aged 16 and was a student of Gray 's Inn in 1616 . He was knighted at Salisbury on 8 August 1623 . In 1628 , he was elected Member of Parliament for Marlow . In the debate of 2 March 1629 about the illegal imposition of Tonnage and Poundage he locked the door of the House of Commons , against the King 's Messenger and was accordingly imprisoned in the Tower of London . He sat until 1629 , when King Charles I of England decided to rule without Parliament for eleven years . Shortly after release from prison , Hobart was fatally injured in a carriage accident on Holborn Hill . Miles Hobart died on 20 June 1632 , at Harleyford , and was buried at Marlow . A monument tablet with bust in the parish church was voted to him by Parliament in 1647 ."}]}, {'value': '1595', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1632 ( carriage accident )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlow 1628-29', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Great Marlow , sometimes simply called Marlow , was a parliamentary borough in Buckinghamshire . It elected two Members of Parliament ( MPs ) to the House of Commons between 1301 and 1307 , and again from 1624 until 1868 , and then one member from 1868 until 1885 , when the borough was abolished .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Long', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_Long_(c._1594–1637)', 'summary': "Sir Walter Long ( c. 1594 - July 1637 ) was an English landowner and Member of Parliament . He was born in Wiltshire , the son of Sir Walter Long ( 1565-1610 ) and his wife Catherine Thynne of Longleat . He succeeded to his father 's estates , including Draycot , in 1610 and was knighted in 1625 . He served as a Justice of the Peace for Wiltshire from 1623 until his death . He replaced Sir James Ley as MP for Westbury in 1621 when Ley was appointed to a post in the House of Lords . He was re-elected for the same seat in 1625 and 1626 . He married firstly in 1614 , Anne Ley , daughter of James Ley , 1st Earl of Marlborough and his first wife Mary Pettie . There was one son from this marriage , his heir , Sir James Long , 2nd Baronet . According to historian John Aubrey , Long 's father-in-law spent so much time at Draycot House with his daughter and her husband , that he had a gateway erected there with his own Coat of arms on it , but afterwards there was a quarrell , which probably arose from some family disapproval of the Earl 's marriage with a third young wife , Jane Boteler . The rift seems to have continued till the end of the Earl 's life - in his will he 'begged pardon of the Lady Anne ' . Long married secondly , Elizabeth Master c. 1636 , and they had one son , Walter ( d. 1673 ) . Sir Walter Long died in July 1637 , and his widow died in 1658 ."}]}, {'value': 'c. 1594', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1637 ( fall from horse when drunk )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westbury ( 1621-24 and 1625-28 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Westbury was a parliamentary constituency in Wiltshire from 1449 to 2010 . It was represented in the House of Commons of England until 1707 , and then in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 , and finally in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 until 2010 . Until 1885 , it was a parliamentary borough , returning two Members of Parliament ( MPs ) until 1832 and only one from 1832 to 1885 . The parliamentary borough was abolished in 1885 , when the name was transferred to a county constituency returning one MP . Elections used the bloc vote system when two MPs were returned , and the first-past-the-post system of election when one seat was contested . Westbury returned a Conservative Member at every election after 1924 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Hoskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Hoskins_(poet)', 'summary': 'Serjeant John Hoskins ( 1 March 1566 - 27 August 1638 ) was an English poet , scholar of Greek , lawyer , judge and politician .'}]}, {'value': '1566', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1638 ( crushed toe which caused gangrene )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangrene', 'summary': "Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply . Symptoms may include a change in skin color to red or black , numbness , swelling , pain , skin breakdown , and coolness . The feet and hands are most commonly affected . Certain types may present with a fever or sepsis . Risk factors include diabetes , peripheral arterial disease , smoking , major trauma , alcoholism , HIV/AIDS , frostbite , and Raynaud 's syndrome . It can be classified as dry gangrene , wet gangrene , gas gangrene , internal gangrene , and necrotizing fasciitis . The diagnosis of gangrene is based on symptoms and supported by tests such as medical imaging . Treatment may involve surgery to remove the dead tissue , antibiotics to treat any infection , and efforts to address the underlying cause . Surgical efforts may include debridement , amputation , or the use of maggot therapy . Efforts to treat the underlying cause may include bypass surgery or angioplasty . In certain cases , hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be useful . How commonly the condition occurs is unknown ."}]}, {'value': 'Hereford ( 1604 , 1614 and 1628 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hereford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': "Hereford was , until 2010 , a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Since 1918 , it had elected one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first-past-the-post voting system . Previously , Hereford had been a parliamentary borough which from 1295 to 1885 had elected two MPs , using the bloc vote system in contested elections . Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 the borough 's representation had been reduced to one seat at the 1885 general election , and for the 1918 general election the borough was abolished and replaced with a county division which carried the same name but covered a wider geographical area ."}]}, {'value': 'Judge of South Wales circuit ( 1623-death )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Lucy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Lucy_(died_1640)', 'summary': 'Sir Thomas Lucy ( 1583/86 - 8 December 1640 ) of Charlecote Park , Warwickshire was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1614 and 1640 .'}]}, {'value': '1583/86', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 December 1640 ( fall from horse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warwickshire ( 1614-28 and 1640 ) , Warwick ( November 1640-death )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warwickshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Warwickshire was a parliamentary constituency in Warwickshire in England . It returned two Members of Parliament ( MPs ) , traditionally known as knights of the shire , to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , elected by the bloc vote system .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Warwick_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Warwick was a parliamentary borough consisting of the town of Warwick , within the larger Warwickshire constituency of England . It returned two Members of Parliament ( MPs ) to the House of Commons of England from 1295 to 1707 , to the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 , and then to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1885 [ citation needed ] . Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 , the constituency was abolished for the 1885 general election , when it was largely replaced by the new single-member constituency of Warwick and Leamington .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lord Fairfax of Cameron ( Ferdinando Fairfax to 1640 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ferdinando_Fairfax,_2nd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron', 'summary': 'Ferdinando Fairfax , 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron MP ( 29 March 1584 - 14 March 1648 ) was an English nobleman and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1614 and 1648 . He was a commander in the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War . He should not be confused with his better known son , Thomas Fairfax , who commanded the New Model Army .'}]}, {'value': '1584', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1648 ( accident unspecified causing gangrene in leg )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boroughbridge ( 1614-29 , 1640 ) , Yorkshire ( 1640-death )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boroughbridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Boroughbridge was a parliamentary borough in Yorkshire from 1553 until 1832 , when it was abolished under the Great Reform Act . Throughout its existence it was represented by two Members of Parliament in the House of Commons . The constituency consisted of the market town of Boroughbridge in the parish of Aldborough ( which was also a borough with two MPs of its own ) . By 1831 it contained only 154 houses , and had a population of 947 . Boroughbridge was a burgage borough , meaning that the right to vote was vested in the tenants of certain specified properties , of which there seem to have been about 65 by the time the borough was abolished . Since these properties could be freely bought and sold , the effective power of election rested with whoever owned the majority of the burgages ( who , if necessary , could simply assign the tenancies to reliable placemen shortly before an election ) . For more than a century before the Reform Act , Boroughbridge was owned by the Dukes of Newcastle , who controlled around fifteen seats across the country ; however , in the 1790s , they sold one of the seats for £4,000 to the banker Thomas Coutts , who used it to put his son-in-law , Francis Burdett , into Parliament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Yorkshire was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1290 , then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832 . It was represented by two Members of Parliament , traditionally known as Knights of the Shire , until 1826 , when the county benefited from the disfranchisement of Grampound by taking an additional two members . The constituency was split into its three historic ridings , for Parliamentary purposes , under the Reform Act 1832 . Each riding returned two MPs . The county was then represented by the Yorkshire East Riding , Yorkshire North Riding and Yorkshire West Riding constituencies .'}]}, {'value': 'Scottish peer so able to sit in English parliament . Governor of Kingston upon Hull ( 1643-44 ) , Governor of York ( 1644 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Onslow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Onslow_(parliamentarian)', 'summary': "Sir Richard Onslow ( 1601 - 19 May 1664 ) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1628 and 1664 . He fought on the Parliamentary side during the English Civil War . He was the grandson of one Speaker of the House of Commons and the grandfather of another , both also called Richard Onslow . Onslow was the son of Sir Edward Onslow of Knowle , Cranleigh and his wife Isabel Shirley , daughter of Sir Thomas Shirley of Wiston , Sussex . He was baptised on 30 July 1601 . He was educated at Jesus College , Cambridge in 1617 and at Lincoln 's Inn in 1618 . He was knighted on 2 June 1624 . In 1628 he was elected Member of Parliament for Surrey , and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years . He was also elected MP for Surrey in April 1640 for the Short Parliament and in November 1640 for the Long Parliament . When the Civil War broke out in 1642 , he raised a regiment for Parliament , and in 1644 led his men at the siege of Basing House . Being of moderate views , he was one of the members excluded from Parliament in Pride 's Purge in December 1648 . In 1654 he was elected again MP for Surrey in the First Protectorate Parliament ."}]}, {'value': '1601', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1664 ( allegedly struck by lightning )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surrey ( 1628-29 , 1640-48 , 1654 , 1656-57 ) , Guildford ( 1660-death )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surrey_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Surrey was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832 . It was represented by two Members of Parliament until 1832 . The constituency was split into two two-member divisions , for Parliamentary purposes , in 1832 . The county was then represented by the East Surrey and West Surrey constituencies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guildford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Guildford is a constituency [ n 1 ] in Surrey represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Angela Richardson , a Conservative . [ n 2 ]'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Robinson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1608', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1665 ( gored by pet bull )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helston ( 1660-death )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Helston , sometimes known as Helleston , was a parliamentary borough centred on the small town of Helston in Cornwall . Using the bloc vote system of election , it returned two Members of Parliament ( MPs ) to the House of Commons of England until 1707 , then to House of Commons of Great Britain until 1800 , and to House of Commons of the United Kingdom until the 1832 general election . The Reform Act 1832 reduced its representation to one member , elected by the first-past-the-post system . Under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 , it was abolished with effect from the 1885 general election .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Brooke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Brooke_(died_1669)', 'summary': 'Sir Robert Brooke ( 1637 - 5 June 1669 ) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1669 . Brooke was the second surviving son of Sir Robert Brooke ( died 1646 ) of Cockfield Hall and his wife Elizabeth , daughter of Thomas Colepeper of Wigsell , Sussex . He was educated privately under Daniel Milles . In 1659 he became JP . for Suffolk and in 1659 became a commissioner for the militia . In April 1660 , he was elected Member of Parliament for Aldeburgh in the Convention Parliament . He also became lieutenant colonel of the Suffolk Militia in April 1660 . He was knighted on 9 June 1660 for his services to the Restoration . In July 1660 he became commissioner for oyer and terminer for Middlesex , and in August 1660 became commissioner for assessment for Suffolk . Brooke was re-elected MP for Aldeburgh in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament where he was very active . In 1661 he became commissioner for assessment for Aldeburgh and in 1662 became a JP for Essex and one of the Six Clerks in Chancery . He became commissioner for assessment for Essex in 1663 .'}]}, {'value': '1637', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1669 ( drowned bathing in the Rhone in Avignon , France )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhone', 'summary': 'The Rhône ( /roʊn/ ROHN , French : [ ʁon ] ( listen ) ; German : Rhone [ ˈroːnə ] ( listen ) ; Walser : Rotten [ ˈrotən ] ; Italian : Rodano [ ˈrɔːdano ] ; Spanish : Ródano [ ˈroːdano ] ; Arpitan : Rôno [ ˈʁono ] ; Occitan : Ròse [ ˈrɔze , ˈʀɔze ] ) is one of the major rivers of Europe and has twice the average discharge of the Loire ( which is the longest French river ) , rising in the Rhône Glacier in the Swiss Alps at the far eastern end of the Swiss canton of Valais , passing through Lake Geneva and running through southeastern France . At Arles , near its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea , the river divides into two branches , known as the Great Rhône ( French : le Grand Rhône ) and the Little Rhône ( le Petit Rhône ) . The resulting delta constitutes the Camargue region .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Avignon', 'summary': "Avignon ( UK : /ˈævɪnjɒ̃/ , US : /ˌævɪnˈjoʊn/ , French : [ aviɲɔ̃ ] ( listen ) ; Provençal : Avinhon ( Classical norm ) or Avignoun ( Mistralian norm ) [ aviˈɲun ] ; Latin : Avenio ) is a commune in south-eastern France in the department of Vaucluse on the left bank of the Rhône river . Of the 90,194 inhabitants of the city ( as of 2011 [ update ] ) , about 12,000 live in the ancient town centre enclosed by its medieval ramparts . Between 1309 and 1377 , during the Avignon Papacy , seven successive popes resided in Avignon and in 1348 Pope Clement VI bought the town from Joanna I of Naples . Papal control persisted until 1791 when , during the French Revolution , it became part of France . The town is now the capital of the Vaucluse department and one of the few French cities to have preserved its ramparts . The historic centre , which includes the Palais des Papes , the cathedral , and the Pont d'Avignon , became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 . The medieval monuments and the annual Festival d'Avignon have helped to make the town a major centre for tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'Aldeburgh ( 1660-death )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aldeburgh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Aldeburgh in Suffolk , was a parliamentary borough represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and its predecessor bodies .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Marten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Marten_(regicide)', 'summary': 'Henry Marten ( 1602 - 9 September 1680 ) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons in two periods between 1640 and 1653 . He was an ardent republican and a regicide of King Charles I of England .'}]}, {'value': '1602', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1680 ( choked on supper in prison )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berkshire ( 1640-43 , 1646-53 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Berkshire was a parliamentary constituency in England , represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of England until 1707 , then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885 . The county returned two knights of the shire until 1832 and three between 1832 and 1885 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edmund Waring', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'c. 1620', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1682 ( drowned in pond after drinking )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgnorth ( 1656 , 1658 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgnorth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Bridgnorth was a parliamentary borough in Shropshire which was represented in the House of Commons of England from 1295 until 1707 , then in the House of Commons of Great Britain until 1800 , and in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 until its abolition in 1885 . It was represented by two burgesses until 1868 , when it was reduced to one Member of Parliament ( MP ) .'}]}, {'value': 'High Sheriff of Shropshire ( 1657-59 ) , Governor of Shrewsbury ( 1659-60 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Shropshire', 'summary': 'This is a list of sheriffs and high sheriffs of Shropshire The sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown . Formerly the high sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct so that its functions are now largely ceremonial . From 1204 to 1344 the Sheriff of Staffordshire served also as the Sheriff of Shropshire . Under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972 , on 1 April 1974 the office previously known as sheriff was retitled high sheriff . The high sheriff changes every March .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shrewsbury', 'summary': "Shrewsbury ( /ˈʃroʊzbri/ ( listen ) SHROHZ-bree , /ˈʃruːz-/ ( listen ) SHROOZ- ) is a large market town and the county town of Shropshire , England . The town is on the River Severn and the 2011 census recorded a population of 71,715 . The town centre has a largely-unspoilt medieval street plan and over 660 listed buildings , including several examples of timber framing from the 15th and 16th centuries . Shrewsbury Castle , a red sandstone fortification , and Shrewsbury Abbey , a former Benedictine monastery , were founded in 1074 and 1083 respectively by the Norman Earl of Shrewsbury , Roger de Montgomery . The town is the birthplace of Charles Darwin and is where he spent 27 years of his life . Located 9 miles ( 14 km ) east of the Welsh border , Shrewsbury serves as the commercial centre for Shropshire and mid-Wales , with a retail output of over £299 million per year and light industry and distribution centres , such as Battlefield Enterprise Park , on the outskirts . The A5 and A49 trunk roads come together as the town 's by-pass , and five railway lines meet at Shrewsbury railway station . The town is located 150 miles ( 240 km ) north-west of London ."}]}, {'value': 'The Marquess of Worcester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Worcester', 'summary': "Duke of Beaufort , a title in the Peerage of England , was created by Charles II in 1682 for Henry Somerset , 3rd Marquess of Worcester , a descendant of Charles Somerset , 1st Earl of Worcester , legitimized son of Henry Beaufort , 3rd Duke of Somerset , a Lancastrian leader in the Wars of the Roses . The name Beaufort refers to a castle in Champagne , France ( now Montmorency-Beaufort ) . It is the only current dukedom to take its name from a place outside the British Isles . [ citation needed ] The Dukes of Beaufort descend in the male line from the House of Plantagenet through John of Gaunt , son of Edward III . This statement was challenged after the analysis of the Y chromosomal DNA of the remains of Richard III . Most living male heirs of the 5th Duke of Beaufort were found to carry a relatively common Y chromosome type , which is different from the rare lineage found in Richard III 's remains . The instance of false paternity could have occurred anywhere in the numerous generations separating Richard III from the 5th Duke of Beaufort . The break also could have occurred with Richard III 's grandfather Richard of Conisburgh , whose paternity has been called into question although he was acknowledged by his father . The Beaufort Castle was in possession of John of Gaunt , and the surname Beaufort was given to Gaunt 's four legitimised children by his mistress and third wife , Katherine Swynford . This was the foundation of the House of Beaufort , Dukes of Somerset . A descendant of the Beauforts through his mother was Henry VII of England . Charles Somerset , 1st Earl of Worcester , KG ( c. 1460 - 15 March 1526 ) , was the bastard son of Henry Beaufort , 3rd Duke of Somerset by his mistress Joan Hill ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Somerset , styled Lord Herbert of Raglan to 1682 , Marquess of Worcester from 1682', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Somerset,_Marquess_of_Worcester', 'summary': 'Charles Somerset , Marquess of Worcester ( 25 December 1660 - 13 July 1698 ) was an English nobleman and politician . He was the eldest surviving son of Henry Somerset , 1st Duke of Beaufort and Mary Capell , and was styled Lord Herbert of Raglan from 1667 until 1682 and Marquess of Worcester thereafter . He attended Christ Church , Oxford University , matriculated in 1677 and was awarded an MA in 1682 .'}]}, {'value': '1660', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1698 ( coach accident )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monmouth ( 1679-80 ) . Gloucester ( 1681-85 ) , Monmouthshire ( 1685-87 and 1689-95 ) , Gloucestershire ( 1685-89 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Monmouth ( Welsh : Sir Fynwy ) is a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( at Westminster ) . The seat was created for the 1918 general election . Since 2005 the MP has been David Davies of the Conservative Party . The Monmouth Welsh Assembly constituency , created in 1999 , has normally the same boundaries as the Westminster constituency . These cover a large area , omitting the mainly urban areas of Blaenau Gwent in the west and Newport , Wales in the south .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gloucester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Gloucester /ˈɡlɒstər/ ( listen ) is a constituency [ n 1 ] centred on the cathedral city and county town of the same name , represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament [ n 2 ] by Richard Graham of the Conservative Party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Monmouthshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'Monmouthshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of Parliament of England from 1536 until 1707 , of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1801 , and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885 . It elected two Members of Parliament ( MPs ) . In 1885 the Monmouthshire constituency was divided to create North Monmouthshire , South Monmouthshire and West Monmouthshire .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gloucestershire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)', 'summary': 'The constituency of Gloucestershire was a UK Parliamentary constituency . After it was abolished under the 1832 Electoral Reform Act , two new constituencies , West Gloucestershire and East Gloucestershire , were created . Gloucestershire was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England , then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832 . It was represented by two Knights of the Shire .'}]}, {'value': 'Eldest son of Henry Somerset , 3rd Marquess of Worcester , hence titled Lord Herbert of Raglan , until 1682 when his father was created Duke of Beaufort , when the Marquessate of Worcester became courtesy title of eldest son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_1st_Duke_of_Beaufort', 'summary': 'Henry Somerset , 1st Duke of Beaufort , KG , PC ( 1629 - 21 January 1700 ) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1654 and 1667 , when he succeeded his father as 3rd Marquess of Worcester . He was styled Lord Herbert from 1644 until 3 April 1667 . The Dukedom of Beaufort was bestowed upon him by King Charles II in 1682 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Members of Parliament who have been accidentally killed', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Records_of_members_of_parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_6', 'intro': 'This article about records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom and of England includes a variety of lists of MPs by age, period and other circumstances of service, familiar sets, ethnic or religious minorities, physical attributes, and circumstances of their deaths.'}
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When was the man killed by a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply born ?
1 March 1566
0aec74da11ec3314
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_(medalists)', 'title': 'England at the 2010 Commonwealth Games (medalists)', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liam Tancock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liam_Tancock', 'summary': 'Liam John Tancock ( born 7 May 1985 ) is an English former competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain in the Olympics , FINA world championships , and European championships , and England in the Commonwealth Games . He specialised in backstroke and individual medley events . He is a three-time world champion and a four-time Commonwealth Games gold medallist , and held the world record in the 50-metre backstroke ( long course ) for almost a decade .'}]}, {'value': 'Aquatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The aquatics events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex , Talkatora Gardens , Delhi from 4-13 October 2010 . Events in the aquatic disciplines of swimming ( long course ) , and diving were contested , with 46 sets of medals being competed for in total .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 m backstroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_50_metre_backstroke", 'summary': "The Men 's 50 metre backstroke event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 4 and 5 2010 , at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex . Four heats were held , with most containing the maximum number of swimmers ( eight ) . The top sixteen times qualified for the semi-finals and , the top eight from there qualified for the finals ."}]}, {'value': '5 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francesca Halsall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francesca_Halsall', 'summary': "Francesca Jean Halsall ( born 12 April 1990 ) is a retired English competitive swimmer who has represented Great Britain at the Olympics , FINA world championships , and European championships , and England at the Commonwealth Games . She competed primarily in freestyle and butterfly events . Halsall was the youngest member of the Team England swim squad at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne , where she won silver medals in the 4×100-metre freestyle and 4×100-metre medley relays . She was a member of the European Aquatics Championships 4×100-metre medley relay team that took gold in August 2006 and successfully defended their title in August 2008 in Eindhoven . Halsall won five medals at the 2010 European Championships in Budapest , 2 Golds , 2 Silvers and a Bronze and was a member of the 4x100-metre medley relay team that successfully defended their title for a second time . In winning five medals , she became the most successful British swimmer ever at a single championships . At the 2010 Commonwealth Games in New Delhi , India , Halsall won a gold medal , with a national record of 26.19 seconds , in the 50-metre butterfly , beating the favoured Australians . In the 100-metre freestyle Halsall was expected to win easily but a bout of illness ( Delhi Belly ) left her pale and weak and she had to be content with the bronze medal . Just 20 minutes later and despite being almost unable to stand up she returned for the 100-metre butterfly semi finals but failed to make the final . Later in the Games Halsall recovered enough to win 3 more silver medals in the women 's 50-metre freestyle and as part of the 4x100-metre freestyle and 4x100-metre medley relay teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Aquatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The aquatics events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex , Talkatora Gardens , Delhi from 4-13 October 2010 . Events in the aquatic disciplines of swimming ( long course ) , and diving were contested , with 46 sets of medals being competed for in total .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 50 m butterfly", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_50_metre_butterfly", 'summary': "The Women 's 50 metre butterfly event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 4 and 5 2010 , at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex . Four heats were held , with most containing the maximum number of swimmers ( eight ) . The top sixteen times qualified for the semi-finals and , the top eight from there qualified for the finals ."}]}, {'value': '5 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myroslav Dykun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myroslav_Dykun', 'summary': 'Myroslav Dykun ( born 24 October 1982 in Ukraine ) is a Ukrainian born British amateur wrestler in the Greco-Roman and freestyle disciplines , most notable for his gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth Games . Dykun moved to England in 2003 . He switched from freestyle to Greco-Roman in early 2010 after winning two British titles in the former discipline . In 2012 Dykun tested positive in a drugs test and was given a two-year ban .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The Wrestling events for the 2010 Commonwealth Games were held on Indira Gandhi Arena from 5 to 10 October 2010 . Unlike other major wrestling events only one bronze medal was awarded per event .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Greco-Roman 66 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_Greco-Roman_66_kg", 'summary': "Men 's Greco-Roman 66 kg competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in New Delhi , India , was held on October 6 at the Indira Gandhi Arena ."}]}, {'value': '6 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luke Folwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Folwell', 'summary': 'Luke Folwell ( born 15 May 1987 ) is an English gymnast from Northampton . In October 2010 he won five medals for England in the gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games to become the most successful British gymnast in a single Games in Commonwealth Games history . His feat was matched by Max Whitlock in 2014 , and Nile Wilson in 2018 , and bettered by Welsh rhythmic gymnast Francesca Jones in 2014 who won 6 medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The Gymnastics event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at Indira Gandhi Arena .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's artistic individual all-around", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_artistic_individual_all-around", 'summary': "The Men 's artistic individual all-around event took place on October 6 , 2010 at the Indira Gandhi Arena ."}]}, {'value': '6 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steven Scott & Stevan Walton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steven_Scott', 'summary': 'Steven Steve Scott ( born 10 January 1985 ) is a British shooter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stevan_Walton', 'summary': "Stevan Walton ( born 23 April 1985 in Bromsgrove ) is a shooter from Redditch who won a gold medal in Commonwealth Games held from 3-14 October 2010 in Delhi , India . He won , with Steven Scott , the men 's double trap pairs event on 6 October 2010 . Walton was introduced to shooting due to his godfather owning a shooting ground . From here he participated in county shooting and then advanced to national shooting ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The Shooting events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range from 5 to 13 October 2010 . The Full Bore events were held at the CRPF Campus ( Kadarpur ) from 9 to 13 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's double trap pairs", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_double_trap_pairs", 'summary': "The Men 's double trap pairs event of the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 6 , 2010 at the CRPF Campus ."}]}, {'value': '6 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Goddard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Goddard', 'summary': 'James Francis Goddard ( born 30 March 1983 ) is a Seychelles-born British competitive swimmer and backstroker who represented Great Britain in the Olympics , FINA world championships and European championships , and swam for England in the Commonwealth Games . He also represented 7R in the Ring of Death'}]}, {'value': 'Aquatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The aquatics events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex , Talkatora Gardens , Delhi from 4-13 October 2010 . Events in the aquatic disciplines of swimming ( long course ) , and diving were contested , with 46 sets of medals being competed for in total .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m backstroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_200_metre_backstroke", 'summary': "The Men 's 200 metre backstroke event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 6 , 2010 , at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex . Three heats were held , with most containing the maximum number of swimmers ( eight ) . The heat in which a swimmer competed did not formally matter for advancement , as the swimmers with the top eight times from the entire field qualified for the finals ."}]}, {'value': '6 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rebecca Adlington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rebecca_Adlington', 'summary': "Rebecca Adlington OBE ( born 17 February 1989 ) is a British former competitive swimmer who specialised in freestyle events in international competition . She won two gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 400-metre freestyle and 800-metre freestyle , breaking the 19-year-old world record of Janet Evans in the 800-metre final . Adlington was Britain 's first Olympic swimming champion since 1988 , and the first British swimmer to win two Olympic gold medals since 1908 . After winning her first World Championship gold over 800 metres in 2011 , along with silver in the 400 metres at the same meet , she won bronze medals in both the women 's 400-metre and 800-metre freestyle events in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . On 5 February 2013 , Adlington retired from all competitive swimming , at the age of 23 . Since retiring as a competitor , she has worked for BBC TV as a swimming pundit at the Olympic Games and World Aquatics Championships , and made various other media appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'Aquatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The aquatics events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex , Talkatora Gardens , Delhi from 4-13 October 2010 . Events in the aquatic disciplines of swimming ( long course ) , and diving were contested , with 46 sets of medals being competed for in total .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 800 m freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_800_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The Women 's 800 metre freestyle event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 6 and 7 , 2010 , at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex . Two heats were held . The heat in which a swimmer competed did not formally matter for advancement , as the swimmers with the top eight times from the entire field qualified for the finals ."}]}, {'value': '7 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England Danielle Brown , Nicky Hunt & Nichola Simpson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danielle_Brown', 'summary': "Danielle Brown MBE ( born 10 April 1988 ) is a British competitive archer . She has competed in the Paralympic Games winning gold medals in Beijing and London and has also won medals shooting in the able bodied category including the Commonwealth Games . Brown is a keynote speaker , and her published work include the children 's self development book Be Your Best Self . She was born in Steeton , North Yorkshire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nicky_Hunt_(archer)', 'summary': "Nicola Jane Nicky Hunt ( born 29 January 1985 in Stevenage ) is a British archer . She competes in compound archery and in 2010 reached 1st position in the FITA world rankings . In partnership with Nichola Simpson and Danielle Brown she helped the English team win the women 's compound team event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi then added the individual gold medal a day later . She has won rounds of the FITA Archery World Cup in 2009 ( Porec ) and 2010 ( Shanghai ) . Hunt is a member of Deben Archery Club ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nichola_Simpson', 'summary': 'Nichola Simpson ( born 10 October 1956 ) is an athlete from Oxford , Great Britain . She competes in compound archery , and has reached a career high of 4th in the FITA world rankings ( 23 August 2008 ) . Simpson is a member of Oxford Archers , and is coached by her husband Ian Simpson .'}]}, {'value': 'Archery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archery_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The archery competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Yamuna Sports Complex between 4 and 10 October . This was the second games appearance of the optional Commonwealth Games sport , almost thirty years after its debut at the 1982 Commonwealth Games . Twenty-three nations entered archers into the tournament .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's compound team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Archery_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_compound_team", 'summary': "The Women 's compound team event took place on October 7 , 2010 at the Yamuna Sports Complex ."}]}, {'value': '7 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England Duncan Busby , Liam Grimwood & Christopher White', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duncan_Busby', 'summary': "Duncan Busby ( born 17 December 1983 ) in Heswall , Wirral is an English archer . Busby won two gold medals for England at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in the men 's compound team event and in the individual men 's compound and the Individual Gold at the same event ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Liam_Grimwood', 'summary': 'Liam Grimwood is an English archer who won a gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_White_(archer)', 'summary': 'Christopher Chris White ( born 11 March 1979 ) is a British archer who won the 2002 IFAA & 2004 FITA World Field Championships as well as the 2009 European championship . In 2010 , he won the gold & silver medal in the team & individual compound archery event in the 2010 Commonwealth Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Archery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archery_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The archery competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Yamuna Sports Complex between 4 and 10 October . This was the second games appearance of the optional Commonwealth Games sport , almost thirty years after its debut at the 1982 Commonwealth Games . Twenty-three nations entered archers into the tournament .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's compound team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Archery_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_compound_team", 'summary': "The Men 's compound team event took place on October 7 , 2010 at the Yamuna Sports Complex ."}]}, {'value': '7 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imogen Cairns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imogen_Cairns', 'summary': 'Imogen Cairns ( born 26 January 1989 ) is a British former artistic gymnast who competed at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The Gymnastics event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at Indira Gandhi Arena .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's vault", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_vault", 'summary': "The Women 's vault event took place on October 7 , 2010 at the Indira Gandhi Arena ."}]}, {'value': '7 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stevan Walton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stevan_Walton', 'summary': "Stevan Walton ( born 23 April 1985 in Bromsgrove ) is a shooter from Redditch who won a gold medal in Commonwealth Games held from 3-14 October 2010 in Delhi , India . He won , with Steven Scott , the men 's double trap pairs event on 6 October 2010 . Walton was introduced to shooting due to his godfather owning a shooting ground . From here he participated in county shooting and then advanced to national shooting ."}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The Shooting events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range from 5 to 13 October 2010 . The Full Bore events were held at the CRPF Campus ( Kadarpur ) from 9 to 13 October 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's double trap singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_double_trap_singles", 'summary': "The Men 's double trap singles event took place on October 7 , 2010 at the CRPF Campus ."}]}, {'value': '7 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katrina Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katrina_Hart', 'summary': "Katrina Hart ( born 17 May 1990 ) is an English athlete who won a gold medal for England at the 2010 Commonwealth Games competing in women 's 100 m T37 ( athletes with cerebral palsy ) . She had competed at the 2008 Paralympics but was forced to withdraw through injury , and has won multiple medals at the IPC Athletics World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The athletics competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held in New Delhi , India between 6 and 14 October . The track and field events took place between 6-12 October at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium while the marathon contests were held on a street course running through the city on 14 October . A total of 46 athletics events were contested , which made it the sport with the second greatest number of medals on offer after the aquatics competition . The programme was almost identical to that of the 2006 edition , with the sole exception being the men 's 50 km race walk , which was dropped . As in 2006 , three men 's and three women 's disability athletics events were contested alongside the open competition . Each of the Commonwealth Games Associations could send a maximum of three participants per event and a team of six for relay events . Kenya topped the medal table , with eleven gold medals and 29 medals in total . This was the first time that the nation achieved the feat , beating the typically dominant nations Australia ( eleven golds , but 20 overall ) and England ( seven golds , 26 medals ) . Canada and Jamaica rounded out the top five while hosts India enjoyed their greatest ever haul at the Games , taking home two golds and eleven medals altogether . Four failed doping tests have so far been announced : Nigerian Oludamola Osayomi was stripped of the women 's 100 m title , and her compatriot Samuel Okon , a 110 m hurdler , was also disqualified . Both athletes tested positive for methylhexanamine . Rani Yadav , India 's representative in the women 's 20 km walk , was the third athlete to fail a test as 19-Norandrosterone was detected in her sample ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 100 m ( T37 )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_100_metres_(T37)", 'summary': "The Women 's 100 metres ( T37 ) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on Thursday 7 October 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '7 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liam Tancock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liam_Tancock', 'summary': 'Liam John Tancock ( born 7 May 1985 ) is an English former competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain in the Olympics , FINA world championships , and European championships , and England in the Commonwealth Games . He specialised in backstroke and individual medley events . He is a three-time world champion and a four-time Commonwealth Games gold medallist , and held the world record in the 50-metre backstroke ( long course ) for almost a decade .'}]}, {'value': 'Aquatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The aquatics events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex , Talkatora Gardens , Delhi from 4-13 October 2010 . Events in the aquatic disciplines of swimming ( long course ) , and diving were contested , with 46 sets of medals being competed for in total .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100 m backstroke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_100_metre_backstroke", 'summary': "The Men 's 100 metre backstroke event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 7 and 8 2010 , at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex . Five heats were held , with most containing the maximum number of swimmers ( eight ) . The top sixteen advanced to the semifinals and the top eight from there qualified for the finals ."}]}, {'value': '8 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rebecca Adlington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rebecca_Adlington', 'summary': "Rebecca Adlington OBE ( born 17 February 1989 ) is a British former competitive swimmer who specialised in freestyle events in international competition . She won two gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 400-metre freestyle and 800-metre freestyle , breaking the 19-year-old world record of Janet Evans in the 800-metre final . Adlington was Britain 's first Olympic swimming champion since 1988 , and the first British swimmer to win two Olympic gold medals since 1908 . After winning her first World Championship gold over 800 metres in 2011 , along with silver in the 400 metres at the same meet , she won bronze medals in both the women 's 400-metre and 800-metre freestyle events in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . On 5 February 2013 , Adlington retired from all competitive swimming , at the age of 23 . Since retiring as a competitor , she has worked for BBC TV as a swimming pundit at the Olympic Games and World Aquatics Championships , and made various other media appearances ."}]}, {'value': 'Aquatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The aquatics events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex , Talkatora Gardens , Delhi from 4-13 October 2010 . Events in the aquatic disciplines of swimming ( long course ) , and diving were contested , with 46 sets of medals being competed for in total .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 400 m freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_400_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The Women 's 400 metre freestyle event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 8 , 2010 , at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex . Three heats were held , with most containing the maximum number of swimmers ( eight ) . The heat in which a swimmer competed did not formally matter for advancement , as the swimmers with the top eight times from the entire field qualified for the finals ."}]}, {'value': '8 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Goddard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Goddard', 'summary': 'James Francis Goddard ( born 30 March 1983 ) is a Seychelles-born British competitive swimmer and backstroker who represented Great Britain in the Olympics , FINA world championships and European championships , and swam for England in the Commonwealth Games . He also represented 7R in the Ring of Death'}]}, {'value': 'Aquatics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The aquatics events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex , Talkatora Gardens , Delhi from 4-13 October 2010 . Events in the aquatic disciplines of swimming ( long course ) , and diving were contested , with 46 sets of medals being competed for in total .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200 m individual medley", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_200_metre_individual_medley", 'summary': "The Men 's 200 metre individual medley event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games took place on October 8 , 2010 , at the SPM Swimming Pool Complex . Three heats were held , with most containing the maximum number of swimmers ( eight ) . The top eight from there qualified for the finals ."}]}, {'value': '8 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Turner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Turner_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Andrew Steven Andy Turner ( born 19 September 1980 ) is an English bodybuilder and retired track and field athlete who specialised in the 110 metres hurdles and occasionally competed in the 100 and 200 metres sprints as well as long jump . At the 110 m hurdles , he is the 2013 World Championship bronze medallist , the 2010 European Champion and the 2010 Commonwealth Champion . Also in 2010 , he broke the automatically timed world record in the 200 metres hurdles . He was coached by Lloyd Cowan .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The athletics competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held in New Delhi , India between 6 and 14 October . The track and field events took place between 6-12 October at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium while the marathon contests were held on a street course running through the city on 14 October . A total of 46 athletics events were contested , which made it the sport with the second greatest number of medals on offer after the aquatics competition . The programme was almost identical to that of the 2006 edition , with the sole exception being the men 's 50 km race walk , which was dropped . As in 2006 , three men 's and three women 's disability athletics events were contested alongside the open competition . Each of the Commonwealth Games Associations could send a maximum of three participants per event and a team of six for relay events . Kenya topped the medal table , with eleven gold medals and 29 medals in total . This was the first time that the nation achieved the feat , beating the typically dominant nations Australia ( eleven golds , but 20 overall ) and England ( seven golds , 26 medals ) . Canada and Jamaica rounded out the top five while hosts India enjoyed their greatest ever haul at the Games , taking home two golds and eleven medals altogether . Four failed doping tests have so far been announced : Nigerian Oludamola Osayomi was stripped of the women 's 100 m title , and her compatriot Samuel Okon , a 110 m hurdler , was also disqualified . Both athletes tested positive for methylhexanamine . Rani Yadav , India 's representative in the women 's 20 km walk , was the third athlete to fail a test as 19-Norandrosterone was detected in her sample ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 110 m hurdles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_110_metres_hurdles", 'summary': "The Men 's 110 metres hurdles at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium on Friday 8 October 2010 . The top three runners in each of the initial two heats automatically qualified for the final alongside the two fastest athletes ."}]}, {'value': '8 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luke Folwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luke_Folwell', 'summary': 'Luke Folwell ( born 15 May 1987 ) is an English gymnast from Northampton . In October 2010 he won five medals for England in the gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games to become the most successful British gymnast in a single Games in Commonwealth Games history . His feat was matched by Max Whitlock in 2014 , and Nile Wilson in 2018 , and bettered by Welsh rhythmic gymnast Francesca Jones in 2014 who won 6 medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The Gymnastics event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at Indira Gandhi Arena .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's vault", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_vault", 'summary': "The Men 's vault event took place on October 8 , 2010 at the Indira Gandhi Arena ."}]}, {'value': '8 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imogen Cairns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imogen_Cairns', 'summary': 'Imogen Cairns ( born 26 January 1989 ) is a British former artistic gymnast who competed at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'The Gymnastics event at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at Indira Gandhi Arena .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's floor", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_floor", 'summary': "The Women 's floor event took place on October 8 , 2010 at the Indira Gandhi Arena ."}]}, {'value': '8 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Matthew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Matthew', 'summary': "Nicholas Matthew OBE ( born 25 July 1980 in Sheffield ) is a former English professional squash player who has won the two most prestigious tournaments in the professional game , the British Open and the World Open , three times each . He reached a career-high world ranking of World No . 1 in June 2010 . His home club is Hallamshire Tennis and Squash Club in Sheffield which has named 'The Nick Matthew Showcourt ' after him . He married Esme Taylor , a sports physiologist who has worked with British Cycling , in 2013 and the couple celebrated the birth of their first child Charlotte Rose on 9 September 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Squash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Squash_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': 'Squash at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Siri Fort Sports Complex from 4 to 13 October 2010 . The training venue for the participants was Siri Fort Sports Complex - 3 . Every CGA has been allowed to send a maximum of 8 players , 4 male and 4 female , for this event .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Squash_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Men's_singles", 'summary': 'The Squash at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Siri Fort Sports Complex , New Delhi . Singles play took place from 4 October . Nick Matthew defeated James Willstrop 11-6 , 11-7 , 11-7 in 66 minutes to win the gold medal .'}]}, {'value': '8 October', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jo Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johanna_Jackson', 'summary': "Johanna Jackson ( born 17 January 1985 ) is a British race walker , and Commonwealth champion from New Marske in Redcar and Cleveland . Johanna is also related to young runner Luke Jackson from Redcar . Johanna 's mother Maureen Jackson is a professional sporting coach , she also coached Johanna and supported her throughout her Olympic journey ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games', 'summary': "The athletics competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held in New Delhi , India between 6 and 14 October . The track and field events took place between 6-12 October at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium while the marathon contests were held on a street course running through the city on 14 October . A total of 46 athletics events were contested , which made it the sport with the second greatest number of medals on offer after the aquatics competition . The programme was almost identical to that of the 2006 edition , with the sole exception being the men 's 50 km race walk , which was dropped . As in 2006 , three men 's and three women 's disability athletics events were contested alongside the open competition . Each of the Commonwealth Games Associations could send a maximum of three participants per event and a team of six for relay events . Kenya topped the medal table , with eleven gold medals and 29 medals in total . This was the first time that the nation achieved the feat , beating the typically dominant nations Australia ( eleven golds , but 20 overall ) and England ( seven golds , 26 medals ) . Canada and Jamaica rounded out the top five while hosts India enjoyed their greatest ever haul at the Games , taking home two golds and eleven medals altogether . Four failed doping tests have so far been announced : Nigerian Oludamola Osayomi was stripped of the women 's 100 m title , and her compatriot Samuel Okon , a 110 m hurdler , was also disqualified . Both athletes tested positive for methylhexanamine . Rani Yadav , India 's representative in the women 's 20 km walk , was the third athlete to fail a test as 19-Norandrosterone was detected in her sample ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 20 km race walk", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_–_Women's_20_kilometres_walk", 'summary': "The Women 's 20 kilometres walk at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme was held on Saturday 9 October 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '8 October', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'England_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games_(medalists)_0', 'intro': "England was represented at the 2010 Commonwealth Games by Commonwealth Games England. The country went by the abbreviation ENG, will use the Cross of St George as its flag and Jerusalem as its victory anthem. It had previously used Land of Hope and Glory as its anthem at the Commonwealth Games, but decided to change following an internet poll. England's delegation is notable for including two Paralympic champions, who qualified to compete in Delhi against fully able-bodied athletes: Danielle Brown, who won a gold medal in archery at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, and Sarah Storey, who won two gold medals in cycling in 2008. They are the first English athletes with disabilities ever to compete in able-bodied events at the Commonwealth Games."}
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What is the name of the first born child of the squash player ?
Charlotte Rose
0aed1ec871396ca8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)', 'title': 'M*A*S*H (TV series)', 'header': ['Character', 'Actor/actress', 'Rank', 'Role', 'Appearances'], 'data': [{'value': 'Benjamin Franklin Hawkeye Pierce', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alan Alda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Alda', 'summary': "Alan Alda ( /ˈɑːldə/ ; born Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo ; January 28 , 1936 ) is an American actor , director , screenwriter , comedian , and author . A six-time Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award winner , he played Hawkeye Pierce in the war television series M*A*S*H ( 1972-1983 ) . He has had recurring roles on television programs such as The West Wing , and 30 Rock , and has appeared in films such as Same Time , Next Year ( 1978 ) , The Four Seasons ( 1981 ) , Crimes and Misdemeanors ( 1989 ) , Flirting With Disaster ( 1996 ) , Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) , and Marriage Story ( 2019 ) . In 2004 , Alda was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in The Aviator . He is also known as Uncle Pete in Louis C.K . 's Peabody Award winning tragicomedy web series Horace and Pete ."}]}, {'value': 'Captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'Chief surgeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surgery', 'summary': "Surgery [ a ] is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury , to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas . The act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure , operation , or simply surgery . In this context , the verb operate means to perform surgery . The adjective surgical means pertaining to surgery ; e.g . surgical instruments or surgical nurse . The person or subject on which the surgery is performed can be a person or an animal . A surgeon is a person who practices surgery and a surgeon 's assistant is a person who practices surgical assistance . A surgical team is made up of surgeon , surgeon 's assistant , anaesthetist , circulating nurse and surgical technologist . Surgery usually spans minutes to hours , but it is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment . The term surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed , or , in British English , simply the office of a physician , dentist , or veterinarian ."}]}, {'value': '251', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margaret Hot Lips Houlihan Penobscott', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loretta Swit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loretta_Swit', 'summary': 'Loretta Jane Swit ( born November 4 , 1937 ) is an American stage and television actress known for her character roles . Swit is best known for her portrayal of Major Margaret Hot Lips Houlihan on M*A*S*H , for which she won two Emmy Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services . Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services ( Navy and Coast Guard ) , the rank of major is that of a senior officer in the United States Army , the United States Marine Corps , and the United States Air Force . The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4 . The insignia for the rank consists of a golden oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version . Promotion to major is governed by the Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'Head nurse , temporary adjutant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nurse', 'summary': "Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals , families , and communities so they may attain , maintain , or recover optimal health and quality of life . Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care , training , and scope of practice . Nurses practice in many specialties with differing levels of prescription authority . Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians , and this traditional role has shaped the public image of nurses as care providers . However , nurse practitioners are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings . Since the postwar period , nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialized credentials , and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are changing . Nurses develop a plan of care , working collaboratively with physicians , therapists , the patient , the patient 's family , and other team members that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life . In the United States and the United Kingdom , advanced practice nurses , such as clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners , diagnose health problems and prescribe medications and other therapies , depending on individual state regulations . Nurses may help coordinate the patient care performed by other members of a multidisciplinary health care team such as therapists , medical practitioners , and dietitians . Nurses provide care both interdependently , for example , with physicians , and independently as nursing professionals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Adjutant', 'summary': "Adjutant is a military appointment given to an officer who assists the commanding officer with unit administration , mostly the management of human resources in army unit . The term adjudant is used in French-speaking armed forces as a non-commissioned officer rank similar to a staff sergeant or warrant officer but is not equivalent to the role or appointment of an adjutant . An adjutant general is commander of an army 's administrative services ."}]}, {'value': '243', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maxwell Q. Klinger ( Recurring seasons 1-3 , regular 4-11 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamie Farr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Farr', 'summary': 'Jamie Farr ( born Jameel Joseph Farah ; July 1 , 1934 ) is an American television and film comedian and theatre actor . He is known for playing a cross-dressing corporal ( later sergeant ) from Toledo , Ohio , bucking for a Section 8 discharge , in the role of Maxwell Q. Klinger in the CBS television sitcom M*A*S*H .'}]}, {'value': 'Corporal , later sergeant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal', 'summary': "Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations . Within NATO , each member nation 's corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-3 or OR-4 . However , there are often differences in how each nation ( or service in each nation ) employs corporals . Some militaries do n't have corporals , but may instead have a Junior Sergeant . In some militaries , the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers . However , in the United States Army , the rank of corporal is considered a lateral promotion from E-4 Specialist and usually only occurs when the soldier has been selected by a promotion board to become an E-5 Sergeant and is serving in an E-5 billet such as a fireteam leader in a rifle squad . The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldier 's pay . As the Table of Organization & Equipment ( TO & E ) rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant . In the United States Marine Corps , corporal is the Table of Organization ( TO ) rank for a rifle fire team leader , machine gun team leader , light mortar squad leader , and assault weapon squad leader , as well as gunner on most larger crew served weapons ( i.e . medium mortars , heavy machine guns , and anti-tank missiles ) , armored vehicles ( e.g . tanks , light armored vehicles , and armored assault vehicles ) , and the two assistant gunners on a howitzer ( the gunner is a sergeant ) . In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system , corporal is a more senior rank than that of private ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sergeant', 'summary': "Sergeant ( /ˈsɑː ( r ) dʒənt/ SARJ-ənt ; abbreviated to Sgt . and capitalized when used as a named person 's title ) is a rank in many uniformed organizations , principally military and policing forces . The alternative spelling , serjeant , is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry . Its origin is the Latin serviens , 'one who serves ' , through the French term sergent . The term sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or , in the UK Police forces , below an inspector . In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to command of a squad ( or section ) . In Commonwealth armies , it is a more senior rank , corresponding roughly to a platoon second-in-command . In the United States Army , sergeant is a more junior rank corresponding to a four-soldier fireteam leader . More senior non-commissioned ranks are often variations on sergeant , for example staff sergeant , first sergeant , and sergeant major . Many countries use sergeant rank , whether in English or using a cognate with the same origin in another language . The equivalent rank in Arab armies is raqīb ( رقيب ) , meaning 'overseer ' or 'watcher ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Corpsman , later company clerk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corpsman', 'summary': 'A hospital corpsman ( HM /ˈkɔːrmən/ [ or corpsman ] ) is an enlisted medical specialist of the United States Navy , who may also serve in a U.S. Marine Corps unit . The corresponding rating within the United States Coast Guard is health services technician ( HS ) .'}]}, {'value': '219', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Father John Patrick Francis Mulcahy ( recurring seasons 1-4 , regular 5-11 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Morgan ( pilot episode ) , replaced by William Christopher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Christopher', 'summary': 'William Christopher ( October 20 , 1932 - December 31 , 2016 ) was an American actor and comedian , best known for playing Private Lester Hummel on Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C . from 1965 to 1968 and Father Mulcahy on the television series M*A*S*H from 1972 to 1983 and its spinoff AfterMASH from 1983 to 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'First Lieutenant , later captain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Lieutenant', 'summary': 'First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces and , in some forces , an appointment . The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations ( see comparative military ranks ) , but the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior ( first lieutenant ) and junior ( second lieutenant ) rank . The NATO equivalent rank for land force officers is OF-1 rank . In navies , while certain rank insignia may carry the name : lieutenant , the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty , rather than a rank .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army ( USA ) , U.S. Marine Corps ( USMC ) , and U.S. Air Force ( USAF ) , captain ( abbreviated CPT in the USA and Capt in the USMC and USAF ) is a company grade officer rank , with the pay grade of O-3 . It ranks above first lieutenant and below major . It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system . The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars , with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version .'}]}, {'value': 'Chaplain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaplain', 'summary': 'A chaplain is , traditionally , a cleric ( such as a minister , priest , pastor , rabbi , purohit , or imam ) , or a lay representative of a religious tradition , attached to a secular institution such as a hospital , prison , military unit , school , labor union , business , police department , fire department , university , or private chapel . Though originally the word chaplain referred to representatives of the Christian faith , it is now also applied to people of other religions or philosophical traditions , such as the case of chaplains serving with military forces and an increasing number of chaplaincies at U.S. universities . In recent times , many lay people have received professional training in chaplaincy and are now appointed as chaplains in schools , hospitals , companies , universities , prisons and elsewhere to work alongside , or instead of , official members of the clergy . The concepts of a multi-faith team , secular , generic or humanist chaplaincy are also gaining increasing use , particularly within healthcare and educational settings .'}]}, {'value': '218', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trapper John McIntyre ( seasons 1-3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayne Rogers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Rogers', 'summary': "William Wayne McMillan Rogers III ( April 7 , 1933 - December 31 , 2015 ) was an American actor , known for playing the role of Captain Trapper John McIntyre in the CBS television series M*A*S*H. He was a regular panel member on the Fox News Channel stock investment television program Cashin ' In as a result of having built a career as an investor , investment strategist , adviser , and money manager . Rogers also studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City ."}]}, {'value': 'Captain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surgeon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Blake ( seasons 1-3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McLean Stevenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLean_Stevenson', 'summary': 'Edgar McLean Stevenson Jr. ( November 14 , 1927 - February 15 , 1996 ) was an American actor and comedian . He is best known for his role as Lt . Colonel Henry Blake in the television series M*A*S*H , which earned him a Golden Globe Award in 1974 . Stevenson also appeared on a number of television series , notably The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and The Doris Day Show .'}]}, {'value': 'Lieutenant colonel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': 'In the United States Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force , lieutenant colonel is a field-grade military officer rank , just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel . It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5 . In the United States armed forces , the insignia for the rank are a silver oak leaf , with slight stylized differences between the version of the Army and the Air Force and that of the Navy and the Marine Corps . Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act ( DOPMA ) of 1980 , for officers in the Active Component , and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act ( ROPMA ) , for officers in the Reserve Component ( e.g. , Reserve and National Guard ) . DOPMA guidelines suggest that 70 percent of majors be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving at least three years at their present rank and after 15-17 years of cumulative commissioned service .'}]}, {'value': 'Commanding officer , surgeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commanding_officer', 'summary': 'The commanding officer ( CO ) or sometimes , if the incumbent is a general officer , commanding general ( CG ) , is the officer in command of a military unit . The commanding officer has ultimate authority over the unit , and is usually given wide latitude to run the unit as they see fit , within the bounds of military law . In this respect , commanding officers have significant responsibilities ( for example , the use of force , finances , equipment , the Geneva Conventions ) , duties ( to higher authority , mission effectiveness , duty of care to personnel ) , and powers ( for example , discipline and punishment of personnel within certain limits of military law ) . In some countries , commanding officers may be of any commissioned rank . Usually , there are more officers than command positions available , and time spent in command is generally a key aspect of promotion , so the role of commanding officer is highly valued . The commanding officer is often assisted by an executive officer ( XO ) or second-in-command ( 2i/c ) , who handles personnel and day-to-day matters , and a senior enlisted advisor . Larger units may also have staff officers responsible for various responsibilities .'}]}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Burns ( seasons 1-5 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Larry Linville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Linville', 'summary': 'Lawrence Lavon Linville ( September 29 , 1939 - April 10 , 2000 ) was an American actor known for his portrayal of the surgeon Major Frank Burns on the television series M*A*S*H .'}]}, {'value': 'Major , later lieutenant colonel ( off-screen )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surgeon , executive officer , temporary commanding officer ( following the discharge of Henry Blake )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Executive_officer', 'summary': "An executive officer ( CCE ) is generally a person responsible for running an organization , although the exact nature of the role varies depending on the organization . In many militaries , an executive officer , or XO , is the second-in-command , reporting to the commanding officer . The XO is typically responsible for the management of day-to-day activities , freeing the commander to concentrate on strategy and planning the unit 's next move ."}]}, {'value': '118', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Walter Eugene Radar O'Reilly ( seasons 1-8 )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary Burghoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Burghoff', 'summary': "Gary Rich Burghoff ( born May 24 , 1943 ) is an American actor who is known for originating the role of Charlie Brown in the 1967 Off-Broadway musical You 're a Good Man , Charlie Brown , and the character Corporal Walter Eugene Radar O'Reilly in the film MASH , as well as the TV series . He was a regular on television game show Match Game from 1974 to 1975 for 140 episodes , standing in for Charles Nelson Reilly who was in New York doing a Broadway play , but continued to make recurring appearances afterwards ."}]}, {'value': 'Corporal ( one episode as second lieutenant due to falsified promotion )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_lieutenant', 'summary': 'Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces , comparable to NATO OF-1a rank .'}]}, {'value': 'Company clerk , bugler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bugler', 'summary': "The bugle is one of the simplest brass instruments , normally having no valves or other pitch-altering devices . All pitch control is done by varying the player 's embouchure . Consequently , the bugle is limited to notes within the harmonic series . See bugle call for scores to standard bugle calls , all consisting of only five notes . These notes are known as the bugle scale ."}]}, {'value': '156', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B. J. Hunnicutt ( replaced Trapper ; seasons 4-11 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Farrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Farrell', 'summary': "Michael Joseph Farrell Jr. ( born February 6 , 1939 ) is an American actor , best known for his role as Captain B.J . Hunnicutt on the television series M*A*S*H ( 1975-83 ) . He is also an activist and public speaker for various political causes . Farrell was a producer of Patch Adams ( 1998 ) starring Robin Williams , and starred in the television series Providence ( 1999-2002 ) . He appeared as Milton Lang , the father of Victor Lang ( John Slattery ) , husband of Gabrielle Solis ( Eva Longoria ) on Desperate Housewives ( 2007-08 ) . He was seen in the season 10 episode Persona of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . He appeared as the character Fred Jones in the season 8 episode Hunteri Heroici of Supernatural . In 2014 he was a supporting cast member on the Sundance TV Network criminal drama series The Red Road . He portrayed Lee Miglin , a real estate baron who fell victim to serial killer Andrew Cunanan , in FX 's anthology series American Crime Story : The Assassination of Gianni Versace . Most recently , he appeared in NCIS , playing the role of Judge Miles Deakin in Judge , Jury . and .and Executioner"}]}, {'value': 'Captain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surgeon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '187', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sherman T. Potter ( replaced Henry Blake ; seasons 4-11 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Morgan', 'summary': "Harry Morgan ( born Harry Bratsberg ; April 10 , 1915 - December 7 , 2011 ) was an American actor and director whose television and film career spanned six decades . Morgan 's major roles included Pete Porter in both December Bride ( 1954-1959 ) and Pete and Gladys ( 1960-1962 ) ; Officer Bill Gannon on Dragnet ( 1967-1970 ) ; Amos Coogan on Hec Ramsey ( 1972-1974 ) ; and his starring role as Colonel Sherman T. Potter in M*A*S*H ( 1975-1983 ) and AfterMASH ( 1983-1985 ) . Morgan appeared in more than 100 films ."}]}, {'value': 'Colonel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)', 'summary': "In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel ( /ˈkɜːrnəl/ ) is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . [ note 1 ] By law , a colonel must have at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . When worn alone , the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms . When worn in pairs , the insignia is worn on the officer 's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side , such that both of the eagles faces forward to the wearer 's front ."}]}, {'value': 'Commanding officer ( after Lt. Col. Blake ) , surgeon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '188', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Emerson Winchester III ( replaced Frank Burns ; seasons 6-11 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Ogden Stiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Ogden_Stiers', 'summary': "David Allen Ogden Stiers ( /ˈstaɪ.ərz/ STY-ərz ; October 31 , 1942 - March 3 , 2018 ) was an American actor , voice actor , and conductor . Born and raised in Illinois , Stiers attended the University of Oregon before enrolling at the Juilliard School in New York City , from where he graduated in 1972 . He went on to appear in numerous productions on Broadway , and originated the role of Feldman in The Magic Show , in which he appeared for four years between 1974 and 1978 . In 1977 , he was cast as Major Charles Emerson Winchester III on the television series M*A*S*H , a role he would portray until the series ' conclusion in 1983 and which earned him two Emmy Award nominations . He appeared prominently in the 1980s in the role of District Attorney Michael Reston in several Perry Mason television films , and voiced a number of Disney characters during the 1990s and 2000s , most notably Cogsworth in 1991 's Beauty and the Beast , Governor Ratcliffe and Wiggins in 1995 's Pocahontas , and Dr. Jumba Jookiba in 2002 's Lilo & Stitch , its sequel films , and Lilo & Stitch : The Series . He appeared in television again on the supernatural drama series The Dead Zone as Reverend Gene Purdy , a role he portrayed from 2002 to 2007 . Stiers continued to contribute voice work for films and television productions in his later years , narrating M. Night Shyamalan 's Lady in the Water ( 2006 ) and having a recurring role on the animated series Regular Show . Stiers spent his later years as a conductor of the Newport Symphony Orchestra . He died at his home in Newport , Oregon , of bladder cancer on March 3 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surgeon , executive officer ( after Major Burns )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '137', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Characters -- Main cast', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of M*A*S*H characters See also : List of M*A*S*H cast members Through changes of personnel M*A*S*H maintained a relatively constant ensemble cast , with four characters – Hawkeye , Father Mulcahy , Margaret Houlihan , and Maxwell Klinger – on the show for all 11 seasons . Several other main characters departed or joined the program during its run , and numerous guest actors and recurring characters were used . The writers found creating so many names difficult , and used names from elsewhere ; for example , characters on the seventh season were named after the 1978 Los Angeles Dodgers . [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'M*A*S*H_(TV_series)_0', 'intro': "M*A*S*H (an acronym for Mobile Army Surgical Hospital) is an American war comedy-drama television series that aired on CBS from 1972 to 1983. It was developed by Larry Gelbart as the first spin-off series adapted from the 1970 feature film M*A*S*H, which, in turn, was based on Richard Hooker's 1968 novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors. The series, which was produced with 20th Century Fox Television for CBS, follows a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital in Uijeongbu, South Korea, during the Korean War (1950-53). The show's title sequence features an instrumental-only version of Suicide Is Painless, the original film's theme song. The show was created after an attempt to film the original book's sequel, M*A*S*H Goes to Maine, failed. The television series is the best-known of the M*A*S*H works, and one of the highest-rated shows in U.S. television history."}
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How many appearances did the actor born in 1936 have ?
251
0aef117b5a6ce959
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mandarin-language_films', 'title': 'List of Mandarin-language films', 'header': ['Film', 'Year', 'Country', 'Director', 'Genre'], 'data': [{'value': 'Fearless', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fearless_(2006_film)', 'summary': "Fearless , also known as Huo Yuanjia ( 霍元甲 ) in Chinese , and as Jet Li 's Fearless in the United Kingdom and in the United States , is a 2006 Chinese-Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Ronny Yu and starring Jet Li . It is loosely based on the life of Huo Yuanjia , a Chinese martial artist who challenged foreign fighters in highly publicized events , restoring pride and nationalism to China at a time when Western imperialism and Japanese manipulation were eroding the country in the final years of the Qing Dynasty before the birth of the Republic of China . Li stated in an interview that the film was his last wushu martial arts epic , a point also made in the film 's television promotions and other publicity . [ citation needed ] Fearless was released on 26 January 2006 in Hong Kong , on 23 June 2006 in the United Kingdom , and on 22 September 2006 in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_in_film', 'summary': 'The following is an overview of events in 2006 , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths .'}]}, {'value': 'China Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Ronny Yu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronny_Yu', 'summary': 'Ronny Yu Yan-Tai ( Chinese : 于仁泰 ) is a Hong Kong film director , producer , and movie writer . He has worked on both Hong Kong and American films . He is mostly known for his work in the American horror genre , such as Bride of Chucky ( 1998 ) and Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Martial arts biopic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martial_arts_film', 'summary': "Martial arts films , also colloquially known as karate or kung fu films , are a subgenre of action films that feature numerous martial arts fights between characters . These fights are usually the films ' primary appeal and entertainment value , and often are a method of storytelling and character expression and development . Martial arts are frequently featured in training scenes and other sequences in addition to fights . Martial arts films commonly include other types of action , such as hand-to-hand combat , stuntwork , chases , and gunfights ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Biographical_film', 'summary': "A biographical film , or biopic ( /ˈbaɪoʊpɪk/ ; abbreviation for biographical motion picture ) , is a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional or historically-based person or people . Such films show the life of a historical person and the central character 's real name is used . They differ from docudrama films and historical drama films in that they attempt to comprehensively tell a single person 's life story or at least the most historically important years of their lives . [ original research ? ] Because the figures portrayed are actual people , whose actions and characteristics are known to the public ( or at least historically documented ) , biopic roles are considered some of the most demanding of actors and actresses . [ citation needed ] Ben Kingsley , Johnny Depp , Jim Carrey , Robert Downey Jr. , Jamie Foxx and Eddie Redmayne all gained new-found respect as dramatic actors after starring in biopics : [ citation needed ] Ben Kingsley as Mahatma Gandhi in Gandhi ( 1982 ) , Depp as Ed Wood in Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , Carrey as Andy Kaufman in Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) , Downey as Charlie Chaplin in Chaplin ( 1992 ) , Foxx as Ray Charles in Ray ( 2004 ) , and Eddie Redmayne as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) . In rare cases , sometimes called auto biopics , the subject of the film plays himself or herself : Jackie Robinson in The Jackie Robinson Story ; Muhammad Ali in The Greatest ; Audie Murphy in To Hell and Back ; Patty Duke in Call Me Anna ; Bob Mathias in The Bob Mathias Story , Arlo Guthrie in Alice 's Restaurant ; Fantasia Barrino in Life Is Not a Fairytale ; and Howard Stern in Private Parts . Biopic scholars include George F. Custen of the College of Staten Island and Dennis P. Bingham of Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis . Custen , in Bio/Pics : How Hollywood Constructed Public History ( 1992 ) , regards the genre as having died with the Hollywood studio era , and in particular , Darryl F. Zanuck . On the other hand , Bingham 's 2010 study Whose Lives Are They Anyway ? The Biopic as Contemporary Film Genre shows how it perpetuates as a codified genre using many of the same tropes used in the studio era that has followed a similar trajectory as that shown by Rick Altman in his study , Film/Genre . Bingham also addresses the male biopic and the female biopic as distinct genres from each other , the former generally dealing with great accomplishments , the latter generally dealing with female victimization ."}]}, {'value': 'Crossed Lines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crossed_Lines_(film)', 'summary': 'Crossed Lines ( Chinese : 命运呼叫转移 ; pinyin : Mìngyùn Hūjiào Zhuǎnyí ) is a Chinese comedy anthology film .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of events in 2007 in film , including the highest-grossing films , award ceremonies and festivals , a list of films released and notable deaths . The highest-grossing film of the year was Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , which was just ahead of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . 2007 is often considered one of the greatest years for film in the 21st century . As of 2019 , this was the last year in which no film grossed at least $ 1 billion at the worldwide box office ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Liu Yiwei Lin Jinhe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liu_Yiwei', 'summary': "Lew Yih Wey ( born 27 June 1991 ) is a Malaysian swimmer , who specialised in long-distance freestyle , backstroke , and individual medley events . She represented her nation Malaysia at the 2008 Summer Olympics , and has won a career total of four medals ( one gold and three bronze ) in a major international competition , spanning the 2007 Southeast Asian Games in Bangkok , Thailand . Lew competed for the Malaysian swimming team in the women 's 400 m individual medley at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Three months before the Games , she produced a record-breaking effort and cleared a FINA B-cut of 4:50.52 to earn her Olympic debut at the Malaysian Open Championships in Bukit Jalil . Her winning time from the meet also erased the national mark of 4:51.01 , set by Siow Yi Ting at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games in Hanoi , Vietnam . Swimming as the fastest entrant in heat one , Lew attempted to chase Singapore 's Quah Ting Wen and 2004 Olympic finalist Nam Yoo-sun of South Korea at the final turn of the race , but could not catch them near the wall to finish only with a third-place time and thirty-fourth overall in 4:55.83 , just more than five seconds outside her national record ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The Equation of Love and Death', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Equation_of_Love_and_Death', 'summary': "The Equation of Love and Death ( Chinese : 李米的猜想 ; pinyin : lǐ mǐ de cāi xiǎng ; literally : 'Li Mi 's Supposition ' ) is a 2008 Chinese dramatic film written and directed by Cao Baoping and starring Zhou Xun . The film is a Chinese ( Huayi Brothers ) and Hong Kong ( Sundream Motion Pictures ) co-production . It is Cao 's second solo feature after 2006 's Trouble Makers . The Equation of Love and Death premiered in China on September 18 , 2008 in Shanghai and had its North American premiere at the 2008 Vancouver International Film Festival where it was part of the Dragons and Tigers side competition . The Equation of Love and Death tells the story of Li Mi ( played by Zhou Xun ) , a Kunming cab driver who longs for the day she can be reunited with her missing boyfriend . After a case of mistaken identity , a kidnapping , and a threat of extortion , Li Mi 's dream may be on the cusp of becoming a reality ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2008 involved many major movie events . Its highest-grossing films included The Dark Knight , Kung Fu Panda , WALL-E and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull .'}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Cao Baoping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cao_Baoping', 'summary': "Cao Baoping is a Chinese film director . He has emerged in recent years as a figure in China 's midrange cinema industry . Some industry watchers , like Variety , have situated directors like Cao between the older fifth generation directors , such as Chen Kaige or Zhang Yimou , who have achieved major international and box-office success , and the more underground sixth generation directors , like Jia Zhangke and Wang Xiaoshuai ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'The Butterfly Lovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Butterfly_Lovers', 'summary': "The Butterfly Lovers is a Chinese legend of a tragic love story of a pair of lovers , Liang Shanbo ( 梁山伯 ) and Zhu Yingtai ( 祝英臺 ) , whose names form the title of the story . The title is often abbreviated to Liang Zhu ( 梁祝 ) . The story was selected as one of China 's Four Great Folktales by the Folklore Movement in the 1920s - the others being the Legend of the White Snake ( Baishezhuan ) , Lady Meng Jiang , and The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid ( Niulang Zhinü ) . Six cities in China have collaborated in 2004 on a formal application for the Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on the legend at UNESCO , submitted in 2006 through the Chinese Ministry of Culture ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2008 involved many major movie events . Its highest-grossing films included The Dark Knight , Kung Fu Panda , WALL-E and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull .'}]}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Jingle Ma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jingle_Ma', 'summary': 'Jingle Ma Cho Shing ( Chinese : 馬楚成 ; pinyin : Mǎ Chǔchéng ; born 1957 ) is the Hong Kong-based writer/director of action films such as Tokyo Raiders and Seoul Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama Romance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama', 'summary': "Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance : a play , opera , mime , ballet , etc. , performed in a theatre , or on radio or television . Considered as a genre of poetry in general , the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle 's Poetics ( c. 335 BC ) - the earliest work of dramatic theory . The term drama comes from a Greek word meaning action ( Classical Greek : δρᾶμα , drama ) , which is derived from I do ( Classical Greek : δράω , drao ) . The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy . In English ( as was the analogous case in many other European languages ) , the word play or game ( translating the Anglo-Saxon pleġan or Latin ludus ) was the standard term for dramas until William Shakespeare 's time - just as its creator was a play-maker rather than a dramatist and the building was a play-house rather than a theatre . The use of drama in a more narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era . Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy - for example , Zola 's Thérèse Raquin ( 1873 ) or Chekhov 's Ivanov ( 1887 ) . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media . The term radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance . May also refer to the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio . The enactment of drama in theatre , performed by actors on a stage before an audience , presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception . The structure of dramatic texts , unlike other forms of literature , is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Romance_film', 'summary': 'Romance films or romance movies are romantic love stories recorded in visual media for broadcast in theaters and on TV that focus on passion , emotion , and the affectionate romantic involvement of the main characters and the journey that their love takes them through dating , courtship or marriage . Romance films make the romantic love story or the search for strong and pure love and romance the main plot focus . Occasionally , romance lovers face obstacles such as finances , physical illness , various forms of discrimination , psychological restraints or family that threaten to break their union of love . As in all quite strong , deep , and close romantic relationships , tensions of day-to-day life , temptations ( of infidelity ) , and differences in compatibility enter into the plots of romantic films . Romantic films often explore the essential themes of love at first sight , young with older love , unrequited romantic love , obsessive love , sentimental love , spiritual love , forbidden love/romance , platonic love , sexual and passionate love , sacrificial love , explosive and destructive love , and tragic love . Romantic films serve as great escapes and fantasies for viewers , especially if the two people finally overcome their difficulties , declare their love , and experience life happily ever after , implied by a reunion and final kiss . In romantic television series , the development of such romantic relationships may play out over many episodes , and different characters may become intertwined in different romantic arcs .'}]}, {'value': 'City of Life and Death', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Life_and_Death', 'summary': 'City of Life and Death is a 2009 Chinese drama film written and directed by Lu Chuan , marking his third feature film . The film deals with the Battle of Nanjing and the following massacre committed by the Japanese army during the Second Sino-Japanese War . The film is also known as Nanking ! Nanking ! or Nanjing ! Nanjing ! . The film was released in China on April 22 , 2009 and became a major box office success in the country , earning 150 million yuan ( approximately US $ 20 million ) in its first two and a half weeks alone .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2009 saw the release of many films . Seven made the top 50 list of highest-grossing films . Also in 2009 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that as of that year , their Best Picture category would consist of ten nominees , rather than five ( the first time since the 1943 awards ) .'}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Lu Chuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lu_Chuan', 'summary': 'Lu Chuan ( born 8 February 1971 ) is a Chinese filmmaker , screenwriter and producer . He is the son of novelist Lu Tianming .'}]}, {'value': 'War', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/War_film', 'summary': 'War film is a film genre concerned with warfare , typically about naval , air , or land battles , with combat scenes central to the drama . It has been strongly associated with the 20th century . The fateful nature of battle scenes means that war films often end with them . Themes explored include combat , survival and escape , camaraderie between soldiers , sacrifice , the futility and inhumanity of battle , the effects of war on society , and the moral and human issues raised by war . War films are often categorized by their milieu , such as the Korean War ; the most popular subject is the Second World War . The stories told may be fiction , historical drama , or biographical . Critics have noted similarities between the Western and the war film . Nations such as China , Indonesia , Japan , and Russia have their own traditions of war film , centred on their own revolutionary wars but taking varied forms , from action and historical drama to wartime romance . Subgenres , not necessarily distinct , include anti-war , comedy , animated , propaganda , and documentary . There are similarly subgenres of the war film in specific theatres such as the Western Desert of North Africa , the Pacific in the Second World War , or Vietnam ; and films set in specific domains of war , such as the infantry , the air , at sea , in submarines or at prisoner of war camps .'}]}, {'value': 'Mulan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mulan_(2009_film)', 'summary': 'Mulan : Rise of a Warrior ( simplified Chinese : 花木兰 ; traditional Chinese : 花木蘭 ; pinyin : Huā Mùlán ) , also known as Mulan : Legendary Warrior , is a 2009 Chinese film starring Zhao Wei as the titular protagonist . The director , Jingle Ma , has explained that this film is vastly different from the 1998 Walt Disney animated film and that the looks from the character in this movie adheres more to his imagination . Zhao Wei was cast by Ma as Hua Mulan over actresses Zhang Ziyi , Michelle Yeoh , and Liu Yifei , who were all considered for the role .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_in_film', 'summary': 'The year 2009 saw the release of many films . Seven made the top 50 list of highest-grossing films . Also in 2009 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that as of that year , their Best Picture category would consist of ten nominees , rather than five ( the first time since the 1943 awards ) .'}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Jingle Ma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jingle_Ma', 'summary': 'Jingle Ma Cho Shing ( Chinese : 馬楚成 ; pinyin : Mǎ Chǔchéng ; born 1957 ) is the Hong Kong-based writer/director of action films such as Tokyo Raiders and Seoul Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'War Martial arts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/War_film', 'summary': 'War film is a film genre concerned with warfare , typically about naval , air , or land battles , with combat scenes central to the drama . It has been strongly associated with the 20th century . The fateful nature of battle scenes means that war films often end with them . Themes explored include combat , survival and escape , camaraderie between soldiers , sacrifice , the futility and inhumanity of battle , the effects of war on society , and the moral and human issues raised by war . War films are often categorized by their milieu , such as the Korean War ; the most popular subject is the Second World War . The stories told may be fiction , historical drama , or biographical . Critics have noted similarities between the Western and the war film . Nations such as China , Indonesia , Japan , and Russia have their own traditions of war film , centred on their own revolutionary wars but taking varied forms , from action and historical drama to wartime romance . Subgenres , not necessarily distinct , include anti-war , comedy , animated , propaganda , and documentary . There are similarly subgenres of the war film in specific theatres such as the Western Desert of North Africa , the Pacific in the Second World War , or Vietnam ; and films set in specific domains of war , such as the infantry , the air , at sea , in submarines or at prisoner of war camps .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martial_arts_film', 'summary': "Martial arts films , also colloquially known as karate or kung fu films , are a subgenre of action films that feature numerous martial arts fights between characters . These fights are usually the films ' primary appeal and entertainment value , and often are a method of storytelling and character expression and development . Martial arts are frequently featured in training scenes and other sequences in addition to fights . Martial arts films commonly include other types of action , such as hand-to-hand combat , stuntwork , chases , and gunfights ."}]}, {'value': 'Aftershock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aftershock_(2010_film)', 'summary': 'Aftershock is a 2010 Chinese disaster-drama film directed by Feng Xiaogang and produced by Huayi Brothers , starring Zhang Zifeng , Xu Fan , Zhang Jingchu , Chen Daoming , Lu Yi , Zhang Guoqiang and Li Chen . The film depicts the aftermath of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake . It was released in China on 22 July 2010 , and is the first big commercial film IMAX film created outside the United States . The film was a major box office success , and has grossed more than US $ 100 million at the Chinese box office .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_in_film', 'summary': 'In the year 2010 , there was a dramatic increase and prominence in the use of 3D-technology in filmmaking after the success of Avatar in the format , with releases such as Alice in Wonderland , Clash of the Titans , Jackass 3D , all animated films , with numerous other titles being released in 3D formats . 20th Century Fox celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Feng Xiaogang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Feng_Xiaogang', 'summary': 'Feng Xiaogang ( simplified Chinese : 冯小刚 ; traditional Chinese : 馮小剛 ; pinyin : Féng Xiǎogāng ; born 18 March 1958 in Beijing , China ) is a Chinese film director , screenwriter and actor . He is well known in China as a highly successful commercial filmmaker whose comedy films do consistently well at the box office , although Feng has broken out from that mold by making some drama and period drama films .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': '14 Blades', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/14_Blades', 'summary': '14 Blades is a 2010 wuxia film directed by Daniel Lee and starring Donnie Yen , Zhao Wei , Sammo Hung , Wu Chun , Kate Tsui , Qi Yuwu and Damian Lau . The film was released on 4 February 2010 in China and on 11 February 2010 in Hong Kong .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_in_film', 'summary': 'In the year 2010 , there was a dramatic increase and prominence in the use of 3D-technology in filmmaking after the success of Avatar in the format , with releases such as Alice in Wonderland , Clash of the Titans , Jackass 3D , all animated films , with numerous other titles being released in 3D formats . 20th Century Fox celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'China Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Lee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Lee_(film_director)', 'summary': 'Daniel Lee Yan-Kong ( Chinese : 李仁港 ; pinyin : Lǐ Réngǎng ; Jyutping : lei5 jan4 gong2 ) is a Hong Kong film director , screenwriter , assistant director , and art director .'}]}, {'value': 'Wuxia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wuxia', 'summary': 'Wuxia ( 武俠 [ ù.ɕjǎ ] ) , which literally means martial heroes , is a genre of Chinese fiction concerning the adventures of martial artists in ancient China . Although wuxia is traditionally a form of fantasy literature , its popularity has caused it to spread to diverse art forms such as Chinese opera , mànhuà , films , television series and video games . It forms part of popular culture in many Chinese-speaking communities around the world . The word wǔxiá is a compound composed of the elements wǔ ( 武 , literally martial , military , or armed ) and xiá ( 俠 , literally chivalrous , vigilante or hero ) . A martial artist who follows the code of xia is often referred to as a xiákè ( 俠客 , literally follower of xia ) or yóuxiá ( 遊俠 , literally wandering xia ) . In some translations , the martial artist is referred to as a swordsman or swordswoman even though he or she may not necessarily wield a sword . The heroes in wuxia fiction typically do not serve a lord , wield military power , or belong to the aristocratic class . They often originate from the lower social classes of ancient Chinese society . A code of chivalry usually requires wuxia heroes to right and redress wrongs , fight for righteousness , remove oppressors , and bring retribution for past misdeeds . Chinese xia traditions can be compared to martial codes from other cultures such as the Japanese samurai bushidō .'}]}, {'value': 'Confucius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Confucius_(2010_film)', 'summary': "Confucius ( Chinese : 孔子 Kǒng Zǐ ) is a 2010 Chinese biographical drama film written and directed by Hu Mei , starring Chow Yun-fat as the titular Chinese philosopher . The film was produced by P.H . Yu , Han Sanping , Rachel Liu and John Shum . Production on the film began in March 2009 with shooting on location in China 's Hebei province and in Hengdian World Studios in Zhejiang . The film was scheduled to screen later in 2009 to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People 's Republic of China , as well as the 2,560th birthday of Confucius himself . However , the release date was later moved to January 2010 . Funimation released it on 27 March 2012 in English Dub on DVD and Blu-ray ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_in_film', 'summary': 'In the year 2010 , there was a dramatic increase and prominence in the use of 3D-technology in filmmaking after the success of Avatar in the format , with releases such as Alice in Wonderland , Clash of the Titans , Jackass 3D , all animated films , with numerous other titles being released in 3D formats . 20th Century Fox celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'China Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Hu Mei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hu_Mei', 'summary': "Hu Mei ( born 2 September 1958 ) is a Chinese film director , television director and producer . Usually classed as a Fifth Generation director , since she graduated from the Directors ' class of the 1982 Beijing Film Academy cohort , she is a classmate of famous Fifth Generation directors such as Chen Kaige and Tian Zhuangzhuang . In 1997 , she directed the historical television series Yongzheng Dynasty , which received critical acclaim in mainland China . She has since directed a number of television series , including The Emperor in Han Dynasty ( 2005 ) , Qiao 's Grand Courtyard ( 2006 ) , and Cao Cao ( 2014 ) . In 2007 , she was originally selected to direct a television series adaptation of the Chinese classical novel A Dream of the Red Chamber but withdrew from the job ( she was replaced by Li Shaohong ) . Her 2010 film Confucius , starring Chow Yun-fat as the eponymous character , was released in Beijing on 14 January 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Biopic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biographical_film', 'summary': "A biographical film , or biopic ( /ˈbaɪoʊpɪk/ ; abbreviation for biographical motion picture ) , is a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional or historically-based person or people . Such films show the life of a historical person and the central character 's real name is used . They differ from docudrama films and historical drama films in that they attempt to comprehensively tell a single person 's life story or at least the most historically important years of their lives . [ original research ? ] Because the figures portrayed are actual people , whose actions and characteristics are known to the public ( or at least historically documented ) , biopic roles are considered some of the most demanding of actors and actresses . [ citation needed ] Ben Kingsley , Johnny Depp , Jim Carrey , Robert Downey Jr. , Jamie Foxx and Eddie Redmayne all gained new-found respect as dramatic actors after starring in biopics : [ citation needed ] Ben Kingsley as Mahatma Gandhi in Gandhi ( 1982 ) , Depp as Ed Wood in Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , Carrey as Andy Kaufman in Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) , Downey as Charlie Chaplin in Chaplin ( 1992 ) , Foxx as Ray Charles in Ray ( 2004 ) , and Eddie Redmayne as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) . In rare cases , sometimes called auto biopics , the subject of the film plays himself or herself : Jackie Robinson in The Jackie Robinson Story ; Muhammad Ali in The Greatest ; Audie Murphy in To Hell and Back ; Patty Duke in Call Me Anna ; Bob Mathias in The Bob Mathias Story , Arlo Guthrie in Alice 's Restaurant ; Fantasia Barrino in Life Is Not a Fairytale ; and Howard Stern in Private Parts . Biopic scholars include George F. Custen of the College of Staten Island and Dennis P. Bingham of Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis . Custen , in Bio/Pics : How Hollywood Constructed Public History ( 1992 ) , regards the genre as having died with the Hollywood studio era , and in particular , Darryl F. Zanuck . On the other hand , Bingham 's 2010 study Whose Lives Are They Anyway ? The Biopic as Contemporary Film Genre shows how it perpetuates as a codified genre using many of the same tropes used in the studio era that has followed a similar trajectory as that shown by Rick Altman in his study , Film/Genre . Bingham also addresses the male biopic and the female biopic as distinct genres from each other , the former generally dealing with great accomplishments , the latter generally dealing with female victimization ."}]}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1911_(film)', 'summary': "1911 , also known as Xinhai Revolution and The 1911 Revolution , is a 2011 Chinese historical drama film . The film is a tribute to the 100th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution . It is also Jackie Chan 's 100th film in his career . As well as starring in it , Chan is also the executive producer and co-director of the film . Co-stars include Chan 's son Jaycee Chan , Li Bingbing , Winston Chao , Joan Chen and Hu Ge . This film was selected to open the 24th Tokyo International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of the events of 2011 in film , including the highest-grossing films , film festivals , award ceremonies and a list of films released and notable deaths . More film sequels were released in 2011 than any other year before it , with 28 sequels released . Film critic Scout Tafoya considers 2011 as the best year for cinema , countering the notion of 1939 being film 's best year overall and citing important developments in cinematic expression during 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'China Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Jackie Chan Zhang Li', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackie_Chan', 'summary': 'Chan Kong-sang SBS MBE PMW ( Chinese : 陳港生 ; born 7 April 1954 ) , known professionally as Jackie Chan , is a Hong Kongese martial artist , actor , film director , producer , stuntman , and singer . He is known in the cinematic world for his acrobatic fighting style , comic timing , use of improvised weapons , and innovative stunts , which he typically performs himself . He has trained in Wushu or Kung Fu and Hapkido , and has been acting since the 1960s , appearing in over 150 films . Chan is one of the most recognisable and influential cinematic personalities in the world , gaining a widespread following in both the Eastern and Western hemispheres , and has received stars on the Hong Kong Avenue of Stars and the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He has been referenced in various pop songs , cartoons , and video games . He is an operatically trained vocalist and is also a Cantopop and Mandopop star , having released a number of albums and sung many of the theme songs for the films in which he has starred . He is also a globally known philanthropist and has been named as one of the top 10 most charitable celebrities by Forbes magazine . In 2004 , film scholar Andrew Willis stated that Chan was perhaps the most recognised star in the world . In 2015 , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $ 350 million , and as of 2016 [ update ] , he was the second-highest paid actor in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Historical drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Beautiful Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Beautiful_Life_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'A Beautiful Life ( Traditional Chinese : 不再讓你孤單 , Simplified Chinese : 不再让你孤单 ) is a 2011 Chinese romance film directed by Andrew Lau . Its cast includes Shu Qi , Liu Ye , Tian Liang , Feng Danying , Sa Rina , Zhang Songwen Gao Tian , and Anthony Wong .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of the events of 2011 in film , including the highest-grossing films , film festivals , award ceremonies and a list of films released and notable deaths . More film sequels were released in 2011 than any other year before it , with 28 sequels released . Film critic Scout Tafoya considers 2011 as the best year for cinema , countering the notion of 1939 being film 's best year overall and citing important developments in cinematic expression during 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'China Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrew Lau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Lau', 'summary': 'Andrew Lau Wai-Keung ( born 4 April 1960 ) is a Hong Kong film director , producer , and cinematographer . Lau began his career in the 1980s and 1990s , serving as a cinematographer to filmmakers such as Ringo Lam , Wong Jing and Wong Kar-wai . In the 1990s , Lau decided to have more creative freedom as a cinematographer by becoming a film director and producer . Apart from making films in his native Hong Kong , Lau has also made films in China , Korea and the United States . A highly prolific filmmaker , Lau has made films in a variety of genres , and is most notable in the West for his action and crime films which include the Young and Dangerous film series , the Infernal Affairs trilogy ( the latter co-directed together with Alan Mak ) , and Revenge of the Green Dragons ( executive produced by Martin Scorsese ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Romance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romance_film', 'summary': 'Romance films or romance movies are romantic love stories recorded in visual media for broadcast in theaters and on TV that focus on passion , emotion , and the affectionate romantic involvement of the main characters and the journey that their love takes them through dating , courtship or marriage . Romance films make the romantic love story or the search for strong and pure love and romance the main plot focus . Occasionally , romance lovers face obstacles such as finances , physical illness , various forms of discrimination , psychological restraints or family that threaten to break their union of love . As in all quite strong , deep , and close romantic relationships , tensions of day-to-day life , temptations ( of infidelity ) , and differences in compatibility enter into the plots of romantic films . Romantic films often explore the essential themes of love at first sight , young with older love , unrequited romantic love , obsessive love , sentimental love , spiritual love , forbidden love/romance , platonic love , sexual and passionate love , sacrificial love , explosive and destructive love , and tragic love . Romantic films serve as great escapes and fantasies for viewers , especially if the two people finally overcome their difficulties , declare their love , and experience life happily ever after , implied by a reunion and final kiss . In romantic television series , the development of such romantic relationships may play out over many episodes , and different characters may become intertwined in different romantic arcs .'}]}, {'value': 'The Flying Swords of Dragon Gate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Flying_Swords_of_Dragon_Gate', 'summary': 'Flying Swords of Dragon Gate is a 2011 wuxia film directed by Tsui Hark and starring Jet Li , Zhou Xun , Chen Kun , Li Yuchun , Gwei Lun-mei , Louis Fan and Mavis Fan . The film is a remake of Dragon Gate Inn ( 1966 ) and New Dragon Gate Inn ( 1992 ) but takes place three years after . Production started on 10 October 2010 and is filmed in 3-D . The film screened out of competition at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2012 . The film received seven nominations at the 2012 Asian Film Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_film', 'summary': "The following is an overview of the events of 2011 in film , including the highest-grossing films , film festivals , award ceremonies and a list of films released and notable deaths . More film sequels were released in 2011 than any other year before it , with 28 sequels released . Film critic Scout Tafoya considers 2011 as the best year for cinema , countering the notion of 1939 being film 's best year overall and citing important developments in cinematic expression during 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'China Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': 'Tsui Hark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsui_Hark', 'summary': 'Tsui Hark ( Chinese : 徐克 , Vietnamese : Từ Khắc , born 15 February 1950 ) , born Tsui Man-kong , is a Hong Kong film director , producer and screenwriter . Tsui has directed several influential Hong Kong films such as Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain ( 1983 ) , the Once Upon a Time in China film series ( 1991-1997 ) and The Blade ( 1995 ) . Tsui also has been a prolific writer and ( a very hands-on ) producer ; his productions include A Better Tomorrow ( 1986 ) , A Chinese Ghost Story ( 1987 ) , The Killer ( 1989 ) , The Legend of the Swordsman ( 1992 ) , The Wicked City ( 1992 ) , Iron Monkey ( 1993 ) and Black Mask ( 1996 ) . He is viewed as a major figure in the Golden Age of Hong Kong cinema and is regarded by critics as one of the masters of Asian cinematography . In the late 1990s , Tsui had a short-lived career in the United States , directing the Jean-Claude Van Damme-led films Double Team ( 1997 ) and Knock Off ( 1998 ) . Both films were commercially unsuccessful and critically panned ; Tsui himself was unsatisfied with his lack of creative control and returned to Hong Kong to continue his career . He has since found new commercial and critical success with blockbusters such as the Detective Dee film series ( 2010-present ) , Flying Swords of Dragon Gate ( 2011 ) , and The Taking of Tiger Mountain ( 2014 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Wuxia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wuxia', 'summary': 'Wuxia ( 武俠 [ ù.ɕjǎ ] ) , which literally means martial heroes , is a genre of Chinese fiction concerning the adventures of martial artists in ancient China . Although wuxia is traditionally a form of fantasy literature , its popularity has caused it to spread to diverse art forms such as Chinese opera , mànhuà , films , television series and video games . It forms part of popular culture in many Chinese-speaking communities around the world . The word wǔxiá is a compound composed of the elements wǔ ( 武 , literally martial , military , or armed ) and xiá ( 俠 , literally chivalrous , vigilante or hero ) . A martial artist who follows the code of xia is often referred to as a xiákè ( 俠客 , literally follower of xia ) or yóuxiá ( 遊俠 , literally wandering xia ) . In some translations , the martial artist is referred to as a swordsman or swordswoman even though he or she may not necessarily wield a sword . The heroes in wuxia fiction typically do not serve a lord , wield military power , or belong to the aristocratic class . They often originate from the lower social classes of ancient Chinese society . A code of chivalry usually requires wuxia heroes to right and redress wrongs , fight for righteousness , remove oppressors , and bring retribution for past misdeeds . Chinese xia traditions can be compared to martial codes from other cultures such as the Japanese samurai bushidō .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a list of films with a significant amount of dialogue in the Mandarin Chinese language .', 'uid': 'List_of_Mandarin-language_films_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of films with a significant amount of dialogue in the Mandarin Chinese language.'}
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What is the film title whose director was born on 8 February 1971 ?
City of Life and Death
0af22fe5ab51b05c
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Italy', 'title': 'Transport in Italy', 'header': ['Port', 'Region', 'Thousand pass', '%'], 'data': [{'value': 'Messina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Messina', 'summary': "Messina ( /mɛˈsiːnə/ , also US : /mɪˈ-/ , Italian : [ mesˈsiːna ] ( listen ) ; Sicilian : Missina [ mɪsˈsiːna ] ; Latin : Messana ; Ancient Greek : Μεσσήνη , romanized : Messḗnē ) is the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina . It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily , and the 13th largest city in Italy , with a population of more than 231,000 inhabitants in the city proper and about 650,000 in the Metropolitan City . It is located near the northeast corner of Sicily , at the Strait of Messina , opposite Villa San Giovanni on the mainland , and has close ties with Reggio Calabria . According to Eurostat the FUA of the metropolitan area of Messina has , in 2014 , 277,584 inhabitants . The city 's main resources are its seaports ( commercial and military shipyards ) , cruise tourism , commerce , and agriculture ( wine production and cultivating lemons , oranges , mandarin oranges , and olives ) . The city has been a Roman Catholic Archdiocese and Archimandrite seat since 1548 and is home to a locally important international fair . The city has the University of Messina , founded in 1548 by Ignatius of Loyola . Messina has a light rail system , Tranvia di Messina , opened on 3 April 2003 . This line is 7.7 kilometres ( 4.8 mi ) and links the city 's central railway station with the city centre and harbour ."}]}, {'value': 'Sicily', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sicily', 'summary': 'Sicily ( Italian : Sicilia [ siˈtʃiːlja ] ; Sicilian : Sicilia [ sɪˈʃiːlja ] ) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is one of the five Italian autonomous regions and is officially referred to as Regione Siciliana . Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean Sea , south of the Italian Peninsula , from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Messina . Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna , the tallest active volcano in Europe , and one of the most active in the world , currently 3,329 m ( 10,922 ft ) high . The island has a typical Mediterranean climate . The earliest archaeological evidence of human activity on the island dates from as early as 12,000 BC . By around 750 BC , Sicily had three Phoenician and a dozen Greek colonies and it was later the site of the Sicilian Wars and the Punic Wars . After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD , Sicily was ruled during the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals , the Ostrogoths , the Byzantine Empire , and the Emirate of Sicily . The Norman conquest of southern Italy led to the creation of the Kingdom of Sicily , which was subsequently ruled by the Hohenstaufen , the Capetian House of Anjou , Spain , and the House of Habsburg . It was unified under the House of Bourbon with the Kingdom of Naples as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . It became part of Italy in 1860 following the Expedition of the Thousand , a revolt led by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification , and a plebiscite . Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region on 15 May 1946 , 18 days before the Italian constitutional referendum of 1946 .'}]}, {'value': '10,380', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reggio di Calabria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria', 'summary': 'Reggio Calabria ( UK : /ˈrɛdʒioʊ kəˈlæbriə/ , US : /ˈrɛdʒ ( i ) oʊ kɑːˈlɑːbriɑː/ , Italian : [ ˈreddʒo di kaˈlaːbrja ; ˈrɛddʒo - ] ; Reggino : Rìggiu ; Bovesia Calabrian Greek : Righi ; Ancient Greek : Ῥήγιον , romanized : Rhḗgion ; Latin : Rhēgium ) , commonly known as Reggio Calabria ( listen ) or simply Reggio in Southern Italy , is the largest city and the most populated comune of Calabria , Southern Italy . It is the capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria and the seat of the Regional Council of Calabria . Reggio is located on the toe of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina . It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte , a long , craggy mountain range that runs up through the centre of the region . The third economic centre of mainland Southern Italy , the city proper has a population of more than 200,000 inhabitants spread over 236 square kilometres ( 91 sq mi ) , while the fast-growing urban area numbers 260,000 inhabitants . About 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area , recognised in 2015 by Italian Republic as a metropolitan city . As a major functional pole in the region , it has strong historical , cultural and economic ties with the city of Messina , which lies across the strait in Sicily , forming a metro city of less than 1 million people . Reggio is the oldest city in the region , and despite its ancient foundation - Rhegion was an important and flourishing colony of Magna Graecia - it has a modern urban system , set up after the catastrophic earthquake on 28 December 1908 , which destroyed most of the city . The region has been subject to earthquakes . It is a major economic centre for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean . Reggio , with Naples and Taranto , is home to one of the most important archaeological museums , the prestigious National Archaeological Museum of Magna Græcia , dedicated to Ancient Greece ( which houses the Bronzes of Riace , rare example of Greek bronze sculpture , which became one of the symbols of the city ) . Reggio is the seat , since 1907 , of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania .'}]}, {'value': 'Calabria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calabria', 'summary': 'Calabria ( UK : /kəˈlæbriə/ , US : /-ˈleɪb- , -ˈlɑːb-/ , Italian : [ kaˈlaːbrja ] ; Calabrian : Calàbbria ; Calabrian Greek : Calavría ; Greek : Καλαβρία ; Arbëreshë Albanian : Kalavrì ) , known in antiquity as Bruttium ( US : /ˈbrʊtiəm , ˈbrʌt-/ ) , is a region in Southern Italy . The capital city of Calabria is Catanzaro . The Regional Council of Calabria is based at the Palazzo Campanella in the city of Reggio Calabria . The region is bordered to the north by the Basilicata Region , to the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea , and to the east by the Ionian Sea . The region covers 15,080 km2 ( 5,822 sq mi ) and has a population of just under 2 million . The demonym of Calabria is calabrese in Italian and Calabrian in English . In antiquity the name Calabria referred , not as in modern times to the toe , but to the heel tip of Italy , from Tarentum southwards , a region nowadays known as Salento .'}]}, {'value': '10,116', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capri', 'summary': "Capri ( /kəˈpriː/ kə-PREE , also US : /ˈkɑːpri , ˈkæp-/ KA ( H ) P-ree , Italian : [ ˈkaːpri ] / Neapolitan : [ ˈkɑːpri ] ) is an island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrento Peninsula , on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in the Campania region of Italy . The main town Capri that is located on the island shares the name . It has been a resort since the time of the Roman Republic . Some of the main features of the island include the Marina Piccola ( the little harbour ) , the Belvedere of Tragara ( a high panoramic promenade lined with villas ) , the limestone crags called sea stacks that project above the sea ( the faraglioni ) , the town of Anacapri , the Blue Grotto ( Grotta Azzurra ) , the ruins of the Imperial Roman villas , and the various towns surrounding the Island of Capri including Positano , Amalfi , Ravello , Sorrento , Nerano , and Naples . Capri is part of the region of Campania , Metropolitan City of Naples . The town of Capri is a comune and the island 's main population centre . The island has two harbours , Marina Piccola and Marina Grande ( the main port of the island ) . The separate comune of Anacapri is located high on the hills to the west ."}]}, {'value': 'Campania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campania', 'summary': 'Campania ( /kæmˈpeɪniə/ , also UK : /kæmˈpæniə/ , US : /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/ , Italian : [ kamˈpaːnja ] , Neapolitan : [ kamˈbɑːnjə ] ) is a region in Southern Italy . As of 2018 , the region has a population of around 5,820,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13,590 km2 ( 5,247 sq mi ) makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region . Coastal areas in the region were colonised by Ancient Greeks between 8th and 7th centuries BC , becoming part of the so-called Magna Græcia . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis , Paestum , Aeclanum , Stabiae and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as fertile countryside or happy countryside . The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .'}]}, {'value': '7,169', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naples', 'summary': "Naples ( /ˈneɪpəlz/ ; Italian : Napoli [ ˈnaːpoli ] ( listen ) ; Neapolitan : Napule [ ˈnɑːpələ , ˈnɑːpulə ] ; Ancient Greek : Νεάπολις , romanized : Neápolis ) [ a ] is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy after Rome and Milan . In 2017 , around 967,069 people lived within the city 's administrative limits while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,115,320 residents . Its continuously built-up metropolitan area ( that stretches beyond the boundaries of the Metropolitan City of Naples ) is the second or third largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the most densely populated cities in Europe . First settled by Greeks in the second millennium BC , Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban areas in the world . In the ninth century BC , a colony known as Parthenope or Παρθενόπη was established on the Island of Megaride , later refounded as Neápolis in the sixth century BC . The city was an important part of Magna Graecia , played a major role in the merging of Greek and Roman society and a significant cultural centre under the Romans . It served as the capital of the Duchy of Naples ( 661-1139 ) , then of the Kingdom of Naples ( 1282-1816 ) and finally of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861 . Naples is also considered a capital of the Baroque since the arrival of Caravaggio in the 17th century , and due to the artistic revolution his arrival occasioned . Between 1925 and 1936 , Naples was expanded and upgraded by Benito Mussolini 's government but subsequently sustained severe damage from Allied bombing during World War II , which led to extensive post-1945 reconstruction work . Naples has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades , helped by the construction of the Centro Direzionale business district and an advanced transportation network , which includes the Alta Velocità high-speed rail link to Rome and Salerno and an expanded subway network . Naples is the third-largest urban economy in Italy , after Milan and Rome . The Port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe and home of the Allied Joint Force Command Naples , the NATO body that oversees North Africa , the Sahel and Middle East ."}]}, {'value': 'Campania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campania', 'summary': 'Campania ( /kæmˈpeɪniə/ , also UK : /kæmˈpæniə/ , US : /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/ , Italian : [ kamˈpaːnja ] , Neapolitan : [ kamˈbɑːnjə ] ) is a region in Southern Italy . As of 2018 , the region has a population of around 5,820,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13,590 km2 ( 5,247 sq mi ) makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region . Coastal areas in the region were colonised by Ancient Greeks between 8th and 7th centuries BC , becoming part of the so-called Magna Græcia . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis , Paestum , Aeclanum , Stabiae and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as fertile countryside or happy countryside . The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .'}]}, {'value': '6,185', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piombino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piombino', 'summary': 'Piombino is an Italian town and comune of about 35,000 inhabitants in the province of Livorno ( Tuscany ) . It lies on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea , in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma .'}]}, {'value': 'Tuscany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuscany', 'summary': "Tuscany ( /ˈtʌskəni/ TUSK-ə-nee ; Italian : Toscana [ toˈskaːna ] ) is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres ( 8,900 square miles ) and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants ( 2013 ) . The regional capital is Florence ( Firenze ) . Tuscany is known for its landscapes , history , artistic legacy , and its influence on high culture . It is regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and has been home to many figures influential in the history of art and science , and contains well-known museums such as the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Tuscany produces wines , including Chianti , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino . Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity , it is sometimes considered a nation within a nation . Tuscany is a popular destination in Italy ; the main tourist spots are Florence , Pisa , Lucca , Siena , Versilia , Maremma and Chianti . The village of Castiglione della Pescaia is the most visited seaside destination in the region , with seaside tourism accounting for approximately 40% of tourist arrivals . Additionally , Siena , Lucca , the Chianti region , Versilia and Val d'Orcia are also internationally renowned and particularly popular spots among travellers . Seven Tuscan localities have been designated World Heritage Sites : the historic centre of Florence ( 1982 ) ; the Cathedral square of Pisa ( 1987 ) ; the historical centre of San Gimignano ( 1990 ) ; the historical centre of Siena ( 1995 ) ; the historical centre of Pienza ( 1996 ) ; the Val d'Orcia ( 2004 ) , and the Medici Villas and Gardens ( 2013 ) . Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves , making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations that attract millions of tourists every year . In 2012 , the city of Florence was the world 's 89th most visited city , with 1.834 million arrivals ."}]}, {'value': '5,036', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portoferraio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portoferraio', 'summary': "Portoferraio ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˌpɔrtoferˈraːjo ] ) is a town and comune in the province of Livorno , on the edge of the eponymous harbour of the island of Elba . It is the island 's largest city . Because of its terrain , many of its buildings are situated on the slopes of a tiny hill bordered on three sides by the sea ."}]}, {'value': 'Tuscany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuscany', 'summary': "Tuscany ( /ˈtʌskəni/ TUSK-ə-nee ; Italian : Toscana [ toˈskaːna ] ) is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres ( 8,900 square miles ) and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants ( 2013 ) . The regional capital is Florence ( Firenze ) . Tuscany is known for its landscapes , history , artistic legacy , and its influence on high culture . It is regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and has been home to many figures influential in the history of art and science , and contains well-known museums such as the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Tuscany produces wines , including Chianti , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino . Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity , it is sometimes considered a nation within a nation . Tuscany is a popular destination in Italy ; the main tourist spots are Florence , Pisa , Lucca , Siena , Versilia , Maremma and Chianti . The village of Castiglione della Pescaia is the most visited seaside destination in the region , with seaside tourism accounting for approximately 40% of tourist arrivals . Additionally , Siena , Lucca , the Chianti region , Versilia and Val d'Orcia are also internationally renowned and particularly popular spots among travellers . Seven Tuscan localities have been designated World Heritage Sites : the historic centre of Florence ( 1982 ) ; the Cathedral square of Pisa ( 1987 ) ; the historical centre of San Gimignano ( 1990 ) ; the historical centre of Siena ( 1995 ) ; the historical centre of Pienza ( 1996 ) ; the Val d'Orcia ( 2004 ) , and the Medici Villas and Gardens ( 2013 ) . Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves , making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations that attract millions of tourists every year . In 2012 , the city of Florence was the world 's 89th most visited city , with 1.834 million arrivals ."}]}, {'value': '3,927', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olbia', 'summary': 'Olbia ( Italian : [ ˈɔlbja ] ( listen ) , locally [ ˈolbja ] ; Sardinian : Terranoa ; Gallurese : Tarranoa ) is a city and comune of 60,346 inhabitants ( May 2018 ) in the Italian insular province of Sassari in northeastern Sardinia ( Italy ) , in the historical region of Gallura . Called Olbia in the Roman age , Civita in the Middle Ages ( Judicates period ) and Terranova Pausania before the 1940s , Olbia was again the official name of the city during the fascist period .'}]}, {'value': 'Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sardinia', 'summary': "Sardinia ( /sɑːrˈdɪniə/ sar-DIN-ee-ə ; Italian : Sardegna [ sarˈdeɲɲa ] ; Sardinian : Sardìgna [ saɾˈdiɲɲa ] or Sardìnnia [ saɾˈdinja ] ; Sassarese : Sardhigna ; Gallurese : Saldigna ; Algherese : Sardenya ; Tabarchino : Sardegna ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and politically one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily , and is located west of the Italian Peninsula , north of Tunisia , and to the immediate south of the French island of Corsica . The region of Sardinia is one of the five in Italy that enjoy some degree of domestic autonomy , granted by a specific Statute . Its official name is Regione Autonoma della Sardegna ( Sardinian : Regione Autònoma de Sardigna , lit . Autonomous Region of Sardinia ) . It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city , with Cagliari being the region 's capital and also its largest city . Sardinia 's indigenous language and the other minority languages ( Sassarese , Gallurese , Algherese Catalan and Ligurian Tabarchino ) spoken on the island are recognized by the regional law and enjoy equal dignity with Italian . Sardinia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic . The island 's most iconic civilization is the indigenous Nuragic one , which lasted from the 18th century BC to either 238 BC or the 2nd century AD in some areas and to the 6th century AD in the region known as Barbagia . After a period under a political and economic alliance between the Nuragic Sardinians and the Phoenicians , the island was partly conquered by Carthage and Rome , in the late 6th century BC and in 238 BC respectively ; the Roman occupation lasted for 700 years , followed in the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals and the Byzantines . Since the island was finding itself disconnected from Byzantium 's scope of territorial influence , the Sardinians provided themselves with a self-ruling political organization , leading to the birth of the four Judicates . As the Italian maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa struggled to exercise increasing political interference upon the indigenous states , the Crown of Aragon subsumed the island as the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1324 ."}]}, {'value': '3,567', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Livorno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Livorno', 'summary': 'Livorno ( Italian : [ liˈvorno ] ( listen ) ) is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany , Italy . It is the capital of the Province of Livorno , having a population of 158,493 residents in December 2017 . It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn ( pronounced /lɛˈɡɔːrn/ leg-ORN , /ˈlɛɡhɔːrn/ LEG-horn or /ˈlɛɡərn/ LEG-ərn ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Tuscany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuscany', 'summary': "Tuscany ( /ˈtʌskəni/ TUSK-ə-nee ; Italian : Toscana [ toˈskaːna ] ) is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres ( 8,900 square miles ) and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants ( 2013 ) . The regional capital is Florence ( Firenze ) . Tuscany is known for its landscapes , history , artistic legacy , and its influence on high culture . It is regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and has been home to many figures influential in the history of art and science , and contains well-known museums such as the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Tuscany produces wines , including Chianti , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino . Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity , it is sometimes considered a nation within a nation . Tuscany is a popular destination in Italy ; the main tourist spots are Florence , Pisa , Lucca , Siena , Versilia , Maremma and Chianti . The village of Castiglione della Pescaia is the most visited seaside destination in the region , with seaside tourism accounting for approximately 40% of tourist arrivals . Additionally , Siena , Lucca , the Chianti region , Versilia and Val d'Orcia are also internationally renowned and particularly popular spots among travellers . Seven Tuscan localities have been designated World Heritage Sites : the historic centre of Florence ( 1982 ) ; the Cathedral square of Pisa ( 1987 ) ; the historical centre of San Gimignano ( 1990 ) ; the historical centre of Siena ( 1995 ) ; the historical centre of Pienza ( 1996 ) ; the Val d'Orcia ( 2004 ) , and the Medici Villas and Gardens ( 2013 ) . Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves , making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations that attract millions of tourists every year . In 2012 , the city of Florence was the world 's 89th most visited city , with 1.834 million arrivals ."}]}, {'value': '3,251', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Civitavecchia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Civitavecchia', 'summary': 'Civitavecchia ( pronounced [ ˌtʃivitaˈvɛkkja ] ; meaning ancient town ) is a city and comune of the Metropolitan City of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio . A sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea , it is located 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) west-north-west of the center of Rome . The harbour is formed by two piers and a breakwater , on which stands a lighthouse . Civitavecchia had a population of around 53,000 as of 2015 [ update ] .'}]}, {'value': 'Lazio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lazio', 'summary': "Lazio ( UK : /ˈlætsioʊ/ , US : /ˈlɑːtsioʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈlattsjo ] ; Latin : Latium ) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy . Situated in the central peninsular section of the country , it has almost 5.9 million inhabitants - making it the second most populated region of Italy ( after Lombardy and just a little ahead of Campania ) - and its GDP of more than 170 billion euros per annum means that it has the nation 's second largest regional economy . The capital of Lazio is Rome , which is also Italy 's capital and the country 's largest city ."}]}, {'value': '2,677', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa', 'summary': "Genoa ( /ˈdʒɛnoʊə/ JEN-oh-ə ; Italian : Genova [ ˈdʒɛːnova ] ( listen ) ; Ligurian : Zêna [ ˈzeːna ] ; English , historically , and Latin : Genua ) is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy . In 2015 , 594,733 people lived within the city 's administrative limits . As of the 2011 Italian census , the Province of Genoa , which in 2015 became the Metropolitan City of Genoa , counted 855,834 resident persons . Over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera . Located on the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea , Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean : it is currently the busiest in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union . Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ( the proud one ) due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks . Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List ( UNESCO ) in 2006 as Genoa : Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli . The city 's rich cultural history in art , music and cuisine allowed it to become the 2004 European Capital of Culture . It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus , Andrea Doria , Niccolò Paganini , Giuseppe Mazzini , Renzo Piano and Grimaldo Canella , founder of the House of Grimaldi , among others . Genoa , which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of Northwest Italy , is one of the country 's major economic centers . The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century , and its solid financial sector dates back to the Middle Ages . The Bank of Saint George , founded in 1407 , is among the oldest in the world and has played an important role in the city 's prosperity since the middle of the 15th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Liguria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liguria', 'summary': "Liguria ( /lɪˈɡ ( j ) ʊəriə/ , Italian : [ liˈɡuːrja ] ; Ligurian : Ligûria [ liˈɡyːɾja ] ) is a region of north-western Italy ; its capital is Genoa . Its territory is crossed by the Alps and the Apennines mountains chains . Liguria is bordered by France ( Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur ) to the west , Piedmont to the north , and Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany to the east . It lies on the Ligurian Sea . The region is part of the Alps-Mediterranean Euroregion ."}]}, {'value': '2,510', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Maddalena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sardinia', 'summary': "Sardinia ( /sɑːrˈdɪniə/ sar-DIN-ee-ə ; Italian : Sardegna [ sarˈdeɲɲa ] ; Sardinian : Sardìgna [ saɾˈdiɲɲa ] or Sardìnnia [ saɾˈdinja ] ; Sassarese : Sardhigna ; Gallurese : Saldigna ; Algherese : Sardenya ; Tabarchino : Sardegna ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and politically one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily , and is located west of the Italian Peninsula , north of Tunisia , and to the immediate south of the French island of Corsica . The region of Sardinia is one of the five in Italy that enjoy some degree of domestic autonomy , granted by a specific Statute . Its official name is Regione Autonoma della Sardegna ( Sardinian : Regione Autònoma de Sardigna , lit . Autonomous Region of Sardinia ) . It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city , with Cagliari being the region 's capital and also its largest city . Sardinia 's indigenous language and the other minority languages ( Sassarese , Gallurese , Algherese Catalan and Ligurian Tabarchino ) spoken on the island are recognized by the regional law and enjoy equal dignity with Italian . Sardinia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic . The island 's most iconic civilization is the indigenous Nuragic one , which lasted from the 18th century BC to either 238 BC or the 2nd century AD in some areas and to the 6th century AD in the region known as Barbagia . After a period under a political and economic alliance between the Nuragic Sardinians and the Phoenicians , the island was partly conquered by Carthage and Rome , in the late 6th century BC and in 238 BC respectively ; the Roman occupation lasted for 700 years , followed in the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals and the Byzantines . Since the island was finding itself disconnected from Byzantium 's scope of territorial influence , the Sardinians provided themselves with a self-ruling political organization , leading to the birth of the four Judicates . As the Italian maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa struggled to exercise increasing political interference upon the indigenous states , the Crown of Aragon subsumed the island as the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1324 ."}]}, {'value': '2,374', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palau', 'summary': "Palau ( /pəˈlaʊ/ ( listen ) , historically Belau , Palaos , or Pelew ) , officially the Republic of Palau ( Palauan : Beluu er a Belau ) , is an island country located in the western Pacific Ocean . The country contains approximately 340 islands , and together with parts of the Federated States of Micronesia , forms the western chain of the Caroline Islands . Its area is 466 square kilometers ( 180 sq mi ) . The most populous island is Koror . The capital Ngerulmud is located on the nearby island of Babeldaob , in Melekeok State . Palau shares maritime boundaries with the Philippines , Indonesia , and Micronesia . The country was originally settled approximately 3,000 years ago by migrants from Insular Southeast Asia . The islands were first explored by Europeans in the 16th century , and were made part of the Spanish East Indies in 1574 . Following Spain 's defeat in the Spanish-American War in 1898 , the islands were sold to Imperial Germany in 1899 under the terms of the German-Spanish Treaty , where they were administered as part of German New Guinea . After World War I , the islands were made a part of the Japanese-ruled South Seas Mandate by the League of Nations . During World War II , skirmishes , including the major Battle of Peleliu , were fought between American and Japanese troops as part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign . Along with other Pacific Islands , Palau was made a part of the United States-governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sardinia', 'summary': "Sardinia ( /sɑːrˈdɪniə/ sar-DIN-ee-ə ; Italian : Sardegna [ sarˈdeɲɲa ] ; Sardinian : Sardìgna [ saɾˈdiɲɲa ] or Sardìnnia [ saɾˈdinja ] ; Sassarese : Sardhigna ; Gallurese : Saldigna ; Algherese : Sardenya ; Tabarchino : Sardegna ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and politically one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily , and is located west of the Italian Peninsula , north of Tunisia , and to the immediate south of the French island of Corsica . The region of Sardinia is one of the five in Italy that enjoy some degree of domestic autonomy , granted by a specific Statute . Its official name is Regione Autonoma della Sardegna ( Sardinian : Regione Autònoma de Sardigna , lit . Autonomous Region of Sardinia ) . It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city , with Cagliari being the region 's capital and also its largest city . Sardinia 's indigenous language and the other minority languages ( Sassarese , Gallurese , Algherese Catalan and Ligurian Tabarchino ) spoken on the island are recognized by the regional law and enjoy equal dignity with Italian . Sardinia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic . The island 's most iconic civilization is the indigenous Nuragic one , which lasted from the 18th century BC to either 238 BC or the 2nd century AD in some areas and to the 6th century AD in the region known as Barbagia . After a period under a political and economic alliance between the Nuragic Sardinians and the Phoenicians , the island was partly conquered by Carthage and Rome , in the late 6th century BC and in 238 BC respectively ; the Roman occupation lasted for 700 years , followed in the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals and the Byzantines . Since the island was finding itself disconnected from Byzantium 's scope of territorial influence , the Sardinians provided themselves with a self-ruling political organization , leading to the birth of the four Judicates . As the Italian maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa struggled to exercise increasing political interference upon the indigenous states , the Crown of Aragon subsumed the island as the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1324 ."}]}, {'value': '2,364', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ischia Porto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campania', 'summary': 'Campania ( /kæmˈpeɪniə/ , also UK : /kæmˈpæniə/ , US : /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/ , Italian : [ kamˈpaːnja ] , Neapolitan : [ kamˈbɑːnjə ] ) is a region in Southern Italy . As of 2018 , the region has a population of around 5,820,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13,590 km2 ( 5,247 sq mi ) makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region . Coastal areas in the region were colonised by Ancient Greeks between 8th and 7th centuries BC , becoming part of the so-called Magna Græcia . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis , Paestum , Aeclanum , Stabiae and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as fertile countryside or happy countryside . The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .'}]}, {'value': '2,342', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palermo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palermo', 'summary': "Palermo ( /pəˈlɛərmoʊ , -ˈlɜːr-/ pə-LAIR-moh , -\u2060LUR- , Italian : [ paˈlɛrmo ] ( listen ) ; Sicilian : Palermu , locally [ paˈlɛmmʊ ] ; Latin : Panormus , from Greek : Πάνορμος , romanized : Pánormos ) is a city of Southern Italy , the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo . The city is noted for its history , culture , architecture and gastronomy , playing an important role throughout much of its existence ; it is over 2,700 years old . Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily , right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea . The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz . Palermo then became a possession of Carthage . Two Greek colonies were established , known collectively as Panormos or All-Port ; the Carthaginians used this name on their coins after the 5th century BC . As Panormus , the town became part of the Roman Republic and Empire for over a thousand years . From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital . The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm ( Arabic : بَلَرْم ) , the root for Palermo 's present-day name . Following the Norman reconquest , Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom ( from 1130 to 1816 ) , the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Emperor Frederick II and King Conrad IV . The population of Palermo urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 855,285 , while its metropolitan area is the fifth most populated in Italy with around 1.2 million people . In the central area , the city has a population of around 676,000 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Sicily', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sicily', 'summary': 'Sicily ( Italian : Sicilia [ siˈtʃiːlja ] ; Sicilian : Sicilia [ sɪˈʃiːlja ] ) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is one of the five Italian autonomous regions and is officially referred to as Regione Siciliana . Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean Sea , south of the Italian Peninsula , from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Messina . Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna , the tallest active volcano in Europe , and one of the most active in the world , currently 3,329 m ( 10,922 ft ) high . The island has a typical Mediterranean climate . The earliest archaeological evidence of human activity on the island dates from as early as 12,000 BC . By around 750 BC , Sicily had three Phoenician and a dozen Greek colonies and it was later the site of the Sicilian Wars and the Punic Wars . After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD , Sicily was ruled during the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals , the Ostrogoths , the Byzantine Empire , and the Emirate of Sicily . The Norman conquest of southern Italy led to the creation of the Kingdom of Sicily , which was subsequently ruled by the Hohenstaufen , the Capetian House of Anjou , Spain , and the House of Habsburg . It was unified under the House of Bourbon with the Kingdom of Naples as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . It became part of Italy in 1860 following the Expedition of the Thousand , a revolt led by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification , and a plebiscite . Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region on 15 May 1946 , 18 days before the Italian constitutional referendum of 1946 .'}]}, {'value': '1,949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sorrento', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sorrento', 'summary': "Sorrento ( /səˈrɛntoʊ/ , Italian : [ sorˈrɛnto ] ; Latin : Surrentum ) is a town overlooking the Bay of Naples in Southern Italy . A popular tourist destination due to its variety of small antique shops and location on the Amalfi Coast , it can be reached easily from Naples and Pompeii as it is at the south-eastern end of the Circumvesuviana rail line . The town is most known for its small shops selling ceramics , lacework and marquetry ( woodwork ) . The Sorrentine Peninsula has views of Naples , Vesuvius and the Isle of Capri . The Amalfi Drive , connecting Sorrento and Amalfi , is a narrow road that threads along the high cliffs above the Tyrrhenian Sea . Ferries and hydrofoils connect the town to Naples , Amalfi , Positano , Capri and Ischia . Sorrento 's sea cliffs and luxury hotels have attracted celebrities including Enrico Caruso and Luciano Pavarotti . Limoncello , a digestif made from lemon rinds , alcohol , water and sugar , is produced in Sorrento . Other agricultural production includes citrus fruit , wine , nuts and olives ."}]}, {'value': 'Campania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campania', 'summary': 'Campania ( /kæmˈpeɪniə/ , also UK : /kæmˈpæniə/ , US : /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/ , Italian : [ kamˈpaːnja ] , Neapolitan : [ kamˈbɑːnjə ] ) is a region in Southern Italy . As of 2018 , the region has a population of around 5,820,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13,590 km2 ( 5,247 sq mi ) makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region . Coastal areas in the region were colonised by Ancient Greeks between 8th and 7th centuries BC , becoming part of the so-called Magna Græcia . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis , Paestum , Aeclanum , Stabiae and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as fertile countryside or happy countryside . The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .'}]}, {'value': '1,887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Other', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24,423', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90,157', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Transport_in_Italy_3', 'intro': "Italy has a well developed transport infrastructure. The Italian rail network is extensive, especially in the north, and it includes a high-speed rail network that joins the major cities of Italy from Naples through northern cities such as Milan and Turin. Italy has 2,507 people and 12.46 km2 per kilometer of rail track, giving Italy the world's 13th largest rail network. Italy's road network is also widespread, with a total length of about 487,700 km. It comprises both an extensive motorway network (6,400 km), mostly toll roads, and national and local roads. Because of its long seacoast, Italy also has many harbors for the transportation of both goods and passengers. Transport networks in Italy are integrated into the Trans-European Transport Networks."}
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What is the rail system of the port city in Italy where 10,380 passengers pass through each year ?
Tranvia di Messina
0af33dd51d5c777b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_of_Romania', 'title': 'Minorities of Romania', 'header': ['Minority', 'Population ( 2002 )', 'Percentage of the total population ( 2002 )', 'Population ( 2011 )', 'Percentage of the total population ( 2011 )', 'County'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hungarians ( incl . Szeklers )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania', 'summary': 'The Hungarian minority of Romania ( Hungarian : romániai magyarok , Romanian : maghiarii din România ) is the largest ethnic minority in Romania , consisting of 1,227,623 people and making up 6.1% of the total population , according to the 2011 census . Most ethnic Hungarians of Romania live in areas that were , before the 1920 Treaty of Trianon , parts of Hungary . Encompassed in a region known as Transylvania , the most prominent of these areas is known generally as Székely Land ( Ținutul Secuiesc , Székelyföld ) , where Hungarians comprise the majority of the population , comprising Harghita and Covasna counties and parts of Mureș county . Transylvania also includes the historic regions of Banat , Crișana and Maramureș . There are forty-one counties of Romania ; Hungarians form a large majority of the population in the counties of Harghita ( 85.21% ) and Covasna ( 73.74% ) , and a large percentage in Mureș ( 38.09% ) , Satu Mare ( 34.65% ) , Bihor ( 25.27% ) , Sălaj ( 23.35% ) and Cluj ( 15.93% ) counties .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Székelys', 'summary': "The Székelys ( Hungarian pronunciation : [ ˈseːkɛj ] ) , sometimes also referred to as Szeklers ( Hungarian : székelyek , Romanian : Secui , German : Szekler , Latin : Siculi ) , are a subgroup of the Hungarian people living mostly in the Székely Land in Romania . A significant population descending from the Székelys of Bukovina lives in Tolna and Baranya counties in Hungary and in certain districts of Vojvodina , Serbia . In the Middle Ages , the Székelys , along with the Transylvanian Saxons , played a key role in the defense of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Ottomans in their posture as guards of the eastern border . With the Treaty of Trianon of 1920 , Transylvania ( including the Székely Land ) became part of Romania , and the Székely population was a target of Romanianization efforts . In 1952 , during the Socialist Republic of Romania , the former province of Mureș , Romania ( with the highest concentration of Székely population ) , was legally designated as the Hungarian Autonomous Region . It was superseded in 1960 by the Mureș-Hungarian Autonomous Region , itself divided in 1968 into three non-autonomous counties , Harghita , Covasna and Mureș . In post-Cold War Romania , where the Székelys form roughly half of the ethnic Hungarian population , members of the group have been among the most vocal of Hungarians seeking an autonomous Hungarian region in Transylvania . They were estimated to number about 860,000 in the 1970s and are officially recognized as a distinct minority group by the Romanian government . Today 's Székely Land roughly corresponds to the Romanian counties of Harghita , Covasna and central and eastern Mureș . Based on the official 2011 Romanian census , 1,227,623 ethnic Hungarians live in Romania , mostly in the region of Transylvania , making 19.6% of the population of this region . Of these , 609,033 ( according to the 2011 Romanian Census ) live in the counties of Harghita , Covasna and Mureș , which taken together have a Hungarian majority ( 58% ) . The Hungarians in Székely Land therefore account for half ( 49.41% ) of the Hungarians in Romania ."}]}, {'value': '1,431,807', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.60%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,227,623', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.10%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mainly Transylvania , but also Bucharest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Transylvania', 'summary': "Transylvania is a historical region which is located in central Romania . Bound on the east and south by its natural borders , the Carpathian mountain range , historical Transylvania extended westward to the Apuseni Mountains . The term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper , but also parts of the historical regions of Crișana and Maramureș , and occasionally the Romanian part of Banat . The region of Transylvania is known for the scenery of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history . It also contains major cities such as Cluj-Napoca , Brașov , Sibiu , Târgu Mureș , Alba Iulia and Bistrița . The Anglosphere commonly associates Transylvania with vampires , thanks to the dominant influence of Bram Stoker 's novel Dracula and the many films the tale inspired ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bucharest', 'summary': "Bucharest ( UK : /ˌbuːkəˈrɛst/ BOO-kə-REST , US : /ˈbuːkərɛst/ -\u2060rest ; Romanian : București [ bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Romania , as well as its cultural , industrial , and financial centre . It is located in the southeast of the country , at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389Coordinates : 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389 , on the banks of the Dâmbovița River , less than 60 km ( 37.3 mi ) north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border . Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459 . It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media , culture , and art . Its architecture is a mix of historical ( neo-classical and Art Nouveau ) , interbellum ( Bauhaus , and art deco ) , communist era and modern . In the period between the two World Wars , the city 's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of 'Paris of the East ' ( Romanian : Parisul Estului ) or 'Little Paris ' ( Romanian : Micul Paris ) . Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war , earthquakes , and even Nicolae Ceaușescu 's program of systematization , many survived and have been renovated . In recent years , the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom . It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe , according to Financial Times , CBRE , TechCrunch and others . UiPath , a global startup founded in Bucharest , has reached $ 7 billion in valuation . Since 2019 , Bucharest hosts the largest high tech summit in Southeast Europe ( Romania Blockchain Summit ) . In 2016 , the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered ' by the World Monuments Watch ."}]}, {'value': 'Roma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roma_minority_in_Romania', 'summary': "Romani people ( Roma ; Romi , traditionally Țigani , Gypsies ) constitute one of Romania 's largest minorities . According to the 2011 census , their number was 621,000 people or 3.3% of the total population , being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians . There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Romani ancestry in Romania , varying from 4.6 percent to over 10 percent of the population , because a lot of people of Romani descent do not declare themselves Roma ."}]}, {'value': '535,140', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.46%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '621,573', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.08%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mureș , Călărași', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mureș_County', 'summary': "Mureș County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈmureʃ ] , Romanian : Județul Mures , Hungarian : Maros megye ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in the historical region of Transylvania , with the administrative centre in Târgu Mureș . The county was established in 1968 , after the administrative reorganization that re-introduced the historical judeţ ( county ) system , still used today . This reform eliminated the previous Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region , which had been created in 1952 within the People 's Republic of Romania . Mureș county has a vibrant multicultural fabric that includes Hungarian-speaking Székelys and Transylvanian Saxons , with a rich heritage of fortified churches and towns ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Călărași_County', 'summary': 'Călărași ( Romanian pronunciation : [ kələˈraʃʲ ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria , in Muntenia , with the county seat at Călărași .'}]}, {'value': 'Ukrainians ( incl . Hutsuls and Rusyns )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukrainians_of_Romania', 'summary': 'The Ukrainians ( Ukrainian : Українці , Romanian : Ucraineni ) are the third-largest ethnic minority in Romania . According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people , making up 0.3% of the total population . Ukrainians claim that the number is actually 250,000-300,000 . Ukrainians mainly live in northern Romania , in areas close to the Ukrainian border . Over 60% of all Romanian Ukrainians live in Maramureș County ( 31,234 ) , where they make up 6.77% of the population . Sizable populations of Ukrainians are also found in Suceava County ( 5698 people ) , Timiș County ( 5953 ) , Caraș-Severin County ( 2600 ) , Satu Mare County ( 1397 ) , Tulcea County ( 1317 ) and Arad County ( 1295 ) . Ukrainians make up a majority in seven communes of Maramureș County ( Bistra , Bocicoiu Mare , Poienile de sub Munte , Remeți , Repedea , Rona de Sus and Ruscova ) and three in Suceava County ( Bălcăuți , Izvoarele Sucevei and Ulma ) , as well as in Știuca , Timiș and Copăcele , Caraș-Severin . According to the 2002 census , 79% of Ukrainians were Eastern Orthodox , organized into the Ukrainian Orthodox Vicariate Sighetu Marmației ; 10% Pentecostal ; 2.8% Greek-Catholic , organized into the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Vicariate Rădăuți ; 2.1% Seventh-day Adventist ; 1.2% Lipovan Orthodox and 2.9% stated they belonged to another religion . A second group of Ukrainians in Romania live in the Dobruja region of the Danube Delta . These are descendants of Zaporozhian Cossacks who fled Russian rule in the 18th century . In 1830 they numbered 1,095 families . Over the years they were joined by other peasants fleeing serfdom in the Russian Empire .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hutsuls', 'summary': 'Hutsuls ( Ukrainian : гуцули , hutsuly ; Polish : Hucuł , plural Huculi , Hucułowie ; Romanian : huțul , plural huțuli ) is an ethnic group spanning parts of western Ukraine and Romania ( i.e . parts of Bukovina and Maramureş ) . While they often have been officially designated as a subgroup of Ukrainians , Hutsuls mostly regard themselves as a part of a broader Rusyn ethnicity , alongside two other groups from the cross-border region of Transcarpathia : the Boykos and Lemkos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rusyns', 'summary': 'Rusyns ( Rusyn : Русины / Rusynŷ ) , sometimes referred to as Rusnaks ( Rusyn : Руснакы / Rusnakŷ ) , also known as Carpatho-Ruthenians or Carpatho-Russians ( Rusyn : Карпато-Русини / Karpato-Rusyny ) , are an East Slavic people who speak the Rusyn language . They descend from an East Slavic population which inhabited the northern regions of the Eastern Carpathians from the Early Middle Ages . Together with other East Slavs from neighboring regions , they were often labeled [ by whom ? ] by the common exonym Ruthenians , or by the regionally more specific designation Carpathian Ruthenians , with sub-group designations such as Dolinyans , Boykos , Hutsuls and Lemkos . Unlike their neighbors to the east , who adopted the use of the ethnonym Ukrainians in the early 20th century , Rusyns kept and preserved their original name . As residents of northeastern regions of the Carpathian Mountains , Rusyns are closely connected to , and also sometimes associated with , other Slavic communities in the region , like the Slovak highlander community of Gorals ( literally , Highlanders ) . The main regional designations for Rusyns are : Carpatho-Rusyns , Carpatho-Ruthenians and Carpatho-Russians , with the Carpatho- prefix referring to Carpathian Ruthenia ( Rusynia ) , a historical cross-border region encompassing south-western parts of modern Ukraine , north-eastern regions of Slovakia , and south-eastern parts of Poland . Of the estimated 1.2-1.6 million people of Rusyn origins , only around 90,000 individuals have been officially identified as such in recent national censuses . That is because many census-taking authorities regard them as a sub-group of Ukrainian people , but some countries officially recognize them as an ethnic minority .'}]}, {'value': '61,091', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.28%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50,920', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.25%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maramureș , Timiș , Suceava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maramureș_County', 'summary': 'Maramureș County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ maraˈmureʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in the Maramureș region . The county seat is Baia Mare .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Timiș_County', 'summary': 'Timiș ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈtimiʃ ] ) is a county ( județ ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia , in the historical region Banat , with the county seat at Timișoara . It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area . The county is also part of the Danube-Criș-Mureș-Tisa Euroregion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Suceava_County', 'summary': 'Suceava County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ suˈtʃe̯ava ] ) is a county ( Romanian : județ , German : kreis ) of Romania . Most of its territory lies in the southern portion of the historical region of Bukovina , while the remainder forms part of Western Moldavia proper . The county seat is Suceava .'}]}, {'value': 'Germans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germans_of_Romania', 'summary': 'The Germans of Romania or Rumäniendeutsche , are an ethnic group of Romania . During the interwar period in Romania , the total number of ethnic Germans amounted to as much as 786,000 ( according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939 ) , a figure which has subsequently fallen to circa 36,000 as of 2011 in contemporary Romania .'}]}, {'value': '59,764', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.28%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36,042', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.17%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timiș , Sibiu , Satu Mare , Caraș-Severin , Brașov , Mureș , Maramureș , Hunedoara , Alba , Bihor , Suceava , Bistrița-Năsăud , Prahova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timiș_County', 'summary': 'Timiș ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈtimiʃ ] ) is a county ( județ ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia , in the historical region Banat , with the county seat at Timișoara . It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area . The county is also part of the Danube-Criș-Mureș-Tisa Euroregion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sibiu_County', 'summary': 'Sibiu County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ siˈbiw ] ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in the historical region Transylvania , with the capital city Sibiu .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Satu_Mare_County', 'summary': 'Satu Mare County ( Romanian : Județul Satu Mare , pronounced [ ˌsatu ˈmare ] ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Hungary and Ukraine . The capital city is Satu Mare . Besides Romanians ( 57.73% of the population ) , Satu Mare features a significant ethnic minority of Hungarians ( 34.5% ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Caraș-Severin_County', 'summary': 'Caraș-Severin ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈkaraʃ seveˈrin ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Serbia . The majority of its territory lies within the historical region of Banat , with a few northeastern villages considered part of Transylvania . The county seat is Reșița . The Caraș-Severin county is part of the Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisza Euroregion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brașov_County', 'summary': 'Brașov County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ braˈʃov ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Transylvania , with the capital city at Brașov . The county incorporates within its boundaries most of the Medieval lands ( țări ) Burzenland and Făgăraș .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mureș_County', 'summary': "Mureș County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈmureʃ ] , Romanian : Județul Mures , Hungarian : Maros megye ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in the historical region of Transylvania , with the administrative centre in Târgu Mureș . The county was established in 1968 , after the administrative reorganization that re-introduced the historical judeţ ( county ) system , still used today . This reform eliminated the previous Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region , which had been created in 1952 within the People 's Republic of Romania . Mureș county has a vibrant multicultural fabric that includes Hungarian-speaking Székelys and Transylvanian Saxons , with a rich heritage of fortified churches and towns ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maramureș_County', 'summary': 'Maramureș County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ maraˈmureʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in the Maramureș region . The county seat is Baia Mare .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hunedoara_County', 'summary': 'Hunedoara County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ huneˈdo̯ara ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Transylvania , with its capital city at Deva . The county is part of the Danube-Criș-Mureș-Tisa Euroregion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alba_County', 'summary': 'Alba County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈalba ] ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Transylvania , its capital city being Alba-Iulia with a population of 63,536 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bihor_County', 'summary': 'Bihor County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ biˈhor ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Crișana . Its capital city is Oradea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Suceava_County', 'summary': 'Suceava County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ suˈtʃe̯ava ] ) is a county ( Romanian : județ , German : kreis ) of Romania . Most of its territory lies in the southern portion of the historical region of Bukovina , while the remainder forms part of Western Moldavia proper . The county seat is Suceava .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bistrița-Năsăud_County', 'summary': 'Bistrița-Năsăud ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈbistrit͡sa nəsəˈud ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Transylvania , with the capital city at Bistrița .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prahova_County', 'summary': 'Prahova County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈprahova ] ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in the historical region Muntenia , with the capital city at Ploiești .'}]}, {'value': 'Russians ( incl . Lipovans )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russians', 'summary': "Russians ( Russian : русские , tr . russkiye , IPA : ˈruskʲɪje ) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to European Russia and other parts of Eastern Europe ( some territories of the former Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire ) ; they are the most numerous ethnic group in Europe . The majority of ethnic Russians live in the Russian Federation , but notable minorities exist in other former Soviet states such as Belarus , Kazakhstan , Moldova , Ukraine and the Baltic states . A large Russian diaspora ( sometimes including Russophones , i.e . Russian-speaking non-Russians ) has developed all over the world , with notable numbers in the United States , Germany , Brazil , and Canada . The culture of the ethnic Russian people has a long tradition and it is a foundation for the modern culture of the whole of Russia . The Russian language originally was the language of ethnic Russians . They are historically Orthodox Christians by religion . The ethnic Russians formed from East Slavic tribes and their cultural ancestry is based in Kievan Rus ' . The Russian word for ethnic Russians is derived from the people of Rus ' and the territory of Rus ' . The Russians share many historical and cultural traits with other European peoples , and especially with other East Slavic ethnic groups , specifically Belarusians and Ukrainians . Many ethnic groups had a common history within the former Soviet Union and Russian Empire , which was influential in the spreading of Russian culture and language ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lipovans', 'summary': 'Lipovans or Lippovans ( Russian : Липовáне , Romanian : Lipoveni , Ukrainian : Липовани , Bulgarian : липованци ) are Old Believers , mostly of Russian ethnic origin , who settled in Romania in the Moldavian Principality , and in the regions of Dobruja and Eastern Muntenia . According to the Romanian census of 2002 , there are a total of 35,791 Lipovans in Romania , of whom 21,623 live in Dobruja .'}]}, {'value': '35,791', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.17%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,487', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.11%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tulcea , Constanța , Iași , Suceava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulcea_County', 'summary': 'Tulcea County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈtult͡ʃe̯a ] ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in the historical region Dobruja , with the capital city at Tulcea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Constanța_County', 'summary': 'Constanța ( Romanian pronunciation : [ konˈstantsa ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria , in the Dobruja region . Its capital city is also named Constanța .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Iași_County', 'summary': 'Iași County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈjaʃʲ ] ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Moldavia , with the administrative seat at Iași . It is the most populous county in Romania , after the Municipality of Bucharest ( which has the same administrative level as that of a county ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Suceava_County', 'summary': 'Suceava County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ suˈtʃe̯ava ] ) is a county ( Romanian : județ , German : kreis ) of Romania . Most of its territory lies in the southern portion of the historical region of Bukovina , while the remainder forms part of Western Moldavia proper . The county seat is Suceava .'}]}, {'value': 'Turks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turks_of_Romania', 'summary': "The Turks of Romania , also known as Romanian Turks , ( Turkish : Romanya Türkleri , Romanian : Turcii din România ) are ethnic Turks who form an ethnic minority in Romania . According to the 2011 census , there were 28,226 Turks living in the country , forming a minority of some 0.15% of the population . Of these , 81.1% were recorded in the Dobruja region of the country 's southeast , near the Black Sea , in the counties of Constanța ( 21,014 ) and Tulcea ( 1,891 ) , with a further 8.5% residing in the national capital Bucharest ( 2,388 ) ."}]}, {'value': '32,098', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.15%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27,698', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.13%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constanța', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constanța_County', 'summary': 'Constanța ( Romanian pronunciation : [ konˈstantsa ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria , in the Dobruja region . Its capital city is also named Constanța .'}]}, {'value': 'Crimean Tatars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crimean_Tatars', 'summary': "Crimean Tatars ( Crimean Tatar : qırımtatarlar , къырымтатарлар ) , or Crimeans ( Crimean Tatar : qırımlar , къырымлар ) , are a Turkic ethnic group and nation , who are indigenous people of Crimea and formed in the Crimean Peninsula during the 13th-17th centuries , primarily from Cumans that appeared in Crimea in the 10th century , with strong contributions from all the peoples who ever inhabited Crimea . Since 2014 Crimean Tatars have been officially recognized as an indigenous people of Ukraine . Crimean Tatars are considered as a national minority , not an indigenous people , by the Russian Federation . Crimean Tatars constituted the majority of Crimea 's population from the time of ethnogenesis until the mid-19th century , and the relative largest ethnic population until the end of the 19th century . Almost immediately after the retaking of Crimea from Axis forces , in May 1944 , the USSR State Defense Committee ordered the deportation of all of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea , including the families of Crimean Tatars serving in the Soviet Army - in trains and boxcars to Central Asia , primarily to Uzbekistan . Starting in 1967 , some were allowed to return to Crimea , and in 1989 the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union condemned the removal of Crimean Tatars from their motherland as inhumane and lawless . Today , Crimean Tatars constitute approximately 12% of the population of Crimea . There remains a large diaspora of Crimean Tatars in Turkey and Uzbekistan . The Crimean Tatars have been members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization ( UNPO ) since 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '23,935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.11%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,282', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.10%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constanța', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constanța_County', 'summary': 'Constanța ( Romanian pronunciation : [ konˈstantsa ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria , in the Dobruja region . Its capital city is also named Constanța .'}]}, {'value': 'Serbs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serbs_of_Romania', 'summary': 'The Serbs of Romania ( Romanian : Sârbii din România , Serbian : Срби у Румунији/Srbi u Rumuniji ) are a recognized ethnic minority numbering 18,076 people ( 0.1% ) according to the 2011 census . The community is concentrated in western Romania , in the Romanian part of the Banat region ( divided with Serbia ) , where they constitute absolute majority in two communes and relative majority in one other .'}]}, {'value': '22,518', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.10%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,076', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.08%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timiș , Arad , Caraș-Severin , Mehedinți', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timiș_County', 'summary': 'Timiș ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈtimiʃ ] ) is a county ( județ ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia , in the historical region Banat , with the county seat at Timișoara . It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area . The county is also part of the Danube-Criș-Mureș-Tisa Euroregion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arad_County', 'summary': 'Arad County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ aˈrad ] ( listen ) ) is an administrative division ( judeţ ) of Romania roughly translated into county in the western part of the country on the border with Hungary , mostly in the region of Crișana and few villages in Banat . The administrative center of the county lies in the city of Arad . The Arad County is part of the Danube-Criș-Mureș-Tisa Euroregion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Caraș-Severin_County', 'summary': 'Caraș-Severin ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈkaraʃ seveˈrin ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Serbia . The majority of its territory lies within the historical region of Banat , with a few northeastern villages considered part of Transylvania . The county seat is Reșița . The Caraș-Severin county is part of the Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisza Euroregion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mehedinți_County', 'summary': 'Mehedinți County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ meheˈdint͡sʲ ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Serbia and Bulgaria . It is mostly located in the historical province of Oltenia , with one municipality ( Orșova ) and three communes ( Dubova , Eșelnița and Svinița ) located in the Banat . The county seat is Drobeta-Turnu Severin .'}]}, {'value': 'Slovaks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovaks_of_Romania', 'summary': 'The Slovaks ( Slováci in Slovak , slovaci in Romanian ) are an ethnic minority in Romania , numbering 17,199 people according to the 2002 census and hence making up 0.1% of the total population . Slovaks mainly live in western Romania , with the largest populations found in Bihor and Arad counties , where they make up 1.22% and 1.25% of the population , respectively . The largest concentrations of ethnic Slovaks can be found in Șinteu ( Nová Huta ) , Bihor County , where they make up nearly all ( 96.37% ) of the population , and in Nădlac ( Nadlak ) , Arad County , where they make up almost half ( 43.85% ) of the population . Other towns and communes with significant Slovak populations include :'}]}, {'value': '17,199', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.08%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13,654', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.06%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sălaj , Arad , Bihor , Suceava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sălaj_County', 'summary': 'Sălaj County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ səˈlaʒ ] ) ( also known as Land of Silvania , silva , -ae means forest ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , located in the north-west of the country , in the historical regions of Crișana and Transylvania . It is bordered to the north by Satu Mare and Maramureș counties , to the west and south-west by Bihor County , and to the south-east by Cluj County . Zalău is the county seat as well as its largest city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Arad_County', 'summary': 'Arad County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ aˈrad ] ( listen ) ) is an administrative division ( judeţ ) of Romania roughly translated into county in the western part of the country on the border with Hungary , mostly in the region of Crișana and few villages in Banat . The administrative center of the county lies in the city of Arad . The Arad County is part of the Danube-Criș-Mureș-Tisa Euroregion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bihor_County', 'summary': 'Bihor County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ biˈhor ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Crișana . Its capital city is Oradea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Suceava_County', 'summary': 'Suceava County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ suˈtʃe̯ava ] ) is a county ( Romanian : județ , German : kreis ) of Romania . Most of its territory lies in the southern portion of the historical region of Bukovina , while the remainder forms part of Western Moldavia proper . The county seat is Suceava .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgarians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Romania', 'summary': 'Bulgarians ( Romanian : bulgari ) are a recognized minority in Romania ( Bulgarian : Румъния , Rumaniya ) , numbering 7,336 according to the 2011 Romanian census , down from 8,025 in 2002 . Despite their low census number today , Bulgarians from different confessional and regional backgrounds have had ethnic communities in various regions of Romania , and during the Middle Ages Bulgarian culture has exerted considerable influence on its northern neighbour . According to one estimate , Romanian citizens of Bulgarian origin number around 250,000 . Historically , Bulgarian communities in modern Romania have existed in Wallachia ( Bulgarian : Влашко , transliterated : Vlashko ) , Northern Dobruja ( Bulgarian : Северна Добруджа , translit . Severna Dobrudzha ) and Transylvania ( Bulgarian : Седмиградско , translit . Sedmigradsko ) . Currently , however , the Bulgarian community in present-day Romania that has retained most efficiently its numbers , social integrity and strong ethnic identity is that of the Banat Bulgarians , a Roman Catholic minority in the Banat who account for the bulk of the Bulgarian-identifying population of Romania . In Wallachia , they are only few Bulgarians who preserved their national identity , though the numbers of those who speak Bulgarian and affirm to have Bulgarian ancestors is still high . Much of the Torlak-speaking Roman Catholic Krashovani who today form a part of the Croatian minority in Romania had declared themselves Bulgarian during Austria-Hungary . The population of undisputed Bulgarian origin aside , Bulgarian researchers also claim that the Hungarian minority of the Székely in central Romania is of Magyarized Bulgar ( Proto-Bulgarian ) origin and the Şchei of Transylvania were Romanianized Bulgarians ( a view also supported by Lyubomir Miletich and accepted by Romanian writers ) .'}]}, {'value': '8,025', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.04%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,336', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.04%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timiș', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timiș_County', 'summary': 'Timiș ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈtimiʃ ] ) is a county ( județ ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia , in the historical region Banat , with the county seat at Timișoara . It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area . The county is also part of the Danube-Criș-Mureș-Tisa Euroregion .'}]}, {'value': 'Croats ( incl . Krašovani )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croats_of_Romania', 'summary': 'Croats ( Croatian : Hrvati , Romanian : Croați ) are an ethnic minority in Romania , numbering 6,786 people according to the 2002 census . They mainly live in the southwest of the country , particularly in Caraș-Severin County . Declared Croatians form a majority in two Romanian localities : the communes of Carașova and Lupac . In these communes , Croatian is an officially recognised language , with signage , education and access to justice and public administration being provided in Croatian alongside Romanian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Krašovani', 'summary': 'The Krashovani ( Romanian : Carașoveni , Serbo-Croatian : Krašovani ) are a South Slavic community inhabiting Carașova and Lupac in the Caraș-Severin County within Romanian Banat . They are regarded as and predominantly self-identify as Croats . They are Roman Catholic by faith and speak the Torlakian dialect . Glottolog lists Karashevski as sub-type of Croatian language .'}]}, {'value': '6,786', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.03%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,408', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.03%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caraș-Severin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caraș-Severin_County', 'summary': 'Caraș-Severin ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈkaraʃ seveˈrin ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Serbia . The majority of its territory lies within the historical region of Banat , with a few northeastern villages considered part of Transylvania . The county seat is Reșița . The Caraș-Severin county is part of the Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisza Euroregion .'}]}, {'value': 'Greeks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greeks_of_Romania', 'summary': 'Greeks are a historic minority group in Romania . At times , as during the Phanariote era , this presence has amounted to hegemony ; at other times ( including the present ) , the Greeks have simply been one among the many ethnic minorities in Romania .'}]}, {'value': '6,472', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.03%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,668', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.02%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constanța , Brăila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constanța_County', 'summary': 'Constanța ( Romanian pronunciation : [ konˈstantsa ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria , in the Dobruja region . Its capital city is also named Constanța .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brăila_County', 'summary': 'Brăila County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ brəˈila ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Muntenia , with the capital city at Brăila .'}]}, {'value': 'Jews', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania', 'summary': "The history of the Jews in Romania concerns the Jews both of Romania and of Romanian origins , from their first mention on what is present-day Romanian territory . Minimal until the 18th century , the size of the Jewish population increased after around 1850 , and more especially after the establishment of Greater Romania in the aftermath of World War I . A diverse community , albeit an overwhelmingly urban one , Jews were a target of religious persecution and racism in Romanian society - from the late-19th century debate over the Jewish Question and the Jewish residents ' right to citizenship , to the genocide carried out in the lands of Romania as part of the Holocaust . The latter , coupled with successive waves of aliyah , has accounted for a dramatic decrease in the overall size of Romania 's present-day Jewish community . Jewish communities existed in Romanian territory in the 2nd century AD . During the reign of Peter the Lame ( 1574-1579 ) the Jews of Moldavia , mainly traders from Poland who were competing with locals , were taxed and ultimately expelled . The authorities decided in 1650 and 1741 required Jews to wear clothing evidencing their status and ethnicity . The first blood accusation in Moldavia ( and , as such , in Romania ) was made in 1710 , when the Jews of Târgu Neamț were charged with having killed a Christian child for ritual purposes . An anti-Jewish riot occurred in Bucharest in the 1760s . During the Russo-Turkish War , 1768-1774 the Jews in the Danubian Principalities had to endure great hardships . Massacres and pillages were perpetrated in almost every town and village in the country . During the Greek War of Independence , which signalled the Wallachian uprising of 1821 , Jews were victims of pogroms and persecutions ."}]}, {'value': '5,785', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.03%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,271', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.02%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bucharest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucharest', 'summary': "Bucharest ( UK : /ˌbuːkəˈrɛst/ BOO-kə-REST , US : /ˈbuːkərɛst/ -\u2060rest ; Romanian : București [ bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Romania , as well as its cultural , industrial , and financial centre . It is located in the southeast of the country , at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389Coordinates : 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389 , on the banks of the Dâmbovița River , less than 60 km ( 37.3 mi ) north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border . Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459 . It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media , culture , and art . Its architecture is a mix of historical ( neo-classical and Art Nouveau ) , interbellum ( Bauhaus , and art deco ) , communist era and modern . In the period between the two World Wars , the city 's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of 'Paris of the East ' ( Romanian : Parisul Estului ) or 'Little Paris ' ( Romanian : Micul Paris ) . Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war , earthquakes , and even Nicolae Ceaușescu 's program of systematization , many survived and have been renovated . In recent years , the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom . It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe , according to Financial Times , CBRE , TechCrunch and others . UiPath , a global startup founded in Bucharest , has reached $ 7 billion in valuation . Since 2019 , Bucharest hosts the largest high tech summit in Southeast Europe ( Romania Blockchain Summit ) . In 2016 , the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered ' by the World Monuments Watch ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czechs_of_Romania', 'summary': 'The Czechs ( Czech : Češi , Pémové , Romanian : Cehi , Pemi , Hungarian : Bánáti csehek ) are an ethnic minority in Romania , numbering 3,938 people according to the 2002 census . The majority of Romanian Czechs live in the south-west of the country , with around 60% of them living in Caraş-Severin County , where they make up 0.7% of the population . As an officially recognised ethnic minority , Czechs , together with Slovaks , have one seat reserved in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies associated within Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs of Romania .'}]}, {'value': '3,938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.02%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,477', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.01%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caraș-Severin , Mehedinți , Suceava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caraș-Severin_County', 'summary': 'Caraș-Severin ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈkaraʃ seveˈrin ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Serbia . The majority of its territory lies within the historical region of Banat , with a few northeastern villages considered part of Transylvania . The county seat is Reșița . The Caraș-Severin county is part of the Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisza Euroregion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mehedinți_County', 'summary': 'Mehedinți County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ meheˈdint͡sʲ ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Serbia and Bulgaria . It is mostly located in the historical province of Oltenia , with one municipality ( Orșova ) and three communes ( Dubova , Eșelnița and Svinița ) located in the Banat . The county seat is Drobeta-Turnu Severin .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Suceava_County', 'summary': 'Suceava County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ suˈtʃe̯ava ] ) is a county ( Romanian : județ , German : kreis ) of Romania . Most of its territory lies in the southern portion of the historical region of Bukovina , while the remainder forms part of Western Moldavia proper . The county seat is Suceava .'}]}, {'value': 'Poles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Romania', 'summary': 'According to the 2011 census , 2,543 Poles live in Romania , mainly in the villages of Suceava County ( Polish : Suczawa ) . There are three exclusively Polish villages : Nowy Sołoniec ( Solonețu Nou ) , Plesza ( Pleșa ) and Pojana Mikuli ( Poiana Micului ) , as well a significant Polish presence in Kaczyca ( Cacica ) and Paltynosa ( Păltinoasa ) . Poles in Romania form an officially recognised national minority , having one seat in the Chamber of Deputies of Romania ( currently held by the Union of Poles of Romania ) and access to Polish elementary schools and cultural centres ( known as Polish Houses ) .'}]}, {'value': '3,559', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.02%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,543', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.01%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suceava , Bucharest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suceava_County', 'summary': 'Suceava County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ suˈtʃe̯ava ] ) is a county ( Romanian : județ , German : kreis ) of Romania . Most of its territory lies in the southern portion of the historical region of Bukovina , while the remainder forms part of Western Moldavia proper . The county seat is Suceava .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bucharest', 'summary': "Bucharest ( UK : /ˌbuːkəˈrɛst/ BOO-kə-REST , US : /ˈbuːkərɛst/ -\u2060rest ; Romanian : București [ bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Romania , as well as its cultural , industrial , and financial centre . It is located in the southeast of the country , at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389Coordinates : 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389 , on the banks of the Dâmbovița River , less than 60 km ( 37.3 mi ) north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border . Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459 . It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media , culture , and art . Its architecture is a mix of historical ( neo-classical and Art Nouveau ) , interbellum ( Bauhaus , and art deco ) , communist era and modern . In the period between the two World Wars , the city 's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of 'Paris of the East ' ( Romanian : Parisul Estului ) or 'Little Paris ' ( Romanian : Micul Paris ) . Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war , earthquakes , and even Nicolae Ceaușescu 's program of systematization , many survived and have been renovated . In recent years , the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom . It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe , according to Financial Times , CBRE , TechCrunch and others . UiPath , a global startup founded in Bucharest , has reached $ 7 billion in valuation . Since 2019 , Bucharest hosts the largest high tech summit in Southeast Europe ( Romania Blockchain Summit ) . In 2016 , the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered ' by the World Monuments Watch ."}]}, {'value': 'Italians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italians_of_Romania', 'summary': 'The Italians in Romania are people of Italian descent who reside , or have moved to Romania .'}]}, {'value': '3,288', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.02%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,203', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.02%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bucharest , Constanța , Timiș', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucharest', 'summary': "Bucharest ( UK : /ˌbuːkəˈrɛst/ BOO-kə-REST , US : /ˈbuːkərɛst/ -\u2060rest ; Romanian : București [ bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Romania , as well as its cultural , industrial , and financial centre . It is located in the southeast of the country , at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389Coordinates : 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389 , on the banks of the Dâmbovița River , less than 60 km ( 37.3 mi ) north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border . Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459 . It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media , culture , and art . Its architecture is a mix of historical ( neo-classical and Art Nouveau ) , interbellum ( Bauhaus , and art deco ) , communist era and modern . In the period between the two World Wars , the city 's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of 'Paris of the East ' ( Romanian : Parisul Estului ) or 'Little Paris ' ( Romanian : Micul Paris ) . Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war , earthquakes , and even Nicolae Ceaușescu 's program of systematization , many survived and have been renovated . In recent years , the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom . It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe , according to Financial Times , CBRE , TechCrunch and others . UiPath , a global startup founded in Bucharest , has reached $ 7 billion in valuation . Since 2019 , Bucharest hosts the largest high tech summit in Southeast Europe ( Romania Blockchain Summit ) . In 2016 , the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered ' by the World Monuments Watch ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Constanța_County', 'summary': 'Constanța ( Romanian pronunciation : [ konˈstantsa ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria , in the Dobruja region . Its capital city is also named Constanța .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Timiș_County', 'summary': 'Timiș ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈtimiʃ ] ) is a county ( județ ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia , in the historical region Banat , with the county seat at Timișoara . It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area . The county is also part of the Danube-Criș-Mureș-Tisa Euroregion .'}]}, {'value': 'Chinese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chinese_of_Romania', 'summary': 'The Chinese of Romania are one of the smallest minorities of Romania .'}]}, {'value': '2,243', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.01%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.01%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bucharest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucharest', 'summary': "Bucharest ( UK : /ˌbuːkəˈrɛst/ BOO-kə-REST , US : /ˈbuːkərɛst/ -\u2060rest ; Romanian : București [ bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Romania , as well as its cultural , industrial , and financial centre . It is located in the southeast of the country , at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389Coordinates : 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250 ; 26.10389 , on the banks of the Dâmbovița River , less than 60 km ( 37.3 mi ) north of the Danube River and the Bulgarian border . Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459 . It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media , culture , and art . Its architecture is a mix of historical ( neo-classical and Art Nouveau ) , interbellum ( Bauhaus , and art deco ) , communist era and modern . In the period between the two World Wars , the city 's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of 'Paris of the East ' ( Romanian : Parisul Estului ) or 'Little Paris ' ( Romanian : Micul Paris ) . Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war , earthquakes , and even Nicolae Ceaușescu 's program of systematization , many survived and have been renovated . In recent years , the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom . It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe , according to Financial Times , CBRE , TechCrunch and others . UiPath , a global startup founded in Bucharest , has reached $ 7 billion in valuation . Since 2019 , Bucharest hosts the largest high tech summit in Southeast Europe ( Romania Blockchain Summit ) . In 2016 , the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered ' by the World Monuments Watch ."}]}, {'value': 'Armenians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenians_of_Romania', 'summary': 'Armenians have been present in what is now Romania and Moldova for over a millennium , and have been an important presence as traders since the 14th century . Numbering only in the thousands in modern times , they were culturally suppressed in the Communist era , but have undergone a cultural revival since the Romanian Revolution of 1989 .'}]}, {'value': '1,780', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.01%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,361', 'urls': []}, {'value': '> 0.01%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cluj ( city of Gherla )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cluj_County', 'summary': 'Cluj County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ kluʒ ] ( listen ) ; Hungarian : Kolozs megye ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Transylvania , with the capital city at Cluj-Napoca .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gherla', 'summary': 'Gherla ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈɡerla ] ; Hungarian : Szamosújvár ; German : Neuschloss ) is a municipality in Cluj County , Romania ( in the historical region of Transylvania ) . It is located 45 km from Cluj-Napoca on the river Someșul Mic , and has a population of 20,203 . Three villages are administered by the city : Băița ( formerly Chirău , and Kérő in Hungarian ) , Hășdate ( Szamoshesdát ) and Silivaș ( Vizszilvás ) . The city was formerly known as Armenopolis ( Armenian : Հայաքաղաք Hayakaghak ; German : Armenierstadt ; Hungarian : Örményváros ) because it was populated by Armenians .'}]}, {'value': 'Csángós', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Csángó', 'summary': 'The Csango people ( Hungarian : Csángók , Romanian : Ceangăi ) are a Hungarian ethnographic group of Roman Catholic faith living mostly in the Romanian region of Moldavia , especially in Bacău County . Their traditional language , Csango , an old Hungarian dialect , is currently used by only a minority of the Csango population group .'}]}, {'value': '1,266', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.01%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,536', 'urls': []}, {'value': '> 0.01%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bacău', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bacău_County', 'summary': 'Bacău County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ baˈkəw ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Moldavia , with its capital city at Bacău . It has one commune , Ghimeș-Făget , in Transylvania .'}]}, {'value': 'Other lesser minorities and/or recent immigrants :', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13,653', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.06%', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18,524', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.10%', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All counties of Romania', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Overview', 'section_text': 'In the table below are enlisted all minority ethnic groups from Romania with more than 1,000 persons ( based on the 2011 Romanian census ) :', 'uid': 'Minorities_of_Romania_0', 'intro': "About 10.5% of Romania's population is represented by minorities (the rest of 89.5% being Romanians). The principal minorities in Romania are Hungarians (Szeklers, Csangos, and Magyars; especially in Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș counties) and Romani people, with a declining German population (in Timiș, Sibiu, Brașov) and smaller numbers of Poles in Bukovina (Austria-Hungary attracted Polish miners, who settled there from the Kraków region in contemporary Poland during the 19th century), Serbs, Croats, Slovaks and Banat Bulgarians (in Banat), Ukrainians (in Maramureș and Bukovina), Greeks (Brăila, Constanța), Jews (Wallachia, Bucharest), Turks and Tatars (in Constanța), Armenians, Russians (Lippovans, in Tulcea), Afro-Romanians and others. To this day, minority populations are greatest in Transylvania and the Banat, historical regions situated in the north and west of the country which were former territorial possessions of either the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburgs, or the Austrian Empire (since 1867 the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary until World War I). Before World War II, minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (to the former Soviet Union, now Republic of Moldova and Ukraine), Black Sea islands (to the former Soviet Union, now Ukraine), and southern Dobrudja (to Bulgaria), as well as by the postwar flight or deportation of ethnic Germans. In the Romanian election law, government-recognized ethnic minorities in Romania are subject to a significantly lower threshold and have consequently won seats in the Chamber of Deputies since the fall of the Nicolae Ceauşescu regime."}
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What is the name of the traditional language of the minority located in the county Bacău ?
Csango
0af536a22809ed6b
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II', 'title': 'List of aircraft of World War II', 'header': ['Name of aircraft', 'Year in service', 'Country of origin'], 'data': [{'value': 'Airspeed Horsa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa', 'summary': 'The Airspeed AS.51 Horsa was a British troop-carrying glider used during the Second World War . It was developed and manufactured by Airspeed Limited , alongside various subcontractors ; the type was named after Horsa , the legendary 5th-century conqueror of southern Britain . Having been greatly impressed by the effective use of airborne operations by Nazi Germany during the early stages of the Second World War , such as during the Battle of France , the Allied powers sought to establish capable counterpart forces of their own . The British War Office , determining that the role of gliders would be an essential component of such airborne forces , proceeded to examine available options . An evaluation of the General Aircraft Hotspur found it to lack the necessary size , thus Specification X.26/40 was issued . It was from this specification that Airspeed Limited designed the Horsa , a large glider capable of accommodating up to 30 fully equipped paratroopers , which was designated as the AS 51 . The Horsa was inducted in large numbers by the British Army Air Corps and the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) ; both services used it to conduct various air assault operations through the conflict . The type was used to perform an unsuccessful attack on the German Heavy Water Plant at Rjukan in Norway , known as Operation Freshman , and during the invasion of Sicily , known as Operation Husky . Large numbers of Horsa were subsequently used during the opening stages of the Battle of Normandy , being used in the British Operation Tonga and American operations . It was also deployed in quantity during Operation Dragoon , Operation Market Garden , and Operation Varsity . Further use of the Horsa was made by various other armed forces , including the United States Army Air Forces .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonov A-7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonov_A-7', 'summary': 'The Antonov A-7 was a Soviet light troop military glider of World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USSR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DFS 230', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DFS_230', 'summary': 'The DFS 230 was a German transport glider operated by the Luftwaffe in World War II . It was developed in 1933 by the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug ( DFS - German Research Institute for Sailplane Flight ) with Hans Jacobs as the head designer . The glider was the German inspiration for the British Hotspur glider and was intended for airborne assault operations . In addition to the pilot , the DFS-230 glider had room for nine men who sat close together on a narrow bench located in the middle of the fuselage ( half facing port , half facing starboard ) . Entry and exit to the cramped interior was by a single side door . The front passenger could operate its only armament , a machine gun . It was an assault glider , designed to land directly on top of its target , so it was equipped with a parachute brake . This allowed the glider to approach its target in a dive at an angle of eighty degrees and land within 20 metres ( 60 ft ) of its target . It could carry up to 1,200 kg ( 2,600 lb ) of cargo . It played significant roles in the operations at Fort Eben-Emael , the Battle of Crete , and in the rescue of Benito Mussolini . It was also used in North Africa . However , it was used chiefly in supplying encircled forces on the Eastern Front such as supplying the Demyansk Pocket , the Kholm Pocket , Stalingrad , and the defenders of Festung Budapest ( until February 12 , 1945 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'de Havilland Australia DHA-G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/De_Havilland_Australia_DHA-G', 'summary': 'The de Havilland Australia DHA-G2 was a Second World War Australian transport glider based on the earlier prototype DHA-G1 . Only two prototype G1 and six production G2 gliders were built .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General Aircraft Hamilcar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Aircraft_Hamilcar', 'summary': "The General Aircraft Limited GAL . 49 Hamilcar or Hamilcar Mark I was a large British military glider produced during the Second World War , which was designed to carry heavy cargo , such as the Tetrarch or M22 Locust light tank . When the British airborne establishment was formed in 1940 by the order of Prime Minister Winston Churchill it was decided to develop a large glider which would be able to transport heavy equipment in support of airborne troops . General Aircraft Limited were chosen in January 1941 to develop this glider , which they designated the GAL . 49 'Hamilcar ' . It was designed to transport a single light tank or two Universal Carriers . A number of problems , which included vacillation by the War Office on the number of gliders it wanted , and poor management by GAL , led to delays in the production of the Hamilcar , and the first production glider was assembled only in mid-1943 . These problems were only partially solved , and production of the glider continued to be slow , hampered by difficulties in finding suitable locations to store and construct the Hamilcars once their parts were produced . A total of 344 Hamilcars had been built when production ended in 1946 . Hamilcars were only used on three occasions , and only in support of British airborne forces . They first saw action in June 1944 , when approximately thirty were used to carry 17-pounder anti-tank guns , transport vehicles and Tetrarch light tanks into Normandy in support of British airborne forces during Operation Tonga . In September 1944 a similar number of Hamilcars were used to transport anti-tank guns , transport vehicles and supplies for airborne troops as part of Operation Market Garden ."}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gotha Go 242', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gotha_Go_242', 'summary': 'The Gotha Go 242 was a transport glider used by the Luftwaffe during World War II . It was an upgrade over the DFS 230 in both cargo/troop capacity and flight characteristics . Though it saw limited action , it appeared in multiple variants .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gribovski G-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gribovski_G-11', 'summary': 'The Gribovsky G-11 ( Russian : Грибовский Г-11 ) was a Soviet light troop/cargo military glider of World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USSR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kokusai Ku-8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kokusai_Ku-8', 'summary': 'The Kokusai Ku-8-II ( 国際 ク8 四式特殊輸送機 , Kokusai ku 8 yonshiki tokushū yusōki ) ( Kokusai Army Type 4 Special Transport Glider ) was a Japanese military glider used during the Second World War .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kolesnikov-Tsibin KC-20', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kolesnikov-Tsibin_KC-20', 'summary': 'The Kolesnikov-Tsibin KC-20 or KTs-20 ( Russian : КЦ-20 ) was a Soviet light troop military glider of World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USSR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maeda Ku-1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maeda_Ku-1', 'summary': 'The Maeda Ku-1 , long designation Maeda Army Type 2 Small Glider , was a small twin boom Japanese military glider . It was primarily used for training , and was superseded by the Kokusai Ku-7 , which was effectively a scaled-up version of the design . Approximately 100 were produced .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Messerschmitt Me 321 Gigant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_321', 'summary': 'The Messerschmitt Me 321 Gigant was a large German cargo glider developed and used during World War II . Intended to support large scale invasions , the Me 321 saw very limited use due to the low availability of suitable tug aircraft , high vulnerability whilst in flight and the difficult ground handling , both at base and at destination landing sites . The Me 321 was developed , in stages , into the six-engined Messerschmitt Me 323 Gigant , which removed some of the problems with ground handling , but vulnerability to ground fire and aerial attack remained a constant problem during operations of all variants .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slingsby Hengist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slingsby_Hengist', 'summary': 'The Slingsby Hengist was a British military glider designed and built by Slingsby Sailplanes Ltd. Like other British troop carrying gliders in the Second World War , it was named after military figures whose name began with H , in this case the Jute invader Hengist .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waco CG-3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waco_CG-3', 'summary': 'The Waco CG-3A was a US light troop military glider of World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waco CG-4/Hadrian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waco_CG-4', 'summary': 'The Waco CG-4A was the most widely used American troop/cargo military glider of World War II . It was designated the CG-4A by the United States Army Air Forces , and named Hadrian ( after the Roman emperor ) in British military service . Designed by the Waco Aircraft Company , flight testing began in May 1942 , and eventually more than 13,900 CG-4As were delivered .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waco CG-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waco_CG-13', 'summary': 'The Waco CG-13 was an American military transport glider aircraft developed during World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waco CG-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waco_CG-15', 'summary': 'The Waco CG-15 was an American military glider , which was developed from the CG-4 . Although outwardly similar to its predecessor and carrying the same number of passengers , a number of changes in the design , including shortened wings and a more streamlined nose enabled it to travel faster . 1,000 were ordered and 473 were delivered before production ceased . Two were transferred to the Navy for testing as the XLR2W-1 . One unit was converted into an XPG-3 powered glider which used two Jacobs R-755-9 radial engines .'}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Operational aircraft -- Transport and utility aircraft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II_15', 'intro': 'The List of aircraft of World War II includes all the aircraft used by those countries which were at war during World War II from the period between their joining the conflict and the conflict ending for them. Aircraft developed but not used operationally in the war are in the prototypes section at the end. Prototypes for aircraft that entered service under a different design number are ignored in favour of the service version. The date the aircraft entered service, or was first flown if the service date is unknown or it did not enter service follows the name, followed by the country of origin and major wartime users. Aircraft used for multiple roles are generally only listed under their primary role unless specialized versions were built for other roles in significant numbers. Aircraft used by neutral countries such as Spain, Switzerland and Sweden or countries which did no significant fighting such as most of those in South America (except Brazil), are not included.'}
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What country of origin produced only two aircraft that were in service the same year with both of the aircraft being denoted as gliders ?
Japan
0af7d68aa06a0317
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/128th_Ohio_General_Assembly', 'title': '128th Ohio General Assembly', 'header': ['District', 'Representative', 'Party', 'Residence', 'First Elected', 'Term Limited'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linda Bolon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linda_Bolon', 'summary': 'Linda S. Bolon ( born June 22 , 1948 ) is a Democratic politician who served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 1st District from 2007 to 2010 . A lifelong resident of Columbiana County , Bolon graduated from Columbus University . She began a career in auditing , serving as the treasurer of the East Palestine School District before moving on to serve as an auditor for the State of Ohio . In 1995 , Bolon was elected to the East Palestine City Council . She served in the capacity of a councilwoman for four years , until becoming Columbiana County Treasurer in 1999 . Originally appointed , she won election to a full term in 2000 . She won a second full term in 2004 . With Republican Chuck Blasdel running for Congress in 2006 , Bolon sought his open seat in the Ohio House of Representatives . Facing Jim Hoppel , a county commissioner , she won handily . She easily won reelection in 2008 , to a second term . By her second term , Bolon was serving in various leadership positions , notably as majority whip . She also served in various committee chairmanships .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Palestine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Palestine,_Ohio', 'summary': 'East Palestine ( /ˌpæləˈstiːn/ PAL-ə-STEEN ) is a village in eastern Columbiana County , Ohio , United States . The population was 4,721 at the 2010 census . Located on the Ohio-Pennsylvania border , East Palestine is 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Youngstown and 50 miles ( 80 km ) northwest of downtown Pittsburgh . East Palestine is located in the Salem , OH Micropolitan Statistical Area , as well as the southern regions of the greater Mahoning Valley . East Palestine is located along the Norfolk Southern Railway , and has a freight train station . From the start of the Second Industrial Revolution until the mid 1960s , East Palestine was home to a large industry in ceramics and tire manufacturing . Since then , it has relied on its close proximity to industries in the metropolitan areas of Youngstown and Pittsburgh .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kris Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kris_Jordan', 'summary': 'Kris Jordan ( born January 14 , 1977 ) is a Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives . Formerly , he served in the Ohio Senate . He previously served in the Ohio House of Representatives from the 2nd District . He is the former Chairman of the Senate State and Local Government and Veterans Affairs Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin,_Ohio', 'summary': "Dublin is a city in Franklin , Delaware , and Union counties in the U.S. state of Ohio . The population was 41,751 at the 2010 census . Dublin is a suburb of Columbus , Ohio . Each year in late May or early June , the city hosts the Memorial Tournament , a stop on golf 's PGA Tour . There are also several other golf courses in Dublin . The Riviera Golf Club ( closed in 2014 ) was home to the American-Italian Golf Association . Tartan Fields Golf Club hosted the LPGA 's Wendy 's Championship for Children from 2002 through 2006 . Dublin also has a public golf course financed by the Muirfield association , as well as the Jack Nicklaus-designed The Country Club of Muirfield Village . Other annual events include the July 4 music event and The July 4 Parade , a St. Patrick 's Day parade , and the Dublin Irish Festival , which is the largest 3-day Irish festival in the world ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Amstutz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Amstutz', 'summary': 'Ronald Amstutz ( born 1952 ) is the former state representative for the 1st District of the Ohio House of Representatives , serving from both 1983 to 2000 , and again from 2009 to 2016 . He also served as the state senator for the 22nd District of the Ohio Senate , and the mayor of Orrville , Ohio . In the House , he was the chairman of the House Finance & Appropriations Committee . He is a Republican .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wooster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wooster,_Ohio', 'summary': "Wooster ( /ˈwʊstər/ WUUS-tər ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Wayne County . The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio approximately 50 mi ( 80 km ) SSW of Cleveland , 35 mi ( 56 km ) SW of Akron and 30 mi ( 48 km ) W of Canton . The population was 24,811 at the 2000 census and 26,119 at the 2010 Census . The city is the largest in Wayne County , and the center of the Wooster Micropolitan Statistical Area ( as defined by the United States Census Bureau ) . Wooster has the main branch and administrative offices of the Wayne County Public Library . The College of Wooster is located in Wooster . fDi magazine ranked Wooster among North America 's top 10 micro cities for business friendliness and strategy in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Huffman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Huffman', 'summary': 'Matt Huffman ( born April 1 , 1960 ) is a member of the Ohio Senate , representing the 12th district since 2017 , and currently serving as the Ohio Senate Majority Leader as a Republican . The district includes Allen , Champaign , Mercer and Shelby counties , as well as parts of Auglaize , Darke and Logan counties . Huffman is the former Speaker Pro Tempore of the Ohio House of Representatives , and served in the House from 2007 to 2014 . Prior to his service in the House , he served as president of Lima City Council for seven years . He is an attorney with Lima law firm , Huffman , Kelley , Brock & Gottschalk .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈlaɪmə/ LY-mə ) is a city in and the county seat of Allen County , Ohio , United States . The municipality is located in northwestern Ohio along Interstate 75 approximately 72 miles ( 116 km ) north of Dayton , 78 miles ( 126 km ) south-southwest of Toledo , and 63 mi ( 101 km ) east-southeast of Fort Wayne . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 38,771 . It is the principal city of and is included in the Lima , Ohio metropolitan statistical area , which is included in the Lima-Van Wert-Wapakoneta , OH , combined statistical area . Lima was founded in 1831 . The Lima Army Tank Plant , built in 1941 , is the sole producer of the M1 Abrams .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gerald Stebleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_Stebleton', 'summary': 'Gerald Stebelton is a former Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 77th District from 2007 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Lancaster ( locally /ˈlæŋk ( ə ) stər/ LANK- ( ə- ) stər ) is a city in Fairfield County , Ohio , in the south central part of the state . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 38,780 . The city is located near the Hocking River , approximately 33 miles ( 53 km ) southeast of Columbus , 38 miles ( 61 km ) miles southwest of Zanesville , and is the county seat of Fairfield County .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randy Gardner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Gardner_(Ohio_politician)', 'summary': 'Randall L. Gardner ( 1958- ) is an American politician , he formerly served as a Republican member of the Ohio Senate , serving the 2nd District from 2013-2018 . He formerly held the same district from 2001 to 2008 , and was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1985 to 2000 , and from 2008 to 2012 . In January 2019 Governor Mike Dewine appointed Gardner as the Chancellor of the Ohio Department of Higher Education .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bowling Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Bowling Green is a city and the county seat of Wood County , Ohio , United States , located 20 miles southwest of Toledo . The population was 30,028 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Toledo Metropolitan Area and a member of the Toledo Metropolitan Area Council of Governments . Bowling Green is the home of Bowling Green State University .'}]}, {'value': '2008 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenny Yuko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Yuko', 'summary': 'Kenny Yuko ( born August 1 , 1950 ) is a Democratic member of the Ohio Senate , representing the 25th District . Previously he was a Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 7th District from 2005 to 2012 . Prior to his time in the legislature , Yuko was a political and union activist for more than two decades .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richmond Heights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Heights,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Richmond Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States . The population was 10,546 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armond Budish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armond_Budish', 'summary': 'Armond D. Budish ( born 1953 ) is an American politician currently serving in his second term as Cuyahoga County Executive . A member of the Democratic Party , he was a four-term Ohio State Representative ( 8th district ) , and served as Speaker of the House from 2009 to 2011 . He was the first Jewish representative to hold that office . He was re-elected to the House in 2010 and 2012 , and thereafter was term-limited . Before his entry into politics in 2006 , he was an attorney specializing in consumer and elder law with Budish , Solomon , Steiner & Peck , and hosted a weekly Sunday morning senior issues TV program titled Golden Opportunities on Cleveland NBC affiliate WKYC channel 3 . He resides in Beachwood , Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beachwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beachwood,_Ohio', 'summary': "Beachwood is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , and a suburb of Cleveland . As of the 2010 census the city 's population was 11,953 ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbara Boyd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Boyd_(Ohio_politician)', 'summary': 'Barbara Boyd ( born April 24 , 1942 ) is a former Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives , serving the 9th District from 2007 to 2014 , and the same district from 1993 until 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland Heights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Heights,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , and an inner-ring suburb of Cleveland . The city 's population was 46,238 at the 2010 census . As of the 2010 census , Cleveland Heights was ranked the 8th largest city by population in the Greater Cleveland metropolitan area and ranked 20th in Ohio . It was founded as a village in 1903 and a city in 1921 ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robin Belcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robin_Belcher', 'summary': 'Robin Belcher ( born August 1 , 1976 ) is a former Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 10th District from May 2009 to December 2010 . She was appointed to the seat when Eugene Miller left to fill a vacancy on Cleveland City Council .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': '2009 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandra Williams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Williams', 'summary': 'Sandra Williams is a Democratic member of the Ohio Senate , serving the 21st district since 2015 . She formerly served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 2007 to 2014 . Her district includes the eastern two-thirds of Cleveland , as well as the east-side suburbs of Bratenahl , Cleveland Heights , Garfield Heights , Newburgh Heights , Shaker Heights and University Heights .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael DeBose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_DeBose', 'summary': 'Michael DeBose ( December 16 , 1953 - April 23 , 2012 ) was an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives . He was first elected to that position on February 13 , 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': '2002 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael J. Skindell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_J._Skindell', 'summary': 'Michael J. Skindell ( born 1962 ) is the state representative for the 13th district of the Ohio House of Representatives after previously serving there from 2003 to 2010 . He also previously served as the state senator for the 23rd district of the Ohio Senate from 2011 to 2018 . He is a Democrat .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lakewood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio', 'summary': "Lakewood is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , on the southern coast of Lake Erie . Established in 1889 , it is one of Cleveland 's historical streetcar suburbs and part of the Greater Cleveland Metropolitan Area . The population was 52,131 at the 2010 United States Census , making it the third largest city in Cuyahoga County , behind Cleveland and Parma . Lakewood is home to a young and diverse population , including significant numbers of immigrants . Its population density is the highest of any city in Ohio and is roughly comparable to that of Washington , D.C ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Foley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Foley_(Ohio_politician)', 'summary': 'Michael Foley ( born June 17 , 1963 ) is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 14th District from 2006 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': '2006 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Timothy J. DeGeeter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_J._DeGeeter', 'summary': 'Timothy J. DeGeeter ( born 1969 ) is an Ohio lawyer and politician who serves as the Mayor of Parma , Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parma,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Parma is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , located on the southern edge of Cleveland . As of the 2010 census it is the seventh largest city in the state of Ohio and the second largest city in Cuyahoga County after Cleveland .'}]}, {'value': '2003 ( Appt . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nan Baker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nan_Baker', 'summary': 'Nan Baker ( born December 3 , 1954 ) is a Republican politician . Formerly , she represented the 16th district as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 2009 to 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westlake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westlake,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Westlake is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States . It is a suburb of Cleveland located 12 miles west of downtown Cleveland . The population was 32,729 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josh Mandel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_Mandel_(politician)', 'summary': 'Joshua Aaron Mandel ( born September 27 , 1977 ) is an American Republican politician who served as the State Treasurer of Ohio from 2011 to 2019 . Mandel is a former city councilman and member of the Ohio House of Representatives . He was the unsuccessful Republican challenger to incumbent Democrat Sherrod Brown in the 2012 U.S. Senate election . In 2016 , he announced his intention to again challenge Brown in 2018 ; he withdrew on January 5 , 2018 , citing family health reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Rep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyndhurst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyndhurst,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Lyndhurst is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , and an eastern suburb of Cleveland . The population was 14,001 at the 2010 census . A small part of Lyndhurst was originally part of Mayfield Township .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Patten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Patten', 'summary': 'Matt Patten ( born June 16 , 1977 ) is a Democratic politician who served in the Ohio House of Representatives . A native of Cleveland , Ohio , Patten was a labor organizer before beginning a career in the political sector . When Representative Tom Patton gave up another term in the House to run for the Ohio Senate , Patten ran for his seat . It was thought that Patten would run against term limited Senator Robert Spada , but an appointment given to Spada by Ohio Governor Ted Strickland changed the favorite of the race . With Spada out of the race , good last name recognition and a strong showing by Barack Obama within the district , Patten won the seat over Colleen Grady , who was a last minute entrant to the race . Patten was sworn into his seat in the House on January 5 , 2009 , to a newly won Democratic majority . However , from the beginning of his term , Patten was a top target by Republicans . While Patten was a strong advocate for education and labor , as well as a supporter of health initiatives and gun rights , he was seen as potentially vulnerable by Democrats as well . In his first reelection bid , Patten faced Mike Dovilla , a political consultant who was running for his first elected office . Over time , the race became one of the closest watched in the cycle , with Patten and Dovilla both neck and neck . Both the Democratic and Republican committees invested heavily in the campaign . Patten was defeated by Dovilla , leaving him as a one-term Representative .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strongsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strongsville,_Ohio', 'summary': "Strongsville is a city in Cuyahoga County , Ohio , United States , and a suburb of Cleveland . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 44,750 . The city 's nickname 'Crossroads of the Nation , ' originated from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B & O ) intersecting with the Southwestern Electric Line that connected Cleveland and Wooster , Ohio . As the railroad line ceased operation in 1931 , the motto and city seal have been adapted to reflect the modern day intersection of Interstate 71 and the Ohio Turnpike ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marian Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marian_Harris', 'summary': "Marian Harris is a Democratic politician who served in the Ohio House of Representatives . A former educator and aide to United States Senator Howard Metzenbaum , Harris ran against Representative Larry L. Flowers in 2006 for a seat in the Ohio House of Representatives . Although unsuccessful in her first attempt , Harris performed better than what was expected , coming very close to ousting Flowers . As a result , she tried again for the seat two years later , in 2008 . With Flowers out of the seat due to term limits , Harris was seen as a potential victor in obtaining a seat that had been held long by Republicans , including former Republican Speaker of the House Jo Ann Davidson . Harris faced newcomer Brad Lewis , in the general election , in what became a very contested race . The race was n't decided until a month after election day . After all provisional ballots had been tallied , Harris was announced the winner over Lewis by 735 votes . She went on to take her seat on January 5 , 2009 . In the House , Harris was often one of the more liberal members of the delegation , supporting labor , anti-bias , domestic violence , children 's issues and other Democratic initiatives . As a result , Harris quickly became a top tier target for Republicans for the 2010 cycle . For their candidate , Republicans ran Anne Gonzales a popular mayor of Westerville , Ohio with conservative credentials ."}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Columbus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nancy Garland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Garland', 'summary': 'Nancy Garland ( born January 25 , 1954 ) was a Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives , representing the 20th District from 2009-2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Albany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Albany,_Ohio', 'summary': 'New Albany is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , located 15 miles ( 24 km ) northeast of the state capital of Columbus . Most of the city is located in Franklin County and a small portion extends into adjacent Licking County . New Albany had an estimated population of 10,889 in 2018 . Founded in 1837 , it is now a growing suburb in the Columbus area . Per the U.S. Census Bureau , 75.4% of New Albany residents over the age of 25 are college graduates , the median home value is $ 494,600 and the median household income is $ 203,194 .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Membership -- House of Representatives', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '128th_Ohio_General_Assembly_1', 'intro': 'The One Hundred Twenty-eighth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio from January 5, 2009 until December 31, 2010. Ted Strickland was Ohio Governor for its entirety. It was composed of the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. The apportionment of districts was based on the 2000 United States Census. It marked the first time in fourteen years that the Ohio Democratic Party controlled the House of Representatives, while the Ohio Republican Party maintained control of the Ohio Senate.'}
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Which representative had a residence in the largest in Wayne County ?
Ron Amstutz
0af8b6d1adc89ac5
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Public_Broadcasting', 'title': 'Georgia Public Broadcasting', 'header': ['Location', 'Frequency', 'Call sign', 'ERP W', 'Height m ( ft )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Albany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Albany is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia . Located on the Flint River , it is the seat of Dougherty County . Located in southwest Georgia , it is the principal city of the Albany , Georgia metropolitan area . The population was 77,434 at the 2010 U.S. Census , making it the eighth-largest city in the state . It became prominent in the nineteenth century as a shipping and market center , first served by riverboats and then by railroads . Seven lines met in Albany , and it was a center of trade in the Southeast . It is part of the Black Belt ( geological formation ) , the extensive area in the Deep South of cotton plantations . From the mid-20th century , it received military investment during World War II and after , that helped develop the region . Albany and this area were prominent during the civil rights era , particularly during the early 1960s as activists worked to regain voting and other civil rights . Railroad restructuring and reduction in the military here caused job losses , but the city has developed new businesses .'}]}, {'value': '91.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WUNV', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100 m ( 330 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athens,_Georgia', 'summary': "Athens , officially Athens-Clarke County , is a consolidated city-county and college town in the U.S. state of Georgia . Athens lies about 70 mi ( 113 km ) northeast of downtown Atlanta , a global city . The University of Georgia , the state 's flagship public university and an R1 research institution , is in Athens and contributed to its initial growth . In 1991 , after a vote the preceding year , the original City of Athens abandoned its charter to form a unified government with Clarke County , referred to jointly as Athens-Clarke County . As of 2017 [ update ] , the U.S. Census Bureau 's estimated population of the consolidated city-county ( all of Clarke County except Winterville and a portion of Bogart ) was 125,691 ; the entire county including Winterville and Bogart had a population of 127,064 . Athens is the sixth-largest city in Georgia , and the principal city of the Athens metropolitan area , which had a 2017 estimated population of 209,271 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Metropolitan Athens is a component of the larger Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs Combined Statistical Area , a trading area . The city is dominated by a pervasive student culture and music scene centered on downtown Athens , next to the University of Georgia 's North Campus . Major music acts associated with Athens include numerous alternative rock bands such as R.E.M. , the B-52 's , Widespread Panic , and Neutral Milk Hotel . The city is also known as a recording site for such groups as the Atlanta-based Indigo Girls ."}]}, {'value': '91.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WUGA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WUGA_(FM)', 'summary': "WUGA ( 91.7 MHz ) is a public FM radio station serving Athens and much of the northeast part of Georgia . It is a member of Georgia Public Broadcasting 's radio network , but is operated by the University of Georgia , with studios and offices located at the Georgia Center for Continuing Education on the UGA campus . The transmitter is located off Walter Sams Road in Winterville , Georgia , southeast of Athens . The station 's programming consists of news and public affairs , classical music , jazz and folk music from GPB Radio , as well as locally produced content . On March 1 , 2010 , UGA announced budget cuts that , if approved , would have resulted in the end of locally produced programming on the station . It could have become a full-time relay of the GPB network . However , as of January 20 , 2011 [ update ] , WUGA remains operated by UGA , and during the early 2010s its operations were consolidated with WUGA-TV , a television station UGA owned at the time ."}]}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99 m ( 325 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': '88.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WRAS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WRAS_(FM)', 'summary': "WRAS ( 88.5 MHz ) is a public FM radio station in Atlanta , Georgia . It is licensed to Georgia State University and funded by the university 's Student Activity Fee . Its schedule is split between public radio programming from Georgia Public Broadcasting ( 88.5 GPB Atlanta ) airing from 5 a.m. to 7 p.m. and college radio programming ( Album 88 ) airing from 7 p.m. to 5 a.m . The Album 88 and 88.5 GPB Atlanta formats are both available 24 hours a day on separate internet streams , and Album 88 is available full-time on WRAS 's HD-2 subchannel . The transmitter is off Interstate 20 on Old Flat Shoals Road SE in Atlanta . The Album 88 student studios and offices are on the campus of Georgia State University in downtown Atlanta , while the GPB studios are located in their headquarters in Midtown Atlanta . Students at Georgia State host and produce all of the programs on Album 88 with the exception of Georgia State Panthers sporting events . While Georgia Public Radio is heard around the clock on several simulcast radio stations in Georgia , listeners in the Atlanta area only hear the daytime schedule on WRAS . Atlanta has a full-time National Public Radio affiliate , 90.1 WABE , with its own news department and airing most of the same national programs , such as All Things Considered and Morning Edition ."}]}, {'value': '50,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '318 m ( 1,043 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Augusta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Augusta ( /əˈɡʌstə/ ) , officially Augusta-Richmond County , is a consolidated city-county on the central eastern border of the U.S. state of Georgia . The city lies across the Savannah River from South Carolina at the head of its navigable portion . Georgia 's second-largest city after Atlanta , Augusta is located in the Piedmont section of the state . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Augusta-Richmond County had a 2017 estimated population of 197,166 , not counting the unconsolidated cities of Blythe and Hephzibah . It is the 123rd largest city in the United States . The process of consolidation between the City of Augusta and Richmond County began with a 1995 referendum in the two jurisdictions . The merger was completed on July 1 , 1996 . Augusta is the principal city of the Augusta metropolitan area . In 2017 it had an estimated population of 600,151 , making it the second-largest metro area in the state . It is the 93rd largest metropolitan area in the United States . Augusta was established in 1736 and is named for Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha ( 1719-1772 ) , the bride of Frederick , Prince of Wales and the mother of the British monarch George III . During the American Civil War , Augusta housed the principal Confederate powder works ."}]}, {'value': '90.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WACG-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WACG-FM', 'summary': "WACG-FM ( 90.7 FM ) is a radio station licensed to Augusta , Georgia . The station is owned by Georgia Public Broadcasting , and is an affiliate of GPB 's radio network . WAGC-FM began broadcasting June 2 , 1970 , and was originally owned by Augusta College ."}]}, {'value': '3,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '420.8 m ( 1,381 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brunswick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunswick,_Georgia', 'summary': "Brunswick ( /ˈbrʌnzwɪk/ ) is a city in and the county seat of Glynn County , Georgia , United States . As the main urban and economic center of the state 's lower southeast , it is the second-largest urban area on the Georgia coast after Savannah and contains the Brunswick Old Town Historic District . British colonists settled the peninsula in 1738 as a buffer to Spanish Florida . It came under provincial [ clarification needed ] control in 1771 and was founded as Brunswick after the German duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg , the ancestral home of the House of Hanover . It was incorporated as a city in 1856 . Throughout its history , Brunswick has served as an important port city : in World War II , it served as a strategic military location with an operational base for escort blimps and a shipbuilding facility for the U.S. Maritime Commission . Brunswick supports a progressive economy largely based on tourism and logistics , with a metropolitan GDP of $ 3.9 billion . The Port of Brunswick handles approximately 10 percent of all U.S. roll-on/roll-off trade - third in the U.S. , behind the ports of Los Angeles and Newark . The headquarters of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center is located 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of the central business district of the city and is adjacent to Brunswick Golden Isles Airport , which provides commercial air service to the area . In the 2010 U.S. census , the population of the city proper was 15,383 ; the urban area , 51,024 ; and the metropolitan area , 112,370 . Brunswick is located on a harbor of the Atlantic Ocean , approximately 40 mi ( 60 km ) north of Florida and 80 mi ( 130 km ) south of South Carolina . Brunswick is bordered on the west by Oglethorpe Bay , the East River , and the Turtle River ."}]}, {'value': '88.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WWIO-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WWIO-FM', 'summary': "WSVH FM 91.1 is a 96,000-watt public radio station broadcasting from Savannah , Georgia , and transmitting from the WVAN-TV 9 ( GPB TV ) tower to the west in Pembroke , Georgia , north of Fort Stewart . It serves the upper Georgia coast and areas well inland , and adjacent areas of far southern South Carolina . The station 's signal is simulcast by GPB-owned WWIO-FM 88.9 in Brunswick , Georgia . Together , the two stations serve the entire Georgia coastline . Their signals can be heard from Beaufort , South Carolina to Fernandina Beach , Florida . The station group is an affiliate of the statewide Georgia Public Broadcasting radio network . WSVH is one of two member stations of the GPB Radio network to have local announcers and underwriting during the day . WSVH produces four radio programs for the GPB network : Celtic program The Green Island Radio Show with Harry O'Donoghue , folk show Music Americana with Russell Wells , Classical Tonight , also hosted by Russell Wells , and the overnight classical block Coastal Nocturne . The station began broadcasting on April 20 , 1981 , with the first song played on the station at 6 a.m. being Aaron Copland 's Fanfare for the Common Man . The station was independently operated until 1988 when it joined the statewide public radio network , then named Peach State Public Radio . In the early 1990s , the listening area was greatly improved with the addition of WWIO in extreme southeast Georgia ; an overnight classical music format was also added . In 1997 , the station moved its studio from downtown Savannah to the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography on Skidaway Island , just south of Savannah ."}]}, {'value': '11,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46 m ( 151 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrollton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrollton,_Georgia', 'summary': "Carrollton , Georgia is a city in the north west region of Georgia , about 45 miles ( 72 km ) west of Atlanta near the Alabama state line . It is the county seat of Carroll County , which is included in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area . Historically , Carrollton has been a commercial center for several mostly rural counties in both Georgia and Alabama . It is the home of the University of West Georgia and West Georgia Technical College . The 2018 United States Census estimates placed the city 's population at 26,443 ."}]}, {'value': '90.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WUWG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WUWG', 'summary': "WUWG FM 90.7 is the radio station that formally broadcast at the University of West Georgia in Carrollton , Georgia , and a part of the GPB Radio state network . This station is one of several in the GPB system that also produces its own programming , however the vast majority is simulcast . This is also duplicated locally both by GPB 's WJSP-FM , and now WGPB FM , with most NPR programming also carried by non-GPB station WABE FM 90.1 from nearby Atlanta . Several programs are now also duplicated on WRAS FM 88.5 , most of whose broadcast day was involuntarily taken from GSU students in June 2014 , resulting in programs like Morning Edition and All Things Considered being needlessly aired on five local stations at once for seven total hours every weekday . Originally licensed to the university and operated entirely by students , WUWG was transferred outright to GPB in 2004 , though it is unclear under what circumstances . When GPB pulled broadcasting operations to their Atlanta offices in 2008 , Dr. Brad Yates made advances to start a new student run radio station ."}]}, {'value': '430', 'urls': []}, {'value': '151 m ( 495 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chatsworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chatsworth,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Chatsworth is a city in Murray County , Georgia , United States . It is part of the Dalton , Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 3,531 at the 2000 census and 4,299 in 2010 . The city is the county seat of Murray County . According to a popular legend , the town received its name after a road sign with the word Chatsworth fell off a passing freight train nearby . Someone put the sign on a post , and the name stuck . Just east of Chatsworth are Fort Mountain and the Fort Mountain State Park .'}]}, {'value': '98.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WNGH-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WNGH-FM', 'summary': 'WNGH-FM ( 98.9 FM ) is an NPR-member public radio station ( via its radio network ) , licensed to Chatsworth , Georgia , United States . The station is currently owned by Georgia Public Broadcasting ( GPB ) , which the station simulcasts all radio programming from . It transmits from atop a mountain in the west-southwest part of Fort Mountain State Park ( not Fort Mountain itself ) , having moved in May 2008 to be with WNGH-TV 18 , also a GPB station .'}]}, {'value': '420', 'urls': []}, {'value': '541.8 m ( 1,778 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cochran / Macon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cochran,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Cochran is a city in Bleckley County , Georgia , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 5,150 . The city is the county seat of Bleckley County . Cochran is named for Judge Arthur E. Cochran and was incorporated on March 19 , 1869 . Judge Cochran was largely instrumental in developing this section of Georgia through his work as president of the Macon and Brunswick Railroad , now the Southern Railway ( a component of Norfolk Southern Railway ) . Once known as Dykesboro , Cochran was settled by B . B. Dykes , who owned the site on which the town is built . The earliest settlers located here to work in the turpentine industry . Cochran is home to Bleckley County High School and Middle Georgia State University . Three properties in Cochran are listed on the National Register of Historic Places : the Bleckley County Courthouse in Courthouse Square , the Cochran Municipal Building and School at the junction of Dykes and Second streets , and Hillcrest at 706 Beech Street .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Macon,_Georgia', 'summary': "Macon ( /ˈmeɪkən/ ) , officially Macon-Bibb County , is a consolidated city-county located in the U.S. state of Georgia . Macon lies near the geographic center of the state , approximately 85 miles ( 137 km ) south of Atlanta , hence the city 's nickname The Heart of Georgia . Located near the fall line of the Ocmulgee River , Macon had a 2017 estimated population of 152,663 . Macon is the principal city of the Macon metropolitan area , which had an estimated population of 228,914 in 2017 . Macon is also the largest city in the Macon-Warner Robins Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , a larger trading area with an estimated 420,693 residents in 2017 ; the CSA abuts the Atlanta metropolitan area just to the north . In a 2012 referendum , voters approved the consolidation of the governments of the City of Macon and Bibb County , and Macon became Georgia 's fourth-largest city ( just after Columbus ) . The two governments officially merged on January 1 , 2014 . Macon is served by three interstate highways : I-16 ( connecting the city to Savannah and coastal Georgia ) , I-75 ( connecting the city with Atlanta to the north and Valdosta to the south ) , and I-475 ( a city bypass highway ) . The city has several institutions of higher education , as well as numerous museums and tourism sites . The area is served by the Middle Georgia Regional Airport and the Herbert Smart Downtown Airport . The mayor of Macon is Robert Reichert , a former Democratic member of the Georgia House of Representatives . Reichert was elected mayor of the newly consolidated city of Macon-Bibb , and he took office on January 1 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '89.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WMUM-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WMUM-FM', 'summary': "WMUM-FM ( 89.7 FM ) ( formerly WDCO-FM ) is the Georgia Public Broadcasting ( GPB ) Public radio station serving Macon and central Georgia . The station shares a tower with its sister GPB Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) member television station , WMUM-TV , in Cochran , its city of license . The station is a partnership , established in 2006 , between Mercer University and GPB . The station provides local content to central Georgia public radio listeners from its broadcast studio on Mercer 's Macon campus . The studio , constructed in 2006 , offers various media-related educational opportunities for Mercer students . The station 's call letters were changed to WMUM-FM ( Mercer University Macon ) to identify the current partnership with Mercer . The station , under its former call letters , WDCO-FM , was one of the first GPB radio stations , signing on in 1984 . As WDCO-FM , the station only simulcasted the GPB radio network , with no local origination . The new broadcast studio airs local programming ."}]}, {'value': '43,000 horizontal 100,000 vertical', 'urls': []}, {'value': '304.1 m ( 998 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dahlonega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia', 'summary': "The city of Dahlonega ( /dəˈlɒnɪɡə/ ) is the county seat of Lumpkin County , Georgia , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 5,242 , and in 2018 the population was estimated to be 6,884 . Dahlonega is located at the north end of Georgia 400 , a freeway which connects Dahlonega to Atlanta . It was named as one of the best places to retire by the publication Real Estate Scorecard . In 1828 Dahlonega was the site of the first major gold rush in the United States . The Dahlonega Gold Museum Historic Site stands in the middle of the town square , housed in the 1836 Lumpkin County Courthouse . From its steps in 1849 , Dahlonega Mint assayer Dr. M. F. Stephenson tried to persuade miners to stay in Dahlonega instead of joining the California Gold Rush , saying , There 's millions in it , often misquoted as There 's gold in them thar hills . Dahlonega is home to the main campus of the University of North Georgia ."}]}, {'value': '89.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WNGU', 'urls': []}, {'value': '750', 'urls': []}, {'value': '140 m ( 460 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Demorest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Demorest,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Demorest is a city in Habersham County , Georgia , United States . The population was 1,823 at the 2010 census , up from 1,465 at the 2000 census . It is the home of Piedmont College .'}]}, {'value': '88.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WPPR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WPPR', 'summary': "WPPR ( 88.3 ) is a public radio station in Demorest , Georgia . Originally , WPPR had the call letters WDEM ( Radio Demorest ) , but changed to WPPR on August 19 , 1996 . It is part of the Georgia Public Broadcasting radio network , which in turn is a member of National Public Radio , Public Radio International , and American Public Media . Unlike many stations of the GPB network , WPPR does not only broadcast simulcasts from GPB . WPPR also produces its own programming about the local area including Habersham County . One of the community features , Community Life in Northeast Georgia , is an educational and informative program about an area that is not well known . WPPR 's studios are located on the Piedmont College campus in Demorest . This allows for Piedmont Mass Communications students to work directly with WPPR as interns ."}]}, {'value': '7,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '193.9 m ( 636 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Gaines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Gaines,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Fort Gaines is a city in Georgia , United States , with a population of 1,107 at the 2010 census . The city is the county seat of Clay County .'}]}, {'value': '90.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WJWV', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,500 horizontal 81,000 vertical', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78.9 m ( 259 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Rome is the largest city in and the county seat of Floyd County , Georgia , United States . Located in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains , it is the principal city of the Rome , Georgia , Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Floyd County . At the 2010 census , the city had a population of 36,303 . It is the largest city in Northwest Georgia and the 19th largest city in the state . Rome was built at the confluence of the Etowah and the Oostanaula rivers , forming the Coosa River . Because of its strategic advantages , this area was long occupied by the Creek and later the Cherokee people . National leaders such as Major Ridge and John Ross resided here before Indian Removal . The city has developed on seven hills with the rivers running between them , a feature that inspired the early European-American settlers to name it for Rome , the longtime capital of Italy . It developed in the antebellum period as a market and trading city due to its advantageous location on the rivers , by which it sent the rich regional cotton commodity crop downriver to markets on the Gulf Coast and export overseas . It is the second largest city , after Gadsden , Alabama , near the center of the triangular area defined by the Interstate highways between Atlanta , Birmingham and Chattanooga . It has developed as a regional center in such areas as medical care and education . In addition to its public school system , there are several private schools .'}]}, {'value': '97.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WGPB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WGPB', 'summary': "WGPB FM 97.7 is a public radio station in Rome , Georgia . It is part of the Georgia Public Broadcasting radio network , a state network which in turn is a member of National Public Radio , Public Radio International , and American Public Media . Unlike most stations on the GPB network , WGPB does not completely simulcast with the network . WGPB also produces its own programs . The studios are located at Georgia Highlands College 's Heritage Hall campus in downtown Rome , from which locally produced programming originates . The station began broadcasting as WGPB at 5 AM on June 30 , 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '4,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '241 m ( 791 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Savannah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia', 'summary': "Savannah ( /səˈvænə/ ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County . Established in 1733 on the Savannah River , the city of Savannah became the British colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia . A strategic port city in the American Revolution and during the American Civil War , Savannah is today an industrial center and an important Atlantic seaport . It is Georgia 's fifth-largest city , with a 2018 estimated population of 145,862 . The Savannah metropolitan area , Georgia 's third-largest , had an estimated population of 389,494 in 2018 . Each year Savannah attracts millions of visitors to its cobblestone streets , parks , and notable historic buildings . These buildings include the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low ( founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA ) , the Georgia Historical Society ( the oldest continually operating historical society in the South ) , the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences ( one of the South 's first public museums ) , the First African Baptist Church ( one of the oldest African-American Baptist congregations in the United States ) , Temple Mickve Israel ( the third-oldest synagogue in the U.S. ) , and the Central of Georgia Railway roundhouse complex ( the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in the U.S. ) . Savannah 's downtown area , which includes the Savannah Historic District , the Savannah Victorian Historic District , and 22 parklike squares , is one of the largest National Historic Landmark Districts in the United States ( designated by the U.S. government in 1966 ) . [ a ] Downtown Savannah largely retains the original town plan prescribed by founder James Oglethorpe ( a design now known as the Oglethorpe Plan ) . Savannah was the host city for the sailing competitions during the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta ."}]}, {'value': '91.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WSVH', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WSVH', 'summary': "WSVH FM 91.1 is a 96,000-watt public radio station broadcasting from Savannah , Georgia , and transmitting from the WVAN-TV 9 ( GPB TV ) tower to the west in Pembroke , Georgia , north of Fort Stewart . It serves the upper Georgia coast and areas well inland , and adjacent areas of far southern South Carolina . The station 's signal is simulcast by GPB-owned WWIO-FM 88.9 in Brunswick , Georgia . Together , the two stations serve the entire Georgia coastline . Their signals can be heard from Beaufort , South Carolina to Fernandina Beach , Florida . The station group is an affiliate of the statewide Georgia Public Broadcasting radio network . WSVH is one of two member stations of the GPB Radio network to have local announcers and underwriting during the day . WSVH produces four radio programs for the GPB network : Celtic program The Green Island Radio Show with Harry O'Donoghue , folk show Music Americana with Russell Wells , Classical Tonight , also hosted by Russell Wells , and the overnight classical block Coastal Nocturne . The station began broadcasting on April 20 , 1981 , with the first song played on the station at 6 a.m. being Aaron Copland 's Fanfare for the Common Man . The station was independently operated until 1988 when it joined the statewide public radio network , then named Peach State Public Radio . In the early 1990s , the listening area was greatly improved with the addition of WWIO in extreme southeast Georgia ; an overnight classical music format was also added . In 1997 , the station moved its studio from downtown Savannah to the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography on Skidaway Island , just south of Savannah ."}]}, {'value': '96,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '430.9 m ( 1,414 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tifton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tifton,_Georgia', 'summary': "Tifton is a city in Tift County , Georgia , United States . The population was 16,869 at the 2010 census . The city is the county seat of Tift County . The area 's public schools are administered by the Tift County School District . Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College has its main campus in Tifton . Southern Regional Technical College and the University of Georgia also have Tifton campuses . Sites in the area include the Coastal Plain Research Arboretum , Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College , and the Georgia Museum of Agriculture & Historic Village . The Tifton Residential Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '91.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WABR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '76 m ( 249 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valdosta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valdosta,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Valdosta is a city in and the county seat of Lowndes County , Georgia , United States . As of 2018 , Valdosta had an estimated population of 56,426 , and is the 14th largest city in Georgia . Valdosta is the principal city of the Valdosta Metropolitan Statistical Area , which in 2010 had a population of 139,588 . It includes Brooks County to the west . Valdosta is the home of Valdosta State University , a regional university in the University System of Georgia with over 10,900 students . The local public Valdosta High School has the football program with the most wins of any high school in the United States . Valdosta is called the Azalea City , as the plant grows in profusion there . The city hosts an annual Azalea Festival in March .'}]}, {'value': '91.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WWET', 'urls': []}, {'value': '430', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26 m ( 85 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warm Springs / Columbus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Warm Springs is a city in Meriwether County , Georgia , United States . The population was 425 at the 2010 census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia', 'summary': "Columbus is a consolidated city-county located on the west-central border of the U.S. state of Georgia . Located on the Chattahoochee River directly across from Phenix City , Alabama , Columbus is the county seat of Muscogee County , with which it officially merged in 1970 . Columbus is the third-largest city in Georgia and the fourth-largest metropolitan area . According to the 2017 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau , Columbus has a population of 194,058 residents , with 303,811 in the Columbus metropolitan area . The metro area joins the nearby Alabama cities of Auburn and Opelika to form the Columbus-Auburn-Opelika Combined Statistical Area , which has a 2017 estimated population of 499,128 . Columbus lies 100 miles ( 160 km ) southwest of Atlanta . Fort Benning , the United States Army 's Maneuver Center of Excellence and a major employer , is located south of the city in Chattahoochee County . Columbus is home to museums and tourism sites , including the National Infantry Museum , dedicated to the United States Army 's Infantry Branch . It has the longest urban whitewater rafting course in the world constructed on the Chattahoochee River ."}]}, {'value': '88.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WJSP-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WJSP-FM', 'summary': 'WJSP-FM ( 88.1 FM ) is the Georgia Public Broadcasting ( GPB ) Public radio station serving Columbus and all of west-central Georgia . It shares a radio tower with GPB TV station WJSP-TV just outside Warm Springs , Georgia , its city of license . The station was one of the first GPB radio stations , first broadcasting in 1984 . Unlike some of the other stations in the system , WJSP-FM only simulcasts the GPB radio network , with no local programs .'}]}, {'value': '100,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '461.2 m ( 1,513 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waycross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waycross,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Waycross is the county seat of , and only incorporated city in , Ware County in the U.S. state of Georgia . The population was 14,725 at the 2010 Census . Waycross includes two historic districts ( Downtown Waycross Historic District and Waycross Historic District ) and several other properties that are on the National Register of Historic Places , including the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse , Lott Cemetery , the First African Baptist Church and Parsonage , and the Obediah Barber Homestead ( which is seven miles south of the city ) .'}]}, {'value': '90.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WXVS', 'urls': []}, {'value': '79,000 horizontal 77,600 vertical', 'urls': []}, {'value': '280 m ( 920 ft )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'GPB Radio -- Radio stations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Georgia_Public_Broadcasting_0', 'intro': "Georgia Public Broadcasting (GPB) is a state network of PBS member television stations and NPR member radio stations serving the U.S. state of Georgia. It is operated by the Georgia Public Telecommunications Commission, an agency of the Georgia state government which holds the licenses for most of the PBS and NPR member stations licensed in the state. The broadcast signals of the nine television stations and 19 radio stations cover almost all of the state, as well as parts of Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. The network's headquarters and primary radio and television production facilities are located on 14th Street in Midtown Atlanta, just west of the Downtown Connector in the Home Park neighborhood. The facility and GPB are also a major part of Georgia's film and television industry, and in addition to commercial production occurring at the GPB facilities, some production companies also rent production offices from GPB."}
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What is the call sign of the station located in the city about 45 miles west of Atlanta ?
WUWG
0afdcf077de356d0
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_30th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film', 'title': 'List of submissions to the 30th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film', 'header': ['Submitting country', 'Film title used in nomination', 'Language ( s )', 'Original title', 'Director ( s )', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'No Time for Tenderness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Be_Dear_to_Me', 'summary': 'Be Dear to Me ( Danish : Ingen tid til kærtegn ) is a 1957 Danish film directed by Annelise Hovmand .'}]}, {'value': 'Danish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danish_language', 'summary': 'Danish ( /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; dansk pronounced [ ˈtænˀsk ] ( listen ) , dansk sprog [ ˈtænˀsk ˈspʁɔu̯ˀ ] ) is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people , principally in Denmark , Greenland and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany , where it has minority language status . Also , minor Danish-speaking communities are found in Norway , Sweden , Spain , the United States , Canada , Brazil , and Argentina . Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas , around 15-20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their first language . Along with the other North Germanic languages , Danish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples who lived in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Danish , together with Swedish , derives from the East Norse dialect group , while the Middle Norwegian language before the influence of Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are classified as West Norse along with Faroese and Icelandic . A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish as mainland Scandinavian , while Icelandic and Faroese are classified as insular Scandinavian . Until the 16th century , Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions . With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing , a standard language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect . It spread through use in the education system and administration , though German and Latin continued to be the most important written languages well into the 17th century . Following the loss of territory to Germany and Sweden , a nationalist movement adopted the language as a token of Danish identity , and the language experienced a strong surge in use and popularity , with major works of literature produced in the 18th and 19th centuries . Today , traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared , though regional variants of the standard language exist . The main differences in language are between generations , with youth language being particularly innovative .'}]}, {'value': 'Ingen tid til kærtegn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Annelise Hovmand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Annelise_Hovmand', 'summary': 'Annelise Hovmand ( 17 September 1924 - 28 December 2016 ) was a Danish film director , screenwriter and film producer . She directed 12 films between 1955 and 1991 . Her 1957 film Ingen tid til kærtegn won the Bodil Award for Best Danish Film and was entered into the 7th Berlin International Film Festival . Hovmand died on 28 December 2016 at the age of 92 .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Gates of Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gates_of_Paris_(film)', 'summary': "Porte des Lilas ( English : Gate of Lilacs ) is a 1957 French-Italian dramatic film directed by René Clair , based on René Fallet 's novel La Grande Ceinture . The film is known as both Gates of Lilacs and The Gates of Paris , but was released under the latter title in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'Porte des Lilas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'René Clair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/René_Clair', 'summary': "René Clair ( 11 November 1898 - 15 March 1981 ) born René-Lucien Chomette , was a French filmmaker and writer . He first established his reputation in the 1920s as a director of silent films in which comedy was often mingled with fantasy . He went on to make some of the most innovative early sound films in France , before going abroad to work in the UK and USA for more than a decade . Returning to France after World War II , he continued to make films that were characterised by their elegance and wit , often presenting a nostalgic view of French life in earlier years . He was elected to the Académie française in 1960 . Clair 's best known films include The Italian Straw Hat ( 1928 ) , Under the Roofs of Paris ( 1930 ) , Le Million ( 1931 ) , À nous la liberté ( 1931 ) , I Married a Witch ( 1942 ) , and And Then There Were None ( 1945 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}]}, {'value': 'The Devil Strikes at Night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Devil_Strikes_at_Night', 'summary': "The Devil Strikes at Night ( German : Nachts , wenn der Teufel kam ) is a 1957 West German film directed by Robert Siodmak . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and is based on the true story of Bruno Lüdke . It is the story of a serial killer who murders women during the last year or two of World War II . In one of the crimes a man is arrested who is obviously innocent . An investigator who starts to get a thread which leads to the real killer is frustrated by Nazi authorities who feel that revealing the truth will undermine the people 's faith in their supposedly infallible system . The detective story gradually becomes a story about the evils of political propaganda and corruption . The film 's sets were designed by the art directors Gottfried Will and Rolf Zehetbauer . Location shooting took place in Berlin and Munich ."}]}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_language', 'summary': 'German ( Deutsch , pronounced [ dɔʏtʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe . It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , South Tyrol in Italy , the German-speaking Community of Belgium and Liechtenstein . It is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg and a co-official language in the Opole Voivodeship in Poland . The languages that are most similar to German are the other members of the West Germanic language branch , including Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , Low German/Low Saxon , Luxembourgish , and Yiddish . There are strong similarities in vocabulary with Danish , Norwegian and Swedish , although those belong to the North Germanic group . German is the second most widely spoken Germanic language , after English . One of the major languages of the world , German is a native language to almost 100 million people worldwide and the most widely spoken native language in the European Union . German is the third most commonly spoken foreign language in the EU after English and French , making it the second biggest language in the EU in terms of overall speakers . German is also the second most widely taught foreign language in the EU after English at primary school level ( but third after English and French at lower secondary level ) , the fourth most widely taught non-English language in the US ( after Spanish , French and American Sign Language ) , and the second most commonly used scientific language as well as the third most widely used language on websites after English and Russian . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books , with one tenth of all books ( including e-books ) in the world being published in the German language . In the United Kingdom , German and French are the most sought-after foreign languages for businesses ( with 49% and 50% of businesses identifying these two languages as the most useful , respectively ) . German is an inflected language with four cases for nouns , pronouns and adjectives ( nominative , accusative , genitive , dative ) , three genders ( masculine , feminine , neuter ) , two numbers ( singular , plural ) , and strong and weak verbs .'}]}, {'value': 'Nachts , wenn der Teufel kam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Siodmak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Siodmak', 'summary': 'Robert Siodmak ( /siˈɒd.mæk/ ; 8 August 1900 - 10 March 1973 ) was a German film director who also worked in the United States . He is best remembered as a thriller specialist and for a series of stylish , unpretentious Hollywood films noirs he made in the 1940s , such as The Killers ( 1946 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'The Lagoon of Desire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Lake_of_Thinking', 'summary': 'The Lake of Thinking ( Greek : Η λίμνη των πόθων , translit . I limni ton pothon , also known as The Lagoon of Desire ) is a 1958 Greek drama film directed by Giorgos Zervos . The film was selected as the Greek entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 30th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Greek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greek_language', 'summary': 'Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά , elliniká ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece , Cyprus , Albania and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea . It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language , spanning at least 3,500 years of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems . The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world , West Asia and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , and Turkey and by the Greek diaspora . Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .'}]}, {'value': 'Η λίμνη των πόθων ( I limni ton pothon )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giorgos Zervos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Mother India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mother_India', 'summary': "Mother India is a 1957 Indian epic drama film , directed by Mehboob Khan and starring Nargis , Sunil Dutt , Rajendra Kumar , and Raaj Kumar . A remake of Khan 's earlier film Aurat ( 1940 ) , it is the story of a poverty-stricken village woman named Radha ( Nargis ) , who in the absence of her husband , struggles to raise her sons and survive against a cunning money-lender amidst many troubles . The title of the film was chosen to counter American author Katherine Mayo 's 1927 polemical book Mother India , which vilified Indian culture . Allusions to Hindu mythology are abundant in the film , and its lead character has been seen as a metonymic representation of a Hindu woman who reflects high moral values and the concept of what it means to be a mother to society through self-sacrifice . Mother India metaphorically represents India as a nation in the aftermath of independence , and alludes to a strong sense of nationalism and nation-building . While some authors treat Radha as the symbol of women empowerment , others see her cast in female stereotypes . The film was shot in Mumbai 's Mehboob Studios and in the villages of Maharashtra , Gujarat , and Uttar Pradesh . The music by Naushad introduced global music , including Western classical music and orchestra , to Hindi cinema . The film was among the most expensive Hindi cinema ( Bollywood ) productions and earned the highest revenue for any Indian film at that time . Adjusted for inflation , Mother India still ranks among the all-time Indian box office hits . It was released in India amid fanfare in October 1957 , and had several high-profile screenings , including one at the capital , New Delhi , attended by the country 's president and prime minister . Mother India became a definitive cultural classic and is regarded as one of the best films in Indian and world cinema ."}]}, {'value': 'Hindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hindi_language', 'summary': 'Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .'}]}, {'value': 'भारत माता', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mehboob Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehboob_Khan', 'summary': 'Mehboob Khan ( born Mehboob Khan Ramzan Khan ; 9 September 1907 - 28 May 1964 ) was a pioneer producer-director of Indian cinema , best known for directing the social epic Mother India ( 1957 ) , which won the Filmfare Awards for Best Film and Best Director , two National Film Awards , and was a nominee for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . He set up his production company - Mehboob Productions , and later a film studio - Mehboob Studios in Bandra , Mumbai in 1954 . He also created the dacoit film genre with Aurat ( 1940 ) and Mother India , and is also known for other blockbusters including the romantic drama Andaz ( 1949 ) , the swashbuckling musical Aan ( 1951 ) , and the melodrama Amar ( 1954 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Nights of Cabiria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nights_of_Cabiria', 'summary': "Nights of Cabiria ( Italian : Le notti di Cabiria ) is a 1957 Italian drama film directed by Federico Fellini and starring Giulietta Masina , François Périer , and Amedeo Nazzari . Based on a story by Fellini , the film is about a prostitute in Rome who searches in vain for true love . Besides the best actress award at the Cannes Film Festival for Giulietta Masina , Nights of Cabiria won the 1957 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . This was the second straight year Italy and Fellini won this Academy Award , having won for 1956 's La Strada , which also starred Giulietta Masina ."}]}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italian_language', 'summary': 'Italian ( italiano [ itaˈljaːno ] ( listen ) or lingua italiana [ ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family . Italian descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire and , together with Sardinian , is by most measures the closest language to it of the Romance languages . Italian is an official language in Italy , Switzerland ( where it is the first language in Canton Ticino and in the districts of Moesa and Bernina in Canton Graubünden ) , San Marino and Vatican City . It has an official minority status in western Istria ( Croatia and Slovenia ) . It formerly had official status in Albania , Malta , Monaco , Montenegro ( Kotor ) and Greece ( Ionian Islands and Dodecanese ) , and is generally understood in Corsica ( due to its close relation with the Tuscan-influenced local language ) and Savoie . It also used to be an official language in the former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa , where it still plays a significant role in various sectors . Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania , although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries . Many speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian ( either in its standard form or regional varieties ) and other regional languages . Italian is a major European language , being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the fourth most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 69 million native speakers ( 13% of the EU population ) and it is spoken as a second language by 16 million EU citizens ( 3% ) . Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries ( such as Switzerland and Albania ) and on other continents , the total number of speakers is around 90 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Le Notti di Cabiria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Federico Fellini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federico_Fellini', 'summary': "Federico Fellini , Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( Italian : [ fedeˈriːko felˈliːni ] ; 20 January 1920 - 31 October 1993 ) was an Italian film director and screenwriter . Known for his distinct style that blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness , he is recognized as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time . His films have ranked , in polls such as Cahiers du cinéma and Sight & Sound , as some of the greatest films of all time . Sight & Sound lists his 1963 film 8½ as the 10th-greatest film of all time . In a career spanning almost fifty years , Fellini won the Palme d'Or for La Dolce Vita , was nominated for twelve Academy Awards and won four in the category of Best Foreign Language Film , the most for any director in the history of the Academy . At the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles , he received an honorary award for Lifetime Achievement . Besides La Dolce Vita and 8½ , his other well-known films include La Strada , Nights of Cabiria , Juliet of the Spirits , Satyricon , Amarcord and Fellini 's Casanova ."}]}, {'value': 'Won Academy Award', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Arakure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Untamed_(1957_film)', 'summary': "Untamed or Untamed Woman ( あらくれ , Arakure ) is a 1957 Japanese drama film directed by Mikio Naruse . It was Japan 's submission to the 30th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , but was not accepted as a nominee ."}]}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japanese_language', 'summary': "Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo [ ɲihoŋɡo ] ( listen ) ) is an East Asian language spoken by about 128 million people , primarily in Japan , where it is the national language . It is a member of the Japonic ( or Japanese-Ryukyuan ) language family , and its relation to other languages , such as Korean , is debated . Japanese has been grouped with language families such as Ainu , Austroasiatic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals has gained widespread acceptance . Little is known of the language 's prehistory , or when it first appeared in Japan . Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words , but substantial texts did not appear until the 8th century . During the Heian period ( 794-1185 ) , Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese . Late Middle Japanese ( 1185-1600 ) included changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language , and the first appearance of European loanwords . The standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo ( modern Tokyo ) region in the Early Modern Japanese period ( early 17th century-mid-19th century ) . Following the end of Japan 's self-imposed isolation in 1853 , the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly . English loanwords , in particular , have become frequent , and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated . Japanese is an agglutinative , mora-timed language with simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system , phonemic vowel and consonant length , and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject-object-verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words , and sentence structure is topic-comment ."}]}, {'value': 'あらくれ ( Arakure )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikio Naruse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikio_Naruse', 'summary': "Mikio Naruse ( 成瀬 巳喜男 , Naruse Mikio , August 20 , 1905 - July 2 , 1969 ) was a Japanese filmmaker , screenwriter , and producer who directed some 89 films spanning the period 1930 ( towards the end of the silent period in Japan ) to 1967 . Naruse is known for imbuing his films with a bleak and pessimistic outlook . He made primarily shomin-geki ( working-class drama ) films with female protagonists , portrayed by actresses such as Hideko Takamine , Kinuyo Tanaka , and Setsuko Hara . Because of his focus on family drama and the intersection of traditional and modern Japanese culture , his films are frequently compared with the works of Yasujirō Ozu . His reputation is just behind Akira Kurosawa , Kenji Mizoguchi , and Ozu in Japan and internationally ; his work remains less well known outside Japan than theirs . Among Naruse 's most revered films are Late Chrysanthemums ( 1954 ) , Floating Clouds ( 1955 ) , and When a Woman Ascends the Stairs ( 1960 ) . Akira Kurosawa referred to Naruse 's style of melodrama as like a great river with a calm surface and a raging current in its depths ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexico', 'summary': 'Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .'}]}, {'value': 'Torero !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torero!_(film)', 'summary': '¡Torero ! ( Bullfighter ! or Torero ! ) is a 1956 Mexican documentary film directed by Carlos Velo about Mexican bullfighter Luis Procuna . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . [ dead link ] The film was also selected as the Mexican entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 30th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .'}]}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Torero', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Velo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Velo', 'summary': 'Carlos Velo ( 15 November 1909 - 10 March 1988 ) was a Spanish film director . He directed 45 films between 1934 and 1983 . His 1956 film Torero ! was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . He was born in Cartelle , Spain and died in Mexico City , Mexico .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Lives', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Lives_(1957_film)', 'summary': 'Nine Lives ( Norwegian : Ni Liv ) is a 1957 Norwegian film about Jan Baalsrud , who was a member of the Norwegian resistance during World War II . In 1943 , he participated in an operation to destroy a German air control tower . This mission was compromised when he and his fellow soldiers , seeking a trusted resistance contact , accidentally made contact with a civilian who betrayed them to the Nazis . The film was directed by Arne Skouen and is based on the book We Die Alone by David Howarth . In 1958 , the film was nominated for an Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film and was entered into the Cannes Film Festival . In 1991 , Norwegian television audiences voted it the greatest Norwegian film ever made . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Norwegian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norwegian_language', 'summary': 'Norwegian ( norsk ) is a North Germanic language spoken mainly in Norway , where it is the official language . Along with Swedish and Danish , Norwegian forms a dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional varieties ; some Norwegian and Swedish dialects , in particular , are very close . These Scandinavian languages , together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as some extinct languages , constitute the North Germanic languages . Faroese and Icelandic are not mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them . While the two Germanic languages with the greatest numbers of speakers , English and German , have close similarities with Norwegian , neither is mutually intelligible with it . Norwegian is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Today there are two official forms of written Norwegian , Bokmål ( literally book tongue ) and Nynorsk ( new Norwegian ) , each with its own variants . Bokmål developed from the Dano-Norwegian koiné language that evolved under the union of Denmark-Norway in the 16th and 17th centuries , while Nynorsk was developed based upon a collective of spoken Norwegian dialects . Norwegian is one of the two official languages in Norway . The other is Sami , spoken by some members of the Sami people , mostly in the Northern part of Norway . Norwegian and Sami are not mutually intelligible , as Sami belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of languages . Sami is spoken by less than one percent of people in Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Ni Liv', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arne Skouen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arne_Skouen', 'summary': 'Arne Skouen ( 18 October 1913 - 24 May 2003 ) was a Norwegian journalist , author , film director and film producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'High Street', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calle_Mayor_(film)', 'summary': 'Main street ( Spanish : Calle Mayor ) is a 1956 Spanish drama film directed by Juan Antonio Bardem . It features a French-Spanish cast led by the American actress Betsy Blair , who was dubbed into Spanish , as well as the Spanish actor José Suárez . It is based on a Carlos Arniches play titled La señorita de Trévelez . The locations were Palencia , Cuenca and Logroño . The film won the FRIPESCI Award at Venice Film Festival , and was an international success .'}]}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Calle Mayor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Antonio Bardem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Bardem', 'summary': 'Juan Antonio Bardem Muñoz ( 2 June 1922 - 30 October 2002 ) was a Spanish film director and screen writer . He was a member of the Communist Party . Bardem was best known for Muerte de un ciclista ( 1955 ) which won the FIPRESCI Prize at the 1955 Cannes Film Festival , and El puente ( 1977 ) which won the Golden Prize at the 10th Moscow International Film Festival . His 1979 film Seven Days in January won the Golden Prize at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival . In 1981 he was a member of the jury at the 12th Moscow International Film Festival . In 1993 he was a member of the jury at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival . In 1953 he and Luis García Berlanga founded a film magazine , Objetivo , which existed until 1956 . Bardem is the father of director Miguel Bardem and uncle of actor Javier Bardem . He died of complications resulting from liver disease .'}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'The Seventh Seal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Seventh_Seal', 'summary': 'The Seventh Seal ( Swedish : Det sjunde inseglet ) is a 1957 Swedish historical fantasy film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman . Set in Sweden during the Black Death , it tells of the journey of a medieval knight ( Max von Sydow ) and a game of chess he plays with the personification of Death ( Bengt Ekerot ) , who has come to take his life . Bergman developed the film from his own play Wood Painting . The title refers to a passage from the Book of Revelation , used both at the very start of the film , and again towards the end , beginning with the words And when the Lamb had opened the seventh seal , there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour. [ Rev . 8:1 ] Here , the motif of silence refers to the silence of God , which is a major theme of the film . The Seventh Seal is considered a classic of world cinema , as well as one of the greatest movies of all time . It established Bergman as a world-renowned director , containing scenes which have become iconic through homages , critical analysis , and parodies .'}]}, {'value': 'Swedish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swedish_language', 'summary': 'Swedish ( svenska [ ˈsvɛ̂nːska ] ( listen ) ) is a North Germanic language spoken natively by 10 million people , predominantly in Sweden ( as the sole official language ) and in parts of Finland , where it has equal legal standing with Finnish . It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish , although the degree of mutual intelligibility is largely dependent on the dialect and accent of the speaker . Written Norwegian and Danish are usually more easily understood by Swedish speakers than the spoken languages , due to the differences in tone , accent and intonation . Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . It has the most speakers of the North Germanic languages . Standard Swedish , spoken by most Swedes , is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century . While distinct regional varieties descending from the older rural dialects still exist , the spoken and written language is uniform and standardized . The standard word order is , as in most Germanic languages , V2 , which means that the finite verb ( V ) appears in the second position ( 2 ) of a declarative main clause . Swedish morphology is similar to English ; that is , words have comparatively few inflections . Swedish has two genders and is generally seen to have two grammatical cases - nominative and genitive ( except for pronouns that , as in English , also are inflected in the object form ) - although it is debated if the genitive in Swedish should be seen as a genitive case or just the nominative plus the so-called genitive s , then seen as a clitic . Swedish has two grammatical numbers - plural and singular . Adjectives have discrete comparative and superlative forms and are also inflected according to gender , number and definiteness .'}]}, {'value': 'Det Sjunde inseglet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ingmar Bergman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman', 'summary': "Ernst Ingmar Bergman [ a ] ( 14 July 1918 - 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish director , writer , and producer who worked in film , television , theatre and radio . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergman 's films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist in extended television versions . Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet and Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin and Max von Sydow . Most of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö . Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented ; If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I do n't see how you could n't be influenced by Bergman .It 's impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people ."}]}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': 'Amina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mandarin Chinese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese', 'summary': "Mandarin ( /ˈmændərɪn/ ( listen ) ; simplified Chinese : 官话 ; traditional Chinese : 官話 ; pinyin : Guānhuà ; literally : 'speech of officials ' ) is a group of related Sinitic languages spoken across most of northern and southwestern China . The group includes the Beijing dialect , the basis of Standard Chinese or Standard Mandarin . Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin dialects are found in the north , the group is sometimes referred to as the Northern dialects ( 北方话 ; běifānghuà ) . Many local Mandarin varieties are not mutually intelligible . Nevertheless , Mandarin is often placed first in lists of languages by number of native speakers ( with nearly a billion ) . Mandarin is by far the largest of the seven or ten Chinese dialect groups , spoken by 70 percent of all Chinese speakers over a large geographical area , stretching from Yunnan in the southwest to Xinjiang in the northwest and Heilongjiang in the northeast . This is generally attributed to the greater ease of travel and communication in the North China Plain compared to the more mountainous south , combined with the relatively recent spread of Mandarin to frontier areas . Most Mandarin varieties have four tones . The final stops of Middle Chinese have disappeared in most of these varieties , but some have merged them as a final glottal stop . Many Mandarin varieties , including the Beijing dialect , retain retroflex initial consonants , which have been lost in southern varieties of Chinese . The capital has been within the Mandarin area for most of the last millennium , making these dialects very influential . Some form of Mandarin has served as a national lingua franca since the 14th century ."}]}, {'value': '阿美娜', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yuan Congmei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not Nominated', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Submissions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_submissions_to_the_30th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film_0', 'intro': "The following 12 films, all from different countries, were submitted for the 30th Academy Awards in the category Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The titles highlighted in blue and yellow were the five nominated films, which came from France, India, Italy, Norway and West Germany. Italy won the award for Federico Fellini's Nights of Cabiria, a drama about a heartbroken, young prostitute. Documentary Torero, which represented Mexico, failed to get an Oscar nomination in the Foreign Language Film category, but was nominated for the Best Documentary Feature Oscar. Denmark's Annelise Hovmand became the first female director to have a film in the running at the submission stage."}
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What was the 1982 movie by the director of The Seventh Seal ?
Fanny and Alexander
0aff3a4abaaf9724
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Russian_First_Division', 'title': '2010 Russian First Division', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Head Coach', 'Venue', 'Capacity', 'Position in 2009'], 'data': [{'value': 'Avangard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Avangard_Kursk', 'summary': 'FC Avangard Kursk is an association football club based in Kursk , Russia , currently playing in the second tier of Russian football . The teams colors are : home all blue , and away all white .'}]}, {'value': 'Kursk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kursk', 'summary': 'Kursk ( Russian : Курск , IPA : [ ˈkursk ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Kursk Oblast , Russia , located at the confluence of the Kur , Tuskar , and Seym rivers . The area around Kursk was the site of a turning point in the Soviet-German struggle during World War II and the site of the largest tank battle in history . Population : 415,159 ( 2010 Census ) ; 412,442 ( 2002 Census ) ; 424,239 ( 1989 Census ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Aleksandr Ignatenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksandr_Ignatenko', 'summary': 'Aleksandr Viktorovich Ignatenko ( Russian : Александр Викторович Игнатенко ; born 12 December 1951 in Voroshilovgrad ) is a Ukrainian-born Russian professional football coach and a former player . As a player , he made his debut in the Soviet Top League in 1970 for Zarya Voroshilovgrad .'}]}, {'value': 'Trudovye Rezervy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trudovye_Rezervy_Stadium_(Kursk)', 'summary': 'Trudovye Rezervy Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Kursk , Russia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Avangard Kursk . The stadium holds 11,329 people .'}]}, {'value': '11,329', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st , D2 Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Second_Division_2009', 'summary': 'The Russian Second Division 2009 is the third strongest division in Russian football . The Second Division is geographically divided into 5 zones . The winners of each zone are automatically promoted into the First Division . The bottom finishers of each zone lose professional status and are relegated into the Amateur Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Baltika', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Baltika_Kaliningrad', 'summary': 'FC Baltika is an association football club based in Kaliningrad , Russia . Currently the club plays in the Russian Football National League , the second tier of the Russian football pyramid .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaliningrad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaliningrad', 'summary': "Kaliningrad ( Russian : Калининград , IPA : [ kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat ] , historically German : Königsberg , Polish : Królewiec , Lithuanian : Karaliaučius , Czech : Královec ) is the largest city and the administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast , a Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea . At the 2010 Census , Kaliningrad 's population was 431,902 . Situated between Poland and Lithuania , both now in the European Union , Kaliningrad was strategically of importance during the Cold War . Following the de facto annexation of the territory , Soviet authorities built a new city that erased most historic links to the old city . In some districts , a few pre-war monuments remain ."}]}, {'value': 'Leonid Tkachenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonid_Tkachenko_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Leonid Ivanovich Tkachenko ( Russian : Леонид Иванович Ткаченко ; born October 1 , 1953 in Staryi Krym , Crimea ) is a former Soviet player and the Ukrainian-Russian coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Baltika', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltika_Stadium', 'summary': 'Baltika Stadium ( Russian : Балтика стадион , Baltika Stadion ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Kaliningrad , Russia , that was home to FC Baltika Kaliningrad . The capacity of the stadium is 14,660 , making it an average-sized stadium in the Russian First Division .'}]}, {'value': '14,664', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dynamo Bryansk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Bryansk', 'summary': "FC Dynamo Bryansk is a Russian football club based in Bryansk . In 2009 , the club came second in its Russian Second Division zone but was not promoted . However , in early 2010 , FC Moscow dropped out from the Russian Premier League for financial reasons , FC Alania Vladikavkaz were promoted from the First Division to the Premier League , and Dynamo Bryansk took Alania 's spot in the Russian First Division , where they played in 2010 . The team colours are ( Home ) all blue . ( Away ) all white with blue shorts . In 2012 club had lost its professional status and left First division . It was promoted to the third-tier professional level ( now called Russian Professional Football League ) for the 2013-14 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Bryansk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryansk', 'summary': 'Bryansk ( Russian : Брянск , IPA : [ brʲansk ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast , Russia , located 379 kilometers ( 235 mi ) southwest of Moscow . Population : 415,721 ( 2010 Census ) ; 431,526 ( 2002 Census ) ; 452,160 ( 1989 Census ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Aleksandr Smirnov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksandr_Smirnov_(footballer,_born_1968)', 'summary': 'Aleksandr Vladimirovich Smirnov ( Russian : Александр Владимирович Смирнов ; born 19 May 1968 ) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Dynamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dynamo_Stadium_(Bryansk)', 'summary': 'Dynamo Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Bryansk , Russia . It was built in 1924 , refitted in 1960 and 2004 years . Stadium is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Dynamo Bryansk . The stadium holds up to 10,100 people .'}]}, {'value': '10,100', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2nd , D2 Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Second_Division_2009', 'summary': 'The Russian Second Division 2009 is the third strongest division in Russian football . The Second Division is geographically divided into 5 zones . The winners of each zone are automatically promoted into the First Division . The bottom finishers of each zone lose professional status and are relegated into the Amateur Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Dynamo St. Petersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg was a Russian football club from Saint Petersburg , in Northwest Russia . Founded in 1922 , the club was one of the oldest in the city . They were a regular in the Soviet Top League until relegation in 1963 . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , their highest status was in the second-level Russian National Football League for several seasons . In July 2015 , the club was purchased by Boris Rotenberg . In June 2018 , the team moved to Sochi , becoming PFC Sochi ; in Saint Petersburg there remained Dynamo youth team . In April 2019 Dynamo was reestablished by Clubs ' Veterans on resources of FC LAZ Luga ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Petersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Saint Petersburg ( Russian : Санкт-Петербу́рг , tr . Sankt-Peterburg , IPA : [ ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk ] ( listen ) ) , formerly and still commonly known as Leningrad ( Russian : Ленинград ) is a city situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . It is Russia 's second-largest city after Moscow . With over 5,351,935 million inhabitants as of 2018 , it is the fourth-most populous city in Europe . An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea , it has a status of a federal subject ( a federal city ) . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [ O.S . 16 May ] 1703 , on the site of a captured Swedish fortress . It served as a capital of Russian Tsardom and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918 ( being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730 ) . After the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow . In modern times , Saint Petersburg is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site , so it 's also referred to as Russia 's Culture Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergey Frantsev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergey_Frantsev', 'summary': 'Sergey Sergeyevich Frantsev ( Russian : Серге́й Серге́евич Фра́нцев ; born 17 March 1959 ) is a professional association football coach from Russia .'}]}, {'value': 'MSA Petrovsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petrovsky_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Petrovsky Stadium ( Russian : стадион « Петровский » ) is on a sports complex that consists of a number of buildings , the stadium is used mostly for football and also for athletics . It was the home of FC Zenit and FC Tosno . The complex also contains another football stadium , Minor Sport Arena ( MSA ) . MSA of Petrovsky in 2008 was used by several teams that compete in lower professional leagues : FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg , FC Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg , and FC Sever Murmansk . The whole complex is located on the Petrograd side in central St. Petersburg on Petrovsky Island , an island in the Malaya Neva River connected to the adjacent Krestovsky and Petrogradsky islands through bridges .'}]}, {'value': '2,835', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st , D2 West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Second_Division_2009', 'summary': 'The Russian Second Division 2009 is the third strongest division in Russian football . The Second Division is geographically divided into 5 zones . The winners of each zone are automatically promoted into the First Division . The bottom finishers of each zone lose professional status and are relegated into the Amateur Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Irtysh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Irtysh_Omsk', 'summary': 'FC Irtysh Omsk ( Russian : Иртыш Омск ) is a Russian football club based in Omsk , Russia and playing in the third tier Russian Professional Football League . Their best result in the 1992 season was 2nd in the Eastern Group of the Russian First Division . It was relegated to the 3rd tier in 1995 . It was promoted to 2nd tier in 1996 , then relegated to 3rd in 1998 . As East Zone champions , Irtysh Omsk was promoted to 2nd tier in 2009 . Irtysh Omsk finished 19 out of 20 and relegated to 3rd tier . The club was founded in 1946 and has been known as :'}]}, {'value': 'Omsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omsk', 'summary': "Omsk ( /ɒmsk/ ; Russian : Омск , IPA : [ omsk ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Omsk Oblast , Russia , located in southwestern Siberia 2,236 kilometers ( 1,389 mi ) from Moscow . With a population of 1,154,116 , it is Russia 's second-largest city east of the Ural Mountains after Novosibirsk , and seventh by size nationally . Omsk acts as an essential transport node , serving as a train station for Trans-Siberian Railway and as a staging post for the Irtysh River . During the Imperial era , Omsk used to be the seat of the Governor General of Western Siberia and , later , of the Governor General of the Steppes . For a brief period during the Russian Civil War in 1918-1920 , it served as the capital of the anti-Bolshevik Russian State and held the imperial gold reserves . Omsk serves as the episcopal see of the bishop of Omsk and Tara , as well as the administrative seat of the Imam of Siberia . The mayor is Oksana Fadina ."}]}, {'value': 'Aleksandr Dorofeyev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksandr_Dorofeyev', 'summary': 'Aleksandr Nikolayevich Dorofeyev ( Russian : Александр Николаевич Дорофеев ; born June 3 , 1957 ) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player currently managing FC Irtysh Omsk in the Russian Second Division . Dorofeyev played in the Russian First League with FC Dynamo Barnaul and FC Sakhalin Kholmsk .'}]}, {'value': 'Red Star', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Star_Stadium_(Omsk)', 'summary': 'Red Star Stadium ( Russian : Стадион Красная Звезда ) is a multi-use stadium in Omsk , Russia . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 18,000 people . Coordinates : 54°58′24″N 73°25′37″E / 54.973346°N 73.427006°E / 54.973346 ; 73.427006'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st , D2 East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Second_Division_2009', 'summary': 'The Russian Second Division 2009 is the third strongest division in Russian football . The Second Division is geographically divided into 5 zones . The winners of each zone are automatically promoted into the First Division . The bottom finishers of each zone lose professional status and are relegated into the Amateur Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'KAMAZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_KAMAZ_Naberezhnye_Chelny', 'summary': 'KAMAZ ( Russian : Футбольный клуб КАМАЗ Набережные Челны ) is a Russian football club based in Naberezhnye Chelny , Russia . The club is currently in the third-tier Russian Professional Football League . Colours are ( Home ) all white . ( Away ) Light blue shirts , white shorts .'}]}, {'value': 'Naberezhnye Chelny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naberezhnye_Chelny', 'summary': 'Naberezhnye Chelny ( Russian : На́бережные Челны́ , IPA : [ ˈnabʲɪrʲɪʐnɨjə tɕɪlˈnɨ ] ; Tatar : Яр Чаллы IPA : [ ˈjar ɕɑlːɤ̆ ] ) is the second largest city in the Republic of Tatarstan , Russia . A major industrial center , Naberezhnye Chelny stands on the Kama River 225 kilometers ( 140 mi ) east of Kazan near Nizhnekamsk Reservoir . The population of the city over the years : 513,193 ( 2010 Census ) ; 509,870 ( 2002 Census ) ; 500,309 ( 1989 Census ) . The city was previously known as Naberezhnye Chelny ( until November 18 , 1982 ) , Brezhnev ( until 1988 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Yevdokimov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Yevdokimov', 'summary': 'Robert Gennadyevich Yevdokimov ( Russian : Роберт Геннадьевич Евдокимов ; born 27 February 1970 ) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player . He is the manager of FC Nizhny Novgorod .'}]}, {'value': 'KAMAZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KAMAZ_stadium', 'summary': 'KAMAZ Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Naberezhnye Chelny , Russia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny . The stadium was built in 1977 and holds 6,248 people .'}]}, {'value': '9,221', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khimki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Khimki', 'summary': 'FC Khimki ( Russian : ФК Химки ) is a Russian association football club based in Khimki .'}]}, {'value': 'Khimki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khimki', 'summary': 'Khimki ( Russian : Химки , IPA : [ ˈxʲimkʲɪ ] ) is a city in Moscow Oblast , Russia , 30 kilometres northwest of central Moscow .'}]}, {'value': 'Yevgeni Bushmanov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yevgeni_Bushmanov', 'summary': 'Yevgeni Aleksandrovich Bushmanov ( Russian : Евгений Александрович Бушманов ; born 2 November 1971 ) is a Russian football coach and a former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Novyye Khimki', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,066', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16th , Premier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Premier_League_2009', 'summary': "The 2009 Russian Premier League was the 18th season of the Russian football championship since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and 8th under the current Russian Premier League name . The season started on 14 March 2009 with a goalless draw between Amkar Perm and Rostov . The last matches were played on 29 November 2009 . On 21 November 2009 Rubin Kazan successfully retained their champion 's title ."}]}, {'value': 'Krasnodar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Krasnodar', 'summary': 'FC Krasnodar is a Russian association football club from Krasnodar that plays in the Russian Premier League . The club was founded in 2008 . In 2009 , the club was promoted to the Russian First Division , the second highest division of the Russian football league system , despite finishing Zone South of Second Division in third . And at the end of the 2010 season , they were promoted to the Russian Premier League for the 2011 season , despite finishing fifth in the first division . In May 2013 , FC Krasnodar began the construction of the 35,074-seat Krasnodar Stadium which was opened on 9 October 2016 . Until the stadium was completed , FC Krasnodar continued playing their home matches in the Kuban Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Krasnodar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krasnodar', 'summary': "Krasnodar ( /ˌkrɑːsnəˈdɑːr , -noʊ-/ ; Russian : Краснода́р , IPA : [ krəsnɐˈdar ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Krasnodar Krai , Russia , located on the Kuban River , approximately 148 kilometers ( 92 mi ) northeast of the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 774,234 . According to the Federal Statistics Service of Russia , Krasnodar officially reached a population of 1,000,007 on September 22 , 2018 , thus the city is the 16th most populated city in Russia , and also the country 's 16th city with at least a million inhabitants . It was previously known as Yekaterinodar ( until December 7 , 1920 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Sergei Tashuev', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergei_Tashuev', 'summary': 'Sergei Abuyezidovich Tashuyev ( Russian : Сергей Абуезидович Ташуев ; born 1 January 1959 ) is a Russian professional football coach . He grew up in Grozny before making the world of football his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Kuban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuban_Stadium', 'summary': 'Kuban Stadium ( Russian : « Кубань » ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Krasnodar , Russia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of resurrected FC Kuban Krasnodar and FC Urozhay Krasnodar . The stadium holds 35,200 people . The stadium was opened on 30 October 1960 . When built , the stadium had a capacity of 20,000 . Later a second tier for additional 20,000 people was added and floodlights installed . First football match on Kuban Stadium was held on 14 May 1961 , when Spartak Krasnodar played FC Spartak Stavropol .'}]}, {'value': '34,640', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kuban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Kuban_Krasnodar', 'summary': 'FC Kuban ( Russian : Футбольный клуб Кубань Краснодар ) was a Russian football club based in Krasnodar . The team began playing in the Russian Premier League in 2011 , after it was promoted for winning the Russian First Division . FC Kuban was one of the oldest football clubs in Russia . Founded as Dynamo of the Krasnodar NKVD , FC Kuban changed its affiliations because of changing politics in the USSR . Club members and fans were called Kubantsy ( Russian : Кубанцы ) ( because of its location ) or yellow-greens ( the club colours ) . The team was also known as the Cossacks by fans . Other nicknames associated with the club colours were The Canaries ( analogous to the similar colours of the French FC Nantes , the English Norwich City F.C . ) and The Toads ( primarily by opponents and the Kuban Ultras ) . On 17 May 2018 it was announced that FC Kuban had dissolved because of bankruptcy . On 5 August 2018 , resurrected by fans and former FC Kuban footballers , the team played its first official match in the Krasnodar Krai Regional League .'}]}, {'value': 'Krasnodar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krasnodar', 'summary': "Krasnodar ( /ˌkrɑːsnəˈdɑːr , -noʊ-/ ; Russian : Краснода́р , IPA : [ krəsnɐˈdar ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Krasnodar Krai , Russia , located on the Kuban River , approximately 148 kilometers ( 92 mi ) northeast of the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 774,234 . According to the Federal Statistics Service of Russia , Krasnodar officially reached a population of 1,000,007 on September 22 , 2018 , thus the city is the 16th most populated city in Russia , and also the country 's 16th city with at least a million inhabitants . It was previously known as Yekaterinodar ( until December 7 , 1920 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Dan Petrescu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Petrescu', 'summary': "Daniel Vasile Petrescu ( Romanian pronunciation : [ daniˈel vaˈsile peˈtresku ] ; born 22 December 1967 ) is a Romanian football manager and former professional footballer who played as a full back or a winger . He is currently the manager of CFR Cluj . Petrescu is best known for playing in the 1989 European Cup final with Steaua Bucharest and winning the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1998 with English club Chelsea . He earned 95 caps for the Romania national team , and played for his country in two World Cups , in 1994 and 1998 , as well as two European Championships , in 1996 and 2000 . Towards the end of his playing career he became an assistant to Walter Zenga at Național Bucharest . His first manager role was at Sportul Studențesc , whom he led to promotion to the Liga I . On 10 June 2017 , he was appointed manager of CFR Cluj and won the Liga I title in his first season at the club ."}]}, {'value': 'Kuban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuban_Stadium', 'summary': 'Kuban Stadium ( Russian : « Кубань » ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Krasnodar , Russia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of resurrected FC Kuban Krasnodar and FC Urozhay Krasnodar . The stadium holds 35,200 people . The stadium was opened on 30 October 1960 . When built , the stadium had a capacity of 20,000 . Later a second tier for additional 20,000 people was added and floodlights installed . First football match on Kuban Stadium was held on 14 May 1961 , when Spartak Krasnodar played FC Spartak Stavropol .'}]}, {'value': '34,640', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15th , Premier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Premier_League_2009', 'summary': "The 2009 Russian Premier League was the 18th season of the Russian football championship since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and 8th under the current Russian Premier League name . The season started on 14 March 2009 with a goalless draw between Amkar Perm and Rostov . The last matches were played on 29 November 2009 . On 21 November 2009 Rubin Kazan successfully retained their champion 's title ."}]}, {'value': 'Luch-Energiya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Luch-Energiya_Vladivostok', 'summary': 'FC Luch Vladivostok ( Russian : Футбольный клуб Луч Владивосток ) is an association football club based in Vladivostok , Russia . In 2005 , Luch won the Russian First Division and played in the Premier League from 2006 to 2008 . The club was called Luch-Energiya from 2003 to 2018 , when it was renamed due to sponsorship from Dalenergo , an energy distribution company .'}]}, {'value': 'Vladivostok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladivostok', 'summary': "Vladivostok ( Russian : Владивосто́к , IPA : [ vlədʲɪvɐˈstok ] ( listen ) , literally 'Ruler of the East ' , 'Rule the East ' , 'Lord of the East ' , or 'Conqueror of the East ' ) is a city and the administrative centre of the Far Eastern Federal District and Primorsky Krai , Russia , located around the Golden Horn Bay , not far from Russia 's borders with China and North Korea . The population of the city as of 2019 [ update ] was 605,049 up from 592,034 recorded in the 2010 Russian census . Harbin in China is about 515 kilometres ( 320 mi ) away , while Sapporo in Japan is about 775 kilometres ( 482 mi ) east across the Sea of Japan . The city is the home port of the Russian Pacific Fleet and is the largest Russian port on the Pacific coast ."}]}, {'value': 'Francisco Arcos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Arcos', 'summary': 'Francisco Paco Arcos Arcos ( born 16 December 1974 ) is a Spanish football manager .'}]}, {'value': 'Dinamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dynamo_Stadium_(Vladivostok)', 'summary': 'The Dynamo Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Vladivostok , Russia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Luch Vladivostok . The stadium is situated close to the main square and harbour and by one of the beaches of Vladivostok . The pitch has been improved and floodlights have been installed as well . The stadium holds 10,200 .'}]}, {'value': '10,185', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mordovia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Mordovia_Saransk', 'summary': 'FC Mordovia Saransk ( Russian : ФК Мордовия Саранск ) is a Russian association football club from Saransk , Republic of Mordovia . In its current state it was formed in 2005 , through the merge of Biokhimik-Mordovia and Lisma-Mordovia .'}]}, {'value': 'Saransk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saransk', 'summary': 'Saransk ( Russian : Саранск , IPA : [ sɐˈransk ] ; Moksha : Саранош [ citation needed ] ; Erzya : Саран ош [ citation needed ] ) is the capital city of the Republic of Mordovia , Russia , as well as its financial and economic centre . It is located in the Volga basin at the confluence of the Saranka and Insar Rivers , about 630 kilometers ( 390 mi ) east of Moscow . Saransk was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2018 FIFA World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Fyodor Shcherbachenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fyodor_Shcherbachenko', 'summary': 'Fyodor Anatolyevich Shcherbachenko ( Russian : Фёдор Анатольевич Щербаченко ; born 13 August 1962 ) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player and referee .'}]}, {'value': 'Svetotekhnika', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st , D2 Ural-Povolzhye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Second_Division_2009', 'summary': 'The Russian Second Division 2009 is the third strongest division in Russian football . The Second Division is geographically divided into 5 zones . The winners of each zone are automatically promoted into the First Division . The bottom finishers of each zone lose professional status and are relegated into the Amateur Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Nizhny Novgorod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Nizhny_Novgorod_(2007)', 'summary': 'FC Nizhny Novgorod ( Russian : ФК Нижний Новгород ) was an association football club based in Nizhny Novgorod , Russia . It played three seasons in the Russian First Division . In December 2007 a new team formed from an amateur team playing in the regional championship . The team entered the Amateur Football League and got promoted to the Russian Second Division . The team entered Russian First Division for 2009 despite not qualifying in 2008 after several clubs ahead of them were unable to participate for financial reasons despite finishing 3rd in Zone Volga Region . In 2012 it was merged into FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod .'}]}, {'value': 'Nizhny Novgorod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod', 'summary': 'Nizhny Novgorod ( /ˌnɪʒni ˈnɒvɡərɒd/ NIZH-nee NOV-gə-rod ; Russian : Нижний Новгород , IPA : [ ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət ] ) , colloquially shortened to Nizhny , is a city in Russia and the administrative center ( capital ) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . From 1932 to 1990 , it was known as Gorky ( Горький , IPA : [ ˈɡorʲkʲɪj ] ) , after the writer Maxim Gorky , who was born there . The city is an important economic , transportation , scientific , educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region , and is the main center of river tourism in Russia . In the historic part of the city there are many universities , theaters , museums and churches . Nizhny Novgorod is located about 400 km ( 250 mi ) east of Moscow , where the Oka River empties into the Volga . Population : 1,250,619 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,311,252 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,438,133 ( 1989 Census ) . The city was founded in 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir . In 1612 Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles . In 1817 Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire . In 1896 at a fair , an All-Russia Exhibition was organized . During the Soviet period , the city turned into an important industrial center . In particular , the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period .'}]}, {'value': 'Viktor Zaidenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktor_Zaidenberg', 'summary': 'Viktor Lazarevich Zaidenberg ( Russian : Виктор Лазаревич Зайденберг ; born June 22 , 1946 ) is a Russian professional football coach . Zaidenberg managed FC Nizhny Novgorod in the Russian National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Severny', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,180', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rotor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Rotor_Volgograd', 'summary': "FC Rotor Volgograd ( Russian : ФК Ротор Волгоград ) is a Russian football ( soccer ) club from the large city of Volgograd , Volgograd Oblast ( formerly Stalingrad ) . The club plays in the second-level Russian National Football League . They are the largest and best supported Volgograd club and for most of their existence have been the city 's only representatives in the national league system . They played at the top level of Soviet/Russian football either side of World War II , from 1989 to 1990 , and from 1991 to 2004 . During the 1990s they were one of the strongest clubs in newly independent Russia and qualified for European competition four times . In recent years financial and ownership difficulties have repeatedly threatened their professional status and they have played mostly in lower regional leagues ."}]}, {'value': 'Volgograd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volgograd', 'summary': 'Volgograd ( UK : /ˈvɒlɡəɡræd , ˈvɒlɡoʊ-/ , US : /ˈvɒlɡə- , ˈvoʊlɡə-/ ; Russian : Волгогра́д , IPA : [ vəɫɡɐˈɡrat ] ( listen ) ) , formerly Tsaritsyn ( Russian : Цари́цын\u200b ( help·info ) ) , 1589-1925 , and Stalingrad ( /ˈstɑːlɪnɡræd , ˈstæl- , -ɡrɑːd/ ; Russian : Сталингра́д\u200b ( help·info ) ) , 1925-1961 , is an industrial city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast , Russia . The city lies on the western bank of the Volga River . The Battle of Stalingrad in World War II was one of the largest and bloodiest battles in the history of warfare . Known locally as the Hero City , it is home to The Motherland Calls , an 85-metre statue dedicated to the heroes of the battle . The city also has many tourist attractions , such as museums , sandy beaches , and a self-propelled floating church . Its population was 1,021,215 at the 2010 Census , growing from 1,011,417 in the 2002 Census .'}]}, {'value': 'Vitaliy Shevchenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitaliy_Shevchenko', 'summary': 'Vitaly Viktorovich Shevchenko ( Russian : Виталий Викторович Шевченко ; born 2 October 1951 ) is a Russian coach and former Soviet footballer . His last work was head-coach of FC Rotor Volgograd . He finished the Institute of Physical Education ( Kiev ) and the Supreme school of coaches in Moscow .'}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Stadium_(Volgograd)', 'summary': 'Central Stadium ( Russian : Центральный стадион , Tsentralnyi Stadion ) was a multi-purpose stadium in Volgograd , Russia , that was a home to FC Rotor Volgograd . It was built in 1962 and renovated in 2002 . The capacity of the stadium was 32,120 . The stadium was closed and demolished in 2014 . A new stadium will be built on site in time for the 2018 FIFA World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '32,126', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd , D2 South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Second_Division_2009', 'summary': 'The Russian Second Division 2009 is the third strongest division in Russian football . The Second Division is geographically divided into 5 zones . The winners of each zone are automatically promoted into the First Division . The bottom finishers of each zone lose professional status and are relegated into the Amateur Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Salyut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Salyut_Belgorod', 'summary': 'FC Salyut Belgorod is a Russian association football club based in Belgorod . They play in the Russian Professional Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgorod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgorod', 'summary': 'Belgorod ( Russian : Белгород , IPA : [ ˈbʲeɫɡərət ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Belgorod Oblast , Russia , located on the Seversky Donets River 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) north of the border with Ukraine . Population : 356,402 ( 2010 Census ) ; 337,030 ( 2002 Census ) ; 300,408 ( 1989 Census ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Yuri Bykov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuri_Bykov_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Yuri Aleksandrovich Bykov ( Russian : Юрий Александрович Быков ; born 11 January 1963 ) is a Russian professional football manager and a former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Salyut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salyut_Stadium', 'summary': 'Energomash Stadium ( Russian : Стадион Энергомаш ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Belgorod , Russia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Energomash . The stadium holds 11,456 people . It is located in the center of Belgorod near the bus stop Stadion . Renovated in 1999 . Designed for football .'}]}, {'value': '11,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shinnik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Shinnik_Yaroslavl', 'summary': 'FC Shinnik Yaroslavl ( Russian : Футбольный клуб « Шинник » Ярославль ) is a Russian football club , based in Yaroslavl . From 1957 to 1960 the team was called Khimik ( Russian : Химик - the chemist ) . In the USSR championships the team held 1346 matches ( 523 wins , 376 draws , 447 defeats ) , with the goal difference 1652:1499 ( +153 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Yaroslavl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yaroslavl', 'summary': "Yaroslavl ( Russian : Ярослáвль , IPA : [ jɪrɐˈsɫavlʲ ] ) is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast , Russia , located 250 kilometers ( 160 mi ) northeast of Moscow . The historic part of the city , a World Heritage Site , is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers . It is one of the Golden Ring cities , a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow that have played an important role in Russian history . In 2010 , the city had a population of 591,486 . Etymology Yaroslav [ the Wise ] + suffix l′ for his settlement ( ? ) : Russian Yaro-slav 'harsh , severe ' + 'fame , glory ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Aleksandr Pobegalov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksandr_Pobegalov', 'summary': 'Aleksandr Mikhailovich Pobegalov ( Russian : Александр Михайлович Побегалов ; born 8 April 1956 ) is a Russian professional football coach . He manages FC Shinnik Yaroslavl .'}]}, {'value': 'Shinnik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinnik_Stadium', 'summary': "The Shinnik Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Yaroslavl , Russia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Shinnik Yaroslavl . The stadium holds 22,990 people . It was planned on being expanded to 45,000 people in capacity , for the FIFA World Cup 2018 , which will be hosted in Russia , but the plans fell through when Yaroslavl did n't make it to the host cities list ."}]}, {'value': '18,481', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SKA-Energiya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_SKA-Energiya_Khabarovsk', 'summary': 'Football Club SKA-Khabarovsk ( Russian : Футбольный клуб СКА-Хабаровск ) is a Russian professional association football club based in Khabarovsk . They played in the Russian Premier League for the first time ever in the 2017-18 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Khabarovsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khabarovsk', 'summary': 'Khabarovsk ( Russian : Хаба́ровск , tr . Khabarovsk , IPA : [ xɐˈbarəfsk ] ( listen ) ) is the largest city and the administrative center of Khabarovsk Krai , Russia , located 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) from the Chinese border , at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers , about 800 kilometers ( 500 mi ) north of Vladivostok . The city was the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia from 2002 until December 2018 , when Vladivostok took over that role . It is the largest city in the Russian Far East , having overtaken Vladivostok in 2015 . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 577,441 . It was previously known as Khabarovka ( until 1893 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sergey Feldman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergey_Feldman', 'summary': 'Sergey Yakovlevich Feldman ( Russian : Серге́й Я́ковлевич Фе́льдман ; born April 20 , 1964 ) is a professional association football functionary from Russia and a former Soviet player . Currently , he was the general director of the Russian First Division club FC SKA-Energiya Khabarovsk since 2006-2016 . Feldman played in the Soviet First League with SKA Khabarovsk .'}]}, {'value': 'Lenin Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lenin_Stadium_(Khabarovsk)', 'summary': 'Lenin Stadium ( Russian : Стадион имени Ленина ) is a multi-use stadium in Khabarovsk , Russia . It is currently used mostly for association football matches and is the home ground of FC SKA-Khabarovsk . The stadium holds 15,200 people . It is named after communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin .'}]}, {'value': '15,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ural', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Ural_Sverdlovsk_Oblast', 'summary': 'FC Ural Yekaterinburg ( Russian : ФК Урал ) is a Russian football club based in Yekaterinburg . As of the 2018-19 season , they play in the Russian Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Yekaterinburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yekaterinburg', 'summary': "Yekaterinburg ( /jɪˈkætərɪnbɜːrɡ/ yih-KAT-ər-in-burg ; Russian : Екатеринбу́рг , IPA : [ jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnˈburk ] ) , alternatively romanized Ekaterinburg , is the fourth-largest city in Russia and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast , located on the Iset River east of the Ural Mountains , in the middle of the Eurasian continent , on the Asian side of the boundary between Asia and Europe . It is the main cultural and industrial centre of the oblast . In 2018 , it had an estimated population of 1,501,652 . Yekaterinburg has been dubbed the third capital of Russia , as it is ranked third by the size of economy , culture , transportation and tourism . It is located about 1,420 kilometres ( 880 mi ) to the east of Moscow . The region was settled and developed by Novgorodians by the 11th century . Yekaterinburg was founded on 18 November 1723 and named after the Russian emperor Peter the Great 's wife , who after his death became Catherine I , Yekaterina being the Russian form of her name . The city served as the mining capital of the Russian Empire as well as a strategic connection between Europe and Asia at the time . In 1781 , Catherine the Great gave Yekaterinburg the status of a district town of Perm Province , and built the main road of the Empire , the Siberian Route , through the city . Yekaterinburg became a key city to Siberia , which had rich resources , and was known as the window to Asia , a reference to Saint Petersburg as a window to Europe . In the late 19th century , Yekaterinburg became one of the centres of revolutionary movements in the Urals . In 1924 , after Russia became a socialist state , the city was named Sverdlovsk ( Russian : Свердло́вск ) after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov ."}]}, {'value': 'Vladimir Fedotov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vladimir_Fedotov_(footballer,_born_1966)', 'summary': 'Vladimir Valentinovich Fedotov ( Russian : Владимир Валентинович Федотов ; born 12 August 1966 ) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player . He is the manager of PFC Sochi .'}]}, {'value': 'Uralmash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uralmash_Stadium', 'summary': 'SKB-Bank Arena ( Russian : « СКБ-Банк Арена » ) , originally called Uralmash Stadium ( Russian : « Уралмаш » ) , is a multi-use stadium in Yekaterinburg , Russia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast also known as FC Ural Yekaterinburg . The stadium holds 10,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '13,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Volga_Nizhny_Novgorod', 'summary': 'FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod ( Russian : Футбольный Клуб Волга Нижний Новгород ) was a Russian football club from Nizhny Novgorod , founded in 1998 . In 2008 , FC Volga won the Ural-Povolzhye ( Volga Region in Russian ) zone of the Russian Second Division and advanced to the Russian First Division . In 2010 they promoted to the Russian Premier League . After the 2013-14 season , they were relegated to the second level once more . On 15 June 2016 , the club was dissolved due to inability to service the accumulated debts .'}]}, {'value': 'Nizhny Novgorod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod', 'summary': 'Nizhny Novgorod ( /ˌnɪʒni ˈnɒvɡərɒd/ NIZH-nee NOV-gə-rod ; Russian : Нижний Новгород , IPA : [ ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət ] ) , colloquially shortened to Nizhny , is a city in Russia and the administrative center ( capital ) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . From 1932 to 1990 , it was known as Gorky ( Горький , IPA : [ ˈɡorʲkʲɪj ] ) , after the writer Maxim Gorky , who was born there . The city is an important economic , transportation , scientific , educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region , and is the main center of river tourism in Russia . In the historic part of the city there are many universities , theaters , museums and churches . Nizhny Novgorod is located about 400 km ( 250 mi ) east of Moscow , where the Oka River empties into the Volga . Population : 1,250,619 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,311,252 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,438,133 ( 1989 Census ) . The city was founded in 4 February 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir . In 1612 Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles . In 1817 Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire . In 1896 at a fair , an All-Russia Exhibition was organized . During the Soviet period , the city turned into an important industrial center . In particular , the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period .'}]}, {'value': 'Omari Tetradze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omari_Tetradze', 'summary': 'Omari Mikhaylovich Tetradze ( Russian : Омари Михайлович Тетрадзе , Georgian : ომარ თეთრაძე , Greek : Ομάρι Τετράντζε ; born 13 October 1969 as Omari Mikhaylovich Osipov ) is a professional football manager and a former player of Caucasus Greek descent who , during his playing career , represented Russia at international level .'}]}, {'value': 'Lokomotiv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lokomotiv_Stadium_(Nizhny_Novgorod)', 'summary': 'The Lokomotiv Central Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Nizhny Novgorod , Russia . It is currently used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of Olimpiyets Nizhny Novgorod . The stadium holds 17,856 people and was opened in 1932 . It underwent its most recent reconstruction in 1997 . It should not be confused with the Lokomotiv Central Stadium in Moscow , the home of Lokomotiv Moscow . Presently , it is the home arena of Olimpiyets Nizhny Novgorod . Coordinates : 56°18′33.91″N 43°55′44.06″E / 56.3094194°N 43.9289056°E / 56.3094194 ; 43.9289056'}]}, {'value': '17,856', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Volgar-Gazprom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Volgar-Gazprom_Astrakhan', 'summary': 'Volgar FC ( Russian : Футбольный Клуб Волгарь ) is an association football club based in Astrakhan , Russia . They play in the Russian Professional Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Astrakhan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Astrakhan', 'summary': 'Astrakhan ( Russian : Астрахань , IPA : [ ˈastrəxənʲ ] , Tatar : Ästerxan , Hacitarxan , حاجی\u200c ترخان ; Kazakh : Астрахан , Astrahan or Қажы Тархан , Qajy Tarhan ) is a city in southern Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast . The city lies on two banks of the Volga River , close to where it discharges into the Caspian Sea at an altitude of 28 meters ( 92 ft ) below sea level . As of the 2010 Census , its population was 520,339 ; up from 504,501 recorded in the 2002 Census and 509,210 recorded in the 1989 Census . The oldest economic and cultural center of the Lower Volga , it is often called [ by whom ? ] the southernmost outpost of Russia and the Caspian capital . The city is a member of the Eurasian Regional Office of the World Organization United Cities and Local Governments Its population is diverse and includes one hundred ethnicities and fourteen religious denominations . [ dead link ] The city is located in the upper part of the Volga delta , on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression . The distance to Moscow by road is 1,411 kilometers ( 877 mi ) . The nearest big city is Volgograd .'}]}, {'value': 'Lev Ivanov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lev_Ivanov_(football_manager)', 'summary': 'Lev Viktorovich Ivanov ( Russian : Лев Викторович Иванов ; born 19 December 1967 ) is a Russian professional football coach . He is the manager of FC Dynamo Stavropol .'}]}, {'value': 'Centralny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Stadium_(Astrakhan)', 'summary': 'Central Stadium ( Russian : Центральный стадион , Tsentralnyi Stadion ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Astrakhan , Russia . It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Volgar Astrakhan . The stadium holds 17,712 people , all seated . The venue hosted 2015 Russian Cup Final between Lokomotiv Moscow and Kuban Krasnodar . This was the first time Central Stadium had been chosen to host Russian Cup final .'}]}, {'value': '20,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhemchuzhina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Zhemchuzhina', 'summary': 'FC Zhemchuzhina-Sochi ( Russian : ФК Жемчужина-Сочи ) was a Russian association football club based in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai founded in 1991 and dissolved in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sochi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sochi', 'summary': "Sochi ( Russian : Со́чи , IPA : [ ˈsotɕɪ ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Krasnodar Krai , Russia , located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia/Abkhazia and Russia . The Greater Sochi area , which includes territories and localities subordinated to Sochi proper , has a total area of 3,526 square kilometers ( 1,361 sq mi ) and sprawls for 145 kilometers ( 90 mi ) along the shores of the Black Sea near the Caucasus Mountains . [ citation needed ] The area of the city proper is 176.77 square kilometers ( 68.25 sq mi ) . According to the 2010 Census , the city had a permanent population of 343,334 , up from 328,809 recorded in the 2002 Census , making it Russia 's largest resort city . Being part of the Caucasian Riviera , it is one of the very few places in Russia with a subtropical climate , with warm to hot summers and mild winters . With the alpine and Nordic events held at the nearby ski resort of Rosa Khutor in Krasnaya Polyana , Sochi hosted the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014 , as well as the Russian Formula 1 Grand Prix from 2014 until at least 2020 . It was also one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Oleg Vasilenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oleg_Vasilenko', 'summary': 'Oleg Petrovich Vasilenko ( Russian : Олег Петрович Василенко ; born 6 October 1973 ) is a Russian professional football manager . Previously he worked as a manager with FC Ural and FC Sochi and Latvian Virsliga side RFS .'}]}, {'value': 'Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sochi_Central_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Slava Metreveli Central Stadium ( Russian : Центральный стадион имени Славы Метревели , Tsentralnyi Stadion imeni Slavy Metreveli ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Sochi , Russia , named after the Georgian footballer . It is used mostly for football matches . The stadium was opened 19 April 1964 football match between Syria and the RSFSR The stadium seats 10,200 people . Record attendance is set to 1/16 final match between the teams of the Cup of Russia FC Zhemchuzhina-Sochi and Rostov ( Rostov-on-Don ) ( 1:2 , 17 July 2011 ) On 3 December 2010 the stadium was visited by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin for the first time .'}]}, {'value': '10,280', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st , D2 South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russian_Second_Division_2009', 'summary': 'The Russian Second Division 2009 is the third strongest division in Russian football . The Second Division is geographically divided into 5 zones . The winners of each zone are automatically promoted into the First Division . The bottom finishers of each zone lose professional status and are relegated into the Amateur Football League .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Overview', 'section_text': 'AvangardBaltikaVolgaNNVolgarDynamo B Dynamo StPZhemchuzhinaIrtyshKAMAZKhimkiKrasnodarKubanLuch-EnergiyaMordoviaSalyutShinnikRotorSKA-EnergiyaUral Location of teams in Russian First Division 2010', 'uid': '2010_Russian_First_Division_0', 'intro': "The Russian First Division is the 19th season of Russia's second-tier football league since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The season began on 27 March ."}
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What was the population in 2010 of the city with a club whose colors are home all blue , and away all white ?
415,159
0afff1be3076bea6
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Germany at the 2004 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yvonne Bönisch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yvonne_Bönisch', 'summary': "Yvonne Bönisch ( born 29 December 1980 in Ludwigsfelde , East Germany ) was a German judoka . She retired in 2008 . She won a gold medal in the lightweight ( 57 kg ) division at the 2004 Summer Olympics and was a two-times world championship finalist ( 2003 and 2005 ) . Her beginnings with judo happened at JV Ludwigsfelde . Bönisch coached at UJKC Potsdam . She moved to Israel in January 2017 and is now a coach with the women 's national team ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place in the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall and featured 368 judoka competing for 14 gold medals with seven different weight categories in both the men 's and women 's competitions . Japan dominated the event by taking 8 gold and 2 silver medals . Gold and silver medals in each weight class were determined by a single-elimination bracket . There was a repechage for those who are eliminated by one of the eventual semifinalists . Since there are four semifinalists , this means that four of the losers of the round of 32 ( i.e. , 25% ) faced four of the losers from the round of 16 ( 50% ) . The winners of these matches faced the four judokas who have lost in the quarterfinals . The winners , then , of these four matches faced each other to narrow the repechage field down to two judokas . Until this stage , the repechage has been segregated into two distinct halves , with each successive competitor facing another one from the same half of the original bracket ; but each of the two judokas who emerge from the repechage challenged the loser of the other bracket 's semifinal . ( Since these two always come from opposite halves of the original bracket , they could not have faced each other already . ) The winners of these two matches were each awarded a bronze medal , making judo unusual among Olympic events in not determining a single third-place finisher . There was controversy in the men 's competition , when Iranian competitor and two-times world champion Arash Miresmaeili weighed in overweight and was disqualified before a match in which he would have faced Israeli judoka Ehud Vaks . Miresmaeili 's comments strongly suggested that he had intentionally disqualified himself so as not to compete against an Israeli ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 57 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Judo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_57_kg", 'summary': "Women 's 57 kg competition in judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held on August 16 at the Ano Liossia Olympic Hall . This event was the third-lightest of the women 's judo weight classes , limiting competitors to a maximum of 57 kilograms of body mass . Like all other judo events , bouts lasted five minutes . If the bout was still tied at the end , it was extended for another five-minute , sudden-death period ; if neither judoka scored during that period , the match is decided by the judges . The tournament bracket consisted of a single-elimination contest culminating in a gold medal match . There was also a repechage to determine the winners of the two bronze medals . Each judoka who had lost to a semifinalist competed in the repechage . The two judokas who lost in the semifinals faced the winner of the opposite half of the bracket 's repechage in bronze medal bouts ."}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manfred Kurzer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manfred_Kurzer', 'summary': 'Manfred Kurzer ( born 10 January 1970 in Berlin ) is a German sports shooter and Olympic champion . He won gold medal in 10 metre running target at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . He placed sixth at the 2000 Summer Olympics . Is currently training soldiers of the army and lives in Frankfurt .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'In shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics , 390 competitors from 106 nations contested 17 events ( 10 for men and 7 for women ) . The competition took place at the Markopoulo Olympic Shooting Centre , located in the east of the Greek region of Attica .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 10 m running target", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_10_metre_running_target", 'summary': "The men 's 10 metre running target competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held on August 18 and 19 at the Markópoulo Olympic Shooting Centre near Athens , Greece . Along with the women 's double trap , this was the last Olympic competition in the event , before being removed from the program shortly after the Games . The event consisted of two rounds : a qualifier and a final . In the qualifier , each shooter fired 60 shots with a running target at 10 metres distance . Scores for each shot were in increments of 1 , with a maximum score of 10 . The first 30 shots were in the slow-running stage , with series of 30 runs being shot within 5 seconds . The second set of 30 runs gave shooters 2.5 seconds to take each shot . The top 6 shooters in the qualifying round moved on to the final round . There , they fired an additional 20 shots . These shots scored in increments of .1 , with a maximum score of 10.9 . They were fired in four series of 5 fast-running shots . Despite a poor performance in the final , Germany 's Manfred Kurzer held off a strenuous challenge from the Russian duo Aleksandr Blinov and 2002 World champion Dimitri Lykin to capture the gold medal with 682.4 points in a historic running target finale ."}]}, {'value': 'August 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Dogonadze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Dogonadze', 'summary': "Anna Dogonadze ( Georgian : ანა დოღონაძე ; born February 15 , 1973 ) is a German trampoline gymnast of Georgian origin who won a gold medal in the event of trampolining at the 2004 Summer Olympics . She was born on 15 February 1973 in Mtskheta , Georgian SSR , ( present day Georgia ) . Prior to Georgian independence , she competed for the Soviet Union , and afterwards represented Georgia in international competition . Dogonadze became a German citizen after marrying a German national . They live in Bad Kreuznach , Germany , with their daughter Mariam . By profession , Dogonadze is a teacher . Dogonadze 's career highlight was her Olympic win in 2004 , which followed a disastrous final in the Sydney Olympics four years earlier . She was the oldest finalist in her event at the 2004 Athens games , at age 31 ; the oldest competing in her event at the 2008 Beijing Games , at 35 years old ; and oldest in her event at the 2012 London games , at 39 years old ."}]}, {'value': 'Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , three disciplines of gymnastics were contested : artistic gymnastics ( August 14-23 ) , rhythmic gymnastics ( August 26-29 ) and trampoline ( August 20-21 ) . The artistic gymnastics and trampoline events were held at the Olympic Indoor Hall and the rhythmic gymnastics events were held at the Galatsi Olympic Hall .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's trampoline", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_trampoline", 'summary': "These are the results for the women 's individual trampoline competition , one of two events of the trampoline discipline contested in the gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . The qualification and final rounds took place on August 20 at the Olympic Indoor Hall ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jens Fiedler Stefan Nimke René Wolff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jens_Fiedler_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Jens Fiedler ( born 15 February 1970 ) is a German triple Olympic champion and multiple world champion track cyclist . He retired from competitive cycling in early 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Nimke', 'summary': "Stefan Nimke ( born 1 March 1978 in Hagenow , Bezirk Schwerin ) is an Olympic and world champion track cyclist from Germany . At the 2000 Summer Olympics , he won the silver medal in the men 's 1 km time trial , and was part of the German men 's team that finished 7th in the men 's team sprint . At the 2004 Summer Olympics , he won the gold medal in the men 's team sprint with Jens Fiedler and René Wolff , and won the bronze medal in the men 's 1 km time trial . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , he won the bronze medal in the men 's team sprint , with Rene Enders and Maximillan Levy and finished in 9th place in the men 's individual sprint ."}, {'url': '/wiki/René_Wolff', 'summary': 'René Wolff ( born 4 April 1978 in Erfurt ) is an Olympic and world champion track cyclist from Germany . Wolff specializes in the Sprint , Team Sprint and Kierin events and teamed up with multiple Olympic champion Jens Fiedler and Stefan Nimke to win the Gold medal in the Team Sprint event at the 2004 Summer Olympics . Since 2010 René Wolff is the national coach of the Dutch track cycling team .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of 18 events in three disciplines :'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_team_sprint", 'summary': "The men 's team sprint event in cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics was contested by twelve teams . The competition took place on August 21 at the Olympic Velodrome at the Athens Olympic Sports Complex ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heike Kemmer Ulla Salzgeber Martin Schaudt Hubertus Schmidt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heike_Kemmer', 'summary': 'Heike Kemmer ( born 24 April 1962 in Berlin ) is a German equestrian who competes in the sport of dressage . She won team gold medals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics , as well as individual bronze in 2008 . She also won medals at the German Dressage Championships and European Dressage Championships , as well as assisting the German team to gold at the 2006 World Equestrian Games . Kemmer retired Bonaparte 67 , upon whom she had won most of her international medals , in 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ulla_Salzgeber', 'summary': "Ulla Salzgeber ( born 5 August 1958 in Oberhausen ) is a German equestrian and Olympic champion who competes in the sport of dressage . Competing in the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics , she won two team gold medals , one individual silver and one individual bronze . She also won numerous medals at the World Equestrian Games , Dressage World Cup and European Dressage Championships . After the retirement of her Olympic horse , Rusty , after the 2004 Games , and unexpected death of her second international-level mount in 2005 , Salzgeber struggled to find a new Grand Prix-level horse . In 2005 , she took time from competition to act as the dressage training adviser to the Australian national equestrian team , but resigned from that position in late 2006 . In 2008 , she began riding Herzruf 's Erbe at major events , but the horse has been plagued by injuries that have required him to miss many competitions . Salzgeber announced a change in her training base in July 2016 , moving to new stables in Ettringen , Bavaria . In 2013 , after returning Herzruf 's Erbe to competition , Salzgeber was again named to the German equestrian squad 's A-team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Schaudt', 'summary': 'Martin Schaudt ( born 7 December 1958 in Balingen , Baden-Württemberg ) is a German equestrian and Olympic champion . He won a gold medal in team dressage at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta with the team from Germany . He also received a gold medal with the German team in 2004 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hubertus_Schmidt', 'summary': 'Hubertus Schmidt ( born 8 October 1959 ) is a German equestrian and Olympic champion . He won a gold medal in team dressage at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens with the team from Germany . Hubertus was a mainstay of the German team with his famous mare Wansuela Suerte , and he has trained many other horses to Grand Prix . He is currently ( 2010 ) the coach for the Swedish team . He teaches at Fleyenhof stable in Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The events of the equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics featured three equestrian disciplines : dressage , eventing and jumping . All three disciplines are further divided into individual and team contests for a total of six events . The Markopoulo Olympic Equestrian Centre , on the outskirts of Markopoulo in the Attica region of Greece , hosted the dressage and jumping events while the eventing took place in the nearby Eventing Park .'}]}, {'value': 'Team dressage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Team_dressage', 'summary': 'The team dressage event , part of the equestrian program at the 2004 Summer Olympics , used the results of the first round of the individual dressage to award rankings . That round was held on 20 August and 21 August 2004 at the Olympic Equestrian Centre on the outskirts of Markópoulo , in the Attica region of Greece . Like all other equestrian events , the dressage competition was mixed gender , with both male and female athletes competing in the same division . 10 teams , each consisting of four horse and rider pairs , entered the contest .'}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katrin Rutschow-Stomporowski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katrin_Rutschow-Stomporowski', 'summary': "Katrin Rutschow-Stomporowski ( née Rutschow , born 2 April 1975 in Waren ( Müritz ) ) is a German rower and two-time Olympic gold medalist . She married Bernhard Stomporowski , a lightweight men 's world championship medallist , in December 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre and featured 550 competitors taking part in 14 events . The medals were split among 22 countries , Romania topping the medal table , their women winning 3 golds , with the traditionally strong Germany , Great Britain and Australia picking up four medals in total . Romania 's Elisabeta Lipă won her fourth consecutive Olympic gold medal and fifth overall . Lipă , who was part of Romania 's women 's eight , won her first in Los Angeles in 1984 followed by gold medals in 1992 , 1996 , 2000 and 2004 , a record span of 20 years between her first and last gold medal . It was also her eighth overall , which is more than any other rower , having won a silver and a bronze in 1988 and an additional silver in 1992 . In winning her medal at age 39 , Lipă became the oldest rower to win a gold medal and the oldest athlete in an endurance sport to win a gold medal ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's single sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_single_sculls", 'summary': "These are the results of the Women 's single sculls competition , one of six events for female competitors in Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralf Schumann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralf_Schumann', 'summary': 'Ralf Schumann ( born June 10 , 1962 ) is a German 25 m rapid fire pistol shooter . He is a three-time Olympic Champion and twice the World Champion . One of the most decorated shooters of the modern era , he is the first of two sport shooters to have won three Olympic gold medals in one individual event ( 25 metre rapid fire pistol ) and became the first of three sport shooters to have won three Olympic individual gold medals . He won the gold medals for the 25 metre rapid fire pistol event at the 1992 , 1996 and 2004 Olympics and also won two silver medals at this event , becoming the most successful Olympic shooter at this event . Schumann has participated in seven consecutive Olympic Games since 1988 , setting a new record for most Olympic appearances by a German athlete .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'In shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics , 390 competitors from 106 nations contested 17 events ( 10 for men and 7 for women ) . The competition took place at the Markopoulo Olympic Shooting Centre , located in the east of the Greek region of Attica .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 25 m rapid fire pistol", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_25_metre_rapid_fire_pistol", 'summary': "The men 's 25 metre rapid fire pistol competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held on August 21 at the Markópoulo Olympic Shooting Centre near Athens , Greece . This was the last Olympic competition before the major rule changes that took place on January 1 , 2005 , and which lowered the results of the event . The event consisted of two rounds : a qualifier and a final . In the qualifier , each shooter fired 60 shots with a pistol at 25 metres distance . Scores for each shot were in increments of 1 , with a maximum score of 10 . Targets were presented in series of 5 . Each shooter was presented with 12 series , and had a sharply limited time to complete each . Four of the series had to be completed in 8 seconds apiece , four more within 6 seconds , and four within 4 seconds . The top 6 shooters in the qualifying round moved on to the final round . There , they fired an additional 40 shots . They were presented in eight series of 5 shots each , with each series being limited to 4 seconds to make all five shots . Germany 's world number one shooter Ralf Schumann produced the highest final round ever with 102.9 to easily get the best aggregate score of 694.9 and his third Olympic gold medal in rapid fire pistol shooting , becoming the first in the event 's history to do so ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kathrin Boron Kerstin El Qalqili Meike Evers Manuela Lutze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathrin_Boron', 'summary': 'Kathrin Boron no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kerstin_El_Qalqili', 'summary': 'Kerstin Kowalski ( also known as Kerstin El Qalqili , born 25 January 1976 in Potsdam-Babelsberg ) is a German rower . At the 2000 Olympics she rowed with her twin sister Manja . Kowalski was married to fellow rower Iradj El Qalqili , who had proposed to her at the finish line at the 2000 Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Meike_Evers', 'summary': 'Meike Evers ( born 6 June 1977 in Berlin ) is a German rower who was co-winner of two Olympic gold medals . She is currently a police detective and member of the Athlete Committee of the World Anti-Doping Agency .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manuela_Lutze', 'summary': "Manuela Lutze ( born 20 March 1974 in Blankenburg am Harz , Germany ) is a multi Olympic-medaling sculler who competed in four Olympics , winning two gold medals and a bronze medal . In addition , she has also won 5 Gold Medals in the Quadruple Sculls event at the World Championships , beginning with Lac d'Aiguebelette , France in 1997 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre and featured 550 competitors taking part in 14 events . The medals were split among 22 countries , Romania topping the medal table , their women winning 3 golds , with the traditionally strong Germany , Great Britain and Australia picking up four medals in total . Romania 's Elisabeta Lipă won her fourth consecutive Olympic gold medal and fifth overall . Lipă , who was part of Romania 's women 's eight , won her first in Los Angeles in 1984 followed by gold medals in 1992 , 1996 , 2000 and 2004 , a record span of 20 years between her first and last gold medal . It was also her eighth overall , which is more than any other rower , having won a silver and a bronze in 1988 and an additional silver in 1992 . In winning her medal at age 39 , Lipă became the oldest rower to win a gold medal and the oldest athlete in an endurance sport to win a gold medal ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's quadruple sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_quadruple_sculls", 'summary': "These are the results of the Women 's quadruple sculls competition , one of six events for female competitors in Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens ."}]}, {'value': 'August 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Germany women 's national field hockey team Tina Bachmann Caroline Casaretto Nadine Ernsting-Krienke Franziska Gude Mandy Haase Natascha Keller Denise Klecker Anke Kühn Badri Latif Heike Lätzsch Sonja Lehmann Silke Müller Fanny Rinne Marion Rodewald Louisa Walter Julia Zwehl", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Germany_women's_national_field_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Germany women 's national field hockey team has represented the unified Germany since 1991 . The team won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , by defeating the Netherlands in the final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tina_Bachmann_(field_hockey)', 'summary': "Tina Bachmann ( born August 1 , 1978 in Mülheim , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a retired German field hockey player . She represented Germany in two editions of the Olympic Games ( 2004 and 2008 ) , and also often played as a midfielder and an experienced central defender . Bachmann was also a member of the Germany women 's national field hockey team who attained a great success in the mid and late 2000 's , capturing three gold medals at the 2004 Summer Olympics , 2006 Women 's Hockey Champions Trophy , and 2007 Women 's EuroHockey Nations Championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Caroline_Casaretto', 'summary': "Caroline Casaretto ( born May 24 , 1978 in Krefeld , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a retired female field hockey midfielder from Germany , who won the gold medal with the German National Women 's Team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nadine_Ernsting-Krienke', 'summary': "Nadine Ernsting-Krienke ( born 5 February 1974 in Telgte , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a field hockey striker from Germany , who won the gold medal with the women 's national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . She is one of the most decorated field hockey players in Germany , having played in four consecutive Summer Olympic Games , starting in 1992 . She retired from international play in 2009 , after having represented Germany 360 times , scoring 137 goals . Since 1989 she has been playing for Eintracht Braunschweig in Bundesliga ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Franziska_Gude', 'summary': "Franziska ( Franzi ) Gude ( born March 19 , 1976 in Göttingen , Lower Saxony ) is a field hockey midfielder from Germany , who won the gold medal with the German National Women 's Team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mandy_Haase', 'summary': "Mandy Haase ( born 25 June 1982 , in Leipzig ) is a field hockey defender from Germany , who won the gold medal with the National Women 's Team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . She made her debut for the national squad on 18 May 2003 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic ( 3-0 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Natascha_Keller', 'summary': "Natascha Keller ( born July 3 , 1977 in West Berlin ) is a German retired field hockey striker . She won a gold medal as a member of the German team at the 2004 Summer Olympics . She also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics , 2000 Summer Olympics , 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics . In 1999 she received an award from the International Hockey Federation . She is the daughter of retired Olympic field hockey player Carsten Keller and granddaughter of player Erwin Keller . Her brothers Andreas Keller and Florian Keller , like her father and herself , were on gold medal winning field hockey teams . Keller has accumulated over 400 games for the Germany women 's national field hockey team , which makes her the country 's most capped female player in history . Keller was the flag bearer for Germany at the 2012 Summer Olympics , becoming the first field hockey athlete being honoured this way ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denise_Klecker', 'summary': "Denise Klecker ( born 26 January 1972 in Mainz , Rhineland-Palatinate ) is a retired female field hockey defender from Germany , who won the gold medal with the German National Women 's Team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . She is renowned as specialist for penalty corner shooting ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anke_Kühne', 'summary': 'Anke Kühne , née Kühn ( born 28 February 1981 , in Hanover ) , is a field hockey player from Germany , who played for the German national team and won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . She is married to German sculler Tobias Kühne . She has represented Germany in 181 matches . Kühne began her career with TSV Engensen alongside Kerstin Hoyer , also on the national team , and played there from 1985 to 1991 . She went on playing for HC Hannover and remained there from 1991 to 1992 . From 1992 to 1997 , she played for DTV Hannover . Since 1997 , she has been playing for Eintracht Braunschweig in the first and second Bundesliga .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Badri_Latif', 'summary': 'Badri Latif ( Persian : بدری لطیف ; born 2 November 1977 ) is a German field hockey player . She was born in Berlin . She won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Heike_Lätzsch', 'summary': "Heike Wedekind née Lätzsch ( born 19 December 1973 in Braunschweig , Lower Saxony ) is a former field hockey striker from Germany , who won the gold medal with the Women 's National Team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . She made her international debut in 1990 at the age of sixteen at the World Cup in Sydney , Australia . After having played in four consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 1992 , Lätzsch retired in 2004 , after the Athens Games . In total , she represented Germany in 250 matches ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sonja_Lehmann', 'summary': 'Sonja Lehmann ( born 13 September 1979 ) is a German field hockey player . She was born in Berlin . She won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . She played for TuS Lichterfelde Berlin . In 2008 , she married hockeyplayer Bastian Dittberner .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Silke_Müller', 'summary': "Silke Müller ( born 11 November 1978 ) is a field hockey midfielder from Germany , who won the gold medal with the German National Women 's Team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fanny_Rinne', 'summary': 'Fanny Rinne ( born 15 April 1980 in Mannheim , Baden-Württemberg ) is a field hockey midfielder from Germany .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marion_Rodewald', 'summary': "Marion Rodewald ( born 24 December 1976 in Mülheim an der Ruhr , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a field hockey defender from Germany , who won the gold medal with the German National Women 's Team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Louisa_Walter', 'summary': 'Louisa Walter ( born 2 December 1978 ) is a German field hockey player . She was born in Düsseldorf . She won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julia_Zwehl', 'summary': 'Julia Zwehl ( born March 20 , 1976 ) is a former field hockey international from Germany . She played as goalkeeper and was a member of the German gold medal winning team at the 2004 Olympics in Athens . Zwehl , nicknamed Zorro , played for Eintracht Braunschweig . In total , she represented Germany in 93 matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Field Hockey at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held at the Olympic Hockey Centre located within the Helliniko Olympic Complex . The competitions for both men and women was split into two groups with the top two teams after the preliminary rounds progressing through to the semi-finals .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_tournament", 'summary': "The women 's field hockey tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics was the 7th edition of the field hockey event for women at the Summer Olympic Games . It was held over an eleven-day period beginning on 16 August , and culminating with the medal finals on 26 August . All games were played at the hockey centre within the Hellinikon Olympic Complex in Athens , Greece . Germany won the gold medal for the first time after defeating the Netherlands 2-1 in the final . Argentina won the bronze medal by defeating China 1-0 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Gille Tomasz Wylenzek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Gille', 'summary': 'Christian Gille ( born 6 January 1979 in Wolfen ) is a German flatwater canoeist who has competed since the mid-1990s . A junior world champion ( C-4 1000 m ) in 1993 , he won two senior world championship gold medals with Thomas Zereske in the C-2 200 m sprint in 1997 and 1998 . They also competed at the Sydney Olympics in 2000 , placing fifth in the C-2 500 m final . In 2002 Gille won the only C-1 world championship medal of his career . He crossed the line in fourth place in the C-1 200 m final in Seville , Spain , but was later awarded the bronze medal after Ukrainian Dmytro Sablin tested positive for cannabis . [ citation needed ] Of more significance for the future however was the formation that year of a new C-2 partnership with 19-year-old Tomasz Wylenzek . They finished third in the European Championships and seventh in the C-2 500 m in Seville . Two years later they won a surprise gold medal in the C-2 1000m . Gille wore a black armband in memory of his former partner Thomas Zereske who had died earlier that summer . In 2005 Gille and Wylenzek completely dominated the C-2 event . A clean sweep of medals ( 200 m , 500 m and 1000 m ) at the European Championships in Poznań , Poland , in May was followed by two golds ( 500m and 1000m ) at the World Championships in Zagreb . 2006 proved a disappointment after the highs of the previous two years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tomasz_Wylenzek', 'summary': "Tomasz Wylenzek ( Polish : Tomasz Wylenżek ) ( born 9 January 1983 in Nowe Chechło , Silesia , Poland ) is a German sprint canoeist who has competed since the early 2000s . Wylenzek won two junior world championship titles in 2001 at Curitiba , Brazil . The following year , still only 19 , he was promoted to the German senior squad as C-2 partner for the more experienced Christian Gille . At the 2002 World Championships in Seville , they finished seventh in the 500 m final . At Wylenzek 's first Olympics in Athens , he and Gille won a surprise gold in the C-2 1000 m event . In 2005 Gille and Wylenzek completely dominated the C-2 event , showing that their Athens victory was not a fluke . A clean sweep of medals ( 200 m , 500 m and 1000 m ) at the European Championships in Poznań , Poland , in May was followed by two golds ( 500 m and 1000 m ) at the World Championships in Zagreb . 2006 proved a disappointment after the highs of the previous two years . Gille and Wylenzek lost out to Stefan Holtz and Robert Nuck in the German C-2 500 m trial and were therefore unable to defend their European and world titles over that distance . Wylenzek was philosophical as they lost their other titles too , coming away with just two silver medals at the major championships ( European C-2 1000 m and world C-2 200 m ) . Wylenzek won two more Olympic medals at Beijing in 2008 with a silver in the C-1 1000 m and a bronze in the C-2 500 m events . since those games , he has won two more world championships medals with a gold in 2009 ( C-2 1000 m ) and a bronze in 2010 ( C-4 1000 m ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre for the sprint events and the Olympic Canoe/Kayak Slalom Centre at the Helliniko Olympic Complex for the canoe and kayak slalom disciplines . A total of 16 events were contested , 12 sprint events ( 9 for men and 3 for women ) and 4 slalom events ( 3 for men and 1 for women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's C-2 1000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_C-2_1000_metres", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's C-2 1000 metres competition in canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics . The C-2 event is raced by two-man sprint canoes ."}]}, {'value': 'August 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birgit Fischer Carolin Leonhardt Malke Nollen Katrin Wagner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birgit_Fischer', 'summary': "Birgit Fischer ( born 25 February 1962 ) is a German kayaker , who has won eight gold medals over six different Olympic Games , a record she shares with Aladár Gerevich , spanning seven Olympiads : twice representing East Germany ( interrupted by the boycott of 1984 ) , then four times representing the reunited nation . After both the 1988 and 2000 games , she announced her retirement , only to return for the subsequent games . She has been both the youngest- and oldest-ever Olympic canoeing champion ( ages 18 and 42 ) . In 2004 , she was voted German sportswoman of the year . Fischer was born in Brandenburg an der Havel , then in East Germany . She attended an ASK ( army sports club ) boarding school in Potsdam , and worked as a sports instructor in the National People 's Army , attaining a rank of major by the time of German reunification in 1990 . She was married from 1984 to 1993 to canoeist Jörg Schmidt , silver medalist in the C-1 1000 m event at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . She lives with their two children in Brandenburg . In 1999 she stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for the FDP in the European Parliament election . Fischer 's niece , Fanny , competed for Germany at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , winning a gold in the K-4 500 m event . Fischer 's brother Frank won nine world championship medals between 1981 and 1986 . She also won 38 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medals between 1978 and 2005 , including 28 golds ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carolin_Leonhardt', 'summary': 'Carolin Martina Leonhardt ( born 22 November 1984 in Lampertheim , Hesse ) is a German sprint canoer who has competed since the 2000s . She won two medals at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens with a gold in the K-4 500 m and a silver in the K-2 500 m events . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she won a silver in the K-4 500 m. Leonhardt has also won fifteen medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with six golds ( K-4 200 m : 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ; K-4 500 m : 2005 , 2007 ; K-1 4 x 200 m : 2011 ) , eight silvers ( K-2 1000 m : 2009 , 2010 , 2013 ; K-4 200 m 2006 , K-4 500 m : 2006 , 2009 , 2011 ; K-4 1000 m : 2006 ) , and a bronze ( K-4 1000 m : 2005 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Malke_Nollen', 'summary': 'Maike Nollen ( born 15 November 1977 in Berlin ) is a German sprint canoer who competed in the early to mid-2000s . She won a gold medal in the K-4 500 m event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . Nollen also won three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with two silvers ( K-2 1000 m : 2002 , K-4 500 m : 2002 ) and a bronze ( K-4 200 m : 2002 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katrin_Wagner', 'summary': 'Katrin Wagner-Augustin ( born 13 October 1977 ) is a German sprint canoer who has competed since the late 1990s . She is 5 feet 11 inches ( 1.80 m ) tall , and weighs 161 pounds ( 73 kg ) . Competing in four Summer Olympics , Wagner has six medals with four golds ( K-2 500 m : 2000 , K-4 500 m : 2000 , 2004 , and 2008 ) , one silver ( K-4 500 m : 2012 ) and one bronze ( K-1 500 m : 2008 ) . Wagner-Augustin also won 26 medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with ten golds ( K-1 1000 m : 2005 , K-1 4 × 200 m : 2009 , 2010 ; K-4 200 m : 1997 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ; K-4 500 m : 1997 , 2005 , 2007 ) , fourteen silvers ( K-1 500 m : 2009 , K-1 1000 m : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 ; K-2 200 m : 2006 , K-2 500 m : 2002 , K-2 1000 m : 1999 , K-4 500 m : 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 ) , and two bronzes ( K-1 500 m : 2007 , K-4 200 m : 2002 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre for the sprint events and the Olympic Canoe/Kayak Slalom Centre at the Helliniko Olympic Complex for the canoe and kayak slalom disciplines . A total of 16 events were contested , 12 sprint events ( 9 for men and 3 for women ) and 4 slalom events ( 3 for men and 1 for women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's K-4 500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_K-4_500_metres", 'summary': "These are the results of the women 's K-4 500 metres competition in canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics . The K-4 event is raced by four-person canoe sprint kayaks ."}]}, {'value': 'August 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Dittmer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Dittmer', 'summary': "Andreas Dittmer ( born 16 April 1972 in Neustrelitz , Bezirk Neubrandenburg ) is a German sprint canoeist . The dominant sprint canoeist of his generation in 1000 m races , he has won three Olympic and eight world championship gold medals . Dittmer won his first world championship medal - a bronze - at Paris in 1991 as a member of Germany 's C-4 500 m crew . In 1994 he won the C-2 1000 m world championship with Gunar Kirchbach . At the 1996 Olympics the pair won the gold medal in the same event . Now established as Germany 's top canoe sprinter he was selected for the C-1 event and won the C-1 1000 m world title at his first attempt in Dartmouth , Canada in 1997 . At Sydney 2000 he won the C-1 1000 m gold as well as the bronze in the 500 m race . He then won three consecutive C-1 1000 m world titles ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 ) . In 2003 he also won his first world 500 m title , finally defeating four-time champion Maxim Opalev of Russia to claim his first double . At the European championships too he won three straight gold medals in his specialist 1000 m event , but had to be content with four consecutive silver medals behind Opalev in the 500 m. Dittmer went to the 2004 Summer Olympics as the overwhelming favourite for the 1000 m gold medal , having been undefeated in major finals for over four years . However he was surprisingly beaten by Spain 's David Cal , who finished just 0.52 second ahead of Dittmer 's time of 3:46.721 . In the C-1 500 m final Dittmer gained his revenge , edging out Cal by 0.34 seconds , to win the gold medal in a time of 1:46.383 , with 500 m specialist Opalev pushed back into third place ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre for the sprint events and the Olympic Canoe/Kayak Slalom Centre at the Helliniko Olympic Complex for the canoe and kayak slalom disciplines . A total of 16 events were contested , 12 sprint events ( 9 for men and 3 for women ) and 4 slalom events ( 3 for men and 1 for women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's C-1 500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_C-1_500_metres", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's C-1 500 metres competition in canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics . The C-1 event is raced by single-man sprint canoes ."}]}, {'value': 'August 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ronald Rauhe Tim Wieskötter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_Rauhe', 'summary': 'Ronald Rauhe ( born 2 October 1981 ) is a German sprint canoeist who has competed since 1997 . Competing in five Summer Olympics , he won a complete set of medals in the K-2 500 m event ( gold : 2004 , silver : 2008 , bronze : 2000 ) . Rauhe has won 13 world championship gold medals , the most by a male kayaker ; now with 23 World medals , in 2011 he exceeded the 20 of his compatriot , Torsten Gutsche .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tim_Wieskötter', 'summary': 'Tim Wieskötter ( born March 12 , 1979 in Emsdetten , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a German sprint canoer who has competed since the late 1990s . Competing in three Summer Olympics , he won a complete set of medals in the K-2 500 m event ( gold : 2004 , silver : 2008 , bronze : 2000 ) with Ronald Rauhe . Since their initial pairing in 2000 , they have completely dominated the event , winning the major race of the season every year which also includes six world championships ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 and 2007 ) . They have also won seven consecutive European gold medals . In addition , Rauhe and Wieskötter hold the K-2 500 m world record of 1:26.971 ( Szeged , 2002 ) . In 2006 Rauhe and Wieskötter doubled up for the first time , defending their K-2 500 m titles and also adding the K-2 200 m gold medals at both the European and World Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre for the sprint events and the Olympic Canoe/Kayak Slalom Centre at the Helliniko Olympic Complex for the canoe and kayak slalom disciplines . A total of 16 events were contested , 12 sprint events ( 9 for men and 3 for women ) and 4 slalom events ( 3 for men and 1 for women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's K-2 500 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_K-2_500_metres", 'summary': "These are the results of the men 's K-2 500 metres competition in canoeing at the 2004 Summer Olympics . The K-2 event is raced by two-man canoe sprint kayaks ."}]}, {'value': 'August 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judith Arndt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Arndt', 'summary': 'Judith Arndt ( born 23 July 1976 ) is a retired German professional cyclist , who last rode for the GreenEDGE-AIS cycling team . She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m pursuit event at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she was 20 . In 2004 , she won the world road race championship and came second in the Olympic road race .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics consisted of 18 events in three disciplines :'}]}, {'value': "Women 's road race", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_road_race", 'summary': "The Women 's Road Race at the 2004 Summer Olympics ( Cycling ) : The peloton finally split on the penultimate lap , with a small group going clear that contained a number of the favourites , and two Australian cyclists , Sara Carrigan and Oenene Wood . When Carrigan broke from this group on the final lap , only Judith Arndt was able or willing to chase her down , and the pair stayed clear until the end , Carrigan out sprinting Arndt for the line . Russian sprinter Olga Slyusareva won the chase for bronze ahead of Wood and Nicole Cooke of Britain , who had had to work hard to catch up with the chasing group after hitting a barrier on the final lap . The 2000 Olympic champion , Leontien Zijlaard-van Moorsel of the Netherlands clipped another rider and crashed out on the penultimate lap . Date : August 15 Start : 15:00"}]}, {'value': 'August 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Wels Tobias Schellenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Wels', 'summary': 'Andreas Wels ( born January 1 , 1975 ) is a German competitive and synchronized diver . In 1997 he won his first international title , European Champion in competitive diving on the 1 m springboard . In 1999 he became vice world cup champion in competitive diving on the 3 m springboard , and in 2000 European Champion in synchronized diving on the 3 m springboard together with his partner Tobias Schellenberg . In 2002 he became vice European Champion in competitive diving and synchronized diving on the 3 m springboard . At the 2003 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona he won bronze in synchronized diving on the 3 m springboard . In 2004 he became European Champion in competitive diving on the 3 m springboard . At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens Andreas Wels and Tobias Schellenberg won the silver medal in synchronized diving on the 3 m springboard . They also won the silver medal in synchronized diving on the 3 m springboard at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal and a gold at the 2006 European Aquatics Championships in Budapest .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tobias_Schellenberg', 'summary': 'Tobias Schellenberg ( born November 17 , 1978 in Leipzig ) is a German competitive and synchronized diver . In 2000 he became three-time German Champion in competitive diving , and European Champion in synchronized diving on the 3 m springboard together with his partner Andreas Wels . In competitive diving , he won another two German Champion titles in 2001 , four in 2002 , and five in 2003 . Together with Andreas Wels he became vice European Champion in synchronized diving on the 3 m springboard in 2002 , and won bronze at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona . At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens Tobias Schellenberg and Andreas Wels won the silver medal in synchronized diving on the 3 m springboard . They also won the silver medal in synchronized diving on the 3 m springboard at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal .'}]}, {'value': 'Diving', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics , in Athens , eight diving events were contested during a competition that took place at the Olympic Aquatic Centre , from 20 to 28 August ( 14 and 16 August for the synchronized events ) , comprising a total of 125 divers from 30 nations .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's synchronized 3 m springboard", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Diving_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_synchronized_3_metre_springboard", 'summary': "The men 's synchronized 3 metre springboard was one of eight diving events included in the Diving at the 2004 Summer Olympics programme . The competition was held as an outright final :"}]}, {'value': 'August 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nadine Kleinert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nadine_Kleinert', 'summary': 'Nadine Kleinert ( help·info ) , since 1999 married Schmitt ( born October 20 , 1975 in Magdeburg , Saxony-Anhalt ) is a German shot putter . Her personal best throw is 20.20 metres , achieved in August 2009 in Berlin .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 2004 Summer Olympics , the athletics events were held at the Athens Olympic Stadium from August 18 to August 29 , except for the marathons ( run from Marathonas to the Kallimarmaro Stadium ) , the race walks ( on the streets of Athens ) , and the shot put ( held at the Ancient Olympia Stadium ) . A total of 46 events were contested , of which 24 by male and 22 by female athletes .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's shot put", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_shot_put", 'summary': "The women 's shot put at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held on 18 August 2004 at the Ancient Olympia Stadium . It was originally planned to hold the discus throw at this venue , but it was discovered that the field was not large enough to accommodate the range of modern discus throwers , and would have posed a danger to spectators . As such , it was decided instead to hold the shot put at the site , despite the fact that the shot put was not contested at the Ancient Olympic Games . All distances are given in metres . On 23 August 2004 , Russian shot putter Irina Korzhanenko was stripped of her gold medal and thereby received a lifetime ban by the International Olympic Committee after she tested positive for the steroid stanozolol . After the announcement of Korzhanenko 's disqualification , her victory and medal were formally removed from the records , permitting Cuba 's Yumileidi Cumbá , Germany 's Nadine Kleinert , and Korzhanenko 's teammate Svetlana Krivelyova to upgrade their respective position for a new distribution medals . Accordingly , the gold medal was reverted to Cumba , silver to Kleinert , and bronze to Krivelyova . On 5 December 2012 , eight years after the official medal ceremony , Krivelyova was ordered to hand back her bronze after drug re-testings of her samples on oxandrolone had been discovered positive , leaving her place vacant until present . Since 2004 , the next two finishers Nadzeya Astapchuk and Natallia Kharaneka have both been banned for doping offenses , so the IOC decided not to upgrade them ."}]}, {'value': 'August 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claudia Bokel Imke Duplitzer Britta Heidemann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claudia_Bokel', 'summary': 'Claudia Bokel ( born 30 August 1973 , in Ter Apel , the Netherlands ) is a German épée fencer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Imke_Duplitzer', 'summary': 'Imke Duplitzer ( born 28 July 1975 in Karlsruhe ) is a German épée fencer . Imke is a four time Olympian ( 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 ) where she placed 10th , 5th , 5th , and 29th respectively ( in the individual competition ) . She also fenced in three team events at the Olympics , and at the 2004 Summer Olympics she won the silver medal in the team épée competition with Britta Heidemann and Claudia Bokel . During the 2006 World Fencing Championships she won the bronze medal after beating Romania in the épée team event together with her team mates Claudia Bokel , Britta Heidemann and Marijana Markovic . She is also a two time European Champion in the individual event ( 1999 & 2010 ) as well as being a part of the Gold medal winning team in 1998 . Duplitzer is openly lesbian .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Britta_Heidemann', 'summary': 'Britta Heidemann ( born 22 December 1982 ) is a German épée fencer .'}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place at the Fencing Hall at the Hellinikon Olympic Complex . Ten gold medals were awarded in individual and team events , further divided into three styles of fencing : épée , foil and sabre . Fencing is one of the few sports that have been featured in every modern Olympic Games , and for the first time female competitors competed individually using the sabre . The Lexan window mask , showing the athletes ' faces , was used for the first time at these Olympics ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's team épée", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_team_épée", 'summary': "These are the results of the women 's épée team competition in fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . A total of 33 women from nine nations competed in this event . Competition took place in the Fencing Hall at the Helliniko Olympic Complex on August 20 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Lusch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Lusch', 'summary': 'Christian Lusch ( born February 19 , 1981 in Bühl ( Baden ) ) is a German sport shooter . He was born in Bühl ( Baden ) , Germany . He represented Germany at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games , and won the silver medal in the rifle , prone , at 50 metres , and came in 12th in the rifle , prone , three positions , at 50 metres . He shares in the world record at 50 m rifle prone , with a 600 he shot in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'In shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics , 390 competitors from 106 nations contested 17 events ( 10 for men and 7 for women ) . The competition took place at the Markopoulo Olympic Shooting Centre , located in the east of the Greek region of Attica .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 50 m rifle prone", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shooting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_50_metre_rifle_prone", 'summary': "The men 's 50 metre rifle prone competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics was held on August 20 at the Markópoulo Olympic Shooting Centre near Athens , Greece . The event consisted of two rounds : a qualifier and a final . In the qualifier , each shooter fired 60 shots with a .22 Long Rifle at 50 metres distance from the prone position . Scores for each shot were in increments of 1 , with a maximum score of 10 . The top 8 shooters in the qualifying round moved on to the final round . There , they fired an additional 10 shots . These shots scored in increments of .1 , with a maximum score of 10.9 . The total score from all 70 shots was used to determine final ranking . 23-year-old U.S. shooter Matthew Emmons maintained a single-point lead from the rest of the field in the qualifying round to finish with 703.3 for the rifle prone gold and his first Olympic medal . Germany 's Christian Lusch , who had gradually come close on Emmons in an attempt to steal his lead with only two rounds left , ended up taking the silver at 702.2 . Meanwhile , Belarus ' Sergei Martynov , who had the highest score in the final , shot 105.6 to vault himself from fifth at the start to a bronze-medal position with a total of 701.6 , repeating his feat from Sydney 2000 . Sweden 's Jonas Edman missed his Olympic title defense after finishing in a distant thirty-second from the prelims with 590 points , while 2000 silver medalist Torben Grimmel also fell short of the finale by just a single point from the cutoff score of 595 , relegating to a ninth-place draw with six other shooters ."}]}, {'value': 'August 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Britta Oppelt Peggy Waleska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Britta_Oppelt', 'summary': "Britta Oppelt ( born 5 July 1978 ) is a German Olympic-medal winning sculler . Oppelt was born in Berlin , and competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , in the double sculls , and took home the silver medal along with teammate Peggy Waleska . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she was on the German quadruple sculls team that won the silver medal , along with Annekatrin Thiele , Carina Bär and Julia Richter . In 2008 , she was part of the German quadruple sculls team that won the bronze medal at the Beijing Olympics , along with Manuela Lutze , Kathrin Boron and Stephanie Schiller . She is also a two-time world champion in the women 's quadruple sculls in 2011 and 2013 . In 2011 , she rowed with Tina Manker , Stephanie Schiller and Julia Richter . In 2013 , she rowed with Carina Bär , Julia Richter and Annekatrin Thiele . In the quadruple sculls , she has also won two world championship silver medals , in 2005 ( with Susanne Schmidt , Kathrin Boron and Stephanie Schiller ) and 2007 ( with Manuela Lutze , Kathrin Boron and Stephanie Schiller ) , and a bronze in 2010 ( with Carina Bär , Tina Manker and Julia Richter ) . She has also won two silvers medals at world level in the double sculls , in 2003 ( with Kathrin Boron ) and 2006 ( with Susanne Schmidt ) . At European level she has won quadruple sculls gold at the 2013 European Championships and silver at the 2010 European Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peggy_Waleska', 'summary': "Peggy Waleska ( born 11 April 1980 ) is a German rower . Waleska was born in 1980 in Pirna , a town in Saxony . She is a world champion rower who won a gold medal in the women 's quadruple sculls in Lucerne , Switzerland , in 2001 and successfully defended the title in Seville , Spain , in 2002 . At the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics , Waleska won a silver medal in the women 's double sculls event ."}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics took place at the Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre and featured 550 competitors taking part in 14 events . The medals were split among 22 countries , Romania topping the medal table , their women winning 3 golds , with the traditionally strong Germany , Great Britain and Australia picking up four medals in total . Romania 's Elisabeta Lipă won her fourth consecutive Olympic gold medal and fifth overall . Lipă , who was part of Romania 's women 's eight , won her first in Los Angeles in 1984 followed by gold medals in 1992 , 1996 , 2000 and 2004 , a record span of 20 years between her first and last gold medal . It was also her eighth overall , which is more than any other rower , having won a silver and a bronze in 1988 and an additional silver in 1992 . In winning her medal at age 39 , Lipă became the oldest rower to win a gold medal and the oldest athlete in an endurance sport to win a gold medal ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's double sculls", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rowing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_double_sculls", 'summary': "These are the results of the Women 's double sculls competition , one of six events for female competitors in Rowing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lars Conrad Steffen Driesen Jens Kruppa Helge Meeuw * Thomas Rupprath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lars_Conrad', 'summary': "Lars Conrad ( born 1 June 1976 ) is an Olympic and national record holding freestyle swimmer from Germany . He swam for Germany at 2000 and 2004 Olympics . At the 2004 Olympics , he was part of Germany 's silver-medal winner 4×100 m medley relay , alongside Steffen Driesen , Jens Kruppa , and Thomas Rupprath ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steffen_Driesen', 'summary': 'Steffen Driesen ( born November 30 , 1981 in Düsseldorf ) is a backstroke swimmer from Germany , who competed in two consequentive Summer Olympics for his native country . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , he won the silver medal in the 4x100 Medley Relay , alongside Lars Conrad , Jens Kruppa , and Thomas Rupprath .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jens_Kruppa', 'summary': 'Jens Kruppa ( born 3 June 1976 in Freital ) is an international breaststroke swimmer from Germany , who won the silver medal in the 4×100 metres medley relay at the 2004 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Helge_Meeuw', 'summary': 'Helge Folkert Meeuw ( born 29 August 1984 from Wiesbaden , Germany ) is an Olympic and national record holding swimmer from Germany . He swam for Germany at the :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Rupprath', 'summary': 'Thomas Rupprath ( born 16 March 1977 in Neuss ) is an Olympic swimmer from Germany , who is nicknamed The New Albatross .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The swimming competitions at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens took place from 14 to 21 August 2004 at the Athens Olympic Aquatic Centre in Marousi . It featured 32 events ( 16 male , 16 female ) , a total of 937 swimmers from 152 nations , and the program 's changes instituted in the previous Games , including notably the three-phase format ( heats , semifinals , and final ) for all short-distance races ( 200 metres and under ) . Swimmers from the United States continued to dominate the medal tally with a total of 28 , earning twelve golds , nine silver , and seven bronze . Australia still maintained the second spot from Sydney in 2000 , but produced a total of 15 more medals ( seven golds , five silver , and three bronze ) to its historical hardware in swimming . Meanwhile , Japan moved from behind to third overall in the medal board with eight medals after a sterling breaststroke double from Kosuke Kitajima . A total of eight world records and twenty-five Olympic records were set during the competition ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4 × 100 m medley relay", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_4_×_100_metre_medley_relay", 'summary': "The men 's 4×100 meter medley relay took place on 20-21 August at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens , Greece . The U.S. team added two new world records to the books in the final men 's event of the Olympic swimming program . Aaron Peirsol , Brendan Hansen , Ian Crocker , and Jason Lezak lowered their time set at the 2003 FINA World Championships in Barcelona , Spain , stopping the clock in 3:30.68 . At the opening of the race , Peirsol led off a backstroke leg with a new world record of 53.45 , beating a 0.15-second mark set by Lenny Krayzelburg ( 53.60 ) from the Pan Pacific Championships in 1999 . Meanwhile , the Germans earned a silver medal in a European record of 3:33.62 , 11-hundredths of a second under the old Olympic record set by Team USA in 2000 . Japan finished third in 3:35.22 to hold off the strong Russian team anchored by double Olympic champion Alexander Popov , who made up more than 1.5 seconds , but fell short of a medal in his last Olympic final ."}]}, {'value': 'August 21', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Germany_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Germany competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. This was the nation's fourth consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics after its reunification in 1990. The German Olympic Sports Confederation (German: Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund, DOSB) sent the nation's second largest delegation to the Games since its reunification. A total of 441 athletes, 250 men and 191 women, competed in 27 sports, and were nominated by DOSB at four different occasions."}
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What is the hometown of the gold medalist in men 's 10 m running target shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics ?
Berlin
0b018c8fd5502f90
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Marathon', 'title': 'Leipzig Marathon', 'header': ['Date', "Men 's winner", 'Country', 'Time ( h : m : s )'], 'data': [{'value': 'April 14 , 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nic Ihlow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2:24:49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 22 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriel Svajda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovakia', 'summary': "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2:35:23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 9 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bartosz Olszewski', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '2:27:08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 24 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marc Werner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2:39:29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 19 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teknelegne Abebe Tebelu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2:21:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 13 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benedikt Heil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2:32:47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 21 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jakob Stiller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2:29:31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 22 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jakob Stiller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2:33:30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 17 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jakob Stiller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2:27:59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 25 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maksym Salii', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '2:36:06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 19 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maksym Salii', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '2:31:14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 20 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jörg Matthé', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2:37:56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 22 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcel Matanin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcel_Matanin', 'summary': "Marcel Matanin ( born December 15 , 1973 in Vranov nad Topľou ) is a long-distance runner from Slovakia , who represented his native country in the men 's marathon at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . There he finished in 81st and last place , clocking a total time of 2:50:26 hours . On April 23 , 2006 Matanin won the Leipzig Marathon in 2:19:33 hours ."}]}, {'value': 'Slovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovakia', 'summary': "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2:26:21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 23 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcel Matanin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcel_Matanin', 'summary': "Marcel Matanin ( born December 15 , 1973 in Vranov nad Topľou ) is a long-distance runner from Slovakia , who represented his native country in the men 's marathon at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . There he finished in 81st and last place , clocking a total time of 2:50:26 hours . On April 23 , 2006 Matanin won the Leipzig Marathon in 2:19:33 hours ."}]}, {'value': 'Slovakia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovakia', 'summary': "Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2:19:33', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 17 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julius Kiptum Rop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julius_Kiptum_Rop', 'summary': "Julius Kiptum Rop ( born 1977 ) is a long-distance runner from Kenya . On a windy April 17 , 2005 , Rop made his marathon debut in Germany , at the Leipzig Marathon , with a 2:16:22 win . Poland 's Artur Blasinki finished a distant second in 2:19:24 , Wilson Kipngetich ( Kenya ) third in 2:19:36 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '2:16:22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 25 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christopher Cheboiboch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Cheboiboch', 'summary': 'Christopher Cheboiboch ( born 3 March 1977 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in the marathon . He has won the Leipzig Marathon and the San Diego Marathon and was the runner-up at the 2002 New York City Marathon . He represented his country at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics , but did not finish the marathon race .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '2:10:16 CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 13 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mykola Rudyk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '2:17:50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 28 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carsten Eich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carsten_Eich', 'summary': 'Carsten Eich ( born 9 January 1970 ) is a retired ( East ) German runner who specialized in the 10,000 metres and the marathons . He is an eight-time German champion and national record holder in the half marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2:13:47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 29 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephan Freigang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephan_Freigang', 'summary': "Stephan Timo Freigang ( born 27 September 1967 , in Hohenleipisch , Brandenburg ) is a former long-distance runner from Germany , who won the bronze medal in the men 's marathon at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . He also competed for his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia . He was a three-time participant at the World Championships in Athletics ( 1991 , 1993 and 1995 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '2:15:57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 16 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanislaw Cembrzynski', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '2:36:25', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Men', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Leipzig_Marathon_0', 'intro': "The Leipzig Marathon is an annual marathon race over the classic distance of 42 km and 195 metres held in the city of Leipzig, Germany since 1977. The event began as an East German competition and it hosted the German Democratic Republic's national championship on four occasions (1985, 1986, 1987, and 1990)."}
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For the earliest race , how many subdivisions is the location divided into ?
16
0b01d992e22ec7b4
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Champion_Older_Dirt_Female_Horse', 'title': 'American Champion Older Dirt Female Horse', 'header': ['Year', 'Horse', 'Age', 'Trainer', 'Owner'], 'data': [{'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Unique Bella', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerry Hollendorfer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Hollendorfer', 'summary': 'Jerry Hollendorfer ( born June 18 , 1946 in Akron , Ohio ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer whose notable horses include Eclipse Award winners Blind Luck , Shared Belief and Songbird . He has the most wins in the history of Northern California race horse trainers . In 2011 , he was inducted into the US Racing Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Don Alberto Stable', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forever Unbridled', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forever_Unbridled', 'summary': "Forever Unbridled ( foaled April 24 , 2012 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse who was named the Champion Older Mare of 2017 after winning the Fleur de Lis Handicap , Personal Ensign Stakes and Breeders ' Cup Distaff . She also won two Group I stakes races in 2016 before finishing third in that year 's Distaff ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dallas Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Stewart', 'summary': "Dallas Stewart ( born September 15 , 1959 in McComb , Mississippi ) trains a string of thoroughbred horses in Kentucky from bases at Churchill Downs , Turfway Park , Keeneland Race Course , Fair Grounds Race Course , Arlington Park and Saratoga Race Course . Before venturing out on his own , he spent 12 years working under the tutelage of leading trainer D. Wayne Lukas . There , he oversaw such horses as Lady 's Secret , Thunder Gulch , Serena 's Song , Timber Country , Tabasco Cat , and many other Grade I winners . In 1999 , Stewart trained Kimberlite Pipe to win the Grade II Louisiana Derby and Sapphire and Silk to win the Grade III Prioress Stakes at Belmont Park . Stewart won his first training title at the 2000 Keeneland Race Course Spring Meet . His stakes performers during 2000 included Dollar Bill , who won the Grade II Brown & Williamson Kentucky Jockey Club Stakes at Churchill and competed in all three legs of the Triple Crown . In 2001 , his stabled earned more than $ 3.8 million , topped by Unbridled Elaine 's payday for winning the Grade I Breeders ' Cup Distaff . He also won two graded events with Nasty Storm - the Grade II Churchill Downs Distaff Handicap and Grade III Dogwood Stakes . In 2002 , Stewart won the Grade II Gallant Bloom Handicap at Belmont Park with Nasty Storm , and other stakes with Sweet Nanette , Kazoo and Saintly Look . In 2003 , Saintly Look won the Grade III Lecomte Stakes and Stewart also won the Mardi Gras Handicap at Fair Grounds with Even the Score and the Perryville Stakes at Keeneland Race Course with Clock Stopper . In 2006 , he won the Kentucky Oaks ( G1 ) with Lemons Forever , which was the longest shot to ever win the race . He was the trainer of multiple graded stakes winners Silverfoot and Macho Again ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles E. Fipke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_E._Fipke', 'summary': "Charles Edgar Chuck Fipke CM ( born 1946 ) is a Canadian geologist and prospector who discovered the existence of diamonds around Lac de Gras in Canada 's Northwest Territories . He is now a multimillionaire involved in geological explorations around the world . Fipke is also a prominent owner and breeder in North American thoroughbred horse racing ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beholder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beholder_(horse)', 'summary': "Beholder ( foaled May 9 , 2010 ) is an American Thoroughbred race horse and multiple Eclipse Award winner . She was purchased as a yearling by B. Wayne Hughes of Spendthrift Farm . She had an early reputation for being difficult to handle , but trainer Richard Mandella worked extensively with the fractious young horse , gradually developing her from a temperamental front-runner into a seasoned veteran who could be placed in strategic positions . As a two-year-old in 2012 , she won three of her five races including the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies and was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly . In the following season , she won five of her seven races , including the Breeders ' Cup Distaff . With the Breeders ' Cup win , she became the first horse to win both the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies and the Distaff in consecutive years , and concluded her three-year old season by being named American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly . After a four-year-old season plagued by injuries and illness , with a single graded stakes win in three attempts , she returned to form as a five-year-old with multiple stakes wins , becoming the first filly or mare to win the Pacific Classic and was voted American Champion Older Dirt Female Horse . In doing so , she became the first horse since 1976 , male or female , to win Grade 1 stakes races at age 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 . In 2016 , she extended this achievement by winning the Grade I Vanity Stakes , and in doing so tied the record of John Henry for winning a Grade I race five years in a row . She closed out her career winning the 2016 Breeders ' Cup Distaff in a dramatic stretch run , prevailing by a scant nose over the Songbird . She received her second Eclipse Award as Champion Older Dirt Female Horse at the end of the year and retired having tied Goldikova as one of only two horses to have ever won three Breeders ' Cup Championships ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Mandella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Mandella', 'summary': "Richard Eugene Mandella ( born November 5 , 1950 in Altadena , California ) is a Thoroughbred horse trainer and a member of the U.S . Racing Hall of Fame . Mandella 's father , a blacksmith , introduced him to horses at an early age and while still in high school he began starting and training horses at a nearby ranch . He spent a year in New York as assistant to Lefty Nickerson and then took a job with Texas horseman Roger Braugh in 1974 . Two years later , Richard Mandella returned to California and opened his own stable . His wins began almost immediately with Bad ' n Big and continued with Phone Trick , Dare and Go , and Pleasantly Perfect . Between 1996 and 1998 Mandella won six straight million dollar races in Southern California with Dare and Go , Siphon , Gentlemen and Malek . Mandella has seen six of his horses run in the Kentucky Derby . Mandella was inducted in the U.S . Racing Hall of Fame in 2001 and in 2003 he had four winners in the Breeders ' Cup : Pleasantly Perfect , Johar , Halfbridled , and Action This Day . In 2006 Mandella wrote the introduction to Santa Anita Morning Rhapsody , by photographer-author Karen S. Davis , a book documenting morning thoroughbred racetrack training . Most people who enjoy racing do n't realize how special these early hours are , watching ."}]}, {'value': 'Spendthrift Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spendthrift_Farm', 'summary': "Spendthrift Farm is a thoroughbred race horse breeding farm and burial site in Lexington , Kentucky currently owned by B. Wayne Hughes . It was founded by Leslie Combs II and named for the great stallion Spendthrift , who was owned by Combs ' ancestor , Daniel Swigert of Elmendorf Farm . Spendthrift was the great-grandfather of Man o ' War . Although Spendthrift Farm is known mostly as a commercial breeding operation , they maintain a small racing stable as well . Their most notable runners are Beholder , a 4-time Eclipse Award winning mare , Lord Nelson , a three-time Gr.I winning sprinter , and Court Vision , who won the Breeders ' Cup Mile and now stands at Spendthrift ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beholder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beholder_(horse)', 'summary': "Beholder ( foaled May 9 , 2010 ) is an American Thoroughbred race horse and multiple Eclipse Award winner . She was purchased as a yearling by B. Wayne Hughes of Spendthrift Farm . She had an early reputation for being difficult to handle , but trainer Richard Mandella worked extensively with the fractious young horse , gradually developing her from a temperamental front-runner into a seasoned veteran who could be placed in strategic positions . As a two-year-old in 2012 , she won three of her five races including the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies and was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly . In the following season , she won five of her seven races , including the Breeders ' Cup Distaff . With the Breeders ' Cup win , she became the first horse to win both the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies and the Distaff in consecutive years , and concluded her three-year old season by being named American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly . After a four-year-old season plagued by injuries and illness , with a single graded stakes win in three attempts , she returned to form as a five-year-old with multiple stakes wins , becoming the first filly or mare to win the Pacific Classic and was voted American Champion Older Dirt Female Horse . In doing so , she became the first horse since 1976 , male or female , to win Grade 1 stakes races at age 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 . In 2016 , she extended this achievement by winning the Grade I Vanity Stakes , and in doing so tied the record of John Henry for winning a Grade I race five years in a row . She closed out her career winning the 2016 Breeders ' Cup Distaff in a dramatic stretch run , prevailing by a scant nose over the Songbird . She received her second Eclipse Award as Champion Older Dirt Female Horse at the end of the year and retired having tied Goldikova as one of only two horses to have ever won three Breeders ' Cup Championships ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Mandella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Mandella', 'summary': "Richard Eugene Mandella ( born November 5 , 1950 in Altadena , California ) is a Thoroughbred horse trainer and a member of the U.S . Racing Hall of Fame . Mandella 's father , a blacksmith , introduced him to horses at an early age and while still in high school he began starting and training horses at a nearby ranch . He spent a year in New York as assistant to Lefty Nickerson and then took a job with Texas horseman Roger Braugh in 1974 . Two years later , Richard Mandella returned to California and opened his own stable . His wins began almost immediately with Bad ' n Big and continued with Phone Trick , Dare and Go , and Pleasantly Perfect . Between 1996 and 1998 Mandella won six straight million dollar races in Southern California with Dare and Go , Siphon , Gentlemen and Malek . Mandella has seen six of his horses run in the Kentucky Derby . Mandella was inducted in the U.S . Racing Hall of Fame in 2001 and in 2003 he had four winners in the Breeders ' Cup : Pleasantly Perfect , Johar , Halfbridled , and Action This Day . In 2006 Mandella wrote the introduction to Santa Anita Morning Rhapsody , by photographer-author Karen S. Davis , a book documenting morning thoroughbred racetrack training . Most people who enjoy racing do n't realize how special these early hours are , watching ."}]}, {'value': 'Spendthrift Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spendthrift_Farm', 'summary': "Spendthrift Farm is a thoroughbred race horse breeding farm and burial site in Lexington , Kentucky currently owned by B. Wayne Hughes . It was founded by Leslie Combs II and named for the great stallion Spendthrift , who was owned by Combs ' ancestor , Daniel Swigert of Elmendorf Farm . Spendthrift was the great-grandfather of Man o ' War . Although Spendthrift Farm is known mostly as a commercial breeding operation , they maintain a small racing stable as well . Their most notable runners are Beholder , a 4-time Eclipse Award winning mare , Lord Nelson , a three-time Gr.I winning sprinter , and Court Vision , who won the Breeders ' Cup Mile and now stands at Spendthrift ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Close Hatches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Close_Hatches', 'summary': 'Close Hatches ( foaled January 31 , 2010 ) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse . Unraced as a two-year-old , she emerged as one of the leading fillies of her generation in the United States in 2013 when she won five of her eight races including the Gazelle Stakes , Mother Goose Stakes and Cotillion Handicap . In the following year she won the Grade II Azeri Stakes before recording successive Grade I victories in the Apple Blossom Handicap , Ogden Phipps Handicap and Personal Ensign Stakes .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William I. Mott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_I._Mott', 'summary': "William I . Bill Mott ( born July 29 , 1953 , in Mobridge , South Dakota ) is an American horse trainer , most notable for his work with Cigar . Mott earned the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer in 1995 and 1996 . He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1998 at the age of 45 , becoming the youngest thoroughbred trainer ever inducted . Mott started training thoroughbreds at age 15 and won the South Dakota Futurity with Kosmic Tour before he was out of high school . He worked his way up the ranks by becoming first an exercise rider , then an assistant trainer for Hall of Fame Trainer Jack Van Berg . In 1976 , Mott , trainer Frank Brothers ( who was also Van Berg 's assistant trainer ) , and a stable crew guided Van Berg 's horses through the wins at Sportsman 's , Hawthorne and Arlington Park race tracks in Chicago . They were so successful that Van Berg was named leading trainer at Arlington Park and leading trainer in the Nation with 496 wins in 1976 , a record that stood until Steve Asmussen broke it in 2003 with 555 wins . Asmussen broke his own record in 2008 and 2009 . Mott worked as an assistant trainer for Van Berg for three years before striking out on his own in 1978 . On the July 28 , 2007 , ABC Sports broadcast of the Diana Handicap , Hall of Fame jockey and race commentator Jerry Bailey said Mott is generally regarded as the best trainer for racing on turf in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Juddmonte Farms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juddmonte_Farms', 'summary': 'Juddmonte Farms is a horse breeding farm , owned by Prince Khalid bin Abdullah of Saudi Arabia . A member of the Saudi Arabian royal family the successful businessman presides over the massive conglomerate Mawarid Holding . While he is in semi-retirement , his four sons are involved in managing business interests that include insurance , catering , cement , cleaning , foodstuffs and electronics .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Delta', 'summary': "Royal Delta ( February 2 , 2008 - February 10 , 2017 ) was a Champion American Thoroughbred racehorse . The daughter of Empire Maker was best known for winning back-to-back editions of the Breeders ' Cup Ladies Classic ( later renamed the Breeders ' Cup Distaff ) and three consecutive Eclipse Awards ( as American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly of 2011 and American Champion Older Female Horse of both 2012 and 2013 ) . She won the Grade I Alabama , Beldame , Delaware and Personal Ensign Stakes in addition to her Breeders ' Cup triumphs . On February 10 , 2017 , it was announced that she had died due to foaling complications . On April 22 , 2019 , Royal Delta was voted into the National Museum of Racing Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William I. Mott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_I._Mott', 'summary': "William I . Bill Mott ( born July 29 , 1953 , in Mobridge , South Dakota ) is an American horse trainer , most notable for his work with Cigar . Mott earned the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer in 1995 and 1996 . He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1998 at the age of 45 , becoming the youngest thoroughbred trainer ever inducted . Mott started training thoroughbreds at age 15 and won the South Dakota Futurity with Kosmic Tour before he was out of high school . He worked his way up the ranks by becoming first an exercise rider , then an assistant trainer for Hall of Fame Trainer Jack Van Berg . In 1976 , Mott , trainer Frank Brothers ( who was also Van Berg 's assistant trainer ) , and a stable crew guided Van Berg 's horses through the wins at Sportsman 's , Hawthorne and Arlington Park race tracks in Chicago . They were so successful that Van Berg was named leading trainer at Arlington Park and leading trainer in the Nation with 496 wins in 1976 , a record that stood until Steve Asmussen broke it in 2003 with 555 wins . Asmussen broke his own record in 2008 and 2009 . Mott worked as an assistant trainer for Van Berg for three years before striking out on his own in 1978 . On the July 28 , 2007 , ABC Sports broadcast of the Diana Handicap , Hall of Fame jockey and race commentator Jerry Bailey said Mott is generally regarded as the best trainer for racing on turf in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Besilu Stables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Leon', 'summary': 'Benjamin Leon , Jr. is an American businessman and horse enthusiast .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Royal Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Delta', 'summary': "Royal Delta ( February 2 , 2008 - February 10 , 2017 ) was a Champion American Thoroughbred racehorse . The daughter of Empire Maker was best known for winning back-to-back editions of the Breeders ' Cup Ladies Classic ( later renamed the Breeders ' Cup Distaff ) and three consecutive Eclipse Awards ( as American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly of 2011 and American Champion Older Female Horse of both 2012 and 2013 ) . She won the Grade I Alabama , Beldame , Delaware and Personal Ensign Stakes in addition to her Breeders ' Cup triumphs . On February 10 , 2017 , it was announced that she had died due to foaling complications . On April 22 , 2019 , Royal Delta was voted into the National Museum of Racing Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William I. Mott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_I._Mott', 'summary': "William I . Bill Mott ( born July 29 , 1953 , in Mobridge , South Dakota ) is an American horse trainer , most notable for his work with Cigar . Mott earned the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer in 1995 and 1996 . He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1998 at the age of 45 , becoming the youngest thoroughbred trainer ever inducted . Mott started training thoroughbreds at age 15 and won the South Dakota Futurity with Kosmic Tour before he was out of high school . He worked his way up the ranks by becoming first an exercise rider , then an assistant trainer for Hall of Fame Trainer Jack Van Berg . In 1976 , Mott , trainer Frank Brothers ( who was also Van Berg 's assistant trainer ) , and a stable crew guided Van Berg 's horses through the wins at Sportsman 's , Hawthorne and Arlington Park race tracks in Chicago . They were so successful that Van Berg was named leading trainer at Arlington Park and leading trainer in the Nation with 496 wins in 1976 , a record that stood until Steve Asmussen broke it in 2003 with 555 wins . Asmussen broke his own record in 2008 and 2009 . Mott worked as an assistant trainer for Van Berg for three years before striking out on his own in 1978 . On the July 28 , 2007 , ABC Sports broadcast of the Diana Handicap , Hall of Fame jockey and race commentator Jerry Bailey said Mott is generally regarded as the best trainer for racing on turf in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Besilu Stables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Leon', 'summary': 'Benjamin Leon , Jr. is an American businessman and horse enthusiast .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Havre de Grace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Havre_de_Grace_(horse)', 'summary': 'Havre de Grace ( foaled on May 12 , 2007 , in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred Racehorse who was 2011 American Horse of the Year . During her racing career , she was owned by Fox Hill Farms and trained by J. Larry Jones . Her sire is the 2005 American Horse of the Year , Saint Liam . Her dam is the mare Easter Bunnette , a daughter of Carson City . Her name derives from the city and racetrack of Havre de Grace , Maryland .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Larry Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._Larry_Jones', 'summary': 'J. Larry Jones ( born September 2 , 1956 in Hopkinsville , Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred horse racing trainer . He has trained over one thousand winners , including three winners of the Kentucky Oaks : Proud Spell in 2008 , Believe You Can in 2012 , and Lovely Maria in 2015 . He has trained two horses who have finished second in the Kentucky Derby ; Hard Spun , and the filly Eight Belles .'}]}, {'value': 'Rick Porter/Fox Hill Farms', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zenyatta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zenyatta', 'summary': "Zenyatta ( foaled April 1 , 2004 , at Winter Quarter Farm in Kentucky ) is a retired American champion Thoroughbred racehorse , winner of 19 consecutive races in a 20-race career . Owned by Jerry and Ann Moss , Zenyatta was trained by John Shirreffs and guided by jockey Mike Smith for 17 of 20 starts . David Flores rode Zenyatta in her first three starts . Zenyatta was sired by Street Cry , who also sired 2007 Kentucky Derby-winner Street Sense , Australian Horse of the Year Winx , multiple Group 1 Australian Weight for Age champion Whobegotyou , and 2009 Melbourne Cup winner Shocking . Zenyatta is out of Vertigineux , and thus is a half-sister to multiple Grade I winner Balance . Her damsire is the stallion Kris S. She was named after the album Zenyatta Mondatta , by The Police , who were signed to A & M Records by her owner , Jerry Moss . Zenyatta was known for her closing finishes , often spotting early front runners large leads , then overtaking her opponents down the final stretch . During her racing career , she stood 17.2 hands ( 70 inches , 178 cm ) at the withers and weighed 1,217 lb ( 552 kg ) . On April 25 , 2016 , Zenyatta 's induction into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame was announced ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Shirreffs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Shirreffs', 'summary': "John A. Shirreffs ( born June 1 , 1945 in Fort Leavenworth , Kansas ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . Based in California , Vietnam War veteran John Shirreffs began training Thoroughbreds in 1978 . He has won a number of stakes races with his most important coming in the 2005 Kentucky Derby when Giacomo scored a major upset . In 2007 , another Shirreffs-trained horse scored a major upset when Tiago , a half-brother to Giacomo ( both out of the mare Set Them Free ) won the Santa Anita Derby . He is also the trainer of champion Zenyatta , beaten only once in twenty career starts , and winner of the Breeders ' Cup Ladies ' Classic in 2008 and Breeders ' Cup Classic in 2009 . In November 2009 , Shirreffs became the first trainer to conquer both the Ladies ' Classic and Classic in the same year , as Life Is Sweet romped home in the former and Zenyatta defeated males in the latter . Shirreffs grew up around horses at his family 's farm . He served in the Marine Corps in Vietnam during the Vietnam War.Later he broke yearlings for Ed Nahem at Lakeview thoroughbred farm . After that Shirreffs got his training license in 1978 and operated a small stable in Northern California . He is married to Dottie Ingordo ."}]}, {'value': 'Ann & Jerry Moss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Moss', 'summary': "Jerome S. Moss ( born May 8 , 1935 ) is an American recording executive , best known for being the co-founder of A & M Records , along with trumpeter and bandleader Herb Alpert . After graduating with a degree in English from Brooklyn College and a stint in the Army , Moss began his music career by promoting 16 Candles , a hit for the Crests on Coed Records . In 1960 he moved to California where he teamed up with Alpert , forming Carnival Records in 1962 and running the company from an office in Alpert 's garage . Discovering that the name was already taken , they dubbed their new-found company A & M Records . After the A & M label was purchased by PolyGram , the two men went on to form Almo Sounds in 1994 , a new record label which continues to operate . Moss and Herb Alpert were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006 as nonperformers ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zenyatta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zenyatta', 'summary': "Zenyatta ( foaled April 1 , 2004 , at Winter Quarter Farm in Kentucky ) is a retired American champion Thoroughbred racehorse , winner of 19 consecutive races in a 20-race career . Owned by Jerry and Ann Moss , Zenyatta was trained by John Shirreffs and guided by jockey Mike Smith for 17 of 20 starts . David Flores rode Zenyatta in her first three starts . Zenyatta was sired by Street Cry , who also sired 2007 Kentucky Derby-winner Street Sense , Australian Horse of the Year Winx , multiple Group 1 Australian Weight for Age champion Whobegotyou , and 2009 Melbourne Cup winner Shocking . Zenyatta is out of Vertigineux , and thus is a half-sister to multiple Grade I winner Balance . Her damsire is the stallion Kris S. She was named after the album Zenyatta Mondatta , by The Police , who were signed to A & M Records by her owner , Jerry Moss . Zenyatta was known for her closing finishes , often spotting early front runners large leads , then overtaking her opponents down the final stretch . During her racing career , she stood 17.2 hands ( 70 inches , 178 cm ) at the withers and weighed 1,217 lb ( 552 kg ) . On April 25 , 2016 , Zenyatta 's induction into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame was announced ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Shirreffs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Shirreffs', 'summary': "John A. Shirreffs ( born June 1 , 1945 in Fort Leavenworth , Kansas ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . Based in California , Vietnam War veteran John Shirreffs began training Thoroughbreds in 1978 . He has won a number of stakes races with his most important coming in the 2005 Kentucky Derby when Giacomo scored a major upset . In 2007 , another Shirreffs-trained horse scored a major upset when Tiago , a half-brother to Giacomo ( both out of the mare Set Them Free ) won the Santa Anita Derby . He is also the trainer of champion Zenyatta , beaten only once in twenty career starts , and winner of the Breeders ' Cup Ladies ' Classic in 2008 and Breeders ' Cup Classic in 2009 . In November 2009 , Shirreffs became the first trainer to conquer both the Ladies ' Classic and Classic in the same year , as Life Is Sweet romped home in the former and Zenyatta defeated males in the latter . Shirreffs grew up around horses at his family 's farm . He served in the Marine Corps in Vietnam during the Vietnam War.Later he broke yearlings for Ed Nahem at Lakeview thoroughbred farm . After that Shirreffs got his training license in 1978 and operated a small stable in Northern California . He is married to Dottie Ingordo ."}]}, {'value': 'Ann & Jerry Moss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Moss', 'summary': "Jerome S. Moss ( born May 8 , 1935 ) is an American recording executive , best known for being the co-founder of A & M Records , along with trumpeter and bandleader Herb Alpert . After graduating with a degree in English from Brooklyn College and a stint in the Army , Moss began his music career by promoting 16 Candles , a hit for the Crests on Coed Records . In 1960 he moved to California where he teamed up with Alpert , forming Carnival Records in 1962 and running the company from an office in Alpert 's garage . Discovering that the name was already taken , they dubbed their new-found company A & M Records . After the A & M label was purchased by PolyGram , the two men went on to form Almo Sounds in 1994 , a new record label which continues to operate . Moss and Herb Alpert were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006 as nonperformers ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zenyatta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zenyatta', 'summary': "Zenyatta ( foaled April 1 , 2004 , at Winter Quarter Farm in Kentucky ) is a retired American champion Thoroughbred racehorse , winner of 19 consecutive races in a 20-race career . Owned by Jerry and Ann Moss , Zenyatta was trained by John Shirreffs and guided by jockey Mike Smith for 17 of 20 starts . David Flores rode Zenyatta in her first three starts . Zenyatta was sired by Street Cry , who also sired 2007 Kentucky Derby-winner Street Sense , Australian Horse of the Year Winx , multiple Group 1 Australian Weight for Age champion Whobegotyou , and 2009 Melbourne Cup winner Shocking . Zenyatta is out of Vertigineux , and thus is a half-sister to multiple Grade I winner Balance . Her damsire is the stallion Kris S. She was named after the album Zenyatta Mondatta , by The Police , who were signed to A & M Records by her owner , Jerry Moss . Zenyatta was known for her closing finishes , often spotting early front runners large leads , then overtaking her opponents down the final stretch . During her racing career , she stood 17.2 hands ( 70 inches , 178 cm ) at the withers and weighed 1,217 lb ( 552 kg ) . On April 25 , 2016 , Zenyatta 's induction into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame was announced ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Shirreffs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Shirreffs', 'summary': "John A. Shirreffs ( born June 1 , 1945 in Fort Leavenworth , Kansas ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer . Based in California , Vietnam War veteran John Shirreffs began training Thoroughbreds in 1978 . He has won a number of stakes races with his most important coming in the 2005 Kentucky Derby when Giacomo scored a major upset . In 2007 , another Shirreffs-trained horse scored a major upset when Tiago , a half-brother to Giacomo ( both out of the mare Set Them Free ) won the Santa Anita Derby . He is also the trainer of champion Zenyatta , beaten only once in twenty career starts , and winner of the Breeders ' Cup Ladies ' Classic in 2008 and Breeders ' Cup Classic in 2009 . In November 2009 , Shirreffs became the first trainer to conquer both the Ladies ' Classic and Classic in the same year , as Life Is Sweet romped home in the former and Zenyatta defeated males in the latter . Shirreffs grew up around horses at his family 's farm . He served in the Marine Corps in Vietnam during the Vietnam War.Later he broke yearlings for Ed Nahem at Lakeview thoroughbred farm . After that Shirreffs got his training license in 1978 and operated a small stable in Northern California . He is married to Dottie Ingordo ."}]}, {'value': 'Ann & Jerry Moss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Moss', 'summary': "Jerome S. Moss ( born May 8 , 1935 ) is an American recording executive , best known for being the co-founder of A & M Records , along with trumpeter and bandleader Herb Alpert . After graduating with a degree in English from Brooklyn College and a stint in the Army , Moss began his music career by promoting 16 Candles , a hit for the Crests on Coed Records . In 1960 he moved to California where he teamed up with Alpert , forming Carnival Records in 1962 and running the company from an office in Alpert 's garage . Discovering that the name was already taken , they dubbed their new-found company A & M Records . After the A & M label was purchased by PolyGram , the two men went on to form Almo Sounds in 1994 , a new record label which continues to operate . Moss and Herb Alpert were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006 as nonperformers ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ginger Punch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ginger_Punch', 'summary': "Ginger Punch ( foaled April 23 , 2003 , in Florida ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse . Owned and bred by operations belonging to automotive parts magnate Frank Stronach , she is out of the mare Nappelon and sired by the Canadian-bred Awesome Again , winner of his country 's 1997 Queen 's Plate and the 1998 Breeders ' Cup Classic and who , as a sire , has produced four Breeders ' Cup winners including the 2004 World Champion , Ghostzapper . Trained by Bobby Frankel , Ginger Punch raced in Kentucky in May 2006 at Churchill Downs , where she won her first race . She did not win again until October , when she captured an allowance race at Keeneland Race Course ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert J. Frankel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_J._Frankel', 'summary': "Robert Julian Frankel ( July 9 , 1941 - November 16 , 2009 ) was an American thoroughbred race horse trainer whom ESPN called one of the most successful and respected trainers in the history of thoroughbred racing . He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1995 , and was a five-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer . Often referred to as Bobby by others , he preferred and always used Robert . Frankel set the single-season world record for most Grade/Group I victories in 2003 with 25 Grade I wins , a record that stood until it was beaten by Aidan O'Brien in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stronach Stables', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stronach_Stables', 'summary': "Stronach Stables is the North American racing arm of Thoroughbred horse racing owner and breeder , Frank Stronach , who also owns the horse breeding operation Adena Springs . Stronach is also the CEO of the Stronach Group which owns racetracks that include Santa Anita Park , Gulfstream Park , Pimlico Race Course and Laurel Park The Stronach racing operation has owned and raced notable Thoroughbreds Glorious Song , Touch Gold and Giacomo in partnership with others . Among Stonach wholly owned horses , Ghostzapper won several major races including the 2004 Breeders ' Cup Classic , was voted the Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year , and named the World 's Top Ranked Horse for 2004 . In Canada , Frank Stronach/Stronach Stables has won the Sovereign Award for Outstanding Owner nine times . In the United States , Stronach earned the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Owner in 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 . In 2000 , Frank Stronach won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder . He subsequently established Adena Springs which owns horse breeding farms in Kentucky , Florida and Canada and won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder in 2004 , 2005 and 2006 . Stronach Stables is a finalist for the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Owner for 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fleet Indian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fleet_Indian', 'summary': 'Fleet Indian ( foaled March 8 , 2001 - October 1 , 2011 ) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse . She was named American Champion Older Female Horse at the 2006 Eclipse Awards , an honor she is best known for .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd A. Pletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_A._Pletcher', 'summary': 'Todd Pletcher ( born June 26 , 1967 in Dallas , Texas ) is an American thoroughbred horse trainer . He won the Eclipse Award seven times as Trainer of the Year , four of these in consecutive years . His horses Super Saver ( 2010 ) and Always Dreaming ( 2017 ) won the Kentucky Derby . He also won the Belmont Stakes with Rags to Riches ( 2007 ) , Palace Malice ( 2013 ) and Tapwrit ( 2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul H. Saylor', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashado', 'summary': "Ashado ( foaled February 4 , 2001 in Kentucky ) is an American Thoroughbred racemare whose seven Grade I wins included the 2004 Breeders ' Cup Distaff . She won Eclipse Awards as the Champion Three-Year-Old Filly of 2004 and Champion Older Female of 2005 , and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2014 . At the end of the 2005 racing season , her owners sold her at the Keeneland Sales November auction for $ 9 million , a world-record price for a broodmare/broodmare prospect ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd A. Pletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_A._Pletcher', 'summary': 'Todd Pletcher ( born June 26 , 1967 in Dallas , Texas ) is an American thoroughbred horse trainer . He won the Eclipse Award seven times as Trainer of the Year , four of these in consecutive years . His horses Super Saver ( 2010 ) and Always Dreaming ( 2017 ) won the Kentucky Derby . He also won the Belmont Stakes with Rags to Riches ( 2007 ) , Palace Malice ( 2013 ) and Tapwrit ( 2017 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Jonabell Farm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Azeri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azeri_(horse)', 'summary': 'Azeri ( foaled May 6 , 1998 in Versailles , Kentucky ) is an American Hall of Fame champion thoroughbred racehorse who was 2002 US Horse of the Year and Champion Older Female from 2002 to 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D. Wayne Lukas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D._Wayne_Lukas', 'summary': "Darrell Wayne Lukas ( born September 2 , 1935 in Antigo , Wisconsin ) is an American horse trainer and a U.S . Racing Hall of Fame inductee . He has won twenty Breeders ' Cup races , received five Eclipse Awards for his accomplishments , and his horses have won 25 year-end Eclipse Awards . He was inducted into the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Allen E. Paulson Living Trust', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_E._Paulson', 'summary': 'Allen Eugene Paulson ( April 22 , 1922 - July 19 , 2000 ) was an American businessman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Living_Trust', 'summary': "A trust is a three-party fiduciary relationship in which the first party , the trustor or settlor , transfers ( settles ) a property ( often but not necessarily a sum of money ) upon the second party ( the trustee ) for the benefit of the third party , the beneficiary . A testamentary trust is created by a will and arises after the death of the settlor . An inter vivos trust is created during the settlor 's lifetime by a trust instrument . A trust may be revocable or irrevocable ; in the United States , a trust is presumed to be irrevocable unless the instrument or will creating it states it is revocable , except in California , Oklahoma and Texas , in which trusts are presumed to be revocable until the instrument or will creating them states they are irrevocable . An irrevocable trust can be broken ( revoked ) only by a judicial proceeding . The trustee is the legal owner of the property in trust , as fiduciary for the beneficiary or beneficiaries who is/are the equitable owner ( s ) of the trust property . Trustees thus have a fiduciary duty to manage the trust to the benefit of the equitable owners . They must provide a regular accounting of trust income and expenditures . Trustees may be compensated and be reimbursed their expenses . A court of competent jurisdiction can remove a trustee who breaches his/her fiduciary duty . Some breaches of fiduciary duty can be charged and tried as criminal offences in a court of law . A trustee can be a natural person , a business entity or a public body ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Azeri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azeri_(horse)', 'summary': 'Azeri ( foaled May 6 , 1998 in Versailles , Kentucky ) is an American Hall of Fame champion thoroughbred racehorse who was 2002 US Horse of the Year and Champion Older Female from 2002 to 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laura de Seroux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laura_de_Seroux', 'summary': "Laura M. de Seroux ( born February 9 , 1952 in Los Angeles , California ) is a retired trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses . In 2002 she became the second female to win a Breeders ' Cup race and the only female to train an American Horse of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Allen E. Paulson Living Trust', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_E._Paulson', 'summary': 'Allen Eugene Paulson ( April 22 , 1922 - July 19 , 2000 ) was an American businessman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Living_Trust', 'summary': "A trust is a three-party fiduciary relationship in which the first party , the trustor or settlor , transfers ( settles ) a property ( often but not necessarily a sum of money ) upon the second party ( the trustee ) for the benefit of the third party , the beneficiary . A testamentary trust is created by a will and arises after the death of the settlor . An inter vivos trust is created during the settlor 's lifetime by a trust instrument . A trust may be revocable or irrevocable ; in the United States , a trust is presumed to be irrevocable unless the instrument or will creating it states it is revocable , except in California , Oklahoma and Texas , in which trusts are presumed to be revocable until the instrument or will creating them states they are irrevocable . An irrevocable trust can be broken ( revoked ) only by a judicial proceeding . The trustee is the legal owner of the property in trust , as fiduciary for the beneficiary or beneficiaries who is/are the equitable owner ( s ) of the trust property . Trustees thus have a fiduciary duty to manage the trust to the benefit of the equitable owners . They must provide a regular accounting of trust income and expenditures . Trustees may be compensated and be reimbursed their expenses . A court of competent jurisdiction can remove a trustee who breaches his/her fiduciary duty . Some breaches of fiduciary duty can be charged and tried as criminal offences in a court of law . A trustee can be a natural person , a business entity or a public body ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Azeri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azeri_(horse)', 'summary': 'Azeri ( foaled May 6 , 1998 in Versailles , Kentucky ) is an American Hall of Fame champion thoroughbred racehorse who was 2002 US Horse of the Year and Champion Older Female from 2002 to 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laura de Seroux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laura_de_Seroux', 'summary': "Laura M. de Seroux ( born February 9 , 1952 in Los Angeles , California ) is a retired trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses . In 2002 she became the second female to win a Breeders ' Cup race and the only female to train an American Horse of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Allen E. Paulson Living Trust', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_E._Paulson', 'summary': 'Allen Eugene Paulson ( April 22 , 1922 - July 19 , 2000 ) was an American businessman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Living_Trust', 'summary': "A trust is a three-party fiduciary relationship in which the first party , the trustor or settlor , transfers ( settles ) a property ( often but not necessarily a sum of money ) upon the second party ( the trustee ) for the benefit of the third party , the beneficiary . A testamentary trust is created by a will and arises after the death of the settlor . An inter vivos trust is created during the settlor 's lifetime by a trust instrument . A trust may be revocable or irrevocable ; in the United States , a trust is presumed to be irrevocable unless the instrument or will creating it states it is revocable , except in California , Oklahoma and Texas , in which trusts are presumed to be revocable until the instrument or will creating them states they are irrevocable . An irrevocable trust can be broken ( revoked ) only by a judicial proceeding . The trustee is the legal owner of the property in trust , as fiduciary for the beneficiary or beneficiaries who is/are the equitable owner ( s ) of the trust property . Trustees thus have a fiduciary duty to manage the trust to the benefit of the equitable owners . They must provide a regular accounting of trust income and expenditures . Trustees may be compensated and be reimbursed their expenses . A court of competent jurisdiction can remove a trustee who breaches his/her fiduciary duty . Some breaches of fiduciary duty can be charged and tried as criminal offences in a court of law . A trustee can be a natural person , a business entity or a public body ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gourmet Girl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pico Perdomo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gary A. Tanaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_A._Tanaka', 'summary': "Gary A. Tanaka ( born June 23 , 1943 , in Hunt , Idaho ) is an American businessman , sportsman and philanthropist who co-founded the investment company Amerindo Investment Advisors in 1979 along with Alberto Vilar . Tanaka was born during World War II in the Minidoka concentration camp in Idaho . He graduated from MIT , then earned a PhD degree at Imperial College London in the United Kingdom with a dissertation on the mathematics of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a fluid flowing over a solid surface . He lives in London with his wife and two children in a house which was once Dwight D. Eisenhower 's wartime headquarters . Tanaka has two adult sons , Mark Tanaka , who is also a fund manager , most recently of Sanno Point Capital Management and Michael Tanaka , a notable businessman based in the UK . Tanaka was known for his donation of £27m to Imperial College , which resulted in construction of the Tanaka Building in 2004 , designed by the international architecture , planning and design studio Foster and Partners . The building houses Imperial College Business School , and combines the business school 's facilities with a new front entrance for the College . He was also known for the high-profile court case against him in 2008 . In August 2008 , the Business School at Imperial College London was renamed from Tanaka Business School to Imperial College Business School both because the old name did not strongly emphasise its association with the College , and because Tanaka was found guilty of fraud the same year . The school 's accommodation was subsequently named the Tanaka Building . An alternative speculation is that the college changed the name of the school to distance itself from Tanaka 's fraudulent activities ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riboletta', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eduardo Inda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron & Marie Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beautiful Pleasure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beautiful_Pleasure', 'summary': "Beautiful Pleasure ( March 31 , 1995 - August 11 , 2011 ) was an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse who won the 1999 Breeders ' Cup Distaff and was voted that year 's American Champion Older Female Horse . Bred in Florida by Farnsworth Farms , winner of the 1996 Eclipse Award for Outstanding Breeder , Beautiful Pleasure was sired by multiple stakes winner Maudlin , a son of 1975 Kentucky Derby winner and U.S . Racing Hall of Fame inductee , Foolish Pleasure . She was and out of the mare Beautiful Bid , a daughter of Balkski who was a son of the 1970 English Triple Crown winner , Nijinsky . She was sold to John Oxley for $ 480,000 by Farnsworth Farms through the April 1997 Keeneland sale for two-year-olds in training ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John T. Ward , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_T._Ward,_Jr.', 'summary': 'John T. Ward Jr. ( born August 2 , 1945 ) is an American racehorse trainer . He is a graduate of the University of Kentucky with a degree in Agricultural Economics , where he was a member of Delta Tau Delta fraternity . He is a third generation horseman on both sides of his family . He took charge of the family farm at age twenty-five when his father became ill in 1970 . Ward met his wife , Donna , when he was showing horses . They now operate John T. Ward Stables and Sugar Grove Farm in Central Kentucky .'}]}, {'value': 'John C. Oxley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_C._Oxley', 'summary': 'John C. Oxley , a.k.a . Jack , ( born 1937 ) is an American oilman , horse breeder and polo player .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Honorees -- Eclipse Award for Champion Older Dirt Female', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'American_Champion_Older_Female_Horse_0', 'intro': 'The Eclipse Award for Champion Older Dirt Female Horse is an American Thoroughbred horse racing honor awarded annually to a filly or mare, four years old and up, for performances on dirt and main track racing surfaces. In 1971, it became part of the Eclipse Awards program as the award for Champion Older Female Horse. In 1936 both the Turf & Sports Digest magazine and Daily Racing Form (DRF) began naming an annual champion. Starting in 1950, the Thoroughbred Racing Associations (TRA) began naming its own champion. The following list provides the name of the horses chosen by both of these organizations. Whenever there were different champions named, the horses are listed side-by-side with the one chosen as champion by the Daily Racing Form noted with the letters (DRF), the one chosen by the Thoroughbred Racing Associations by the letters (TRA) and the one chosen by Turf and Sports Digest by the letters (TSD). Prior to 1971 this award was referred to as Champion Female Handicap Horse or Champion Handicap Mare. The Daily Racing Form version was open to any female horse, and was given to some Champions at the age of three, such as Tosmah, Twilight Tear and Busher. Champions from 1887 through 1935 were selected retrospectively by a panel of experts as published by The Blood-Horse magazine. In 2015, the Daily Racing Form, the Thoroughbred Racing Associations, and the National Turf Writers Association decided that the award would be renamed and awarded to older female horses proficient in dirt and main track races.'}
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How many times did the trainer of Royal Delta receive the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer award ?
two
0b034a303a6ac2fe
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_South_Island_by_population', 'title': 'List of cities and towns in the South Island by population', 'header': ['Urban Area', 'Population', 'Region', 'Territorial Authority'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ashburton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashburton,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Ashburton ( Māori : Hakatere ) is a large town in the Canterbury Region , on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand . The town is the seat of the Ashburton District , a territorial authority encompassing the town and a number of small settlements within its surrounding rural area , roughly coterminous with the subregion of Mid Canterbury . It is 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) south west of Christchurch and is sometimes regarded as a satellite town of Christchurch . Ashburton township has a population of 20,200 , with an additional 12,400 living in the wider district . The town is the 23rd largest urban area in New Zealand and the third-largest urban area in the Canterbury Region , after Christchurch and Timaru .'}]}, {'value': '19,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Ashburton District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashburton_District', 'summary': 'Ashburton ( Māori : Hakatere ) is a large town in the Canterbury Region , on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand . The town is the seat of the Ashburton District , a territorial authority encompassing the town and a number of small settlements within its surrounding rural area , roughly coterminous with the subregion of Mid Canterbury . It is 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) south west of Christchurch and is sometimes regarded as a satellite town of Christchurch . Ashburton township has a population of 20,200 , with an additional 12,400 living in the wider district . The town is the 23rd largest urban area in New Zealand and the third-largest urban area in the Canterbury Region , after Christchurch and Timaru .'}]}, {'value': 'Blenheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Blenheim ( /ˈblɛnɪm/ BLEN-im ; Māori : Waiharakeke ) is the most populous town in the region of Marlborough , in the north east of the South Island of New Zealand . It has an urban population of 31,600 ( June 2018 ) . The surrounding Marlborough wine region is well known as the centre of the New Zealand wine industry . It enjoys one of New Zealand 's sunniest climates , with warm , relatively dry summers and cool , crisp winters . Blenheim is named after the Battle of Blenheim ( 1704 ) , where troops led by John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough defeated a combined French and Bavarian force . The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of flax stream for Waiharakeke ."}]}, {'value': '26,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marlborough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlborough_Region', 'summary': 'The Marlborough Region ( Māori : Te Tauihu-o-te-waka , or Tauihu ) , commonly known simply as Marlborough , is one of the regions of New Zealand , located in the northeast of the South Island . Marlborough is a unitary authority , both a region and a district . Marlborough District Council is based at Blenheim , the largest town . The region has a population of 48,800 ( June 2018 ) . Marlborough is known for its dry climate , the Marlborough Sounds , and Sauvignon blanc wine . It takes its name from the earlier Marlborough Province , which was named after His Grace General The 1st Duke of Marlborough , an English general and statesman .'}]}, {'value': 'Marlborough District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marlborough_District', 'summary': 'The Marlborough Region ( Māori : Te Tauihu-o-te-waka , or Tauihu ) , commonly known simply as Marlborough , is one of the regions of New Zealand , located in the northeast of the South Island . Marlborough is a unitary authority , both a region and a district . Marlborough District Council is based at Blenheim , the largest town . The region has a population of 48,800 ( June 2018 ) . Marlborough is known for its dry climate , the Marlborough Sounds , and Sauvignon blanc wine . It takes its name from the earlier Marlborough Province , which was named after His Grace General The 1st Duke of Marlborough , an English general and statesman .'}]}, {'value': 'Kaiapoi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaiapoi', 'summary': 'Kaiapoi is a town in the Waimakariri District of the Canterbury region , in the South Island of New Zealand . The town is located approximately 17 kilometres north of central Christchurch , close to the mouth of the Waimakariri River . It is considered to be a satellite town of Christchurch , although in the Waimakariri for statistical purposes it is part of the Christchurch urban area . In the 2006 census , the population of the town was 10,200 , with a further 1,700 residents in the surrounding area . This represents a growth rate of 11% over the previous five years . Kaiapoi suffered extensive damage in the 2010 Canterbury and also the February 2011 Christchurch earthquakes , which rendered many homes uninhabitable and businesses inoperable . Large areas were condemned as part of a residential red zone covering uninhabitable'}]}, {'value': '11,850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Waimakariri District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waimakariri_District', 'summary': "Waimakariri District is a local government district , located in the Canterbury region of New Zealand 's South Island . It is named after the Waimakariri River , which forms the district 's southern boundary , separating it from Christchurch City and the Selwyn District . It is bounded in the north by the Hurunui District and in the east by the Pacific Ocean . The district was established on 1 April 1989 following the merger of Rangiora District and Eyre County . The district covers 2,219 square kilometres ( 857 sq mi ) , and is home to 61,300 people . Rangiora is the district seat and largest town , with other major towns including Kaiapoi , Oxford , Pegasus and Woodend . The current district mayor is Dan Gordon , who was elected in the 2019 local body elections ."}]}, {'value': 'Mosgiel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mosgiel', 'summary': "Mosgiel /ˈmɒzɡiːl/ is an urban satellite of Dunedin in Otago , New Zealand , fifteen kilometres west of the city 's centre . Since the re-organisation of New Zealand local government in 1989 it has been inside the Dunedin City Council area . Mosgiel has a population of approximately 13,400 as of June 2019 . The town celebrates its location , calling itself The pearl of the plain . Its low-lying nature does pose problems , making it prone to flooding after heavy rains . Mosgiel takes its name from Mossgiel Farm , Ayrshire , the farm of the poet Robert Burns , the uncle of the co-founder in 1848 of the Otago settlement , the Reverend Thomas Burns . [ note 1 ] Mosgiel stands at the north-eastern extremity of the Taieri Plains . The Silver Stream , a tributary of the Taieri River , runs through its north end . Between Mosgiel and the centre of Dunedin stand the rugged Three Mile Hill and Scroggs Hill , which form part of the crater-wall of a long-extinct volcano , the crater being the Otago Harbour . To the south of the town lies one of the many peaks that formed part of the volcano : Saddle Hill , a prominent landmark , visible from a considerable distance and notable for its distinctive shape , lies east of State Highway One where Kinmont Park , a new housing subdivision is located at the foot of the hill . The Dunedin Southern Motorway , upgraded in 2003 , links Mosgiel with the centre of Dunedin . State Highway 87 to Kyeburn starts at a junction with State Highway 1 at the southeastern edge of Mosgiel , the first part of the highway being the main street of Mosgiel , Gordon Road ."}]}, {'value': '13,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago', 'summary': "Otago ( /əˈtɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /oʊ- , ɒ-/ , Maori : Ōtākou [ ɔ : ˈta : kou ] ) is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council . It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres ( 12,000 sq mi ) , making it the country 's third largest local government region . Its population was 232,300 in June 2018 . The name Otago is an Anglicisation of Otakou , the name of the Māori village near the entrance to the harbour . The exact meaning of the term is disputed , with common translations being isolated village and place of red earth , the latter referring to the reddish-ochre clay which is common in the area around Dunedin . Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour , established by the Weller Brothers in 1831 , which lies close to the modern harbourside community of Otakou . The place later became the focus of the Otago Association , an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland , notable for its adoption of the principle that ordinary people , not the landowner , should choose the ministers . Major centres include Dunedin ( the principal city ) , Oamaru ( made famous by Janet Frame ) , Balclutha , Alexandra , and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka . Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal . The Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the country 's hydroelectric power . Some parts of the area originally covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council . The Central Otago wine region produces award-winning wines made from varieties such as the Pinot noir , Chardonnay , Sauvignon blanc , Merlot and Riesling grapes ."}]}, {'value': 'Dunedin City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunedin', 'summary': "Dunedin ( /dʌˈniːdɪn/ ( listen ) duh-NEE-din ; Māori : Ōtepoti ) is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand ( after Christchurch ) , and the principal city of the Otago region . Its name comes from Dùn Èideann , the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland . The urban area of Dunedin lies on the central-eastern coast of Otago , surrounding the head of Otago Harbour , and the harbour and hills around Dunedin are the remnants of an extinct volcano . The city suburbs extend out into the surrounding valleys and hills , onto the isthmus of the Otago Peninsula , and along the shores of the Otago Harbour and the Pacific Ocean . Dunedin was the largest New Zealand city by territorial land area until superseded by Auckland with the formation of the Auckland Council in November 2010 . Archaeological evidence points to lengthy occupation of the area by Māori prior to the arrival of Europeans . The province and region of Otago takes its name from the Ngai Tahu village of Otakou at the mouth of the harbour , which became a whaling station in the 1830s . In 1848 a Scottish settlement was established by the Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland . Between 1855 and 1900 many thousands of Scots emigrated to the incorporated city . Dunedin became wealthy during the Central Otago Gold Rush , beginning in the 1860s . In the mid-1860s , and between 1878 and 1881 , it was New Zealand 's largest urban area . The city population at 5 March 2013 was 120,246 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oamaru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oamaru', 'summary': 'Oamaru ( /ˌɒməˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Māori : Te Oha-a-Maru ) is the largest town in North Otago , in the South Island of New Zealand , it is the main town in the Waitaki District . It is 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) south of Timaru and 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) north of Dunedin on the Pacific coast ; State Highway 1 and the railway Main South Line connect it to both cities . With a population of 13,950 , Oamaru is the 28th largest urban area in New Zealand , and the third largest in Otago behind Dunedin and Queenstown . The name Oamaru derives from the Māori and can be translated as the place of Maru ( cf . Timaru ) . The identity of Maru remains open to conjecture .'}]}, {'value': '13,150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago', 'summary': "Otago ( /əˈtɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /oʊ- , ɒ-/ , Maori : Ōtākou [ ɔ : ˈta : kou ] ) is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council . It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres ( 12,000 sq mi ) , making it the country 's third largest local government region . Its population was 232,300 in June 2018 . The name Otago is an Anglicisation of Otakou , the name of the Māori village near the entrance to the harbour . The exact meaning of the term is disputed , with common translations being isolated village and place of red earth , the latter referring to the reddish-ochre clay which is common in the area around Dunedin . Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour , established by the Weller Brothers in 1831 , which lies close to the modern harbourside community of Otakou . The place later became the focus of the Otago Association , an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland , notable for its adoption of the principle that ordinary people , not the landowner , should choose the ministers . Major centres include Dunedin ( the principal city ) , Oamaru ( made famous by Janet Frame ) , Balclutha , Alexandra , and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka . Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal . The Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the country 's hydroelectric power . Some parts of the area originally covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council . The Central Otago wine region produces award-winning wines made from varieties such as the Pinot noir , Chardonnay , Sauvignon blanc , Merlot and Riesling grapes ."}]}, {'value': 'Waitaki District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waitaki_District', 'summary': 'Waitaki District is a territorial authority that is located in the Canterbury and Otago regions of the South Island of New Zealand . It straddles the traditional border between the two regions , the Waitaki River .'}]}, {'value': 'Queenstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Queenstown ( Māori : Tāhuna ) is a resort town in Otago in the south-west of New Zealand 's South Island . It has an urban population of 15,850 ( June 2018 ) , making it the 27th-largest urban area in New Zealand . In 2016 , Queenstown overtook Oamaru to become the second-largest urban area in Otago , behind Dunedin . The town is built around an inlet called Queenstown Bay on Lake Wakatipu , a long , thin , Z-shaped lake formed by glacial processes , and has views of nearby mountains such as The Remarkables , Cecil Peak , Walter Peak and just above the town , Ben Lomond and Queenstown Hill . The Queenstown-Lakes District has a land area of 8,704.97 square kilometres ( 3,361.01 sq mi ) not counting its inland lakes ( Lake Hāwea , Lake Wakatipu , and Lake Wanaka ) . The region has an estimated resident population of 40,200 ( June 2018 ) . Neighbouring towns include Arrowtown , Glenorchy , Kingston , Wanaka , Alexandra , and Cromwell . The nearest cities are Dunedin and Invercargill . Queenstown is known for its commerce-oriented tourism , especially adventure and ski tourism ."}]}, {'value': '15,650', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otago', 'summary': "Otago ( /əˈtɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /oʊ- , ɒ-/ , Maori : Ōtākou [ ɔ : ˈta : kou ] ) is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council . It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres ( 12,000 sq mi ) , making it the country 's third largest local government region . Its population was 232,300 in June 2018 . The name Otago is an Anglicisation of Otakou , the name of the Māori village near the entrance to the harbour . The exact meaning of the term is disputed , with common translations being isolated village and place of red earth , the latter referring to the reddish-ochre clay which is common in the area around Dunedin . Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour , established by the Weller Brothers in 1831 , which lies close to the modern harbourside community of Otakou . The place later became the focus of the Otago Association , an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland , notable for its adoption of the principle that ordinary people , not the landowner , should choose the ministers . Major centres include Dunedin ( the principal city ) , Oamaru ( made famous by Janet Frame ) , Balclutha , Alexandra , and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka . Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal . The Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the country 's hydroelectric power . Some parts of the area originally covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council . The Central Otago wine region produces award-winning wines made from varieties such as the Pinot noir , Chardonnay , Sauvignon blanc , Merlot and Riesling grapes ."}]}, {'value': 'Queenstown Lakes District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queenstown_Lakes_District', 'summary': 'Queenstown-Lakes District , a local government district , is in the Otago Region of New Zealand . It is surrounded by the districts of Central Otago , Southland , Westland and Waitaki . Much of the area is often referred to as Queenstown because of the popularity of the resort town , but the district covers a much wider area , including the towns of Wanaka to the north-east , Glenorchy to the north-west and Kingston to the south . The district is sometimes called the Southern Lakes , as it contains Lake Wakatipu , Lake Wanaka and Lake Hāwea .'}]}, {'value': 'Rangiora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rangiora', 'summary': 'Rangiora is the largest town and seat of the Waimakariri District , in Canterbury , New Zealand . It is 29 kilometres ( 18 mi ) north of Christchurch , and is considered [ by whom ? ] a satellite town of the city . With a population of 18,300 ( June 2018 ) , Rangiora is the 25th largest urban area in New Zealand , and the fourth-largest in the Canterbury region ( behind Christchurch , Timaru and Ashburton ) .'}]}, {'value': '18,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Waimakariri District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waimakariri_District', 'summary': "Waimakariri District is a local government district , located in the Canterbury region of New Zealand 's South Island . It is named after the Waimakariri River , which forms the district 's southern boundary , separating it from Christchurch City and the Selwyn District . It is bounded in the north by the Hurunui District and in the east by the Pacific Ocean . The district was established on 1 April 1989 following the merger of Rangiora District and Eyre County . The district covers 2,219 square kilometres ( 857 sq mi ) , and is home to 61,300 people . Rangiora is the district seat and largest town , with other major towns including Kaiapoi , Oxford , Pegasus and Woodend . The current district mayor is Dan Gordon , who was elected in the 2019 local body elections ."}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond,_New_Zealand', 'summary': 'Richmond is a town , and the seat of the Tasman District Council , that lies 13 kilometres ( 8 mi ) south of Nelson in the South Island of New Zealand , close to the southern extremity of Tasman Bay . The town was first settled in 1842 and was named in 1854 after the town of Richmond on Thames near London . By 2014 it had an estimated population of 13,606 . Although Richmond lies outside the boundaries of Nelson City , it forms part of the Nelson Urban Area for statistical purposes and is informally considered as part of Greater Nelson or the Top of the South . The two unitary authorities co-operate for tourism-marketing purposes via Latitude Nelson .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasman_Region', 'summary': 'Tasman District ( Māori : Te Tai o Aorere ) is a local government district in the north of the South Island of New Zealand . It borders the Canterbury Region , West Coast Region , Marlborough Region and Nelson City . It is administered by the Tasman District Council , a unitary authority , which sits at Richmond , with community boards serving outlying communities in Motueka and Golden Bay / Mohua . The city of Nelson has its own unitary authority separate from Tasman District , and together they comprise a single region in some contexts , but not for local government functions or resource management ( planning ) functions .'}]}, {'value': 'Tasman District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasman_District_Council', 'summary': 'Tasman District Council is the unitary local authority for the Tasman District of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Rolleston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rolleston,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Rolleston /ˈrɒləstən/ is the seat and largest town in the Selwyn District , in the Canterbury region of New Zealand 's South Island . It is located on the Canterbury Plains 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) south-west of Christchurch , and is considered a satellite town of the city . The town has a population of 16,250 ( June 2018 ) , making it New Zealand 's 27th largest urban area ."}]}, {'value': '16,350', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Selwyn District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selwyn_District', 'summary': "Selwyn District is a predominantly rural area in central Canterbury , on the east coast of New Zealand 's South Island . It is named after the Selwyn River , which is in turn named after Bishop George Selwyn , the first Anglican bishop of New Zealand who , in 1843 and 1844 , travelled the length of the country by horse , foot , boat and canoe , leaving in his wake a sprinkling of locations that now bear his name ."}]}, {'value': 'Timaru †', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timaru,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Timaru ( English : /ˈtɪməˌruː/ ; Māori : Te Tihi-o-Maru ) is a port city in the southern Canterbury region of New Zealand , located 157 kilometres ( 98 mi ) southwest of Christchurch and about 196 kilometres ( 122 mi ) northeast of Dunedin on the eastern Pacific coast of the South Island . The Timaru urban area is home to 29,100 people , and is the largest urban area in South Canterbury , and the second largest in the Canterbury Region overall , after Christchurch . The city is the seat of the Timaru District , which includes the surrounding rural area and the towns of Geraldine , Pleasant Point and Temuka , which combined has a total population of 47,700 . Caroline Bay beach is a popular recreational area located close to Timaru 's city centre , just to the north of the substantial port facilities . Beyond Caroline Bay , the industrial suburb of Washdyke is at a major junction with State Highway 8 , the main route into the Mackenzie Country . This provides a road link to Pleasant Point , Fairlie , Twizel , Lake Tekapo , Aoraki / Mount Cook and Queenstown . Timaru has been built on rolling hills created from the lava flows of the extinct Mt Horrible volcano , which last erupted thousands of years ago . The result is that most of the main streets are undulating , a clear contrast with the flat landscape of the Canterbury Plains to the north . This volcanic rock is used for the construction of local bluestone buildings ."}]}, {'value': '28,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand', 'summary': "Canterbury ( Māori : Waitaha ) is a region of New Zealand , located in the central-eastern South Island . The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres ( 17,185 sq mi ) , and is home to a population of 617,700 ( June 2018 ) . The region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms . The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council . Christchurch , the South Island 's largest city and the country 's third-largest urban area , is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the region 's population . Other major towns and cities include Timaru , Ashburton , Rangiora and Rolleston ."}]}, {'value': 'Timaru District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timaru_District', 'summary': "Timaru District is a local government district in New Zealand 's South Island administered by the Timaru District Council . It is part of the larger Canterbury region ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Towns -- Population 10,000 and over', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Cities_and_towns_of_the_South_Island_by_population_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of cities and towns in the South Island of New Zealand by the size of their urban area. The populations given in the table below are provisional New Zealand usually resident populations, June 2018 estimates, and refer to the urban area defined under the Statistical Standard for Geographic Areas 2018 (SSGA) unless otherwise stated.'}
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When did people first live in the town of South Island with 15,000 residents ?
1842
0b03db345b112d87
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Adult_Swim', 'title': 'List of programs broadcast by Adult Swim', 'header': ['Title', 'Originally aired', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Mind Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mind_Game_(film)', 'summary': "Mind Game ( Japanese : マインド・ゲーム , Hepburn : Maindo Gēmu ) is a 2004 Japanese animated feature film based on Robin Nishi 's manga of the same name . It was planned , produced and primarily animated by Studio 4°C and adapted and directed by Masaaki Yuasa in his directorial debut , with chief animation direction and model sheets by Yūichirō Sueyoshi , art direction by Tōru Hishiyama and groundwork and further animation direction by Masahiko Kubo . It is unusual among features other than anthology films in using a series of disparate visual styles to tell one continuous story . As Yuasa commented in a Japan Times interview , Instead of telling it serious and straight , I went for a look that was a bit wild and patchy . I think that Japanese animation fans today do n't necessarily demand something that 's so polished . You can throw different styles at them and they can still usually enjoy it . The film received a cult audience and was well received , winning multiple awards worldwide , and has been praised by directors Satoshi Kon and Bill Plympton . Allegedly , according to Tekkonkinkreet director Michael Arias , there was consideration for a release of the film on R1 DVD but it fell through . The film is now available to stream on Netflix in Australia as of 2016 . GKIDS announced that they licensed the film , which streamed on VRV Select on December 29 , 2017 followed by a limited theatrical run in February 2018 and a home video release in spring 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2004 animated film written and directed by Masaaki Yuasa . Premiered April 1 , 2018 . Presented in its original Japanese language audio with English subtitles on Toonami as part of an April Fools ' event", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masaaki_Yuasa', 'summary': 'Masaaki Yuasa ( 湯浅 政明 , Yuasa Masaaki , born March 16 , 1965 ) is a Japanese animator , storyboard artist , screenwriter , anime television and film director known for his wild , freeform style . In June 2014 , he announced that he , along with his close affiliate Eunyoung Choi , had founded an animation studio by the name of Science Saru .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Toonami', 'summary': "Toonami ( /tuːˈnɑːmi/ too-NAH-mee ) is a television programming block that primarily consists of Japanese anime and American action animation . It was created by Sean Akins and Jason DeMarco and produced by Williams Street , a division of Warner Bros. Entertainment . The name is a portmanteau of the words cartoon and tsunami . It currently broadcasts every Saturday night from 11:30 p.m. to 4 a.m . ET . Toonami initially ran as an afternoon and evening block on Cartoon Network , primarily aimed at boys aged 9-14 from 1997 to 2008 . In its original run , the block was known for showcasing action anime that became widely popular with American audiences . It was also recognized for its distinctive space-themed backdrop , anime music videos , drum and bass-flavored soundtrack , and host ( a robot named T.O.M. , short for Toonami Operations Module ) . On May 26 , 2012 , Toonami was relaunched as a block on Adult Swim . The current incarnation is a rebrand of Adult Swim 's Saturday night action block ( itself inherited from Toonami 's Midnight Run block ) , which primarily airs mature Japanese animation , though the block has also aired reruns of action shows seen on Cartoon Network ."}]}, {'value': 'Children Who Chase Lost Voices', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Children_Who_Chase_Lost_Voices', 'summary': 'Children Who Chase Lost Voices ( 星を追う子ども , Hoshi wo Ou Kodomo , lit . Children Who Chase Stars ) , known as Journey to Agartha in the UK , is a 2011 Japanese anime film created and directed by Makoto Shinkai , following his previous work 5 Centimeters per Second . This film is his longest animation film to date and is described as a lively animated film with adventure , action , and romance centered on a cheerful and spirited girl on a journey to say farewell . The film was released in Japan on May 7 , 2011 . It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Japan on November 25 , 2011 . The film has been licensed by Sentai Filmworks and was released on DVD and Blu-ray in November 2012 . On May 9 , 2019 it was announced that Sentai had lost the license , and the film has since been out of print .'}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 animated film directed by Makoto Shinkai . Premiered November 5 , 2016 on Toonami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makoto_Shinkai', 'summary': 'Makoto Shinkai ( 新海 誠 , Shinkai Makoto , born Makoto Niitsu ( 新津 誠 , Niitsu Makoto ) ; February 9 , 1973 ) is a Japanese animator , filmmaker , and manga artist best known for directing Your Name , the highest-grossing anime film of all time at the time of release . He was listed by Variety as one of 10 animators to watch in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dragon Ball Z : Broly - The Legendary Super Saiyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Broly_–_The_Legendary_Super_Saiyan', 'summary': "Dragon Ball Z : Broly - The Legendary Super Saiyan , known in Japan as Dragon Ball Z : Burn Up ! ! A Close Fight - A Violent Fight - A Super Fierce Fight ( Japanese : ドラゴンボールZ 燃えつきろ ! ! 熱戦・烈戦・超激戦 , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru Zetto Moetsukiro ! ! Nessen Ressen Chō-Gekisen ) or by Toei 's own English title Dragon Ball Z : The Burning Battles , is a 1993 Japanese anime science fiction martial arts film and the eighth Dragon Ball Z feature movie . The original release date in Japan was on March 6 , 1993 at the Toei Anime Fair alongside Dr. Slump and Arale-chan : N-cha ! Clear Skies Over Penguin Village . It was dubbed into English by Funimation in 2003 . The antagonist Broly was designed by series creator Akira Toriyama . This film is the first of four featuring the character , followed by Broly - Second Coming and Bio-Broly in 1994 , and Dragon Ball Super : Broly in 2018 , the first movie to carry the Dragon Ball Super branding ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993 animated film based on the Dragon Ball Z anime series . Premiered December 21 , 2014 on Toonami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z', 'summary': "Dragon Ball Z , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru Zetto , commonly abbreviated as DBZ ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation . It is the sequel to Dragon Ball and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519-chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama which ran in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1988 to 1995 . Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 26 , 1989 to January 31 , 1996 , before getting dubbed in territories including the United States , Canada , Australia , Europe , Asia , and Latin America . It was broadcast in at least 81 countries worldwide . It is part of the Dragon Ball media franchise . Dragon Ball Z continues the adventures of Goku , who , along with his companions , defend the Earth against villains ranging from aliens ( Frieza ) , androids ( Cell ) and other creatures ( Majin Buu ) . While the original Dragon Ball anime followed Goku from childhood to early adulthood , Dragon Ball Z is a continuation of his adult life , but at the same time parallels the life of his son , Gohan , as well as the development of his rival Vegeta . Due to the success of the anime in the United States , the manga chapters making up its story were initially released by Viz Media under the Dragon Ball Z title . Dragon Ball Z 's popularity has spawned numerous releases which have come to represent the majority of content in the Dragon Ball franchise ; including 15 movies , 2 TV specials , and 148 video games ( many of them being only released in Japan ) , and a host of soundtracks stemming from this material . Dragon Ball Z remains a cultural icon through numerous adaptations and re-releases , including a more-recent remastered broadcast titled Dragon Ball Kai . [ a ] There have also been two sequel series ; Dragon Ball GT ( 1996-1997 ) and Dragon Ball Super ( 2015-2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist:_The_Sacred_Star_of_Milos', 'summary': "Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos ( Japanese : 鋼の錬金術師 嘆きの丘（ミロス）の聖なる星 , Hepburn : Hagane no Renkinjutsushi : Mirosu no Sei-naru Hoshi ) is the second Japanese animated theatrical film based on Hiromu Arakawa 's Fullmetal Alchemist franchise , released in 2011 . The film was first announced after the airing of the final episode of Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood . The Japanese premiere was on July 2 , 2011 . Funimation Entertainment has licensed the film and released it in the United States in 2012 . The film was distributed by Eleven Arts for North America , showing at more than 100 theaters . In the UK , Manga Entertainment screened the film at BFI South Bank on June 8 , 2012 , followed by a home video release on September 3 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 animated film based on the Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood anime series . Premiered December 14 , 2014 on Toonami', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dragon Ball Z : Cooler 's Revenge", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Cooler's_Revenge", 'summary': "Dragon Ball Z : Cooler 's Revenge , also known by its Japanese title Dragon Ball Z : The Incredible Mightiest vs. Mightiest ( Japanese : ドラゴンボールZ とびっきりの最強対最強 , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru Zetto : Tobikkiri no Saikyō tai Saikyō ) , or by Toei 's own English title Dragon Ball Z : The Strongest Rivals , is a 1991 Japanese anime science fiction martial arts film and the fifth Dragon Ball Z animated feature movie , originally released in Japan on July 20 at the Toei Anime Fair ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991 animated film based on the Dragon Ball Z anime series . Premiered May 24 , 2014 on Toonami', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trigun : Badlands Rumble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trigun:_Badlands_Rumble', 'summary': 'Trigun : Badlands Rumble ( Japanese : トライガン バッドランド ランブル , Hepburn : Toraigan baddorando ranburu ) is a 2010 Japanese animated film by Madhouse . It is based on the Trigun manga , written by Yasuhiro Nightow .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010 animated film set in the same universe as the 1998 Trigun anime series . Premiered December 28 , 2013 on Toonami', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist_the_Movie:_Conqueror_of_Shamballa', 'summary': "Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa ( Japanese : 劇場版 鋼の錬金術師 シャンバラを征く者 , Hepburn : Gekijōban Hagane no Renkinjutsushi : Shanbara o Yuku Mono ) is a 2005 Japanese animated film directed by Seiji Mizushima and written by Sho Aikawa . A sequel to the first Fullmetal Alchemist television series which was adapted from the manga of the same name by Hiromu Arakawa and published by Square Enix , the film follows the story of alchemist Edward Elric as he attempts to return to his homeworld , having lived for two years in a parallel universe , while his younger brother Alphonse is also trying to reunite with him by any means necessary . Edward 's search attracts the attention of the Thule Society , which seeks to enter his homeworld , believing it to be Shamballa , to obtain new weapons to help them in World War II . Conqueror of Shamballa premiered in Japan on July 23 , 2005 . A CD soundtrack has also been published featuring music from the film developed by Michiru Oshima and L'Arc-en-Ciel . In Japan , it has been edited in a standard DVD , as well as in a limited edition . It was later licensed in North America by Funimation that featured the film in cinemas for a short time , and also released it on DVD and Blu-ray . Most of the staff from the first Fullmetal Alchemist anime started development on Conqueror of Shamballa shortly after the anime 's ending . The original script had to be shortened to fit the film 's length of 105 minutes . During its premiere in Japan , Conqueror of Shamballa remained as one of the most popular films in the year . Critical reaction to the film has commonly been positive , with reviews praising the film 's story and animation used ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005 animated film sequel of the original 2003 Fullmetal Alchemist anime series . Premiered December 21 , 2013 on Toonami', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Summer Wars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Summer_Wars', 'summary': "Summer Wars ( Japanese : サマーウォーズ , Hepburn : Samā Wōzu ) is a 2009 Japanese animated science fiction film directed by Mamoru Hosoda , produced by Madhouse , and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Japan . The film 's voice cast includes Ryunosuke Kamiki , Nanami Sakuraba , Mitsuki Tanimura , Sumiko Fuji and Ayumu Saitō . The film tells the story of Kenji Koiso , a timid eleventh-grade math genius who is taken to Ueda by twelfth-grade student , Natsuki Shinohara to celebrate her great-grandmother 's 90th birthday . However , he is falsely implicated in the hacking of a virtual world by a sadistic artificial intelligence named Love Machine . Kenji must repair the damage done , and find a way to stop the rogue computer program from causing any further chaos . After producing The Girl Who Leapt Through Time , Madhouse was asked to produce something new . Hosoda and writer Satoko Okudera , created a story about a social network and a stranger 's connection with strange family . The real-life city of Ueda was chosen as the setting for Summer Wars as part of the territory was once governed by the Sanada clan and was close to Hosoda 's birthplace in Toyama . Hosoda used the clan as the basis for the Jinnouchi family after visiting his then-fiancée 's home in Ueda . Production of Summer Wars commenced in 2006 . Art director Youji Takeshige incorporated Japanese houses into his background designs . Hosoda also insisted that 80 family members were to be included as main characters ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 animated film by director Mamoru Hosoda . Premiered December 14 , 2013 on Toonami', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)', 'summary': "Akira ( Japanese : アキラ Hepburn : Akira ) is a 1988 Japanese animated post-apocalyptic cyberpunk film directed by Katsuhiro Otomo , produced by Ryōhei Suzuki and Shunzō Katō , and written by Otomo and Izo Hashimoto , based on Otomo 's 1982 manga of the same name . The film had a production budget of ¥1.1 billion ( $ 9 million ) , making it the most expensive anime film of its time . Set in a dystopian 2019 , Akira tells the story of Shōtarō Kaneda , a leader of a biker gang whose childhood friend , Tetsuo Shima , acquires incredible telekinetic abilities after a motorcycle accident , eventually threatening an entire military complex amidst chaos and rebellion in the sprawling futuristic metropolis of Neo-Tokyo . While most of the character designs and settings were adapted from the manga , the plot differs considerably and does not include much of the last half of the manga . The soundtrack , which draws heavily from traditional Indonesian gamelan as well as Japanese noh music , was composed by Shōji Yamashiro and performed by Geinoh Yamashirogumi . Akira premiered in Japan on July 16 , 1988 by Toho , but was initially unable to recoup its budget . It was released the following year in the United States by pioneering animation distributor Streamline Pictures . It garnered an international cult following after various theatrical and VHS releases , eventually earning over $ 80 million worldwide from home video sales . It is widely regarded by critics as one of the greatest animated and science fiction films ever made , as well as a landmark in Japanese animation . It is also a landmark film in the cyberpunk genre , particularly the Japanese cyberpunk subgenre , as well as adult animation . The film had a significant impact on popular culture worldwide , paving the way for the growth of anime and Japanese popular culture in the Western world as well as influencing numerous works in animation , comics , film , music , television and video games ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 animated film based on the manga series of the same name . Premiered December 7 , 2013 on Toonami', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evangelion 2.22 You Can ( Not ) Advance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evangelion:_2.0_You_Can_(Not)_Advance', 'summary': "Evangelion : 2.0 You Can ( Not ) Advance . ( ヱヴァンゲリヲン新劇場版 : 破 , Evangerion Shin Gekijōban : Ha , lit . Evangelion : The New Movie : Break ) is a 2009 Japanese animated science fiction film directed by Kazuya Tsurumaki and Masayuki , and written by Hideaki Anno . It is the second of tetralogy of films released in the Rebuild of Evangelion . The tetralogy is based on the original anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion . It was produced and co-distributed by Hideaki Anno 's Studio Khara in partnership with Gainax . The film continues the story of Evangelion : 1.0 You Are ( Not ) Alone , with Shinji Ikari continuing his role as a pilot of one of the gigantic Evangelion mecha as part of NERV 's ongoing fight against the mysterious creatures known as Angels . While replicating many scenes and plot elements from the original series , the film also introduces new ones , including newly designed creatures and new characters , such as Mari Illustrious Makinami , and integrates newly available 3D CG technology . Its ending paves the way for the significant storyline departures from the original series in Evangelion : 3.0 You Can ( Not ) Redo ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 animated movie remake of the Neon Genesis Evangelion TV series . Sequel to Evangelion 1.11 . Premiered August 31 , 2013 on Toonami', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evangelion 1.11 You Are ( Not ) Alone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evangelion:_1.0_You_Are_(Not)_Alone', 'summary': "Evangelion : 1.0 You Are ( Not ) Alone . ( ヱヴァンゲリヲン新劇場版 : 序 , Evangerion Shin Gekijōban : Jo , lit . Evangelion : The New Movie : Prelude ) is a 2007 Japanese animated science fiction film , the first of the tetralogy Evangelion , written and chief directed by Hideaki Anno . It is the first of four films released in the Rebuild of Evangelion tetralogy based on the original anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion . It was produced and co-distributed by Anno 's Studio Khara in partnership with Gainax . Hideaki Anno wrote the first movie and is the general director and manager for the entire project . Yoshiyuki Sadamoto provided character designs for the film , while Ikuto Yamashita provided mechanical designs . Both Shinji Higuchi and Tomoki Kyoda provided the film 's storyboards . The film focuses on a young teenager named Shinji Ikari , who finds he must pilot a mecha known as Evangelion Unit-01 to protect the world from mysterious creatures known as Angels . The plot is largely a point-for-point adaptation of the first six episodes of the original anime . While some scenes and events are replications of the original series , others unfold differently with new or omitted scenes and newly-available 3D CG technology . The film received a positive response from fans , with Hideaki Anno himself calling it a faithful remake of the original series ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 animated movie remake of the Neon Genesis Evangelion TV series . Premiered March 17 , 2013 . The first film broadcast on Toonami since its revival in 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Dynamite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Dynamite', 'summary': "Black Dynamite is a 2009 American blaxploitation action comedy film starring Michael Jai White , Tommy Davidson , and Salli Richardson . The film was directed by Scott Sanders and co-written by White , Sanders , and Byron Minns , who also co-stars . The plot centers on former CIA agent Black Dynamite , who must avenge his brother 's death while cleaning the streets of a new drug that is ravaging the community . The film is a parody of the blaxploitation genre . It had a trailer and funding even before a script was written . Black Dynamite was shot in 20 days in Super 16 format . The film was released in the United States on October 16 , 2009 , for only two weeks ( with an official premiere at the Toronto After Dark film festival ) and was well received by critics . It was released on home video on February 16 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 live-action movie that inspired the Adult Swim series . Aired on September 2 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bleach : The DiamondDust Rebellion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach:_The_DiamondDust_Rebellion', 'summary': "Bleach : The DiamondDust Rebellion ( 劇場版BLEACH The DiamondDust Rebellion もう一つの氷輪丸 , Gekijōban Burīchi Za Daiyamondo Dasuto Reberion Mō Hitotsu no Hyōrinmaru , Bleach : The DiamondDust Rebellion , Another Hyōrinmaru ) is the second animated film adaptation of the anime and manga series Bleach . The film is directed by Noriyuki Abe , and co-written by Michiko Yokote and Masahiro Ōkubo , and the theatrical release was on December 22 , 2007 . The theme music for the film is Rock of Light ( 光のロック , Hikari no Rokku ) by Sambomaster . The DVD of the film was released on September 6 , 2008 . To promote the film , the opening and closing credits of the Bleach anime from episode 151-154 use footage from the film . Kubo also published a special manga chapter focusing on Hitsugaya 's past to further promote the film . The English release of the DVD was on September 8 , 2009 , and it was aired on Adult Swim on December 5 , 2009 . The official European release of the film was on September 6 , 2010 and in the United Kingdom on Blu-ray on May 7 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aired on December 5 , 2009 . First anime film to air on Adult Swim in high definition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/High-definition_television', 'summary': 'High-definition television ( often shortened to High-Definition and HD or High Definition ) describes a television system providing an image resolution of substantially higher resolution than the previous generation of technology . The term has been used since 1936 , but in modern times refers to the generation following standard-definition television ( SDTV ) , often abbreviated to HDTV or HD-TV . It is the current standard video format used in most broadcasts : terrestrial broadcast television , cable television , satellite television , Blu-ray discs , and streaming video . HDTV may be transmitted in various formats :'}]}, {'value': 'Bleach : Memories of Nobody', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bleach:_Memories_of_Nobody', 'summary': "Bleach : Memories of Nobody is the first animated film adaptation of the anime and manga series Bleach . Directed by Noriyuki Abe and written by Masashi Sogo , the film was first released in Japanese theaters on December 16 , 2006 . The DVD was released in Japan on September 5 , 2007 . To promote the film , the opening and closing credits for episodes 106 through 109 of the Bleach anime use footage from the film . The film 's theme music is Sen no Yoru o Koete ( 千の夜をこえて , lit . : Crossing over a Thousand Nights ) by Aqua Timez . The film had a limited theatrical release in the United States from June 11 to June 12 , 2008 , and in Canada on October 20 , 2008 and was followed by the DVD release on October 14 , 2008 . The film aired on September 5 , 2009 on Adult Swim . Animax Asia became the first to air the movie in Asia , as they confirmed the premiere to be on May 2 . The Blu-ray was released on May 7 , 2012 in the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aired on September 5 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G.I . Joe : Resolute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Resolute', 'summary': "G.I . Joe : Resolute is an animated television series based on the G.I . Joe franchise . It was written by Warren Ellis , directed by Joaquim Dos Santos , and produced by Sam Register , creator of Cartoon Network 's Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi . It debuted on the web at Adult Swim Video on April 17 , 2009 as a series of ten 5-minute episodes and one 10-minute final episode , with a Content Rating of TV-14-V , and premiered in its entirety as a 60-minute movie on air on Canadian television network Teletoon on April 24 , 2009 . In the United States , the movie aired on Adult Swim April 25 , 2009 . Resolute departs from recent depictions of futuristic technology , adopting a more realistic aesthetic . It has been described as a more mature take on the franchise . The film uses elements from both the cartoons and the comics , and is described by Warren Ellis as a fusion ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90-minute movie that aired April 25 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Room', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Room_(film)', 'summary': "The Room is a 2003 American romantic drama film written , produced , and directed by Tommy Wiseau , who stars in the film alongside Juliette Danielle and Greg Sestero . The film centers on a melodramatic love triangle between amiable banker Johnny ( Wiseau ) , his deceptive fiancée Lisa ( Danielle ) , and his conflicted best friend Mark ( Sestero ) . A significant portion of the film is dedicated to a series of unrelated subplots , most of which involve at least one supporting character and are left unresolved due to the film 's inconsistent narrative structure . The work was reportedly intended to be semi-autobiographical in nature ; according to Wiseau , the title alludes to the potential of a room to be the site of both good and bad events . The stage play from which the film is derived was so-called due to its events taking place in a single room . A number of publications have labeled The Room as one of the worst films ever made . An assistant professor of film studies was the first to describe The Room as the Citizen Kane of bad movies . Originally shown only in a limited number of California theaters , The Room quickly became a cult film due to its bizarre and unconventional storytelling , technical and narrative flaws , and Wiseau 's off-kilter performance . Although Wiseau has retrospectively described the film as a black comedy , audiences have generally viewed it as a poorly made drama , an opinion shared by some of the cast . The Disaster Artist , Sestero 's memoir of the making of The Room , was co-written with Tom Bissell and published in 2013 . A film of the same name based on the book , directed by and starring James Franco , was released on December 1 , 2017 ; the book and film received widespread acclaim and numerous award nominations . The Room also inspired an unofficial video game adaptation , The Room Tribute , released on Newgrounds in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': "First aired on April 1 , 2009 as part of an April Fools ' Day prank . In 2010 it aired again on April Fools ' Day ; featuring Space Ghost interviewing Tommy Wiseau in the same format as Space Ghost Coast to Coast as bumps . The movie aired again on April 1 , 2011 , for the third year in a row . On April 1 , 2012 , part of the opening was aired , before cutting to T.O.M . from Toonami , opening an announced night of the block", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tommy_Wiseau', 'summary': "Thomas P. Wiseau ( /wɪˈzoʊ/ , /ˈwaɪzoʊ/ ) is a European-American actor and filmmaker , best known for writing , producing , directing , and starring in the 2003 film The Room , which has been described by many critics as one of the worst movies ever made and has gained cult film status . He also directed the 2004 documentary Homeless in America and created the 2015 sitcom The Neighbors . Many details about Wiseau 's personal life ( including his age , source of wealth , and background ) remain unverified , and as such have been the subject of intense fan speculation and various conflicting reports . The 2013 non-fiction book The Disaster Artist : My Life Inside The Room , the Greatest Bad Movie Ever Made by Greg Sestero , as well as its 2017 film adaptation , chronicle the making of The Room and Wiseau 's life behind the scenes ."}]}, {'value': 'Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force_Colon_Movie_Film_for_Theaters', 'summary': "Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters is a 2007 American adult animated surreal black comedy film based on the Adult Swim animated series Aqua Teen Hunger Force . The film was written and directed by the show 's creators , Matt Maiellaro and Dave Willis . The film features the voices of Dana Snyder , Carey Means , Willis , Maiellaro , Mike Schatz , Andy Merrill , C. Martin Croker , Bruce Campbell , Neil Peart and Chris Kattan . The film was theatrically released on April 13 , 2007 . The film marks the first time an Adult Swim series was adapted into a feature film . The film grossed $ 5.5 million on a $ 750,000 budget . Warner Home Video released the film in a two-disc DVD edition on August 14 , 2007 ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feature film based on Aqua Teen Hunger Force , and was the first film adaption of an Adult Swim series . It was released in theaters on April 13 , 2007 . The film made its official television debut on March 31 , 2008 on Adult Swim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force', 'summary': "Aqua Teen Hunger Force ( also known by various alternative titles ) is an American adult animated television series created by Dave Willis and Matt Maiellaro for Cartoon Network 's late night programming block , Adult Swim . It is about the surreal adventures and antics of three anthropomorphic fast food items : Master Shake , Frylock , and Meatwad , who live together as relatives and frequently interact with their human next-door neighbor , Carl Brutananadilewski . It was created as a spin-off series of Space Ghost Coast to Coast . The unannounced pilot episode , Rabbot , aired on Cartoon Network on December 30 , 2000 ; the series later made its official debut on Adult Swim on September 9 , 2001 . Every episode was written and directed by Willis and Maiellaro , who also provided several voices . Seasons 8-11 were each given a different alternative title , accompanied by a different theme music , as a running joke . The series ended on August 30 , 2015 , with a total of 139 episodes over the course of 11 seasons . Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters , a film adaptation of the series , was released in theaters on April 13 , 2007 , the first adaptation of an Adult Swim series into a feature-length film . The series airs in broadcast syndication outside the United States and has been released on various DVD sets and other forms of home media , including video on demand streaming . It was the longest-running Adult Swim series until it was surpassed by The Venture Bros. ( in terms of years ) , Squidbillies ( in terms of seasons ) , and Robot Chicken ( in terms of episodes ) ."}]}, {'value': 'InuYasha the Movie : Fire on the Mystic Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/InuYasha_the_Movie:_Fire_on_the_Mystic_Island', 'summary': 'Inuyasha the Movie : Fire on the Mystic Island ( 映画犬夜叉 紅蓮の蓬莱島 , Eiga Inuyasha : Guren no Hōraijima ) is the fourth and final film of the Inuyasha series , alternately titled InuYasha Movie 4 : Fire on Horai Island . It was directed by Toshiya Shinohara , written by Katsuyuki Sumisawa , produced by Shogakukan , Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation , Sunrise , Inc. , Nippon Television Network , Shogakukan Productions and Yomiuri TV Enterprises , and distributed by Toho . It stars the voices of Kappei Yamaguchi and Satsuki Yukino . The film features Nobutoshi Canna , Takeshi Kusao , Nobuo Tobita and Tadahisa Saizen as the Four War Gods , a group of demons who rule the Horai Island .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premiered December 23 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'InuYasha the Movie : Swords of an Honorable Ruler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/InuYasha_the_Movie:_Swords_of_an_Honorable_Ruler', 'summary': 'Inuyasha the Movie : Swords of an Honorable Ruler ( 映画犬夜叉 天下覇道の剣 , Eiga Inuyasha : Tenka Hadō no Ken ) ( also known as Inuyasha the Movie 3 : Swords of World Conquest ) is the third film of the Inuyasha series . It was released in 2003 in Japan , and in 2005 in the United States . The song , Four Seasons , is performed by Namie Amuro .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premiered August 12 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Escaflowne : The Movie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Escaflowne:_The_Movie', 'summary': 'Escaflowne ( Japanese : エスカフローネ , Hepburn : Esukafurōne ) , also released under the title Escaflowne : A Girl in Gaea , is a 2000 anime fantasy film produced by Sunrise and animated by studio Bones . Directed by Kazuki Akane , the film is a re-telling of the 26-episode anime television series The Vision of Escaflowne . While the plot of the film has some similar elements to the original television series , the characters differ in varying degrees from the television counterparts , with many completely redesigned and bearing little resemblance to the originals . The world of Gaea has a more Asian design than the heavily European influenced television series . The film was licensed for Region 1 release by Bandai Entertainment , which gave the film a theatrical release on January 25 , 2002 . A soundtrack and two drama CDs have also been released in Japan by Victor Entertainment in relation to the series .'}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Premiered September 10 , 2005', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Adult_Swim_7', 'intro': "This is a list of television programs formerly or currently broadcast on Cartoon Network's late night block, Adult Swim in the United States. Although both networks share the same channel space, Adult Swim is classified as a separate entity for the purposes of Nielsen ratings."}
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What was the event where the animated film which was released over 20 years before it premiered on Toonami was originally released at ?
Toei Anime Fair
0b041647c53a5497
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_alumni', 'title': 'List of New York University alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Relation to NYU', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kobi Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kobi_Alexander', 'summary': 'Jacob Kobi Alexander ( Hebrew : יעקב ( קובי ) אלכסנדר ; born May 4 , 1952 ) is an Israeli-American businessman . He is the founder and the former CEO of New York-based Comverse Technology . In 2006 , he was charged with multiple counts of fraud and related offenses pertaining to irregularities in trading of Comverse stock ; he subsequently fled to Namibia , a nation which has no extradition treaty with the US .'}]}, {'value': 'Stern , M.B.A. , 1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business ( commonly referred to as Stern ) is the business school of New York University . It is also a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business . Established as the School of Commerce , Accounts and Finance in 1900 , the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern , an alumnus and benefactor of the school . One of the most prestigious business schools in the world , it is also one of the oldest . The school is located on NYU 's Greenwich Village campus next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . Its alumni include some of the wealthiest in the world , as well as top business leaders and executives ."}]}, {'value': 'Founder and former CEO of Comverse Technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comverse_Technology', 'summary': "Comverse Technology , Inc. , was a technology company located in Woodbury , New York in the United States , that developed and marketed telecommunications software . The company focused on providing value-added services to telecommunication service providers , in particular to mobile network operators . Comverse Technology had several wholly or partly owned subsidiaries . The name Comverse is a fusion of the words communication and versatility . Founded in 1982 , the company went public on the Nasdaq Stock Market in 1986 . Led by co-founder and CEO Jacob Kobi Alexander , the company originally specialized in centralized hardware/software systems for voice and fax messaging and sold them to telecommunications companies and other large enterprises . Much of its funding came from Israeli government subsidies and tax credits provided to research and development for hi-tech firms . By the mid-1990s , one of its most successful products allowed legal authorities and intelligence agencies to record and store data collected from intercepted communications . Starting in the late 1990s , Comverse 's voice messaging software became its main product and the company grew rapidly with the surge in mobile phone use , passing the $ 1 billion mark in revenues . It established a formidable position in the worldwide mobile voicemail management market and sold a popular short message service center ( SMSC ) product . While headquartered in the US , most of the company 's research and development was done in Israel ; Comverse became one of the more visible success stories in Israel 's hi-tech industry . It was one of Israel 's largest employers of software engineers , was closely followed in the nation 's business press , and was the first Israeli-associated company to join the S & P 500 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Leslie Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leslie_Alexander_(businessman)', 'summary': 'Leslie L. Alexander ( born 1944 ) is an American attorney , businessman and financier . He is a former bond trader from New Jersey . He formerly owned the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) team Houston Rockets for 24 years , from 1993 to 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'CAS B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University College of Arts & Science ( commonly referred to as C.A.S . ) is the primary liberal arts college of New York University . As the oldest and largest school at NYU , the College of Arts & Science currently enrolls 7,660 undergraduate students ( as of 2017 ) . The College of Arts and Science offers Bachelor of Arts ( B.A . ) and Bachelor of Science ( B.S . ) degrees .'}]}, {'value': 'Attorney and businessman ; owner of the Houston Rockets NBA team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Rockets', 'summary': "The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston . They compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member team of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in Downtown Houston . The Rockets have won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . The team was established in 1967 as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego . In 1971 , the Rockets moved to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets were awarded the first overall pick and selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record for almost a decade until the 1976-77 season , when they traded for All-Star center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice while playing with the Rockets and led Houston to the Eastern Conference Finals in his first year with the team . During the 1980-81 season , the Rockets finished the regular season with a 40-42 record . Despite their losing record , they qualified for the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicolas Berggruen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolas_Berggruen', 'summary': 'Nicolas Berggruen ( /ˈbɜːrɡruːn , bɜːrˈɡruːən/ ; born 10 August 1961 ) is a billionaire investor and philanthropist . A dual American and German citizen , he is the founder and president of Berggruen Holdings , a private investment company and the Berggruen Institute , a think tank that works on addressing governance issues as well as the cultures and philosophies behind political systems . Through the Berggruen Institute he is also a co-founder , with the Washington Post , of The WorldPost , a media publication dedicated to global issues .'}]}, {'value': 'Stern , B.S. , 1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business ( commonly referred to as Stern ) is the business school of New York University . It is also a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business . Established as the School of Commerce , Accounts and Finance in 1900 , the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern , an alumnus and benefactor of the school . One of the most prestigious business schools in the world , it is also one of the oldest . The school is located on NYU 's Greenwich Village campus next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . Its alumni include some of the wealthiest in the world , as well as top business leaders and executives ."}]}, {'value': 'Billionaire , founder of Berggruen Institute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berggruen_Institute', 'summary': 'The Berggruen Institute ( formerly Berggruen Institute on Governance ) is an independent think tank which develops ideas to shape political and social institutions .'}]}, {'value': 'Alexander Soros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Soros', 'summary': "Alexander G. Soros ( born October 27 , 1985 ) is an American philanthropist . He is Deputy Chair of the Open Society Foundations and one of the World Economic Forum 's Young Global Leaders of 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'CAS B.A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_and_Science', 'summary': 'The New York University College of Arts & Science ( commonly referred to as C.A.S . ) is the primary liberal arts college of New York University . As the oldest and largest school at NYU , the College of Arts & Science currently enrolls 7,660 undergraduate students ( as of 2017 ) . The College of Arts and Science offers Bachelor of Arts ( B.A . ) and Bachelor of Science ( B.S . ) degrees .'}]}, {'value': 'Non-profit executive , heir and philanthropist ; son of George Soros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Soros', 'summary': "George Soros , [ a ] Hon FBA ( born Schwartz György ; August 12 , 1930 ) is a Hungarian-American [ b ] billionaire investor and philanthropist . As of February 2018 [ update ] , he had a net worth of $ 8 billion , having donated more than $ 32 billion to his philanthropic agency , the Open Society Foundations . Born in Budapest , Soros survived Nazi Germany-occupied Hungary and emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1947 . He attended the London School of Economics , graduating with a bachelor 's and eventually a master 's degree in philosophy . Soros began his business career by taking various jobs at merchant banks in the United Kingdom and then the United States , before starting his first hedge fund , Double Eagle , in 1969 . Profits from his first fund furnished the seed money to start Soros Fund Management , his second hedge fund , in 1970 . Double Eagle was renamed to Quantum Fund and was the principal firm Soros advised . At its founding , Quantum Fund had $ 12 million in assets under management , and as of 2011 [ update ] it had $ 25 billion , the majority of Soros 's overall net worth . Soros is known as The Man Who Broke the Bank of England because of his short sale of US $ 10 billion worth of pounds sterling , which made him a profit of $ 1 billion during the 1992 Black Wednesday UK currency crisis . Based on his early studies of philosophy , Soros formulated an application of Karl Popper 's General Theory of Reflexivity to capital markets , which he claims renders a clear picture of asset bubbles and fundamental/market value of securities , as well as value discrepancies used for shorting and swapping stocks . Soros is a well-known supporter of progressive and liberal political causes , to which he dispenses donations through his foundation , the Open Society Foundations . Between 1979 and 2011 , he donated more than $ 11 billion to various philanthropic causes ; by 2017 , his donations on civil initiatives to reduce poverty and increase transparency , and on scholarships and universities around the world totaled $ 12 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'Philip Jaffe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Jaffe', 'summary': 'Philip Jacob Jaffe ( March 20 , 1895 - December 10 , 1980 ) was a left-wing American businessman , editor and author . He was born in Ukraine and moved to New York City as a child . He became the owner of a profitable greeting card company . In the 1930s Jaffe became interested in Communism and edited two journals associated with the Communist Party USA . He is known for the 1945 Amerasia affair , in which the FBI found classified documents in the offices of his Amerasia magazine that had been given to him by State Department employee John S. Service . He received a minimal sentence due to OSS/FBI bungling of the investigation , but there were continued reviews of the affair by Congress into the 1950s . He later wrote about the rise and decline of the Communist Party in the USA .'}]}, {'value': 'POLY , 1913-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Polytechnic_Institute', 'summary': "The New York University Tandon School of Engineering ( commonly referred to as Tandon ) is the engineering and applied science school of New York University . Tandon is the second oldest private engineering and technology school in the United States . The school dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions , the University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute , were founded . The school was renamed in 2015 in honor of NYU Trustees Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon following their donation of $ 100 million to the school . The school 's main campus is in Brooklyn 's MetroTech Center , an urban academic-industrial research park . It is one of several engineering schools that were founded based on a European polytechnic university model in the 1800s , in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States . It has been a key center of research in the development of microwave , wireless , radar , electronics in general , polymers , industrial engineering and operations research and the US space program ."}]}, {'value': "Co-founder of Amerasia ' involved in the 1945 Amerasia espionage affair", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amerasia', 'summary': 'Amerasia was a journal of Far Eastern affairs best known for the 1940s Amerasia Affair in which several of its staff and their contacts were suspected of espionage and charged with unauthorized possession of government documents .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amerasia', 'summary': 'Amerasia was a journal of Far Eastern affairs best known for the 1940s Amerasia Affair in which several of its staff and their contacts were suspected of espionage and charged with unauthorized possession of government documents .'}]}, {'value': 'Ursula Burns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ursula_Burns', 'summary': "Ursula M. Burns ( born September 20 , 1958 ) , is an American businesswoman . She is the chairman and CEO of VEON , a senior advisor to Teneo , and a non-executive director of Diageo since April 2018 . She is also a member of the board of directors of Uber . In 2009 , Burns became CEO of Xerox , the first among black women to be a CEO of a Fortune 500 company , and the first woman to succeed another as head of a Fortune 500 company . Burns served as CEO of Xerox from 2009 to 2016 and Xerox chairwoman from 2010 to 2017 . In 2014 , Forbes rated her the 22nd most powerful woman in the world . Among other civic positions , she was a leader of the STEM program of the White House from 2009 to 2016 , and head of the President 's Export Council from 2015 until 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'POLY , B.S. , 1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_New_York_University', 'summary': "The New York University Tandon School of Engineering ( commonly referred to as Tandon ) is the engineering and applied science school of New York University . Tandon is the second oldest private engineering and technology school in the United States . The school dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions , the University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute , were founded . The school was renamed in 2015 in honor of NYU Trustees Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon following their donation of $ 100 million to the school . The school 's main campus is in Brooklyn 's MetroTech Center , an urban academic-industrial research park . It is one of several engineering schools that were founded based on a European polytechnic university model in the 1800s , in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States . It has been a key center of research in the development of microwave , wireless , radar , electronics in general , polymers , industrial engineering and operations research and the US space program ."}]}, {'value': 'Chairman and CEO of Xerox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xerox', 'summary': "Xerox Holdings Corporation ( /ˈzɪərɒks/ ; also known as Xerox ) is an American global corporation that sells print and digital document products and services in more than 160 countries . Xerox is headquartered in Norwalk , Connecticut ( having moved from Stamford , Connecticut , in October 2007 ) , though its largest population of employees is based around Rochester , New York , the area in which the company was founded . The company purchased Affiliated Computer Services for $ 6.4 billion in early 2010 . As a large developed company , it is consistently placed in the list of Fortune 500 companies . On December 31 , 2016 , Xerox separated its business process service operations , essentially those operations acquired with the purchase of Affiliated Computer Services , into a new publicly traded company , Conduent . Xerox focuses on its document technology and document outsourcing business , and continues to trade on the NYSE . Researchers at Xerox and its Palo Alto Research Center invented several important elements of personal computing , such as the desktop metaphor GUI , the computer mouse and desktop computing . The concepts were adopted by Apple and later Microsoft . Xerox did release the 6085 desktop publishing system in 1986 ( before IBM and Microsoft ) , but an inferior operating system , obsolete hard drive ( a 20MB drive weighed over 40lbs/18kg ) , and weak software ( documents paginated at one per second ) , doomed the model , as Apple and Microsoft 's hardware and OS software offered much greater functionality . Xerox also released a 4045 desktop laser printer whose cartridges could print 50,000 pages ( instead of 5,000 ) , but the model never caught on , and Xerox abandoned future efforts to focus more on its core businesses . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Charles Ranlett Flint', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Ranlett_Flint', 'summary': 'Charles Ranlett Flint ( January 24 , 1850 - February 26 , 1934 ) was the founder of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company which later became IBM . For his financial dealings he earned the moniker Father of Trusts .'}]}, {'value': 'POLY , B.S. , 1868', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_New_York_University', 'summary': "The New York University Tandon School of Engineering ( commonly referred to as Tandon ) is the engineering and applied science school of New York University . Tandon is the second oldest private engineering and technology school in the United States . The school dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions , the University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute , were founded . The school was renamed in 2015 in honor of NYU Trustees Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon following their donation of $ 100 million to the school . The school 's main campus is in Brooklyn 's MetroTech Center , an urban academic-industrial research park . It is one of several engineering schools that were founded based on a European polytechnic university model in the 1800s , in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States . It has been a key center of research in the development of microwave , wireless , radar , electronics in general , polymers , industrial engineering and operations research and the US space program ."}]}, {'value': 'Founder of IBM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IBM', 'summary': "The International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM ) is an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk , New York , with operations in over 170 countries . The company began in 1911 , founded in Endicott , New York , as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company ( CTR ) and was renamed International Business Machines in 1924 . IBM is incorporated in New York . IBM produces and sells computer hardware , middleware and software , and provides hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology . IBM is also a major research organization , holding the record for most U.S. patents generated by a business ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) for 27 consecutive years . Inventions by IBM include the automated teller machine ( ATM ) , the floppy disk , the hard disk drive , the magnetic stripe card , the relational database , the SQL programming language , the UPC barcode , and dynamic random-access memory ( DRAM ) . The IBM mainframe , exemplified by the System/360 , was the dominant computing platform during the 1960s and 1970s . IBM has continually shifted business operations by focusing on higher-value , more profitable markets . This includes spinning off printer manufacturer Lexmark in 1991 and the sale of personal computer ( ThinkPad/ThinkCentre ) and x86-based server businesses to Lenovo ( in 2005 and 2014 , respectively ) , and acquiring companies such as PwC Consulting ( 2002 ) , SPSS ( 2009 ) , The Weather Company ( 2016 ) , and Red Hat ( 2019 ) . Also in 2015 , IBM announced that it would go fabless , continuing to design semiconductors , but offloading manufacturing to GlobalFoundries . Nicknamed Big Blue , IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the world 's largest employers , with ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) over 350,000 employees , known as IBMers . At least 70% of IBMers are based outside the United States , and the country with the largest number of IBMers is India ."}]}, {'value': 'Steven W. Giovinco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TSOA , MA , 1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder , Recover Reputation , Online reputation management and repair', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvey R. Blau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey_R._Blau', 'summary': 'Harvey R. Blau ( November 14 , 1935 - January 19 , 2018 ) was an American attorney and business executive . He was the Chairman of the Board and former CEO of Griffon Corporation ( formerly Instrument Systems Corporation ) . He became a practicing attorney in New York in 1961 , and in 1966 was the founding partner of the law firm Blau Kramer Wactlar & Lieberman PC in Jericho , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'A.B . ; LLM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chairman and former CEO of Griffon Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Griffon_Corporation', 'summary': "Griffon Corporation is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in New York City . The company conducts its operations through five subsidiaries : The AMES Companies , ClosetMaid , Clopay Building Products , CornellCookson , and Telephonics Corporation . Griffon has been publicly traded since 1961 and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange as a component stock of the S & P SmallCap 600 , S & P Composite 1500 , and Russell 2000 indices . Griffon operates as a diversified management and holding company conducting business through wholly owned subsidiaries . Griffon oversees the operations of its subsidiaries , allocates resources among them , and manages their capital structures . Griffon provides direction and assistance to its subsidiaries in connection with acquisition and growth opportunities as well as in connection with divestitures . In order to further diversify , Griffon also seeks out , evaluates and , when appropriate , will acquire additional businesses that offer potentially attractive returns on capital . Griffon 's subsidiaries are industry leaders in their respective fields . The AMES Companies is a leading global manufacturer of non-powered lawn and garden tools and accessories . ClosetMaid is a leading North American manufacturer and distributor of wood and wire home storage and organization products . Clopay Building Products is a leading manufacturer of residential and commercial sectional doors , and is North America 's largest manufacturer of residential garage doors . CornellCookson is a leader in the manufacture of commercial rolling steel doors and security grilles in North America ."}]}, {'value': 'Ronald Kramer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_Kramer_(business)', 'summary': 'Ronald J. Ron Kramer ( born 1958 ) is an American business executive . He is the Chairman and CEO of Griffon Corporation , a conglomerate holding company headquartered in New York , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Stern , MBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business ( commonly referred to as Stern ) is the business school of New York University . It is also a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business . Established as the School of Commerce , Accounts and Finance in 1900 , the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern , an alumnus and benefactor of the school . One of the most prestigious business schools in the world , it is also one of the oldest . The school is located on NYU 's Greenwich Village campus next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . Its alumni include some of the wealthiest in the world , as well as top business leaders and executives ."}]}, {'value': 'CEO of Griffon Corporation ; former president and director of Wynn Resorts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Griffon_Corporation', 'summary': "Griffon Corporation is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in New York City . The company conducts its operations through five subsidiaries : The AMES Companies , ClosetMaid , Clopay Building Products , CornellCookson , and Telephonics Corporation . Griffon has been publicly traded since 1961 and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange as a component stock of the S & P SmallCap 600 , S & P Composite 1500 , and Russell 2000 indices . Griffon operates as a diversified management and holding company conducting business through wholly owned subsidiaries . Griffon oversees the operations of its subsidiaries , allocates resources among them , and manages their capital structures . Griffon provides direction and assistance to its subsidiaries in connection with acquisition and growth opportunities as well as in connection with divestitures . In order to further diversify , Griffon also seeks out , evaluates and , when appropriate , will acquire additional businesses that offer potentially attractive returns on capital . Griffon 's subsidiaries are industry leaders in their respective fields . The AMES Companies is a leading global manufacturer of non-powered lawn and garden tools and accessories . ClosetMaid is a leading North American manufacturer and distributor of wood and wire home storage and organization products . Clopay Building Products is a leading manufacturer of residential and commercial sectional doors , and is North America 's largest manufacturer of residential garage doors . CornellCookson is a leader in the manufacture of commercial rolling steel doors and security grilles in North America ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wynn_Resorts', 'summary': 'Wynn Resorts Ltd. is an American publicly traded corporation based in Paradise , Nevada that is a developer and operator of high end hotels and casinos . It was founded in 2002 by former Mirage Resorts Chairman and CEO Steve Wynn , and is now run by CEO Matthew Maddox . As of 2020 [ update ] , the company has developed six properties .'}]}, {'value': 'James B. Rosenwald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_B._Rosenwald', 'summary': 'James B. Rosenwald III ( born January 19 , 1958 ) is the co-founder and managing partner of Dalton Investments LLC , an asset management company headquartered in Santa Monica , California , and adjunct professor at Stern School of Business at New York University . He has more than thirty years of investment experience in the Pacific Rim area .'}]}, {'value': 'Stern , MBA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business ( commonly referred to as Stern ) is the business school of New York University . It is also a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business . Established as the School of Commerce , Accounts and Finance in 1900 , the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern , an alumnus and benefactor of the school . One of the most prestigious business schools in the world , it is also one of the oldest . The school is located on NYU 's Greenwich Village campus next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . Its alumni include some of the wealthiest in the world , as well as top business leaders and executives ."}]}, {'value': 'Co-founder and managing partner of Dalton Investments LLC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James M. Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_M._Henderson', 'summary': 'James Marvin Henderson , Sr. ( March 28 , 1921 - October 31 , 1995 ) , was a pioneering advertising executive in the American South and a figure in the South Carolina Republican Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Graduate studies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founder of Henderson Advertising Agency in Greenville , South Carolina ; Republican candidate for Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina in 1970', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina', 'summary': "Greenville ( /ˈɡriːnvɪl/ ; locally /ˈɡriːnvəl/ ) is a city in and the seat of Greenville County , South Carolina , United States . The city 's mayor is Knox H. White , who has been in that position since December 1995 . With an estimated population of 68,219 as of 2017 , it is the sixth-largest city in the state . The population of the surrounding area was 400,492 as of 2010 , making it the third-largest urban area in South Carolina as well as the fastest growing . Greenville is the largest city in the Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin Metropolitan Statistical Area . The MSA had a population of 906,626 in 2018 , making it the largest in South Carolina and the third largest in the Carolinas . Greenville is the largest city in the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Combined Statistical Area , a 10-county region of northwestern South Carolina known as The Upstate . According to United States Census Bureau , the CSA had a population of 1,478,658 as of 2018 , making it the largest CSA in the state . Greenville is located approximately halfway between Atlanta and Charlotte , North Carolina , along Interstate 85 , and its metropolitan area also includes Interstates 185 and 385 . Greenville was the fourth fastest-growing city in the United States between 2015 and 2016 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_South_Carolina', 'summary': "The Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina is the second-in-command to the Governor of South Carolina . Other than the responsibility to act or serve as governor in the event of the office 's vacancy , the duties of the lieutenant governor are chiefly ceremonial . The current lieutenant governor is Pamela Evette , who took office on January 9 , 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Arthur C. Martinez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_C._Martinez', 'summary': "Arthur C. Martinez is a businessman , former CEO of Sears , who is best known as the person who led a turnaround of Sears , Roebuck , and Company in the 1990s . Prior to joining Sears , Martinez worked for several companies , including RCA Records . He entered the retail business in 1980 when he became the chief financial officer for Saks Fifth Avenue . In 1992 Martinez became the head of the Sears Merchandise Group and three years later he became the chief executive officer of Sears , Roebuck , and Company . During his eight-year tenure at Sears , Martinez initiated a major overhaul of the company 's operations and made the company profitable again . He is best known for changing the company 's marketing strategy to focus on women as well as men . Martinez retired in 2000 , although he continues to serve on the boards of directors for several businesses . He graduated from New York University Tandon School of Engineering with an undergraduate degree and also received an MBA from Harvard University ."}]}, {'value': 'POLY , B.S. , 1960', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_New_York_University', 'summary': "The New York University Tandon School of Engineering ( commonly referred to as Tandon ) is the engineering and applied science school of New York University . Tandon is the second oldest private engineering and technology school in the United States . The school dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions , the University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute , were founded . The school was renamed in 2015 in honor of NYU Trustees Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon following their donation of $ 100 million to the school . The school 's main campus is in Brooklyn 's MetroTech Center , an urban academic-industrial research park . It is one of several engineering schools that were founded based on a European polytechnic university model in the 1800s , in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States . It has been a key center of research in the development of microwave , wireless , radar , electronics in general , polymers , industrial engineering and operations research and the US space program ."}]}, {'value': 'Former Chairman and CEO of Sears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sears', 'summary': 'Sears , Roebuck and Company , colloquially known as Sears , is an American chain of department stores founded by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck in 1893 , and was reincorporated by Richard Sears and Julius Rosenwald in 1906 . Formerly based at the Sears Tower in Chicago and currently headquartered in Hoffman Estates , Illinois , the operation began as a mail ordering catalog company and began opening retail locations in 1925 . The first location was in Chicago , Illinois . In 2005 , the company was bought by the management of the American big box chain Kmart , which formed Sears Holdings upon completion of the merger . In the 1980s and earlier , Sears was the largest retailer in the United States until Walmart and Kmart surpassed Sears in sales in 1990 . In 2018 , Sears was the 31st-largest retailer in the United States . After several years of declining sales , its parent company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on October 15 , 2018 . Sears announced on January 16 , 2019 that it had won its bankruptcy auction and would shrink and remain open with 425 stores . Nevertheless , the trend of store closures of Sears and Kmart stores continues as of February 2020 [ update ] , expected to leave 130 by May 2020 ( excluding 380+ Sears Hometown stores ) . [ failed verification ]'}]}, {'value': 'Stewart G. Nagler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'POLY , B.S. , 1963', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_New_York_University', 'summary': "The New York University Tandon School of Engineering ( commonly referred to as Tandon ) is the engineering and applied science school of New York University . Tandon is the second oldest private engineering and technology school in the United States . The school dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions , the University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute , were founded . The school was renamed in 2015 in honor of NYU Trustees Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon following their donation of $ 100 million to the school . The school 's main campus is in Brooklyn 's MetroTech Center , an urban academic-industrial research park . It is one of several engineering schools that were founded based on a European polytechnic university model in the 1800s , in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States . It has been a key center of research in the development of microwave , wireless , radar , electronics in general , polymers , industrial engineering and operations research and the US space program ."}]}, {'value': 'Vice Chairman , CFO and Director of MetLife', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MetLife', 'summary': "MetLife , Inc. is the holding corporation for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company ( MLIC ) , better known as MetLife , and its affiliates . MetLife is among the largest global providers of insurance , annuities , and employee benefit programs , with 90 million customers in over 60 countries . The firm was founded on March 24 , 1868 . MetLife ranked No . 43 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . On January 6 , 1915 , MetLife completed the mutualization process , changing from a stock life insurance company owned by individuals to a mutual company operating without external shareholders and for the benefit of policyholders . After 85 years as a mutual company , MetLife demutualized into a publicly traded company with an initial public offering in 2000 . Through its subsidiaries and affiliates , MetLife holds leading market positions in the United States , Japan , Latin America , Asia 's Pacific region , Europe , and the Middle East . MetLife serves 90 of the largest Fortune 500 companies . The company 's principal offices are located at 200 Park Avenue , New York City in Midtown Manhattan , New York City , though it retains some executive offices and its boardroom in the MetLife Building , located at 200 Park Avenue , New York City , which it sold in 2005 . In January 2016 , the company announced that it would spin off its U.S. retail business , including individual life insurance and annuities for the retail market , in a separate company called Brighthouse Financial , which launched in March 2017 . The continuing MetLife company kept naming rights to MetLife Stadium in northern New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert J. Stevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_J._Stevens', 'summary': 'Robert J. Stevens ( born 1951 ) , is a retired executive chairman of Lockheed Martin . He was the chairman , president and chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Lockheed Martin from 2004 until 2013 , when Marillyn Hewson became CEO and president .'}]}, {'value': 'POLY , M.S. , 1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_New_York_University', 'summary': "The New York University Tandon School of Engineering ( commonly referred to as Tandon ) is the engineering and applied science school of New York University . Tandon is the second oldest private engineering and technology school in the United States . The school dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions , the University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute , were founded . The school was renamed in 2015 in honor of NYU Trustees Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon following their donation of $ 100 million to the school . The school 's main campus is in Brooklyn 's MetroTech Center , an urban academic-industrial research park . It is one of several engineering schools that were founded based on a European polytechnic university model in the 1800s , in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States . It has been a key center of research in the development of microwave , wireless , radar , electronics in general , polymers , industrial engineering and operations research and the US space program ."}]}, {'value': 'Chairman , President and CEO of Lockheed Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lockheed_Martin', 'summary': "Lockheed Martin Corporation is an American global aerospace , defense , security , and advanced technologies company with worldwide interests . It was formed by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta in March 1995 . It is headquartered in North Bethesda , Maryland , in the Washington , D.C. , area . Lockheed Martin employs approximately 110,000 people worldwide as of January 2020 . Lockheed Martin is one of the largest companies in the aerospace , defense , security , and technologies industry . It is the world 's largest defense contractor , based on revenue for fiscal year 2014 . In 2013 , 78% of Lockheed Martin 's revenues came from military sales ; it topped the list of US federal government contractors and received nearly 10% of the funds paid out by the Pentagon . In 2009 , US government contracts accounted for $ 38.4 billion ( 85% ) , foreign government contracts for $ 5.8 billion ( 13% ) , and commercial and other contracts for $ 900 million ( 2% ) . Lockheed Martin operates in four business segments : Aeronautics , Missiles and Fire Control ( MFC ) , Rotary and Mission Systems ( RMS ) , and Space . The company has received the Collier Trophy six times , including in 2001 for being part of developing the X-35/F-35B LiftFan Propulsion System and most recently in 2018 for the Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System ( Auto-GCAS ) . Lockheed Martin is currently developing the F-35 Lightning II and leads the international supply chain , leads the team for the development and implementation of technology solutions for the new USAF Space Fence ( AFSSS replacement ) , and is the primary contractor for the development of the Orion command module . The company also invests in healthcare systems , renewable energy systems , intelligent energy distribution , and compact nuclear fusion ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward H. Bersoff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_H._Bersoff', 'summary': "Edward H. Bersoff founded BTG , Inc. and served as its Chief Executive and President until 2001 , when he sold the company to Titan Corporation . He was elected to the board of Titan in February 2002 , and holds board positions with a number of other organizations . Prior to founding BTG in 1982 , Bersoff was President of CTEC , Inc . Previously , as an officer in the U.S. Army , he was assigned to the NASA 's Electronics Research Center in Cambridge , Massachusetts . He taught mathematics at New York University , Kingsborough Community College in New York , Northeastern University , Boston University and American University . [ citation needed ] Bersoff serves as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Virginia Economic Development Partnership , and serves by appointment of Virginia Governor George Allen on the Joint Subcommittee to Study Capital Access and Business Financing . [ citation needed ] He is the chairman of Greenwich Associates . Bersoff holds A.B. , M.S . and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics from New York University ."}]}, {'value': 'Courant , B.A. , M.A. , Ph.D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chairman , Greenwich Associates', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thor Bjorgolfsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thor_Bjorgolfsson', 'summary': "Björgólfur Thor Björgólfsson ( born 19 March 1967 in Reykjavík , Iceland ) , known internationally as Thor Bjorgolfsson , and colloquially in Iceland as Bjöggi , is an Icelandic businessman and entrepreneur , and former chairman of Straumur-Burðarás and chairman of Novator Partners . As of June 2019 , he is the richest person in Iceland and 1,115th richest person in the world according to Forbes . Björgólfur has invested in a number of larger companies and smaller startups , including Play - a Polish telecom outfit , Rebag - the luxury handbag marketplace , and Zwift - an online platform for indoor cycling . Other companies invested in by Björgólfur and Novator include Xantis Pharma , Klang , and Lockwood Publishing . Björgólfur was the first Icelander to join Forbes magazine 's list of the world 's richest people in 2005 ; has been declared Iceland 's first billionaire ; and was ranked as the 249th-richest person in the world by Forbes magazine in 2007 - up from 350th the previous year - with a net worth of $ 3.5 billion . However , due to the financial crisis of 2007-2010 , Björgólfur 's lost close to his entire fortune and he faced personal bankruptcy with more than $ 1 billion in debt . He then worked out a complex deal with his creditors to pay off his debts while holding on to his key investments . Björgólfur published an autobiography in 2014 about the ordeal and how he was able to work his way back to success . Subsequently , on March 20 , 2017 , Forbes estimated his net worth at $ 1.81 billion ."}]}, {'value': 'Stern , B.S. , 1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business ( commonly referred to as Stern ) is the business school of New York University . It is also a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business . Established as the School of Commerce , Accounts and Finance in 1900 , the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern , an alumnus and benefactor of the school . One of the most prestigious business schools in the world , it is also one of the oldest . The school is located on NYU 's Greenwich Village campus next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . Its alumni include some of the wealthiest in the world , as well as top business leaders and executives ."}]}, {'value': "Icelandic businessman and entrepreneur ; known as Iceland 's first billionaire", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walter Nils Frank', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business', 'summary': "The New York University Leonard N. Stern School of Business ( commonly referred to as Stern ) is the business school of New York University . It is also a founding member of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business . Established as the School of Commerce , Accounts and Finance in 1900 , the school changed its name in 1988 in honor of Leonard N. Stern , an alumnus and benefactor of the school . One of the most prestigious business schools in the world , it is also one of the oldest . The school is located on NYU 's Greenwich Village campus next to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . Its alumni include some of the wealthiest in the world , as well as top business leaders and executives ."}]}, {'value': 'Chairman of the board of governors of the New York Stock Exchange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange', 'summary': "The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE , nicknamed The Big Board ) is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street , Lower Manhattan , New York City , New York . It is by far the world 's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US $ 30.1 trillion as of February 2018 . The average daily trading value was approximately US $ 169 billion in 2013 . The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading . A fifth trading room , located at 30 Broad Street , was closed in February 2007 . The main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978 . The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange , an American holding company that it also lists ( NYSE : ICE ) . Previously , it was part of NYSE Euronext ( NYX ) , which was formed by the NYSE 's 2007 merger with Euronext ."}]}, {'value': 'David Boies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Boies', 'summary': "David Boies ( /bɔɪz/ ; born March 11 , 1941 ) is an American lawyer and chairman of the law firm Boies , Schiller & Flexner . Boies rose to national prominence for three major cases : leading the U.S. federal government 's successful prosecution of Microsoft in United States v. Microsoft Corp. , his unsuccessful representation of Democratic presidential candidate Al Gore in Bush v. Gore , and for successful representation of the plaintiff in Hollingsworth v. Perry , which invalidated California Proposition 8 banning same-sex marriage . Boies has defended numerous other high-profile clients in the United States , including Theranos , tobacco companies , and Harvey Weinstein ."}]}, {'value': 'Law L.L.M. , 1967', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law', 'summary': "The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University . Established in 1835 , it is the oldest law school in New York City . The school offers J.D. , LL.M. , and J.S.D . degrees in law , and is located in Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan . NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious law schools in the world . U.S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation . It is currently ranked the 4th best law school in the world by Shanghai 's Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) by subject Law . NYU Law is also consistently ranked in the top 10 by the QS World University Rankings . Nationally , it is ranked 1st in the country in both international law and tax law by U.S. News & World Report . NYU Law boasts the best overall faculty in the U.S. according to a recent study , with leading renowned experts in all fields of law . NYU Law is well known for its orientation toward public interest law . Its Root-Tilden-Kern program is a public interest law fellowship ."}]}, {'value': 'Founder and Chairman , Boies , Schiller & Flexner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boies,_Schiller_&_Flexner', 'summary': "Boies Schiller Flexner LLP is a national law firm based in New York City . The firm was founded by David Boies and Jonathan D. Schiller in 1997 , and in 1999 , the founders were joined by Donald L. Flexner , former partner with Crowell & Moring , forming Boies , Schiller & Flexner . The firm has become known for its involvement in high-profile litigation , having represented the Department of Justice in the antitrust action United States v. Microsoft , as well as Vice President Gore in the Supreme Court case Bush v. Gore . More recently , Boies successfully challenged the constitutionality of California 's Proposition 8 in Perry v. Brown , and represented the National Football League in the antitrust litigation initiated by the players ' union . The firm has drawn controversy for its aggressive tactics during representation of Harvey Weinstein amidst sexual abuse allegations and the now-defunct blood testing startup Theranos ."}]}, {'value': 'Jake Burton Carpenter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jake_Burton_Carpenter', 'summary': 'Jake Burton Carpenter ( April 29 , 1954 - November 20 , 2019 ) , also known as Jake Burton , was an American snowboarder and founder of Burton Snowboards and one of the inventors of the modern day snowboard . He grew up in Cedarhurst , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'economics degree 1977 WSUC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Economics', 'summary': 'Economics ( /ɛkəˈnɒmɪks , iːkə-/ ) is the social science that studies how individuals , organizations , and societies manage the scarce resources under their control for the satisfaction of their needs and desires . Economics focuses on the behavior and interactions of economic agents and how those interactions work particularly and as a whole . Microeconomics analyzes individual agents , industries and markets , their interactions , and the outcomes of their interactions . Individual agents may include , for example , households , firms , buyers , and sellers . Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy ( meaning aggregated production , consumption , saving , and investment ) and issues affecting it , including unemployment of resources ( labor , capital , and land ) , inflation , economic growth , and the public policies that address these issues ( monetary , fiscal , and other policies ) . See glossary of economics . Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics , describing what is , and normative economics , advocating what ought to be ; between economic theory and applied economics ; between rational and behavioural economics ; and between mainstream economics and heterodox economics . Economic analysis can be applied throughout society , in real estate , business , finance , health care , and government . Economic analysis is sometimes also applied to such diverse subjects as crime , education , the family , law , politics , religion , social institutions , war , science , and the environment .'}]}, {'value': 'Designer of modern snowboard and founder of Burton Snowboards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snowboard', 'summary': 'Snowboards are boards where both feet are secured to the same board , which are wider than skis , with the ability to glide on snow . Snowboards widths are between 6 and 12 inches or 15 to 30 centimeters . Snowboards are differentiated from monoskis by the stance of the user . In monoskiing , the user stands with feet inline with direction of travel ( facing tip of monoski/downhill ) ( parallel to long axis of board ) , whereas in snowboarding , users stand with feet transverse ( more or less ) to the longitude of the board . Users of such equipment may be referred to as snowboarders . Commercial snowboards generally require extra equipment such as bindings and special boots which help secure both feet of a snowboarder , who generally rides in an upright position . These types of boards are commonly used by people at ski hills or resorts for leisure , entertainment , and competitive purposes in the activity called snowboarding .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Burton_Snowboards', 'summary': "Burton Snowboards is a manufacturer of snowboards , founded by Jake Burton Carpenter in 1977 , the company specializes in a product line aimed at snowboarders : snowboards , bindings , boots , outerwear , and accessories . The company 's flagship store is in Burlington , Vermont . The company was privately owned by Burton and his wife , Donna Carpenter , who has been active in the business since 1983 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Business', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_New_York_University_alumni_6', 'intro': "New York University (NYU) is one of the world's premier residential research and teaching institutions. This partial list of notable New York University alumni includes a sampling of the many graduates who are leaders in their respective fields, non-graduate former students, fictional students, and current students of New York University. The list is abridged - only a representative few are listed. NYU ranks 7th among the World's top 100 universities for producing millionaires, as compiled by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. NYU ranks 5th globally among universities with the highest number of alumni worth $30 million or more, as compiled by ABC News. CNBC ranks NYU 4th globally among universities with the most billionaire graduates. National Academy of Inventors ranks NYU 19th in the world based on the number of patents generated. In 2016, a study based on a computerized analysis of the number of times institutions of higher education are mentioned in Wikipedia and the number of times people search for them on Google, ranked NYU #19 among all universities in the world. NYU also is the second top feeder school for analyst careers in finance and investment banking, after University of Pennsylvania, on Wall Street."}
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To what country did the Israeli-American founder and former CEO of a company that developed and marketed telecommunications software , flee after he was charged on multiple accounts of fraud ?
Namibia
0b05ef0d04a3355e
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Piave', 'title': 'Francesco Maria Piave', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Composer'], 'data': [{'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Il duca d'Alba", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Pacini ( Libretto also used by Giovanni Peruzzini )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini', 'summary': "Giovanni Pacini ( 17 February 1796 - 6 December 1867 ) was an Italian composer , best known for his operas . Pacini was born in Catania , Sicily , the son of the buffo Luigi Pacini , who was to appear in the premieres of many of Giovanni 's operas . The family was of Tuscan origin , living in Catania when the composer was born . His first 25 or so operas were written when Gioachino Rossini dominated the Italian operatic stage . But Pacini 's operas were rather superficial , a fact which , later , he candidly admitted in his Memoirs . For some years he held the post of director of the Teatro San Carlo in Naples . Later , retiring to Viareggio to found a school of music , Pacini took time to assess the state of opera in Italy and , during a five-year period during which he stopped composing , laid out his ideas in his Memoirs . Like Saverio Mercadante , who also reassessed the strength and weaknesses of this period in opera , Pacini 's style did change , but he quickly became eclipsed by the rising influence of Giuseppe Verdi on the Italian operatic scene , and many of his operas appeared to be old fashioned and rarely , if ever , appeared outside of Italy . Pacini 's work is largely forgotten today , although some recordings do exist ."}]}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernani', 'summary': "Ernani is an operatic dramma lirico in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave , based on the play Hernani by Victor Hugo . Verdi was commissioned by the Teatro La Fenice in Venice to write an opera , but finding the right subject took some time , and the composer worked with the inexperienced Piave in shaping first one and then another drama by Hugo into an acceptable libretto . As musicologist Roger Parker notes , the composer intervened on several important points , insisting for example that the role of Ernani be sung by a tenor ( rather than by a contralto as had originally been planned ) . Ernani was first performed on 9 March 1844 and it was immensely popular , and was revived countless times during its early years . It became Verdi 's most popular opera until it was superseded by Il trovatore after 1853 . In 1904 it became the first opera to be recorded completely ."}]}, {'value': 'Giuseppe Verdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}]}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I due Foscari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_due_Foscari', 'summary': "I due Foscari ( The Two Foscari ) is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave , based on a historical play , The Two Foscari by Lord Byron . After his success with Ernani , Verdi received a commission from Rome 's Teatro Argentina and he went to work with Piave in considering two subjects , one of which eventually became this opera . I due Foscari was given its premiere performance in Rome on 3 November 1844 and was generally quite successful , although not on the scale of Ernani , which remained Verdi 's most popular opera until Il trovatore in 1853 ."}]}, {'value': 'Giuseppe Verdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}]}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Lorenzino de ' Medici", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Pacini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini', 'summary': "Giovanni Pacini ( 17 February 1796 - 6 December 1867 ) was an Italian composer , best known for his operas . Pacini was born in Catania , Sicily , the son of the buffo Luigi Pacini , who was to appear in the premieres of many of Giovanni 's operas . The family was of Tuscan origin , living in Catania when the composer was born . His first 25 or so operas were written when Gioachino Rossini dominated the Italian operatic stage . But Pacini 's operas were rather superficial , a fact which , later , he candidly admitted in his Memoirs . For some years he held the post of director of the Teatro San Carlo in Naples . Later , retiring to Viareggio to found a school of music , Pacini took time to assess the state of opera in Italy and , during a five-year period during which he stopped composing , laid out his ideas in his Memoirs . Like Saverio Mercadante , who also reassessed the strength and weaknesses of this period in opera , Pacini 's style did change , but he quickly became eclipsed by the rising influence of Giuseppe Verdi on the Italian operatic scene , and many of his operas appeared to be old fashioned and rarely , if ever , appeared outside of Italy . Pacini 's work is largely forgotten today , although some recordings do exist ."}]}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Attila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attila_(opera)', 'summary': "Attila is an opera in a prologue and three acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Temistocle Solera , based on the 1809 play Attila , König der Hunnen ( Attila , King of the Huns ) by Zacharias Werner . The opera received its first performance at La Fenice in Venice on 17 March 1846 . Ezio 's act 2 aria of heroic resolution È gettata la mia sorte ( My lot is cast , I am prepared for any warfare ) is a fine example of a characteristic Verdian genre , and it achieved fame in its own time with audiences in the context of the adoption of a liberal constitution by Ferdinand II . Other contemporary comment praised the work as suitable for the political education of the people , while , in contrast , others criticised the opera as Teutonic in nature ."}]}, {'value': 'Giuseppe Verdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}]}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estella di Murcia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Federico Ricci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federico_Ricci', 'summary': "Federico Ricci ( 22 October 1809 - 10 December 1877 ) , was an Italian composer , particularly of operas . Born in Naples , he was the younger brother of Luigi Ricci , with whom he collaborated on several works . Federico studied at Naples as had his brother . His first big success was with La prigione di Edimburgo , one of his best serious works . He stayed with serious subjects for several years , and of these Corrado d'Altamura was a particular success . However , his last collaboration with his brother , a comedy called Crispino e la comare , was hailed as the masterpiece of both composers , so Federico devoted himself thereafter entirely to comedy . After another success closely followed by a major flop in Vienna , Federico took an official job teaching in St Petersburg and for 16 years he wrote no operas . In 1869 he moved to Paris , and there Une folie à Rome ran for 77 nights ; other French comedies of his - mainly revisions of his own and his brother 's earlier works - found some success . He also contributed the Recordare Jesu in the Sequentia to the Messa per Rossini . In 1870 for Cremona he created a pastiche , La vergine di Kermo , containing music by Pedrotti , Cagnoni , Ponchielli , Pacini , Rossi , and Mazzucato . Although he did not have his brother 's energy , Federico 's scores are judged by some to be more skilfully written than Luigi 's : for example , it has been said that La prigione di Edimburgo shows a sensitivity towards its subject ( from Sir Walter Scott 's The Heart of Midlothian ) that is rare among Italian operas of the period . He died in Conegliano ."}]}, {'value': '1847', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Griselda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Federico Ricci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federico_Ricci', 'summary': "Federico Ricci ( 22 October 1809 - 10 December 1877 ) , was an Italian composer , particularly of operas . Born in Naples , he was the younger brother of Luigi Ricci , with whom he collaborated on several works . Federico studied at Naples as had his brother . His first big success was with La prigione di Edimburgo , one of his best serious works . He stayed with serious subjects for several years , and of these Corrado d'Altamura was a particular success . However , his last collaboration with his brother , a comedy called Crispino e la comare , was hailed as the masterpiece of both composers , so Federico devoted himself thereafter entirely to comedy . After another success closely followed by a major flop in Vienna , Federico took an official job teaching in St Petersburg and for 16 years he wrote no operas . In 1869 he moved to Paris , and there Une folie à Rome ran for 77 nights ; other French comedies of his - mainly revisions of his own and his brother 's earlier works - found some success . He also contributed the Recordare Jesu in the Sequentia to the Messa per Rossini . In 1870 for Cremona he created a pastiche , La vergine di Kermo , containing music by Pedrotti , Cagnoni , Ponchielli , Pacini , Rossi , and Mazzucato . Although he did not have his brother 's energy , Federico 's scores are judged by some to be more skilfully written than Luigi 's : for example , it has been said that La prigione di Edimburgo shows a sensitivity towards its subject ( from Sir Walter Scott 's The Heart of Midlothian ) that is rare among Italian operas of the period . He died in Conegliano ."}]}, {'value': '1847', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macbeth ( first version )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macbeth_(opera)', 'summary': "Macbeth ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈmakbet ; makˈbɛt ] ) is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi , with an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave and additions by Andrea Maffei , based on William Shakespeare 's play of the same name . Written for the Teatro della Pergola in Florence , it was Verdi 's tenth opera and premiered on 14 March 1847 . Macbeth was the first Shakespeare play that Verdi adapted for the operatic stage . Almost twenty years later , Macbeth was revised and expanded in a French version and given in Paris on 19 April 1865 . After the success of Attila in 1846 , by which time the composer had become well established , Macbeth came before the great successes of 1851 to 1853 ( Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata ) which propelled him into universal fame . As sources , Shakespeare 's plays provided Verdi with lifelong inspiration : some , such as an adaption of King Lear ( as Re Lear ) were never realized , but he wrote his two final operas using Othello as the basis for Otello ( 1887 ) and The Merry Wives of Windsor as the basis for Falstaff ( 1893 ) . The first version of Macbeth was completed during the time which Verdi described as his galley years , which ranged over a period of 16 years , and one which saw the composer produce 22 operas . By the standards of the subject matter of almost all Italian operas during the first fifty years of the 19th century , Macbeth was highly unusual . The 1847 version was very successful and it was presented widely . Pleased with his opera and with its reception , Verdi wrote to Antonio Barezzi , his former father-in-law and long-time supporter about two weeks after the premiere :"}]}, {'value': 'Giuseppe Verdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}]}, {'value': '1847', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tutti amanti', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlo Romani', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allan Cameron', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Pacini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini', 'summary': "Giovanni Pacini ( 17 February 1796 - 6 December 1867 ) was an Italian composer , best known for his operas . Pacini was born in Catania , Sicily , the son of the buffo Luigi Pacini , who was to appear in the premieres of many of Giovanni 's operas . The family was of Tuscan origin , living in Catania when the composer was born . His first 25 or so operas were written when Gioachino Rossini dominated the Italian operatic stage . But Pacini 's operas were rather superficial , a fact which , later , he candidly admitted in his Memoirs . For some years he held the post of director of the Teatro San Carlo in Naples . Later , retiring to Viareggio to found a school of music , Pacini took time to assess the state of opera in Italy and , during a five-year period during which he stopped composing , laid out his ideas in his Memoirs . Like Saverio Mercadante , who also reassessed the strength and weaknesses of this period in opera , Pacini 's style did change , but he quickly became eclipsed by the rising influence of Giuseppe Verdi on the Italian operatic scene , and many of his operas appeared to be old fashioned and rarely , if ever , appeared outside of Italy . Pacini 's work is largely forgotten today , although some recordings do exist ."}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanna di Fiandra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlo Boniforti', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Il corsaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Il_corsaro', 'summary': "Il corsaro ( The Corsair ) is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi , from a libretto by Francesco Maria Piave , based on Lord Byron 's poem The Corsair . The first performance was given at the Teatro Grande in Trieste on 25 October 1848 ."}]}, {'value': 'Giuseppe Verdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Schiava Saracena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saverio Mercadante', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante', 'summary': 'Giuseppe Saverio Raffaele Mercadante ( baptised 17 September 1795 - 17 December 1870 ) was an Italian composer , particularly of operas . While Mercadante may not have retained the international celebrity of Gaetano Donizetti or Gioachino Rossini beyond his own lifetime , he composed as prolific a number of works as either ; and his development of operatic structures , melodic styles and orchestration contributed significantly to the foundations upon which Giuseppe Verdi built his dramatic technique .'}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crispino e la comare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crispino_e_la_comare', 'summary': 'Crispino e la comare ( The Cobbler and the Fairy ) is an opera written collaboratively by Luigi Ricci and Federico Ricci with an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave .'}]}, {'value': 'Luigi Ricci and Federico Ricci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luigi_Ricci_(composer)', 'summary': 'Luigi Ricci ( 8 July 1805 - 31 December 1859 ) , was an Italian composer , particularly of operas . He was the elder brother of Federico Ricci , with whom he collaborated on several works . He was also a conductor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Federico_Ricci', 'summary': "Federico Ricci ( 22 October 1809 - 10 December 1877 ) , was an Italian composer , particularly of operas . Born in Naples , he was the younger brother of Luigi Ricci , with whom he collaborated on several works . Federico studied at Naples as had his brother . His first big success was with La prigione di Edimburgo , one of his best serious works . He stayed with serious subjects for several years , and of these Corrado d'Altamura was a particular success . However , his last collaboration with his brother , a comedy called Crispino e la comare , was hailed as the masterpiece of both composers , so Federico devoted himself thereafter entirely to comedy . After another success closely followed by a major flop in Vienna , Federico took an official job teaching in St Petersburg and for 16 years he wrote no operas . In 1869 he moved to Paris , and there Une folie à Rome ran for 77 nights ; other French comedies of his - mainly revisions of his own and his brother 's earlier works - found some success . He also contributed the Recordare Jesu in the Sequentia to the Messa per Rossini . In 1870 for Cremona he created a pastiche , La vergine di Kermo , containing music by Pedrotti , Cagnoni , Ponchielli , Pacini , Rossi , and Mazzucato . Although he did not have his brother 's energy , Federico 's scores are judged by some to be more skilfully written than Luigi 's : for example , it has been said that La prigione di Edimburgo shows a sensitivity towards its subject ( from Sir Walter Scott 's The Heart of Midlothian ) that is rare among Italian operas of the period . He died in Conegliano ."}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elisabetta di Valois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Buzzolla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Buzzolla', 'summary': "Antonio Buzzolla ( 2 March 1815 - 20 March 1871 ) was an Italian composer and conductor . A native of Adria , he studied in Venice , and later worked with Gaetano Donizetti and Saverio Mercadante . He composed five operas , but was better known in his lifetime for ariettas and canzonettas in the Venetian dialect . Beginning in 1855 he served as the maestro di cappella of the Cappella Marciana at St Mark 's Basilica in Venice . Buzzolla was one of the composers invited by Giuseppe Verdi to contribute to the Messa per Rossini ; he composed the opening movement , the Requiem e Kyrie . He died in Venice in 1871 ."}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stiffelio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stiffelio', 'summary': "Stiffelio is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi , from an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave . The origin of this was the novel Le pasteur dhommes , by Émile Souvestre , which was published in 1838 . This was adapted into the French play Le pasteur , ou L'évangile et le foyer by Émile Souvestre and Eugène Bourgeois . That was in turn translated into Italian by Gaetano Vestri as Stifellius ; this formed the basis of Piave 's libretto . Verdi 's experience in Naples for Luisa Miller had not been a good one and he returned home to Busseto to consider the subject for his next opera . The idea for Stiffelio came from his librettist and , entering into a contract with his publisher , Ricordi , he agreed to proceed , leaving the decision as to the location of the premiere to Ricordi . This became the Teatro Grande ( now the Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi ) in Trieste and , in spite of difficulties with the censors which resulted in cuts and changes , the opera - Verdi 's 16th - was first performed on 16 November 1850 ."}]}, {'value': 'Giuseppe Verdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}]}, {'value': '1851', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Sposa di Murçia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea Casalini', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1851', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rigoletto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rigoletto', 'summary': "Rigoletto ( pronounced [ riɡoˈletto ] ) is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi . The Italian libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo . Despite serious initial problems with the Austrian censors who had control over northern Italian theatres at the time , the opera had a triumphant premiere at La Fenice in Venice on 11 March 1851 . It is widely considered to be the first of the operatic masterpieces of Verdi 's middle-to-late career . Its tragic story revolves around the licentious Duke of Mantua , his hunch-backed court jester Rigoletto , and Rigoletto 's beautiful daughter Gilda . The opera 's original title , La maledizione ( The Curse ) , refers to a curse placed on both the Duke and Rigoletto by a courtier whose daughter the Duke has seduced with Rigoletto 's encouragement . The curse comes to fruition when Gilda falls in love with the Duke and sacrifices her life to save him from the assassin hired by her father ."}]}, {'value': 'Giuseppe Verdi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi', 'summary': "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi ( Italian : [ dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi ] ; 9 or 10 October 1813 - 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian opera composer . He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means , and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron . Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini , Gaetano Donizetti , and Gioachino Rossini , whose works significantly influenced him . In his early operas , Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy . He also participated briefly as an elected politician . The chorus Va , pensiero from his early opera Nabucco ( 1842 ) , and similar choruses in later operas , were much in the spirit of the unification movement , and the composer himself became esteemed as a representative of these ideals . An intensely private person , Verdi , however , did not seek to ingratiate himself with popular movements and as he became professionally successful was able to reduce his operatic workload and sought to establish himself as a landowner in his native region . He surprised the musical world by returning , after his success with the opera Aida ( 1871 ) , with three late masterpieces : his Requiem ( 1874 ) , and the operas Otello ( 1887 ) and Falstaff ( 1893 ) . His operas remain extremely popular , especially the three peaks of his 'middle period ' : Rigoletto , Il trovatore and La traviata , and the 2013 bicentenary of his birth was widely celebrated in broadcasts and performances ."}]}, {'value': '1853', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baschina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Federico Guglielmo De Liguoro', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1853', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La donna delle isole', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Pacini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini', 'summary': "Giovanni Pacini ( 17 February 1796 - 6 December 1867 ) was an Italian composer , best known for his operas . Pacini was born in Catania , Sicily , the son of the buffo Luigi Pacini , who was to appear in the premieres of many of Giovanni 's operas . The family was of Tuscan origin , living in Catania when the composer was born . His first 25 or so operas were written when Gioachino Rossini dominated the Italian operatic stage . But Pacini 's operas were rather superficial , a fact which , later , he candidly admitted in his Memoirs . For some years he held the post of director of the Teatro San Carlo in Naples . Later , retiring to Viareggio to found a school of music , Pacini took time to assess the state of opera in Italy and , during a five-year period during which he stopped composing , laid out his ideas in his Memoirs . Like Saverio Mercadante , who also reassessed the strength and weaknesses of this period in opera , Pacini 's style did change , but he quickly became eclipsed by the rising influence of Giuseppe Verdi on the Italian operatic scene , and many of his operas appeared to be old fashioned and rarely , if ever , appeared outside of Italy . Pacini 's work is largely forgotten today , although some recordings do exist ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Librettos by Piave', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Francesco_Maria_Piave_0', 'intro': 'Francesco Maria Piave (18 May 1810 - 5 March 1876) was an Italian opera librettist who was born in Murano in the lagoon of Venice, during the brief Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.'}
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Out of the composers born within the 1800s , which one sympathized with Risorgimento movement ?
Giuseppe Verdi
0b0639db61989f83
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_AFL_draft', 'title': '2007 AFL draft', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick', 'Player', 'Recruited from', 'Club'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clayton Collard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clayton_Collard', 'summary': 'Clayton Collard ( born 4 December 1988 ) is an Australian rules footballer . He plays as a midfielder or small forward and was selected by the Fremantle Football Club with selection 31 in the 2006 AFL National Draft . He was rookie listed by the Richmond Football Club in the 2007 Rookie Draft at pick 1 . In August 2008 he was delisted from the Richmond Football Club . Collard spent the 2006 season playing for the South Fremantle Football Club in the West Australian Football League . He represented Western Australia in the national under-18 championships and is a graduate of the AIS/AFL academy . Clayton made his debut for the Fremantle Dockers against St Kilda in Round 9 , 2007 . This was extra special being the first game of the inaugural Indigenous Round . He was given the opportunity due to good form in the WAFL for South Fremantle and Jeff Farmer , an idol and mentor of Collard , being suspended by Fremantle . On 22 October 2007 Clayton Collard was delisted by the Fremantle Football Club . He was then selected by Richmond in the 2008 Rookie Draft , but was delisted at the end of the 2008 season , having spent the year playing for Coburg Football Club in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , without making his debut for Richmond . After having a year away from football , in 2010 Collard returned to Western Australia and joined Peel Thunder .'}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aaron_Joseph', 'summary': 'Aaron Joseph ( born 4 July 1989 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played with the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Tassie Mariners', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tassie_Mariners', 'summary': 'The Tassie Mariners is an under-18 Australian rules football club representing the state of Tasmania . They currently play in the AFL Under 18 Championships and also played in the Victorian statewide under-18s competition ( then known as the TAC Cup ) from 1995 until 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Carlton Football Club , nicknamed the Blues , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria . Founded in 1864 in Carlton , an inner suburb of Melbourne , the club competes in the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , and was one of the competition 's eight founding member clubs in 1896 . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Carlton at Princes Park , its traditional home ground , and it currently plays its home matches at either Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) or the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Carlton has historically been one of the AFL 's most successful clubs , having won sixteen senior VFL/AFL premierships , equal with Essendon as the most of any club ; prior to this , it won six senior premierships , including two in the Victorian Football Association . The club has also fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since its establishment in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trent Zomer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Ranges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Ranges', 'summary': 'The Eastern Ranges is an Australian rules football team in the NAB League , the Victorian statewide under-18s competition . The club is a founding member of the competition ( 1992 ) and has produced several players for the Australian Football League including Kade Simpson , Rory Sloane , Nick Malceski , David Wirrpanda , Jess Sinclair , Damian Cupido , Lindsay Gilbee , Travis Cloke , Chris Scott , Brad Scott , Matthew Bate , Jonathon Patton , Chris Knights , Jaidyn Stephenson and Hayden Crozier .'}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Mulligan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southport_Australian_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Southport Australian Football Club ( nicknamed The Sharks ) is a Gold Coast based club competing in the NEAFL Australian rules football competition . Southport has claim to be the most successful ever Queensland based AFL club with a total of 13 premierships in only 26 years . The club has been involved in Australian Football League licence bids since 1996 . To date none of these bids have been granted , however the AFL began taking interest in 2006 with pushes to merge Southport with a Melbourne-based AFL club . Southport Sharks joined the NEAFL competition in 2011 . As of 2016 , the current competition consists of the following sides : Southport Sharks , Aspley Hornets , Redland Bombers , NT Thunder , Sydney University Students , Canberra Demons , Gold Coast Suns , Brisbane Lions , Sydney Swans , Greater Western Sydney Giants .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhys Magin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhys_Magin', 'summary': "Rhys Magin ( born 4 March 1989 ) is an Australian rules football player who was on the rookie list in 2008 and 2009 for the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League . He played junior football primarily in a half-forward flank position however it is noted he can play in both a forward and defensive role . He represented Queensland at the 2007 Under-18 Championships . Prior to round 16 Magin was elevated off the rookie list to replace the injured Jason Winderlich Magin made his AFL debut in round 19 against West Coast Eagles . Magin was delisted at the end of 2009 . Magin played with Essendon District Football League ( EDFL ) side Avondale Heights for the 2010 season with the club 's new coach triple premiership player Chris Johnson . In 2015 he joined Kyneton Football Club in the Bendigo Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Zillmere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zillmere_Eagles_Australian_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Zillmere Eagles Australian Football Club ( formerly Windsor-Zillmere , North Brisbane and Northern Eagles ) is an Australian rules football club based in the suburb of Zillmere in the northern suburbs of Brisbane . The team plays in the QAFA Division 4 . It reformed the senior side in 2013 and it was undefeated all year in the SEQAFL State Div 4 northern competition . Zillmere once competed in the AFL Queensland Australian Football League , where it ceased to play in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Essendon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Essendon Football Club , nicknamed the Bombers , is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Thought to have formed in 1872 , the club played its first recorded game on 7 June 1873 against a Carlton Second 20 , winning 1 goal to nil . The club played a senior club in the Victorian Football Association in 1878 , one year after the VFA formed . It is historically associated with Essendon , a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne , Victoria . Since 2013 , the club has been headquartered at The Hangar , Melbourne Airport , and plays its home games at either Docklands Stadium or the Melbourne Cricket Ground ; throughout most of its history the club 's home ground and headquarters was Windy Hill , Essendon , where it played from 1922 until 1991 . While it stopped playing games at the ground thereafter , Windy Hill remained its training and administration base until the end of 2013 . Dyson Heppell is the current team captain . A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association , in 1877 , and the Victorian Football League ( renamed the AFL in 1990 ) , in 1896 , Essendon is one of Australia 's best-known football clubs . Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships , which , along with Carlton , is the most of any club in the competition . The club won four consecutive VFA premierships between 1891 and 1894 , a feat matched only by Collingwood between 1927 and 1930 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brent Connelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brent_Connelly', 'summary': 'This is the list of Fremantle Football Club league players . It documents every player to have played at least one game in the Australian Football League for Fremantle since they entered the league in 1995 . Only league games are included in the ordered list ; players who were on the Fremantle playing list but only played in pre-season or scratch matches are listed separately at the end of the list .'}]}, {'value': 'Gippsland Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gippsland_Power', 'summary': 'The Gippsland Power is an Australian rules football team in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Fremantle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Fremantle Football Club , nicknamed the Dockers , is a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It was founded in 1994 in honour of the rich footballing history associated with the Western Australian port city of Fremantle , and entered the AFL the following year , making it the second team from the state after the West Coast Eagles to be admitted to the competition . Originally based at Fremantle Oval , the club 's training facilities and administrative headquarters are now located nearby at Cockburn ARC in Cockburn Central . The club 's guernsey is purple and white . High-profile players since the club 's inception include six time All-Australian Matthew Pavlich , dual Brownlow Medal winner Nat Fyfe , and the league 's former all-time tallest player Aaron Sandilands . Currently captained by Fyfe , the club is coached by Justin Longmuir , who replaced Ross Lyon at the end of the 2019 home-and-away season . Fremantle is one of only three active AFL clubs ( the others being Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney ) that has not won a premiership , however it did win the minor premiership in 2015 , and reached the 2013 AFL Grand Final which it lost to Hawthorn . Fremantle has had a team in the AFL Women 's league since its inception in 2017 . They are coached by Trent Cooper and captained by Kara Antonio ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phil Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calder Cannons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calder_Cannons', 'summary': 'The Calder Cannons is an Australian rules football club from Melbourne , Australia . The club competes in the NAB League , the Victorian Statewide Under-18s competition , and fields squads in the Under-15s , Under-16s and Under-18s . The club was formed in 1995 after the need for two more metropolitan clubs . The geographic catchment area for the club is the north western suburbs of Melbourne extending to cover the Macedon Ranges area .'}]}, {'value': 'Brisbane Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane_Lions', 'summary': "The Brisbane Lions Australian Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club who play in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club is based in Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . The club was formed in late 1996 from the merger of the Fitzroy Lions and the Brisbane Bears . The Lions are one of the most successful AFL clubs of the 21st century , having appeared in four consecutive AFL Grand Finals from 2001 to 2004 and winning three premierships ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 ) . The club plays home matches in the AFL at the Gabba and is captained by Dayne Zorko and coached by Chris Fagan . The Lions were a foundation team in the AFL Women 's competition in 2017 and have featured in two grand finals in that time , finishing runners-up on both occasions . The Brisbane Bears were the first south-east Queensland based team formed in the region . They played at their home ground at Carrara Stadium on the Gold Coast from 1987 to 1992 before relocating to the Gabba in 1993 . The club continues to play its home games at the Gabba ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenn Chivers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakleigh Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakleigh_Chargers', 'summary': 'The Oakleigh Chargers is an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based at Warrawee Park in Oakleigh , Victoria , representing the southeastern suburban area of Melbourne . The Chargers were one of two additional metropolitan clubs introduced to the competition in 1995 as part of a plan by the AFL to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft . In June 2008 the Chargers moved into a new pavilion at their Warrawee Park , They have Been The Feeder Club to Port Melbourne Football Club Since 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'St Kilda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club', 'summary': "The St Kilda Football Club , nicknamed the Saints , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . The club plays in the Australian Football League , the sport 's premier league . The club 's name originates from its original home base in the bayside Melbourne suburb of St Kilda in which the club was established in 1873 . The club also has strong links to the south-eastern suburb of Moorabbin , where it was based between 1965 and 2010 . St Kilda were a foundation team of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and later , in 1897 , became a foundation team in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) , which later became known as the Australian Football League ( AFL ) in 1990 . The Saints field teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions , and are in an alignment with the Sandringham Football Club in the Victorian Football League . St Kilda have won a single premiership to date , a famous one-point win in the 1966 VFL Grand Final . St Kilda most recently won the minor premiership in the 2009 AFL season and were grand finalists in 2009 and 2010 . St Kilda developed a reputation as perennial underachievers , much of this attributed to their record of finishing last more often than any other club in the league ( 27 times ) , as well as having the second lowest all-time win percentage of any team still playing in the league ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Moss', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_District_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Central District Football Club is an Australian rules football club based in the city of Elizabeth about 25 km to the north of Adelaide , South Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed the Crows , are a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club has both a men 's team , which played its first match in 1991 , and a women 's team , which began in 2017 in the inaugural season of the AFLW . The club is based in Adelaide , South Australia , playing its home matches at Adelaide Oval . The club has its training and administration base at Football Park in West Lakes , where it previously played home matches between 1991 and 2013 . The club song is The Pride of South Australia , to the tune of the US Marines ' Hymn . The Crows were formed in 1990 to be the 'state team ' to represent the South Australia in the AFL . They were originally owned by the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , before gaining independence . They played their first season in 1991 . The men 's team won both the 1997 and 1998 Grand Finals , and have appeared in 15 finals series in their 28-year history . The club has had a reserves team compete in the South Australian National Football League since 2014 and has fielded a women 's team in the AFL Women 's competition since 2017 . The men 's team is currently coached by Matthew Nicks and captained by Rory Sloane , who was appointed co-captain alongside Taylor Walker prior to the 2019 season . Don Pyke permanently succeeded the late Phil Walsh as head coach in October 2015 before departing the club at the end of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Matthew O'Dwyer", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Matthew_O'Dwyer", 'summary': "Matthew O'Dwyer ( born 21 July 1988 ) is an Australian rules footballer , who played with the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney_Swans', 'summary': "The Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Established in Melbourne as the South Melbourne Football Club in 1874 , the Swans relocated to Sydney in 1982 , thus making it the first club in the competition to be based outside Victoria . Initially playing in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the Swans joined seven other clubs in founding the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1896 . It won premierships in 1909 , 1918 and 1933 before experiencing a 72-year premiership drought - the longest in the competition 's history . The club broke the drought in 2005 and won another premiership in 2012 . The club has proven to be one of the most consistent teams in the AFL era , failing to make the finals in only four seasons since 1995 , playing the most number of finals matches and winning the second-most matches overall ( only behind Geelong ) since 2000 and boasting a finals winning record of over 50% in the same time period . The Swans ' headquarters and training facilities are located at the Sydney Cricket Ground , the club 's playing home ground since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh Sandilands', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakleigh Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakleigh_Chargers', 'summary': 'The Oakleigh Chargers is an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based at Warrawee Park in Oakleigh , Victoria , representing the southeastern suburban area of Melbourne . The Chargers were one of two additional metropolitan clubs introduced to the competition in 1995 as part of a plan by the AFL to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft . In June 2008 the Chargers moved into a new pavilion at their Warrawee Park , They have Been The Feeder Club to Port Melbourne Football Club Since 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hawthorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Hawthorn Football Club , nicknamed the Hawks , is a professional Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The club , founded in 1902 , is the youngest of the Victorian-based teams in the AFL and has won thirteen VFL/AFL premierships . It is the only club to have won premierships in each decade of the 1960s , 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . The team play in brown and gold vertically striped guernsey . The club 's Latin motto is spectemur agendo , the English translation being Let us be judged by our acts . The Hawks ' origins are in the inner-eastern Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn and also at Glenferrie Oval , the club 's former administrative and training base and social club . Matches , however , have not been played there since 1973 . In 2006 , Hawthorn 's training and administration facilities were relocated to Waverly Park which is located 27.8 km from the CBD and in the middle of the club 's major supporter base in Melbourne 's outer-eastern region . The mascot of the club is a hawk . Since 2007 Hawthorn have played four games a year at their second ground of York Park in Launceston , Tasmania , with the remaining games played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the club 's current playing home ground . Hawthorn 's current Victorian Football League ( VFL ) affiliate team is the Box Hill Hawks Football Club ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewis Stevenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewis_Stevenson_(Australian_footballer)', 'summary': 'Lewis Stevenson ( born 30 July 1989 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Stevenson played for the West Coast Eagles and the Port Adelaide Football Club .'}]}, {'value': 'Claremont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claremont_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Claremont Football Club , nicknamed Tigers , is an Australian rules football club based in Claremont , Western Australia , that currently plays in the West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) and WAFL Women 's ( WAFLW ) . Its official colours are navy blue and gold . Formed as the Cottesloe Beach Football Club in 1906 , the club entering the WAFL in 1925 as the Claremont-Cottesloe Football Club ' , changing its name to the present in 1935 . Claremont have won 12 senior men 's premierships since entering the competition , including most recently the 2011 and 2012 premierships ."}]}, {'value': 'West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles', 'summary': "The West Coast Eagles Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Perth , Western Australia , and plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The West Coast Eagles was founded in 1986 as an expansion team . It entered the AFL , then known as the Victorian Football League , in 1987 along with Queensland 's Brisbane Bears . It reached the finals series for the first time in 1988 , and won its first premiership in 1992 , having been defeated in the grand final the previous year . It was the first non-Victorian team to compete in and win a grand final . The Eagles have since won three more premierships , in 1994 , 2006 and 2018 . The club is currently coached by Adam Simpson . The Eagles have won the second most premierships ( four , second to Hawthorn ) in the AFL era ( 1990 onwards ) and are one of the most strongly supported and profitable clubs in the league . As well as competing in the AFL , West Coast also field teams in the AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) and West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luke Casey-Leigh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandringham Dragons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandringham_Dragons', 'summary': 'The Sandringham Dragons are an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based at the Trevor Barker Oval in Sandringham , Victoria , representing the southern suburban area of Melbourne . The Dragons were one of the founding metropolitan clubs of the competition in 1992 as part of a plan by the Victorian State Football League to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft . The club was originally named the Central Dragons and played out of Toorak Oval in Prahran , Victoria . In 1995 the name of the club was changed to Prahran Dragons as part of the agreement which saw the Prahran Two Blues exit the senior Victorian Football League . In 2000 , the club relocated to the Trevor Barker Beach Oval in Sandringham and changed its name for the new locality .'}]}, {'value': 'Collingwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or colloquially the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then-working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL/AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , Collingwood attracts the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . The club 's song , Good Old Collingwood Forever , dates back to 1906 , making it the oldest song currently used in the AFL . Its iconic home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of the Australian magpie . Historically the club 's main rivals have been cross-town clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . Since the turn of the millennium , the club developed rivalries with the West Coast Eagles and the Brisbane Lions . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and women 's teams in the AFL Women 's and VFL Women 's competitions . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nathan Grima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nathan_Grima', 'summary': 'Nathan Grima ( born 5 August 1985 ) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the North Melbourne Football Club and Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Central District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_District_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Central District Football Club is an Australian rules football club based in the city of Elizabeth about 25 km to the north of Adelaide , South Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Kangaroos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The North Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Kangaroos or less formally the Roos , the Kangas or North , is an Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in North Melbourne , Victoria in 1869 , it is based at its traditional home ground , Arden Street Oval , and currently plays its home matches at both the nearby Docklands Stadium and Blundstone Arena in Hobart , Tasmania . The club 's mascot is a grey kangaroo donning the club uniform , and its use dates from the mid-20th century . The club is also unofficially known as The Shinboners , a term which dates back to its 19th-century abattoir-worker origins . The club 's motto is Victoria amat curam , Latin for Victory Demands Dedication . Aside from their representation in the AFL , the Kangaroos also field teams in the following competitions ; AFL Women 's , VFL Women 's and Victorian Football League ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nick Salter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nick_Salter', 'summary': "Nick Salter ( born 30 July 1987 ) is an Australian rules footballer who played for Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . He was drafted from the Woodville-West Torrens Football Club in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) with the 15th selection in the 2008 Rookie Draft . He previously played football in country South Australia for North Eastern Football League team South Clare . In August 2008 he was elevated to Port 's senior list , replacing Hugh Minson who had retired . A long kicking forward , he made his debut against St Kilda Football Club , despite playing the Woodville-West Torrens reserves team the previous week . He kicked 2 goals and maintained his place in the side for the following week . He missed the next week with a back injury and did not play in the AFL again until round 16 of the 2009 season , after rupturing a medial knee ligament earlier in the season . when he played five of the last seven games , kicking at least one goal in every game . His contract was extended at the end of the 2009 season . The 2010 season saw him played in defense at AFL level , and up forward at SANFL level . At the end of 2013 he was delisted by Port ."}]}, {'value': 'Woodville-West Torrens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodville-West_Torrens', 'summary': "Woodville-West Torrens Football Club is an Australian rules football club playing in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . It was formed in 1990 from an amalgamation of the neighbouring Woodville and West Torrens football clubs and played its inaugural game in 1991 . Since 1993 , the Eagles have played most of their home games at Woodville 's home ground of Woodville Oval , having previously used Football Park . They also play two or three games per season at their pre-season base of Thebarton Oval , a ground which has six light towers that the club has upgraded in 2012 to allow night games at the ground for the first time since the 1983 Escort Cup Grand Final ( a game won by West Torrens ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brodie Moles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brodie_Moles', 'summary': 'Brodie Moles ( born 7 November 1985 ) is an Australian rules football player in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . After being recruited at pick 16 in the 2008 AFL Rookie Draft by the Geelong Football Club . he was delisted at the end of the 2009 season without making his AFL debut . The Western Bulldogs then selected him with pick 19 in the 2010 AFL Rookie Draft under the new mature-age rookie rules . He made his AFL debut for the Bulldogs in round two of the 2010 AFL season . Moles spent the majority of his junior career in Tasmania , and originally played mainly as a quick forward with good goal sense , but has developed into a skilful midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasmanian_Devils_Football_Club', 'summary': 'Tasmania Football Club , nicknamed The Devils , was an Australian rules football club which competed in the Victorian Football League in Australia . Formed in 2001 , it was the youngest and the only non-Victorian club in the league . The club was based in the state of Tasmania at Bellerive Oval and was run by AFL Tasmania . At the end of the 2008 season , AFL Tasmania decided to withdraw the Devils from the VFL competition in favour of restarting a new Tasmanian league encompassing the entire state .'}]}, {'value': 'Geelong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Geelong Football Club , nicknamed the Cats , are a professional Australian rules football club based in the city of Geelong , Australia . The club competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the highest level of Australian rules football in Australia . The Cats have been the VFL/AFL premiers nine times , with three in the AFL era ( since 1990 ) . The Cats have also won ten McClelland Trophies . The club was formed in 1859 , making it the second oldest club in the AFL after Melbourne and one of the oldest football clubs in the world . Geelong participated in the first football competition in Australia and was a foundation club of both the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1897 . The club first established itself in the VFA by winning seven premierships , making it the most successful VFA club leading up to the formation of the VFL in 1897 . The club won a further six premierships by 1963 , before enduring a 44-year waiting period until it won its next premiership - an AFL-record 119-point victory in the 2007 AFL Grand Final . Geelong have since won a further two premierships in 2009 and 2011 . The Cats play most of their home games at Kardinia Park ( known for sponsorship reasons as GMHBA Stadium ) and play the remainder at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Geelong 's traditional guernsey colours are navy blue and white hoops . The club 's nickname , The Cats , was first used in 1923 after a run of losses prompted a local cartoonist to suggest that the club needed a black cat to bring it good luck ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarrod Silvester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarrod_Silvester', 'summary': "Jarrod B. Silvester was an Australian Rules Football player for Australian Football League ( AFL ) club Richmond . He previously played for the Calder Cannons and Victorian Football League ( VFL ) side Coburg after initially failing to be drafted . Silvester endured a solid season at Coburg , Richmond 's VFL affiliate club , and was subsequently given the opportunity to be rookie listed after training with the Tigers after their poor 2007 AFL season . He impressed and was drafted by the club at pick 17 in the 2008 Rookie Draft . Silvester made his senior AFL debut for Richmond in round 13 , 2009 . Richmond played St Kilda Football Club on 28 June , in what turned out to be a one sided affair as St Kilda won easily . The debutant Silvester showed plenty of promise as a key backman under a lot of pressure from the top of the table Saints and their powerful forward line up . Silvester finished the game with 18 possessions , 11 kicks and 7 handballs as well as 7 marks . The highlight for his first game was an outstanding contested mark deep in defence against Saints star forward Justin Koschitzke late in the first quarter . He was delisted at the end of the 2009 AFL season and transferred to South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) club West Adelaide , earning a place on the 2011 SANFL Team of the Year . After playing 38 games and kicking 1 goal for West Adelaide , employment saw Jarrod return home to Victoria at the conclusion of the 2011 season . Silvester then started playing for local team Riddells Creek Football Club in the RDFL in 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Coburg Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coburg_Tigers', 'summary': 'The Coburg Football Club , nicknamed The Lions , is an Australian rules football club based in Coburg , a northern suburb of Melbourne , and currently playing in the Victorian Football League . It is based at Coburg City Oval which has been renamed to Piranha Park , due to naming rights . Coburg has historically been a proud club and has won 6 VFA/VFL premierships with the most recent premiership in 1989 . The club spent time aligned as a reserve side for the Richmond Football Club from 2001 , but as of 2014 has become a stand-alone club in the Victorian Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Richmond Football Club , nicknamed the Tigers , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Between its inception in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in 1885 and 1907 , the club competed in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , winning two premierships . Richmond joined the Victorian Football League ( now known as the AFL ) in 1908 and has since won twelve premierships , most recently in 2019 . Richmond 's headquarters and training facilities are located at its original home ground , the Punt Road Oval , which sits adjacent to the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , the club 's playing home since 1965 . Richmond traditionally wears a black guernsey with a yellow sash . The club song , We 're From Tigerland , is well known for its yellow and black refrain . The club is coached by Damien Hardwick and its current captain is Trent Cotchin . Five Richmond players have been inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as Legends of the sport : Kevin Bartlett , Jack Dyer , Royce Hart , Kevin Sheedy and Ian Stewart ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lachlan Hill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oakleigh Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakleigh_Chargers', 'summary': 'The Oakleigh Chargers is an Australian rules football club playing in the NAB League , the top statewide under-18 competition in Victoria , Australia . They are based at Warrawee Park in Oakleigh , Victoria , representing the southeastern suburban area of Melbourne . The Chargers were one of two additional metropolitan clubs introduced to the competition in 1995 as part of a plan by the AFL to replace the traditional club zones with independent junior clubs . This was to help aid in player development and the process of the AFL draft . In June 2008 the Chargers moved into a new pavilion at their Warrawee Park , They have Been The Feeder Club to Port Melbourne Football Club Since 1999 .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Carlton Football Club , nicknamed the Blues , is an Australian rules football club based in Melbourne , Victoria . Founded in 1864 in Carlton , an inner suburb of Melbourne , the club competes in the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , and was one of the competition 's eight founding member clubs in 1896 . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Carlton at Princes Park , its traditional home ground , and it currently plays its home matches at either Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) or the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Carlton has historically been one of the AFL 's most successful clubs , having won sixteen senior VFL/AFL premierships , equal with Essendon as the most of any club ; prior to this , it won six senior premierships , including two in the Victorian Football Association . The club has also fielded a team in the AFL Women 's league since its establishment in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin Wonaeamirri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Wonaeamirri', 'summary': 'Austin Wonaeamirri ( born 2 October 1988 ) is a professional Australian rules football player of indigenous ( Tiwi ) origin . He previously played for the Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) .'}]}, {'value': "St Mary 's Football Club", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Mary's_Football_Club_(NTFL)", 'summary': 'The St Marys Football Club , nicknamed , Saints , formed in 1952 , is an Australian rules football club , affiliated to the Northern Territory Football League . It is famous for its record of success , with 32 NTFL premierships in 49 Grand Finals and 63 out of 66 possible final appearances . To the end of season 2018/19 St Marys have played 1233 games for 887 Wins 336 Losses and 10 Draws . Nicknamed the Saints , St Marys play their home games at Football Park in Marrara . St Marys has produced many talented players , particularly Indigenous Australian players for leagues such as the Australian Football League . Many players from the Tiwi Bombers Football Club also played for the club . St Marys have only missed the NTFL finals three times in their proud history , the seasons they missed were in 1979/80 ( 5th ) , 2000/01 ( 5th ) and 2018/19 ( 8th ) . They manage to collect their first wooden spoon in 2018/19 . The longest wooden spoon drought in NTFL history ( 67 years ) . Second is Nightcliff Football Club from 1952/53 - 1992/93 ( 40 Years ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club', 'summary': "The Melbourne Football Club , nicknamed the Demons , is a professional Australian rules football club , playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . It is named after and based in the city of Melbourne , Victoria , and plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) . Melbourne is the world 's oldest professional club of any football code . The club 's origins can be traced to an 1858 letter in which Tom Wills , captain of the Victoria cricket team , calls for the formation of a foot-ball club with its own code of laws . An informal Melbourne team played that winter and was officially formed in May 1859 when Wills and three other members codified The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club - the basis of Australian rules football . The club was a dominant force in the early years of Australian rules football competition , and was also a foundation member of the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) in 1877 and the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in 1896 , which later became the national Australian Football League . Melbourne has won 12 VFL/AFL premierships , the latest in 1964 . Melbourne was a foundation team of the AFL Women 's league , entering the competition in the inaugural year 2017 . The club celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2008 by naming 150 Heroes as well as creating a birthday logo which appeared on its official guernsey . The football club has been a sporting section of the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) since 2009 , having previously been associated with the MCC between 1889 and 1980 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Adelaide_Roosters', 'summary': "North Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed The Roosters , is an Australian rules football club affiliated with the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . The club plays its home games at Prospect Oval , located in Prospect , a northern suburb of Adelaide . The club was formed in 1888 as the Medindie Football Club , changing its name to North Adelaide in 1893 . North Adelaide 's first premiership was won in 1900 , and the club has won a total of fourteen senior premierships in the SANFL , most recently in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Western Bulldogs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Bulldogs', 'summary': "The Western Bulldogs ( formerly the Footscray Football Club [ a ] ) is a professional Australian rules football club that competes in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , the sport 's premier competition . Founded in 1877 in Footscray , an inner-western suburb of Melbourne , the club won nine premierships in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before gaining entry to the Victorian Football League ( since renamed the AFL ) in 1925 . The club has won two VFL/AFL premierships , in 1954 and 2016 , and was runner up in 1961 . It has also claimed one premiership in the AFL Women 's competition , in 2018 , having been a foundation member of the league the previous year . The Western Bulldogs ' home guernsey features two thick horizontal hoops - one red and one white - on a royal blue background . The club 's headquarters and training facilities are located in Footscray at Whitten Oval , nicknamed The Kennel , its original home ground . The club draws much of its supporter base from Melbourne 's traditionally working class western region , and plays its home matches at Docklands Stadium ( currently known as Marvel Stadium ) in the Docklands area , also in the city 's inner-west . In 1996 , the club changed its name from the Footscray Football Club to the Western Bulldogs. [ why ? ] As well as their participation in AFL and AFLW , the club also fields reserves sides in the Victorian Football League and VFL Women 's ."}]}], 'section_title': '2008 rookie draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2007_AFL_Draft_5', 'intro': 'The 2007 Australian Football League draft consisted of four opportunities for player acquisitions during the 2007/08 Australian Football League off-season. These were trade week, the national draft, which was held on 24 November 2007, the pre-season draft and the rookie draft.'}
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null
What was the year of birth of the number 14 pick of the 2007 AFL draft ?
1985
0b07e4b2b0e06891
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal', 'title': 'Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal', 'header': ['Year', 'Performing artist ( s )', 'Work', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/22nd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 22nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 27 , 1980 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles , and were broadcast live on American television . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1979 . This year was notable for being the first year to have a designated category for Rock music . Album of the Year went to Phil Ramone and Billy Joel for 52nd Street , and Song of the Year went to Kenny Loggins and Michael McDonald for What a Fool Believes .'}]}, {'value': 'Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagles_(band)', 'summary': "The Eagles are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1971 . The founding members were Glenn Frey ( guitars , vocals ) , Don Henley ( drums , vocals ) , Bernie Leadon ( guitars , vocals ) and Randy Meisner ( bass guitar , vocals ) . With five number-one singles , six number-one albums , six Grammy Awards , and five American Music Awards , the Eagles were one of the most successful musical acts of the 1970s . Their albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971-1975 ) and Hotel California rank first and third , respectively , among the best-selling albums in the United States , with 38 million and 26 million album units in sales . The Eagles are one of the world 's best-selling bands , having sold more than 200 million records , including 100 million albums sold in U.S alone . They were ranked number 75 on Rolling Stone 's 2004 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . Their debut album , Eagles ( 1972 ) , spawned three top 40 singles : Take It Easy , Witchy Woman , and Peaceful Easy Feeling . Desperado ( 1973 ) was less successful , only reaching number 41 on the charts ; neither of its singles reached the top 40 . However , its songs Desperado and Tequila Sunrise became two of the band 's most popular tracks . On the Border ( 1974 ) added guitarist Don Felder and produced two top 40 singles : Already Gone and the Eagles ' first number one , Best of My Love . Their 1975 album One of These Nights included three top 10 singles : One of These Nights , Lyin ' Eyes , and Take It to the Limit , the first hitting the top of the charts . Guitarist and vocalist Joe Walsh also joined the band in 1975 , replacing Leadon ."}]}, {'value': 'Heartache Tonight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heartache_Tonight', 'summary': "Heartache Tonight is a song written by Don Henley , Glenn Frey , Bob Seger and J. D. Souther , recorded by the Eagles and features Glenn Frey on lead vocals . The track was included on their album The Long Run and released as a single in 1979 . It reached No . 1 on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 in November of that year and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America representing one million copies sold . It was the Eagles ' final chart-topping song on the Hot 100 . The recording received a 1979 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . The song originated from an electric jam session between Glenn Frey and J. D. Souther who would visit Frey 's home in Los Angeles whenever he was in town on tour . Frey and Souther wrote the first verse while listening to Sam Cooke songs . In the heat of jamming , Frey called Bob Seger on the phone and sang him the verse . Seger then blurted out the chorus . According to Frey , J.D ."}]}, {'value': 'The Blues Brothers - Briefcase Full of Blues The Cars - Candy-O Dire Straits - Sultans of Swing The Knack - My Sharona Styx - Cornerstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers', 'summary': "The Blues Brothers are an American blues and soul revivalist band founded in 1978 by comedians Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi as part of a musical sketch on Saturday Night Live . Belushi and Aykroyd fronted the band , in character , respectively , as lead vocalist 'Joliet ' Jake Blues and harmonica player/vocalist Elwood Blues . The band was composed of well-known musicians , and debuted as the musical guest in a 1978 episode of Saturday Night Live , opening the show performing Hey Bartender , and later Soul Man . In 1978 , the band released their debut album , Briefcase Full of Blues , and opened for the Grateful Dead at the closing of Winterland Arena in San Francisco . They gained further notoriety after spawning a Hollywood comedy film in 1980 , The Blues Brothers . After Belushi 's death in 1982 , the Blues Brothers continued to perform with a rotation of guest singers and other band members . The band reformed in 1988 for a world tour and again in 1998 for a sequel film , Blues Brothers 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Briefcase_Full_of_Blues', 'summary': "Briefcase Full of Blues is the debut album by The Blues Brothers , released on November 28 , 1978 , by Atlantic Records . It was recorded live on September 9 , 1978 at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles , when the band opened for comedian Steve Martin . The album consists of covers of blues and soul songs from the 1950s to 1970s . The album reached number one on the Billboard 200 and went double platinum ; according to Blues Brothers member Dan Aykroyd , the album has sold 3.5 million copies in all . It is among the highest-selling blues albums of all time . Two singles were released from the album : Rubber Biscuit , which reached number 37 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and Soul Man , which reached number 14 . The album is dedicated to Curtis Salgado , the inspiration behind John Belushi 's creation of the Blues Brothers characters ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Cars', 'summary': "The Cars were an American rock band formed in Boston in 1976 . Emerging from the new wave scene in the late 1970s , the line-up consisted of singer , rhythm guitarist and songwriter Ric Ocasek , bassist and singer Benjamin Orr , lead guitarist Elliot Easton , keyboardist Greg Hawkes and drummer David Robinson . The Cars were at the forefront of merging 1970s guitar-oriented rock with the new synthesizer-oriented pop that was then becoming popular and flourishing in the early 1980s . Robert Palmer , music critic for The New York Times and Rolling Stone , described the Cars ' musical style : they have taken some important but disparate contemporary trends - punk minimalism , the labyrinthine synthesizer and guitar textures of art rock , the '50s rockabilly revival and the melodious terseness of power pop - and mixed them into a personal and appealing blend . The Cars were named Best New Artist in the 1978 Rolling Stone Readers ' Poll and won Video of the Year for You Might Think at the first MTV Video Music Awards in 1984 . Their debut album , The Cars , sold six million copies and appeared on the Billboard 200 album chart for 139 weeks . As of 2001 , the Cars had sold over 23 million albums in the United States . The band broke up in 1988 and Ocasek stated that a reunion would never happen . Orr died in 2000 from pancreatic cancer . In 2005 , Easton and Hawkes joined with Todd Rundgren to form a spin-off band , the New Cars , which performed classic Cars and Rundgren songs along with new material . The surviving original members reunited in 2010 to record a new album , Move Like This , which was released in May 2011 , followed by a short tour . In April 2018 , the Cars were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and reunited once more to perform at the induction ceremony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Candy-O', 'summary': "Candy-O is the second studio album by the American rock band the Cars . It was released in 1979 on Elektra Records . Featuring the Top 20 hit Let 's Go and the minor hit It 's All I Can Do , the album charted 15 places higher than its predecessor on the US Billboard 200 at number three as their debut peaked at number eighteen . The album features cover art by pin-up artist Alberto Vargas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dire_Straits', 'summary': "Dire Straits were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 by Mark Knopfler ( lead vocals and lead guitar ) , David Knopfler ( rhythm guitar and backing vocals ) , John Illsley ( bass guitar and backing vocals ) , and Pick Withers ( drums and percussion ) . They were active from 1977 to 1988 and again from 1991 to 1995 . Dire Straits are one of the world 's best-selling music artists , with album sales of over 100 million . Their first single , Sultans of Swing , from their 1978 self-titled debut album , reached the top ten in the UK and US charts . It was followed by hit singles including Romeo and Juliet ( 1981 ) , Private Investigations ( 1982 ) , Twisting by the Pool ( 1983 ) , Money for Nothing ( 1985 ) , and Walk of Life ( 1985 ) . Their most commercially successful album , Brothers in Arms ( 1985 ) , has sold more than 30 million copies ; it was the first album to sell a million copies on compact disc , and is the eighth-bestselling album in UK history . According to the Guinness Book of British Hit Albums , Dire Straits have spent over 1,100 weeks on the UK albums chart , the fifth most of all time . Dire Straits ' sound draws from various influences including jazz , folk , and country , and the blues rock of J. J. Cale and Eric Clapton . Their stripped-down sound contrasted with punk rock and demonstrated a roots rock influence that emerged from pub rock . There were several changes in personnel , with Mark Knopfler and Illsley being the only consistent members . After disbanding once again in 1995 , Knopfler launched his solo career full-time . Dire Straits won four Grammy Awards , three Brit Awards ( Best British Group twice ) , two MTV Video Music Awards , and various other awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sultans_of_Swing', 'summary': "Sultans of Swing is a song by British rock band Dire Straits from their eponymous debut album , written by frontman Mark Knopfler . Released in 1978 , its 1979 rerelease made it a hit in the United Kingdom and United States . The demo of the song was recorded at Pathway Studios , North London , in July 1977 and quickly acquired a following after it was put on rotation at Radio London . Its popularity soon reached record executives , and Dire Straits were offered a contract with Phonogram Records . The song was then re-recorded in February 1978 at Basing Street Studios for the band 's debut album . The record company wanted a less-polished rock sound for the radio , so an alternative version was recorded at Pathway Studios in April 1978 and released as the single in some countries including the United Kingdom and Germany . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Knack', 'summary': 'The Knack was an American rock band based in Los Angeles that rose to fame with their first single , My Sharona , an international number-one hit in 1979 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/My_Sharona', 'summary': "My Sharona ( /ʃəˈroʊnə/ ) is the debut single by the Knack . The song was written by Berton Averre and Doug Fieger , and released in 1979 from their album Get the Knack . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart where it remained for 6 weeks , and was number one on Billboard 's 1979 Top Pop Singles year-end chart . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America , representing half a million copies sold , and was Capitol Records ' fastest gold status debut single since the Beatles ' I Want to Hold Your Hand in 1964 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Styx_(band)', 'summary': "Styx /stɪks/ is an American rock band from Chicago that formed in 1972 and became famous for its albums released in the late 1970s and early 1980s . They are best known for melding hard rock guitar balanced with acoustic guitar , synthesizers mixed with acoustic piano , upbeat tracks with power ballads , and incorporating elements of international musical theatre . The band established itself with a progressive rock sound in the 1970s , and began to incorporate pop rock and soft rock elements in the 1980s . Styx is best known for the following hit songs that hit the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 : Lady , Come Sail Away , Babe , The Best of Times , Too Much Time on My Hands , Mr. Roboto , Do n't Let It End , and Show Me the Way . Other notable songs include Renegade , The Grand Illusion , Blue Collar Man , Crystal Ball , Fooling Yourself ( The Angry Young Man ) , Rockin ' the Paradise , Boat on the River , and Suite Madame Blue . Styx has had four consecutive albums certified multi-platinum by the RIAA , as well as 16 top-40 singles in the US , eight of which hit the top 10 . Of their eight Top 10 singles , seven were written and sung by founding member and former lead singer Dennis DeYoung , including their No . 1 chart topper , Babe . DeYoung has not been part of the band since 1999 , after being ousted by guitarists James J.Y . Young and Tommy Shaw in an acrimonious split ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cornerstone_(Styx_album)', 'summary': "Cornerstone is the ninth studio album by the American rock band Styx , released in 1979 . Styx 's third straight triple platinum selling album , Cornerstone was Styx 's only album to earn a Grammy nomination , which was for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group . Like the four previous Styx albums , the band produced the album themselves . Styx recorded the album at Pumpkin Studios in Oak Lawn , Illinois . Cornerstone is best known for including the group 's only # 1 Billboard Hot 100 Single , the power ballad Babe . The album also includes the folk rock song Boat on the River , which was a hit in Europe , though it failed to chart in the United States . Cornerstone became Styx 's first US Top 5 album , peaking at # 2 on the Billboard album chart ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/23rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 23rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1981 , at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and were broadcast live on American television . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1980 . Album of the Year went to Michael Omartian and Christopher Cross for Christopher Cross , Record and Song of the Year went to Christopher Cross for Sailing . Cross was the first artist in Grammy history to win all four General Field awards in a single ceremony , bringing home Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year , and Best New Artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Seger', 'summary': "Robert Clark Seger ( /ˈsiːɡər/ , born May 6 , 1945 ) is an American singer , songwriter and musician . As a locally successful Detroit-area artist , he performed and recorded as Bob Seger and the Last Heard and Bob Seger System throughout the 1960s , breaking through with his first album , Ramblin ' Gamblin ' Man ( which contained his first national hit of the same name ) in 1968 . By the early 1970s , he had dropped the 'System ' from his recordings and continued to strive for broader success with various other bands . In 1973 , he put together the Silver Bullet Band , with a group of Detroit-area musicians , with whom he became most successful on the national level with the album Live Bullet ( 1976 ) , recorded live with the Silver Bullet Band in 1975 at Cobo Hall in Detroit , Michigan . In 1976 , he achieved a national breakout with the studio album Night Moves . On his studio albums , he also worked extensively with the Alabama-based Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section , which appeared on several of Seger 's best-selling singles and albums . A roots rocker with a classic raspy , powerful voice , Seger wrote and recorded songs that deal with love , women , and blue-collar themes and is an example of a heartland rock artist . Seger has recorded many hits , including Night Moves , Turn the Page , Still the Same , We 've Got Tonite , Against the Wind , You 'll Accomp'ny Me , Hollywood Nights , Shame on the Moon , Like a Rock , and Shakedown , the last of which was written for the 1987 film Beverly Hills Cop II and topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Seger also co-wrote the Eagles ' number-one hit Heartache Tonight , and his recording of Old Time Rock and Roll was named one of the Songs of the Century in 2001 . With a career spanning six decades , Seger has sold more than 75 million records worldwide , making him one of the world 's best-selling artists of all time . Seger was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004 and the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2012 . Seger was named Billboard 's 2015 Legend of Live honoree at the 12th annual Billboard Touring Conference & Awards , held November 18-19 at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York ."}]}, {'value': 'Against the Wind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Against_the_Wind_(album)', 'summary': "Against the Wind is the eleventh studio album by American rock singer Bob Seger and his fourth with the Silver Bullet Band . It was released in February 1980 . It is Seger 's only number-one album to date , spending six weeks at the top of the Billboard Top LPs chart , knocking Pink Floyd 's The Wall from the top spot ."}]}, {'value': 'Blondie - Call Me Queen - Another One Bites the Dust Pink Floyd - The Wall The Pretenders - Brass in Pocket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blondie_(band)', 'summary': "Blondie is an American rock band founded by singer Debbie Harry and guitarist Chris Stein . The band were pioneers in the early American new wave and punk scenes of the mid-late 1970s . Its first two albums contained strong elements of these genres , and although successful in the United Kingdom and Australia , Blondie was regarded as an underground band in the United States until the release of Parallel Lines in 1978 . Over the next three years , the band achieved several hit singles including Heart of Glass , Call Me , Rapture and The Tide Is High and became noted for its eclectic mix of musical styles incorporating elements of disco , pop , reggae , and early rap music . Blondie disbanded after the release of its sixth studio album , The Hunter , in 1982 . Debbie Harry continued to pursue a solo career with varied results after taking a few years off to care for partner Chris Stein , who was diagnosed with pemphigus , a rare autoimmune disease of the skin . The band re-formed in 1997 , achieving renewed success and a number one single in the United Kingdom with Maria in 1999 , exactly 20 years after their first UK No.1 single ( Heart of Glass ) . The group toured and performed throughout the world during the following years , and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006 . Blondie has sold around 40 million records worldwide and is still active . The band 's tenth studio album , Ghosts of Download , was released in 2014 and their eleventh studio album , Pollinator , was released on May 5 , 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Call_Me_(Blondie_song)', 'summary': "Call Me is a song by the American new wave band Blondie and the theme to the 1980 film American Gigolo . Produced and co-written by Italian musician Giorgio Moroder and released in the US in early 1980 as a single , Call Me was No . 1 for six consecutive weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , where it became the band 's biggest single and second No . 1 . It also hit No . 1 in the UK and Canada , where it became their fourth and second chart-topper , respectively . In the year-end chart of 1980 , it was Billboard 's No . 1 single and RPM magazine 's No . 3 in Canada ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Queen_(band)', 'summary': "Queen are a British rock band formed in London in 1970 . Their classic line-up was Freddie Mercury ( lead vocals , piano ) , Brian May ( guitar , vocals ) , Roger Taylor ( drums , vocals ) and John Deacon ( bass ) . Their earliest works were influenced by progressive rock , hard rock and heavy metal , but the band gradually ventured into more conventional and radio-friendly works by incorporating further styles , such as arena rock and pop rock . Before forming Queen , May and Taylor had played together in the band Smile . Mercury was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques . He joined in 1970 and suggested the name Queen . Deacon was recruited in March 1971 , before the band released their eponymous debut album in 1973 . Queen first charted in the UK with their second album , Queen II , in 1974 . Sheer Heart Attack later that year and A Night at the Opera in 1975 brought them international success . The latter featured Bohemian Rhapsody , which stayed at number one in the UK for nine weeks and helped popularise the music video format . The band 's 1977 album News of the World contained We Will Rock You and We Are the Champions , which have become anthems at sporting events . By the early 1980s , Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Another_One_Bites_the_Dust', 'summary': "Another One Bites the Dust is a song by the British rock band Queen . Written by bass guitarist John Deacon , the song featured on the group 's eighth studio album The Game ( 1980 ) . The song was a worldwide hit , charting number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks , from 4 October to 18 October ( their second number-one single in the country ) . The song spent 15 weeks in the Billboard top 10 ( the longest running top ten song of 1980 ) , including 13 weeks in the top five , and 31 weeks total on the chart ( more than any other song in 1980 ) . It reached number two on the Hot Soul Singles chart and the Disco Top 100 chart , and number seven on the UK Singles Chart . The song is credited as Queen 's best-selling single , with sales of over 7 million copies . This version was ranked at number 34 on Billboard 's All-Time Top Songs . The song won an American Music Award for Favorite Rock Single and also garnered a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . Another One Bites the Dust has been covered , remixed and sampled by many artists since its release , and has also appeared in TV shows , commercials , films and other media . The song is also commonly used at sports events , aimed at the defeated opponent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pink_Floyd', 'summary': "Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London in 1965 . Gaining a following as a psychedelic rock group , they were distinguished for their extended compositions , sonic experimentation , philosophical lyrics and elaborate live shows , and became a leading band of the progressive rock genre . They are one of the most commercially successful and influential bands in popular music history . Pink Floyd were founded by students Syd Barrett ( guitar , lead vocals ) , Nick Mason ( drums ) , Roger Waters ( bass guitar , vocals ) , and Richard Wright ( keyboards , vocals ) . Under Barrett 's leadership , they released two charting singles and a successful debut album , The Piper at the Gates of Dawn ( 1967 ) . Guitarist and vocalist David Gilmour joined in December 1967 ; Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health . Waters became the primary lyricist and thematic leader , devising the concepts behind the albums The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) , Wish You Were Here ( 1975 ) , Animals ( 1977 ) , The Wall ( 1979 ) , and The Final Cut ( 1983 ) . The band also composed several film scores . Following personal tensions , Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979 , followed by Waters in 1985 . Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd , rejoined later by Wright . The three produced two more albums - A Momentary Lapse of Reason ( 1987 ) and The Division Bell ( 1994 ) - and toured both albums before entering a long period of inactivity . In 2005 , all but Barrett reunited for a one-off performance at the global awareness event Live 8 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Wall', 'summary': "The Wall is the eleventh studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd , released 30 November 1979 on Harvest and Columbia Records . It is a rock opera that explores Pink , a jaded rockstar whose eventual self-imposed isolation from society is symbolized by a wall . The album was a commercial success , topping the US charts for 15 weeks , and reaching number three in the UK . It initially received mixed reviews from critics , many of whom found it overblown and pretentious , but later came to be considered one of the greatest albums of all time . Bassist Roger Waters conceived The Wall during Pink Floyd 's 1977 In The Flesh tour , modeling the character of Pink after himself and former bandmate Syd Barrett . Recording spanned from December 1978 to November 1979 . Producer Bob Ezrin helped to refine the concept and bridge tensions during recording , as the band were struggling with personal and financial issues at the time . The Wall is the last album to feature Pink Floyd as a quartet ; keyboardist Richard Wright was fired by Waters during production , but stayed on as a salaried musician . Three singles were issued from the album : Another Brick in the Wall , Part 2 ( the band 's only US number-one single ) , Run Like Hell , and Comfortably Numb . From 1980 to 1981 , Pink Floyd performed the full album on a tour that featured elaborate theatrical effects . The Wall was adapted into a 1982 feature film of the same name and remains one of the best-known concept albums . The album has sold more than 24 million copies , is the second best-selling in the band 's catalog , and is one of the best-selling of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Pretenders', 'summary': "The Pretenders are an English-American rock band formed in March 1978 . The original band consisted of founder and main songwriter Chrissie Hynde ( lead vocals , rhythm guitar ) , James Honeyman-Scott ( lead guitar , backing vocals , keyboards ) , Pete Farndon ( bass guitar , backing vocals ) , and Martin Chambers ( drums , backing vocals , percussion ) . Following the drug-related deaths of Honeyman-Scott and Farndon , the band experienced numerous subsequent personnel changes . Hynde has been the band 's only consistent member . The Pretenders ' hit songs include Brass in Pocket ( 1979 ) , Talk of the Town ( 1980 ) , Message of Love ( 1981 ) , Back on the Chain Gang ( 1982 ) , Middle of the Road ( 1983 ) , 2000 Miles ( 1983 ) , Do n't Get Me Wrong ( 1986 ) , My Baby ( 1986 ) , and I 'll Stand by You ( 1994 ) . The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brass_in_Pocket', 'summary': "Brass in Pocket ( also known as Brass in Pocket ( I 'm Special ) ) is a 1979 single by The Pretenders . It was written by Chrissie Hynde and James Honeyman-Scott , and produced by Chris Thomas ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/24th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 24th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1982 , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , and were broadcast live on American television . The event recognized the accomplishments of musicians during the year 1981 . Quincy Jones was the major recipient of awards with a total of five Grammys . The much coveted Album of the Year award went to Jack Douglas , John Lennon and Yoko Ono for Double Fantasy , and Song of the Year went to Donna Weiss and Jackie DeShannon for Bette Davis Eyes .'}]}, {'value': 'The Police', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Police', 'summary': "The Police were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 . For most of their history the line-up consisted of primary songwriter Sting ( lead vocals , bass guitar ) , Andy Summers ( guitar ) , and Stewart Copeland ( drums , percussion ) . The Police became globally popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Emerging in the British new wave scene , they played a style of rock influenced by punk , reggae , and jazz . Considered one of the leaders of the Second British Invasion of the U.S. , in 1983 Rolling Stone labelled them the first British New Wave act to break through in America on a grand scale , and possibly the biggest band in the world . The Police disbanded in 1986 , but reunited in early 2007 for a one-off world tour that ended in August 2008 . Their 1978 debut album , Outlandos d'Amour , reached No . 6 in the UK Albums Chart . Their second album Reggatta de Blanc ( 1979 ) , became the first of four consecutive No . 1 studio albums in the UK and Australia with its lead single , Message in a Bottle , their first UK number one . Their next two albums , Zenyatta Mondatta ( 1980 ) and Ghost in the Machine ( 1981 ) , featuring Do n't Stand So Close to Me and Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic , both UK number one singles , saw further critical and commercial success . Their final studio album , Synchronicity ( 1983 ) , was No ."}]}, {'value': "Do n't Stand So Close to Me", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_Stand_So_Close_to_Me", 'summary': "Do n't Stand So Close to Me is a hit song by the British rock band the Police , released in September 1980 as the lead single from their third album Zenyatta Mondatta . It concerns a schoolgirl 's crush on her teacher which leads to an affair , which in turn is discovered . The band 's third No . 1 on the UK Singles Chart , it was also the best selling single of 1980 in the UK . The song also charted in the top ten in Australia , Canada and the US . The Police won the 1981 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for this song ."}]}, {'value': "Foreigner - 4 REO Speedwagon - Hi Infidelity The Rolling Stones - Tattoo You Stevie Nicks and Tom Petty - Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foreigner_(band)', 'summary': "Foreigner is a British-American rock band , originally formed in New York City & London in 1976 by veteran English musician and ex-Spooky Tooth member Mick Jones , and fellow Briton and ex-King Crimson member Ian McDonald along with American vocalist Lou Gramm . Jones came up with the band 's name as he , McDonald and Dennis Elliott were British , while Gramm , Al Greenwood and Ed Gagliardi were American . Their biggest hit single , I Want to Know What Love Is , topped the United Kingdom and United States charts among others . Another one of their hit singles , Waiting for a Girl Like You , peaked at number two on the US chart for a record-setting 10 weeks . They are one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time with worldwide sales of more than 80 million records , including 37.5 million records in the US ."}, {'url': '/wiki/4_(Foreigner_album)', 'summary': '4 , also known as Foreigner 4 , is the fourth studio album by the British-American rock band Foreigner , released on July 2 , 1981 on Atlantic Records . Several singles from the album were hits , including Urgent , Waiting for a Girl Like You and Juke Box Hero . The album was a success worldwide , holding the # 1 position on the Billboard album chart for a total of 10 weeks . It eventually sold over seven million copies in the US alone .'}, {'url': '/wiki/REO_Speedwagon', 'summary': "REO Speedwagon ( originally styled as R.E.O . Speedwagon ) is an American rock band from Champaign , Illinois . Formed in 1967 , the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s . Hi Infidelity ( 1980 ) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group 's best-selling album , with over 10 million copies sold . Over the course of its career , the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted 13 Top 40 hits , including the number ones Keep On Loving You and Ca n't Fight This Feeling . REO Speedwagon 's mainstream popularity waned in the late 1980s , but the band remains a popular live act ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hi_Infidelity', 'summary': 'Hi Infidelity is the ninth studio album by the band REO Speedwagon , released on November 21 , 1980 ( see 1980 in music ) . The album became a big hit in the United States peaking at number one on the Billboard 200 . It went on to become the biggest selling rock album of 1981 , eventually being certified 10 times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . Of the four singles released , Take It on the Run went to number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and the band got their first of two number one hits with Keep On Loving You .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones', 'summary': "The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962 . The first stable line-up consisted of bandleader Brian Jones ( guitar , harmonica , keyboards ) , Mick Jagger ( lead vocals , harmonica ) , Keith Richards ( guitar , vocals ) , Bill Wyman ( bass guitar ) , Charlie Watts ( drums ) , and Ian Stewart ( piano ) . Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued to work with the band as a contracted musician until his death in 1985 . The band 's primary songwriters , Jagger and Richards , assumed leadership after Andrew Loog Oldham became the group 's manager . Jones left the band less than a month before his death in 1969 , having already been replaced by Mick Taylor . Taylor left in 1974 and was replaced in 1975 by Ronnie Wood who has since remained . Since Wyman 's departure in 1993 , Darryl Jones has served as touring bassist . The Stones have not had an official keyboardist since 1963 , but have employed several musicians in that role , including Jack Nitzsche ( 1965-1971 ) , Nicky Hopkins ( 1967-1982 ) , Billy Preston ( 1971-1981 ) , Ian McLagan ( 1978-1981 ) , and Chuck Leavell ( 1982-present ) . The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the United States in 1964 and were identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s . Rooted in blues and early rock and roll , the band started out playing covers but found more success with their own material ; songs such as ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction and Paint It Black became international hits , and Aftermath ( 1966 ) - their first entirely original album - has been considered the most important of the band 's formative records . After a short period of experimentation with psychedelic rock in the mid-1960s , the group returned to its bluesy roots with Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) , Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) , Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) , and Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) . It was during this period they were first introduced on stage as The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tattoo_You', 'summary': "Tattoo You is the 16th British and 18th American studio album by the Rolling Stones , released in 1981 . The album is mostly composed of studio outtakes recorded during the 1970s , and contains one of the band 's most well-known songs , Start Me Up , which hit number two on the United States 's Billboard singles charts . A combination of touring obligations and personal feuding between band members made it difficult to arrange dedicated recording sessions for the band 's follow-up to 1980 's Emotional Rescue . As a result , the band 's production team combed through unused recordings from prior sessions , some dating back almost a decade . While a few of the songs were used essentially as-is in their original form , most of these earlier recordings were not complete , consisting of song fragments that needed a lot of work . Studio time was booked throughout 1980 and 1981 and band members came in when available to finish off the tracks . The credited members of the Rolling Stones for the album were vocalist Mick Jagger , guitarists Keith Richards and Ronnie Wood , bassist Bill Wyman , and drummer Charlie Watts , though many songs featured contributions from session musicians , earlier members of the band ( such as guitarist Mick Taylor ) , as well as keyboardists Nicky Hopkins , Billy Preston , and Ian Stewart , who contributed to many Stones recordings . The album proved to be both a critical and commercial success upon release , reaching the top of the Billboard charts . It was also the final Rolling Stones album to reach the top position of the US charts , thus concluding the band 's string of number-one albums there , dating back to 1971 's Sticky Fingers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stevie_Nicks', 'summary': "Stephanie Lynn Nicks ( born May 26 , 1948 ) is an American singer and songwriter . Nicks is best known for her work as a songwriter and vocalist with Fleetwood Mac , and her chart-topping solo career . She is known for her distinctive voice , mystical stage persona and poetic , symbolic lyrics . Her work both as a member of Fleetwood Mac and as a solo artist has produced over forty top 50 hits and sold over 140 million records , making her one of the best-selling music acts of all time with Fleetwood Mac . Nicks joined Fleetwood Mac in 1975 along with her then- boyfriend , Lindsey Buckingham . Rumours , Fleetwood Mac 's second album after the incorporation of Nicks and Buckingham , was the best-selling album of the year of its release and to date has sold over 40 million copies worldwide , making it the fifth biggest-selling studio album of all time . The album remained at number one on the American albums chart for 31 weeks and reached number one in various countries worldwide . The album won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1978 . It produced four US Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles , with Nicks 's Dreams being the band 's first and only Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit . In 1981 , while remaining a member of Fleetwood Mac , Nicks began her solo career , releasing the studio album Bella Donna , which topped the Billboard 200 and has reached multiplatinum status . She has released eight solo studio albums , with her most recent , 24 Karat Gold : Songs from the Vault , released in October 2014 . Nicks was named one of the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time by Rolling Stone ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Petty', 'summary': "Thomas Earl Petty ( October 20 , 1950 - October 2 , 2017 ) was an American singer-songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , record producer , and actor . He was the lead singer of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , formed in 1976 . He previously led the band Mudcrutch , and was also a member of the late 1980s supergroup the Traveling Wilburys . Petty recorded a number of hit singles with the Heartbreakers and as a solo artist . In his career , he sold more than 80 million records worldwide , making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . He and the Heartbreakers were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002 . Petty died at the age of 66 , of an accidental overdose of prescription drugs , one week after the completion of the Heartbreakers ' 40th anniversary tour ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Stop_Draggin'_My_Heart_Around", 'summary': "Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around is a song by Stevie Nicks , the first single from her debut solo album Bella Donna ( 1981 ) . The track is the album 's only song that was neither written nor co-written by Nicks . Written by Tom Petty and Mike Campbell as a Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers song , Jimmy Iovine , who was also working for Stevie Nicks at the time , arranged for her to sing on it . Petty sang with Nicks in the chorus and bridge , while his entire band ( save Ron Blair , whose bass track was played by Donald Duck Dunn instead ) played on the song . A performance of the song in the studio was used as the promotional video . The video was the 25th video to be played on MTV 's launch date on August 1 , 1981 . Petty and Nicks also sang together on the songs Insider ( from Petty 's album Hard Promises ( 1981 ) ) and I Will Run to You ( from Nicks ' album The Wild Heart ( 1983 ) ) , and frequently performed impromptu live versions of these and 1960s classic Needles and Pins in many shows through the 1980s . As of 2017 , Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around remains a mainstay of Stevie Nicks 's solo performances , and on July 9 , 2017 , Nicks performed the song together with Petty and the Heartbreakers at the British Summer Time festival at Hyde Park in London , in what turned out to be their final performance of the song together before Petty 's death in October 2017 . The song peaked at No . 3 on the American Billboard Hot 100 for six consecutive weeks . However , in the United Kingdom , the song only managed to peak at No . 50 ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/25th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 25th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 1983 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Album of the Year went to Toto for Toto IV , and Song of the Year went to Johnny Christopher , Mark James and Wayne Carson for Always on My Mind .'}]}, {'value': 'Survivor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Survivor_(band)', 'summary': "Survivor is an American rock band , formed in Chicago in 1978 around Jim Peterik and Frankie Sullivan . The band achieved its greatest success in the 1980s , producing many charting singles , especially in the United States . The band is best-known for its double-platinum-certified 1982 hit Eye of the Tiger , the theme song for the 1982 motion picture Rocky III ( US number 1 for six weeks ) . The band continued to chart in the mid-1980s with singles like Burning Heart ( US number 2 ) , The Search Is Over ( US number 4 ) , High on You ( US number 8 ) , Is This Love ( US number 9 ) , and I Ca n't Hold Back ( US number 13 ) . The band tweaked its musical direction in 1988 with the release of the slightly heavier Too Hot to Sleep , but the album barely reached the Billboard 200 in the United States . Singer Jimi Jamison later toured as Survivor in the mid-1990s without the permission of the rest of the band , but reunited with guitarist Frankie Sullivan in 2000 . The band then released Reach in 2006 , but Jamison left again after its release and was replaced by singer Robin McAuley . Survivor continued to tour with McAuley into 2011 until Jamison returned later that year . In April 2013 the band 's official media sources announced that guitarist Frankie Sullivan had reunited the current Survivor line-up with original singer Dave Bickler and the band would have Bickler and Jamison together for the next tour . On September 1 , 2014 Jamison died in his home in Memphis , Tennessee , at the age of 63 . His autopsy , released on November 11 , 2014 , revealed the cause of death as a hemorrhagic brain stroke , with acute methamphetamine intoxication contributing ."}]}, {'value': 'Eye of the Tiger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger', 'summary': "Eye of the Tiger is a song by American rock band Survivor . It was released as a single from their third album of the same name and was also the theme song for the film Rocky III , which was released a day before the single . The song was written by Survivor guitarist Frankie Sullivan and keyboardist Jim Peterik , and it was recorded at the request of Rocky III star , writer , and director Sylvester Stallone , after Queen denied him permission to use Another One Bites the Dust , the song Stallone intended as the Rocky III theme . The version of the song that appears in the film is the demo version of the song . The film version also contained tiger growls , which did not appear on the album version . It features original Survivor singer Dave Bickler on lead vocals . The song is also the title song to the 1986 film of the same name . It gained tremendous MTV and radio airplay and topped charts worldwide during 1982 . In the United States , it held No . 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks ( the band 's only song to top the chart ) and was the No . 2 single of 1982 , behind Olivia Newton-John 's Physical . It spent fifteen consecutive weeks in the top ten , the second longest run of 1982 , behind Hurts So Good by John Cougar ( which was prevented from reaching the top of the Hot 100 by Eye of the Tiger ) ."}]}, {'value': "Asia - Asia The J. Geils Band - Centerfold Kenny Loggins and Steve Perry - Do n't Fight It Frank and Moon Zappa - Valley Girl", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asia_(band)', 'summary': "Asia are an English progressive rock band formed in London in 1981 . The most commercially successful line-up was its original , which was a supergroup of four members of different progressive rock bands of the 1970s : lead vocalist and bassist John Wetton of King Crimson and U.K. , guitarist Steve Howe of Yes , keyboardist Geoff Downes of Yes and the Buggles , and drummer Carl Palmer of Emerson , Lake & Palmer . Their debut album , Asia , released in 1982 , remains their best selling album and went to number one in several countries . The lead single from the album , Heat of the Moment , remains their top charting and best-known song , reaching the top 40 in over a dozen markets and peaking in the U.S. at # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 1 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart . The band underwent multiple lineup changes before the original four members reunited in 2006 . As a result , a band called Asia Featuring John Payne exists as a continuation of John Payne 's career as Asia 's frontman from 1991 until Wetton 's return in 2006 . In 2013 , the original line-up was broken once again when Howe retired from the band and was replaced by guitarist Sam Coulson . After a few years of inactivity , Billy Sherwood ( of Yes , World Trade and Circa : ) replaced an ailing Wetton ( who passed on shortly thereafter ) in Asia for a summer 2017 tour with Journey . Following the end of the tour , the band went on hiatus again , re-emerging in 2019 with Ron Bumblefoot Thal replacing both Sherwood on vocals and Coulson on guitar ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Asia_(Asia_album)', 'summary': 'Asia is the self-titled debut studio album by English rock band Asia , released in 1982 . According to both Billboard and Cashbox , it was the # 1 album in the United States for the year 1982 . It contains their biggest hit Heat of the Moment , which reached # 4 in the US on the Billboard Hot 100 chart .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_J._Geils_Band', 'summary': "The J. Geils Band /ˌdʒeɪ ˈɡaɪlz/ was an American rock band formed in 1968 , in Worcester , Massachusetts , under the leadership of guitarist John J. Geils . The original band members included vocalist Peter Wolf , harmonica and saxophone player Richard Magic Dick Salwitz , drummer Stephen Bladd , vocalist/keyboardist Seth Justman , and bassist Danny Klein . Wolf and Justman served as principal songwriters . The band played R & B-influenced blues rock during the 1970s and soon achieved commercial success before moving towards a more mainstream radio-friendly sound in the early 1980s , which brought the band to its commercial peak . After Wolf left the band in 1983 to pursue a solo career , the band released one more album in 1984 with Justman on lead vocals , before breaking up in 1985 . Beginning in 1999 , the band had several reunions prior to the death of its namesake , J. Geils , on April 11 , 2017 . The band first released several Top 40 singles in the early 1970s , including a cover of the song Lookin ' for a Love by The Valentinos ( which reached # 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1972 ) , as well as the single Give It to Me ( # 30 in 1973 ) . Their biggest hits included Must of Got Lost ( # 12 in 1975 ) , Come Back ( # 32 in 1980 ) , Love Stinks ( which reached # 38 in 1980 and was featured in several films ) , Freeze-Frame ( # 4 in 1981 ) , and Centerfold ( # 1 in 1982 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Centerfold_(song)', 'summary': "Centerfold is a single released by The J. Geils Band from their album Freeze Frame . The song is about a man who is shocked to discover that his high school crush appeared in a centerfold spread for an unspecified men 's magazine . The song 's narrator is torn between conflicting feelings : his disappointment due to her loss of innocence , and his lust until the end of the song . It was released in autumn 1981 , and eventually went to Number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in February 1982 , and stayed there for six weeks . It was the first single released from the album Freeze Frame and was an early staple on MTV . It also peaked at Number 1 in Australia and Canada . In February 1982 , after the song hit No . 1 in the US , Centerfold peaked at No . 3 in the UK Top 40 , earning The J. Geils Band their only major hit single in the UK , although follow-up Freeze-Frame was a minor hit . The song is one of the on-disc songs on the 2010 music video game Rock Band 3 . In 2018 , the song was ranked at No . 66 on Billboard 's All Time Top Songs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Loggins', 'summary': 'Kenneth Clark Loggins ( born January 7 , 1948 ) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist . His early songs were recorded with the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band in 1970 , which led to seven albums recorded as Loggins and Messina from 1972 to 1977 . As a solo artist , Loggins experienced a string of soundtrack successes , including an Academy Award nomination for Footloose in 1984 . His early soundtrack contributions date back to A Star Is Born in 1976 , and he is known as the King of the Movie Soundtrack . Finally Home was released in 2013 , shortly after Loggins formed the group Blue Sky Riders with Gary Burr and Georgia Middleman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Perry_(musician)', 'summary': "Stephen Ray Perry ( born January 22 , 1949 ) is an American singer and songwriter . He is best known as the lead singer of the rock band Journey during their most commercially successful periods from 1977 to 1987 , and again from 1995 to 1998 . Perry also has a successful solo career -- first between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s , making sporadic appearances in the 2000s and then returning to music full-time in 2018 . Perry 's singing voice has garnered acclaim from prominent musical peers and publications ; he has been dubbed The Voice , a moniker originally coined by Jon Bon Jovi . Ranked no . 76 on Rolling Stone 's 100 Greatest Singers of All Time , Perry was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Journey on April 7 , 2017 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Don't_Fight_It_(song)", 'summary': "Do n't Fight It is a rock song performed by Kenny Loggins and Steve Perry , the lead-singer for Journey at that time . It is contained in Loggins ' 1982 album High Adventure . Loggins described the song as 'an experiment in pushing my limits to include rock ' , from the liner notes of his 1997 compilation Yesterday , Today , Tomorrow . According to Loggins , the bullwhip sound effect in the song was created using a whip that was also used for the Indiana Jones movies . It was released as a single in August 1982 and peaked at number 17 on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 . Also was nominated at the 1983 Grammy Awards for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Frank_Zappa', 'summary': "Frank Vincent Zappa [ nb 1 ] ( December 21 , 1940 - December 4 , 1993 ) was an American multi-instrumentalist musician , composer , and bandleader . His work is characterized by nonconformity , free-form improvisation , sound experiments , musical virtuosity , and satire of American culture . In a career spanning more than 30 years , Zappa composed rock , pop , jazz , jazz fusion , orchestral and musique concrète works , and produced almost all of the 60-plus albums that he released with his band the Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist . Zappa also directed feature-length films and music videos , and designed album covers . He is considered one of the most innovative and stylistically diverse rock musicians of his era . As a self-taught composer and performer , Zappa 's diverse musical influences led him to create music that was sometimes difficult to categorize . While in his teens , he acquired a taste for 20th-century classical modernism , African-American rhythm and blues , and doo-wop music . He began writing classical music in high school , while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands , later switching to electric guitar . His 1966 debut album with the Mothers of Invention , Freak Out ! , combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages . He continued this eclectic and experimental approach , irrespective of whether the fundamental format was rock , jazz or classical . Zappa 's output is unified by a conceptual continuity he termed Project/Object , with numerous musical phrases , ideas , and characters reappearing across his albums . His lyrics reflected his iconoclastic views of established social and political processes , structures and movements , often humorously so , and he has been described as the godfather of comedy rock ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Moon_Zappa', 'summary': 'Moon Unit Zappa ( born September 28 , 1967 ) is an American actress and author .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Valley_Girl_(song)', 'summary': "Valley Girl is a song by the musician Frank Zappa and his then-14-year-old daughter , Moon Zappa . The song appeared on Zappa 's 1982 album Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch and was released as a single , becoming a Top 40 hit ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/26th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 26th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28 , 1984 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles , and were broadcast live on American television . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1983 . Michael Jackson who had been recovering from scalp burns sustained due to an accident which occurred during filming of a Pepsi commercial , won a record eight awards during the show . It is notable for garnering the largest Grammy Award television audience ever . Album of the Year and Record of the Year went to Quincy Jones and Michael Jackson for Thriller and Beat It , and Song of the Year went to The Police for Every Breath You Take .'}]}, {'value': 'The Police', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Police', 'summary': "The Police were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 . For most of their history the line-up consisted of primary songwriter Sting ( lead vocals , bass guitar ) , Andy Summers ( guitar ) , and Stewart Copeland ( drums , percussion ) . The Police became globally popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Emerging in the British new wave scene , they played a style of rock influenced by punk , reggae , and jazz . Considered one of the leaders of the Second British Invasion of the U.S. , in 1983 Rolling Stone labelled them the first British New Wave act to break through in America on a grand scale , and possibly the biggest band in the world . The Police disbanded in 1986 , but reunited in early 2007 for a one-off world tour that ended in August 2008 . Their 1978 debut album , Outlandos d'Amour , reached No . 6 in the UK Albums Chart . Their second album Reggatta de Blanc ( 1979 ) , became the first of four consecutive No . 1 studio albums in the UK and Australia with its lead single , Message in a Bottle , their first UK number one . Their next two albums , Zenyatta Mondatta ( 1980 ) and Ghost in the Machine ( 1981 ) , featuring Do n't Stand So Close to Me and Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic , both UK number one singles , saw further critical and commercial success . Their final studio album , Synchronicity ( 1983 ) , was No ."}]}, {'value': 'Synchronicity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Synchronicity_(The_Police_album)', 'summary': "Synchronicity is the fifth and final studio album by the Police , released in the United Kingdom on 17 June 1983 . The band 's most successful release , the album includes the hit singles Every Breath You Take , King of Pain , Wrapped Around Your Finger , and Synchronicity II . The album 's title and much of the material for the songs were inspired by Arthur Koestler 's The Roots of Coincidence . At the 1984 Grammy Awards the album was nominated for a total of five awards including Album of the Year and won three . At the time of its release and following its tour the Police were hailed as the Biggest Band in the World . The album reached number one on both the UK Albums Chart and the U.S . Billboard 200 , and sold over eight million copies in the U.S. Synchronicity was widely acclaimed by critics . Praise centred on its cohesive merging of disparate genres and sonic experimentation . Rolling Stone described each cut on Synchronicity [ as ] not simply a song but a miniature , discrete soundtrack . It has since been included on their lists of the 100 Best Albums of the Eighties and the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . In 2009 , Synchronicity was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In the 1983 Rolling Stone readers poll , Synchronicity was voted Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Country - In a Big Country Huey Lewis and the News - Heart and Soul Talking Heads - Burning Down the House ZZ Top - Eliminator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Country', 'summary': "Big Country are a Scottish rock band formed in Dunfermline , Fife , in 1981 . The height of the band 's popularity was in the early to mid 1980s , although it retained a cult following for many years after . The band 's music incorporated Scottish folk and martial music styles , and the band engineered their guitar-driven sound to evoke the sound of bagpipes , fiddles and other traditional folk instruments ."}, {'url': '/wiki/In_a_Big_Country', 'summary': 'In a Big Country is a song by Scottish rock band Big Country . It was released in May 1983 as the third single from their debut studio album The Crossing . The song reached No . 17 on the UK Singles Chart in June 1983 . It was released in the US in the fall of 1983 and peaked at No . 3 on the Top Rock Tracks chart and No . 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 in December of that year . It reached No . 3 on the RPM Top Singles Chart in Canada on 26 November 1983 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Huey_Lewis_and_the_News', 'summary': 'Huey Lewis and the News is an American rock band based in San Francisco , California . They had a run of hit singles during the 1980s and early 1990s , eventually achieving 19 top ten singles across the Billboard Hot 100 , Adult Contemporary , and Mainstream Rock charts . Their most successful album , Sports , was released in 1983 . The album , along with its videos being featured on MTV , catapulted the group to worldwide fame . Their popularity expanded when the song The Power of Love was featured in the 1985 film Back to the Future . The Power of Love reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Heart_and_Soul_(Huey_Lewis_and_the_News_song)', 'summary': "Heart and Soul is a song written by Mike Chapman and Nicky Chinn and made famous by Huey Lewis and the News . The song was first recorded by Exile in 1981 as the title track of their album Heart and Soul . Exile 's single failed to crack the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at No . 102 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . The song was also recorded by the BusBoys for their 1982 album American Worker ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Talking_Heads', 'summary': "Talking Heads were an American rock band formed in 1975 in New York City and active until 1991 . The band comprised David Byrne ( lead vocals , guitar ) , Chris Frantz ( drums ) , Tina Weymouth ( bass ) , and Jerry Harrison ( keyboards , guitar ) . Described by the critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine as one of the most critically acclaimed bands of the '80s , the group helped to pioneer new wave music by integrating elements of punk , art rock , funk , and world music with avant-garde sensibilities and an anxious , clean-cut image . Former art school students who became involved in the 1970s New York punk scene , Talking Heads released their debut album , Talking Heads : 77 , to positive reviews in 1977 . They collaborated with producer Brian Eno on a trio of experimental and critically acclaimed releases : More Songs About Buildings and Food ( 1978 ) , Fear of Music ( 1979 ) , and Remain in Light ( 1980 ) . After a hiatus , Talking Heads hit their commercial peak in 1983 with the U.S. Top 10 hit Burning Down the House and released the concert film Stop Making Sense , directed by Jonathan Demme . They released several more albums , including their best-selling LP Little Creatures ( 1985 ) , before disbanding in 1991 . In 2002 , Talking Heads were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Four of their albums appear in Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , and three of their songs ( Psycho Killer , Life During Wartime , and Once in a Lifetime ) were included among the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . Talking Heads were also number 64 on VH1 's list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . In the 2011 update of Rolling Stone 's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time , they were ranked number 100 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Burning_Down_the_House', 'summary': 'Burning Down the House is a song by new wave band Talking Heads , released in July 1983 as the first single from their fifth studio album Speaking in Tongues .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ZZ_Top', 'summary': "ZZ Top ( pronounced zee zee top ) is an American rock trio formed in 1969 in Houston , Texas . The band has , since 1970 , consisted of vocalist/guitarist Billy Gibbons ( the band 's leader , main lyricist and musical arranger ) , bassist/vocalist Dusty Hill , and drummer Frank Beard . As genuine roots musicians , they have few peers , according to critic Michael Cub Koda . Gibbons is one of America 's finest blues guitarists working in the arena rock idiom [ . ] while Hill and Beard provide the ultimate rhythm section support . The band released its debut album , ZZ Top 's First Album , in 1971 . Beginning with blues-inspired rock , the trio later incorporated new wave , punk rock and dance-rock by using synthesizers . Their songs have a reputation for containing humorous lyrics laced with double entendres and innuendos . The band 's top-selling album is their 1983 release Eliminator , which sold more than 10 million copies in the United States . Total record sales of 25 million place ZZ Top among the top-100-selling artists in the United States , according to the Recording Industry Association of America . That includes eleven gold , seven platinum and three multi-platinum albums as of 2016 , according to the RIAA . By 2014 , ZZ Top had sold more than 50 million albums worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eliminator_(album)', 'summary': "Eliminator is the eighth studio album by the American rock band ZZ Top . It was released on March 23 , 1983 , by Warner Bros. Records . Recorded in Tennessee during 1982 , the album was produced by the band 's manager Bill Ham and peaked at the top of the charts in many countries . Gim me All Your Lovin ' , Got Me Under Pressure , Sharp Dressed Man , TV Dinners and Legs were released as singles . A Diamond certified album , Eliminator is ZZ Top 's most commercially successful release , with sales of over 10 million copies in the United States alone . The band wanted to expand on the synthesizer sound of their 1981 album El Loco . Influenced by new wave , Eliminator′s tracks were recorded with a combination of the synthesizer , drum machine and sequencer . The album used music videos as successful promotional tools - the videos for Gim me All Your Lovin ' , Sharp Dressed Man and Legs all received regular rotation on MTV and helped the band gain popularity with a new younger teenage fan base . A customized 1933 Ford coupe , depicted on the album cover , could be seen in the videos . Following Eliminator′s release , ZZ Top embarked on a worldwide concert tour . Often considered ZZ Top 's most popular release , the record was ranked at number 398 in Rolling Stone magazine 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and was listed at number 39 in The 100 Greatest Albums of the 80s . After the success of Legs , Eliminator was reissued with the song 's edited single remix replacing the original version ."}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/27th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 27th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 26 , 1985 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles , and were broadcast live on American television . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1984 .'}]}, {'value': 'Prince and the Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_(musician)', 'summary': "Prince Rogers Nelson ( June 7 , 1958 - April 21 , 2016 ) was an American singer , songwriter , musician , record producer , dancer , actor , and filmmaker . A guitar virtuoso and multi-instrumentalist known for his genre-crossing work , wide-ranging singing voice , and flamboyant stage appearances , he is regarded as one of the most influential musicians in the history of popular music . [ better source needed ] His innovative music integrated a wide variety of styles , including funk , R & B , rock , new wave , soul , psychedelia , and pop . Prince pioneered the late 1970s Minneapolis sound , a funk rock subgenre drawing from synth-pop and new wave . Born and raised in Minneapolis , Prince developed an interest in music as a young child and wrote his first song , Funk Machine , at the age of seven . He signed a recording contract with Warner Bros. Records at the age of 19 , and released his debut album For You in 1978 . Following up with his next four albums - Prince ( 1979 ) , Dirty Mind ( 1980 ) , Controversy ( 1981 ) , and 1999 ( 1982 ) - Prince gained critical success , prominently showcasing his explicit lyrics as well as his blending of funk , dance , and rock music . In 1984 , he began referring to his backup band as The Revolution and released his sixth album Purple Rain , which was also the soundtrack to his hugely successful film acting debut of the same name . It quickly became his most critically and commercially successful record , spending 24 consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200 . The film itself was critically and commercially successful and also won the Academy Award for Best Original Song Score , the last film to receive the award . Following the disbandment of The Revolution , Prince released the critically acclaimed double album Sign o ' the Times ( 1987 ) . He released three more solo albums - Lovesexy ( 1988 ) , the Batman soundtrack ( 1989 ) , and the Graffiti Bridge soundtrack ( 1990 ) - before debuting his New Power Generation backing band in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Purple Rain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purple_Rain_(album)', 'summary': "Purple Rain is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Prince , released on June 25 , 1984 by Warner Bros. Records . It is the first to feature the billing of his band the Revolution , and is the soundtrack to the 1984 film of the same name . Purple Rain was musically denser than Prince 's previous albums , emphasizing full band performances , and multiple layers of guitars , keyboards , electronic synthesizer effects , drum machines , and other instruments . As with many massive crossover albums , Purple Rain 's consolidation of myriad styles , from pop rock to R & B to dance , is generally acknowledged to account in part for its enormous popularity . As a soundtrack record , much of the album had a grandiose , synthesized , and psychedelic sheen to the production and performances . The music on Purple Rain is generally regarded as the most pop-oriented of Prince 's career , though a number of elements point towards the more experimental records Prince would release after Purple Rain . Take Me with U was written for Apollonia 6 ( 1984 ) , but later enlisted for Purple Rain . The risqué lyrics of Darling Nikki contributed to the use of Parental Advisory stickers and imprints on album covers that were the record label 's answer to complaints from Tipper Gore and the Parents Music Resource Center Purple Rain became Prince 's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 . When Doves Cry and Let 's Go Crazy reached number one the Billboard Hot 100 , while Purple Rain peaked at number two and I Would Die 4 U peaked at number eight . Prince was the third artist after Elvis Presley and the Beatles to have the number-one album , single and film in the US all at the same time . The album spent 24 consecutive weeks atop on the Billboard 200 , from August 4 , 1984 to January 18 , 1985 , and was present on the chart for a total of 122 weeks . In May 1996 , it was certified 13x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and its total sales stand at 25 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling albums of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'The Cars - Heartbeat City Genesis - Genesis Van Halen - Jump Yes - 90125', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cars', 'summary': "The Cars were an American rock band formed in Boston in 1976 . Emerging from the new wave scene in the late 1970s , the line-up consisted of singer , rhythm guitarist and songwriter Ric Ocasek , bassist and singer Benjamin Orr , lead guitarist Elliot Easton , keyboardist Greg Hawkes and drummer David Robinson . The Cars were at the forefront of merging 1970s guitar-oriented rock with the new synthesizer-oriented pop that was then becoming popular and flourishing in the early 1980s . Robert Palmer , music critic for The New York Times and Rolling Stone , described the Cars ' musical style : they have taken some important but disparate contemporary trends - punk minimalism , the labyrinthine synthesizer and guitar textures of art rock , the '50s rockabilly revival and the melodious terseness of power pop - and mixed them into a personal and appealing blend . The Cars were named Best New Artist in the 1978 Rolling Stone Readers ' Poll and won Video of the Year for You Might Think at the first MTV Video Music Awards in 1984 . Their debut album , The Cars , sold six million copies and appeared on the Billboard 200 album chart for 139 weeks . As of 2001 , the Cars had sold over 23 million albums in the United States . The band broke up in 1988 and Ocasek stated that a reunion would never happen . Orr died in 2000 from pancreatic cancer . In 2005 , Easton and Hawkes joined with Todd Rundgren to form a spin-off band , the New Cars , which performed classic Cars and Rundgren songs along with new material . The surviving original members reunited in 2010 to record a new album , Move Like This , which was released in May 2011 , followed by a short tour . In April 2018 , the Cars were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and reunited once more to perform at the induction ceremony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heartbeat_City', 'summary': "Heartbeat City is the fifth studio album by American rock band the Cars . It was released on March 13 , 1984 , by Elektra Records . The band produced the album with Robert John Mutt Lange . Met with a positive commercial response , the album had numerous tracks getting airplay with the hit singles Drive and You Might Think reaching the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 . The album also received favorable reviews from several critics ; for example , Robert Christgau stated that the glossy approach the Cars invented has made this the best year for pure pop in damn near twenty years , and it 's only fair that they should return so confidently to form ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Genesis_(band)', 'summary': "Genesis were an English rock band formed at Charterhouse School , Godalming , Surrey , in 1967 . The most successful and longest-lasting line-up consisted of keyboardist Tony Banks , bassist/guitarist Mike Rutherford and drummer/singer Phil Collins . Significant former members were original lead singer Peter Gabriel , and guitarists Anthony Phillips and Steve Hackett . The band moved from folk music to progressive rock in the 1970s , before moving towards pop at the end of the decade . They have sold 21.5 million copies of their albums in the United States , with worldwide sales of between 100 million and 150 million . Formed by five Charterhouse pupils including Banks , Rutherford , Gabriel , and Phillips , Genesis were named by former pupil Jonathan King , who arranged for them to record several unsuccessful singles and their debut album From Genesis to Revelation in 1968 . After splitting with King , the group began to tour professionally , signed with Charisma Records and recorded Trespass ( 1970 ) in the progressive rock style . Following the departure of Phillips , Genesis recruited Collins and Hackett and recorded Nursery Cryme ( 1971 ) . Their live shows also began to be centred on Gabriel 's theatrical costumes and performances . They were first successful in mainland Europe , before entering the UK charts with Foxtrot ( 1972 ) . In 1973 , they released Selling England by the Pound ( 1973 ) , which featured their first UK top 30 single I Know What I Like ( In Your Wardrobe ) . The concept album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway followed in 1974 , and was promoted with a transatlantic tour featuring an elaborate stage show ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Genesis_(Genesis_album)', 'summary': "Genesis is the twelfth studio album by the English rock band Genesis , released on 3 October 1983 by Charisma and Virgin Records . Following the band 's tour in support of their 1982 live album Three Sides Live , Genesis took an eight-month break before they regrouped in the spring of 1983 to record a new studio album , their first since Abacab ( 1981 ) . It marks their first written , recorded , and mixed in its entirety at their own recording facility named The Farm . Its title derives from the fact that the album was written collectively . According to AllMusic , the album established that Genesis were now primarily a pop band , although art rock functions as coloring . Genesis was a commercial success upon its release . The album reached No . 1 on the UK Albums Chart and No . 9 on the US Billboard 200 , where it sold over 4 million copies . Five singles were released between 1983 and 1984 , with Mama being the band 's highest-charting single in the UK at No . 4 . Genesis was remastered in 2007 with new stereo and 5.1 surround sound mixes as part of the Genesis 1983-1998 box set ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Van_Halen', 'summary': "Van Halen is an American rock band formed in Pasadena , California in 1972 . Credited with restoring hard rock to the forefront of the music scene , Van Halen is known for its energetic live shows and for the work of its acclaimed lead guitarist , Eddie Van Halen . The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007 . From 1974 until 1985 , Van Halen consisted of Eddie Van Halen ; Eddie 's brother , drummer Alex Van Halen ; vocalist David Lee Roth ; and bassist Michael Anthony . Upon its release , the band 's self-titled debut album reached No . 19 on the Billboard pop music charts . By the early 1980s , Van Halen was one of the most successful rock acts of the time . The album 1984 was a hit ; its lead single , Jump , is the band 's only U.S. number one single to date and was internationally known . In 1985 , Van Halen replaced Roth with former Montrose lead vocalist Sammy Hagar . With Hagar , the group released four U.S. number-one albums over the course of 11 years ( 5150 in 1986 , OU812 in 1988 , For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge in 1991 , and Balance in 1995 ) . Hagar left the band in 1996 shortly before the release of the band 's first greatest hits collection , Best Of - Volume I . Former Extreme frontman Gary Cherone replaced Hagar , remaining with the band until 1999 ; Van Halen then went on hiatus until reuniting with Hagar for a worldwide tour in 2003 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jump_(Van_Halen_song)', 'summary': "Jump is a song by American hard rock band Van Halen . It was released in December 1983 as the lead single from their album 1984 . It is Van Halen 's most successful single to date , reaching number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The song differs from earlier Van Halen songs in that it is driven by a keyboard line ( played on an Oberheim OB-Xa ) although the song does contain a guitar solo , which was spliced together from multiple takes . David Lee Roth dedicated the song to martial artist Benny The Jet Urquidez , of whom he was a student ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yes_(band)', 'summary': 'Yes are an English progressive rock band formed in London in 1968 by singer Jon Anderson , bassist Chris Squire , guitarist Peter Banks , keyboardist Tony Kaye , and drummer Bill Bruford . The band has undergone numerous formations throughout its history ; nineteen musicians have been full-time members . Since June 2015 , it has consisted of guitarist Steve Howe , drummer Alan White , keyboardist Geoff Downes , singer Jon Davison , and bassist Billy Sherwood . Yes have explored several musical styles over the years , and are most notably regarded as progressive rock pioneers . Yes began performing original songs and rearranged covers of rock , pop , blues and jazz songs , as evident on their first two albums . A change of direction in 1970 led to a series of successful progressive rock albums until their disbanding in 1981 , their most successful being The Yes Album ( 1971 ) , Fragile ( 1971 ) and Close to the Edge ( 1972 ) . Yes toured as a major rock act that earned the band a reputation for their elaborate stage sets , light displays , and album covers designed by Roger Dean . The success of Roundabout , the single from Fragile , cemented their popularity across the decade and beyond . In 1983 , Yes reformed with a new line-up that included Trevor Rabin and a more commercial and pop-oriented musical direction . The result was 90125 ( 1983 ) , their highest-selling album , which contained the U.S. number-one single , Owner of a Lonely Heart . From 1990 to 1992 , Yes were an eight-member formation after they merged with Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe for Union ( 1991 ) and its tour . Since 1994 , Yes have released albums with varied levels of success and completed tours from 1994 to 2004 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/90125', 'summary': "90125 is the eleventh studio album by the English progressive rock band Yes , released on 7 November 1983 by Atco Records . After disbanding in 1981 , following the Drama ( 1980 ) tour , bassist Chris Squire and drummer Alan White formed Cinema with guitarist and singer-songwriter Trevor Rabin and original Yes keyboardist Tony Kaye , who had left in 1971 , and began recording an album . They adopted a more commercial and pop-oriented musical direction as the result of their new material , much of which derived from Rabin 's demos , with former Yes singer Trevor Horn as their producer . During the mixing stage former Yes singer Jon Anderson , who had left in 1980 , accepted the invitation to return and record the lead vocals , and subsequently Cinema became the new lineup of Yes . 90125 was released to a generally positive reception and introduced the band to a new generation of fans . It reached No . 5 on the US Billboard 200 and No . 16 on the UK Albums Chart , and remains their best selling album with over 3 million copies sold in the US . Of the album 's four singles , Owner of a Lonely Heart was the most successful and is their only song to top the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . Cinema earned the group a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance . Yes toured for the album in 1984 and 1985 which included two headline shows at the inaugural Rock in Rio festival . The album was remastered in 2004 with previously unreleased bonus tracks ."}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/28th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 28th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1986 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year , 1985 . Album of the Year went to Hugh Padgham and Phil Collins for No Jacket Required , and Song of the Year went to Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie for We Are the World . The night 's big winner was USA For Africa 's We Are The World , which won four awards , including Song of the Year . The latter was awarded to its songwriters , Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson . This was a sweet victory for both , as it marked the first time in their respective careers that they won the coveted Song of the Year category . For Richie , it was his sixth attempt in eight years . The other three awards for the charity single were not given to the performing artist ( as is usually the case ) , but to the song 's producer , Quincy Jones . These three Grammy 's brought his career total to 19 , just one shy of the ( then ) record holder in the popular genres , Henry Mancini . Another big winner was Phil Collins , whose No Jacket Required LP amassed three wins : Album of the Year , Producer of the Year and Best Pop Vocal ( Male ) . There were a number of remarkable wins in the classical field . The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra 's recording of Berlioz : Requiem won three awards , while a different recording by the same orchestra won the Best Orchestral Performance award ."}]}, {'value': 'Dire Straits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dire_Straits', 'summary': "Dire Straits were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 by Mark Knopfler ( lead vocals and lead guitar ) , David Knopfler ( rhythm guitar and backing vocals ) , John Illsley ( bass guitar and backing vocals ) , and Pick Withers ( drums and percussion ) . They were active from 1977 to 1988 and again from 1991 to 1995 . Dire Straits are one of the world 's best-selling music artists , with album sales of over 100 million . Their first single , Sultans of Swing , from their 1978 self-titled debut album , reached the top ten in the UK and US charts . It was followed by hit singles including Romeo and Juliet ( 1981 ) , Private Investigations ( 1982 ) , Twisting by the Pool ( 1983 ) , Money for Nothing ( 1985 ) , and Walk of Life ( 1985 ) . Their most commercially successful album , Brothers in Arms ( 1985 ) , has sold more than 30 million copies ; it was the first album to sell a million copies on compact disc , and is the eighth-bestselling album in UK history . According to the Guinness Book of British Hit Albums , Dire Straits have spent over 1,100 weeks on the UK albums chart , the fifth most of all time . Dire Straits ' sound draws from various influences including jazz , folk , and country , and the blues rock of J. J. Cale and Eric Clapton . Their stripped-down sound contrasted with punk rock and demonstrated a roots rock influence that emerged from pub rock . There were several changes in personnel , with Mark Knopfler and Illsley being the only consistent members . After disbanding once again in 1995 , Knopfler launched his solo career full-time . Dire Straits won four Grammy Awards , three Brit Awards ( Best British Group twice ) , two MTV Video Music Awards , and various other awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Money for Nothing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Money_for_Nothing_(song)', 'summary': "Money for Nothing is a single by British rock band Dire Straits , taken from their 1985 studio album Brothers in Arms . The song 's lyrics are written from the point of view of two working-class men watching music videos and commenting on what they see . The song features a guest appearance by Sting singing background vocals , providing both the signature falsetto introduction and backing chorus of I want my MTV . The groundbreaking video was the first to be aired on MTV Europe when the network launched on 1 August 1987 . It was Dire Straits ' most commercially successful single , peaking at number 1 for three weeks in the United States , number 1 for three weeks on the US Top Rock Tracks chart and number 4 in the band 's native UK . Money for Nothing won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1986 at the 28th Annual Grammy Awards and the video won Video of the Year at the 3rd MTV Video Music Awards ."}]}, {'value': "Bryan Adams and Tina Turner - It 's Only Love Eurythmics - Would I Lie to You ? Heart - Heart Starship - We Built This City", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan_Adams', 'summary': "Bryan Guy Adams OC OBC ( born 5 November 1959 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter , record producer , guitarist , photographer , philanthropist , and activist . He rose to fame in Canada and the United States with his 1983 album Cuts Like a Knife and turned into a global star with his 1984 album Reckless , which produced some of his best known songs , including Run to You , Summer of '69 , and his first number one , Heaven . In 1991 , he released the album Waking Up the Neighbours , which included the song ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You . The song became a worldwide hit and reached number 1 in many countries , including a new record of 16 consecutive weeks in the United Kingdom . Adams also had the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Please Forgive Me , All for Love and Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ? For his contributions to music , Adams has garnered many awards and nominations , including 20 Juno Awards among 56 nominations and 15 Grammy Award nominations including a win for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television in 1992 . He has also won MTV , ASCAP , American Music awards , three Ivor Novello Awards for song composition , and has been nominated five times for Golden Globe Awards and three times for Academy Awards for his songwriting for films . Adams was awarded the Order of Canada and the Order of British Columbia for contributions to popular music and philanthropic work via his own foundation , which helps improve education for people around the world . Adams was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2011 and Canada 's Walk of Fame , Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame in 1998 , and in April 2006 he was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame at Canada 's Juno Awards . In 2008 , Adams was ranked 38th on the list of all-time top artists in the Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary Charts . On 13 January 2010 , he received the Allan Waters Humanitarian Award for his part in numerous charitable concerts and campaigns during his career , and on 1 May 2010 was given the Governor General 's Performing Arts Award for his 30 years of contributions to the arts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tina_Turner', 'summary': "Tina Turner ( born Anna Mae Bullock ; November 26 , 1939 ) is an American-Swiss singer and actress . Originally from the United States , she became a Swiss citizen in 2013 . Turner rose to prominence as part of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue before launching a successful career as a solo performer . One of the best-selling recording artists of all time , she has been referred to as The Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll and has sold more than 200 million records worldwide . Turner is noted for her energetic stage presence , powerful vocals , and career longevity . Turner began her career in 1958 as a featured singer with Ike Turner 's Kings of Rhythm , recording under the name Little Ann on Boxtop . Her introduction to the public as Tina Turner began with the hit single A Fool in Love ( 1960 ) , released by the Ike & Tina Turner Revue . She married Ike Turner in 1962 . Success followed with a string of notable hits , including River Deep - Mountain High ( 1966 ) , the Grammy-winning Proud Mary ( 1971 ) , and Nutbush City Limits ( 1973 ) . Raised a Baptist , she became an adherent of Nichiren Buddhism in 1973 , crediting the spiritual chant of Nam Myoho Renge Kyo with helping her to endure during difficult times . Turner separated from Ike Turner in 1976 , ending both their personal relationship and their musical partnership ; the couple divorced in 1978 . In her autobiography , I , Tina : My Life Story ( 1986 ) , Turner revealed that Ike Turner had subjected her to domestic violence ."}, {'url': "/wiki/It's_Only_Love_(Bryan_Adams_song)", 'summary': "It 's Only Love is a song by Canadian singer and songwriter Bryan Adams , featuring American singer Tina Turner . Released as a single in 1985 , the song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and the accompanying video won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Stage Performance . It was the sixth and final single from Adams ' album Reckless ( 1984 ) and was included on Tina Turner 's live album Tina Live in Europe ( 1988 ) , as well as being added to both artists ' greatest hits compilations : Adams ' Anthology ( 2005 ) and Turner 's All the Best ( 2004 ) . It reached number 15 in January 1986 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States and number 29 in the United Kingdom . The 12 single included the 1985 live version that would later appear on the album Tina Live in Europe ( 1988 ) . Adams told Songfacts that this was his most memorable collaboration of all the ones he has done . He explained : Working with Tina Turner was amazing . I used to go to see her in the clubs when I was in my late teens/early 20s before she hit the big time . It was incredible to watch her . He added : It was such a privilege to have sung with her , especially since I was only 24 at the time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eurythmics', 'summary': "Eurythmics were a British pop duo consisting of members Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart . Stewart and Lennox were both previously in the band the Tourists , which broke up in 1980 ; the Eurythmics were formed later that year in Wagga Wagga , Australia . The duo released their first studio album , In the Garden , in 1981 to little success , but went on to achieve global success when their second album Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) , was released in 1983 . The title track became a worldwide hit which topped the charts in various countries including the US . The duo went on to release a string of hit singles and albums before they split up in 1990 . By this time Stewart was a sought-after record producer , while Lennox began a solo recording career in 1992 with her debut album Diva . After almost a decade apart , the Eurythmics reunited to record their ninth album , Peace , released in late 1999 . They reunited again in 2005 to release the single I 've Got a Life , as part of a new Eurythmics compilation album , Ultimate Collection . The duo have won an MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in 1984 , the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1987 , the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 1999 , and in 2005 were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame . The Eurythmics have sold an estimated 75 million records worldwide . In 2017 , the group was nominated for induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame , and were nominated again in 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Would_I_Lie_to_You?_(Eurythmics_song)', 'summary': "Would I Lie to You ? is a 1985 song written and recorded by the British pop duo Eurythmics . Released as the lead single from the band 's fourth studio album Be Yourself Tonight , the song was the first by the duo to feature their change in musical direction from a predominantly synthpop style to rock and rhythm and blues . The song , and its accompanying album , featured a full backing band and relied less on electronic programming . Lyrically , the song features Lennox confronting a cheating lover as she leaves him for good . This was conveyed in the music video for the single , in which actor Steven Bauer played the part of the boyfriend . The video was directed by Mary Lambert and was shown heavily on MTV . The front and back cover photos , and the inner cover art of the Be Yourself Tonight album are screenshots from the music video . Would I Lie to You ? is one of Eurythmics ' most recognised tunes and continued the band 's run of hit singles . In the UK , the song peaked at number 17 , while it went to number five on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 , becoming their third Top 10 hit in the U.S ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heart_(band)', 'summary': "Heart is an American rock band formed in 1970 in Seattle , Washington by Steve Fossen ( bass guitar ) , Roger Fisher ( guitar ) , David Belzer ( keyboards ) , and Jeff Johnson ( drums ) . It evolved from an existing band , White Heart . Since 1973 the vocalists for Heart have been sisters Ann Wilson ( lead vocals , flute , guitar ) ( born June 19 , 1950 ) and Nancy Wilson ( vocals , guitar , mandolin ) ( born March 16 , 1954 ) . Over Heart 's history , it has had three primary lineups . Heart first found success when its members moved to Canada , in part to avoid the draft , then later in the United States , and ultimately worldwide . Heart rose to fame in the mid-1970s with music influenced by hard rock and heavy metal , as well as folk music . Their popularity declined in the early 1980s ; but in 1985 , Heart launched a successful comeback which continued into the 1990s , releasing numerous hard-rock songs and ballads . Heart disbanded in 1998 , then resumed performing in 2002 . In the summer of 2019 , Heart ended their 2016 acrimonious break-up by launching their Love Alive tour . Iconic hits include Crazy on You ( 1976 ) , Magic Man ( 1976 ) , and Barracuda ( 1977 ) . To date , Heart has sold over 35 million records worldwide , including over 22.5 million in album sales in the U.S . They have had top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 in the 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , and 2010s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heart_(Heart_album)', 'summary': "Heart is the eighth studio album by American rock band Heart . It was released on July 6 , 1985 , by Capitol Records . The album continued the band 's transition into mainstream rock , a genre that yielded the band its greatest commercial success . Marking the band 's Capitol Records debut , it became Heart 's only album to top the US Billboard 200 to date , and was eventually certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The album also yielded the band 's first number-one single , These Dreams , along with four other singles : What About Love , Never , Nothin ' at All , and If Looks Could Kill , with the first three singles reaching the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 . In 1986 , the album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Starship_(band)', 'summary': 'Starship is an American rock band . Initially a continuation of Jefferson Starship , it underwent a change in musical direction , the subsequent loss of personnel , and a lawsuit settlement that led to a name change .'}, {'url': '/wiki/We_Built_This_City', 'summary': 'We Built This City is a 1985 song written by Bernie Taupin , Martin Page , Dennis Lambert and Peter Wolf , and originally recorded by US rock group Starship and released as their debut single on their album Knee Deep in the Hoopla . Commercially , the single reached number one in Australia , Canada and the United States ; the top 10 in Germany , Ireland , Sweden and Switzerland ; the top 20 in Belgium , New Zealand and the United Kingdom ; and number 21 in Austria and the Netherlands . It has appeared on several worst song lists , topping a 2011 Rolling Stone poll of worst songs of the 1980s by a wide margin .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/29th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 29th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1987 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Paul Simon won Album of the Year for Graceland , and Burt Bacharach and Carole Bayer Sager won Song of the Year for That 's What Friends Are For ."}]}, {'value': 'Eurythmics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurythmics', 'summary': "Eurythmics were a British pop duo consisting of members Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart . Stewart and Lennox were both previously in the band the Tourists , which broke up in 1980 ; the Eurythmics were formed later that year in Wagga Wagga , Australia . The duo released their first studio album , In the Garden , in 1981 to little success , but went on to achieve global success when their second album Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) , was released in 1983 . The title track became a worldwide hit which topped the charts in various countries including the US . The duo went on to release a string of hit singles and albums before they split up in 1990 . By this time Stewart was a sought-after record producer , while Lennox began a solo recording career in 1992 with her debut album Diva . After almost a decade apart , the Eurythmics reunited to record their ninth album , Peace , released in late 1999 . They reunited again in 2005 to release the single I 've Got a Life , as part of a new Eurythmics compilation album , Ultimate Collection . The duo have won an MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in 1984 , the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1987 , the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 1999 , and in 2005 were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame . The Eurythmics have sold an estimated 75 million records worldwide . In 2017 , the group was nominated for induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame , and were nominated again in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Missionary Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missionary_Man_(Eurythmics_song)', 'summary': "Missionary Man is a song by the British pop music duo Eurythmics . It was taken from their sixth album , Revenge , and continued the band 's rock/R & B musical style of the time and featured Jimmy Zavala on harmonica and Joniece Jamison on back-up vocals . In the band 's native UK , it was the fourth single to be taken from the album and peaked at number 31 . It was more successful in the United States , where it was the first single to be taken from the album and peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 ( becoming their last main US Top 20 hit to date ) . It also made the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart , and it received extensive airplay on American rock radio , reaching number 1 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks , Eurythmics ' only song to top this chart . The single was also a top ten hit in Australia , where it was released as the second single from the album . Missionary Man earned Eurythmics a 1986 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal ."}]}, {'value': 'Artists United Against Apartheid - Sun City The Fabulous Thunderbirds - Tuff Enuff The Rolling Stones - Harlem Shuffle ZZ Top - Afterburner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Artists_United_Against_Apartheid', 'summary': 'Artists United Against Apartheid was a 1985 protest group founded by activist and performer Steven Van Zandt and record producer Arthur Baker to protest against apartheid in South Africa . The group produced the song Sun City and the album Sun City that year , which is considered a notable anti-apartheid song .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sun_City_(song)', 'summary': 'Sun City is a 1985 protest song written by Steven Van Zandt , produced by Van Zandt and Arthur Baker and recorded by Artists United Against Apartheid to convey opposition to the South African policy of apartheid . The primary means of that opposition is to declare that all the artists involved would refuse any and all offers to perform at Sun City , a resort which was located within the bantustan of Bophuthatswana , one of a number of internationally unrecognized states created by the South African government to forcibly relocate its black population .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Fabulous_Thunderbirds', 'summary': 'The Fabulous Thunderbirds are an American blues rock band formed in Texas in 1974 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tuff_Enuff_(song)', 'summary': "Tuff Enuff is a song by the blues rock band The Fabulous Thunderbirds . It was written by Jerry McCain . The song was included on the album Tuff Enuff and was produced by Dave Edmunds . Released as a single in 1986 , Tuff Enuff peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number four on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , and it reached the top 20 charts in other countries . It was ranked number 96 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s . It was the band 's first single , and has since become its signature song ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones', 'summary': "The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962 . The first stable line-up consisted of bandleader Brian Jones ( guitar , harmonica , keyboards ) , Mick Jagger ( lead vocals , harmonica ) , Keith Richards ( guitar , vocals ) , Bill Wyman ( bass guitar ) , Charlie Watts ( drums ) , and Ian Stewart ( piano ) . Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued to work with the band as a contracted musician until his death in 1985 . The band 's primary songwriters , Jagger and Richards , assumed leadership after Andrew Loog Oldham became the group 's manager . Jones left the band less than a month before his death in 1969 , having already been replaced by Mick Taylor . Taylor left in 1974 and was replaced in 1975 by Ronnie Wood who has since remained . Since Wyman 's departure in 1993 , Darryl Jones has served as touring bassist . The Stones have not had an official keyboardist since 1963 , but have employed several musicians in that role , including Jack Nitzsche ( 1965-1971 ) , Nicky Hopkins ( 1967-1982 ) , Billy Preston ( 1971-1981 ) , Ian McLagan ( 1978-1981 ) , and Chuck Leavell ( 1982-present ) . The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the United States in 1964 and were identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s . Rooted in blues and early rock and roll , the band started out playing covers but found more success with their own material ; songs such as ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction and Paint It Black became international hits , and Aftermath ( 1966 ) - their first entirely original album - has been considered the most important of the band 's formative records . After a short period of experimentation with psychedelic rock in the mid-1960s , the group returned to its bluesy roots with Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) , Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) , Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) , and Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) . It was during this period they were first introduced on stage as The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harlem_Shuffle', 'summary': 'Harlem Shuffle is an R & B song written and originally recorded by the duo Bob & Earl in 1963 . In 1986 it was covered by The Rolling Stones on their album Dirty Work .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ZZ_Top', 'summary': "ZZ Top ( pronounced zee zee top ) is an American rock trio formed in 1969 in Houston , Texas . The band has , since 1970 , consisted of vocalist/guitarist Billy Gibbons ( the band 's leader , main lyricist and musical arranger ) , bassist/vocalist Dusty Hill , and drummer Frank Beard . As genuine roots musicians , they have few peers , according to critic Michael Cub Koda . Gibbons is one of America 's finest blues guitarists working in the arena rock idiom [ . ] while Hill and Beard provide the ultimate rhythm section support . The band released its debut album , ZZ Top 's First Album , in 1971 . Beginning with blues-inspired rock , the trio later incorporated new wave , punk rock and dance-rock by using synthesizers . Their songs have a reputation for containing humorous lyrics laced with double entendres and innuendos . The band 's top-selling album is their 1983 release Eliminator , which sold more than 10 million copies in the United States . Total record sales of 25 million place ZZ Top among the top-100-selling artists in the United States , according to the Recording Industry Association of America . That includes eleven gold , seven platinum and three multi-platinum albums as of 2016 , according to the RIAA . By 2014 , ZZ Top had sold more than 50 million albums worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Afterburner_(album)', 'summary': "Afterburner is the ninth studio album by the American rock band ZZ Top , released in 1985 . Afterburner was a financial success , going several times platinum and launching several hit singles , the most successful of which was Sleeping Bag which peaked at No . 1 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks and at No . 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In the UK , it was the band 's second album to be certified by the British Phonographic Industry , attaining Gold ( 100,000 units ) in 1985 . In 1990 , it was certified Platinum ( 300,000 units ) . The song Ca n't Stop Rockin ' was used in the 1993 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III . The song Velcro Fly was an element in Stephen King 's The Dark Tower III : The Waste Lands ; Eddie keeps hearing drums playing in the distance and thinks it sounds like , then later realizes it is , the drum track for Velcro Fly ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/30th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 30th Annual Grammy Awards were held March 2 , 1988 , at Radio City Music Hall , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Album of the Year went to U2 for The Joshua Tree , and Song of the Year went to Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil and James Horner for Somewhere Out There .'}]}, {'value': 'U2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}]}, {'value': 'The Joshua Tree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Joshua_Tree', 'summary': "The Joshua Tree is the fifth studio album by Irish rock band U2 . It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno , and was released on 9 March 1987 on Island Records . In contrast to the ambient experimentation of their 1984 release , The Unforgettable Fire , the band aimed for a harder-hitting sound within the limitation of conventional song structures on The Joshua Tree . The album is influenced by American and Irish roots music , and through sociopolitically conscious lyrics embellished with spiritual imagery , it contrasts the group 's antipathy for the real America with their fascination with the mythical America . Inspired by American experiences , literature , and politics , U2 chose America as a theme for the record . Recording began in January 1986 in Ireland , and to foster a relaxed , creative atmosphere , the group primarily recorded in two houses . Several events during the sessions helped shape the conscious tone of the album , including the band 's participation in the Conspiracy of Hope benefit concerts for Amnesty International , the death of roadie Greg Carroll , and lead vocalist Bono 's travels to Central America . Recording was completed in November 1986 ; additional production continued into January 1987 . Throughout the sessions , U2 sought a cinematic quality for the record , one that would evoke a sense of location , in particular , the open spaces of the United States . They represented this in the sleeve photography depicting them in American desert landscapes . The Joshua Tree received critical acclaim , topped the charts in over 20 countries , and became the fastest-selling album in British history . According to Rolling Stone , the album increased the band 's stature from heroes to superstars ."}]}, {'value': 'Heart - Bad Animals Georgia Satellites - Keep Your Hands to Yourself Los Lobos - By the Light of the Moon Yes - Big Generator', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heart_(band)', 'summary': "Heart is an American rock band formed in 1970 in Seattle , Washington by Steve Fossen ( bass guitar ) , Roger Fisher ( guitar ) , David Belzer ( keyboards ) , and Jeff Johnson ( drums ) . It evolved from an existing band , White Heart . Since 1973 the vocalists for Heart have been sisters Ann Wilson ( lead vocals , flute , guitar ) ( born June 19 , 1950 ) and Nancy Wilson ( vocals , guitar , mandolin ) ( born March 16 , 1954 ) . Over Heart 's history , it has had three primary lineups . Heart first found success when its members moved to Canada , in part to avoid the draft , then later in the United States , and ultimately worldwide . Heart rose to fame in the mid-1970s with music influenced by hard rock and heavy metal , as well as folk music . Their popularity declined in the early 1980s ; but in 1985 , Heart launched a successful comeback which continued into the 1990s , releasing numerous hard-rock songs and ballads . Heart disbanded in 1998 , then resumed performing in 2002 . In the summer of 2019 , Heart ended their 2016 acrimonious break-up by launching their Love Alive tour . Iconic hits include Crazy on You ( 1976 ) , Magic Man ( 1976 ) , and Barracuda ( 1977 ) . To date , Heart has sold over 35 million records worldwide , including over 22.5 million in album sales in the U.S . They have had top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 in the 1970s , 1980s , 1990s , and 2010s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bad_Animals', 'summary': "Bad Animals is the ninth studio album by American rock band Heart . It was released on June 6 , 1987 , by Capitol Records . The album continues the mainstream hard rock style from the band 's 1985 self-titled release , all while enjoying similar success . It peaked at number two on the US Billboard 200 in August 1987 , and was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on June 4 , 1992 . Internationally , Bad Animals charted within the top five in Canada , Finland , Norway , Sweden , and Switzerland . The album spawned the US number-one single Alone , while Who Will You Run To reached number seven , There 's the Girl reached number 12 , and I Want You So Bad reached number 49 . Bad Animals received a nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 30th Annual Grammy Awards in 1988 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Satellites', 'summary': 'The Georgia Satellites are an American Southern rock band from Atlanta , Georgia , United States . They are best known for their 1986 No . 2 US single Keep Your Hands to Yourself .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Keep_Your_Hands_to_Yourself', 'summary': "Keep Your Hands to Yourself is a song by the American southern rock group The Georgia Satellites . The song was written by the group 's lead singer , Dan Baird , and was released in 1986 as their debut single . The single reached # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 during the week of February 21 , 1987 , kept off the top spot by Livin ' on a Prayer by Bon Jovi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Lobos', 'summary': "Los Lobos ( pronounced [ los ˈloβos ] , Spanish for the Wolves ) is an American rock band from East Los Angeles , California , United States . Their music is influenced by rock and roll , Tex-Mex , country , zydeco , folk , R & B , blues , brown-eyed soul , and traditional music such as cumbia , boleros and norteños . The band gained international stardom in 1987 , when their cover version of Ritchie Valens ' La Bamba topped the charts in the U.S. , the UK and several other countries . In 2015 , they were nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In 2018 , they were inducted into Austin City Limits Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/By_the_Light_of_the_Moon_(album)', 'summary': 'By the Light of the Moon is the third album by the Mexican American rock group Los Lobos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Yes_(band)', 'summary': 'Yes are an English progressive rock band formed in London in 1968 by singer Jon Anderson , bassist Chris Squire , guitarist Peter Banks , keyboardist Tony Kaye , and drummer Bill Bruford . The band has undergone numerous formations throughout its history ; nineteen musicians have been full-time members . Since June 2015 , it has consisted of guitarist Steve Howe , drummer Alan White , keyboardist Geoff Downes , singer Jon Davison , and bassist Billy Sherwood . Yes have explored several musical styles over the years , and are most notably regarded as progressive rock pioneers . Yes began performing original songs and rearranged covers of rock , pop , blues and jazz songs , as evident on their first two albums . A change of direction in 1970 led to a series of successful progressive rock albums until their disbanding in 1981 , their most successful being The Yes Album ( 1971 ) , Fragile ( 1971 ) and Close to the Edge ( 1972 ) . Yes toured as a major rock act that earned the band a reputation for their elaborate stage sets , light displays , and album covers designed by Roger Dean . The success of Roundabout , the single from Fragile , cemented their popularity across the decade and beyond . In 1983 , Yes reformed with a new line-up that included Trevor Rabin and a more commercial and pop-oriented musical direction . The result was 90125 ( 1983 ) , their highest-selling album , which contained the U.S. number-one single , Owner of a Lonely Heart . From 1990 to 1992 , Yes were an eight-member formation after they merged with Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe for Union ( 1991 ) and its tour . Since 1994 , Yes have released albums with varied levels of success and completed tours from 1994 to 2004 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Big_Generator', 'summary': 'Big Generator is the twelfth studio album by the English rock band Yes , released on 21 September 1987 by Atco Records . After touring worldwide in support of their previous album , 90125 ( 1983 ) , which saw the band move from progressive rock towards a pop-oriented and commercially accessible direction , Yes started work on a follow-up in 1985 with producer Trevor Horn . It was a laborious album to make ; recording began at Carimate , Italy , but internal and creative differences resulted in production to resume in London , where Horn ended his time with the band due to continuing problems . The album was completed in Los Angeles in 1987 by Rabin and producer Paul DeVilliers . Big Generator received some mixed reviews from music critics , and the album reached number 15 on the Billboard 200 and number 17 on the UK Albums Chart . In April 1988 , the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for selling one million copies in the US . Like 90125 , it was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . The album spawned three singles , Love Will Find a Way , Rhythm of Love , and Final Eyes . Yes supported Big Generator with a tour of North America and Japan from November 1987 to April 1988 , after which Anderson left the group . The album was reissued in 2009 with bonus tracks .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/31st_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 31st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 22 , 1989 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Album of the Year went to George Michael for Faith , and Song of the Year went to Bobby McFerrin for Do n't Worry , Be Happy ."}]}, {'value': 'U2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}]}, {'value': 'Desire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Desire_(U2_song)', 'summary': "Desire is a song by Irish rock band U2 and the third track on their 1988 album , Rattle and Hum . Released as the album 's lead single , Desire was the band 's first number-one single in the UK and Australia . It reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S. , and topped both the Modern and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts , the first song to reach the top of both of these charts simultaneously . It reached number two on the Dutch Top 40 . At the 31st Annual Grammy Awards , Desire won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal ."}]}, {'value': 'INXS - Kick Joan Jett and the Blackhearts - I Hate Myself for Loving You Midnight Oil - Beds Are Burning Little Feat - Let It Roll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/INXS', 'summary': "INXS ( pronounced in excess ) were an Australian rock band , formed as The Farriss Brothers in 1977 in Sydney , New South Wales . The band 's founding members were bassist Garry Gary Beers , main composer and keyboardist Andrew Farriss , drummer Jon Farriss , guitarist Tim Farriss , lead singer and main lyricist Michael Hutchence , and guitarist and saxophonist Kirk Pengilly . For 20 years , INXS was fronted by Hutchence , whose magnetic stage presence made him the focal point of the band . Initially known for their new wave/pop style , the band later developed a harder pub rock and alternative rock style that included funk and dance elements . In 1984 , INXS had their first number-one hit in Australia with Original Sin . The band would later achieve international success in the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s with the hit albums Listen Like Thieves , Kick , and X , as well as the singles What You Need , Need You Tonight ( the band 's only number-one single in the United States ) , Devil Inside , Never Tear Us Apart , Suicide Blonde and New Sensation . Following Hutchence 's death in November 1997 , INXS made appearances with several guest singers and toured and recorded with Jon Stevens as lead singer beginning in 2002 . In 2005 , members of INXS participated in Rock Star : INXS , a reality television series that culminated in the selection of Canadian J.D . Fortune as their new lead singer . Irish singer-songwriter Ciaran Gribbin replaced Fortune as lead singer in 2011 . During a concert on 11 November 2012 , INXS stated that the performance would be their last , although they did not announce the bands permanent retirement . INXS won six Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) awards , including three for Best Group in 1987 , 1989 and 1992 ; the band was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2001 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kick_(INXS_album)', 'summary': "Kick is the sixth studio album by the Australian rock band INXS , released in 1987 by WEA in Australia , Atlantic Records in the United States and Mercury Records in Europe . As the band 's most successful studio album , Kick has been certified six times platinum by the RIAA and spawned four US top 10 singles ( New Sensation , Never Tear Us Apart , Devil Inside and Need You Tonight , the last of which reached the top of the US Billboard singles charts ) . At the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards , the band took home five Moonmen for the Need You Tonight/Mediate video . The album was produced by British producer Chris Thomas and recorded by David Nicholas in Sydney , Australia , and in Paris , France . The album was mixed by Bob Clearmountain at Air Studios in London ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Joan_Jett_and_the_Blackhearts', 'summary': "Joan Marie Jett ( née Larkin , September 22 , 1958 ) is an American rock singer , songwriter , composer , musician , record producer and occasional actress . Jett is best known for her work as the frontwoman of her band Joan Jett & the Blackhearts , and for earlier founding and performing with the Runaways , which recorded and released the hit song Cherry Bomb . The Blackhearts ' version of the song I Love Rock ' n Roll was number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks in 1982 . Jett 's other notable hit songs include Bad Reputation , Crimson and Clover , Do You Wan na Touch Me ( Oh Yeah ) , Light of Day , I Hate Myself for Loving You and Dirty Deeds . Jett has a mezzo-soprano vocal range . She has three albums that have been certified Platinum or Gold , and has been a feminist icon throughout her career . She has been described as the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll and the Godmother of Punk . In 2015 , Joan Jett & the Blackhearts were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Jett lived in Long Beach , New York , since the late 1970s before moving to Rockville Centre , New York ."}, {'url': '/wiki/I_Hate_Myself_for_Loving_You', 'summary': "I Hate Myself for Loving You is a song by American rock band Joan Jett and the Blackhearts , released as the lead single from their sixth studio album , Up Your Alley ( 1988 ) . The song reached number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100 , Jett 's third single to reach the top 10 , and her first since Crimson and Clover in 1982 . The song spent six weeks longer on the charts than did the group 's biggest hit , I Love Rock ' n ' Roll ( which was on the chart for 20 weeks ) . On September 10 , 2011 , the single reached number 39 on the US Rock Digital Songs chart . Former Rolling Stones guitarist Mick Taylor played the guitar solo in the song . One of the backing vocalists featured on the Up Your Alley album was Louie Merlino , later the founder of the band Beggars & Thieves . The song received a nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 31st Grammy Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Midnight_Oil', 'summary': "Midnight Oil ( known informally as The Oils ) are an Australian rock band composed of Peter Garrett ( vocals , harmonica ) , Rob Hirst ( drums ) , Jim Moginie ( guitar , keyboard ) , Martin Rotsey ( guitar ) and Bones Hillman ( bass guitar ) . The group was formed in Sydney in 1972 by Hirst , Moginie and original bassist Andrew James as Farm : they enlisted Garrett the following year , changed their name in 1976 , and hired Rotsey a year later . Peter Gifford served as bass player from 1980-1987 . Midnight Oil issued their self-titled debut album in 1978 , and gained a cult following in their homeland despite a lack of mainstream media acceptance . The band achieved greater popularity throughout in Australasia with the release of 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ( 1982 ) - which spawned the singles Power and the Passion and US Forces - and also began to attract an audience in the United States . They achieved their first Australian number one album in 1984 with Red Sails in the Sunset , and topped their native country 's singles chart for six weeks with the EP Species Deceases ( 1985 ) . The group garnered worldwide attention with 1987 album Diesel and Dust . Its singles The Dead Heart and Beds Are Burning illuminated the plight of indigenous Australians , with the latter charting at number one in multiple countries . Midnight Oil had continued global success with Blue Sky Mining ( 1990 ) and Earth and Sun and Moon ( 1993 ) - each buoyed by an international hit single in Blue Sky Mine and Truganini , respectively - and remained a formidable album chart presence in Australia until their 2002 disbandment . The group held concerts sporadically during the remainder of the 2000s , and announced a full-scale reformation in 2016 . The band 's music often broaches political subjects , and they have lent their support to multiple left-wing causes . They have won eleven Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) Awards , and were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beds_Are_Burning', 'summary': "Beds Are Burning is a 1987 song by the Australian rock band Midnight Oil , the first track from their album Diesel and Dust . This song was released as the second single from the album . It reached No . 1 in New Zealand , South Africa and Canada , No . 3 in the Netherlands , No . 5 in France , No . 6 in the United Kingdom , Australia and Ireland , No . 17 in the United States and Sweden . It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll and it was named number 95 on VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and number 97 by the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time in 2009 . In May 2001 , Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) celebrated its 75th anniversary by naming the Best Australian Songs of all time , as decided by a 100 strong industry panel . Beds Are Burning was declared third behind the Easybeats ' Friday on My Mind and Daddy Cool 's Eagle Rock . In January 2018 , as part of Triple M 's Ozzest 100 , the 'most Australian ' songs of all time , Beds Are Burning was ranked number 9 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Little_Feat', 'summary': "Little Feat is an American rock band formed by singer-songwriter , lead vocalist and guitarist Lowell George and keyboardist Bill Payne in 1969 in Los Angeles . George disbanded the group due to creative differences in 1979 , shortly before his death . Surviving members reformed Little Feat in 1987 and the band has remained active to the present . Over its 50-year history , the band 's music has remained an eclectic blend of swamp pop , rock and roll , blues , boogie , country , folk , blues rock , soul , New Orleans R & B and swamp rock influences . . Guitarist Jimmy Page stated Little Feat was his favorite American band in a 1975 Rolling Stone interview ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Let_It_Roll_(Little_Feat_album)', 'summary': "Let It Roll is the eighth studio album by the American rock band Little Feat , released in 1988 . Eight of the ten songs on the album were co-written by new band member Craig Fuller , the founding member of Pure Prairie League . Fuller also takes most lead vocals . The album attained RIAA certified gold status on February 14 , 1989 . It is the first Little Feat studio album without Lowell George , after his death in 1979 and is one of their most successful albums , sparking a comeback by the band . The first single , Hate to Lose Your Lovin ' , earned the band their first # 1 hit on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/32nd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 32nd Annual Grammy Awards were held in 1990 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year .'}]}, {'value': 'Traveling Wilburys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Traveling_Wilburys', 'summary': "The Traveling Wilburys ( sometimes shortened to the Wilburys ) were an English-American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan , George Harrison , Jeff Lynne , Roy Orbison and Tom Petty . Originating from an idea discussed by Harrison and Lynne during the sessions for Harrison 's 1987 album Cloud Nine , the band formed in April 1988 after the five members united to record a bonus track for Harrison 's next European single . When this collaboration , Handle with Care , was deemed too good for such a limited release , the group agreed to record a full album , titled Traveling Wilburys Vol . 1 . Following Orbison 's death in December 1988 , the band released a second album , which they titled Traveling Wilburys Vol . 3 , in 1990 . The project 's work received much anticipation given the diverse nature of the singer-songwriters . The band members adopted tongue-in-cheek pseudonyms as half-brothers from a fictional Wilbury family of travelling musicians . Vol . 1 was a critical and commercial success , helping to revitalise Dylan 's and Petty 's respective careers . In 1990 , the album won the Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group . Although Harrison envisaged a series of Wilburys albums and a film about the band , produced through his company HandMade , the group 's final release was in February 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Traveling Wilburys Vol . 1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Traveling_Wilburys_Vol._1', 'summary': "The Traveling Wilburys Vol . 1 is the debut studio album by the English-American supergroup Traveling Wilburys , comprising George Harrison , Jeff Lynne , Bob Dylan , Roy Orbison and Tom Petty . It was released in October 1988 to commercial success and critical acclaim . Although Harrison had long planned to start such a band , the project came about through happenstance . Harrison was in Los Angeles and in need of a B-side for a single from his Cloud Nine album , which resulted in the participants collaborating informally on the song Handle with Care at Dylan 's home . Adopting alter egos as the five Wilbury brothers , they then recorded a full album , produced by Lynne and Harrison . The Traveling Wilburys Vol . 1 was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1989 and helped revitalise the careers of Dylan , Orbison and Petty . It has been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ."}]}, {'value': 'Living Colour - Glamour Boys The Rolling Stones - Mixed Emotions U2 - Rattle and Hum U2 and B . B . King - When Love Comes to Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Living_Colour', 'summary': "Living Colour is an American rock band from New York City , formed in 1984 . Stylistically , the band 's music is a creative fusion influenced by heavy metal , funk , jazz , hip hop , punk , and alternative rock . Their lyrics range from the personal to the political , including social commentary on racism in America . Living Colour rose to fame with their debut album Vivid in 1988 . Although the band scored a number of hits , they are best remembered for their signature anthem Cult of Personality , which won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 1990 . They were also named Best New Artist at the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards and won their second Grammy Award for their follow-up album Time 's Up . After disbanding in 1995 , Living Colour reunited in late 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Glamour_Boys', 'summary': "Glamour Boys is a fourth single released by Living Colour from their 1988 debut album Vivid . It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1990 . The song reached # 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Lyrically , Glamour Boys discusses young men obsessed with aspects of high society such as clothing and parties . The chorus shouts I ai n't no glamour boy - I 'm fierce !"}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones', 'summary': "The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962 . The first stable line-up consisted of bandleader Brian Jones ( guitar , harmonica , keyboards ) , Mick Jagger ( lead vocals , harmonica ) , Keith Richards ( guitar , vocals ) , Bill Wyman ( bass guitar ) , Charlie Watts ( drums ) , and Ian Stewart ( piano ) . Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued to work with the band as a contracted musician until his death in 1985 . The band 's primary songwriters , Jagger and Richards , assumed leadership after Andrew Loog Oldham became the group 's manager . Jones left the band less than a month before his death in 1969 , having already been replaced by Mick Taylor . Taylor left in 1974 and was replaced in 1975 by Ronnie Wood who has since remained . Since Wyman 's departure in 1993 , Darryl Jones has served as touring bassist . The Stones have not had an official keyboardist since 1963 , but have employed several musicians in that role , including Jack Nitzsche ( 1965-1971 ) , Nicky Hopkins ( 1967-1982 ) , Billy Preston ( 1971-1981 ) , Ian McLagan ( 1978-1981 ) , and Chuck Leavell ( 1982-present ) . The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the United States in 1964 and were identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s . Rooted in blues and early rock and roll , the band started out playing covers but found more success with their own material ; songs such as ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction and Paint It Black became international hits , and Aftermath ( 1966 ) - their first entirely original album - has been considered the most important of the band 's formative records . After a short period of experimentation with psychedelic rock in the mid-1960s , the group returned to its bluesy roots with Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) , Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) , Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) , and Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) . It was during this period they were first introduced on stage as The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mixed_Emotions_(Rolling_Stones_song)', 'summary': "Mixed Emotions is a song by The Rolling Stones from their 1989 album Steel Wheels . Written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards while on vacation in Barbados , Mixed Emotions was recorded in Montserrat from March through June 1989 . The song was a heavy collaborative effort between Jagger and Richards . Richards brought his own music to the sessions along with most of the song 's lyrics , the rest being filled in by Jagger in the studio . The song reached No . 1 in Canada and No . 5 in the United States while becoming a top-ten hit in Finland , the Netherlands , New Zealand and Norway ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rattle_and_Hum', 'summary': "Rattle and Hum is a hybrid live/studio album by Irish rock band U2 , and a companion rockumentary film directed by Phil Joanou . The album was produced by Jimmy Iovine and was released on 10 October 1988 , while the film was distributed by Paramount Pictures and was released on 27 October 1988 . Following the breakthrough success of the band 's previous studio album , The Joshua Tree , the Rattle and Hum project captures their continued experiences with American roots music on the Joshua Tree Tour , further incorporating elements of blues rock , folk rock , and gospel music into their sound . A collection of new studio tracks , live performances , and cover songs , the project includes recordings at Sun Studios in Memphis and collaborations with Bob Dylan , B.B . King , and Harlem 's New Voices of Freedom gospel choir . Although Rattle and Hum was intended to represent the band paying tribute to rock legends , some critics accused U2 of trying to place themselves amongst the ranks of these artists . Critical reception to both the album and the film was mixed ; one Rolling Stone editor spoke of the album 's excitement , another described it as misguided and bombastic . The film grossed just $ 8.6 million , but the album was a commercial success , reaching number one in several countries and selling 14 million copies . Lead single Desire became the band 's first UK number-one song while reaching number three in the US . Facing creative stagnation and a critical backlash to Rattle and Hum , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}, {'url': '/wiki/B._B._King', 'summary': 'Riley B . King ( September 16 , 1925 - May 14 , 2015 ) , known professionally as B.B . King , was an American singer-songwriter , guitarist , and record producer . King introduced a sophisticated style of soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later blues electric guitar players . King was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 , and is one of the most influential blues musicians of all time , earning the nickname The King of the Blues , and is considered one of the Three Kings of the Blues Guitar ( along with Albert and Freddie King ) . King performed tirelessly throughout his musical career , appearing on average at more than 200 concerts per year into his 70s . In 1956 alone , he appeared at 342 shows . King was born on a cotton plantation in Itta Bena , Mississippi , and later worked at a cotton gin in Indianola , Mississippi . He was attracted to music and the guitar in church , and began his career in juke joints and local radio . He later lived in Memphis , Tennessee , and Chicago , and as his fame grew , toured the world extensively . King died at the age of 89 in Las Vegas , Nevada , on May 14 , 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/When_Love_Comes_to_Town', 'summary': "When Love Comes to Town is a song by Irish rock band U2 featuring blues guitarist B . B . King . It is the twelfth track from U2 's 1988 album , Rattle and Hum , and was released in 1989 as the record 's third single . The song was recorded at the historic Sun Studio in Memphis . When Love Comes to Town reached number one in the Irish Singles Chart , number six in the UK singles chart , number ten in the Dutch Top 40 and number two in the US Mainstream Rock Tracks chart ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/33rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 33rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 20 , 1991 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Quincy Jones was the night 's biggest winner winning a total of six awards including Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Aerosmith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aerosmith', 'summary': "Aerosmith is an American rock band formed in Boston , Massachusetts in 1970 . The group consists of Steven Tyler ( vocals , keyboards ) , Joe Perry ( guitar ) , Tom Hamilton ( bass ) , Joey Kramer ( drums ) and Brad Whitford ( guitar ) . Their style , which is rooted in blues-based hard rock , has come to also incorporate elements of pop rock , heavy metal , and rhythm and blues , and has inspired many subsequent rock artists . They are sometimes referred to as the Bad Boys from Boston and America 's Greatest Rock and Roll Band . As a partnership , the primary songwriting team of Tyler and Perry is often collectively known as the Toxic Twins . Perry and Hamilton , originally in a band together called the Jam Band , met up with Tyler , Kramer , and guitarist Ray Tabano , and formed Aerosmith . In 1971 , Tabano was replaced by Whitford , and the band began developing a following in Boston . They were signed to Columbia Records in 1972 , and released a string of gold and platinum albums , beginning with their 1973 eponymous debut album , followed by Get Your Wings in 1974 . In 1975 , the band broke into the mainstream with the album Toys in the Attic , and their 1976 follow-up Rocks cemented their status as hard rock superstars . Draw the Line and Night in the Ruts followed in 1977 and 1979 respectively . Their first five albums have since attained multi-platinum status . Throughout the 1970s , the band toured extensively and charted a dozen Billboard Hot 100 singles , including their first Top 40 hit Sweet Emotion and the Top 10 hits Dream On and Walk This Way ."}]}, {'value': "Janie 's Got a Gun", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Janie's_Got_a_Gun", 'summary': "Janie 's Got a Gun is a song performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith and written by Steven Tyler and Tom Hamilton . The song was released as the second single from Pump in 1989 , peaking at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990 . In Australia , the song reached number one , becoming Aerosmith 's first of two number-one singles there . It also reached number two in Canada , number 12 in Poland and Sweden , and number 13 in New Zealand . The song won the band a 1990 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal ."}]}, {'value': 'INXS - Suicide Blonde Midnight Oil - Blue Sky Mining Red Hot Chili Peppers - Higher Ground The Rolling Stones - Almost Hear You Sigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/INXS', 'summary': "INXS ( pronounced in excess ) were an Australian rock band , formed as The Farriss Brothers in 1977 in Sydney , New South Wales . The band 's founding members were bassist Garry Gary Beers , main composer and keyboardist Andrew Farriss , drummer Jon Farriss , guitarist Tim Farriss , lead singer and main lyricist Michael Hutchence , and guitarist and saxophonist Kirk Pengilly . For 20 years , INXS was fronted by Hutchence , whose magnetic stage presence made him the focal point of the band . Initially known for their new wave/pop style , the band later developed a harder pub rock and alternative rock style that included funk and dance elements . In 1984 , INXS had their first number-one hit in Australia with Original Sin . The band would later achieve international success in the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s with the hit albums Listen Like Thieves , Kick , and X , as well as the singles What You Need , Need You Tonight ( the band 's only number-one single in the United States ) , Devil Inside , Never Tear Us Apart , Suicide Blonde and New Sensation . Following Hutchence 's death in November 1997 , INXS made appearances with several guest singers and toured and recorded with Jon Stevens as lead singer beginning in 2002 . In 2005 , members of INXS participated in Rock Star : INXS , a reality television series that culminated in the selection of Canadian J.D . Fortune as their new lead singer . Irish singer-songwriter Ciaran Gribbin replaced Fortune as lead singer in 2011 . During a concert on 11 November 2012 , INXS stated that the performance would be their last , although they did not announce the bands permanent retirement . INXS won six Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) awards , including three for Best Group in 1987 , 1989 and 1992 ; the band was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2001 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Suicide_Blonde', 'summary': 'Suicide Blonde is the first single from the INXS album X . It reached number two in Australia , number nine in the United States , and number 11 in the United Kingdom . In Canada and New Zealand , the song reached number one . At the APRA Music Awards of 1991 , Suicide Blonde won the award Most Performed Australian Work Overseas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Midnight_Oil', 'summary': "Midnight Oil ( known informally as The Oils ) are an Australian rock band composed of Peter Garrett ( vocals , harmonica ) , Rob Hirst ( drums ) , Jim Moginie ( guitar , keyboard ) , Martin Rotsey ( guitar ) and Bones Hillman ( bass guitar ) . The group was formed in Sydney in 1972 by Hirst , Moginie and original bassist Andrew James as Farm : they enlisted Garrett the following year , changed their name in 1976 , and hired Rotsey a year later . Peter Gifford served as bass player from 1980-1987 . Midnight Oil issued their self-titled debut album in 1978 , and gained a cult following in their homeland despite a lack of mainstream media acceptance . The band achieved greater popularity throughout in Australasia with the release of 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ( 1982 ) - which spawned the singles Power and the Passion and US Forces - and also began to attract an audience in the United States . They achieved their first Australian number one album in 1984 with Red Sails in the Sunset , and topped their native country 's singles chart for six weeks with the EP Species Deceases ( 1985 ) . The group garnered worldwide attention with 1987 album Diesel and Dust . Its singles The Dead Heart and Beds Are Burning illuminated the plight of indigenous Australians , with the latter charting at number one in multiple countries . Midnight Oil had continued global success with Blue Sky Mining ( 1990 ) and Earth and Sun and Moon ( 1993 ) - each buoyed by an international hit single in Blue Sky Mine and Truganini , respectively - and remained a formidable album chart presence in Australia until their 2002 disbandment . The group held concerts sporadically during the remainder of the 2000s , and announced a full-scale reformation in 2016 . The band 's music often broaches political subjects , and they have lent their support to multiple left-wing causes . They have won eleven Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) Awards , and were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Blue_Sky_Mining', 'summary': 'Blue Sky Mining is the seventh studio album by Australian alternative rock band Midnight Oil , released on 9 February 1990 under the Columbia Records label . It received high ratings from critics . In March of that year , the album peaked at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart for two weeks . A limited release of the record featured clear blue vinyl .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers', 'summary': "Red Hot Chili Peppers ( commonly abbreviated as RHCP ) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983 . Their music incorporates elements of alternative rock , funk , punk rock and psychedelic rock . The band comprises vocalist Anthony Kiedis , bassist Flea , drummer Chad Smith , and guitarist John Frusciante . With over 80 million records sold worldwide , Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best-selling bands of all time . They are the most successful band in the history of alternative rock radio , with the records for most number-one singles ( 13 ) , most cumulative weeks at number one ( 85 ) and most top-ten songs ( 25 ) on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . They have won six Grammy Awards , and in 2012 were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis , Flea , guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons . Because of commitments to other bands , Slovak and Irons did not play on the band 's 1984 self-titled debut album ; instead , the album featured Jack Sherman on guitar and Cliff Martinez on drums . Slovak rejoined shortly after its release and performed on the albums Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) , the latter of which saw a reunion of the original lineup . Slovak died of a drug overdose on June 25 , 1988 ; devastated , Irons left the band . With new recruits Frusciante and Smith , Red Hot Chili Peppers recorded two albums , Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) and their first major commercial success , Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) . Frusciante was uncomfortable with the newfound popularity and left abruptly during the 1992 Blood Sugar Sex Magik tour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Higher_Ground_(Stevie_Wonder_song)', 'summary': 'Higher Ground is a funk song written by Stevie Wonder which first appeared on his 1973 album Innervisions . The song reached number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the US Hot R & B Singles chart . Wonder wrote and recorded the song in a three-hour burst of creativity in May 1973 . The album version of the song contains an extra verse and runs 30 seconds longer than the single version . The unique wah-clavinet sound in the song was achieved with a Mu-Tron III envelope filter pedal . The bass line is provided by a Moog synthesizer and using overdubs , Wonder played all instruments on the track , including drums and percussion . The song was released in the UK but achieved only modest success , reaching number 29 in the UK Singles Chart .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones', 'summary': "The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962 . The first stable line-up consisted of bandleader Brian Jones ( guitar , harmonica , keyboards ) , Mick Jagger ( lead vocals , harmonica ) , Keith Richards ( guitar , vocals ) , Bill Wyman ( bass guitar ) , Charlie Watts ( drums ) , and Ian Stewart ( piano ) . Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued to work with the band as a contracted musician until his death in 1985 . The band 's primary songwriters , Jagger and Richards , assumed leadership after Andrew Loog Oldham became the group 's manager . Jones left the band less than a month before his death in 1969 , having already been replaced by Mick Taylor . Taylor left in 1974 and was replaced in 1975 by Ronnie Wood who has since remained . Since Wyman 's departure in 1993 , Darryl Jones has served as touring bassist . The Stones have not had an official keyboardist since 1963 , but have employed several musicians in that role , including Jack Nitzsche ( 1965-1971 ) , Nicky Hopkins ( 1967-1982 ) , Billy Preston ( 1971-1981 ) , Ian McLagan ( 1978-1981 ) , and Chuck Leavell ( 1982-present ) . The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the United States in 1964 and were identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s . Rooted in blues and early rock and roll , the band started out playing covers but found more success with their own material ; songs such as ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction and Paint It Black became international hits , and Aftermath ( 1966 ) - their first entirely original album - has been considered the most important of the band 's formative records . After a short period of experimentation with psychedelic rock in the mid-1960s , the group returned to its bluesy roots with Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) , Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) , Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) , and Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) . It was during this period they were first introduced on stage as The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Almost_Hear_You_Sigh', 'summary': "Almost Hear You Sigh is a Grammy-nominated song by The Rolling Stones from their 1989 album Steel Wheels , written by Mick Jagger , Keith Richards , and Steve Jordan . The song was originally a contender for inclusion on Richards ' first solo album , Talk Is Cheap , but he decided to play it for Jagger and Chris Kimsey the next year during recording sessions in Montserrat for the Steel Wheels album . With the exception of some lyrical alteration by Jagger , the composition was left in its original form . The single , which was released in January 1990 and was the third single released from Steel Wheels , the single reached No . 50 on the Billboard Hot 100 ( US ) , reaching the slightly higher position of 31 in the UK , and placed No . 1 on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for one week . USA Today music critic Edna Gundersen praised the track , noting that the vocals of Jagger and Richards ' guitar playing sounded the best on the slower tracks from the album , including Almost Hear You Sigh ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/34th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 34th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1992 , recognizing accomplishments by musicians from the previous year ( 1991 ) . Natalie Cole won the most awards ( three ) , including Album of the Year . Paul Simon opened the show .'}]}, {'value': 'Bonnie Raitt and Delbert McClinton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt', 'summary': "Bonnie Lynn Raitt ( born November 8 , 1949 ) is an American blues singer , guitarist , songwriter , and activist . During the 1970s , Raitt released a series of roots-influenced albums that incorporated elements of blues , rock , folk and country . In 1989 , after several years of critical acclaim but little commercial success , she had a major hit with the album Nick of Time . The following two albums , Luck of the Draw ( 1991 ) and Longing in Their Hearts ( 1994 ) , were also multimillion sellers , generating several hit singles , including Something to Talk About , Love Sneakin ' Up on You , and the ballad I Ca n't Make You Love Me ( with Bruce Hornsby on piano ) . Raitt has received 10 Grammy Awards . She is listed as number 50 in Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time and number 89 on the magazine 's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time . Australian Country Music Artist Graeme Connors has said , Bonnie Raitt does something with a lyric no one else can do ; she bends it and twists it right into your heart ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Delbert_McClinton', 'summary': "Delbert McClinton ( born November 4 , 1940 ) is an American blues rock and electric blues singer-songwriter , guitarist , harmonica player , and pianist . From his first professional stage appearance in 1957 to his most recent national tour in 2018 , he has recorded albums for several major record labels and singles that have reached the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 , Mainstream Rock Tracks , and Hot Country Songs charts . His highest-charting single was Tell Me About It , a 1992 duet with Tanya Tucker , which reached number 4 on the Country chart . Four of his albums have been number 1 on the Blues chart , and another reached number 2 . His highest charting pop hit was 1980 's Giving It Up for Your Love , which peaked at number 8 on the Hot 100 . McClinton has earned four Grammy Awards ; 1992 Rock Performance by a Duo with Bonnie Raitt for Good Man , Good Woman ; 2002 Contemporary Blues Album for Nothing Personal ; 2006 Best Contemporary Blues Album for Cost of Living , and 2020 Best Contemporary Blues Album for Tall , Dark , & Handsome . He has been nominated for eight Grammy Awards as of 2020 . He was inducted into the Texas Heritage Songwriters Hall of Fame in March 2011 , along with Lee Roy Parnell , Bruce Channel , Gary Nicholson , and Cindy Walker . In 2019 , Delbert McClinton was honored by the historic Paramount Theatre in Austin , Texas with the fifth star in their Walk of Fame . ( Others are actors Jaston Williams and Joe Sears , and musical artists Jerry Jeff Walker and Lyle Lovett ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Good Man , Good Woman', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Jane 's Addiction - Been Caught Stealing R.E.M . - Radio Song Queensrÿche - Silent Lucidity Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers - Into the Great Wide Open", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jane's_Addiction", 'summary': "Jane 's Addiction is an American rock band from Los Angeles , formed in 1985 . The band consists of vocalist Perry Farrell , guitarist Dave Navarro , drummer Stephen Perkins and bassist Chris Chaney . Founded by Farrell and original bass guitarist Eric Avery following the disintegration of Farrell 's previous band Psi Com , Jane 's Addiction was one of the first bands from the early 1990s alternative rock movement to gain both mainstream media attention and commercial success in the United States . Jane 's Addiction 's first release was a self-titled live album in 1987 and quickly caught the attention of Warner Bros. Records . The band 's first two studio albums , Nothing 's Shocking ( 1988 ) and Ritual de lo habitual ( 1990 ) , were released to widespread critical acclaim , and an increasing cult fanbase . As a result , Jane 's Addiction became icons of what Farrell dubbed the Alternative Nation . The band 's initial farewell tour , in 1991 , launched the first Lollapalooza , which has since become a perennial alternative rock festival . The band briefly reunited in 1997 , with Flea of the Red Hot Chili Peppers replacing Avery on bass guitar . In 2001 , a second reunion took place , with Martyn LeNoble - and later Chris Chaney - occupying the role of bass guitarist . In 2003 , the band released its third studio album , Strays , before dissolving again the following year . In 2008 , the band 's original line-up reunited and embarked on a world tour . Eric Avery , however , subsequently left the band in early 2010 as the group began working on new material ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Been_Caught_Stealing', 'summary': "Been Caught Stealing is a song from Jane 's Addiction 's 1990 album , Ritual de lo Habitual . It was the band 's biggest hit , spending four weeks at No . 1 on the U.S. modern rock chart . Different versions appear on the compilations Kettle Whistle , Up from the Catacombs - The Best of Jane 's Addiction and Rev . Among its highlights are what Rolling Stone dubbed the best use of dog barks since Pet Sounds . That was Annie , recalled singer Perry Farrell . I 'd got her from a dog shelter and she was quite needy , so I brought her down to the studio that day rather than leave her at home… I 'm singing in the booth with the headphones on and Annie gets all excited and starts going , 'Ruff ! Ruff ! Ruff ! '… The fact that she ended up on the track was just pure coincidence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/R.E.M.', 'summary': "R.E.M . was an American rock band from Athens , Georgia , formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry , guitarist Peter Buck , bassist Mike Mills , and lead vocalist Michael Stipe . Additionally , many liner notes from the band 's albums list attorney Bertis Downs and manager Jefferson Holt as non-musical members . One of the first alternative rock bands , R.E.M . was noted for Buck 's ringing , arpeggiated guitar style , Stipe 's distinctive vocals and obscure lyrics , Mills 's melodic basslines and backing vocals , and Berry 's tight , economical drumming . R.E.M . released its first single , Radio Free Europe , in 1981 on the independent record label Hib-Tone . It was followed by the Chronic Town EP in 1982 , the band 's first release on I.R.S . Records . In 1983 , the group released its critically acclaimed debut album , Murmur , and built its reputation over the next few years through subsequent releases , constant touring , and the support of college radio . Following years of underground success , R.E.M . achieved a mainstream hit with the 1987 single The One I Love ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Radio_Song', 'summary': 'Radio Song is the fourth single released by R.E.M . from their 1991 album Out of Time , where it appeared as the opening track . Lead singer Michael Stipe once said that he hoped everyone had enough sense of humor to realize that he was kind of taking the piss of everyone , himself included . Stipe also asked KRS-One , leader of Boogie Down Productions ( of which Stipe was a fan ) , to contribute to the track . He provides some backing vocals for the track , as well as a closing rap , and appears prominently in the video .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Queensrÿche', 'summary': 'Queensrÿche /ˈkwiːnzraɪk/ is an American heavy metal band . It formed in 1980 in Bellevue , Washington , out of the local band The Mob . The band has released 15 studio albums , one EP , and several DVDs , and continues to tour and record . The original lineup consisted of guitarists Michael Wilton and Chris DeGarmo , drummer Scott Rockenfield , bassist Eddie Jackson , and lead vocalist Geoff Tate . Queensrÿche has sold over 20 million albums worldwide , including over 6 million albums in the United States . The band received worldwide acclaim after the release of their 1988 album Operation : Mindcrime , which is often considered one of the greatest heavy metal concept albums of all time . Their follow-up release , Empire , released in 1990 , was also very successful and included the hit single Silent Lucidity . The band has received three Grammy Award nominations for songs from both albums . In 1998 , drummer Rockenfield received an individual Grammy nomination . In 1998 , guitarist and primary songwriter DeGarmo left the band for personal reasons , returning briefly in 2003 to write and record the Tribe album . Over the years , his replacements have been Kelly Gray , Mike Stone , and Parker Lundgren . Following a highly publicized backstage altercation before a show in São Paulo , Brazil , in April 2012 , Tate was fired from the band and replaced with then-Crimson Glory singer Todd La Torre .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Silent_Lucidity', 'summary': "Silent Lucidity is a single by the American progressive metal band Queensrÿche from the 1990 album Empire . The song was the biggest hit for the band , peaking at # 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at # 1 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart . The power ballad was composed by lead guitarist Chris DeGarmo . Queensrÿche performed the song live at the Grammy Awards of 1992 , for being nominated in the category of Best Rock Song , and featured a supporting orchestra . The song did not win the Grammy ; it did however win the MTV Viewer 's Choice Award for its music video . Because of the lyrical content , and the title of the song , it is assumed to be based on the subject of lucid dreaming . During the middle eight , a distorted voice even explains a method for this : Visualize your dream . Record it in the present tense . Put it into a permanent form . If you persist in your efforts , you can achieve dream control . The song was recorded with sweeping orchestrations . Often the orchestra is not relegated to the background but instead is very prominent such as during the second half of the instrumental section ( timestamp 3:16 - 3:51 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Petty_&_the_Heartbreakers', 'summary': "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers ( alternately Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers ) were an American rock band from Gainesville , Florida . Formed in 1976 , the band originally comprised Tom Petty ( lead singer , guitar ) , Mike Campbell ( lead guitarist ) , Ron Blair ( bass guitar ) , Stan Lynch ( drums ) , and Benmont Tench ( keyboards ) . In 1981 , Blair , weary of the touring lifestyle , departed the band . His replacement , Howie Epstein , stayed with the band for the next two decades . In 1991 , Scott Thurston joined the band as a multi-instrumentalist - mostly on rhythm guitar and second keyboards . In 1994 , Steve Ferrone replaced Lynch on drums . Blair returned to the Heartbreakers in 2002 , the year before Epstein 's death . The band has a long string of hit singles including Breakdown , American Girl , Refugee , The Waiting , Learning to Fly , and Mary Jane 's Last Dance , among many others , that stretched over several decades of work . The band 's music has been characterized as both Southern rock and heartland rock , cited alongside artists such as Bruce Springsteen , Bob Seger , and John Mellencamp as progenitors of that genre that arose in the late 1970s and 1980s . While the heartland rock movement waned in the 1990s , the band remained active and popular , touring regularly until Petty 's death in 2017 , after which the Heartbreakers disbanded . Their final studio album , Hypnotic Eye , was released in 2014 . The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002 , their first year of eligibility ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Into_the_Great_Wide_Open', 'summary': "Into the Great Wide Open is the eighth studio album by American rock band Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , first released in 1991 . The album was the band 's last with MCA Records . The album was the second Petty produced with Jeff Lynne after the success of Full Moon Fever . The first single , Learning to Fly , became the band 's joint longest-running No . 1 single ( along with The Waiting from 1981 's Hard Promises ) on Billboard 's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , spending six weeks at the top spot . The second single , Out in the Cold , also made No . 1 on the Mainstream Rock chart , albeit for two weeks . The music video for the title song stars Johnny Depp as Eddie , who moves to Los Angeles as a teenager to seek rock stardom , along with Gabrielle Anwar , Faye Dunaway , Matt LeBlanc , Terence Trent D'Arby and Chynna Phillips ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/35th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 35th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1993 and recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The nominations were announced on January 7 , 1993 . The evening 's host was the American stand-up comedian Garry Shandling , who hosted the ceremony for the third time . The CBS network broadcast the show live from the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , California . This particular Grammy live broadcast was the commercially most successful of its kind in the 1990s . As Nielsen Media Research and Billboard magazine stated on January 10 , 2004 , the highest-rated Grammy show of the 1990s was the 1993 telecast , which got a 19.9 rating/31 share and 30 million United States viewers alone . British guitarist and singer Eric Clapton ( for whom still mourned for the loss of his son two years ago ) was the night 's big winner , winning six awards out of nine nominations including Album , Song and Record of the Year . Michael Jackson , having been recently interviewed in Oprah Winfrey Show had received the Grammy Legend Award from his sister Janet Jackson . A small segment of the show was How to Become a Legend narrated by Janet . A total of twelve live performances where held at the ceremony , including the opener Steam by Peter Gabriel , Constant Craving by k. d. lang , Give It Away by the Red Hot Chili Peppers with George Clinton and P-Funk , Save the Best for Last by Vanessa Williams , My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) by En Vogue , The Lady Is a Tramp by Tony Bennett and Natalie Cole , The Whiskey Ai n't Workin ' by Travis Tritt and Marty Stuart , People Everyday by Arrested Development , Achy Breaky Heart by Billy Ray Cyrus , Hallelujah ! by Mervyn Warren and Los Angeles Master Chorale , Beauty and the Beast by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson as well as Cherokee by Arturo Sandoval featuring the GRP All-Stars Ensemble and Clapton 's Tears in Heaven . At the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1993 , the production mixers Ed Greene , Rick Himot , Don Worsham , David Hewitt and Paul Sandweiss were nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or a Special , losing to Star Trek : The Next Generation ."}]}, {'value': 'U2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}]}, {'value': 'Achtung Baby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Achtung_Baby', 'summary': "Achtung Baby ( /ˈæktʊŋ/ ) is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2 . It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno , and was released on 18 November 1991 on Island Records . Stung by criticism of their 1988 release , Rattle and Hum , U2 shifted their musical direction to incorporate influences from alternative rock , industrial music , and electronic dance music into their sound . Thematically , Achtung Baby is darker , more introspective , and at times more flippant than their previous work . The album and the subsequent multimedia-intensive Zoo TV Tour were central to the group 's 1990s reinvention , by which they abandoned their earnest public image for a more lighthearted and self-deprecating one . Seeking inspiration from German reunification , U2 began recording Achtung Baby at Berlin 's Hansa Studios in October 1990 . The sessions were fraught with conflict , as the band argued over their musical direction and the quality of their material . After tension and slow progress nearly prompted the group to disband , they made a breakthrough with the improvised writing of the song One . Morale and productivity improved during subsequent recording sessions in Dublin , where the album was completed in 1991 . To confound the public 's expectations of the band and their music , U2 chose the record 's facetious title and colourful multi-image sleeve . Achtung Baby is one of U2 's most successful records ; it received favourable reviews and debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 Top Albums , while topping the charts in many other countries . Five songs were released as commercial singles , all of which were chart successes , including One , Mysterious Ways , and The Fly ."}]}, {'value': 'En Vogue - Free Your Mind Little Village - Little Village Los Lobos - Kiko Red Hot Chili Peppers - Under the Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/En_Vogue', 'summary': "En Vogue is an American R & B/pop vocal group whose original lineup consisted of singers Terry Ellis , Dawn Robinson , Cindy Herron , and Maxine Jones . Formed in Oakland , California in 1989 , En Vogue reached number two on the US Hot 100 with the single Hold On , taken from their 1990 debut album Born To Sing . The group 's 1992 follow-up album Funky Divas reached the top 10 in both the US and UK , and included their second US number two hit My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) as well as the US top 10 hits Giving Him Something He Can Feel and Free Your Mind . In 1996 , Do n't Let Go ( Love ) became the group 's third , and most successful single , to reach number two in the US , and became their sixth number one on the US R & B chart . Robinson left the group in 1997 shortly before the release of their third album EV3 , which reached the US and UK top 10 . Jones left the group in 2001 , Amanda Cole joined shortly thereafter . However , in 2003 , Cole left the group , and Rhona Bennett joined the group during the recording of their album Soul Flower . In 2005 , the original members briefly united before disassembling again . In 2009 , the original members once again reunited for their En Vogue : 20th Anniversary . Shortly after the tour , Robinson and Jones again departed from En Vogue , with Bennett rejoining the group as a trio . En Vogue has sold more than 20 million records worldwide to date , and are often considered one of the best female vocal groups of all time . The group has won seven MTV Video Music Awards , three Soul Train Awards , two American Music Awards , and received seven Grammy nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Free_Your_Mind_(song)', 'summary': "Free Your Mind is a song by American female group En Vogue . Released on September 24 , 1992 , Free Your Mind is the third single released from their critically acclaimed hit album Funky Divas . The anti-prejudice song became a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and a top 20 hit on the UK Singles Chart . AllMusic 's review critic , Jose F. Promis , voted the single very favorable and rated the album its highest rating at five . Billboard named the song No . 41 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Little_Village', 'summary': "Little Village was an American/British rock band , formed in 1991 by Ry Cooder ( guitar , vocal ) , John Hiatt ( guitar , piano , vocal ) , Nick Lowe ( bass , vocal ) and Jim Keltner ( drums ) . Each of the group 's members had previously worked on Hiatt 's 1987 album Bring The Family , and formed in 1991 while on a break from their own musical projects . The group 's name was initially ( and jokingly ) announced as Hiatus . It was soon changed to Little Village , in reference to the foul-mouthed in-studio diatribe by Sonny Boy Williamson II , on a Chess reissue album titled Bummer Road . The group released its only album , Little Village , in early 1992 . The songs were composed by all four group members and mainly sung by Hiatt , although Lowe took lead on two songs and Cooder one . While the album was met with general commercial indifference , it was nominated in 1993 for a Grammy Award as Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or a Group . The album peaked at No . 23 in the UK Albums Chart . Nick Lowe later said , Little Village was really good fun . Unfortunately , the record we did was no good . I suppose on some level , it worked , but Warner Brothers kind of gave us too much time to do it ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Little_Village_(album)', 'summary': "Little Village is the only studio album by the band of the same name . The band , a supergroup comprising Ry Cooder , John Hiatt , Nick Lowe , and Jim Keltner , released the album , went on a tour of the US and Europe to support it , and disbanded the year of its release . They had previously worked as a group while recording Hiatt 's solo album Bring the Family in 1987 . Although all songs are credited to all four group members , Hiatt sang all but three , with two sung by Lowe and one by Cooder . Solar Sex Panel and Do n't Go Away Mad were released as singles . At the Grammy Awards of 1993 , Little Village was nominated for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Los_Lobos', 'summary': "Los Lobos ( pronounced [ los ˈloβos ] , Spanish for the Wolves ) is an American rock band from East Los Angeles , California , United States . Their music is influenced by rock and roll , Tex-Mex , country , zydeco , folk , R & B , blues , brown-eyed soul , and traditional music such as cumbia , boleros and norteños . The band gained international stardom in 1987 , when their cover version of Ritchie Valens ' La Bamba topped the charts in the U.S. , the UK and several other countries . In 2015 , they were nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In 2018 , they were inducted into Austin City Limits Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kiko_(album)', 'summary': "Kiko is the sixth album by the Mexican American rock group Los Lobos . A year later , Los Lobos performed a spoof of their song Kiko and the Lavender Moon known as Elmo and the Lavender Moon on the PBS series Sesame Street . With the exception of La Bamba 's 2 million units sold , Kiko sold more units ( vinyl , CDs , cassettes ) than any other album in their 46 year career of their original songs . Roughly 450,000 units were sold worldwide ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers', 'summary': "Red Hot Chili Peppers ( commonly abbreviated as RHCP ) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983 . Their music incorporates elements of alternative rock , funk , punk rock and psychedelic rock . The band comprises vocalist Anthony Kiedis , bassist Flea , drummer Chad Smith , and guitarist John Frusciante . With over 80 million records sold worldwide , Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best-selling bands of all time . They are the most successful band in the history of alternative rock radio , with the records for most number-one singles ( 13 ) , most cumulative weeks at number one ( 85 ) and most top-ten songs ( 25 ) on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart . They have won six Grammy Awards , and in 2012 were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis , Flea , guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons . Because of commitments to other bands , Slovak and Irons did not play on the band 's 1984 self-titled debut album ; instead , the album featured Jack Sherman on guitar and Cliff Martinez on drums . Slovak rejoined shortly after its release and performed on the albums Freaky Styley ( 1985 ) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan ( 1987 ) , the latter of which saw a reunion of the original lineup . Slovak died of a drug overdose on June 25 , 1988 ; devastated , Irons left the band . With new recruits Frusciante and Smith , Red Hot Chili Peppers recorded two albums , Mother 's Milk ( 1989 ) and their first major commercial success , Blood Sugar Sex Magik ( 1991 ) . Frusciante was uncomfortable with the newfound popularity and left abruptly during the 1992 Blood Sugar Sex Magik tour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Under_the_Bridge', 'summary': "Under the Bridge is a song by American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers . It is the eleventh track on the group 's fifth studio album , Blood Sugar Sex Magik , and was released as its second single on March 10 , 1992 . Vocalist Anthony Kiedis wrote the lyrics to express feelings of loneliness and despondency , and to reflect on narcotics and their impact on his life . Kiedis was driving home from rehearsals when Blood Sugar Sex Magik was in pre-production and said he sang the lyrics to himself . Kiedis initially did not feel that Under the Bridge would fit into the Chili Peppers ' repertoire , and was reluctant to show it to his bandmates until producer Rick Rubin implored him to do so . The rest of the band was receptive to the lyrics and wrote the music . The song became a critical and commercial success , peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , behind Jump by Kris Kross and later receiving a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . The single 's success was widened with the release of its accompanying video , which was frequently played on music television channels . It won the Viewer 's Choice Award and Breakthrough Video at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards . Under the Bridge helped the Red Hot Chili Peppers enter the mainstream . David Fricke of Rolling Stone said that the song unexpectedly drop-kicked the band into the Top 10 , while Philip Booth of The Tampa Tribune commented that it was a pretty , undulating , [ and ] by-now omnipresent single . Its success led in part to the departure of guitarist John Frusciante , who preferred the band to remain underground ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/36th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 36th Annual Grammy Awards were held in 1994 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Whitney Houston was the Big Winner winning 3 awards including Record of the Year and Album of the Year while opening the show with I Will Always Love You . Audrey Hepburn 's win made her the fifth person to become an EGOT , and the first person to complete the status posthumously ."}]}, {'value': 'Aerosmith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aerosmith', 'summary': "Aerosmith is an American rock band formed in Boston , Massachusetts in 1970 . The group consists of Steven Tyler ( vocals , keyboards ) , Joe Perry ( guitar ) , Tom Hamilton ( bass ) , Joey Kramer ( drums ) and Brad Whitford ( guitar ) . Their style , which is rooted in blues-based hard rock , has come to also incorporate elements of pop rock , heavy metal , and rhythm and blues , and has inspired many subsequent rock artists . They are sometimes referred to as the Bad Boys from Boston and America 's Greatest Rock and Roll Band . As a partnership , the primary songwriting team of Tyler and Perry is often collectively known as the Toxic Twins . Perry and Hamilton , originally in a band together called the Jam Band , met up with Tyler , Kramer , and guitarist Ray Tabano , and formed Aerosmith . In 1971 , Tabano was replaced by Whitford , and the band began developing a following in Boston . They were signed to Columbia Records in 1972 , and released a string of gold and platinum albums , beginning with their 1973 eponymous debut album , followed by Get Your Wings in 1974 . In 1975 , the band broke into the mainstream with the album Toys in the Attic , and their 1976 follow-up Rocks cemented their status as hard rock superstars . Draw the Line and Night in the Ruts followed in 1977 and 1979 respectively . Their first five albums have since attained multi-platinum status . Throughout the 1970s , the band toured extensively and charted a dozen Billboard Hot 100 singles , including their first Top 40 hit Sweet Emotion and the Top 10 hits Dream On and Walk This Way ."}]}, {'value': "Livin ' on the Edge", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Livin'_on_the_Edge", 'summary': "Livin ' on the Edge is a song by American hard rock band Aerosmith . The song was written by Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , and Mark Hudson . It was released in 1993 as the first single from the band 's commercially successful album Get a Grip . The single reached number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , number three on the Cash Box Top 100 , and number one on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart , where it remained for nine weeks , making it Aerosmith 's most successful single on that chart . In the UK , the song peaked at number 19 on the British pop chart in April 1993 ."}]}, {'value': 'Blind Melon - No Rain Bob Dylan , Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton and George Harrison - My Back Pages Soul Asylum - Runaway Train Spin Doctors - Two Princes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blind_Melon', 'summary': "Blind Melon is an American rock band formed in 1990 in Los Angeles , California by three musicians from Mississippi , one from Pennsylvania and one from Indiana . The band currently consists of guitarists Rogers Stevens and Christopher Thorn , drummer Glen Graham , vocalist Travis Warren and bassist Nathan Towne . They are best known for their 1993 hit No Rain , and enjoyed critical and commercial success in the early 1990s with their neo-psychedelic take on alternative rock . Blind Melon released two albums on Capitol Records - Blind Melon ( 1992 ) and Soup ( 1995 ) - before their original lead vocalist Shannon Hoon died of a drug overdose on the band 's tour bus in New Orleans on October 21 , 1995 . After four years of unsuccessfully searching for a replacement for Hoon , Blind Melon officially dissolved in 1999 . The remaining members reformed the band in 2006 with Warren and recorded one album with him , For My Friends ( 2008 ) . Shortly after its release , Warren left Blind Melon but rejoined in 2010 , when the band returned to performing occasional gigs . Blind Melon is currently working on their fourth studio album , which is tentatively due for release in 2020 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/No_Rain', 'summary': "No Rain is a song by American rock band Blind Melon . It was released in 1993 as the second single from the band 's debut album Blind Melon . The song is well known for its accompanying music video , which features the Bee Girl character . The music video , directed by Samuel Bayer , received heavy airplay on MTV at the time of its release . It subsequently helped propel Blind Melon to a multi-platinum level . The song is the band 's highest-charting song , reaching number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on both the Billboard Album Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks charts . It proved to be successful internationally , hitting number one in Canada and number eight in Australia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bob_Dylan', 'summary': "Bob Dylan ( born Robert Allen Zimmerman ; May 24 , 1941 ) is an American singer-songwriter , author , and visual artist who has been a major figure in popular culture for more than fifty years . Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s , when songs such as Blowin ' in the Wind ( 1963 ) and The Times They Are a-Changin ' ( 1964 ) became anthems for the civil rights movement and anti-war movement . His lyrics during this period incorporated a wide range of political , social , philosophical , and literary influences , defied pop-music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture . Following his self-titled debut album in 1962 , which mainly comprised traditional folk songs , Dylan made his breakthrough as a songwriter with the release of The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan the following year . The album featured Blowin ' in the Wind and the thematically complex A Hard Rain 's a- Gon na Fall . For many of these songs , he adapted the tunes and phraseology of older folk songs . He went on to release the politically charged The Times They Are a-Changin ' and the more lyrically abstract and introspective Another Side of Bob Dylan in 1964 . In 1965 and 1966 , Dylan encountered controversy when he adopted electrically amplified rock instrumentation , and in the space of 15 months recorded three of the most important and influential rock albums of the 1960s : Bringing It All Back Home ( 1965 ) , Highway 61 Revisited ( 1965 ) and Blonde on Blonde ( 1966 ) . Commenting on the six-minute single Like a Rolling Stone ( 1965 ) , Rolling Stone wrote : No other pop song has so thoroughly challenged and transformed the commercial laws and artistic conventions of its time , for all time . In July 1966 , Dylan withdrew from touring after being injured in a motorcycle accident . During this period , he recorded a large body of songs with members of The Band , who had previously backed him on tour . These recordings were released as the collaborative album The Basement Tapes in 1975 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roger_McGuinn', 'summary': 'James Roger McGuinn /məˈɡwɪn/ ( born James Joseph McGuinn III ; July 13 , 1942 ) is an American musician . He is best known for being the frontman of the Byrds . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his work with the Byrds .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Petty', 'summary': "Thomas Earl Petty ( October 20 , 1950 - October 2 , 2017 ) was an American singer-songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , record producer , and actor . He was the lead singer of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , formed in 1976 . He previously led the band Mudcrutch , and was also a member of the late 1980s supergroup the Traveling Wilburys . Petty recorded a number of hit singles with the Heartbreakers and as a solo artist . In his career , he sold more than 80 million records worldwide , making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . He and the Heartbreakers were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002 . Petty died at the age of 66 , of an accidental overdose of prescription drugs , one week after the completion of the Heartbreakers ' 40th anniversary tour ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Neil_Young', 'summary': "Neil Percival Young OC OM ( born November 12 , 1945 ) is a Canadian American singer-songwriter , multi-instrumentalist and activist , considered by some as one of the most influential and prolific songwriters of all time . After embarking on a music career in the 1960s , he moved to Los Angeles , where he formed Buffalo Springfield with Stephen Stills , Richie Furay and others . Young had released two solo albums and three as a member of Buffalo Springfield by the time he joined Crosby , Stills & Nash in 1969 . From his early solo albums and those with his backing band Crazy Horse , Young has recorded a steady stream of studio and live albums , sometimes warring [ vague ] with his recording company along the way . Young has received several Grammy and Juno awards . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted him twice : as a solo artist in 1995 and in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield . In 2000 , Rolling Stone named Young the 34th greatest rock ' n roll artist . His guitar work , deeply personal lyrics and signature tenor singing voice define his long career . He also plays piano and harmonica on many albums , which frequently combine folk , rock , country and other musical styles . His often distorted electric guitar playing , especially with Crazy Horse , earned him the nickname Godfather of Grunge and led to his 1995 album Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam . More recently he has been backed by Promise of the Real . Young directed ( or co-directed ) films using the pseudonym Bernard Shakey , including Journey Through the Past ( 1973 ) , Rust Never Sleeps ( 1979 ) , Human Highway ( 1982 ) , Greendale ( 2003 ) , and CSNY/Déjà Vu ( 2008 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eric_Clapton', 'summary': "Eric Patrick Clapton , CBE ( born 30 March 1945 ) is an English rock and blues guitarist , singer , and songwriter . He is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : once as a solo artist and separately as a member of the Yardbirds and of Cream . Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time . Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time and fourth in Gibson 's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time . He was also named number five in Time magazine 's list of The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players in 2009 . In the mid-1960s Clapton left the Yardbirds to play with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers . Immediately after leaving Mayall , Clapton formed the power trio Cream with drummer Ginger Baker and bassist Jack Bruce , in which Clapton played sustained blues improvisations and arty , blues-based psychedelic pop . After Cream broke up , he formed blues rock band Blind Faith with Baker , Steve Winwood , and Ric Grech . Clapton 's solo career began in the 1970s , where his work bore the influence of the mellow style of J. J. Cale and the reggae of Bob Marley . His version of Marley 's I Shot the Sheriff helped reggae reach a mass market . Two of his most popular recordings were Layla , recorded with Derek and the Dominos ; and Robert Johnson 's Crossroads , recorded with Cream . Following the death of his son Conor in 1991 , Clapton 's grief was expressed in the song Tears in Heaven , which appeared on his Unplugged album ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Harrison', 'summary': "George Harrison [ nb 1 ] MBE ( 25 February 1943 - 29 November 2001 ) was an English musician , singer-songwriter , and music and film producer who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the Beatles . Sometimes called the quiet Beatle , Harrison embraced Indian culture and helped broaden the scope of popular music through his incorporation of Indian instrumentation and Hindu-aligned spirituality in the Beatles ' work . Although the majority of the band 's songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney , most Beatles albums from 1965 onwards contained at least two Harrison compositions . His songs for the group included Taxman , Within You Without You , While My Guitar Gently Weeps , Here Comes the Sun and Something . Harrison 's earliest musical influences included George Formby and Django Reinhardt ; Carl Perkins , Chet Atkins and Chuck Berry were subsequent influences . By 1965 , he had begun to lead the Beatles into folk rock through his interest in Bob Dylan and the Byrds , and towards Indian classical music through his use of the sitar on Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) . Having initiated the band 's embracing of Transcendental Meditation in 1967 , he subsequently developed an association with the Hare Krishna movement . After the band 's break-up in 1970 , Harrison released the triple album All Things Must Pass , a critically acclaimed work that produced his most successful hit single , My Sweet Lord , and introduced his signature sound as a solo artist , the slide guitar . He also organised the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh with Indian musician Ravi Shankar , a precursor to later benefit concerts such as Live Aid . In his role as a music and film producer , Harrison produced acts signed to the Beatles ' Apple record label before founding Dark Horse Records in 1974 and co-founding HandMade Films in 1978 . Harrison released several best-selling singles and albums as a solo performer . In 1988 , he co-founded the platinum-selling supergroup the Traveling Wilburys ."}, {'url': '/wiki/My_Back_Pages', 'summary': "My Back Pages is a song written by Bob Dylan and included on his 1964 album Another Side of Bob Dylan . It is stylistically similar to his earlier folk protest songs and features Dylan 's voice with an acoustic guitar accompaniment . However , its lyrics - in particular the refrain Ah , but I was so much older then/I 'm younger than that now - have been interpreted as a rejection of Dylan 's earlier personal and political idealism , illustrating his growing disillusionment with the 1960s ' folk protest movement with which he was associated , and his desire to move in a new direction . Although Dylan wrote the song in 1964 , he did not perform it live until 1988 . My Back Pages has been covered by artists as diverse as Keith Jarrett , the Byrds , the Ramones , the Nice , Steve Earle , and the Hollies . The Byrds ' version , initially released on their 1967 album Younger Than Yesterday , was also issued as a single in 1967 and proved to be the band 's last Top 40 hit in the U.S ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Soul_Asylum', 'summary': 'Soul Asylum is an American alternative rock band formed in 1981 in Minneapolis , Minnesota , best known for the Grammy-winning 1993 hit Runaway Train . The band was originally called Loud Fast Rules , with a lineup consisting of Dave Pirner , Dan Murphy , Karl Mueller , and Pat Morley . They changed their name to Soul Asylum in 1983 . Morley was replaced by Grant Young in 1984 . The band recorded three albums with Twin/Tone Records and two with A & M Records , with little commercial success . In 1992 , they released the triple-platinum album Grave Dancers Union , featuring Runaway Train . The band played at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton early the next year . They also scored a platinum record with the album Let Your Dim Light Shine three years later . In 1998 they recorded Candy from a Stranger . Mueller was diagnosed with cancer in 2004 , and the band organized a benefit concert on his behalf . Mueller died a year later . In 2006 the band released The Silver Lining .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Runaway_Train_(Soul_Asylum_song)', 'summary': 'Runaway Train is a power ballad by American rock band Soul Asylum . Its music video is notable for featuring images of missing people , most of them involving young children and adolescent teenagers . Although lead singer Dave Pirner states that the lyrics originally described his experience of depression . It was released in June 1993 as the fourth single from their 1992 album , Grave Dancers Union and became a success around the world . In mid 1993 , it reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100 , number two on the U.S. Top 40 mainstream and climbed to the top position on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold 600,000 copies in the United States . Worldwide , the song was highly successful , reaching number two in New Zealand , Norway , Sweden , and Switzerland and peaking within the top five of several other European countries . The song helped bring their album , Grave Dancers Union , to a multi-platinum level and won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Song in 1994 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spin_Doctors', 'summary': "Spin Doctors are an American rock band from New York City , best known for their early 1990s hits , Two Princes and Little Miss Ca n't Be Wrong , which peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at No . 7 and No . 17 , respectively . The band includes founders Chris Barron ( lead vocals ) , Eric Schenkman ( guitar and vocals ) , Aaron Comess ( drums ) , and Mark White ( bass guitar ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Two_Princes', 'summary': "Two Princes is a song by American rock group Spin Doctors . Released as a single in 1993 , it reached No . 7 in the United States , No . 1 in Iceland and Sweden , No . 2 in Canada and No . 3 in the United Kingdom and Australia . It was the band 's highest-charting single internationally . It earned them a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/37th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 37th Annual Grammy Awards were presented on March 1 , 1995 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Bruce Springsteen was the night 's biggest winner with 4 awards , including Song of the Year while opening the show with his Grammy nominated hit ."}]}, {'value': 'Aerosmith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aerosmith', 'summary': "Aerosmith is an American rock band formed in Boston , Massachusetts in 1970 . The group consists of Steven Tyler ( vocals , keyboards ) , Joe Perry ( guitar ) , Tom Hamilton ( bass ) , Joey Kramer ( drums ) and Brad Whitford ( guitar ) . Their style , which is rooted in blues-based hard rock , has come to also incorporate elements of pop rock , heavy metal , and rhythm and blues , and has inspired many subsequent rock artists . They are sometimes referred to as the Bad Boys from Boston and America 's Greatest Rock and Roll Band . As a partnership , the primary songwriting team of Tyler and Perry is often collectively known as the Toxic Twins . Perry and Hamilton , originally in a band together called the Jam Band , met up with Tyler , Kramer , and guitarist Ray Tabano , and formed Aerosmith . In 1971 , Tabano was replaced by Whitford , and the band began developing a following in Boston . They were signed to Columbia Records in 1972 , and released a string of gold and platinum albums , beginning with their 1973 eponymous debut album , followed by Get Your Wings in 1974 . In 1975 , the band broke into the mainstream with the album Toys in the Attic , and their 1976 follow-up Rocks cemented their status as hard rock superstars . Draw the Line and Night in the Ruts followed in 1977 and 1979 respectively . Their first five albums have since attained multi-platinum status . Throughout the 1970s , the band toured extensively and charted a dozen Billboard Hot 100 singles , including their first Top 40 hit Sweet Emotion and the Top 10 hits Dream On and Walk This Way ."}]}, {'value': 'Crazy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crazy_(Aerosmith)', 'summary': 'Crazy is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith and written by Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , and Desmond Child . It was the final single from their massively successful 1993 album Get a Grip , released in May 1994 . Crazy peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , number three in Canada and number one in Iceland for two weeks . In Finland and the United Kingdom , it was released as a double-A side with Blind Man , reaching number eight in the former country and number 23 in the latter .'}]}, {'value': 'Counting Crows - Round Here Green Day - Basket Case Nirvana - All Apologies Pearl Jam - Daughter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Counting_Crows', 'summary': "Counting Crows are an American rock band from Berkeley , California , formed in 1991 . The band consists of Adam Duritz ( lead vocals ) , David Bryson ( rhythm guitar ) , Charlie Gillingham ( keyboards ) , Dan Vickrey ( lead guitar ) , David Immerglück ( guitars ) , Jim Bogios ( drums ) and Millard Powers ( bass ) . [ citation needed ] Counting Crows gained popularity following the release of its debut album , August and Everything After ( 1993 ) . Featuring the breakthrough hit single Mr. Jones ( 1993 ) , the album sold more than seven million copies in the United States . The band received two Grammy Awards nominations in 1994 , one for Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal ( for Round Here ) and one for Best New Artist . Other hit singles include Rain King , A Long December , Hanginaround , and a cover version of Joni Mitchell 's Big Yellow Taxi . Counting Crows received a 2004 Academy Award nomination for the single Accidentally in Love , which was included in the film Shrek 2 . The band has sold more than 20 million albums and is known for its dynamic live performances ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Round_Here', 'summary': "Round Here was released in 1994 from Geffen Records as the second single from the Counting Crows ' debut album , August and Everything After ( 1993 ) . The song 's origin pre-dates the formation of Counting Crows , when the band 's future frontman Adam Duritz wrote the song with The Himalayans members Dan Jewett , Chris Roldan and Dave Janusko . Although not as successful as their previous single , Mr. Jones , Round Here became another hit for the band in the United States and Canada . Despite not charting on the US Billboard Hot 100 due to rules in place at the time , it peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart , number seven on the Modern Rock Tracks chart , number 10 on the Mainstream Top 40 and number 11 on the Album Rock Tracks chart . In Canada it peaked at number six on the RPM Top Singles chart and was the 57th most successful song of 1994 . The song also reached the top 20 in Iceland , peaking at number 12 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Green_Day', 'summary': "Green Day is an American rock band formed in the East Bay of California in 1987 by lead vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong and bassist and backing vocalist Mike Dirnt . For much of the band 's career , they have been a trio with drummer Tré Cool , who replaced John Kiffmeyer in 1990 prior to the recording of the band 's second studio album , Kerplunk ( 1991 ) . Touring guitarist Jason White became a full-time member in 2012 , but returned to his role as a touring member in 2016 . Green Day was originally part of the late 80s-early 90s punk scene at the DIY 924 Gilman Street club in Berkeley , California . The band 's early releases were with the independent record label Lookout ! Records . In 1994 , their major label debut Dookie , released through Reprise Records , became a breakout success and eventually shipped over 10 million copies in the U.S. Green Day is credited alongside fellow California punk bands NOFX , Sublime , Bad Religion , the Offspring , and Rancid with popularizing mainstream interest in punk rock in the U.S . Though the albums Insomniac ( 1995 ) , Nimrod ( 1997 ) , and Warning ( 2000 ) did not match the success of Dookie , they were still successful with the former two reaching triple platinum status while the latter achieved gold . Green Day 's seventh album , a rock opera called American Idiot ( 2004 ) , found popularity with a younger generation , selling six million copies in the U.S. Their next album , 21st Century Breakdown , was released in 2009 and achieved the band 's best chart performance . It was followed by a trilogy of albums , ¡Uno ! , ¡Dos ! , and ¡Tré ! , released in September , November , and December 2012 respectively . The trilogy did not perform as well as expected commercially in comparison to their previous albums largely due to lack of promotion and lead singer and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong going into rehab . Their twelfth studio album , Revolution Radio , was released in October 2016 and became their third to debut at No ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Basket_Case_(song)', 'summary': "Basket Case is a song by the American rock band Green Day . It is the seventh track and second single from their third studio album , Dookie ( 1994 ) . The song spent five weeks at the top of Billboard 's Alternative Songs chart . In 2001 , the song appeared as the fifth track on their greatest hits album , International Superhits ! ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nirvana_(band)', 'summary': "Nirvana was an American rock band formed in Aberdeen , Washington in 1987 . It was founded by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic . Nirvana went through a succession of drummers , the longest-lasting and best-known being Dave Grohl , who joined in 1990 . Though the band dissolved in 1994 after the death of Cobain , their music maintains a popular following and continues to influence modern rock and roll culture . In the late 1980s , Nirvana established itself as part of the Seattle grunge scene , releasing its first album , Bleach , for the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989 . They developed a sound that relied on dynamic contrasts , often between quiet verses and loud , heavy choruses . After signing to major label DGC Records in 1991 , Nirvana found unexpected mainstream success with Smells Like Teen Spirit , the first single from their landmark second album Nevermind ( 1991 ) . A cultural phenomenon of the 1990s , the album went on to be certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Nirvana 's sudden success popularized alternative rock , and Cobain found himself described as the spokesman of a generation and Nirvana the flagship band of Generation X . Following extensive tours and the 1992 compilation album Incesticide and EP Hormoaning , Nirvana released their third studio album , In Utero ( 1993 ) , to critical acclaim and further chart success . Its abrasive , less mainstream sound challenged the band 's audience , and though less successful than Nevermind , it was a commercial success . Nirvana disbanded following the death of Cobain in 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All_Apologies', 'summary': "All Apologies is a song by the American rock band Nirvana , written by vocalist and guitarist , Kurt Cobain . It is the 12th and final song on the band 's third and final studio album , In Utero , released in September 1993 . On December 6 , 1993 , it was released as the second single as a double A-side with the song , Rape Me . All Apologies was Nirvana 's third number-one Modern Rock hit and reached number 32 on the UK Singles Chart . It was nominated for two Grammy Awards in 1995 , and was included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's list of The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pearl_Jam', 'summary': "Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in 1990 in Seattle , Washington . As of 2020 [ update ] , the band 's lineup consists of founding members Eddie Vedder ( lead vocals , guitar ) , Mike McCready ( lead guitar ) , Stone Gossard ( rhythm guitar ) and Jeff Ament ( bass ) as well as drummer Matt Cameron , who joined in 1998 . Keyboardist Boom Gaspar has also been a session/touring member with the band since 2002 . Drummers Jack Irons , Dave Krusen , Matt Chamberlain and Dave Abbruzzese are former members of the band . Formed after the demise of Gossard and Ament 's previous band , Mother Love Bone , Pearl Jam broke into the mainstream with its debut album , Ten , in 1991 . One of the key bands in the grunge movement of the early 1990s , its members often shunned popular music industry practices such as making music videos or giving interviews . The band also sued Ticketmaster , claiming it had monopolized the concert-ticket market . In 2006 , Rolling Stone described the band as having spent much of the past decade deliberately tearing apart their own fame . The band had sold nearly 32 million albums in the United States by 2012 , and by 2018 , they had sold more than 85 million albums worldwide . Pearl Jam outsold many of its contemporary alternative rock bands from the early 1990s , and is considered one of the most influential bands of the decade . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine referred to Pearl Jam as the most popular American rock & roll band of the '90s . Pearl Jam was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7 , 2017 , in its first year of eligibility ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daughter_(Pearl_Jam_song)', 'summary': "Daughter is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam , released in 1993 as the second single from the band 's second studio album , Vs. ( 1993 ) . Although credited to all members of Pearl Jam , it features lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music primarily written by guitarist Stone Gossard . The song topped the US Album Rock and Modern Rock Billboard charts , spending a total of eight weeks at number one on the former chart . Daughter eventually peaked at number 28 on the Top 40 Mainstream chart , becoming the band 's first Top 40 single . Outside the United States , the song reached number 16 in Canada and is Pearl Jam 's highest-charting single in Ireland , reaching number four and becoming their second top-ten single . Daughter also reached number 11 in New Zealand and number 18 in Australia and the United Kingdom . The song was included on Pearl Jam 's 2004 greatest hits album , rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991-2003 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/38th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 38th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28 , 1996 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . The awards recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Alanis Morissette was the main recipient , being awarded four trophies , including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men opened the show with their Record of the Year nominated One Sweet Day . The ceremony was controversial for its unexpected snub of Mariah Carey 's Daydream album , which proved to be one of the bestselling and most acclaimed albums of 1995 . When the Grammy Award nominees were announced , and Daydream was nominated for six different awards , critics began raving how it would be cleaning up that year . Carey , being a multiple award nominee , was one of the headlining performers . Together with Boyz II Men , she sang a live rendition of One Sweet Day , to a very positive response . However , as the award winners were announced one by one , Carey watched as her name was not called up even once . Daydream had lost all of its six nominations , shocking most critics who branded it the album of the year . With every passing loss , the television cameras continued to zoom on Carey 's face , who was finding it more difficult to retain her smile . By the end of the night , Carey had not won a single award ."}]}, {'value': 'Blues Traveler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blues_Traveler', 'summary': "Blues Traveler is an American rock band that formed in Princeton , New Jersey in 1987 . The band 's music spans a variety of genres , including blues rock , psychedelic rock , folk rock , soul , and Southern rock . They are known for extensive use of segues in live performances , and were considered a key part of the re-emerging jam band scene of the 1990s , spearheading the H.O.R.D.E . touring music festival . Currently , the group comprises singer and harmonica player John Popper , guitarist Chan Kinchla , drummer Brendan Hill , bassist Tad Kinchla , and keyboardist Ben Wilson . Tad Kinchla and Ben Wilson joined the band following the death of original bassist Bobby Sheehan in 1999 . While Blues Traveler is best known among fans for their improvisational live shows , the general public is most familiar with the group from their Top 40 singles Run-Around , Hook , and But Anyway . They gained mainstream popularity after their fourth studio album , four , released in 1994 and became a sleeper hit almost a year later . Sheehan 's death and Popper 's struggle with obesity put a damper on the group 's success , and A & M dropped the band in 2002 . In the years following , the band has bounced around through a succession of independent labels and record producers , and gotten increasingly experimental with their recorded output . Blues Traveler 's latest album , Hurry Up and Hang Around , was released in the fall of 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Run-Around', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Run-Around_(song)', 'summary': "Run-Around is a song by American jam band Blues Traveler , featured on the 1994 album Four . The song was the band 's breakthrough hit , peaking at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 13 on Canada 's RPM Top Singles chart . It won the band 's first Grammy Award in 1996 , for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group ."}]}, {'value': 'Eagles - Hotel California Dave Matthews Band - What Would You Say Jimmy Page and Robert Plant - Kashmir U2 - Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me , Kill Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eagles_(band)', 'summary': "The Eagles are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1971 . The founding members were Glenn Frey ( guitars , vocals ) , Don Henley ( drums , vocals ) , Bernie Leadon ( guitars , vocals ) and Randy Meisner ( bass guitar , vocals ) . With five number-one singles , six number-one albums , six Grammy Awards , and five American Music Awards , the Eagles were one of the most successful musical acts of the 1970s . Their albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971-1975 ) and Hotel California rank first and third , respectively , among the best-selling albums in the United States , with 38 million and 26 million album units in sales . The Eagles are one of the world 's best-selling bands , having sold more than 200 million records , including 100 million albums sold in U.S alone . They were ranked number 75 on Rolling Stone 's 2004 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . Their debut album , Eagles ( 1972 ) , spawned three top 40 singles : Take It Easy , Witchy Woman , and Peaceful Easy Feeling . Desperado ( 1973 ) was less successful , only reaching number 41 on the charts ; neither of its singles reached the top 40 . However , its songs Desperado and Tequila Sunrise became two of the band 's most popular tracks . On the Border ( 1974 ) added guitarist Don Felder and produced two top 40 singles : Already Gone and the Eagles ' first number one , Best of My Love . Their 1975 album One of These Nights included three top 10 singles : One of These Nights , Lyin ' Eyes , and Take It to the Limit , the first hitting the top of the charts . Guitarist and vocalist Joe Walsh also joined the band in 1975 , replacing Leadon ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hotel_California', 'summary': "Hotel California is the title track from the Eagles ' album of the same name and was released as a single in February 1977 . Writing credits for the song are shared by Don Felder ( music ) , Don Henley , and Glenn Frey ( lyrics ) . The Eagles ' original recording of the song features Henley singing the lead vocals and concludes with an extended section of electric guitar interplay between Felder and Joe Walsh . The song is considered the most famous recording by the band , and its long guitar coda has been voted the best guitar solo of all time by readers of Guitarist in 1998 . The song was awarded the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1978 . The lyrics of the song have been given various interpretations by fans and critics alike , the Eagles themselves describing the song as their interpretation of the high life in Los Angeles . In the 2013 documentary History of the Eagles , Henley said that the song was about a journey from innocence to experience . that 's all . Since its release , Hotel California has been covered by a number of artists and has become a part of international popular culture . Julia Phillips proposed adapting the song into a film , but the members of the Eagles disliked the idea and it never came to fruition . Commercially , Hotel California reached the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top ten of several international charts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band', 'summary': "Dave Matthews Band ( also known by the shortened DMB ) is an American rock band , formed in Charlottesville , Virginia in 1991 . The band 's founding members are singer-songwriter and guitarist Dave Matthews , bassist Stefan Lessard , drummer and backing vocalist Carter Beauford , violinist and backing vocalist Boyd Tinsley , and saxophonist LeRoi Moore , who died after complications from an ATV accident in August 2008 . Dave Matthews Band 's 1994 major label debut album , Under the Table and Dreaming , brought the band worldwide fame and was eventually certified six times platinum . As of 2018 [ update ] , the band had sold more than 100 million concert tickets and a combined total of 91 million CDs and DVDs . Their 2018 album , Come Tomorrow , debuted at # 1 on the Billboard 200 , making DMB the first band to have seven consecutive studio albums debut at the peak . The band won the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group for So Much to Say . A jam band , Dave Matthews Band is renowned for its live shows . The band is known for playing songs differently each performance ; this practice has become a staple of their live shows since the early 1990s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/What_Would_You_Say', 'summary': 'What Would You Say is a song by American rock group Dave Matthews Band . It was released in September 1994 as the lead single from their debut album Under the Table and Dreaming . It reached # 11 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . In June 1995 it peaked at # 9 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart . John Popper of Blues Traveler appears as a guest performer , playing the harmonica .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Page', 'summary': "James Patrick Page OBE ( born 9 January 1944 ) is an English musician , songwriter , and record producer who achieved international success as the guitarist and founder of the rock band Led Zeppelin . Page began his career as a studio session musician in London and , by the mid-1960s , alongside Big Jim Sullivan , was one of the most sought-after session guitarists in Britain . He was a member of the Yardbirds from 1966 to 1968 . In late 1968 , he founded Led Zeppelin . Page is widely considered to be one of the greatest and most influential guitarists of all time . Rolling Stone magazine has described Page as the pontiff of power riffing and ranked him number three in their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time , behind Jimi Hendrix and Eric Clapton . In 2010 , he was ranked number two in Gibson 's list of Top 50 Guitarists of All Time and , in 2007 , number four on Classic Rock 's 100 Wildest Guitar Heroes . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice ; once as a member of the Yardbirds ( 1992 ) and once as a member of Led Zeppelin ( 1995 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Plant', 'summary': "Robert Anthony Plant CBE ( born 20 August 1948 ) is an English singer , songwriter , and musician , best known as the lead singer and lyricist of the rock band Led Zeppelin . Plant enjoyed great success with Led Zeppelin from the late 1960s through the end of the 1970s . He developed a compelling image as the charismatic rock-and-roll front man , similar to contemporaries such as Roger Daltrey of the Who , Freddie Mercury of Queen , Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones and Jim Morrison of the Doors . With his mane of long blond hair and powerful , bare-chested appearance , Plant helped to create the god of rock and roll or rock god archetype . Although Led Zeppelin dissolved in 1980 , Plant occasionally collaborated with Jimmy Page on various projects through this period , including forming a short-lived all-star group with Page and Jeff Beck in 1984 , called the Honeydrippers . They released an album called The Honeydrippers : Volume One , and the band had a No . 3 hit with a remake of Phil Phillips ' tune Sea of Love , plus a follow-up hit with a cover of Roy Brown 's Rockin ' at Midnight . A powerful and wide vocal range ( particularly evident in his high-pitched vocals ) has given Plant a successful singing career spanning over 50 years . In 2008 , Rolling Stone editors ranked him number 15 on their list of the 100 best singers of all time . In 2011 , Rolling Stone readers ranked Plant the greatest of all lead singers . In 2006 , Hit Parader magazine named Plant the Greatest Metal Vocalist of All Time . In 2009 , Plant was voted the greatest voice in rock in a poll conducted by Planet Rock ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kashmir_(song)', 'summary': "Kashmir is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin . Included on their sixth album Physical Graffiti ( 1975 ) , it was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant ( with contributions from John Bonham ) over a period of three years with lyrics dating to 1973 . The song became a concert staple , performed by the band at almost every concert after its release . It has been described as one of Led Zeppelin 's two most overtly progressive epics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U2', 'summary': "U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin , formed in 1976 . The group consists of Bono ( lead vocals and rhythm guitar ) , the Edge ( lead guitar , keyboards , and backing vocals ) , Adam Clayton ( bass guitar ) , and Larry Mullen Jr. ( drums and percussion ) . Initially rooted in post-punk , U2 's musical style has evolved throughout their career , yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono 's expressive vocals and the Edge 's effects-based guitar textures . Their lyrics , often embellished with spiritual imagery , focus on personal and sociopolitical themes . Popular for their live performances , the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career . The band formed as teenagers while attending Mount Temple Comprehensive School , when they had limited musical proficiency . Within four years , they signed with Island Records and released their debut album , Boy ( 1980 ) . Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album , War ( 1983 ) , and the singles Sunday Bloody Sunday and Pride ( In the Name of Love ) helped establish U2 's reputation as a politically and socially conscious group . By the mid-1980s , they had become renowned globally for their live act , highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985 . The group 's fifth album , The Joshua Tree ( 1987 ) , made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success . Topping music charts around the world , it produced their only number-one singles in the US to date : With or Without You and I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For . Facing creative stagnation and a backlash following their documentary/double album , Rattle and Hum ( 1988 ) , U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hold_Me,_Thrill_Me,_Kiss_Me,_Kill_Me', 'summary': "Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me , Kill Me is a song by Irish rock band U2 . It was released as a single from the Batman Forever soundtrack album in June 1995 . A number-one single in their home country of Ireland , as well as in seven other countries , it reached number two on the UK Singles Chart , number sixteen on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and number one on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks charts . The song received Grammy Award nominations for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song . The song is included on the compilation album The Best of 1990-2000 and the live album From the Ground Up : Edge 's Picks from U2360° ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/39th_Annual_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 39th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 26 , 1997 , at Madison Square Garden , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Babyface was the night 's biggest winner , with 4 awards . Celine Dion and Toni Braxton won two awards . Celine Dion for Best Pop Album and Album of the Year and Toni Braxton for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . The show was hosted by Ellen Degeneres who also performed the opening with Shawn Colvin , Bonnie Rait , and Chaka Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Dave Matthews Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band', 'summary': "Dave Matthews Band ( also known by the shortened DMB ) is an American rock band , formed in Charlottesville , Virginia in 1991 . The band 's founding members are singer-songwriter and guitarist Dave Matthews , bassist Stefan Lessard , drummer and backing vocalist Carter Beauford , violinist and backing vocalist Boyd Tinsley , and saxophonist LeRoi Moore , who died after complications from an ATV accident in August 2008 . Dave Matthews Band 's 1994 major label debut album , Under the Table and Dreaming , brought the band worldwide fame and was eventually certified six times platinum . As of 2018 [ update ] , the band had sold more than 100 million concert tickets and a combined total of 91 million CDs and DVDs . Their 2018 album , Come Tomorrow , debuted at # 1 on the Billboard 200 , making DMB the first band to have seven consecutive studio albums debut at the peak . The band won the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group for So Much to Say . A jam band , Dave Matthews Band is renowned for its live shows . The band is known for playing songs differently each performance ; this practice has become a staple of their live shows since the early 1990s ."}]}, {'value': 'So Much to Say', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/So_Much_to_Say', 'summary': 'So Much to Say is a song by American rock group Dave Matthews Band . It was released in August 1996 as the second single from their album , Crash . It won a 1996 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 39th Annual Grammy Awards . It reached # 19 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart as a single .'}]}, {'value': 'Garbage - Stupid Girl Oasis - Wonderwall The Smashing Pumpkins - 1979 The Wallflowers - 6th Avenue Heartache', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garbage_(band)', 'summary': "Garbage is an American rock band formed in Madison , Wisconsin , in 1993 . The band consists of Scottish singer and musician Shirley Manson and American musicians Duke Erikson , Steve Marker , and Butch Vig . All four members are involved in songwriting and production . Garbage has sold over 17 million albums worldwide . The band 's eponymous debut album was critically acclaimed upon its release , selling over four million copies and achieving double platinum certification in the UK , US and Australia . It was accompanied by a string of increasingly successful singles from 1995 to 1996 , including Stupid Girl and Only Happy When It Rains . Follow-up Version 2.0 , released in 1998 after a year in production , was equally successful , topping the UK Albums Chart and receiving two Grammy Award nominations . Garbage followed this by performing and co-producing the theme song to the nineteenth James Bond film The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) . Despite critical acclaim , Garbage 's third album Beautiful Garbage failed to match the commercial success achieved by its predecessors . Garbage quietly disbanded amidst the troubled production of their fourth album Bleed Like Me , but regrouped to complete the album , which was released in 2005 and peaked at a career-high number four in the US . The band cut short their concert tour of Bleed Like Me , announcing an indefinite hiatus , emphasizing that they had not broken up , but wished to pursue personal interests . The hiatus was briefly interrupted in 2007 , when Garbage recorded new tracks for their greatest hits retrospective Absolute Garbage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stupid_Girl_(Garbage_song)', 'summary': "Stupid Girl is a song recorded by alternative rock band Garbage for the band 's self-titled debut studio album . The song was composed and produced by bandmembers Duke Erikson , Shirley Manson , Steve Marker , and Butch Vig . Stupid Girl features lyrics about a young woman 's ambivalence , and a musical arrangement centered on both a repetitive bassline and a drum sample from The Clash 's 1980 hit Train in Vain . The song was released by Almo Sounds in North America and Mushroom Records worldwide as the band 's fourth international single in 1996 . Stupid Girl became their biggest hit in United States and the United Kingdom , with its performance on the charts driven by an innovative music video and remixes which gained massive airplay across the world . The success of Stupid Girl propelled sales of its parent album Garbage into the top twenty of the Billboard 200 and into the top ten of the UK Albums Chart . Reviews of the song were positive , with praise to the production . Stupid Girl was nominated for two Grammy Awards , Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group , as well as the Danish Grammy for Best Rock Song , an MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist and an MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oasis_(band)', 'summary': "Oasis were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1991 . Developed from an earlier group , the Rain , the band originally consisted of Liam Gallagher ( lead vocals , tambourine ) , Paul Bonehead Arthurs ( guitar ) , Paul Guigsy McGuigan ( bass guitar ) , and Tony McCarroll ( drums ) . Upon returning to Manchester , Liam 's older brother , Noel Gallagher ( lead guitar , vocals ) joined as a fifth member , which formed the band 's core and settled line-up . During the course of their existence , they had various line-up changes , though the Gallagher brothers remained as the staple members until the group 's dissolution . Oasis were a major part of 1990s UK pop culture , an era dubbed Cool Britannia . Oasis signed to independent record label Creation Records in 1993 and released their record-setting debut album Definitely Maybe ( 1994 ) . The following year the band recorded ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? ( 1995 ) with drummer Alan White , in the midst of a chart rivalry with Britpop peers Blur . ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? became one of the best-selling albums of all time , selling over 22 million copies worldwide , and the Gallagher brothers were featured regularly in tabloid newspapers for their sibling disputes and wild lifestyles . In 1996 , Oasis performed two nights at Knebworth for an audience of 125,000 each night , which were at the time the largest outdoor concerts in UK history . 2.5 million people applied for tickets , which remains the highest demand for a show in British history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wonderwall_(song)', 'summary': "Wonderwall is a song by the English rock band Oasis , written by the band 's lead guitarist and main songwriter Noel Gallagher . The song was produced by Owen Morris and Gallagher for their second studio album ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? ( 1995 ) . According to Gallagher , Wonderwall describes an imaginary friend who 's gon na come and save you from yourself . The song was released as the fourth single from the album in October 1995 . Wonderwall topped the charts in Australia and New Zealand . The song reached the top ten on another ten charts , including Canada and the United States at number 5 and 8 , respectively , as well as number two on both the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart . The single was certified quadruple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry and certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . It remains one of the band 's most popular songs ; on 9 June 2013 , it was voted number one on Australian alternative music radio station Triple J 's 20 Years of the Hottest 100 . Many notable artists have also covered the song , such as rock singer Ryan Adams in 2003 , folk singer Cat Power and jazz musician Brad Mehldau in 2008 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins', 'summary': "The Smashing Pumpkins ( or Smashing Pumpkins ) [ note 1 ] are an American alternative rock band from Chicago , Illinois . Formed in 1988 by frontman Billy Corgan ( lead vocals , guitar ) , D'arcy Wretzky ( bass ) , James Iha ( guitar ) , and Jimmy Chamberlin ( drums ) , the band has undergone many line-up changes . The current lineup features Corgan , Chamberlin , Iha and guitarist Jeff Schroeder . Disavowing the punk rock roots of many of their alt-rock contemporaries , they have a diverse , densely layered , and guitar-heavy sound , containing elements of gothic rock , heavy metal , dream pop , psychedelic rock , progressive rock , shoegazing , and electronica in later recordings . Corgan is the group 's primary songwriter ; his musical ambitions and cathartic lyrics have shaped the band 's albums and songs , which have been described as anguished , bruised reports from Billy Corgan 's nightmare-land . The Smashing Pumpkins broke into the musical mainstream with their second album , 1993 's Siamese Dream . The group built its audience with extensive touring and their 1995 follow-up , the double album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness , debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart . With 30 million albums sold worldwide , the Smashing Pumpkins were one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed bands of the 1990s . However , internal fighting , drug use , and diminishing record sales led to a 2000 break-up . In 2006 , Corgan and Chamberlin reconvened to record a new Smashing Pumpkins album , Zeitgeist . After touring throughout 2007 and 2008 with a lineup including new guitarist Jeff Schroeder , Chamberlin left the band in early 2009 . Later that year , Corgan began a new recording series with a rotating lineup of musicians entitled Teargarden by Kaleidyscope , which encompassed the release of stand-alone singles , compilation EP releases , and two full albums that also fell under the project 's scope - Oceania in 2012 and Monuments to an Elegy in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1979_(song)', 'summary': '1979 is a song by American alternative rock band the Smashing Pumpkins . It was released in 1996 as the second single from their third studio album , Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness . 1979 was written by frontman Billy Corgan , and features loops and samples uncharacteristic of previous Smashing Pumpkins songs . The song was written as a nostalgic coming of age story by Corgan . In the year 1979 , Corgan was 12 and this is what he considered his transition into adolescence . 1979 reached number two in Canada and Iceland , number six in Ireland , number nine in New Zealand , and number 12 in the United States . It charted within the top 20 in several other countries , including Australia and the United Kingdom . The song was nominated for the Record of the Year and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 39th Annual Grammy Awards , and won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Alternative Video . In 2012 , it was voted the second-best Smashing Pumpkins song by Rolling Stone readers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Wallflowers', 'summary': "The Wallflowers are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1989 by singer-songwriter Jakob Dylan and guitarist Tobi Miller . The band has gone through a number of personnel changes but has remained centered on Dylan . After releasing their eponymous debut album in 1992 , the Wallflowers released what would become their best-known and highest-selling album , Bringing Down the Horse in 1996 , which featured the songs One Headlight and 6th Avenue Heartache . They went on to release an additional three albums before going on hiatus . In 2012 , the Wallflowers reunited to release their sixth studio album , Glad All Over . The Wallflowers have won two Grammy awards : Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song for One Headlight in 1998 . One Headlight is also listed at # 58 in Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Greatest Pop Songs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/6th_Avenue_Heartache', 'summary': '6th Avenue Heartache is a song by the American rock band The Wallflowers . It was released in April 1996 as the lead single from their 1996 sophomore album Bringing Down the Horse . The song became their first hit , peaking at number 8 on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart , number 10 on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks chart , and number 33 on the US Hot 100 Airplay chart . The background vocals in this song are by Adam Duritz from Counting Crows . Though the song was a hit on rock radio , it was overshadowed by its follow-up single , One Headlight .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/40th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 40th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1998 , at Radio City Music Hall , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Rock icon Bob Dylan , Alison Krauss , and R. Kelly were the main recipients with three awards each .'}]}, {'value': 'The Wallflowers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Wallflowers', 'summary': "The Wallflowers are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1989 by singer-songwriter Jakob Dylan and guitarist Tobi Miller . The band has gone through a number of personnel changes but has remained centered on Dylan . After releasing their eponymous debut album in 1992 , the Wallflowers released what would become their best-known and highest-selling album , Bringing Down the Horse in 1996 , which featured the songs One Headlight and 6th Avenue Heartache . They went on to release an additional three albums before going on hiatus . In 2012 , the Wallflowers reunited to release their sixth studio album , Glad All Over . The Wallflowers have won two Grammy awards : Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song for One Headlight in 1998 . One Headlight is also listed at # 58 in Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Greatest Pop Songs ."}]}, {'value': 'One Headlight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Headlight', 'summary': "One Headlight is a song by American rock band The Wallflowers . The song was written by lead singer Jakob Dylan , and produced by T-Bone Burnett . It was released in November 1996 as the second single from the band 's second studio album , Bringing Down the Horse . Dylan has said that the song is about the death of ideas . The song is notable for being the first single to reach number one on all three of Billboard 's rock airplay charts : the Modern Rock Tracks chart , the Mainstream Rock Songs chart and the Adult Alternative Songs chart . One Headlight also peaked at number one in Canada for five weeks . In 2000 , the song was listed at number 58 on Rolling Stone and MTVs list of 100 Greatest Pop Songs of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Aerosmith - Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) Fleetwood Mac - The Chain Matchbox Twenty - Push Dave Matthews Band - Crash into Me', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aerosmith', 'summary': "Aerosmith is an American rock band formed in Boston , Massachusetts in 1970 . The group consists of Steven Tyler ( vocals , keyboards ) , Joe Perry ( guitar ) , Tom Hamilton ( bass ) , Joey Kramer ( drums ) and Brad Whitford ( guitar ) . Their style , which is rooted in blues-based hard rock , has come to also incorporate elements of pop rock , heavy metal , and rhythm and blues , and has inspired many subsequent rock artists . They are sometimes referred to as the Bad Boys from Boston and America 's Greatest Rock and Roll Band . As a partnership , the primary songwriting team of Tyler and Perry is often collectively known as the Toxic Twins . Perry and Hamilton , originally in a band together called the Jam Band , met up with Tyler , Kramer , and guitarist Ray Tabano , and formed Aerosmith . In 1971 , Tabano was replaced by Whitford , and the band began developing a following in Boston . They were signed to Columbia Records in 1972 , and released a string of gold and platinum albums , beginning with their 1973 eponymous debut album , followed by Get Your Wings in 1974 . In 1975 , the band broke into the mainstream with the album Toys in the Attic , and their 1976 follow-up Rocks cemented their status as hard rock superstars . Draw the Line and Night in the Ruts followed in 1977 and 1979 respectively . Their first five albums have since attained multi-platinum status . Throughout the 1970s , the band toured extensively and charted a dozen Billboard Hot 100 singles , including their first Top 40 hit Sweet Emotion and the Top 10 hits Dream On and Walk This Way ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Falling_in_Love_(Is_Hard_on_the_Knees)', 'summary': "Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) is a song performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith that appeared on the band 's 1997 album Nine Lives . The song was written by Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , and Glen Ballard , who had signed on to produce Nine Lives . Although he was dropped from the role halfway through production and replaced by Kevin Shirley , Ballard was still credited for his contributions to the album ; he also co-wrote Pink with Tyler and Perry and Taste of India with Tyler and Richard Supa . Released as a single in February 1997 , the song topped the Spanish Singles Chart and reached number two in Canada for four weeks . It also topped the UK Rock Chart and the US Billboard Mainstream Rock chart . Elsewhere , the song peaked at number seven in Finland and reached the top 30 in Iceland , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . On the US Billboard Hot 100 , it reached number 35 , becoming the second highest-charting song from the album on that chart , after Pink ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac', 'summary': "Fleetwood Mac are a British-American rock band , formed in London in 1967 . They have sold more than 120 million records worldwide , making them one of the world 's best-selling bands . In 1998 , select members of Fleetwood Mac were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and received the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . Fleetwood Mac was founded by guitarist Peter Green , drummer Mick Fleetwood and guitarist Jeremy Spencer . Bassist John McVie completed the lineup for their self-titled debut album . Danny Kirwan joined as a third guitarist in 1968 . Keyboardist Christine Perfect , who contributed as a session musician from the second album , married McVie and joined in 1970 . At this time it was primarily a British blues band , scoring a UK number one with Albatross , and also had other hits such as the singles Oh Well and Man of the World . All three guitarists left in succession during the early 1970s , to be replaced by guitarists Bob Welch and Bob Weston and vocalist Dave Walker . By 1974 , all three had either departed or been dismissed , leaving the band without a male lead vocalist or guitarist . In late 1974 , while Fleetwood was scouting studios in Los Angeles , he was introduced to folk-rock duo Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks . Fleetwood Mac soon asked Buckingham to be their new lead guitarist , and Buckingham agreed on condition that Nicks would also join the band ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Chain', 'summary': "The Chain is a song by the British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac , released on their critically acclaimed , best-selling album Rumours . It is the only song from the album credited to all five members ( Stevie Nicks , Lindsey Buckingham , Christine McVie , John McVie , and Mick Fleetwood ) . The Chain was created from combinations of several previously rejected materials , including solo work by Buckingham , Nicks and Christine McVie . It was assembled , often manually by splicing tapes with a razor blade , at the Record Plant in Sausalito , California , with hired engineers Ken Caillat and Richard Dashut . Following the critical and commercial success of Rumours , The Chain has become a staple of the band 's live shows , typically the opening song . It was featured as the opening track on The Dance , a 1997 live concert CD/DVD release , as well as several greatest hits compilations . It has attained particular fame in the United Kingdom , where the instrumental section has been used as the theme tune for the BBC and Channel 4 's television coverage of Formula One ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Matchbox_Twenty', 'summary': "Matchbox Twenty ( previously Matchbox 20 , and frequently shortened to MB20 ) is an American rock band , formed in Orlando , Florida , in 1995 . The group currently consists of Rob Thomas ( lead vocals , guitar , keyboards ) , Brian Yale ( bass guitar ) , Paul Doucette ( drums , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ) , and Kyle Cook ( lead guitar , vocals ) . Matchbox Twenty rose to international fame with their debut album , Yourself or Someone Like You ( 1996 ) , which was certified 12× Platinum ( diamond ) in the United States and multi-platinum in Australia , Canada , and New Zealand . Their second album , Mad Season , released in 2000 , charted in the top three on the Billboard 200 and was certified 4× Platinum in the United States . Their third album , More Than You Think You Are , released in 2002 , was only certified 2× Platinum in the United States , despite its singles receiving significant airplay . The band then went on hiatus in 2004 after rhythm guitarist Adam Gaynor 's departure . As a result , Paul Doucette took over rhythm guitar when the band reunited in 2007 . They released a compilation album , Exile on Mainstream , which was certified Gold in the United States . After the release , the band toured to support it . Matchbox Twenty then took another hiatus while Rob Thomas embarked on a successful solo career but reunited again in 2010 . On September 4 , 2012 , the band released their fourth studio album , North , which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Push_(Matchbox_Twenty_song)', 'summary': "Push is a song by American rock band Matchbox Twenty . It was released in May 1997 as the second single from their debut album , Yourself or Someone Like You . After landing Long Day on several rock radio stations paving the way , Push topped the US Modern Rock Tracks chart and became one of the band 's most successful singles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band', 'summary': "Dave Matthews Band ( also known by the shortened DMB ) is an American rock band , formed in Charlottesville , Virginia in 1991 . The band 's founding members are singer-songwriter and guitarist Dave Matthews , bassist Stefan Lessard , drummer and backing vocalist Carter Beauford , violinist and backing vocalist Boyd Tinsley , and saxophonist LeRoi Moore , who died after complications from an ATV accident in August 2008 . Dave Matthews Band 's 1994 major label debut album , Under the Table and Dreaming , brought the band worldwide fame and was eventually certified six times platinum . As of 2018 [ update ] , the band had sold more than 100 million concert tickets and a combined total of 91 million CDs and DVDs . Their 2018 album , Come Tomorrow , debuted at # 1 on the Billboard 200 , making DMB the first band to have seven consecutive studio albums debut at the peak . The band won the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group for So Much to Say . A jam band , Dave Matthews Band is renowned for its live shows . The band is known for playing songs differently each performance ; this practice has become a staple of their live shows since the early 1990s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Crash_into_Me', 'summary': 'Crash into Me is a song by American rock group Dave Matthews Band . It was released in December 1996 as the third single from their second album , Crash . It reached number 7 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in March 1997 . The song was nominated for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 1998 Grammy Awards .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/41st_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 41st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1999 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1998 . Lauryn Hill was the main recipient , winning a total of 5 awards including Album of the Year and Best New Artist . Her album was the first hip hop act ever to win the coveted award . The ceremony was known as the Grammy Year of Women , because every artist nominated for Album of the Year was female ( including Garbage , with Shirley Manson as the lead singer ) . Madonna won four awards and opened the show with her performance of Nothing Really Matters while musicians the Dixie Chicks , Vince Gill , Alanis Morissette and Shania Twain won two apiece . Celine Dion also received two awards both for My Heart Will Go On , which received a total of four awards . It is widely remembered for Ricky Martin 's performance of La Copa De La Vida/ The Cup of Life ."}]}, {'value': 'Aerosmith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aerosmith', 'summary': "Aerosmith is an American rock band formed in Boston , Massachusetts in 1970 . The group consists of Steven Tyler ( vocals , keyboards ) , Joe Perry ( guitar ) , Tom Hamilton ( bass ) , Joey Kramer ( drums ) and Brad Whitford ( guitar ) . Their style , which is rooted in blues-based hard rock , has come to also incorporate elements of pop rock , heavy metal , and rhythm and blues , and has inspired many subsequent rock artists . They are sometimes referred to as the Bad Boys from Boston and America 's Greatest Rock and Roll Band . As a partnership , the primary songwriting team of Tyler and Perry is often collectively known as the Toxic Twins . Perry and Hamilton , originally in a band together called the Jam Band , met up with Tyler , Kramer , and guitarist Ray Tabano , and formed Aerosmith . In 1971 , Tabano was replaced by Whitford , and the band began developing a following in Boston . They were signed to Columbia Records in 1972 , and released a string of gold and platinum albums , beginning with their 1973 eponymous debut album , followed by Get Your Wings in 1974 . In 1975 , the band broke into the mainstream with the album Toys in the Attic , and their 1976 follow-up Rocks cemented their status as hard rock superstars . Draw the Line and Night in the Ruts followed in 1977 and 1979 respectively . Their first five albums have since attained multi-platinum status . Throughout the 1970s , the band toured extensively and charted a dozen Billboard Hot 100 singles , including their first Top 40 hit Sweet Emotion and the Top 10 hits Dream On and Walk This Way ."}]}, {'value': 'Pink', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pink_(song)', 'summary': 'Pink is a song by American rock band Aerosmith . It was written by Steven Tyler and professional songwriters Richie Supa and Glen Ballard . It was released as the third major single from Nine Lives in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fastball - The Way Hole - Celebrity Skin The Verve - Bitter Sweet Symphony The Wallflowers - Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fastball_(band)', 'summary': "Fastball is an American rock band that formed in Austin , Texas in 1995 . The band originally called themselves Magneto U.S.A. but changed their name after signing with Hollywood Records . In 1998 , their album All the Pain Money Can Buy reached platinum sales within six months of its release , and stayed on the Billboard 200 chart for a year . In addition , the group has been nominated for two Grammy Awards - Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for The Way , and Best Long Form Music Video for their promotional video The Way . They also received five The Austin Chronicle awards : 1998 's Album of the Year , Best Video , Best Single/EP , Band of the Year , and 1995 's Best Pop Band ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Way_(Fastball_song)', 'summary': 'The Way is a song by the American alternative rock band Fastball . It was released in February 1998 as the lead single from their second studio album , All the Pain Money Can Buy . The Way peaked at number one on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in April and remained there for seven weeks . The song also reached number one in Canada on the week of June 15 , 1998 , and topped the RPM Alternative 30 chart for four weeks . Worldwide , the song peaked at number seven in Sweden , number 14 in Australia , number 15 in Norway and number 16 in Iceland . The song was voted by VH1 as one of the 100 Greatest Songs of the 1990s , ranking number 94 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hole_(band)', 'summary': "Hole is an American alternative rock band formed in Los Angeles , California in 1989 . It was founded by singer and guitarist Courtney Love and guitarist Eric Erlandson . It had several different bassists and drummers , the most prolific being drummer Patty Schemel , and bassists Kristen Pfaff ( d. 1994 ) and Melissa Auf der Maur . Hole released a total of four studio albums between two incarnations spanning the 1990s and early-2010s , and became one of the most commercially successful rock bands in history fronted by a woman . Influenced by Los Angeles ' punk rock scene , the band 's debut album , Pretty on the Inside ( 1991 ) , was produced by Kim Gordon of Sonic Youth , and attracted critical interest from British and American alternative press . Their second album , Live Through This , released 1994 by DGC Records , which featured less aggressive melodies and more restrained lyrical content , was widely acclaimed and reached platinum status within a year of its release . Their third album , Celebrity Skin ( 1998 ) , marked a notable departure from their earlier punk influences , boasting a more commercially viable sound ; the album sold around 2 million copies worldwide , and earned them significant critical acclaim . They disbanded in 2002 , and the members individually pursued other projects . Eight years later in 2010 , Hole was reformed by Love with new members , despite Erlandson 's claim that the reformation breached a mutual contract he had with her . The reformed band released the album Nobody 's Daughter ( 2010 ) , which had originally been conceived as Love 's second solo album . In 2013 , Love retired the Hole name , releasing new material and touring as a solo artist . Hole received several accolades , including four Grammy Award nominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Celebrity_Skin_(song)', 'summary': "Celebrity Skin is the tenth single by American alternative rock band Hole , released on September 1 , 1998 by DGC Records . It is the debut single from their third studio album of the same name and is Hole 's most commercially successful single , being the only one to reach number one on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 126 on its list 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Verve', 'summary': "The Verve were an English rock band formed in Wigan , Greater Manchester , in 1990 by lead vocalist Richard Ashcroft , guitarist Nick McCabe , bass guitarist Simon Jones and drummer Peter Salisbury . Guitarist and keyboard player Simon Tong later became a member . Beginning with a psychedelic sound with their debut LP A Storm in Heaven , by the mid-1990s the band had released several EPs and three albums . It also endured name and line-up changes , break-ups , health problems , drug abuse and various lawsuits . The band 's commercial breakthrough was the 1997 album Urban Hymns , one of the best-selling albums in UK Chart history . The album features the hit singles Bitter Sweet Symphony , The Drugs Do n't Work and Lucky Man . In 1998 , the band won two Brit Awards - winning Best British Group , appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine in March , and in February 1999 , Bitter Sweet Symphony was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song . Soon after their commercial peak , the Verve disbanded in April 1999 , citing internal conflicts . According to Billboard magazine , the group 's rise was the culmination of a long , arduous journey that began at the dawn of the decade and went on to encompass a major breakup , multiple lawsuits , and an extensive diet of narcotics . During an eight-year split , Ashcroft dismissed talk of a reunion , saying : You 're more likely to get all four Beatles on stage . The band 's original line-up reunited in June 2007 , embarking on a tour later that year and releasing the album Forth in August 2008 , which spawned the hit single Love Is Noise . Amid revived tensions , the band broke up for the third time in 2008 following their final performance together at the V Festival ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_Symphony', 'summary': "Bitter Sweet Symphony is a song by English alternative rock band the Verve . It is the lead track on their third studio album , Urban Hymns ( 1997 ) . It is based on a sample it uses from the Andrew Loog Oldham orchestral cover of the Rolling Stones ' song The Last Time , and involved some legal controversy surrounding a plagiarism charge . As a result , Mick Jagger and Keith Richards were added to the songwriting credits , and all royalties from the song went to former Rolling Stones manager Allen Klein . In April 2019 , Jagger and Richards signed over all their publishing for the song to The Verve . Bitter Sweet Symphony was released in June 1997 by Hut Recordings as the first single from the album , reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart and stayed in the chart for three months . Acclaimed in music publications , it was named Rolling Stone and NME Single of the Year for 1997 , and is considered one of the defining songs of the Britpop era . The accompanying music video features lead vocalist Richard Ashcroft walking down a busy London pavement - in Hoxton Street , Hoxton - oblivious to what is going on around and refusing to change his stride or direction throughout . At the 1998 Brit Awards , Bitter Sweet Symphony was nominated for Best British Single . The song was released in the US as a single in March 1998 by Virgin Records America , reaching No . 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and the music video was nominated for Video of the Year , Best Group Video , and Best Alternative Video at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards . In 1999 , the song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Wallflowers', 'summary': "The Wallflowers are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1989 by singer-songwriter Jakob Dylan and guitarist Tobi Miller . The band has gone through a number of personnel changes but has remained centered on Dylan . After releasing their eponymous debut album in 1992 , the Wallflowers released what would become their best-known and highest-selling album , Bringing Down the Horse in 1996 , which featured the songs One Headlight and 6th Avenue Heartache . They went on to release an additional three albums before going on hiatus . In 2012 , the Wallflowers reunited to release their sixth studio album , Glad All Over . The Wallflowers have won two Grammy awards : Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song for One Headlight in 1998 . One Headlight is also listed at # 58 in Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Greatest Pop Songs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heroes_(David_Bowie_song)', 'summary': "'Heroes ' [ a ] is a song by English musician David Bowie . It was co-written by Bowie and Brian Eno , produced by Bowie and Tony Visconti , and recorded in July and August 1977 at Hansa Studio by the Wall . It was released on 23 September 1977 as the lead single from his 12th studio album of the same name , backed with the song V-2 Schneider . A product of Bowie 's Berlin period , the track was not a huge hit in the United Kingdom or United States after its release , but it has since become one of his signature songs . In January 2016 , following Bowie 's death , the song reached a new peak of number 12 in the UK Singles Chart . 'Heroes ' has been cited as Bowie 's second-most covered song after Rebel Rebel . Inspired by the sight of Bowie 's producer-engineer Tony Visconti embracing his lover by the Berlin Wall , the song tells the story of two lovers , one from East and one from West Berlin . Bowie 's performance of 'Heroes ' on June 6 , 1987 , at the German Reichstag in West Berlin has been considered a catalyst to the later fall of the Berlin Wall . Following his death in January 2016 , the German government thanked Bowie for helping to bring down the Wall , adding you are now among Heroes . 'Heroes ' has received numerous accolades since its release , as seen with its inclusion on lists ranking the greatest songs of all time compiled by the music publications ; Rolling Stone named the song the 46th greatest ever , and NME named it the 15th greatest . Bowie scholar David Buckley has written that 'Heroes ' is perhaps pop 's definitive statement of the potential triumph of the human spirit over adversity ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal_0', 'intro': 'The Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal was awarded between 1980 and 2011. The award was discontinued after the 2011 award season in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. Beginning in 2012, all solo or duo/group performances (including instrumental performance) in the rock category were shifted to the newly formed Best Rock Performance category. U2 holds the record for most awards with a total of seven, followed by Aerosmith with a total of four. [citation needed]'}
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What was the nickname of the Britain-to-U.S. music spread the group that won the 1982 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance was seen as a leader of ?
Second British Invasion
0b08fb24f4896d08
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Indiana', 'title': 'Warren County, Indiana', 'header': ['Township', 'Established year', 'Area mi²', 'Area km²', 'Population 2010', 'Places ( incorporated in bold )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Adams Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana . According to the 2010 census , its population was 512 and it contained 250 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27.03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.01', 'urls': []}, {'value': '512', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pine Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pine_Village,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Pine Village is a town in Adams Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 217 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Jordan Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 247 and it contained 105 housing units . It is almost entirely agricultural and contains no incorporated towns .'}]}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40.53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104.98', 'urls': []}, {'value': '247', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hedrick , Pence , Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hedrick,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Hedrick is a small unincorporated community in Jordan Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pence,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Pence is a small unincorporated community in Jordan Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stewart,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Stewart is a small unincorporated community in Jordan Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . It sits at the south end of the short Bee Line Railroad and consists of a single residence and a grain elevator operated by the Stewart Grain Company . The original elevator , built in 1905 and rebuilt in 1910 after a fire , still stands although it was moved 500 feet to a non-working location in 2009 for historical and sentimental reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Kent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kent_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Kent Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 428 and it contained 196 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14.10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '428', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Line City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/State_Line_City,_Indiana', 'summary': "State Line City is a town in Kent Township , Warren County , Indiana , United States , situated along the state 's boundary with Illinois . As of the 2010 census , the town population was 143 ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberty_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Liberty Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 896 and it contained 362 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': '113.95', 'urls': []}, {'value': '896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carbondale , Judyville , Kramer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbondale,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Carbondale is an unincorporated community in Liberty Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Judyville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Judyville is a small unincorporated community in Liberty Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kramer,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Kramer is a small unincorporated community in Liberty Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Medina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Medina_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Medina Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 457 and it contained 191 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27.15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '457', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Hill,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Green Hill is a small unincorporated community in Medina Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Mound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mound_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Mound Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 418 and it contained 183 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16.79', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43.48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '418', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Foster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foster,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Foster is a small unincorporated community in Mound Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Pike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pike_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Pike Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 1,221 and it contained 529 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,221', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Lebanon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Lebanon,_Indiana', 'summary': 'West Lebanon is a town in Pike Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 723 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Pine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pine_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Pine Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 481 and it contained 213 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1830', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36.09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '93.48', 'urls': []}, {'value': '481', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rainsville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainsville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Rainsville is a small unincorporated community in Pine Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Prairie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Prairie Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 257 and it contained 117 housing units ; the population density is the lowest of any township in the county , at 6.1 inhabitants per square mile ( 2.4/km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1864', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47.80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '123.81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '257', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tab,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Tab is a small unincorporated community in Prairie Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Steuben', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steuben_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Steuben Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . It was established in 1834 . According to the 2010 census , its population was 487 and it contained 199 housing units . It contains no incorporated towns and is largely agricultural .'}]}, {'value': '1834', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39.60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '102.57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '487', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnsonville , Marshfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnsonville,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Johnsonville is a small unincorporated community in Steuben Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marshfield,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Marshfield is a small unincorporated community in Steuben Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Warren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Warren Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . According to the 2010 census , its population was 806 and it contained 324 housing units .'}]}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36.42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '94.33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '806', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence , Winthrop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Independence is a small unincorporated community in Warren Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Winthrop,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Winthrop is a small unincorporated community in Warren Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana .'}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Township,_Warren_County,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Washington Township is one of twelve townships in Warren County , Indiana , United States . It is the most populous township in the county ; according to the 2010 census , its population was 2,298 , with 1,898 of those living in Williamsport , and it contained 1,011 housing units . It has the highest population density of the Warren County townships at about 120 inhabitants per square mile ( 46/km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1830', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19.51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50.53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,298', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Williamsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Williamsport,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Williamsport is a town in Washington Township , Warren County , in the U.S. state of Indiana . The population was 1,898 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Warren County and is the largest of the four incorporated towns in the county . Williamsport Falls is located in downtown Williamsport .'}]}, {'value': 'Warren County', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': '366.60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '949.49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,508', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Geography', 'section_text': "Map of Warren County , showing townships and settlements The Wabash River , coming out of Tippecanoe County to the east , defines the southeastern border of the county ; the terrain here is hilly and wooded areas are common . Fountain County lies across the river . By contrast , the northwest region consists mainly of flat prairie farmland ; this continues in Benton County to the north . Along the western side of the county is the border with Vermilion County , Illinois . The small southern border is shared with the north end of the similarly named Indiana county of Vermillion . The state capital of Indianapolis lies about 70 miles ( 110 km ) to the southeast . [ 41 ] Williamsport Falls According to the 2010 census , the county has a total area of 366.40 square miles ( 949.0 km2 ) , of which 364.68 square miles ( 944.5 km2 ) ( or 99.53% ) is land and 1.72 square miles ( 4.5 km2 ) ( or 0.47% ) is water . [ 3 ] Elevations in the county range from 480 feet ( 150 m ) above sea level where the Wabash River enters Vermillion County to 830 feet ( 250 m ) in northeastern Prairie Township . [ 47 ] The landscape consists mostly of flat or gently sloping moraine overlaying silty and loamy glacial till , except along the Wabash River where sand , gravel , sandstone and shale are exposed . [ 48 ] Various forms of silt loam constitute most of the county 's soil [ 48 ] and are conducive to agriculture . [ 7 ] Forests cover about 14% of the county , [ 49 ] mainly around major waterways , [ 50 ] and consist principally of deciduous hardwoods among which maple–beech and oak–hickory forests are the most common . [ 51 ] The only coal mines in the county are located in the southeastern part of Steuben Township , near the Wabash River . [ 52 ] When the county was formed in 1827 , it was divided into four townships : Medina , Warren , Pike and Mound . Over the following decades , many changes were made to the township borders and eight new townships were created . Pine and Washington were the first of these , in March 1830 ; [ 53 ] Steuben followed in 1834 . Liberty was formed in 1843 , Adams in 1848 , then Jordan in 1850 . Kent and Prairie were the last to be created , in 1864 . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] As of 2010 [ update ] , Prairie Township , at 5.4 inhabitants per square mile ( 2.1/km2 ) , has the lowest population density ; it covers more area than any of the other townships—nearly 50 square miles ( 130 km2 ) —and contains no incorporated towns . The highest density is in Washington Township , which has 120 inhabitants per square mile ( 46/km2 ) ; it includes Williamsport , the county 's largest town , and covers only about 20 square miles ( 52 km2 ) . [ 4 ] There are four incorporated towns in the county . The largest is Williamsport , which is on the western banks of the Wabash River in the eastern part of the county , just downstream of Attica ( which is on the east side of the river in Fountain County ) ; in 2010 , its population was 1,898—nearly one-fourth of the county 's total . [ 56 ] West Lebanon is about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) west of Williamsport on State Road 28 , with a population of 723 . [ 57 ] The town of Pine Village lies about 11 miles ( 18 km ) to the north of Williamsport where State Road 55 intersects State Road 26 , near the northern edge of the county ; 217 people live in Pine Village . [ 58 ] State Line City is in the southwestern part of the county and shares its western border with the Illinois state line . A small Illinois community named Illiana lies immediately on the west side of the county road which runs along the state border ( and which is also a street between the two communities ) . State Line City is the smallest of the towns , with a population of 143 . [ 59 ] Railroad crossing sign at Sloan In addition to the incorporated towns , there are over a dozen small unincorporated communities in Warren County [ 60 ] that are historical centers of activity . Now they consist mostly of dwellings , though several have churches and some still have small businesses . The small settlements of Hedrick , Pence and Stewart are in Jordan Township ; Stewart consists of a grain processing facility and a single residence . In Steuben Township , Johnsonville has a church and a handful of residences . Marshfield has an automotive body repair shop , a grain elevator and a church . Independence , platted in 1832 , is located on the site of a trading post set up by Zachariah Cicott . He is buried in a cemetery in Warren Township , just north of town . The township included the small settlement of Winthrop . Liberty Township has three unincorporated communities : Carbondale , Judyville and Kramer ( near the site of the Mudlavia Hotel ) . Several townships contain only a single settlement . Foster is the only one in Mound Township and has a motel and several houses . In the northeast corner of the county , Green Hill is Medina Township 's only settlement . Tab is the only settlement in Prairie Township ; most of this township is agricultural , and a large grain processing facility is Tab 's only remaining business . Pine Township 's only community is Rainsville . [ 61 ] Some settlements did not survive . The river town of Baltimore thrived and was a major center of trade until the river was overshadowed by the railroad for purposes of trade and transportation ; a single house , built long after the town 's heyday , is all that remains . [ 62 ] Warrenton had a promising start as the first county seat , but it began to wane after the seat moved , and today no trace is left . [ 63 ] Chesapeake was the first settlement in Steuben Township , but it faded away so early that even an 1883 county history has little to say on the subject . [ 64 ] Brisco was never large , though it did have a school house from the 1850s through the 1920s . It likewise disappeared by the end of the 20th century . Chatterton had a school , a store and a post office , but it has disappeared even though the name continues to appear on maps . [ 65 ] Other communities were planned but did not develop . Dresser was never much more than a collection of houses , though it did have a post office for a few years around the turn of the 20th century . The settlements of Kickapoo , Locust Grove , Sloan and Walnut Grove were similar in this respect . Point Pleasant never developed much beyond the founder 's residence and a liquor store , and was later described as a `` paper town '' . [ 66 ]", 'uid': 'Warren_County,_Indiana_0', 'intro': "Warren County lies in western Indiana between the Illinois state line and the Wabash River in the United States. According to the 2010 census, the population was 8,508. The county seat is Williamsport. Before the arrival of non-indigenous settlers in the early 19th century, the area was inhabited by several Native American tribes. The county was officially established in 1827 and was the 55th county to be formed in Indiana. It is one of the most rural counties in the state, with the third-smallest population and the lowest population density at about 23 inhabitants per square mile (8.9/km2). The county has four incorporated towns with a total population of about 3,100, as well as many small unincorporated communities. The county is divided into 12 townships which provide local services. Much of the land in the county is given over to agriculture, especially on the open prairie in the northern and western parts; the county's farmland is among the most productive in the state. Nearer the river along the southeastern border, the land has many hills, valleys, and tributary streams and is more heavily wooded. Agriculture, manufacturing, government, education, and health care each provide substantial portions of the jobs in the county. Four Indiana state roads cross the county, as do two U.S."}
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The place with a population of 1,898 in 2010 is in a township thats the most populous in which county ?
Warren County
0b0a90c43b3c767a
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tennis_stadiums_by_capacity', 'title': 'List of tennis stadiums by capacity', 'header': ['Rank', 'Stadium', 'Tennis event capacity', 'City', 'Country', 'Tournament hosted'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stade Pierre-Mauroy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stade_Pierre-Mauroy', 'summary': "The Stade Pierre-Mauroy is a multi-use retractable roof stadium in Villeneuve-d'Ascq ( Métropole Européenne de Lille ) , France , that opened in August 2012 . It has a seating capacity of 50,186 and is the home stadium of LOSC Lille . Initially named Grand Stade Lille Métropole , the stadium was renamed on 21 June 2013 , just after the death of the former Mayor of Lille and former Prime Minister of France Pierre Mauroy ."}]}, {'value': '27,448', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Villeneuve-d'Ascq", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Villeneuve-d'Ascq", 'summary': "Villeneuve-d'Ascq ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ vilnœvdask ] ; Picard : Neuvile-Ask ) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France . With more than 60,000 inhabitants and 50,000 students , it is one of the main cities of the Métropole Européenne de Lille and the largest in area ( 27.46 km² ) after Lille ; it is also one of the main cities of the Hauts-de-France region . Built up owing to the merger between the former communes of Ascq , Annappes and Flers-lez-Lille , Villeneuve-d'Ascq is a new town and the cradle of the first automatic metro system of the world ( VAL ) . Villeneuve-d'Ascq is nicknamed the 'green technopole ' thanks to the implantation of many researchers - two campus of the University of Lille ; many graduate engineering schools - and companies in a pleasant living environment . Owing to its activity centres , its Haute Borne European scientific park and two shopping malls , Villeneuve-d'Ascq is one of the main economic spots of the Hauts-de-France region ; multinational corporations such as Bonduelle , Cofidis and Decathlon have their head office there . Outside its academic , scientific and business facilities , Villeneuve-d'Ascq is mostly known because of its sporting events - two stadiums ( Stade Pierre-Mauroy and Stadium Lille Métropole ) are located there and some of its sport teams are playing in the top division ; its museums - the most famous is the one of modern , contemporary and outsider art ( the LaM ) ; its green ways and its medical facilities for disabled people ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014 Davis Cup final , 2017 Davis Cup final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2014 Davis Cup ( also known as the 2014 Davis Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes ) was the 103rd edition of the tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . The final took place between the 21-23 of November 2014 in Lille , France , with Switzerland winning the title for the first time , defeating hosts France in the final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2017_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2017 Davis Cup was the 106th edition of the Davis Cup , a tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . It was sponsored by BNP Paribas . France won their tenth title ( their first since 2001 ) , with Lucas Pouille defeating Steve Darcis of Belgium on indoor hard in the final match held at Stade Pierre-Mauroy located in Villeneuve-d'Ascq on 26 November ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estadio de La Cartuja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_de_La_Cartuja', 'summary': "Estadio La Cartuja , also known as Estadio Olímpico de Sevilla , is a multi-purpose stadium situated in the Isla de la Cartuja in Seville , Spain . It is used mostly for football and it is commonly referred to as simply 'la Cartuja ' . It was completed in 1999 for the World Championships in Athletics . With a capacity of 60,000 seats , La Cartuja is the 6th-largest stadium in Spain and the 2nd-largest in Andalusia . It was the venue for the 2003 UEFA Cup Final between Celtic and Porto , and will also be the venue for the upcoming 2020 Copa del Rey Final ."}]}, {'value': '27,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seville', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004 Davis Cup final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2004 Davis Cup was the 93rd edition of the tournament between nations in men 's tennis . A total of 130 nations participated in the tournament . In the final , Spain defeated the United States at the Estadio de La Cartuja in Seville , Spain , on 3-5 December , giving Spain their second title ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White City Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_City_Stadium_(Sydney)', 'summary': 'White City Stadium at the White City Tennis Club is a tennis venue in Rushcutters Bay , Sydney , Australia . The stadium was built in 1922 as a new venue for the New South Wales Championships ( now an international tournament known as the Sydney International ) . The venue served as host of the tournament until the Sydney Olympic Park Tennis Centre opened for the 2000 Summer Olympics . The Club was formed in 1947 , and today has 16 grass courts , 6 synthetic grass courts , and 6 Rebound Ace hard courts . The Australian Tennis Museum was located at White City from its founding in 1983 until 2005 when it moved out to Sydney Olympic Park Tennis Centre .'}]}, {'value': '25,578', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1954 Davis Cup final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1954_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 1954 Davis Cup was the 43rd edition of the Davis Cup , the most important tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . 23 teams entered the Europe Zone and 7 teams entered the America Zone . The Eastern Zone was abandoned for this year and India , the sole competing country , was moved to the Europe Zone . The United States defeated Mexico in the America Zone final , and Sweden defeated France in the Europe Zone final . The United States defeated Sweden in the Inter-Zonal Final , and then defeated the defending champions Australia in the Challenge Round , ending Australia 's four-year championship run . The final was played at White City Stadium in Sydney , Australia on 27-29 December ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Las Ventas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Las_Ventas', 'summary': 'The plaza de toros de Las Ventas ( often shortened to Las Ventas ) is a famous bullring located in Madrid , Spain . Situated in the Guindalera quarter of the district of Salamanca , it was inaugurated on June 17 , 1931 . It has a seating capacity of 23,798 . This bullring was designed by the architect José Espeliú in the Neo-Mudéjar ( Moorish ) style with ceramic incrustations . The seats are situated in ten tendidos . The price of the seats depends upon how close they are to the arena and whether they are in the sun or the shade ( the latter being more expensive ) . The bullfighting season starts in March and ends in October ; bullfights are held every day during the San Isidro Fiesta , and every Sunday or holiday during the season . Bullfights start at 6 or 7pm and last for two to three hours . Las Ventas is located in the east of Madrid .'}]}, {'value': '23,798', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madrid', 'summary': "Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008 Davis Cup semifinal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2008 Davis Cup was the 97th edition of the most important tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . Sixteen teams participated in the World Group and more than one hundred others took part in different regional groups . The first matches were played on February 8-10 . The final took place on November 21-23 at Estadio Polideportivo Islas Malvinas , Mar del Plata , Argentina , with Spain beating Argentina 3-1 to clinch their 3rd Davis Cup title ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgrade Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgrade_Arena', 'summary': 'The Štark Arena ( originally known as Belgrade Arena ) is a multi-purpose indoor arena located in Belgrade , Serbia . It is designed as a universal hall for sports , cultural events and other programs . The venue is used for several different sports events , such as basketball , futsal , handball , judo , table tennis , tennis , volleyball , water polo , as well as for concerts . Its total floor area stands at 48,000 square meters . For sports , it has a seating capacity of up to 18,386 seats , of which 860 seats are grouped in 70 luxury boxes . Štark Arena is a member of the European Arenas Association ( EAA ) .'}]}, {'value': '23,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgrade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgrade', 'summary': "Belgrade ( /ˈbɛlɡreɪd/ BEL-grayd ; Serbian : Beograd / Београд , lit . 'White City ' , pronounced [ beǒɡrad ] ( listen ) ; names in other languages ) is the capital and largest city of Serbia . It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula . The urban area of Belgrade has a population of 1.23 million , while nearly 1.7 million people live within the administrative limits of the City of Belgrade ( which encompasses almost all of its metropolitan area ) , a quarter of the total population of Serbia . One of the most important prehistoric cultures of Europe , the Vinča culture , evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC . In antiquity , Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region and , after 279 BC , Celts settled the city , naming it Singidūn . It was conquered by the Romans under the reign of Augustus and awarded Roman city rights in the mid-2nd century . It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s , and changed hands several times between the Byzantine Empire , the Frankish Empire , the Bulgarian Empire , and the Kingdom of Hungary before it became the seat of the Serbian king Stefan Dragutin in 1284 . In 1521 , Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of the Sanjak of Smederevo . It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule , which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro-Ottoman wars . Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841 . Northern Belgrade remained the southernmost Habsburg post until 1918 , when it was attached to the city , due to former Austro-Hungarian territories becoming the part of the new Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes after World War I ."}]}, {'value': 'Serbia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 Davis Cup World Group Play-offs ; 2010 Davis Cup final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2007 Davis Cup was the 96th edition of the Davis Cup , a national teams competition in men 's tennis . Sixteen teams participated in the World Group and 123 took part in different regional groups . The final took place 30 November - 2 December at the Memorial Coliseum in Portland , Oregon , United States , with the United States defeating Russia 4-1 for their 32nd title ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2010_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2010 Davis Cup ( also known as the 2010 Davis Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes ) was the 99th edition of the most important annual tournament among national teams in men 's tennis worldwide . In the dramatic final , Serbia defeated France 3-2 to win its first Davis Cup title . The draw for the World Group , Zonal Groups I and Zonal Groups II took place in Geneva on 23 September 2009 . The competition started with the first round on 5-7 March . On 6-8 March 2010 Novak Djokovic played the key role in bringing Serbia to the World Group quarterfinals for the first time in its independent history , winning both singles matches in the home tie against the United States ( against Sam Querrey and John Isner ) . Later , Serbia progressed to the Davis Cup final , following the victories over Croatia ( 4-1 ) and Czech Republic ( 3-2 ) . Serbia came from 1-2 down to defeat France in the final tie 3-2 in Belgrade to win the nation 's first Davis Cup championship . In the final , Djokovic scored two singles points for Serbia , defeating Gilles Simon and Gaël Monfils , while the last match was won by Viktor Troicki , who beat Michaël Llodra . Serbia became the 13th nation in history to win the Cup , which was passed to them from the previous year 's winner Spain . France missed the opportunity to win its 10th title and surpass Great Britain in total number of titles won . The Serbian team celebrated the trophy by fulfilling their bet to shave their hair off in case of victory ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palexpo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palexpo', 'summary': 'Palexpo is a convention center in Geneva , Switzerland . The buildings are owned by the canton of Geneva while the company is a semi-private foundation . The center is located close to Geneva International Airport . There are seven halls , and 102,000 square metres of exhibition space . The Geneva Motor Show is held at Palexpo .'}]}, {'value': '18,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geneva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geneva', 'summary': "Geneva ( /dʒɪˈniːvə/ jin-EE-və ; French : Genève [ ʒənɛv ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Genèva [ dzəˈnɛva ] ( listen ) ; German : Genf [ ɡɛnf ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Ginevra [ dʒiˈneːvra ] ; Romansh : Genevra ) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland ( after Zürich ) and the most populous city of Romandy , the French-speaking part of Switzerland . Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva . The municipality ( ville de Genève ) has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 201,818 , and the canton ( essentially the city and its inner-ring suburbs ) has 499,480 residents . In 2014 , the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France . Within Swiss territory , the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.26 million . This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area ( Vevey , Montreux ) and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains , in the neighbouring canton of Vaud . Geneva is a global city , a financial centre , and a worldwide centre for diplomacy due to the presence of numerous international organizations , including the headquarters of many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross . Geneva hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world . It is also where the Geneva Conventions were signed , which chiefly concern the treatment of wartime non-combatants and prisoners of war . In 2017 , Geneva was ranked as the world 's fifteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index , fifth in Europe behind London , Zürich , Frankfurt and Luxembourg . In 2019 Geneva was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Zürich and Basel . The city has been referred to as the world 's most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013 Davis Cup , 2014 Davis Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2013 Davis Cup ( also known as the 2013 Davis Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes ) was the 102nd edition of the tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . Czech Republic successfully held their place as Davis Cup champions , by defeating Serbia in the final , in Belgrade , by a 3-2 score . The draw took place on 19 September 2012 in London , United Kingdom . Although , the draws for Asia/Oceania Zone Group I and Europe/Africa Zone Group II were held following the remaining play-off ties on 19-21 October 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2014_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2014 Davis Cup ( also known as the 2014 Davis Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes ) was the 103rd edition of the tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . The final took place between the 21-23 of November 2014 in Lille , France , with Switzerland winning the title for the first time , defeating hosts France in the final ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'O2 Arena ( Prague )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/O2_Arena_(Prague)', 'summary': 'O2 Arena ( formerly Sazka Arena , stylised as O2 arena ) is a multi-purpose arena , in Prague , Czech Republic . It is home to HC Sparta Prague of the Czech Extraliga and is the second-largest ice hockey arena in Europe . It has hosted important sporting events such as the two Ice Hockey World Championships ( 2004 and 2015 ) , first edition of prestigious tennis Laver Cup , the European Athletics Indoor Championships , the Euroleague Final Four 2006 , the World Floorball Championship , the Davis Cup finals , as well as a handful of NHL and KHL games , including a 2014 Gagarin Cup final . It can also host stage shows , such as concerts , and other large-scale events .'}]}, {'value': '17,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prague', 'summary': "Prague ( /prɑːɡ/ ; Czech : Praha [ ˈpraɦa ] ( listen ) , German : Prag , Latin : Praga ) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic , the 13th largest city in the European Union and the historical capital of Bohemia . Situated on the Vltava river , Prague is home to about 1.3 million people , while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.6 million . The city has a temperate oceanic climate , with relatively warm summers and chilly winters . Prague is a political , cultural and economic centre of central Europe complete with a rich history . Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque eras , Prague was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the main residence of several Holy Roman Emperors , most notably of Charles IV ( r. 1346-1378 ) . It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire . The city played major roles in the Bohemian and Protestant Reformation , the Thirty Years ' War and in 20th-century history as the capital of Czechoslovakia between the World Wars and the post-war Communist era . Prague is home to a number of well-known cultural attractions , many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe . Main attractions include Prague Castle , Charles Bridge , Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock , the Jewish Quarter , Petřín hill and Vyšehrad . Since 1992 , the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites . The city has more than ten major museums , along with numerous theatres , galleries , cinemas and other historical exhibits . An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 Davis Cup World Group Play-offs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Davis_Cup_World_Group_Play-offs', 'summary': 'The World Group Play-offs were the main play-offs of 2007 Davis Cup . Winners advanced to the World Group , and loser were relegated in the Zonal Regions I .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palau Sant Jordi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palau_Sant_Jordi', 'summary': "Palau Sant Jordi ( Catalan pronunciation : [ pəˈlaw ˈsaɲ ˈʒɔɾði ] , English : St. George 's Palace ) is an indoor sporting arena and multi-purpose installation that is part of the Olympic Ring complex located in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Designed by the Japanese architect Arata Isozaki , it was opened in 1990 . The maximum seating capacity of the arena is 17,960 . It is the largest indoor arena in Spain . The Palau Sant Jordi was one of the main venues of the 1992 Summer Olympics hosting the artistic gymnastics , handball final , and volleyball final events . Today , it is used for all kinds of indoor sport events as well as for concerts and other cultural activities , due to its great flexibility ."}]}, {'value': '16,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barcelona', 'summary': "Barcelona ( /ˌbɑːrsəˈloʊnə/ BAR-sə-LOH-nə , Catalan : [ bəɾsəˈlonə ] , Spanish : [ baɾθeˈlona ] ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain . It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia , as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain . With a population of 1.6 million within city limits , its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people , making it the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris , the Ruhr area , Madrid , and Milan . It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea , located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs , and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range , the tallest peak of which is 512 metres ( 1,680 feet ) high . Founded as a Roman city , in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona . After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon , Barcelona continued to be an important city in the Crown of Aragon as an economic and administrative centre of this Crown and the capital of the Principality of Catalonia . Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination . Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner , which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona . The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments . Barcelona is one of the world 's leading tourist , economic , trade fair and cultural centres , and its influence in commerce , education , entertainment , sports , media , fashion , science , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the major global cities . It is a major cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe , 24th in the world ( before Zürich , after Frankfurt ) and a financial centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000 Davis Cup final ; 2009 Davis Cup final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2000 Davis Cup was the 89th edition of the most important tournament between nations in men 's tennis . A total of 135 nations participated in the tournament . In the final , Spain defeated Australia at Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona , Spain , on 8-10 December , giving Spain their first title , after playing every single match on home soil ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2009_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2009 Davis Cup was the 98th edition of the most important tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . Sixteen teams participated in the World Group and more than one hundred other took part in different regional groups . Spain won their fourth Davis Cup trophy , defending the title they had won the previous year . It is the first year that the ITF awarded ATP rankings points to the players competing in the World Group and related Play-Offs ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barclaycard Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barclaycard_Arena', 'summary': "Arena Birmingham ( previously known as The Barclaycard Arena and the National Indoor Arena ) is an indoor arena and sporting venue in central Birmingham , United Kingdom . It is owned by parent company the NEC Group . When it was opened in 1991 , it was the largest indoor arena in the UK . On 16 January 2020 , it was announced that the arena will be renamed Utilita Arena Birmingham from 15 April 2020 . The arena is located alongside the Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line 's Old Turn Junction and opposite the National Sea Life Centre in Brindleyplace . The building straddles the main Birmingham to Wolverhampton Intercity railway line ( originally the Stour Valley Line ) , but does not have a station of its own . There are three adjoining car parks with a total of 2156 spaces . Close to the arena is The ICC which is also owned by the NEC Group . It is currently the third-largest indoor arena in the United Kingdom by capacity . In 2019 , the arena had ticket sales of 530,597 , which was the 4th highest in the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '15,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016 Davis Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2016 Davis Cup was the 105th edition of the Davis Cup , a tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . It was sponsored by BNP Paribas . From this season 's tournament the deciding set of each match would be settled by a tiebreak at 6 games all rather than playing an advantage set until a player or a team were two games clear . Argentina won their first Davis Cup title , after 4 runner-up finishes , defeating Croatia in the final . Federico Delbonis defeated Ivo Karlović in the final match to give Argentina its first Davis Cup title , after a huge comeback from Juan Martín del Potro against Marin Čilić in the fourth match ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Estadio Mary Terán de Weiss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Mary_Terán_de_Weiss', 'summary': 'The Mary Terán de Weiss Stadium ( Spanish : Estadio Mary Terán de Weiss ) , commonly known as Parque Roca due to its location within the limits of the Parque Polideportivo Roca , is a multipurpose stadium in Buenos Aires , Argentina . It is located at Avenida Coronel Roca and Avenida Escalada in the Villa Soldati neighborhood . The stadium , named after Argentinian tennis player Mary Terán de Weiss , has a capacity of 15,500 spectators . The first phase of construction cost 11.5 million Argentine pesos ( approximately US $ 3.71 million ) . Former Buenos Aires mayor Jorge Telerman officially opened the stadium on September 19 , 2006 . The first official event to take place in the stadium was a semifinal of the 2006 Davis Cup , between Argentina and Australia , on September 22-24 , with the Argentine team winning , 5-0 . The stadium has four main spectator areas : court-level boxes , lower and upper grandstand decks , and upper enclosed boxes . Below the grandstands are locker rooms , a large gymnasium , and offices . In 2014 works for a permanent facade and retractable roof were started . When finished , it will be the largest-capacity indoor arena in Buenos Aires with a seating capacity being expanded to 15,500 . The stadium will be able to host many events besides tennis , including basketball , volleyball , and artistic and cultural fairs . It will host the International Broadcast Centre during the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '15,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buenos Aires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buenos_Aires', 'summary': "Buenos Aires ( /ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes ] ) is the capital and largest city of Argentina . The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata , on the South American continent 's southeastern coast . Buenos Aires can be translated as fair winds or good airs , but the former was the meaning intended by the founders in the 16th century , by the use of the original name Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre , named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia . The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation , which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts , constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas , with a population of around 15.6 million . The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province 's capital ; rather , it is an autonomous district . In 1880 , after decades of political infighting , Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province . The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores ; both are now neighborhoods of the city . The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy , hence its formal name of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ; CABA ) . Its citizens first elected a chief of government ( i.e . mayor ) in 1996 ; previously , the mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic . Buenos Aires ' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world in 2018 , being one of the best in Latin America . In 2012 , it was the most visited city in South America , and the second-most visited city of Latin America ( behind Mexico City ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006 Davis Cup semifinal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2006 Davis Cup was the 95th edition of the most important tournament between nations in men 's tennis . Sixteen teams participated in the World Group and 125 participated in total . The first round matches were played 10-12 February and the final took place 1-3 December 2006 at the Olympic Stadium , Moscow , with Russia defeating Argentina ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tauron Arena Kraków', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tauron_Arena_Kraków', 'summary': "Tauron Arena Kraków is an indoor arena located in Kraków , Poland . It has a seating capacity of 15,030 for sporting events . It hosted the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men 's World Championship tournament , 2016 European League of Legends Championship Finals and 2015 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship Division I ."}]}, {'value': '15,328', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kraków', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kraków', 'summary': "Kraków ( /ˈkrækaʊ , -koʊ/ , also US : /ˈkreɪk- , ˈkrɑːkaʊ/ , UK : /ˈkrækɒf/ , Polish : [ ˈkrakuf ] ( listen ) ) , traditionally known in English as Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland . Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Province , the city dates back to the 7th century . Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic , economic , cultural and artistic life . Cited as one of Europe 's most beautiful cities , its Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland 's second most important city . It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 965 . With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century , Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre . The city has a population of about 770,000 , with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km ( 62 mi ) radius of its main square . After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany at the start of World War II , the newly defined Distrikt Krakau ( Kraków District ) became the capital of Germany 's General Government . The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto , from which they were sent to German extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz never to return , and the Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów . However , the city was spared from destruction and major bombing . In 1978 , Karol Wojtyła , archbishop of Kraków , was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II - the first ever Slavic pope , and the first non-Italian pope in 455 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015 Fed Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Fed_Cup', 'summary': "The 2015 Fed Cup ( also known as the 2015 Fed Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes ) was the 53rd edition of the most important tournament between national teams in women 's tennis . The final took place on 14-15 November and was won by the Czech Republic for the second year in a row , and for the fourth time in five years ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palacio de Deportes de Santander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palacio_de_Deportes_de_Santander', 'summary': 'Palacio de Deportes de Santander is an arena in Santander , Cantabria , Spain . It is primarily used for basketball and handball . The arena has 6,000 seats . Coordinates : 43°28′32″N 3°47′45″W / 43.475599°N 3.79593°W / 43.475599 ; -3.79593'}]}, {'value': '14,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santander,_Cantabria', 'summary': 'Santander [ a ] is the capital of the autonomous community and historical region of Cantabria situated on the north coast of Spain . It is a port city located east of Gijón and west of Bilbao with a population of 172,000 ( 2017 ) . It is believed to have been a port since ancient times , due to its favorable location , and is documented as far back as the 11th century . Much of the medieval city was lost in the Great Fire of 1941 . Today , its remaining old town , beach and other attractions are popular with tourists and other visitors and its economy is mainly service based . The port is still very active and a regular ferry service operates to the United Kingdom . Fish and seafood dominate the local cuisine . Santander notably houses the headquarters of multinational bank Banco Santander , which was founded there .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000 Davis Cup semifinal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2000 Davis Cup was the 89th edition of the most important tournament between nations in men 's tennis . A total of 135 nations participated in the tournament . In the final , Spain defeated Australia at Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona , Spain , on 8-10 December , giving Spain their first title , after playing every single match on home soil ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flanders Expo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flanders_Expo', 'summary': 'Flanders Expo is a multi-purpose arena and convention center located in Ghent , Flanders , Belgium . Flanders Expo was founded in 1986 and officially opened in May 1987 with the third edition of Flanders Technology International . It serves as a venue to host a large variety of events including concerts , exhibitions , trade fairs and sports . The first CEO was Marc Mortier from 1986 till 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '13,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghent', 'summary': "Ghent ( /ɡɛnt/ ; Dutch : Gent [ ɣɛnt ] ( listen ) ; French : Gand [ ɡɑ̃ ] ( listen ) , traditional English Gaunt ) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province , and the second largest municipality in Belgium , after Antwerp . The city originally started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe , with some 50,000 people in 1300 . It is a port and university city . The municipality comprises the city of Ghent proper and the surrounding suburbs of Afsnee , Desteldonk , Drongen , Gentbrugge , Ledeberg , Mariakerke , Mendonk , Oostakker , Sint-Amandsberg , Sint-Denijs-Westrem , Sint-Kruis-Winkel , Wondelgem and Zwijnaarde . With 262,219 inhabitants at the beginning of 2019 , Ghent is Belgium 's second largest municipality by number of inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,205 km2 ( 465 sq mi ) and has a total population of 560,522 as of 1 January 2018 , which ranks it as the fourth most populous in Belgium . The current mayor of Ghent , Mathias De Clercq is from the liberal & democratic party Open VLD . The ten-day-long Ghent Festival ( Gentse Feesten in Dutch ) is held every year and attended by about 1-1.5 million visitors ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015 Davis Cup final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2015 Davis Cup was the 104th edition of the Davis Cup , a tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . It was sponsored by BNP Paribas . Great Britain won their tenth title ( their first since 1936 ) , with Andy Murray defeating David Goffin of Belgium on clay in the final match held at Flanders Expo located in Ghent on 29 November 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palais des Sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palais_des_Sports_(Grenoble)', 'summary': 'Palais des Sports , known also as the Palais des sports Pierre Mendes or Le Stade Olympique de Glace is an indoor ice hockey arena , located in Paul Mistral Park in Grenoble , France . The vaulted roof structure was built from November 1966 to April 1967 , therefore having tough weather problems to add to construction difficulties . The stadium was conceived for the Olympiques Winter Games held in Grenoble in 1968 and has a capacity of up to 12,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grenoble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grenoble', 'summary': "Grenoble ( /ɡrəˈnoʊbəl/ grə-NOH-bəl , French : [ ɡʁənɔbl ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Grenoblo ) is a city in southeastern France , at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère . Located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region , Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère and is an important European scientific centre . The city advertises itself as the Capital of the Alps , due to its size and its proximity to the mountains . Grenoble 's history goes back over 2,000 years , to a time when it was a small Gallic village . It became the capital of the Dauphiné in the 11th century . Industrial development increased the prominence of Grenoble through several periods of economic expansion over the last three centuries . This started with a booming glove industry in the 18th and 19th centuries , continued with the development of a strong hydropower industry in the late 19th to early 20th centuries , and ended with a post-World War II economic boom symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968 . The city has grown to be one of Europe 's most important research , technology , and innovation centers , with each fifth inhabitant working directly in these domains . The population of the city ( commune ) of Grenoble was 158,180 at the 2016 census , while the population of the Grenoble metropolitan area ( French : aire urbaine de Grenoble or agglomération grenobloise ) was 687,985 . The residents of the city are called Grenoblois . The many suburb communes that make up the rest of the metropolitan area include three with populations exceeding 20,000 : Saint-Martin-d'Hères , Échirolles , and Fontaine ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982 Davis Cup final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 1982 Davis Cup ( also known as the 1982 Davis Cup by NEC for sponsorship purposes ) was the 71st edition of the Davis Cup , the most important tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . 58 teams would enter the competition , 16 in the World Group , 22 in the Europe Zone , 10 in the Americas Zone , and 10 in the Eastern Zone . Tunisia made its first appearance in the tournament . The United States defeated France in the final , held at the Palais des Sports in Grenoble , France , on 26-28 November , to win their 28th title overall ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memorial Coliseum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memorial_Coliseum_(Portland)', 'summary': 'The Veterans Memorial Coliseum ( originally known as the Memorial Coliseum ) is an indoor arena located in the oldest part of the Rose Quarter area in Portland , Oregon . The arena is the home of the Portland Winterhawks , a major junior ice hockey team , and was the original home of the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association . It has been included on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its architectural significance . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portland , Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portland,_Oregon', 'summary': "Portland ( /ˈpɔːrtlənd/ ; PORT-lənd ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County . It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest , at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers . As of 2018 , Portland had an estimated population of 653,115 , making it the 25th most populated city in the United States , and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest after Seattle . Approximately 2.4 million people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) , making it the 25th most populous in the United States . Its combined statistical area ( CSA ) ranks 19th-largest with a population of around 3.2 million . Approximately 60% of Oregon 's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area . [ a ] Named after Portland , Maine , the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail . Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods , and the timber industry was a major force in the city 's early economy . At the turn of the 20th century , the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world , a hub for organized crime and racketeering . After the city 's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II , its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate . Beginning in the 1960s , Portland became noted for its growing progressive political values , earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture . The city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro , the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007 Davis Cup final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2007 Davis Cup was the 96th edition of the Davis Cup , a national teams competition in men 's tennis . Sixteen teams participated in the World Group and 123 took part in different regional groups . The final took place 30 November - 2 December at the Memorial Coliseum in Portland , Oregon , United States , with the United States defeating Russia 4-1 for their 32nd title ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Menora Mivtachim Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Menora_Mivtachim_Arena', 'summary': "Menora Mivtachim Arena ( Hebrew : היכל מנורה מבטחים ) is a large multi-purpose sports indoor arena that is located in southern Tel Aviv , Israel . The arena is primarily used to host tennis matches , basketball games , and concerts . It is one of the major sporting facilities in the Greater Tel Aviv Area . The arena is owned by the municipality of Tel Aviv , and is managed by Sports Palaces Ltd. , a company also fully owned by the municipality ( which also manages Bloomfield Stadium ) . On January 1 , 2015 , the arena changed its name to Menora Mivtachim Arena . The arena is home to the Maccabi Tel Aviv basketball club , a member of the Maccabi Tel Aviv sports club . It has hosted the Israeli Super League final four , the Israeli State Cup final four , and most of the senior Israeli national basketball team 's home games . It also hosted the 1994 FIBA European League Final Four and the 2004 Euroleague Final Four . In other sports , it has also hosted a 1989 Davis Cup World Group match , between Israel and France , and the 2009 Davis Cup quarterfinals between Israel and Russia , in July 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '10,383', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tel Aviv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tel_Aviv', 'summary': "Tel Aviv-Yafo , often referred to as just Tel Aviv , is the most populous city in the Gush Dan metropolitan area of Israel . Located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline and with a population of 451,523 , it is the economic and technological center of the country . If East Jerusalem is considered part of Israel , Tel Aviv is the country 's second most populous city after Jerusalem ; if not , Tel Aviv is the most populous city before West Jerusalem . [ a ] Tel Aviv is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality , headed by Mayor Ron Huldai , and is home to many foreign embassies . [ b ] It is a global city and is ranked 25th in the Global Financial Centres Index . Tel Aviv has the third- or fourth-largest economy and the largest economy per capita in the Middle East . The city has the 31st highest cost of living in the world . Tel Aviv receives over 2.5 million international visitors annually . A party capital in the Middle East , it has a lively nightlife and 24-hour culture . Tel Aviv has been called The World 's Vegan Food Capital , as it possesses the highest per capita population of vegans in the world , with many vegan eateries throughout the city . Tel Aviv is home to Tel Aviv University , the largest university in the country with more than 30,000 students . The city was founded in 1909 by the Yishuv ( Jewish residents ) as a modern housing estate on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa , then part of the Jerusalem province of Ottoman Syria ."}]}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davis Cup ties', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The Davis Cup is the premier international team event in men 's tennis . It is run by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) and Kosmos Holding and is contested annually between teams from competing countries in a knock-out format . It is described by the organisers as the World Cup of Tennis , and the winners are referred to as the World Champion team . The competition began in 1900 as a challenge between Great Britain and the United States . By 2016 , 135 nations entered teams into the competition . The most successful countries over the history of the tournament are the United States ( winning 32 tournaments and finishing as runners-up 29 times ) and Australia ( winning 28 times , including four occasions with New Zealand as Australasia , and finishing as runners-up 19 times ) . The present champions are Spain , who beat Canada to win their sixth title in 2019 . The women 's equivalent of the Davis Cup is the Fed Cup . Australia , the Czech Republic , and the United States are the only countries to have held both Davis Cup and Fed Cup titles in the same year . The Davis Cup did n't join the Open Era until 1973 , five years after most tennis tournaments allowed all professionals to compete ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Public Auditorium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_Auditorium', 'summary': 'Public Auditorium ( also known as Public Hall ) is a multi-purpose performing arts , entertainment , sports , and exposition facility located in the civic center district of downtown Cleveland , Ohio . The 10,000-capacity main auditorium shares its stage with a second venue housed at the facility : the 3,000-capacity Music Hall . Although Public Auditorium was planned and funded prior to World War I , construction did not begin until 1920 , and the building did not open until 1922 . Designed by city architect J. Harold McDowell and Frank Walker of Walker and Weeks in a neoclassical style matching the other Group Plan buildings , it was the largest of its kind when opened , then seating 11,500 .'}]}, {'value': '11,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973 Davis Cup final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1973_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 1973 Davis Cup was the 62nd edition of the Davis Cup , the most important tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . 53 teams entered the competition , 31 in the Europe Zone , 12 in the Americas Zone , and 10 in the Eastern Zone . For the first time , preliminary rounds were used in every zone , effectively giving byes through the first two rounds of competition to the previous year 's finalists from the American and Eastern zones , and to the previous year 's semifinalists from the European zones . This year 's competition also marked the first time that professional tennis players were allowed to compete . The United States defeated Chile in the Americas Inter-Zonal final , Australia defeated India in the Eastern Zone final , and Czechoslovakia and Romania were the winners of the two Europe Zones , defeating the Soviet Union and Italy respectively . In the Inter-Zonal Zone , Australia defeated Czechoslovakia and the United States defeated Romania in the semifinals . Australia then defeated the United States in the final , breaking the defending champions ' 5-year winning run . The final was held at the Public Auditorium in Cleveland , Ohio , United States on 30 November-2 December . It marked the first time that the final was held indoors ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mediolanum Forum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mediolanum_Forum', 'summary': 'The Mediolanum Forum ( originally the Forum di Assago , formerly the FilaForum , DatchForum ) is an indoor sports arena that is located in Assago , near Milan , Italy . The arena has a seating capacity of 12,700 and is primarily used for ice hockey , basketball , tennis & live concerts . The venue is the home ground of the Italian League professional basketball team Pallacanestro Olimpia Milano . The Forum received the European Prize for Architecture for sports venues awarded by CONI and the Council of Europe . It is also one of two facilities in Italy , along with PalaLottomatica in Rome , to be part of the European Arenas Association network . In January 2009 , the arena changed its name to the current name of Mediolanum Forum , replacing the old name of DatchForum .'}]}, {'value': '11,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milan', 'summary': "Milan ( /mɪˈlæn/ , US also /mɪˈlɑːn/ , Italian : Milano [ miˈlaːno ] ( listen ) , Milanese : [ miˈlãː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northern Italy , capital of Lombardy , and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome . Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire , the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia . The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million while its metropolitan city has 3.23 million inhabitants . Its continuously built-up urban area , that stretches well beyond the boundaries of its administrative metropolitan city , is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants . The population within the wider Milan metropolitan area , also known as Greater Milan , is estimated at 8.2 million , making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and the 4th largest in the EU . Milan is considered a leading alpha global city , with strengths in the field of the art , commerce , design , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , services , research and tourism . Its business district hosts Italy 's stock exchange ( Italian : Borsa Italiana ) , and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies . In terms of GDP , it has the second-largest economy among EU cities after Paris , and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities . Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and one of the Four Motors for Europe . The city has been recognized as one of the world 's four fashion capitals thanks to several international events and fairs , including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair , which are currently among the world 's biggest in terms of revenue , visitors and growth . It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 . The city hosts numerous cultural institutions , academies and universities , with 11% of the national total enrolled students ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998 Davis Cup final', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 1998 Davis Cup was the 87th edition of the most important tournament between nations in men 's tennis . A total of 131 nations participated in the tournament . In the final , Sweden defeated Italy at the Forum in Milan , Italy , on 4-6 December , giving Sweden their 7th title ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sears Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sears_Centre', 'summary': "The Sears Centre Arena is an 11,800-seat multi-purpose arena in Hoffman Estates , Illinois , a northwest suburb 25 miles from Chicago . The arena has 43 luxury suites on two separate levels and seating capacities range from 2,200 ( theater set-up ) to 10,595 for end stage events . It was estimated to attract over 750,000 visitors annually . Since 2016 , the arena has been home to the Windy City Bulls , the Chicago Bulls ' affiliate in the NBA G League . The Sears Centre Arena is located near the former site of the Poplar Creek Music Theater ."}]}, {'value': '11,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hoffman Estates , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hoffman_Estates,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Hoffman Estates is a village in Illinois , United States . The village is located primarily in Cook County , with a small section in Kane County . It is a suburb of Chicago . As of the 2010 census , the population was 51,895 , and as of 2017 the estimated population was 51,567 . The village now serves as the headquarters for Sears and the American headquarters for Mori Seiki . The village owns the Sears Centre , home of the Windy City Bulls of the NBA G League . In 2009 , the village hosted the Heartland International Tattoo , one of the largest music and dance festivals of its kind in the Midwest .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014 Davis Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 2014 Davis Cup ( also known as the 2014 Davis Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes ) was the 103rd edition of the tournament between national teams in men 's tennis . The final took place between the 21-23 of November 2014 in Lille , France , with Switzerland winning the title for the first time , defeating hosts France in the final ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland_Sport_and_Athletics_Centre', 'summary': 'The Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre ( QSAC ) , more commonly known by its former names ANZ Stadium or QE II , is a major multi-purpose sporting facility on the south side of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . From 1993 to 2003 , QSAC was the home of the Brisbane Broncos , who play in National Rugby League .'}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brisbane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brisbane', 'summary': "Brisbane ( /ˈbrɪzbən/ ( listen ) ) is the capital of and the most populated city in the Australian state of Queensland , and the third most populous city in Australia . Brisbane 's metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.5 million , and the South East Queensland metropolitan region , centred on Brisbane , encompasses a population of more than 3.6 million . [ failed verification ] The Brisbane central business district stands on the historic European settlement and is situated inside a peninsula of the Brisbane River , about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from its mouth at Moreton Bay , a bay of the Coral Sea . The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the hilly floodplain of the Brisbane River Valley between Moreton Bay and the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges . It sprawls across several of Australia 's most populous local government areas ( LGAs ) - most centrally the City of Brisbane , which is by far the most populous LGA in the nation . The demonym of Brisbane is Brisbanite , whilst common nicknames include Brissy , River City and Brisvegas . One of the oldest cities in Australia , Brisbane was founded upon the ancient homelands of the indigenous Turrbal and Jagera peoples . Named after the Brisbane River on which it is located - which in turn takes its name from Sir Thomas Brisbane , the Governor of New South Wales at the time of the city 's founding - the area was chosen as a place for secondary offenders from the Sydney Colony . A penal settlement was founded in 1824 at Redcliffe , 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north of the central business district , but was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825 , opening to free settlement in 1842 . Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales in 1859 . During World War II , Brisbane played a central role in the Allied campaign and served as the South West Pacific headquarters for United States Army General Douglas MacArthur . A diverse city with 32.2% of its metropolitan population being foreign born , Brisbane is ranked as a world city , and ranks highly in ratings of livable cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999 Davis Cup semifinal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_Davis_Cup', 'summary': "The 1999 Davis Cup was the 88th edition of the most important tournament between nations in men 's tennis . A total of 128 nations participated in the tournament . In the final , Australia defeated France at the Acropolis Exhibition Hall in Nice , France , on 3-5 December , giving Australia their 27th title and their first since 1986 . The Australian team for the final contained Mark Philippoussis , Lleyton Hewitt and doubles pairing Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde . Pat Rafter was involved in the run to the final but missed the final itself due to injury ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current tennis stadiums -- Davis Cup and Federation Cup venues', 'section_text': 'Below is a list of , arenas , stadiums , and courts that have held a World Group match in either the Davis Cup or the Fed Cup ( including world group play offs ) , but that have not appeared on either the ATP or WTA tours .', 'uid': 'List_of_tennis_stadiums_by_capacity_1', 'intro': 'The following is a list of notable tennis stadiums, that is the maximum number of spectators they can regularly accommodate. Notes:'}
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How many sites of world heritage are in the old part of the city which contains Estadio de La Cartuja ?
three
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'title': 'FIS Nordic Combined World Cup', 'header': ['Season', 'Winner', 'Runner-up', 'Third'], 'data': [{'value': '1983-84', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983–84_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1983/84 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the first World Cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by International Ski Federation . It started on 17 December 1983 in Seefeld , Austria and ended on 24 March 1984 in Štrbské Pleso , Czechoslovakia .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Sandberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Sandberg', 'summary': 'Tom Sandberg ( born 6 August 1955 ) is a former nordic combined skier from Mo i Rana , Norway who competed from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s . During the 1982 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , he won the 15 km individual event by 0.2 seconds over Konrad Winkler of East Germany . Sandberg also earned two medals in the team event at the world championships as well ( gold : 1984 , silver : 1982 - tied with Finland ) . His greatest year was 1984 , when he became Olympic champion and won the World Cup . Sandberg also won nine national championships during his career . Sandberg also won the Nordic combined event the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1974 . Nine years later , he earned the Holmenkollen medal ( Shared with Berit Aunli. ) . He has his education from the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences .'}]}, {'value': 'Uwe Dotzauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uwe_Dotzauer', 'summary': "Uwe Dotzauer ( born 19 February 1959 in Klingenthal ) is an East German nordic combined skier who competed from 1977 to 1987 . He won two medals at the 1982 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oslo with gold in the 3 x 10 team and bronze in the 15 km individual . Dotzauer won the Nordic combined event at the 1980 Holmenkollen ski festival . He competed in two Winter Olympics , finishing 5th in 1980 and 7th in 1984 . Dotzauer 's only additional victory came in Seefeld , Austria in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Geir Andersen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geir_Andersen', 'summary': 'Geir Andersen ( born February 12 , 1964 ) is a Norwegian nordic combined skier who competed from 1983 to 1989 . He won three medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one gold ( 1984 : 3 x 10 km team ) and two silvers ( 1985 : 15 km individual , 3 x 10 km team ) . Andersen also finished 10th in the individual event at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . He had six individual victories in his career from 1984 to 1985 .'}]}, {'value': '1984-85', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984–85_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1984/85 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the second World Cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by International Ski Federation . It started on 15 Dec 1984 in Planica , Yugoslavia and ended on 16 March 1985 in Oslo , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Geir Andersen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geir_Andersen', 'summary': 'Geir Andersen ( born February 12 , 1964 ) is a Norwegian nordic combined skier who competed from 1983 to 1989 . He won three medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one gold ( 1984 : 3 x 10 km team ) and two silvers ( 1985 : 15 km individual , 3 x 10 km team ) . Andersen also finished 10th in the individual event at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . He had six individual victories in his career from 1984 to 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hermann Weinbuch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermann_Weinbuch', 'summary': 'Hermann Weinbuch ( born 22 March 1960 in Bischofswiesen , Bavaria , West Germany ) is a former West German nordic combined skier who won four medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships during the 1980s . In 1985 , he won the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team gold medals , then followed it up two years later with two more medals ( gold : 3 x 10 km , bronze : 15 km individual ) . Weinbuch also competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo in the Nordic combined event , finishing 8th . He also competed at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined event twice ( 1985 , 1987 ) . Weinbuch was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1987 ( Shared with Matti Nykänen. ) . At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , he was a trainer on the German national Nordic combined team that would win a complete of medals ( Georg Hettich - individual gold , sprint bronze ; team silver ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Hubert Schwarz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubert_Schwarz', 'summary': 'Hubert Schwarz ( born 13 September 1960 , in Oberaudorf ) is a former German nordic combined skier who competed during the 1980s . He won the Nordic combined 3 x 10 km team event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary after having won the gold medal in that same event at the 1985 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Seefeld .'}]}, {'value': '1985-86', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985–86_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1985/86 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the third World Cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by International Ski Federation . It started on 21 Dec 1985 in Tarvisio , Italy and ended on 22 March 1986 in Štrbské Pleso , Czechoslovakia .'}]}, {'value': 'Hermann Weinbuch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermann_Weinbuch', 'summary': 'Hermann Weinbuch ( born 22 March 1960 in Bischofswiesen , Bavaria , West Germany ) is a former West German nordic combined skier who won four medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships during the 1980s . In 1985 , he won the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team gold medals , then followed it up two years later with two more medals ( gold : 3 x 10 km , bronze : 15 km individual ) . Weinbuch also competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo in the Nordic combined event , finishing 8th . He also competed at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined event twice ( 1985 , 1987 ) . Weinbuch was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1987 ( Shared with Matti Nykänen. ) . At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , he was a trainer on the German national Nordic combined team that would win a complete of medals ( Georg Hettich - individual gold , sprint bronze ; team silver ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Müller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Müller_(skier)', 'summary': 'Thomas Müller ( born 5 March 1961 , in Aschaffenburg ) is a former West German nordic combined skier who competed during the 1980s and early 1990s . He won the Nordic combined 3 x 10 km team event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and also won gold medals in the 3 x 10 km team events at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in both 1985 and 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'Geir Andersen ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geir_Andersen', 'summary': 'Geir Andersen ( born February 12 , 1964 ) is a Norwegian nordic combined skier who competed from 1983 to 1989 . He won three medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one gold ( 1984 : 3 x 10 km team ) and two silvers ( 1985 : 15 km individual , 3 x 10 km team ) . Andersen also finished 10th in the individual event at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . He had six individual victories in his career from 1984 to 1985 .'}]}, {'value': '1986-87', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986–87_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1986/87 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the fourth World Cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by International Ski Federation . It started on 13 Dec 1986 in Calgary , Alberta , Canada and ended on 19 March 1987 in Oslo , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Torbjørn Løkken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torbjørn_Løkken', 'summary': 'Torbjørn Løkken ( born 28 June 1963 ) is a Norwegian nordic combined skier who competed from 1985 to 1990 . He won two medals at the 1987 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oberstdorf with a gold in the 15 km individual and a silver in the 3×5 km team events . Løkken also competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , finishing sixth in the individual and fourth in the team events . He also won the Nordic combined event at the 1988 Holmenkollen ski festival and earned four additional individual victories in his career from 1986 to 1988 . He took a year off after the 1987-88 season , and attempted a comeback in 1989-90 , but quit midway through the season , claiming he no longer had the motivation to compete . He has his education from the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences . After retiring from the sport , Løkken had a troubled life . In November 2007 , he came forward and revealed that he was a recovering alcoholic and drug addict , having abused alcohol , pills and eventually heroin for 15 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Hermann Weinbuch ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermann_Weinbuch', 'summary': 'Hermann Weinbuch ( born 22 March 1960 in Bischofswiesen , Bavaria , West Germany ) is a former West German nordic combined skier who won four medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships during the 1980s . In 1985 , he won the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team gold medals , then followed it up two years later with two more medals ( gold : 3 x 10 km , bronze : 15 km individual ) . Weinbuch also competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo in the Nordic combined event , finishing 8th . He also competed at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined event twice ( 1985 , 1987 ) . Weinbuch was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1987 ( Shared with Matti Nykänen. ) . At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , he was a trainer on the German national Nordic combined team that would win a complete of medals ( Georg Hettich - individual gold , sprint bronze ; team silver ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Hippolyt Kempf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hippolyt_Kempf', 'summary': 'Hippolyt Kempf ( born 10 December 1965 in Lucerne ) is a Swiss Nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a complete set of Olympic medals , earning two of them at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( gold : 15 km individual , silver : 3 x 10 km team ) and the third at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer ( bronze : 3 x 10 km team ) . Kempf also earned a 3 x 10 km team silver medal at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti .'}]}, {'value': '1987-88', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987–88_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1987/88 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the fifth World Cup season of Nordic combined , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by International Ski Federation . It started on 18 Dec 1987 in Bad Goisern , Austria and ended on 25 March 1988 in Rovaniemi , Finland .'}]}, {'value': 'Klaus Sulzenbacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Sulzenbacher', 'summary': "Klaus Sulzenbacher ( born 3 February 1965 in Kitzbühel , Austria ) is a former Nordic combined skier . Between 1983 and 1991 he won 14 World Cup competitions , and also won the World Cup twice . At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , he won silver in the 15 km individual competition , and bronze in the 3 x 10 km team competition . At the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships he finished second in the 15 km individual competition , and won in the 3 x 10 km team event . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , he won bronze medals in both the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team competitions . Sulzenbacher grew up in Kitzbuehel , Tyrol , which is often considered Austria 's mecca of Alpine skiing . That he went to train in Nordic skiing in his youth , and not in Alpine styles , is remarkable given that at the time virtually the entire well-funded Austrian Ski Federation system was geared towards Alpine ski racing . Sulzenbacher must be credited for breaking new ground . As Austria 's first successful Nordic skier , Sulzenbacher is regarded as cornerstone for the successes of both Mario Stecher and Felix Gottwald . With four Olympic medals , he is among Austria 's most successful Olympic competitors . Following his retirement from competition , he now works as a physiotherapist in Stams ."}]}, {'value': 'Torbjørn Løkken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torbjørn_Løkken', 'summary': 'Torbjørn Løkken ( born 28 June 1963 ) is a Norwegian nordic combined skier who competed from 1985 to 1990 . He won two medals at the 1987 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oberstdorf with a gold in the 15 km individual and a silver in the 3×5 km team events . Løkken also competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , finishing sixth in the individual and fourth in the team events . He also won the Nordic combined event at the 1988 Holmenkollen ski festival and earned four additional individual victories in his career from 1986 to 1988 . He took a year off after the 1987-88 season , and attempted a comeback in 1989-90 , but quit midway through the season , claiming he no longer had the motivation to compete . He has his education from the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences . After retiring from the sport , Løkken had a troubled life . In November 2007 , he came forward and revealed that he was a recovering alcoholic and drug addict , having abused alcohol , pills and eventually heroin for 15 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Andreas Schaad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Schaad', 'summary': 'Andreas Schaad ( born April 18 , 1965 ) is a former Swiss Nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a two medals in the 3 x 10 km team event at the Winter Olympics with a silver in 1988 and a bronze in 1994 . He also won a silver medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti .'}]}, {'value': '1988-89', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988–89_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1988/89 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the sixth World Cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by International Ski Federation . It started on 17 Dec 1988 in Saalfelden , Austria and ended on 25 March 1989 in Thunder Bay , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Trond-Arne Bredesen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trond-Arne_Bredesen', 'summary': 'Trond-Arne Bredesen ( born 4 February 1967 in Gran ) is a Norwegian nordic combined from 1986 to 1991 , representing Gran IL in Hadeland . He won four medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one gold ( 3 x 10 km team : 1989 ) , two silvers ( 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team : both 1987 ) , and one bronze ( 15 km individual : 1989 ) . Bredesen finished third originally in the 15 km individual event at the 1987 championships , but moved up to second following the doping disqualification of American Kerry Lynch . He competed at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , finishing 11th in the 15 km individual event . Bredesen also earned his only individual career victories during the 1988-89 season ( four total ) , giving him the overall World Cup championship that season .'}]}, {'value': 'Klaus Sulzenbacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Sulzenbacher', 'summary': "Klaus Sulzenbacher ( born 3 February 1965 in Kitzbühel , Austria ) is a former Nordic combined skier . Between 1983 and 1991 he won 14 World Cup competitions , and also won the World Cup twice . At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , he won silver in the 15 km individual competition , and bronze in the 3 x 10 km team competition . At the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships he finished second in the 15 km individual competition , and won in the 3 x 10 km team event . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , he won bronze medals in both the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team competitions . Sulzenbacher grew up in Kitzbuehel , Tyrol , which is often considered Austria 's mecca of Alpine skiing . That he went to train in Nordic skiing in his youth , and not in Alpine styles , is remarkable given that at the time virtually the entire well-funded Austrian Ski Federation system was geared towards Alpine ski racing . Sulzenbacher must be credited for breaking new ground . As Austria 's first successful Nordic skier , Sulzenbacher is regarded as cornerstone for the successes of both Mario Stecher and Felix Gottwald . With four Olympic medals , he is among Austria 's most successful Olympic competitors . Following his retirement from competition , he now works as a physiotherapist in Stams ."}]}, {'value': 'Hippolyt Kempf ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hippolyt_Kempf', 'summary': 'Hippolyt Kempf ( born 10 December 1965 in Lucerne ) is a Swiss Nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s . He won a complete set of Olympic medals , earning two of them at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary ( gold : 15 km individual , silver : 3 x 10 km team ) and the third at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer ( bronze : 3 x 10 km team ) . Kempf also earned a 3 x 10 km team silver medal at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti .'}]}, {'value': '1989-90', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989–90_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1989/90 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the seventh World Cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by International Ski Federation . It started on 16 Dec 1989 in St. Moritz , Switzerland and ended on 16 March 1990 in Oslo , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Klaus Sulzenbacher ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Sulzenbacher', 'summary': "Klaus Sulzenbacher ( born 3 February 1965 in Kitzbühel , Austria ) is a former Nordic combined skier . Between 1983 and 1991 he won 14 World Cup competitions , and also won the World Cup twice . At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , he won silver in the 15 km individual competition , and bronze in the 3 x 10 km team competition . At the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships he finished second in the 15 km individual competition , and won in the 3 x 10 km team event . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , he won bronze medals in both the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team competitions . Sulzenbacher grew up in Kitzbuehel , Tyrol , which is often considered Austria 's mecca of Alpine skiing . That he went to train in Nordic skiing in his youth , and not in Alpine styles , is remarkable given that at the time virtually the entire well-funded Austrian Ski Federation system was geared towards Alpine ski racing . Sulzenbacher must be credited for breaking new ground . As Austria 's first successful Nordic skier , Sulzenbacher is regarded as cornerstone for the successes of both Mario Stecher and Felix Gottwald . With four Olympic medals , he is among Austria 's most successful Olympic competitors . Following his retirement from competition , he now works as a physiotherapist in Stams ."}]}, {'value': 'Allar Levandi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allar_Levandi', 'summary': 'Allar Levandi ( born December 28 , 1965 ) is an Estonian nordic combined skier who competed during the late 1980s and early 1990s under two different nations in three straight Winter Olympic Games ( 1988 : Soviet Union , 1992 and 1994 : Estonia ) . He trained at Dynamo in Tallinn when Estonia was under Soviet rule in the late 1980s . He won a bronze in the 15 km individual at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary . Levandi also won a bronze medal in the 3 x 10 km team event at the 1987 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oberstdorf .'}]}, {'value': 'Knut Tore Apeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knut_Tore_Apeland', 'summary': 'Knut Tore Apeland ( born 11 December 1968 in Vinje ) is a former Norwegian Nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s , winning at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Winter Olympics in the team events . Apeland won two medals at the Winter Olympics , both silvers in the 3 x 10 km team event ( 1992 , 1994 ) and four medals at the Nordic skiing world championships ( one individual and three in the team event ) .'}]}, {'value': '1990-91', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990–91_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1990/91 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the eight World Cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by International Ski Federation . It started on 15 Dec 1990 in Trondheim , Norway and ended on 23 March 1991 in St. Moritz , Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Børre Lundberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Børre_Lundberg', 'summary': 'Fred Børre Lundberg ( born 25 December 1969 in Hammerfest and raised in Bardufoss ) is a former Nordic combined skier from Bardu , Norway . He dominated the sport in the 1990s , winning both at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and at the Winter Olympics . Lundberg won six medals at the Nordic skiing world championships , including three golds ( 15 km individual : 1991 , 1995 ; 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) and three silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1993 , 4 x 5 km team : 1995 , and 1999 ) . At the Winter Olympics , he won four medals , including two golds ( 15 km individual : 1994 , 4 x 5 km team 1998 ) and two silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) . He won the Holmenkollen medal in 1998 ( shared with Larissa Lazutina , Alexey Prokurorov , and Harri Kirvesniemi ) . Lundberg lives with Marit Bjørgen , an Olympic champion in cross-country skiing , in Holmenkollen , Oslo .'}]}, {'value': 'Klaus Sulzenbacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Sulzenbacher', 'summary': "Klaus Sulzenbacher ( born 3 February 1965 in Kitzbühel , Austria ) is a former Nordic combined skier . Between 1983 and 1991 he won 14 World Cup competitions , and also won the World Cup twice . At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , he won silver in the 15 km individual competition , and bronze in the 3 x 10 km team competition . At the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships he finished second in the 15 km individual competition , and won in the 3 x 10 km team event . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , he won bronze medals in both the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team competitions . Sulzenbacher grew up in Kitzbuehel , Tyrol , which is often considered Austria 's mecca of Alpine skiing . That he went to train in Nordic skiing in his youth , and not in Alpine styles , is remarkable given that at the time virtually the entire well-funded Austrian Ski Federation system was geared towards Alpine ski racing . Sulzenbacher must be credited for breaking new ground . As Austria 's first successful Nordic skier , Sulzenbacher is regarded as cornerstone for the successes of both Mario Stecher and Felix Gottwald . With four Olympic medals , he is among Austria 's most successful Olympic competitors . Following his retirement from competition , he now works as a physiotherapist in Stams ."}]}, {'value': 'Trond-Einar Elden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trond-Einar_Elden', 'summary': 'Trond Einar Elden ( born 21 February 1970 ) is a former Norwegian Nordic combined skier who represented Namdalseid I.L . in Trondheim . He competed at three Winter Olympics . At the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti , he became the youngest world champion ever , fifteen days after his nineteenth birthday . At Falun in 1993 , he won a bronze medal in the 15 km individual event . Additionally , Elden won two medals in the 3 × 10 km team event at the Nordic skiing world championships with a gold in 1989 and a silver in 1993 . Elden also won the Nordic combined event twice at the Holmenkollen ski festival ( 1989 , 1991 ) . In 1991 , Elden received the Holmenkollen medal ( which he shared with Vegard Ulvang , Ernst Vettori , and Jens Weißflog ) . He would also win silver in the 3 × 10 km team event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville . Elden was relatively strong in cross-country skiing as well , spending his final years of competition as a ski sprinter . He later coached the American national skiing team . Elden received the Egebergs Ærespris in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '1991-92', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1991/92 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 9th world cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 14 Dec 1991 in Štrbské Pleso , Czechoslovakia and ended on 13 March 1992 in Oslo , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Fabrice Guy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabrice_Guy', 'summary': 'Fabrice Guy ( born 30 December 1968 in Pontarlier , Doubs ) is a former French nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville he won gold in the 15 km individual , then won a bronze in the 4 x 5 km team competition at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . He also has two medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a silver medal in the 3 x 10 km team event in 1991 and a bronze medal in the 15 km individual event in 1997 . Guy also won the Nordic combined event at the 1992 Holmenkollen ski festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Klaus Sulzenbacher ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaus_Sulzenbacher', 'summary': "Klaus Sulzenbacher ( born 3 February 1965 in Kitzbühel , Austria ) is a former Nordic combined skier . Between 1983 and 1991 he won 14 World Cup competitions , and also won the World Cup twice . At the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , he won silver in the 15 km individual competition , and bronze in the 3 x 10 km team competition . At the 1991 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships he finished second in the 15 km individual competition , and won in the 3 x 10 km team event . At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville , he won bronze medals in both the 15 km individual and 3 x 10 km team competitions . Sulzenbacher grew up in Kitzbuehel , Tyrol , which is often considered Austria 's mecca of Alpine skiing . That he went to train in Nordic skiing in his youth , and not in Alpine styles , is remarkable given that at the time virtually the entire well-funded Austrian Ski Federation system was geared towards Alpine ski racing . Sulzenbacher must be credited for breaking new ground . As Austria 's first successful Nordic skier , Sulzenbacher is regarded as cornerstone for the successes of both Mario Stecher and Felix Gottwald . With four Olympic medals , he is among Austria 's most successful Olympic competitors . Following his retirement from competition , he now works as a physiotherapist in Stams ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Børre Lundberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Børre_Lundberg', 'summary': 'Fred Børre Lundberg ( born 25 December 1969 in Hammerfest and raised in Bardufoss ) is a former Nordic combined skier from Bardu , Norway . He dominated the sport in the 1990s , winning both at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and at the Winter Olympics . Lundberg won six medals at the Nordic skiing world championships , including three golds ( 15 km individual : 1991 , 1995 ; 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) and three silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1993 , 4 x 5 km team : 1995 , and 1999 ) . At the Winter Olympics , he won four medals , including two golds ( 15 km individual : 1994 , 4 x 5 km team 1998 ) and two silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) . He won the Holmenkollen medal in 1998 ( shared with Larissa Lazutina , Alexey Prokurorov , and Harri Kirvesniemi ) . Lundberg lives with Marit Bjørgen , an Olympic champion in cross-country skiing , in Holmenkollen , Oslo .'}]}, {'value': '1992-93', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992–93_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1992/93 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 10th world cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 5 Dec 1992 in Vuokatti , Finland and ended on 20 March 1993 in Štrbské Pleso , Slovakia .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenji Ogiwara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenji_Ogiwara', 'summary': "Kenji Ogiwara ( 荻原 健司 , Ogiwara Kenji ) ( born 20 December 1969 ) is a Japanese former Nordic combined skier who won several medals at the Winter Olympics , the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Holmenkollen ski festival . He won gold medals in the Nordic combined team events at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics . Ogiwara won two gold medals each in the 15 km individual ( 1993 , 1997 ) and the team ( 3 x 10 km : 1993 , 4 x 5 km : 1995 ) events and one bronze in the 7.5 km sprint ( 1999 ) at the Nordic skiing world championships . In 1995 , Ogiwara won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival . Ogiwara received the Holmenkollen medal in 1995 , becoming the first non-European and first Asian to ever receive the honor . At the 1998 Winter Olympics , he took the Athlete 's Oath . Ogiwara 's twin brother Tsugiharu competed with him at the 1995 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Thunder Bay , Ontario , sharing a gold with him in the 4 x 5 km team event . Ogiwara has also stood as candidate for Liberal Democratic Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Børre Lundberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Børre_Lundberg', 'summary': 'Fred Børre Lundberg ( born 25 December 1969 in Hammerfest and raised in Bardufoss ) is a former Nordic combined skier from Bardu , Norway . He dominated the sport in the 1990s , winning both at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and at the Winter Olympics . Lundberg won six medals at the Nordic skiing world championships , including three golds ( 15 km individual : 1991 , 1995 ; 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) and three silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1993 , 4 x 5 km team : 1995 , and 1999 ) . At the Winter Olympics , he won four medals , including two golds ( 15 km individual : 1994 , 4 x 5 km team 1998 ) and two silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) . He won the Holmenkollen medal in 1998 ( shared with Larissa Lazutina , Alexey Prokurorov , and Harri Kirvesniemi ) . Lundberg lives with Marit Bjørgen , an Olympic champion in cross-country skiing , in Holmenkollen , Oslo .'}]}, {'value': 'Takanori Kono', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takanori_Kono', 'summary': 'Takanori Kono ( 河野 孝典 , Kōno Takanori ) ( born March 7 , 1969 ) is a former Japanese nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s , winning at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , the Winter Olympics , and the Holmenkollen ski festival . Kono won three medals at the Winter Olympics , including two golds ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) and a silver ( 15 km individual : 1994 ) . He also won two gold medals in the team event at the world championships ( 3 x 10 km : 1993 , 4 x 5 km : 1995 ) . Kono also won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1993 , becoming the first Asian to win at the prestigious event . Kono was Deputy Vice Mayor of the Athletes Village at the 1998 Winter Olympics . He is now coach for the Japanese Nordic combined team , a role he has had since 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '1993-94', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993–94_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1993/94 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 11th World Cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 4 Dec 1993 in Saalfelden , Austria and ended on 19 March 1994 in Thunder Bay , Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenji Ogiwara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenji_Ogiwara', 'summary': "Kenji Ogiwara ( 荻原 健司 , Ogiwara Kenji ) ( born 20 December 1969 ) is a Japanese former Nordic combined skier who won several medals at the Winter Olympics , the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Holmenkollen ski festival . He won gold medals in the Nordic combined team events at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics . Ogiwara won two gold medals each in the 15 km individual ( 1993 , 1997 ) and the team ( 3 x 10 km : 1993 , 4 x 5 km : 1995 ) events and one bronze in the 7.5 km sprint ( 1999 ) at the Nordic skiing world championships . In 1995 , Ogiwara won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival . Ogiwara received the Holmenkollen medal in 1995 , becoming the first non-European and first Asian to ever receive the honor . At the 1998 Winter Olympics , he took the Athlete 's Oath . Ogiwara 's twin brother Tsugiharu competed with him at the 1995 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Thunder Bay , Ontario , sharing a gold with him in the 4 x 5 km team event . Ogiwara has also stood as candidate for Liberal Democratic Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Takanori Kono', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takanori_Kono', 'summary': 'Takanori Kono ( 河野 孝典 , Kōno Takanori ) ( born March 7 , 1969 ) is a former Japanese nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s , winning at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , the Winter Olympics , and the Holmenkollen ski festival . Kono won three medals at the Winter Olympics , including two golds ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) and a silver ( 15 km individual : 1994 ) . He also won two gold medals in the team event at the world championships ( 3 x 10 km : 1993 , 4 x 5 km : 1995 ) . Kono also won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1993 , becoming the first Asian to win at the prestigious event . Kono was Deputy Vice Mayor of the Athletes Village at the 1998 Winter Olympics . He is now coach for the Japanese Nordic combined team , a role he has had since 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Børre Lundberg ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Børre_Lundberg', 'summary': 'Fred Børre Lundberg ( born 25 December 1969 in Hammerfest and raised in Bardufoss ) is a former Nordic combined skier from Bardu , Norway . He dominated the sport in the 1990s , winning both at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and at the Winter Olympics . Lundberg won six medals at the Nordic skiing world championships , including three golds ( 15 km individual : 1991 , 1995 ; 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) and three silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1993 , 4 x 5 km team : 1995 , and 1999 ) . At the Winter Olympics , he won four medals , including two golds ( 15 km individual : 1994 , 4 x 5 km team 1998 ) and two silvers ( 3 x 10 km team : 1992 , 1994 ) . He won the Holmenkollen medal in 1998 ( shared with Larissa Lazutina , Alexey Prokurorov , and Harri Kirvesniemi ) . Lundberg lives with Marit Bjørgen , an Olympic champion in cross-country skiing , in Holmenkollen , Oslo .'}]}, {'value': '1994-95', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994–95_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1994/95 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 12th world cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 29 Nov 1994 in Steamboat Springs , United States and ended on 25 March 1995 in Sapporo , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenji Ogiwara ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenji_Ogiwara', 'summary': "Kenji Ogiwara ( 荻原 健司 , Ogiwara Kenji ) ( born 20 December 1969 ) is a Japanese former Nordic combined skier who won several medals at the Winter Olympics , the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Holmenkollen ski festival . He won gold medals in the Nordic combined team events at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics . Ogiwara won two gold medals each in the 15 km individual ( 1993 , 1997 ) and the team ( 3 x 10 km : 1993 , 4 x 5 km : 1995 ) events and one bronze in the 7.5 km sprint ( 1999 ) at the Nordic skiing world championships . In 1995 , Ogiwara won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival . Ogiwara received the Holmenkollen medal in 1995 , becoming the first non-European and first Asian to ever receive the honor . At the 1998 Winter Olympics , he took the Athlete 's Oath . Ogiwara 's twin brother Tsugiharu competed with him at the 1995 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Thunder Bay , Ontario , sharing a gold with him in the 4 x 5 km team event . Ogiwara has also stood as candidate for Liberal Democratic Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Bjarte Engen Vik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjarte_Engen_Vik', 'summary': "Bjarte Engen Vik ( born March 3 , 1971 in Tromsø ) is a former Norwegian nordic combined athlete . He won the FIS World Cup overall twice , in 1997/98 and 1998/99 with a total of 24 wins . He also has eight medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with five golds ( 1997 : 4 x 5 km team , 1999 : 15 km individual , 7.5 km sprint , 2001 : 15 km individual , 4 x 5 km team ) , and three silvers ( 1995 : 4 x 5 km team , 1997 : 15 km individual , 1999 : 4 x 5 km team ) . He also won a bronze medal in the Norwegian championship in ski jumping . His consecutive wins in the Individual Gundersen at the Nordic skiing World Championships in 1999 and 2001 were the first since Oddbjørn Hagen did it in 1934 and 1935 . Vik also found great success at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined individual event five times ( 1996-2000 ) , becoming one of only four athletes to do so ( Lauritz Bergendahl , Johan Grøttumsbråten , and Rauno Miettinen are the others. ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the festival twice ( 1997 , 2000 ) . Vik 's seven career wins at the Holmenkollen are the most among any competitor in Nordic combined . Vik received the Holmenkollen medal in 1997 ( shared with Stefania Belmondo and Bjørn Dæhlie ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Knut Tore Apeland ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knut_Tore_Apeland', 'summary': 'Knut Tore Apeland ( born 11 December 1968 in Vinje ) is a former Norwegian Nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s , winning at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Winter Olympics in the team events . Apeland won two medals at the Winter Olympics , both silvers in the 3 x 10 km team event ( 1992 , 1994 ) and four medals at the Nordic skiing world championships ( one individual and three in the team event ) .'}]}, {'value': '1995-96', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995–96_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1995/96 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 13th world cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 6 Dec 1995 in Steamboat Springs , United States and ended on 16 March 1996 in Oslo , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Knut Tore Apeland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knut_Tore_Apeland', 'summary': 'Knut Tore Apeland ( born 11 December 1968 in Vinje ) is a former Norwegian Nordic combined skier who competed during the 1990s , winning at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Winter Olympics in the team events . Apeland won two medals at the Winter Olympics , both silvers in the 3 x 10 km team event ( 1992 , 1994 ) and four medals at the Nordic skiing world championships ( one individual and three in the team event ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenji Ogiwara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenji_Ogiwara', 'summary': "Kenji Ogiwara ( 荻原 健司 , Ogiwara Kenji ) ( born 20 December 1969 ) is a Japanese former Nordic combined skier who won several medals at the Winter Olympics , the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , and the Holmenkollen ski festival . He won gold medals in the Nordic combined team events at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics . Ogiwara won two gold medals each in the 15 km individual ( 1993 , 1997 ) and the team ( 3 x 10 km : 1993 , 4 x 5 km : 1995 ) events and one bronze in the 7.5 km sprint ( 1999 ) at the Nordic skiing world championships . In 1995 , Ogiwara won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival . Ogiwara received the Holmenkollen medal in 1995 , becoming the first non-European and first Asian to ever receive the honor . At the 1998 Winter Olympics , he took the Athlete 's Oath . Ogiwara 's twin brother Tsugiharu competed with him at the 1995 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Thunder Bay , Ontario , sharing a gold with him in the 4 x 5 km team event . Ogiwara has also stood as candidate for Liberal Democratic Party ."}]}, {'value': 'Jari Mantila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jari_Mantila', 'summary': 'Jari Mantila ( born July 14 , 1971 in Kotka ) is a Finnish nordic combined athlete who competed from 1992 to 2003 . He won a gold medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 2002 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Mantila also won five medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one gold ( 4 x 5 km team : 1999 ) , two silvers ( 15 km individual : 1995 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) , and one bronze ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1996-97', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996–97_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1996/97 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 14th world cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 22 Nov 1996 in Rovaniemi , Finland and ended on 22 March 1997 in Štrbské Pleso , Slovakia .'}]}, {'value': 'Samppa Lajunen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samppa_Lajunen', 'summary': 'Samppa Lajunen ( born 23 April 1979 in Turku ) is a retired Finnish Nordic combined athlete who competed during the late 1990s and early 2000s .'}]}, {'value': 'Jari Mantila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jari_Mantila', 'summary': 'Jari Mantila ( born July 14 , 1971 in Kotka ) is a Finnish nordic combined athlete who competed from 1992 to 2003 . He won a gold medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 2002 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Mantila also won five medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one gold ( 4 x 5 km team : 1999 ) , two silvers ( 15 km individual : 1995 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) , and one bronze ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Bjarte Engen Vik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjarte_Engen_Vik', 'summary': "Bjarte Engen Vik ( born March 3 , 1971 in Tromsø ) is a former Norwegian nordic combined athlete . He won the FIS World Cup overall twice , in 1997/98 and 1998/99 with a total of 24 wins . He also has eight medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with five golds ( 1997 : 4 x 5 km team , 1999 : 15 km individual , 7.5 km sprint , 2001 : 15 km individual , 4 x 5 km team ) , and three silvers ( 1995 : 4 x 5 km team , 1997 : 15 km individual , 1999 : 4 x 5 km team ) . He also won a bronze medal in the Norwegian championship in ski jumping . His consecutive wins in the Individual Gundersen at the Nordic skiing World Championships in 1999 and 2001 were the first since Oddbjørn Hagen did it in 1934 and 1935 . Vik also found great success at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined individual event five times ( 1996-2000 ) , becoming one of only four athletes to do so ( Lauritz Bergendahl , Johan Grøttumsbråten , and Rauno Miettinen are the others. ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the festival twice ( 1997 , 2000 ) . Vik 's seven career wins at the Holmenkollen are the most among any competitor in Nordic combined . Vik received the Holmenkollen medal in 1997 ( shared with Stefania Belmondo and Bjørn Dæhlie ) ."}]}, {'value': '1997-98', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997–98_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1997/98 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 15th world cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 28 Nov 1997 in Rovaniemi , Finland and ended on 14 March 1998 in Oslo , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Bjarte Engen Vik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjarte_Engen_Vik', 'summary': "Bjarte Engen Vik ( born March 3 , 1971 in Tromsø ) is a former Norwegian nordic combined athlete . He won the FIS World Cup overall twice , in 1997/98 and 1998/99 with a total of 24 wins . He also has eight medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with five golds ( 1997 : 4 x 5 km team , 1999 : 15 km individual , 7.5 km sprint , 2001 : 15 km individual , 4 x 5 km team ) , and three silvers ( 1995 : 4 x 5 km team , 1997 : 15 km individual , 1999 : 4 x 5 km team ) . He also won a bronze medal in the Norwegian championship in ski jumping . His consecutive wins in the Individual Gundersen at the Nordic skiing World Championships in 1999 and 2001 were the first since Oddbjørn Hagen did it in 1934 and 1935 . Vik also found great success at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined individual event five times ( 1996-2000 ) , becoming one of only four athletes to do so ( Lauritz Bergendahl , Johan Grøttumsbråten , and Rauno Miettinen are the others. ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the festival twice ( 1997 , 2000 ) . Vik 's seven career wins at the Holmenkollen are the most among any competitor in Nordic combined . Vik received the Holmenkollen medal in 1997 ( shared with Stefania Belmondo and Bjørn Dæhlie ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mario Stecher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Stecher', 'summary': "Mario Stecher ( born 17 July 1977 , in Eisenerz ) is an Austrian former Nordic combined skier . Competing in six Winter Olympics , he won three medals in the 4 x 5 km team event with two golds ( 2006 , 2010 ) and a bronze ( 2002 ) . Stecher 's best individual finish was fifth in the 10 km individual normal hill event at Vancouver in 2010 . He won six medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two gold , three silvers ( 7.5 km sprint : 1999 , 4 x 5 km team : 2001 ) and a bronze ( 4 x 5 km team : 1997 ) . Stecher has a total of nine World Cup victories since 1994 , including the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival that same year . Being 16 years old , he was the youngest winner on the Holmenkollen . - On February 27th , 2015 , he announced his retirement , after he was n't nominated by the Austrian Ski Federation to compete in the FIS Nordic Skiing World Championships 2015 in Falun . He is married to Carina Raich since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Felix Gottwald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felix_Gottwald', 'summary': 'Felix Gottwald ( born 13 January 1976 in Zell am See , Austria , now resides in Salzburg , Austria ) is an Austrian Nordic combined athlete who competed from 1994 to 2007 and then returned to compete in 2009 . He is 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) , weighing 150 lb ( 10 st 10 lb ; 68 kg ) . Gottwald made his Olympic debut as an 18-year-old in the 15 km individual event at the 1994 Winter Olympics , then competed in the 4 x 5 km team and 15 km individual events at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Gottwald won bronze medals in the 7.5 km sprint , 15 km individual and 4 x 5 km team Nordic combined events at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Coming into the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , he had regularly ranked among the top three in the world . He won golds in the 7.5 km sprint and 4 x 5 km team competitions , and took silver in the 15 km individual . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , Gottwald won gold in the 4 x 5 km team event . He is the most decorated Nordic combined skier at the Winter Olympics with seven medals . Gottwald topped the World Cup standings in 2001 , and was a member of the Austrian team that won gold at the 2003 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . Eight years later , at the 2011 World Championships in Oslo , he was again part of the Austrian team that became team world champion both in the normal hill and in the large hill competition . He also has two silvers ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 , 15 km individual : 2003 ) and six bronzes ( 15 km individual : 2001 , 2005 , 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , normal hill : 2011 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 , 2005 ) from the World Championships . So he is also the most decorated Nordic combined skier at World Championships with eleven medals .'}]}, {'value': '1998-99', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998–99_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1998/99 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 16th world cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 21 Nov 1998 in Rovaniemi , Finland and ended on 21 March 1999 in Zakopane , Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'Bjarte Engen Vik ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjarte_Engen_Vik', 'summary': "Bjarte Engen Vik ( born March 3 , 1971 in Tromsø ) is a former Norwegian nordic combined athlete . He won the FIS World Cup overall twice , in 1997/98 and 1998/99 with a total of 24 wins . He also has eight medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with five golds ( 1997 : 4 x 5 km team , 1999 : 15 km individual , 7.5 km sprint , 2001 : 15 km individual , 4 x 5 km team ) , and three silvers ( 1995 : 4 x 5 km team , 1997 : 15 km individual , 1999 : 4 x 5 km team ) . He also won a bronze medal in the Norwegian championship in ski jumping . His consecutive wins in the Individual Gundersen at the Nordic skiing World Championships in 1999 and 2001 were the first since Oddbjørn Hagen did it in 1934 and 1935 . Vik also found great success at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined individual event five times ( 1996-2000 ) , becoming one of only four athletes to do so ( Lauritz Bergendahl , Johan Grøttumsbråten , and Rauno Miettinen are the others. ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the festival twice ( 1997 , 2000 ) . Vik 's seven career wins at the Holmenkollen are the most among any competitor in Nordic combined . Vik received the Holmenkollen medal in 1997 ( shared with Stefania Belmondo and Bjørn Dæhlie ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Hannu Manninen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hannu_Manninen', 'summary': "Hannu Kalevi Manninen ( born 17 April 1978 in Rovaniemi ) is a Finnish nordic combined athlete . Debuting at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer at the age of 15 , he took his first medal three years later at the age of 18 when he won silver in the 4 × 5 km team event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . At the 2002 Winter Olympics , he won a gold medal in the 4 × 5 km team event at the age of 23 . He has five other Nordic skiing World Championships medals , earning three golds ( 4 × 5 km team : 1999 , 2007 and 7.5 km sprint : 2007 ) and two bronzes ( 4 × 5 km team : 2001 , 2003 ) . He has two other Olympic team medals as well ( silver : 1998 , bronze : 2006 ) . Manninen has the record for most wins ( 48 ) and most championship titles ( 4 ) , after passing Kenji Ogiwara 's records during the 2006-07 season , in the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup . He also has won the 7.5 km sprint event of the Nordic combined three times ( 2002 , 2004 , 2005 ) at the Holmenkollen ski festival . As a cross country skier , he finished 8th in the individual sprint event at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Manninen announced his first retirement from competition on May 29 , 2008 to focus on his family and a future career as an airline pilot . He made his comeback to World Cup on November 28 , 2009 in Ruka ( Kuusamo ) , Finland , where he finished 2nd . Day after he won his first race after comeback . The first race in 2010 took place in Oberhof Germany where Manninen won for the 47th time in his sporting career ."}]}, {'value': 'Ladislav Rygl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ladislav_Rygl,_Jr.', 'summary': "Ladislav Rygl Jr. ( born May 15 , 1976 in Vrchlabí ) is a Czech nordic combined skier who competed from 1995 to 2006 . Competing in three Winter Olympics , he had his best overall finish of eighth in the 4 x 5 km team event at Nagano in 1998 and his best individual finish of 17th in the 7.5 km sprint event at Turin in 2006 . Rygl 's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was sixth in the 15 km individual event at Lahti in 2001 . He earned three World Cup victories , one in a 7.5 km sprint and the others in the 15 km individual events in 1999 and 2000 . In total he had 13 world cup podium finishes . Rygl is the son of Ladislav Rygl Sr. , winner of the Nordic combined event at the 1970 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Vysoké Tatry ."}]}, {'value': '1999-00', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999–00_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 1999/00 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 17th World Cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 9 Dec 1999 in Vuokatti , Finland and ended on 17 March 2000 in Val di Fiemme , Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Samppa Lajunen ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samppa_Lajunen', 'summary': 'Samppa Lajunen ( born 23 April 1979 in Turku ) is a retired Finnish Nordic combined athlete who competed during the late 1990s and early 2000s .'}]}, {'value': 'Bjarte Engen Vik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjarte_Engen_Vik', 'summary': "Bjarte Engen Vik ( born March 3 , 1971 in Tromsø ) is a former Norwegian nordic combined athlete . He won the FIS World Cup overall twice , in 1997/98 and 1998/99 with a total of 24 wins . He also has eight medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with five golds ( 1997 : 4 x 5 km team , 1999 : 15 km individual , 7.5 km sprint , 2001 : 15 km individual , 4 x 5 km team ) , and three silvers ( 1995 : 4 x 5 km team , 1997 : 15 km individual , 1999 : 4 x 5 km team ) . He also won a bronze medal in the Norwegian championship in ski jumping . His consecutive wins in the Individual Gundersen at the Nordic skiing World Championships in 1999 and 2001 were the first since Oddbjørn Hagen did it in 1934 and 1935 . Vik also found great success at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined individual event five times ( 1996-2000 ) , becoming one of only four athletes to do so ( Lauritz Bergendahl , Johan Grøttumsbråten , and Rauno Miettinen are the others. ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the festival twice ( 1997 , 2000 ) . Vik 's seven career wins at the Holmenkollen are the most among any competitor in Nordic combined . Vik received the Holmenkollen medal in 1997 ( shared with Stefania Belmondo and Bjørn Dæhlie ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ladislav Rygl ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ladislav_Rygl,_Jr.', 'summary': "Ladislav Rygl Jr. ( born May 15 , 1976 in Vrchlabí ) is a Czech nordic combined skier who competed from 1995 to 2006 . Competing in three Winter Olympics , he had his best overall finish of eighth in the 4 x 5 km team event at Nagano in 1998 and his best individual finish of 17th in the 7.5 km sprint event at Turin in 2006 . Rygl 's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was sixth in the 15 km individual event at Lahti in 2001 . He earned three World Cup victories , one in a 7.5 km sprint and the others in the 15 km individual events in 1999 and 2000 . In total he had 13 world cup podium finishes . Rygl is the son of Ladislav Rygl Sr. , winner of the Nordic combined event at the 1970 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Vysoké Tatry ."}]}, {'value': '2000-01', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2000/01 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 18th world cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 2 Dec 2000 in Kuopio , Finland and ended on 10 March 2001 in Oslo , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Felix Gottwald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felix_Gottwald', 'summary': 'Felix Gottwald ( born 13 January 1976 in Zell am See , Austria , now resides in Salzburg , Austria ) is an Austrian Nordic combined athlete who competed from 1994 to 2007 and then returned to compete in 2009 . He is 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) , weighing 150 lb ( 10 st 10 lb ; 68 kg ) . Gottwald made his Olympic debut as an 18-year-old in the 15 km individual event at the 1994 Winter Olympics , then competed in the 4 x 5 km team and 15 km individual events at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Gottwald won bronze medals in the 7.5 km sprint , 15 km individual and 4 x 5 km team Nordic combined events at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Coming into the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , he had regularly ranked among the top three in the world . He won golds in the 7.5 km sprint and 4 x 5 km team competitions , and took silver in the 15 km individual . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , Gottwald won gold in the 4 x 5 km team event . He is the most decorated Nordic combined skier at the Winter Olympics with seven medals . Gottwald topped the World Cup standings in 2001 , and was a member of the Austrian team that won gold at the 2003 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . Eight years later , at the 2011 World Championships in Oslo , he was again part of the Austrian team that became team world champion both in the normal hill and in the large hill competition . He also has two silvers ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 , 15 km individual : 2003 ) and six bronzes ( 15 km individual : 2001 , 2005 , 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , normal hill : 2011 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 , 2005 ) from the World Championships . So he is also the most decorated Nordic combined skier at World Championships with eleven medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Ronny Ackermann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronny_Ackermann', 'summary': 'Ronny Ackermann ( born 16 May 1977 in Bad Salzungen , Bezirk Suhl ) is a successful German Nordic combined skier . Ackermann started to learn to ski when he was five years old and took up ski-jumping two years later . As of 2004 , he belongs to the team of Rhöner WSV Dermbach . His many successes include winning the Nordic combined World Cup in 2002 , 2003 and 2008 . Ackermann found success in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , winning ten medals , including four golds ( 15 km individual : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 ; 7.5 km sprint : 2005 ) , five silvers ( 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , 4 x 5 km team : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) , and a bronze ( 7.5 km sprint : 2001 . ) He also has won three silvers at the Winter Olympics in the sprint ( 2002 ) and team ( 2002 , 2006 ) events . Ackermann is the first person to win the 15 km individual World Championships three straight times and the first to do it at the World Championships or Winter Olympic level since fellow German Ulrich Wehling did it during the Winter Olympics of 1972 , 1976 , 1980 . Ackermann has also won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival three times , with 2 wins in the individual competition ( 2002 , 2004 ) and a win in the sprint competition ( 2003 ) . In 2003 , Ackermann received the Holmenkollen medal ( shared with Felix Gottwald ) . He was elected Sportler des Jahres ( Sportsman of the Year ) in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bjarte Engen Vik ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bjarte_Engen_Vik', 'summary': "Bjarte Engen Vik ( born March 3 , 1971 in Tromsø ) is a former Norwegian nordic combined athlete . He won the FIS World Cup overall twice , in 1997/98 and 1998/99 with a total of 24 wins . He also has eight medals from the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with five golds ( 1997 : 4 x 5 km team , 1999 : 15 km individual , 7.5 km sprint , 2001 : 15 km individual , 4 x 5 km team ) , and three silvers ( 1995 : 4 x 5 km team , 1997 : 15 km individual , 1999 : 4 x 5 km team ) . He also won a bronze medal in the Norwegian championship in ski jumping . His consecutive wins in the Individual Gundersen at the Nordic skiing World Championships in 1999 and 2001 were the first since Oddbjørn Hagen did it in 1934 and 1935 . Vik also found great success at the Holmenkollen ski festival , winning the Nordic combined individual event five times ( 1996-2000 ) , becoming one of only four athletes to do so ( Lauritz Bergendahl , Johan Grøttumsbråten , and Rauno Miettinen are the others. ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the festival twice ( 1997 , 2000 ) . Vik 's seven career wins at the Holmenkollen are the most among any competitor in Nordic combined . Vik received the Holmenkollen medal in 1997 ( shared with Stefania Belmondo and Bjørn Dæhlie ) ."}]}, {'value': '2001-02', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001–02_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2001/02 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 19th world cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 23 Nov 2001 in Kuopio , Finland and ended on 16 March 2002 in Oslo , Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Ronny Ackermann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronny_Ackermann', 'summary': 'Ronny Ackermann ( born 16 May 1977 in Bad Salzungen , Bezirk Suhl ) is a successful German Nordic combined skier . Ackermann started to learn to ski when he was five years old and took up ski-jumping two years later . As of 2004 , he belongs to the team of Rhöner WSV Dermbach . His many successes include winning the Nordic combined World Cup in 2002 , 2003 and 2008 . Ackermann found success in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , winning ten medals , including four golds ( 15 km individual : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 ; 7.5 km sprint : 2005 ) , five silvers ( 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , 4 x 5 km team : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) , and a bronze ( 7.5 km sprint : 2001 . ) He also has won three silvers at the Winter Olympics in the sprint ( 2002 ) and team ( 2002 , 2006 ) events . Ackermann is the first person to win the 15 km individual World Championships three straight times and the first to do it at the World Championships or Winter Olympic level since fellow German Ulrich Wehling did it during the Winter Olympics of 1972 , 1976 , 1980 . Ackermann has also won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival three times , with 2 wins in the individual competition ( 2002 , 2004 ) and a win in the sprint competition ( 2003 ) . In 2003 , Ackermann received the Holmenkollen medal ( shared with Felix Gottwald ) . He was elected Sportler des Jahres ( Sportsman of the Year ) in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Felix Gottwald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felix_Gottwald', 'summary': 'Felix Gottwald ( born 13 January 1976 in Zell am See , Austria , now resides in Salzburg , Austria ) is an Austrian Nordic combined athlete who competed from 1994 to 2007 and then returned to compete in 2009 . He is 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) , weighing 150 lb ( 10 st 10 lb ; 68 kg ) . Gottwald made his Olympic debut as an 18-year-old in the 15 km individual event at the 1994 Winter Olympics , then competed in the 4 x 5 km team and 15 km individual events at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Gottwald won bronze medals in the 7.5 km sprint , 15 km individual and 4 x 5 km team Nordic combined events at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Coming into the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , he had regularly ranked among the top three in the world . He won golds in the 7.5 km sprint and 4 x 5 km team competitions , and took silver in the 15 km individual . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , Gottwald won gold in the 4 x 5 km team event . He is the most decorated Nordic combined skier at the Winter Olympics with seven medals . Gottwald topped the World Cup standings in 2001 , and was a member of the Austrian team that won gold at the 2003 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . Eight years later , at the 2011 World Championships in Oslo , he was again part of the Austrian team that became team world champion both in the normal hill and in the large hill competition . He also has two silvers ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 , 15 km individual : 2003 ) and six bronzes ( 15 km individual : 2001 , 2005 , 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , normal hill : 2011 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 , 2005 ) from the World Championships . So he is also the most decorated Nordic combined skier at World Championships with eleven medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Samppa Lajunen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samppa_Lajunen', 'summary': 'Samppa Lajunen ( born 23 April 1979 in Turku ) is a retired Finnish Nordic combined athlete who competed during the late 1990s and early 2000s .'}]}, {'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup', 'summary': 'The 2002/03 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup was the 20th world cup season , a combination of ski jumping and cross-country skiing organized by FIS . It started on 29 Nov 2002 in Kuusamo , Finland and ended on 15 March 2003 in Lahti , Finland .'}]}, {'value': 'Ronny Ackermann ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronny_Ackermann', 'summary': 'Ronny Ackermann ( born 16 May 1977 in Bad Salzungen , Bezirk Suhl ) is a successful German Nordic combined skier . Ackermann started to learn to ski when he was five years old and took up ski-jumping two years later . As of 2004 , he belongs to the team of Rhöner WSV Dermbach . His many successes include winning the Nordic combined World Cup in 2002 , 2003 and 2008 . Ackermann found success in the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , winning ten medals , including four golds ( 15 km individual : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 ; 7.5 km sprint : 2005 ) , five silvers ( 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , 4 x 5 km team : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) , and a bronze ( 7.5 km sprint : 2001 . ) He also has won three silvers at the Winter Olympics in the sprint ( 2002 ) and team ( 2002 , 2006 ) events . Ackermann is the first person to win the 15 km individual World Championships three straight times and the first to do it at the World Championships or Winter Olympic level since fellow German Ulrich Wehling did it during the Winter Olympics of 1972 , 1976 , 1980 . Ackermann has also won the Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival three times , with 2 wins in the individual competition ( 2002 , 2004 ) and a win in the sprint competition ( 2003 ) . In 2003 , Ackermann received the Holmenkollen medal ( shared with Felix Gottwald ) . He was elected Sportler des Jahres ( Sportsman of the Year ) in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Felix Gottwald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felix_Gottwald', 'summary': 'Felix Gottwald ( born 13 January 1976 in Zell am See , Austria , now resides in Salzburg , Austria ) is an Austrian Nordic combined athlete who competed from 1994 to 2007 and then returned to compete in 2009 . He is 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) , weighing 150 lb ( 10 st 10 lb ; 68 kg ) . Gottwald made his Olympic debut as an 18-year-old in the 15 km individual event at the 1994 Winter Olympics , then competed in the 4 x 5 km team and 15 km individual events at the 1998 Winter Olympics . Gottwald won bronze medals in the 7.5 km sprint , 15 km individual and 4 x 5 km team Nordic combined events at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Coming into the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , he had regularly ranked among the top three in the world . He won golds in the 7.5 km sprint and 4 x 5 km team competitions , and took silver in the 15 km individual . At the 2010 Winter Olympics , Gottwald won gold in the 4 x 5 km team event . He is the most decorated Nordic combined skier at the Winter Olympics with seven medals . Gottwald topped the World Cup standings in 2001 , and was a member of the Austrian team that won gold at the 2003 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . Eight years later , at the 2011 World Championships in Oslo , he was again part of the Austrian team that became team world champion both in the normal hill and in the large hill competition . He also has two silvers ( 4 x 5 km team : 2001 , 15 km individual : 2003 ) and six bronzes ( 15 km individual : 2001 , 2005 , 7.5 km sprint : 2003 , normal hill : 2011 , 4 x 5 km team : 1997 , 2005 ) from the World Championships . So he is also the most decorated Nordic combined skier at World Championships with eleven medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Björn Kircheisen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Björn_Kircheisen', 'summary': 'Björn Kircheisen ( also spelled Bjoern ; born 6 August 1983 in Erlabrunn ) is a German nordic combined skier who has competed since 2000 . He won four 4 x 5 km team medals at the Winter Olympics with three silvers ( 2002 , 2006 , 2014 ) and a bronze ( 2010 ) . Kircheisen also won ten medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with eight silvers ( 10 km individual large hill : 2009 , 15 km individual : 2005 , 4 x 5 km team : 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) and two bronze ( 7.5 km sprint : 2007 ) . He also won the Nordic combined 7.5 km sprint event at the 2006 Holmenkollen ski festival .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Overall', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup_0', 'intro': "The FIS Nordic Combined World Cup is a Nordic combined competition organized yearly by International Ski Federation, representing the highest level in international competition for this sport. It was first arranged for the 1983-84 season. Team event was first time held in 1999-00 season. The FIS race director is a Norwegian ex ski jumper and ex world record holder Lasse Ottesen. As of 2018, only a men's event exists. However, FIS decided in October 2015 to start a women's continental cup from the 2017-2018 season."}
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In what season was the runner-up born 5 March 1961 ?
1985-86
0b0c3eb2d358d0c8
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parasites_of_humans', 'title': 'List of parasites of humans', 'header': ['Common name of organism or disease', 'Latin name ( sorted )', 'Body parts affected', 'Diagnostic specimen', 'Prevalence', 'Transmission/Vector'], 'data': [{'value': 'Tapeworm - Tapeworm infection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tapeworm', 'summary': 'Eucestoda , commonly referred to as tapeworms , are the larger of the two subclasses of flatworms in the class Cestoda ( the other subclass is Cestodaria ) . Larvae have six posterior hooks on the scolex ( head ) , in contrast to the ten-hooked Cestodaria . All tapeworms are endoparasites of vertebrates , living in the digestive tract or related ducts . Examples are the pork tapeworm ( Taenia solium ) with a human definitive host , and pigs as the secondary host , and Moniezia expansa , the definitive hosts of which are ruminants .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tapeworm_infection', 'summary': 'Eucestoda , commonly referred to as tapeworms , are the larger of the two subclasses of flatworms in the class Cestoda ( the other subclass is Cestodaria ) . Larvae have six posterior hooks on the scolex ( head ) , in contrast to the ten-hooked Cestodaria . All tapeworms are endoparasites of vertebrates , living in the digestive tract or related ducts . Examples are the pork tapeworm ( Taenia solium ) with a human definitive host , and pigs as the secondary host , and Moniezia expansa , the definitive hosts of which are ruminants .'}]}, {'value': 'Cestoda , Taenia multiceps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cestoda', 'summary': "Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms in the flatworm phylum ( Platyhelminthes ) . Most of the species - and the best-known - are those in the subclass Eucestoda ; they are ribbon-like worms as adults , known as tapeworms . Their bodies consist of many similar units , known as proglottids , which are essentially packages of eggs which are regularly shed into the environment to infect other organisms . Species of the other subclass , Cestodaria , are mainly fish parasites . All cestodes are parasitic ; many have complex life histories , including a stage in a definitive ( main ) host in which the adults grow and reproduce , often for years , and one or two intermediate stages in which the larvae develop in other hosts . Typically the adults live in the digestive tracts of vertebrates , while the larvae often live in the bodies of other animals , either vertebrates or invertebrates . For example , Diphyllobothrium has at least two intermediate hosts , a crustacean and then one or more freshwater fish ; its definitive host is a mammal . Some cestodes are host-specific , while others are parasites of a wide variety of hosts . Some six thousand species have been described ; probably all vertebrates can host at least one species . The adult tapeworm has a scolex , or head , a short neck , and a strobila , or segmented body formed of proglottids . Tapeworms anchor themselves to the inside of the intestine of their host using their scolex , which typically has hooks , suckers , or both . They have no mouth , but absorb nutrients directly from the host 's gut ."}]}, {'value': 'intestine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'stool', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'rare worldwide', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diphyllobothriasis - tapeworm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis', 'summary': 'Diphyllobothriasis is the infection caused by tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium , commonly Diphyllobothrium latum and Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense .'}]}, {'value': 'Diphyllobothrium latum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diphyllobothrium_latum', 'summary': 'Diphyllobothrium is a genus of tapeworms which can cause diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish . The principal species causing diphyllobothriasis is Diphyllobothrium latum , known as the broad or fish tapeworm , or broad fish tapeworm . D. latum is a pseudophyllid cestode that infects fish and mammals . D. latum is native to Scandinavia , western Russia , and the Baltics , though it is now also present in North America , especially the Pacific Northwest . In Far East Russia , D. klebanovskii , having Pacific salmon as its second intermediate host , was identified . Other members of the genus Diphyllobothrium include Diphyllobothrium dendriticum ( the salmon tapeworm ) , which has a much larger range ( the whole northern hemisphere ) , D. pacificum , D. cordatum , D. ursi , D. lanceolatum , D. dalliae , and D. yonagoensis , all of which infect humans only infrequently . In Japan , the most common species in human infection is D. nihonkaiense , which was only identified as a separate species from D. latum in 1986 . More recently , a molecular study found D. nihonkaiense and D. klebanovskii to be a single species .'}]}, {'value': 'intestines , blood', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'stool ( microscope )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Europe , Japan , Uganda , Peru , Chile', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ingestion of raw fresh water fish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echinococcosis - tapeworm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echinococcosis', 'summary': "Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type . The two main types of the disease are cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis . Less common forms include polycystic echinococcosis and unicystic echinococcosis . The disease often starts without symptoms and this may last for years . The symptoms and signs that occur depend on the cyst 's location and size . Alveolar disease usually begins in the liver but can spread to other parts of the body , such as the lungs or brain . When the liver is affected the person may have abdominal pain , weight loss , and turn slightly yellow from jaundice . Lung disease may cause pain in the chest , shortness of breath and coughing . The disease is spread when food or water that contains the eggs of the parasite is eaten or by close contact with an infected animal . The eggs are released in the stool of meat-eating animals that are infected by the parasite . Commonly infected animals include dogs , foxes and wolves . For these animals to become infected they must eat the organs of an animal that contains the cysts such as sheep or rodents ."}]}, {'value': 'Echinococcus granulosus , Echinococcus multilocularis , E. vogeli , E. oligarthrus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echinococcus_granulosus', 'summary': 'Echinococcus granulosus , also called the hydatid worm , hyper tape-worm or dog tapeworm , is a cyclophyllid cestode that dwells in the small intestine of canids as an adult , but which has important intermediate hosts such as livestock and humans , where it causes cystic echinococcosis , also known as hydatid disease . The adult tapeworm ranges in length from 3 mm to 6 mm and has three proglottids ( segments ) when intact - an immature proglottid , mature proglottid and a gravid proglottid . The average number of eggs per gravid proglottid is 823 . Like all cyclophyllideans , E. granulosus has four suckers on its scolex ( head ) , and E. granulosus also has a rostellum with hooks . Several strains of E. granulosus have been identified , and all but two are noted to be infective in humans . The lifecycle of E. granulosus involves dogs and wild carnivores as a definitive host for the adult tapeworm . Definitive hosts are where parasites reach maturity and reproduce . Wild or domesticated ungulates , such as sheep , serve as an intermediate host . Transitions between life stages occur in intermediate hosts . The larval stage results in the formation of echinococcal cysts in intermediate hosts . Echinococcal cysts are slow growing , but can cause clinical symptoms in humans and be life-threatening . Cysts may not initially cause symptoms , in some cases for many years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Echinococcus_multilocularis', 'summary': 'Echinococcus multilocularis is a small cyclophyllid tapeworm found extensively in the northern hemisphere . E. multilocularis , along with other members of the Echinococcus genus ( especially E. granulosus ) , produce diseases known as echinococcosis . Unlike E. granulosus , E. multilocularis produces many small cysts ( also referred to as locules ) that spread throughout the internal organs of the infected animal . The resultant disease is called Alveolar echinococcosis , and is caused by ingesting the eggs of E. multilocularis . The parasite is commonly maintained in a wildlife life cycle involving two mammalian hosts . Wild canids , dogs , and less commonly cats act as definitive hosts , harbouring the adult stage of the tape worm . Ingestion of a rodent containing alveolar hydatid cysts by a wild canid can result in a heavy infestation of tapeworms .'}]}, {'value': 'liver , lungs , kidney , spleen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'imaging of hydatid cysts in the liver , lungs , kidney and spleen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hydatid_cyst', 'summary': "Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms of the Echinococcus type . The two main types of the disease are cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis . Less common forms include polycystic echinococcosis and unicystic echinococcosis . The disease often starts without symptoms and this may last for years . The symptoms and signs that occur depend on the cyst 's location and size . Alveolar disease usually begins in the liver but can spread to other parts of the body , such as the lungs or brain . When the liver is affected the person may have abdominal pain , weight loss , and turn slightly yellow from jaundice . Lung disease may cause pain in the chest , shortness of breath and coughing . The disease is spread when food or water that contains the eggs of the parasite is eaten or by close contact with an infected animal . The eggs are released in the stool of meat-eating animals that are infected by the parasite . Commonly infected animals include dogs , foxes and wolves . For these animals to become infected they must eat the organs of an animal that contains the cysts such as sheep or rodents ."}]}, {'value': 'Mediterranean countries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'as intermediate host , ingestion of material contaminated by feces from a carnivore ; as definite host , ingestion of uncooked meat ( offal ) from a herbivore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intermediate_host', 'summary': 'In biology and medicine , a host is an organism that harbours a parasitic , a mutualistic , or a commensalist guest ( symbiont ) , the guest typically being provided with nourishment and shelter . Examples include animals playing host to parasitic worms ( e.g . nematodes ) , cells harbouring pathogenic ( disease-causing ) viruses , a bean plant hosting mutualistic ( helpful ) nitrogen-fixing bacteria . More specifically in botany , a host plant supplies food resources to micropredators , which have an evolutionarily stable relationship with their hosts similar to ectoparasitism . The host range is the collection of hosts that an organism can use as a partner .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carnivore', 'summary': 'A carnivore /ˈkɑːrnɪvɔːr/ , meaning meat eater ( Latin , caro , genitive carnis , meaning meat or flesh and vorare meaning to devour ) , is an organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue , whether through predation or scavenging . Animals that depend solely on animal flesh for their nutrient requirements are called obligate carnivores while those that also consume non-animal food are called facultative carnivores . Omnivores also consume both animal and non-animal food , and , apart from the more general definition , there is no clearly defined ratio of plant to animal material that would distinguish a facultative carnivore from an omnivore . A carnivore at the top of the food chain , not preyed upon by other animals , is termed an apex predator . Carnivore also may refer to the mammalian order Carnivora , but this is somewhat misleading : many , but not all , Carnivora are meat eaters , and even fewer are true obligate carnivores ( see below ) . For example , while the Arctic polar bear eats meat almost exclusively ( more than 90% of its diet is meat ) , most species of bears are omnivorous , and the giant panda is exclusively herbivorous . There are also many carnivorous species that are not members of Carnivora . The correct term for mammals in this group is carnivoran . Outside the animal kingdom , there are several genera containing carnivorous plants ( predominantly insectivores ) and several phyla containing carnivorous fungi ( preying mostly on microscopic invertebrates such as nematodes , amoebae and springtails ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Definite_host', 'summary': 'In biology and medicine , a host is an organism that harbours a parasitic , a mutualistic , or a commensalist guest ( symbiont ) , the guest typically being provided with nourishment and shelter . Examples include animals playing host to parasitic worms ( e.g . nematodes ) , cells harbouring pathogenic ( disease-causing ) viruses , a bean plant hosting mutualistic ( helpful ) nitrogen-fixing bacteria . More specifically in botany , a host plant supplies food resources to micropredators , which have an evolutionarily stable relationship with their hosts similar to ectoparasitism . The host range is the collection of hosts that an organism can use as a partner .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Offal', 'summary': 'Offal ( /ˈɒfəl/ ) , also called variety meats , pluck or organ meats , is the viscera'}, {'url': '/wiki/Herbivore', 'summary': 'A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material , for example foliage or marine algae , for the main component of its diet . As a result of their plant diet , herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding . Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass , tree bark , and other tough plant material . A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter , which is more difficult to digest than animal prey . This flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria .'}]}, {'value': 'Hymenolepiasis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hymenolepiasis', 'summary': 'Hymenolepiasis is infestation by one of two species of tapeworm : Hymenolepis nana or H. diminuta . Alternative names are dwarf tapeworm infection and rat tapeworm infection . The disease is a type of helminthiasis which is classified as a neglected tropical disease .'}]}, {'value': 'Hymenolepis nana , Hymenolepis diminuta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hymenolepis_nana', 'summary': 'Dwarf tapeworm ( Hymenolepis nana , also known as Rodentolepis nana , Vampirolepis nana , Hymenolepis fraterna , and Taenia nana ) is a cosmopolitan species though most common in temperate zones , and is one of the most common cestodes ( a type of intestinal worm or helminth ) infecting humans , especially children .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hymenolepis_diminuta', 'summary': 'Hymenolepis diminuta , also known as rat tapeworm , is a species of Hymenolepis tapeworm that causes hymenolepiasis . It has slightly bigger eggs and proglottids than H. nana and infects mammals using insects as intermediate hosts . The adult structure is 20 to 60 cm long and the mature proglottid is similar to that of H. nana , except it is larger . H. diminuta is prevalent worldwide , but only a few hundred human cases have been reported . Few cases have ever been reported in Australia , United States , Spain , and Italy . In countries such as Malaysia , Thailand , Jamaica , Indonesia , the prevalence is higher .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles , mealworms , cockroaches', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beef tapeworm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beef_tapeworm', 'summary': 'Taenia saginata ( synonym Taeniarhynchus saginatus ) , commonly known as the beef tapeworm , is a zoonotic tapeworm belonging to the order Cyclophyllidea and genus Taenia . It is an intestinal parasite in humans causing taeniasis ( a type of helminthiasis ) and cysticercosis in cattle . Cattle are the intermediate hosts , where larval development occurs , while humans are definitive hosts harbouring the adult worms . It is found globally and most prevalently where cattle are raised and beef is consumed . It is relatively common in Africa , Europe , Southeast Asia , South Asia , and Latin America . Humans are generally infected as a result of eating raw or undercooked beef which contains the infective larvae , called cysticerci . As hermaphrodites , each body segment called proglottid has complete sets of both male and female reproductive systems . Thus , reproduction is by self-fertilisation . From humans , embryonated eggs , called oncospheres , are released with faeces and are transmitted to cattle through contaminated fodder . Oncospheres develop inside muscle , liver , and lungs of cattle into infective cysticerci . T. saginata has a strong resemblance to the other human tapeworms , such as Taenia asiatica and Taenia solium , in structure and biology , except for few details . It is typically larger and longer , with more proglottids , more testes , and higher branching of the uteri .'}]}, {'value': 'Taenia saginata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taenia_saginata', 'summary': 'Taenia saginata ( synonym Taeniarhynchus saginatus ) , commonly known as the beef tapeworm , is a zoonotic tapeworm belonging to the order Cyclophyllidea and genus Taenia . It is an intestinal parasite in humans causing taeniasis ( a type of helminthiasis ) and cysticercosis in cattle . Cattle are the intermediate hosts , where larval development occurs , while humans are definitive hosts harbouring the adult worms . It is found globally and most prevalently where cattle are raised and beef is consumed . It is relatively common in Africa , Europe , Southeast Asia , South Asia , and Latin America . Humans are generally infected as a result of eating raw or undercooked beef which contains the infective larvae , called cysticerci . As hermaphrodites , each body segment called proglottid has complete sets of both male and female reproductive systems . Thus , reproduction is by self-fertilisation . From humans , embryonated eggs , called oncospheres , are released with faeces and are transmitted to cattle through contaminated fodder . Oncospheres develop inside muscle , liver , and lungs of cattle into infective cysticerci . T. saginata has a strong resemblance to the other human tapeworms , such as Taenia asiatica and Taenia solium , in structure and biology , except for few details . It is typically larger and longer , with more proglottids , more testes , and higher branching of the uteri .'}]}, {'value': 'Intestines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'stool', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'worldwide distribution', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ingestion of undercooked beef', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cysticercosis - Pork tapeworm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cysticercosis', 'summary': 'Cysticercosis is a tissue infection caused by the young form of the pork tapeworm . People may have few or no symptoms for years . In some cases , particularly in Asia , solid lumps of between one and two centimetres may develop under the skin . After months or years these lumps can become painful and swollen and then resolve . A specific form called neurocysticercosis , which affects the brain , can cause neurological symptoms . In developing countries this is one of the most common causes of seizures . Cysticercosis is usually acquired by eating food or drinking water contaminated by tapeworm eggs from human feces . Among foods , uncooked vegetables are the major source . The tapeworm eggs are present in the feces of a person infected with the adult worms , a condition known as taeniasis . Taeniasis , in the strict sense , is a different disease and is due to eating cysts in poorly cooked pork . People who live with someone with the pork tapeworm have a greater risk of getting cysticercosis . The diagnosis can be made by aspiration of a cyst .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pork_tapeworm', 'summary': 'Taenia solium is the pork tapeworm , a tapeworm belonging to the cyclophyllid cestode family Taeniidae . It is found throughout the world and is most common in countries where pork is eaten . There are two forms . One is due to eating undercooked pork that contains the cysts and results in adult worms in the intestines . The other , known as cysticercosis , is due to eating food or water contaminated with feces from someone infected by the adult worms . The adult worm has humans as its main host and has a flat , ribbon-like body which is white and measures 2 to 3 metres long or more . Its tiny long attachment , the scolex , contains duodenum wall-suckers and a rostellum as organs of attachment . The main body , the strobila , consists of a chain of segments known as proglottids . Each proglottid is a little more than a self-sustainable , very lightly ingestive , reproductive unit ; hence , the tapeworm is a hermaphrodite . It completes its life cycle in humans as the definitive host and often pigs as intermediate or secondary host . It may be transmitted to pigs through human faeces contaminating their fodder , and back to humans wherever primary hosts through uncooked or undercooked pork bearing small cysts . Pigs ingest embryonated eggs called morula , which develop into larvae , then oncospheres , and ultimately into infective larvae , cysticerci .'}]}, {'value': 'Taenia solium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taenia_solium', 'summary': 'Taenia solium is the pork tapeworm , a tapeworm belonging to the cyclophyllid cestode family Taeniidae . It is found throughout the world and is most common in countries where pork is eaten . There are two forms . One is due to eating undercooked pork that contains the cysts and results in adult worms in the intestines . The other , known as cysticercosis , is due to eating food or water contaminated with feces from someone infected by the adult worms . The adult worm has humans as its main host and has a flat , ribbon-like body which is white and measures 2 to 3 metres long or more . Its tiny long attachment , the scolex , contains duodenum wall-suckers and a rostellum as organs of attachment . The main body , the strobila , consists of a chain of segments known as proglottids . Each proglottid is a little more than a self-sustainable , very lightly ingestive , reproductive unit ; hence , the tapeworm is a hermaphrodite . It completes its life cycle in humans as the definitive host and often pigs as intermediate or secondary host . It may be transmitted to pigs through human faeces contaminating their fodder , and back to humans wherever primary hosts through uncooked or undercooked pork bearing small cysts . Pigs ingest embryonated eggs called morula , which develop into larvae , then oncospheres , and ultimately into infective larvae , cysticerci .'}]}, {'value': 'Brain , muscle , Eye ( Cysts in conjuntiva/anterior chamber/sub-retinal space )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'stool , blood', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asia , Africa , South America , Southern Europe , North America', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ingestion of undercooked pork', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bertielliasis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bertielliasis', 'summary': 'Bertielliasis is the infection of Bertiella - a cestode tapeworm parasite that primarily infects nonhuman primates , rodents and Australian marsupials . Occasionally , human infections have been documented by one of two species : Bertiella studeri , or Bertiella mucronata . These infections present with symptoms similar to most tapeworm cases , and are frequently misdiagnosed . Bertiella transmission is through oribatid mites that are present in the soil of problem areas , and can be easily prevented by avoiding contact with nonhuman primates , rodents and soil in these areas . Of 29 different Bertiella species , only two can infect humans : Bertiella studeri ( majority of human cases ) , and Bertiella mucronata .'}]}, {'value': 'Bertiella mucronata , Bertiella studeri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bertiella_mucronata', 'summary': 'Bertiella mucronata is a species of Bertiella , a type of cestode tapeworms known to cause Bertielliasis . It belongs to the genus Bertiella , family Anoplocephalidae . This is one of two species of Bertiella that can cause the condition in humans ( the other being Bertiella studeri ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bertiella_studeri', 'summary': 'Bertiella studeri is a species of Bertiellia , a type of cestodes ( tapeworms ) . It is a parasite of primates which was first described in the rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) in 1940 . The intermediate host are oribatid mites , which ingest the eggs , and are themselves ingested by the vertebrate host . Oribatid mites infected with Bertiella transfer the developmental cysticercoid stage to a human host through tissue feeding . This is one of two species of Bertiella that cause Bertielliasis in humans ( the other being Bertiella mucronata ) . The majority of human cases occur in individuals who have some level of contact with non-humanprimates . Geographic distribution of cases demonstrate Bertiellia infection within countries from Asia , Africa , and the Americas .'}]}, {'value': 'Intestines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'stool', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'rare', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'contact with non-human primates', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sparganosis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sparganosis', 'summary': 'Sparganosis is a parasitic infection caused by the plerocercoid larvae of the genus Spirometra including S. mansoni , S. ranarum , S. mansonoides and S. erinacei . It was first described by Patrick Manson from China in 1882 , and the first human case was reported by Charles Wardell Stiles from Florida in 1908 . The infection is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water , ingestion of a second intermediate host such as a frog or snake , or contact between a second intermediate host and an open wound or mucous membrane . Humans are the accidental hosts in the life cycle , while dogs , cats , and other mammals are definitive hosts . Copepods ( freshwater crustaceans ) are the first intermediate hosts , and various amphibians and reptiles are second intermediate hosts . Once a human becomes infected , the plerocercoid larvae migrate to a subcutaneous location , where they typically develop into a painful nodule . Migration to the brain results in cerebral sparganosis , while migration to the eyes results in ocular sparganosis . Sparganosis is most prevalent in Eastern Asia , although cases have been described in countries throughout the world . In total , approximately 300 cases have been described in the literature up to 2003 . Diagnosis is typically not made until the sparganum larva has been surgically removed . Praziquantel is the drug of choice , although its efficacy is unknown and surgical removal of the sparganum is generally the best treatment . Public health interventions should focus on water and dietary sanitation , as well as education about the disease in rural areas and discouragement of the use of poultices .'}]}, {'value': 'Spirometra erinaceieuropaei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spirometra_erinaceieuropaei', 'summary': 'Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a tapeworm that infects domestic animals and humans . In humans , infection is called sparganosis . S. erinaceieuropaeis distribution is cosmopolitan , meaning that it can be found nearly anywhere the parasite can complete its lifecycle . This species is closely related to Spirometra mansonoides , and few morphological differences exist between the two . One difference is that the uterus of S. mansonoides is a U shape , but in S. erinaceieuropaei the uterus consists of two sections that resemble horns . The life cycle of both species is very similar . In 2014 , a British man was found to have been infected by the tapeworm from an unknown cause ( possibly a traditional frog meat poultice ) while in China . The parasitic worm was recorded on successive MRI scans of his brain , moving location by about 5 cm before doctors realized it was alive . The 50-year-old first visited doctors in 2008 suffering from headaches , seizures , and memory loss , and complaining that his sense of smell had changed . The 1-cm , ribbon-shaped larval worm was removed during a surgical procedure and the man recovered .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat feces ( humans : dead-end host )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dead-end_host', 'summary': 'In biology and medicine , a host is an organism that harbours a parasitic , a mutualistic , or a commensalist guest ( symbiont ) , the guest typically being provided with nourishment and shelter . Examples include animals playing host to parasitic worms ( e.g . nematodes ) , cells harbouring pathogenic ( disease-causing ) viruses , a bean plant hosting mutualistic ( helpful ) nitrogen-fixing bacteria . More specifically in botany , a host plant supplies food resources to micropredators , which have an evolutionarily stable relationship with their hosts similar to ectoparasitism . The host range is the collection of hosts that an organism can use as a partner .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Endoparasites -- Helminths ( worms )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_parasites_of_humans_1', 'intro': 'Helminth organisms (also called helminths or intestinal worms) include:'}
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What is the weather zone classification where the dwarf tapeworm is most commonly found ?
temperate
0b0cdca2eac61add
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Chinese_Grand_Prix', 'title': '2005 Chinese Grand Prix', 'header': ['Pos', 'No', 'Driver', 'Constructor', 'Lap', 'Gap'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Alonso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Alonso', 'summary': "Fernando Alonso Díaz ( Spanish pronunciation : [ feɾˈnando aˈlonso ˈði.aθ ] ( listen ) ; born 29 July 1981 ) is a Spanish racing driver who won the Formula One World Championship in 2005 and 2006 for the Renault team . Away from Formula One , he is a champion of the 2018-19 FIA World Endurance Championship and a two-time winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2018 and 2019 with Toyota . Alonso also won the 2019 24 Hours of Daytona for Wayne Taylor Racing . Born in Oviedo , Asturias to a working-class family , he began go-karting at the age of three and achieved success in local , national and world championships . Alonso later progressed to car racing , winning the Euro Open by Nissan in 1999 and was fourth in the International Formula 3000 Championship of 2000 . He debuted in Formula One with Minardi in 2001 before joining Renault as a test driver for 2002 . Promoted to a race seat in 2003 , Alonso won two drivers ' championships in 2005 and 2006 from Kimi Räikkönen and Michael Schumacher , respectively . After a third-place finish with McLaren in 2007 , he returned to Renault from 2008 to 2009 and won two races in the former year to place fifth overall . Alonso then drove for Ferrari from 2010 to 2014 . He finished runner-up to Sebastian Vettel three times in tightly-contested title duels in 2010 and 2012 and again in 2013 . A second stint with McLaren from 2015 to 2018 did not result in further success due to an uncompetitive car . Overall Alonso won 32 Formula One races , 22 pole positions and 1,899 points from 311 starts ."}]}, {'value': 'Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:34.080', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giancarlo Fisichella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella', 'summary': "Giancarlo Fisichella ( Italian pronunciation : [ dʒaŋˈkarlo fiziˈkɛlla ] ; born 14 January 1973 ) , also known as Fisico , Giano or Fisi , is an Italian professional racing driver . He has driven in Formula One for Minardi , Jordan , Benetton , Sauber , Renault , Force India and Ferrari . Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events , becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner , and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta . He was also Ferrari 's F1 reserve driver for 2010 . Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career , the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix , a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining . After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities , Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week , and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race . He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli , and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005 . However , after that race it was his teammate , the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso , that would win the greater share of races for Renault . Although highly rated as a driver , Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso , managing just one further race win following his debut . Outside of driving , he has backed his own GP2 team , FMS International . On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers ' title in the WEC at the end of the season ."}]}, {'value': 'Renault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "The French automotive manufacturer Renault has been associated with Formula One as both constructor and engine supplier for various periods since 1977 . In 1977 , the company entered Formula One as a constructor , introducing the turbo engine to Formula One in its first car , the Renault RS01 . In 1983 , Renault began supplying engines to other teams . Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles , it withdrew at the end of 1985 . Renault continued supplying engines to other teams until 1986 , then again from 1989 to 1997 and at various other times since then until the present . Renault returned to Formula One in 2000 when it acquired the Enstone-based Benetton Formula team ( formerly Toleman ) . In 2002 Renault re-branded the team as Renault F1 Team and started to use Renault as their constructor name , winning both the Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships in 2005 and 2006 . For the 2011 season the team competed under the name Lotus Renault GP but retained the Renault constructor name . In 2012 , the team changed their constructor name to Lotus and operated as Lotus F1 Team until the end of 2015 , when they returned to the control of Renault as a works manufacturer . For the 2019 season Sport was removed from the team 's official title . Renault has also supplied engines to other teams , including Red Bull Racing ( 2007-2015 ) , Benetton Formula ( 1995-1997 , 2001 ) and Williams ( 1989-1997 , 2012-2013 ) . In addition to its two own F1 World Constructors ' Championships ( 2005 , 2006 ) and two Drivers ' Championships , as an engine supplier , Renault has contributed to nine other World Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:34.401', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.321', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kimi Räikkönen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kimi_Räikkönen', 'summary': "Kimi-Matias Räikkönen ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈkimi ˈmɑtiɑs ˈræikːønen ] ; born 17 October 1979 ) , nicknamed Iceman , is a Finnish racing driver currently driving in Formula One for Alfa Romeo Racing . He won the 2007 Formula One World Championship in his first season at Scuderia Ferrari . After nine seasons racing in Formula One he left the sport to compete in the World Rally Championship in 2010 and 2011 , returning to Formula One from 2012 . In addition to this title , Räikkönen also finished second overall in 2003 and 2005 , and third in 2008 , 2012 and 2018 . Räikkönen has won 21 Grands Prix , making him the most successful Finnish driver in terms of Formula One race wins . He is the only driver to take a race win in the V10 , V8 and the hybrid V6 engine eras . Räikkönen entered Formula One as a regular driver for Sauber-Petronas in 2001 , having competed in only 23 car races previously . He joined McLaren-Mercedes in 2002 , and became a title contender by finishing runner-up in the championship to Michael Schumacher in 2003 , and Fernando Alonso in 2005 . Räikkönen 's seasons at McLaren were plagued by severe unreliability from his cars , prompting a move to Ferrari in 2007 . This change saw him crowned Formula One World Drivers ' Champion that season , pipping both McLaren drivers-Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso-to the title by just one point . In 2008 he equalled the record for the greatest number of fastest laps in a season for the second time . Räikkönen left both Scuderia Ferrari and the sport after the 2009 season , his sole victory that year having come in that season 's Belgian Grand Prix due to driving an uncompetitive Ferrari F60 ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_HighPerformanceEngines', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:34.488', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.408', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jenson Button', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jenson_Button', 'summary': "Jenson Alexander Lyons Button MBE ( born 19 January 1980 ) is a British racing driver and former Formula One driver . He won the 2009 Formula One World Championship , driving for Brawn GP . He currently competes in the Japanese Super GT Series driving a Honda NSX-GT for Team Kunimitsu , in which he won the title in 2018 . Button began karting at the age of eight and achieved early success , before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship . He first drove in Formula One with Williams for the 2000 season . The following year he switched to Benetton , which in 2002 became Renault , and then for the 2003 season he moved to BAR . In 2004 he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship , with only the two Ferraris ahead of him . BAR was subsequently renamed Honda for the 2006 season , during which Button won his first Grand Prix in Hungary , after 113 races . Following the withdrawal of Honda from the sport in December 2008 , he was left without a drive for the 2009 season , until Ross Brawn led a management buyout of the team in February 2009 , and Button suddenly found himself in a highly competitive , Mercedes-engined car . He went on to win a record-tying six of the first seven races of the 2009 season , securing the World Drivers ' Championship at the Brazilian Grand Prix , having led on points all season ; his success also helped Brawn GP to secure the World Constructors ' Championship . For 2010 , he moved to McLaren , partnering fellow British racer and former World Champion Lewis Hamilton . After finishing fifth for the team in 2010 , Button finished the 2011 season as runner-up ."}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_Racing_F1', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:34.801', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+0.721', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Pablo Montoya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya', 'summary': "Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxwan ˈpaβlo monˈtoʝa ] ; born September 20 , 1975 ) , is a Colombian-American racing driver . He currently competes in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship driving for Acura Team Penske , having won the championship in 2019 . He won the International F3000 championship in 1998 , the CART FedEx Championship Series in 1999 in his debut year in the series , and the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship in 2019 . His race wins include the Indianapolis 500 ( 2000 , 2015 ) , Grand Prix of Monaco ( 2003 ) , 24 Hours of Daytona ( 2007 , 2008 , 2013 ) , British Grand Prix ( 2005 ) , Italian Grand Prix ( 2001 , 2005 ) , Grand Prix of Long Beach ( 1999 ) , and the Race of Champions ( 2017 ) . Montoya is , alongside Fernando Alonso , one of only two active drivers who have won two legs of the Triple Crown of Motorsport in its original definition . Montoya also equals Mario Andretti and Dan Gurney by winning races in Indy cars , Formula One cars and NASCAR Cup cars . In October 2009 , Montoya was ranked 30th on Times Online 's list of the Top 50 Formula One drivers of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'McLaren - Mercedes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McLaren', 'summary': "McLaren Racing Limited is a British motor racing team based at the McLaren Technology Centre , Woking , Surrey , England . McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor and also has a history of competing in American open wheel racing as both an entrant and a chassis constructor , and has won the Canadian-American Challenge Cup ( Can-Am ) sports car racing championship . The team is the second oldest active , and second most successful Formula One team after Ferrari , having won 182 races , 12 Drivers ' Championships and eight Constructors ' Championships . The team is a wholly owned subsidiary of the McLaren Group . Founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren , the team won its first Grand Prix at the 1968 Belgian Grand Prix , but their greatest initial success was in Can-Am , which they dominated from 1967 to 1971 . Further American triumph followed , with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972 and Johnny Rutherford in 1974 and 1976 . After Bruce McLaren died in a testing accident in 1970 , Teddy Mayer took over and led the team to their first Formula One Constructors ' Championship in 1974 , with Emerson Fittipaldi and James Hunt winning the Drivers ' Championship in 1974 and 1976 respectively . The year 1974 also marked the start of a long-standing sponsorship by Phillip Morris ' Marlboro cigarette brand . In 1981 , McLaren merged with Ron Dennis ' Project Four Racing ; Dennis took over as team principal and shortly after organised a buyout of the original McLaren shareholders to take full control of the team . This began the team 's most successful era : with Porsche and Honda engines , Niki Lauda , Alain Prost , and Ayrton Senna took between them seven Drivers ' Championships and the team took six Constructors ' Championships . The combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant - together they won all but one race in 1988 - but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari . Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period , the two winning every constructors ' title between 1984 and 1994 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_HighPerformanceEngines', 'summary': "Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains ( previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines ) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer , owned by Mercedes-Benz . The company supplied Sauber during the 1994 season , McLaren from 1995 to 2014 , Force India from 2009 to 2018 , Brawn in 2009 , the Mercedes factory team since 2010 , Williams since 2014 , Lotus in 2015 , Manor Racing in 2016 , Racing Point Force India in 2018 and Racing Point since 2018 . Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors ' Championships and ten Drivers ' Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1:35.188', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.108', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Schumacher', 'summary': "Michael Schumacher ( /ˈʃuːmɑːkər/ ; German : [ ˈmɪçaːʔeːl ˈʃuːmaxɐ ] ( listen ) ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a retired German racing driver who raced in Formula One for Jordan Grand Prix , Benetton and Ferrari , where he spent most of his career , as well as for Mercedes upon his return to the sport . Widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers ever , and regarded by some as the greatest of all time , Schumacher is the only driver in history to win seven Formula One World Championships , five of which he won consecutively . The most successful driver in the history of the sport , Schumacher holds the records for the most World Championship titles ( 7 ) , the most Grand Prix wins ( 91 ) , the most fastest laps ( 77 ) and the most races won in a single season ( 13 ) , and according to the official Formula One website ( Formula1.com ) , Schumacher was statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen at the time of his retirement from the sport . After success in karting as a child , Schumacher won titles in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship . In 1991 his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton for the rest of that season . He finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 , before becoming the first German World Drivers ' Champion in 1994 by one point over Damon Hill , albeit in controversial circumstances . In 1995 he repeated the success , this time with a greater margin . In 1996 Schumacher moved to Ferrari , who had last won the Drivers ' Championship in 1979 , and helped them transform into the most successful team in Formula One history , as he came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles , before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix , ending another title run . Schumacher won five consecutive drivers ' titles from 2000 to 2004 , including an unprecedented sixth and seventh title . In 2002 Schumacher won the title with a record six races remaining and finished on the podium in every race . In 2004 Schumacher won twelve out of the first thirteen races and went on to win a record 13 times as he won his final title . Schumacher retired from Formula One in 2006 , after finishing runner-up to Renault 's Fernando Alonso ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:35.301', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.221', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Coulthard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Coulthard', 'summary': "David Marshall Coulthard , MBE ( /ˈkoʊlθɑːrt/ ; born 27 March 1971 ) , known as DC , is a Scottish former Formula One racing driver turned presenter , commentator and journalist . He was runner-up in the 2001 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship , driving for McLaren . Coulthard began karting at the age of eleven and achieved early success before progressing to car racing in the British Formula Ford Championship and the Formula 3000 series . He first drove in Formula One with Williams in the 1994 season succeeding the late Ayrton Senna . The following year he won his first Grand Prix in Portugal , and then for the 1996 season he moved to McLaren . After winning two races in the 1997 season , he finished 3rd in the World Drivers ' Championship in the 1998 season . He won five races throughout 1999 and 2000 before finishing 2nd in the Drivers ' Championship to Michael Schumacher in 2001 . Two more victories followed between 2002 and 2003 before he left McLaren at the end of 2004 . He moved to Red Bull in 2005 and secured their first podium a year later . Coulthard retired from Formula One racing at the end of 2008 . After retiring from Formula One Coulthard continued working with Red Bull as a consultant and joined the BBC as a commentator and pundit for their coverage of Formula One . He returned to active motorsports in 2010 joining Mücke Motorsport in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and retired at the end of 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Red Bull - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing', 'summary': "Red Bull Racing ( currently sponsored name Aston Martin Red Bull Racing and also simply known as Red Bull or RBR ) is a Formula One racing team , racing a Honda powered car under an Austrian licence and based in the United Kingdom . The team raced under a British licence from 2005 to 2006 and has raced under an Austrian licence since 2007 . It is one of two Formula One teams owned by beverage company Red Bull GmbH , the other being Scuderia AlphaTauri ( previously Scuderia Toro Rosso ) . The team has been managed by Christian Horner since its formation in 2005 . Red Bull had Cosworth engines in 2005 and Ferrari engines in 2006 . The team used engines supplied by Renault between 2007 and 2018 ( from 2016 to 2018 the Renault engine was re-badged TAG Heuer following the breakdown in the relationship between Red Bull and Renault in 2015 ) . During this partnership they won four successive Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championship titles from 2010 to 2013 , becoming the first Austrian team to win the title . The team began using Honda engines in 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:35.428', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.348', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rubens Barrichello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello', 'summary': "Rubens Rubinho Gonçalves Barrichello ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁubẽjz ɡõ'sawviz baʁiˈkɛlʊ ] , [ ʁuˈbĩjʊ ] ; born 23 May 1972 ) is a Brazilian racing driver who competed in Formula One between 1993 and 2011 , scoring 11 Grand Prix wins and 68 podiums . Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005 , as Michael Schumacher 's teammate , enjoying considerable success including finishing as championship runner-up in 2002 and 2004 . He also finished third in 2001 and 2009 . Barrichello holds the record for most race starts in Formula One ( 322 ) and has scored the eleventh highest points total in Formula One history . Schumacher 's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced driver on the grid , and at the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix he became the most experienced driver in F1 history . He became the first driver to reach 300 Grand Prix entries and 300 starts , doing so in 2010 . During his six years with Ferrari , Barrichello was involved in winning five constructors ' titles , as Schumacher won five drivers ' titles in a row between 2000 and 2004 . At the end of 2005 Barrichello left Ferrari to sign a contract with Honda . In 2009 , he finished third in the Drivers ' Championship for Brawn GP , as his teammate Jenson Button won the title . This meant Barrichello was involved in a sixth Constructors ' title . He was also appointed chairman of the Grand Prix Drivers ' Association in 2010 , but after losing his seat in Formula One , he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa . Barrichello was renowned for his mechanical and technical expertise , with a sixth sense of predicting and detecting technical issues and opportunities for improvement in a car ."}]}, {'value': 'Ferrari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari', 'summary': "Scuderia Ferrari S.p.A. ( Italian : [ skudeˈriːa ferˈraːri ] ) is the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer Ferrari and the racing team that competes in Formula One racing . The team is also nicknamed The Prancing Horse , with reference to their logo . It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team , having competed in every world championship since the 1950 Formula One season . The team was founded by Enzo Ferrari , initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo , though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars . Among its important achievements outside Formula One are winning the World Sportscar Championship , 24 Hours of Le Mans , 24 Hours of Spa , 24 Hours of Daytona , 12 Hours of Sebring , Bathurst 12 Hour , races for Grand tourer cars and racing on road courses of the Targa Florio , the Mille Miglia and the Carrera Panamericana . As a constructor , Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors ' Championships , the last of which was won in 2008 . Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio , Mike Hawthorn , Phil Hill , John Surtees , Niki Lauda , Jody Scheckter , Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers ' Championships for the team . Since Räikkönen 's title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers ' title with Felipe Massa and the 2010 and 2012 drivers ' titles with Fernando Alonso . Michael Schumacher is the team 's most successful driver . Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five drivers ' titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team . His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004 , and the team won consecutive constructors ' title from 1999 until the end of 2004 ; this was the team 's most successful period . Currently , Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc are the two main race drivers ."}]}, {'value': '1:35.610', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.530', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ralf Schumacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ralf_Schumacher', 'summary': "Ralf Schumacher ( born 30 June 1975 ) is a German former racing driver . He is the younger brother of seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and the pair are the only siblings to win Formula One races . Schumacher began karting at the age of three and achieved early success before making the transition to automobile racing in the German Formula Three Championship and the Formula Nippon series . He first drove in Formula One with Jordan Grand Prix for the 1997 season . Schumacher moved to the Williams F1 team in 1999 , finishing sixth in the Drivers ' Championship that year . He won his first Grand Prix in 2001 , en route to fourth place in the Drivers ' Championship , and subsequently won five more races over the course of two years . Schumacher left Williams at the end of 2004 and joined Toyota Racing in 2005 . However , his performance throughout 2006 and 2007 resulted in Schumacher leaving Formula One , as a result of internal pressure . After leaving Formula One , Schumacher joined the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2008 , achieving minor success , and retired from motorsport at the end of 2012 to enter a managerial role within DTM , mentoring young drivers ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Racing_(Formula_One_team)', 'summary': "Panasonic Toyota Racing was a Formula One team owned by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota Motor Corporation and based in Cologne , Germany . Toyota announced their plans to participate in Formula One in 1999 , and after extensive testing with their initial car , dubbed the TF101 , the team made their debut in 2002 . The new team grew from Toyota 's long-standing Toyota Motorsport GmbH organisation , which had previously competed in the World Rally Championship and the 24 Hours of Le Mans . Despite a point in their first-ever race , Toyota never won a Grand Prix , their best finish being 2nd position , which they achieved five times . Toyota drew criticism for their lack of success , as they never managed to win with one of the sport 's biggest budgets . Toyota was a well-funded team , but despite this , strong results had never been consistent . On 4 November 2009 , Toyota announced its immediate withdrawal from Formula One , ending the team 's involvement in the sport after eight consecutive seasons ."}]}, {'value': '1:35.723', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.643', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Webber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Webber', 'summary': "Mark Alan Webber AO ( born 27 August 1976 ) is an Australian former professional racing driver , who last competed in the FIA World Endurance Championship as a Porsche works driver in LMP1 , in which he won the championship in 2015 . Webber won nine Formula One Grands Prix and finished third in the championship in 2010 , 2011 and 2013 , all of which achieved while driving for Red Bull Racing . After some racing success in Australia driving Formula Ford and Formula Holden , Webber moved to the United Kingdom in 1995 to further his motorsport career . Webber began a partnership with fellow Australian Paul Stoddart , at that time owner of the European Racing Formula 3000 team , which eventually took them both into Formula One when Stoddart bought the Minardi team . He also beat future F1 World Champion Fernando Alonso , then 19 , in the 2000 International Formula 3000 season . Webber made his Formula One debut in 2002 , scoring Minardi 's first points in three years at his and Stoddart 's home race . After his first season , Jaguar took him on as lead driver . During two years with the generally uncompetitive team , Webber qualified on the front two rows of the grid several times and outperformed his teammates . His first F1 win was with Red Bull at the 2009 German Grand Prix , which followed second places at the 2009 Chinese Grand Prix , 2009 Turkish Grand Prix and 2009 British Grand Prix . By the end of 2009 , Webber had scored eight podiums , including another victory in Brazil . His eight podiums in 2009 compares with only two podiums in the first seven years of his career . He added ten more podiums in 2010 , including victories in Spain , Monaco , Britain and Hungary ."}]}, {'value': 'Williams - BMW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WilliamsF1', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:35.739', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.659', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felipe Massa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Massa', 'summary': "Felipe Massa ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ fiˈlipi ˈmasɐ ] , born 25 April 1981 ) is a Brazilian Formula E and former Formula One racing driver . He competed in 15 seasons of Formula One between 2002 and 2017 , where he scored 11 Grand Prix victories , 41 podiums and finished as championship runner-up in 2008 . Massa started his career in go-karting from the age of eight continuing in national and regional championships for seven years . He moved into Formula Chevrolet and claimed the championship . He moved in Italian Formula Renault in 2000 and won the title along with the European championship . Massa went into Euro Formula 3000 taking the championship in 2001 . Massa started his Formula One career with Sauber before joining Scuderia Ferrari as a test driver for 2003 . He returned to Sauber for 2004 and 2005 before rejoining Ferrari where he won two races in 2006 including his home Grand Prix becoming the first Brazilian since Ayrton Senna to win the Brazilian Grand Prix . Massa won three races in 2007 , finishing 4th in the Drivers ' Championship . He finished second in the 2008 Drivers ' World Championship after a long title battle with Lewis Hamilton , winning six races to Hamilton 's five . At the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix , Massa was injured by a suspension spring off the Brawn GP car of Rubens Barrichello . Massa was forced to miss the rest of the season but returned in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:35.898', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.818', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jarno Trulli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jarno_Trulli', 'summary': "Jarno Trulli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈjarno ˈtrulli ] ; born 13 July 1974 ) is an Italian racing driver . He regularly competed in Formula One from 1997 to 2011 , driving for Minardi , Prost , Jordan , Renault , Toyota , Lotus Racing and Team Lotus . His best result in the World Drivers ' Championship was sixth place in 2004 ; this was also the year in which he scored the only win of his Formula One career at the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix . Throughout his Formula One career , Trulli was renowned for his skill in qualifying , regularly achieving far better grid positions than rivals with superior cars to his own . He was also known for his defensive driving style which allowed him to successfully hold off quicker drivers , sometimes for an entire race . The combination of being able to achieve high grid positions in comparatively slow cars and his ability to hold off faster drivers would often result in a line of vehicles forming behind him during a race , which was commonly referred to as the 'Trulli Train ' by commentators , fans and journalists . Trulli was slated to compete in the 2012 Formula One season , but retired before the season began . In 2014-15 he competed in the inaugural season of the FIA Formula E Championship , driving for Trulli GP , a team he founded himself ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Racing_(Formula_One_team)', 'summary': "Panasonic Toyota Racing was a Formula One team owned by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota Motor Corporation and based in Cologne , Germany . Toyota announced their plans to participate in Formula One in 1999 , and after extensive testing with their initial car , dubbed the TF101 , the team made their debut in 2002 . The new team grew from Toyota 's long-standing Toyota Motorsport GmbH organisation , which had previously competed in the World Rally Championship and the 24 Hours of Le Mans . Despite a point in their first-ever race , Toyota never won a Grand Prix , their best finish being 2nd position , which they achieved five times . Toyota drew criticism for their lack of success , as they never managed to win with one of the sport 's biggest budgets . Toyota was a well-funded team , but despite this , strong results had never been consistent . On 4 November 2009 , Toyota announced its immediate withdrawal from Formula One , ending the team 's involvement in the sport after eight consecutive seasons ."}]}, {'value': '1:36.044', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+1.964', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antônio Pizzonia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antônio_Pizzonia', 'summary': 'Antônio Reginaldo Pizzonia Júnior ( born 11 September 1980 ) is a Brazilian professional racing driver who has raced in Formula One and the Champ Car World Series . As of 2013 , he is competing in the FIA World Endurance Championship ( driving for Delta-ADR ) and the Grand-Am Rolex Series ( driving for Michael Shank Racing ) . Born in Manaus , Pizzonia started his car racing career in the Formula Vauxhall Junior series in 1997 , and then progressed through various junior formulae , winning the Formula Vauxhall Junior Winter Festival in 1997 , the Formula Vauxhall Junior and Formula Renault Winter Festival in 1998 , the Formula Renault 2.0 UK in 1999 , and the British Formula 3 Championship in 2000 . For 2001 and 2002 , he entered the Formula 3000 , with his best championship finish being sixth in 2001 . In 2003 , he was signed by the Jaguar Formula One team , but following poor results , was released during the season . In 2004 , he replaced the injured Ralf Schumacher at Williams in several events , securing his first Formula One points in the process . In 2005 , he replaced Nick Heidfeld at Williams , but was released from his contract at the end of the season . Since then , he has competed in multiple series , such as the Champ Car World Series , the Superleague Formula , Stock Car Brasil , and the FIA GT1 World Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Williams - BMW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WilliamsF1', 'summary': "Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited , currently racing in Formula One as ROKiT Williams Racing , is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor . It was founded by team owner Sir Frank Williams and automotive engineer Sir Patrick Head . It is still run by Williams . The team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams 's two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations : Frank Williams Racing Cars ( 1969 to 1975 ) and Wolf-Williams Racing ( 1976 ) . All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number , the FW being the initials of team owner , Frank Williams . The team 's first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix , where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève . Williams started manufacturing its own cars the following year , and Switzerland 's Clay Regazzoni won Williams 's first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix . At the 1997 British Grand Prix , Canadian Jacques Villeneuve scored the team 's 100th race victory , making Williams one of only four teams in Formula One , alongside Ferrari , fellow British team McLaren , and Mercedes to win 100 races . Williams won nine Constructors ' Championships between 1980 and 1997 . This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000 . Drivers for Williams have included Australia 's Alan Jones ; Finland 's Keke Rosberg ; Britain 's Nigel Mansell , Damon Hill and Jenson Button ; France 's Alain Prost ; Brazil 's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna ; and Canada 's Jacques Villeneuve . Each of these drivers , with the exception of Senna and Button , have captured one Drivers ' title with the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "BMW has been involved in Formula One in a number of capacities since the inauguration of the World Drivers ' Championship in 1950 . The company entered occasional races in the 1950s and 1960s ( often under Formula Two regulations ) , before building the BMW M12/13 inline-four turbocharged engine in the 1980s . This engine was the result of a deal between BMW and Brabham , which resulted in the team 's chassis being powered by BMW engines from 1982 until 1987 , a period in which Nelson Piquet won the 1983 championship driving a Brabham BT52-BMW . BMW also supplied the M12/13 on a customer basis to the ATS , Arrows , Benetton and Ligier teams during this period , with various degrees of success . In 1988 , Brabham temporarily withdrew from the sport and BMW withdrew its official backing from the engines , which were still used by the Arrows team under the Megatron badge . Turbocharged engines were banned by the revised Formula One Technical Regulations for 1989 , rendering the M12/13 obsolete . BMW decided to return to Formula One in the late 1990s by signing an exclusive contract with the Williams team , which needed a new long-term engine supplier after the withdrawal of Renault in 1997 . The programme resulted in the creation of a new V10 engine which made its race début in the Williams FW22 in 2000 . The following year saw the partnership move from the midfield to challenging for race victories , but the desired championship remained elusive due to the dominance of Michael Schumacher and Ferrari in the first half of the 2000s . By 2005 , the relationship between BMW and Williams had deteriorated , and BMW chose to part company and buy the rival Sauber team outright . The BMW Sauber project lasted from 2006 until 2009 , and resulted in a substantial increase in competitiveness for the Swiss former privateer team . Two podium finishes in the first year were followed by a solid third in the Constructors ' Championship in 2007 ( which became second when McLaren was disqualified ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:36.445', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.365', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Klien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Klien', 'summary': 'Christian Klien ( born 7 February 1983 ) is an Austrian former Formula One racing driver . In total he has scored 14 points in Formula One . Klien currently competes full-time in the Blancpain GT Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Red Bull - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing', 'summary': "Red Bull Racing ( currently sponsored name Aston Martin Red Bull Racing and also simply known as Red Bull or RBR ) is a Formula One racing team , racing a Honda powered car under an Austrian licence and based in the United Kingdom . The team raced under a British licence from 2005 to 2006 and has raced under an Austrian licence since 2007 . It is one of two Formula One teams owned by beverage company Red Bull GmbH , the other being Scuderia AlphaTauri ( previously Scuderia Toro Rosso ) . The team has been managed by Christian Horner since its formation in 2005 . Red Bull had Cosworth engines in 2005 and Ferrari engines in 2006 . The team used engines supplied by Renault between 2007 and 2018 ( from 2016 to 2018 the Renault engine was re-badged TAG Heuer following the breakdown in the relationship between Red Bull and Renault in 2015 ) . During this partnership they won four successive Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championship titles from 2010 to 2013 , becoming the first Austrian team to win the title . The team began using Honda engines in 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:36.472', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.392', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narain Karthikeyan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narain_Karthikeyan', 'summary': "Kumar Ram Narain Karthikeyan ( born 14 January 1977 ) is a racing driver who was the first Formula One driver from India . He has previously competed in A1GP , and the Le Mans Series . He has won multiple races in A1GP , British F3 , World series by Nissan , AutoGP , Formula Asia , British Formula Ford & Opel series in his single-seater career . He won the British Formula Ford Winter Series in 1994 & Formula Asia Championship in 1996 . He also finished fourth overall in British F3 in 2000 & the World Nissan series in 2003 . He made his Formula One debut in 2005 with the Jordan team , and was a Williams F1 test driver in 2006 and 2007 . Like several other former F1 drivers , Karthikeyan moved to stock car racing and drove the No . 60 Safe Auto Insurance Company Toyota Tundra for Wyler Racing in the 2010 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series . In 2011 he returned to F1 with the HRT team , continued with the team in 2012 and was expected to drive for them in the 2013 season as well . However , HRT was not included in the FIA 's 2013 entry list , and thus Karthikeyan was left without a drive . From 2014-2018 , Karthikeyan raced in Japanese Super Formula series . In 2019 he ended his single-seater career by joining SuperGT series in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Racing_(Formula_One_team)', 'summary': "Panasonic Toyota Racing was a Formula One team owned by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota Motor Corporation and based in Cologne , Germany . Toyota announced their plans to participate in Formula One in 1999 , and after extensive testing with their initial car , dubbed the TF101 , the team made their debut in 2002 . The new team grew from Toyota 's long-standing Toyota Motorsport GmbH organisation , which had previously competed in the World Rally Championship and the 24 Hours of Le Mans . Despite a point in their first-ever race , Toyota never won a Grand Prix , their best finish being 2nd position , which they achieved five times . Toyota drew criticism for their lack of success , as they never managed to win with one of the sport 's biggest budgets . Toyota was a well-funded team , but despite this , strong results had never been consistent . On 4 November 2009 , Toyota announced its immediate withdrawal from Formula One , ending the team 's involvement in the sport after eight consecutive seasons ."}]}, {'value': '1:36.707', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.627', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacques Villeneuve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve', 'summary': "Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve OQ ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑk vilnœv ] ; born April 9 , 1971 ) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver and amateur musician . Villeneuve currently competes in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series , driving the # 32 Chevrolet Camaro for Go Fas Racing in the Elite 1 class . He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve , and is the namesake of his uncle , who was also a racer . Villeneuve won the 1995 CART Championship , the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and the 1997 Formula One World Championship , making him only the third driver after Mario Andretti and Emerson Fittipaldi to achieve such a feat . As of 2019 [ update ] , no other Canadian has won the Indianapolis 500 or the Formula One Drivers ' title . Following two successful years in CART , Villeneuve moved into Formula One with the front-running Williams team , alongside Damon Hill . In his debut season , Villeneuve challenged teammate Hill for the title , winning four races and taking the fight to the final round in Japan , where Villeneuve retired and Hill won the race and the title . Villeneuve , however , did win the following year 's title , this time challenging Michael Schumacher and once again taking it to the final round in Jerez , where Schumacher retired after the two collided . 1997 would be the last year in which Villeneuve would win a championship level race and finish the season in the top three . For 1998 , Villeneuve 's Williams team had to fare with less competitive Mecachrome engines , and Villeneuve moved to the newly formed British American Racing team in 1999 . He stayed there for the next four seasons but , following poor results he was replaced by former British Formula Three Champion Takuma Sato . Villeneuve also drove for Renault at the end of 2004 , and Sauber in the 2005 season and eleven races of the 2006 season before suffering an injury in Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Sauber - Petronas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sauber', 'summary': "Sauber Motorsport AG is a Swiss motorsport engineering company . It was founded in 1970 ( as PP Sauber AG ) by Peter Sauber , who progressed through hillclimbing and the World Sportscar Championship to reach Formula One in 1993 . In 2019 , following a sponsorship deal , Sauber Motorsport AG renamed their Formula One racing team to Alfa Romeo Racing after operating it under their own name from 1993 until 2018 . Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent , the team was sold to BMW in 2005 , and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009 , scoring one victory . At the end of the 2009 season BMW pulled out of Formula One and the team 's future remained uncertain for several months , until it was sold back to Peter Sauber and granted a 2010 entry . Due to issues with the Concorde Agreement , the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season . In March 2010 , Peter Sauber announced plans to change the team name during the season , but the FIA announced that they would have to wait until the end of the season to change their name . At the beginning of the 2011 season the team dropped BMW from their name . Until mid-2016 Peter Sauber held a controlling 66.6% stake in the team , with the remainder belonging to then CEO Monisha Kaltenborn ; she had been a leading figure in the team since BMW 's withdrawal . The team was sold during the 2016 season to Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S.A , with Pascal Picci taking over Peter Sauber 's role as chairman of the board and president ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sauber_Petronas_Engineering', 'summary': 'Sauber Petronas Engineering AG ( SPE ) was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufacturer Sauber ( 60% ) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas ( 40% ) . It was founded in 1996 for the purpose of supplying engines to the Sauber Formula One team but at the same time the company began work on the design of production car engines for the Malaysian national car company Proton . The company also helped develop racing motorcycles like Petronas GP1 . Former Honda and Ferrari engineer Osamu Goto was in charge of the Powertrain Division , including the F1 engine program . The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded Petronas . Sauber licensed nearly every legally licensable part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff . Many pointed out suspicious similarities between Ferrari and Sauber chassis , but no formal accusations were ever made , even if FIA rules require each team to design their own chassis . The long-term aim of Sauber Petronas was to design and build its own F1 engines for the 1999 season but the programme was abandoned , choosing instead to continue with the Ferrari units . In 1998 , Petronas commissioned the Powertrain Division of SPE to design their own first commercial automotive engine , the Petronas E01e engine . After the 2005 season , Sauber was bought by BMW and the co-operation with Ferrari ended .'}]}, {'value': '1:36.788', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+2.708', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Takuma Sato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takuma_Sato', 'summary': "Takuma Sato ( 佐藤 琢磨 , Satō Takuma , born 28 January 1977 ) is a Japanese professional racing driver . Sato has raced full-time in the IndyCar Series since 2010 for the Honda-powered KV , Rahal , Foyt , Andretti , and again starting from 2018 , the Rahal teams . Sato won the 2017 Indianapolis 500 , becoming the first Asian driver to win the Indy 500 . He also became the first Japanese driver to win an IndyCar race when he won the 2013 Grand Prix of Long Beach . He competed in Formula One from 2002 to 2008 for the Honda-powered Jordan , BAR and Super Aguri teams , scoring a single podium at the 2004 United States Grand Prix . His 8th-place finish in the 2004 Formula One World Drivers ' Championship is the best-ever result for a Japanese driver in the series ."}]}, {'value': 'BAR - Honda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_American_Racing', 'summary': "British American Racing , abbreviated as BAR , was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005 . BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell , and used Supertec engines for their first year . Subsequently , they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years . The team was named after British American Tobacco plc ( BAT ) , which owned and sponsored it in order to display its Lucky Strike and 555 brands . The headquarters were in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom . In mid-November 2004 , Japanese automobile manufacturer Honda purchased 45% of the team , and in September 2005 , purchased the remaining 55% share to become the sole owner . Consequently , BAR Honda became Honda Racing F1 Team for the 2006 Formula One season . BAT continued as title sponsor with the Lucky Strike brand , but due to new tobacco advertising regulations worldwide , pulled its sponsorship from Formula One entirely at the end of the 2006 season . Honda ran the team for the 2006 , 2007 and 2008 seasons . During 2008 , the Honda RA109 was being developed for the following year while Honda attempted to sell the team . A management buy-out by team principal Ross Brawn and an engine supply deal with Mercedes-Benz resulted in a remarkable 2009 season in which Brawn GP team won the Constructors ' Championship with Jenson Button winning the Drivers ' Championship . Mercedes bought the team in November 2009 and as of January 2020 [ update ] , the team competes as Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Honda_Racing_F1', 'summary': "Honda has participated in Formula One , as an entrant , constructor and engine supplier , for various periods since 1964 . Honda 's involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season , and in 1965 they achieved their first victory at the Mexican Grand Prix . After further success with John Surtees , Honda withdrew at the end of the 1968 season due to difficulties selling road cars in the United States and Honda driver Jo Schlesser 's fatal accident . Honda returned in 1983 as an engine supplier , which started a very successful period for Honda . After winning races in 1984 and 1985 , Honda won the Constructors ' Championship every year between 1986 and 1991 with Williams and McLaren , and the Drivers ' Championship every year from 1987 to 1991 with Nelson Piquet , Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost . Honda withdrew at the end of 1992 after having achieved their targets . Honda returned again in 2000 , providing engines for British American Racing ( BAR ) . BAR-Honda finished second in the Constructors ' Championship in 2004 , and by the end of 2005 Honda had bought out the BAR team , which became the Honda team for 2006 . After a good 2006 season where Jenson Button won the Hungarian Grand Prix , Honda announced in December 2008 that they would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the global financial crisis , following two difficult seasons in 2007 and 2008 . In May 2013 , Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under a works agreement with McLaren to supply power units . The first iterations of the Honda engines proved to be uncompetitive , and Honda spent their first three years under the harsh scrutiny of the public eye as they developed their power unit . McLaren and Honda split after three years , Toro Rosso however , agreed to use Honda engines for the 2018 season as a works outfit ."}]}, {'value': '1:37.083', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+3.003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christijan Albers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christijan_Albers', 'summary': 'Christijan Albers ( Christijan Albers ( help·info ) ) ( born 16 April 1979 in Eindhoven ) is a Dutch professional racing driver . After success in the DTM he drove in Formula One from 2005 until the 2007 British Grand Prix , shortly after which he was dropped by the Spyker F1 team . In 2008 , he returned to the DTM series as a driver for the Audi Futurecom TME team . Albers acted as Team Principal and CEO of the Caterham F1 Team from July to September 2014 after it was acquired by new team owners .'}]}, {'value': 'Minardi - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minardi', 'summary': "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:39.105', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+5.025', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tiago Monteiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiago_Monteiro', 'summary': "Tiago Vagaroso da Costa Monteiro ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ tiˈaɣu mõˈtɐjɾu ] ; born 24 July 1976 ) is a Portuguese professional racing driver currently competing in the World Touring Car Cup , driving a Honda Civic TCR for KCMG . He competed in Formula One between 2005 and 2006 for the Jordan Grand Prix , Midland and Spyker MF1 teams - all different iterations of the same team as it was bought by new owners during a two-year stint as part of the Formula One paddock . He is the only Portuguese driver to have scored a Formula One podium finish . Monteiro started racing in the World Touring Car Championship in 2007 with Seat Sport , and remained with the Spanish manufacturer until 2012 , when he switched to the new Honda team late in the season . He still remains with the Japanese manufacturer in 2019 , having achieved his best championship finish of third in 2016 , and also helped Honda to win the manufacturers ' championship in 2013 . He was leading the drivers ' championship after 12 races in 2017 , but injuries sustained in a crash in testing forced him to withdraw from the rest of the season . Monteiro is a 12-time World Touring Car race winner and achieved the eighth most wins in the WTCC , until it became the World Touring Car Cup in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan - Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "Jordan Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005 . The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan . Jordan and his team were well known for an easygoing attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s . The team was based at Silverstone , UK but raced with the Irish licence . In early 2005 , the team was sold to Midland Group , who competed for one final season as 'Jordan ' , before renaming the team as MF1 Racing for the 2006 season , before being sold later in 2006 to Dutch car manufacturer Spyker to become Spyker F1 for 2007 , and then sold again to become Force India in 2008 . In 2018 , as a result of the financial collapse of the Force India team , and its subsequent buyout by a consortium led by Lawrence Stroll , the team 's FIA entry was not transferred , and the Jordan Grand Prix 's original entry was finally excluded from the sport ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Toyota_Racing_(Formula_One_team)', 'summary': "Panasonic Toyota Racing was a Formula One team owned by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota Motor Corporation and based in Cologne , Germany . Toyota announced their plans to participate in Formula One in 1999 , and after extensive testing with their initial car , dubbed the TF101 , the team made their debut in 2002 . The new team grew from Toyota 's long-standing Toyota Motorsport GmbH organisation , which had previously competed in the World Rally Championship and the 24 Hours of Le Mans . Despite a point in their first-ever race , Toyota never won a Grand Prix , their best finish being 2nd position , which they achieved five times . Toyota drew criticism for their lack of success , as they never managed to win with one of the sport 's biggest budgets . Toyota was a well-funded team , but despite this , strong results had never been consistent . On 4 November 2009 , Toyota announced its immediate withdrawal from Formula One , ending the team 's involvement in the sport after eight consecutive seasons ."}]}, {'value': '1:39.233', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+5.153', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Doornbos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Doornbos', 'summary': "Robert Michael Doornbos ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈroːbərt ˈmɑikəl ˈdoːrnbɔs ] ( listen ) ; born 23 September 1981 ) is a Dutch racing driver who also competed with a Monégasque licence . He has been test and third driver for the Jordan and Red Bull Racing Formula One teams , as well as driving for Minardi and Red Bull Racing in 2005 and 2006 . Doornbos then drove for Minardi Team USA in the 2007 and final season of the Champ Car World Series . He competed in the Superleague Formula racing series in 2008 , and drove for the Netherlands team in A1 Grand Prix 's 2008-2009 season . In 2009 , Doornbos competed in the IndyCar Series . He began the season with Newman/Haas/Lanigan Racing , but switched to HVM Racing after the race in Kentucky Speedway ."}]}, {'value': 'Minardi - Cosworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minardi', 'summary': "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi . It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success , nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans . In 2001 , to save the team from folding , Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart , who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso . From 2001 , all of Minardi chassis are called PS then a number , the PS being the initials of team owner , Paul Stoddart . During its time in F1 , the team scored a total of 38 championship points ; 16 of these were earned by the team 's first driver , Pierluigi Martini . Martini also recorded the team 's only front row start , qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix , and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix , the only time a Minardi led a lap . The team never achieved a podium finish , only managing three 4th-place finishes : Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993 . In the 21 seasons , Minardi entered 37 drivers . Thirteen had Italian nationality , the others came with 13 different nationalities ( discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005 ) . Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team , while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times . Before Minardi 's demise , the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness , accessibility , and lack of corporate culture . On the track , their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget , their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds ( and engine power ) rather than a poor car ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cosworth', 'summary': 'Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958 ; 62 years ago ( 1958 ) , specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics ; for automobile racing ( motorsport ) and mainstream automotive industries . Cosworth is based in Northampton , England , with American facilities in Indianapolis , Shelby Charter Township , Michigan and Mooresville , North Carolina . Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One ( F1 ) as engine supplier , ranking third with most wins , behind Ferrari and Mercedes .'}]}, {'value': '1:39.460', 'urls': []}, {'value': '+5.380', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Classification -- Qualifying', 'section_text': 'Qualifying took place on October 15 .', 'uid': '2005_Chinese_Grand_Prix_0', 'intro': "The 2005 Chinese Grand Prix was the final Formula One motor race of the 2005 Formula One season which took place on 16 October 2005 at the Shanghai International Circuit. This was the second Chinese Grand Prix to be held since the event's 2004 inception. The race was won by the new World Champion, Renault's Fernando Alonso. McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen was four seconds behind in second position, a reflection of their season long duel for the championship. Toyota driver Ralf Schumacher was third. Renault won the Constructors' Championship at this race; they had led McLaren by two points before the start of the race. This was the final race for Antônio Pizzonia, the Minardi and Jordan teams, although both teams continued into 2006 under different names (Scuderia Toro Rosso and Midland F1 Racing respectively). This was also the last win for a car equipped with a 6-speed gearbox and with a V10 engine."}
null
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What place did the driver that finished right behind Michael Schumacher in the qualifying round of 2005 Chinese Grand Prix achieve in the World Drivers ' Championship in 1998 ?
3rd
0b0d66e0b8be67fa
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_Australian_television', 'title': '2001 in Australian television', 'header': ['Program', 'Subscription network', 'Free-to-air network', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': '/ Dumb Bunnies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dumb_Bunnies', 'summary': 'The Dumb Bunnies are a series of books created by Dav Pilkey , the author of Captain Underpants , under the pseudonym Sue Denim . They involve the adventures of a dumb family of bunnies . The Dumb Bunnies did everything in reverse , including sleeping under beds and putting flowers upside down in vases . The series is said to be mocking or parodying books like Good Night Moon by Margaret Wise Brown and The Stupids Step Out by Harry G. Allard and illustrated by James Marshall .'}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '2 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': "An Actor 's Life For Me", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/An_Actor's_Life_For_Me", 'summary': "An Actor 's Life For Me is a British sitcom that aired on BBC Radio 2 from 1989 to 1993 and on BBC television in 1991 . Starring John Gordon Sinclair and Gina McKee , it was written by Paul Mayhew-Archer , who later co-wrote The Vicar of Dibley ."}]}, {'value': 'UKTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UKTV_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)', 'summary': "BBC UKTV is an Australian pay television channel in Australia and New Zealand , screening British entertainment programming , sourced mainly from the archives of the BBC , RTL Group ( mainly Talkback Thames material ) and ITV plc . The channel was originally a joint venture with Foxtel ( 60% ownership ) , the RTL Group ( 20% ownership ) and BBC Worldwide ( 20% ownership ) . It is now owned solely by BBC Studios . It is the home of the channel 's flagship programme The Graham Norton Show ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '10 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_(1999_TV_series)', 'summary': "Angel is an American television series , a spin-off from the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . The series was created by Buffy 's creator , Joss Whedon , in collaboration with David Greenwalt . It aired on The WB from October 5 , 1999 , to May 19 , 2004 , consisting of five seasons and 110 episodes . Like Buffy , it was produced by Whedon 's production company , Mutant Enemy . The show details the ongoing trials of Angel , a vampire whose human soul was restored to him by gypsies as a punishment for the murder of one of their own . After more than a century of murder and the torture of innocents , Angel 's restored soul torments him with guilt and remorse . Angel moves to Los Angeles , California , after it is clear that his doomed relationship with Buffy , the vampire slayer , can not continue . During the majority of the show , he works as a private detective in L.A , where he and a variety of associates work to help the helpless , restoring the faith and saving the souls of those who have lost their way . While he must also battle his own demonic nature , he typically battles with evil demons or humans allied to them , primarily related to Wolfram & Hart , a law firm supported by occult practices which is an extension of otherworldly demonic forces ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox8', 'summary': "Fox8 ( corporately stylised as FOX8 , alternatively as Fox 8 or FOX 8 ) is an Australian pay television channel available on Foxtel , and Optus Television 's subscription platforms . It is the most watched subscription television channel in Australia ( with or without the timeshift ) and broadcasts the highest rating non-sporting related program or event on subscription television in Australia , Australia 's Next Top Model . A high definition version of the channel , Fox8HD , was launched on the Foxtel and Austar platforms on 15 November 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '24 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Full Wax', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UKTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UKTV_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)', 'summary': "BBC UKTV is an Australian pay television channel in Australia and New Zealand , screening British entertainment programming , sourced mainly from the archives of the BBC , RTL Group ( mainly Talkback Thames material ) and ITV plc . The channel was originally a joint venture with Foxtel ( 60% ownership ) , the RTL Group ( 20% ownership ) and BBC Worldwide ( 20% ownership ) . It is now owned solely by BBC Studios . It is the home of the channel 's flagship programme The Graham Norton Show ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '1 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brittas Empire , The The Brittas Empire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Brittas_Empire', 'summary': "The Brittas Empire is a British sitcom created and originally written by Andrew Norriss and Richard Fegen . Chris Barrie played Gordon Brittas , the well-meaning but incompetent manager of Whitbury New Town Leisure Centre . The show ran for seven series and 52 episodes - including two Christmas specials - from 1991 to 1997 on BBC1 . Norriss and Fegen wrote the first five series , after which they left the show . The Brittas Empire enjoyed a long and successful run throughout the 1990s , and gained large mainstream audiences . In 2004 the show came 47th on the BBC 's Britain 's Best Sitcom poll , and all series have been released on DVD . The creators Andrew Norriss and Richard Fegen often combined farce with either surreal or dramatic elements in episodes . For example , in the first series , the leisure centre prepares for a royal visit , only for the doors to seal , the boiler room to flood and a visitor to become electrocuted . Unlike the traditional sitcom , deaths were quite common in The Brittas Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'UKTV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UKTV_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)', 'summary': "BBC UKTV is an Australian pay television channel in Australia and New Zealand , screening British entertainment programming , sourced mainly from the archives of the BBC , RTL Group ( mainly Talkback Thames material ) and ITV plc . The channel was originally a joint venture with Foxtel ( 60% ownership ) , the RTL Group ( 20% ownership ) and BBC Worldwide ( 20% ownership ) . It is now owned solely by BBC Studios . It is the home of the channel 's flagship programme The Graham Norton Show ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '6 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friends', 'summary': 'Friends is an American sitcom television series , created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman , which aired on NBC from September 22 , 1994 , to May 6 , 2004 , lasting ten seasons . With an ensemble cast starring Jennifer Aniston , Courteney Cox , Lisa Kudrow , Matt LeBlanc , Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer , the show revolved around six friends in their 20s and 30s who lived in Manhattan , New York City . The series was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions , in association with Warner Bros. Television . The original executive producers were Kevin S. Bright , Kauffman , and Crane . Kauffman and Crane began developing Friends under the title Insomnia Cafe between November and December 1993 . They presented the idea to Bright , and together they pitched a seven-page treatment of the show to NBC . After several script rewrites and changes , including title changes to Six of One and Friends Like Us , the series was finally named Friends . Filming of the show took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . All ten seasons of Friends ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings ; it ultimately reached the number-one spot in its eighth season . The series finale aired on May 6 , 2004 , and was watched by around 52.5 million American viewers , making it the fifth most-watched series finale in television history , and the most-watched television episode of the 2000s decade . Friends received acclaim throughout its run , becoming one of the most popular television shows of all time . The series was nominated for 62 Primetime Emmy Awards , winning the Outstanding Comedy Series award in 2002 for its eighth season .'}]}, {'value': 'Oh !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oh!_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "Oh ! was an Australian cable TV channel owned by Optus Television . It served as the services 's premier general entertainment channel until it was replaced by FOX8 in 2002 . Programming was mostly sourced from Warner Brothers Television . After the channels closure , the content was given to Foxtel and XYZnetworks channels , with most of the Warner Brothers shows moving to Arena ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': '3 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drew Carey Show , The The Drew Carey Show', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show', 'summary': 'The Drew Carey Show is an American sitcom television series that aired on ABC from September 13 , 1995 to September 8 , 2004 . It was set in Cleveland , Ohio and revolved around the retail office and home life of everyman Drew Carey , a fictionalized version of the actor . The show was created by Carey , who had both stand-up comedy and writing experience , and Bruce Helford , who was once a writer for Roseanne . It was the first television show to have an episode simulcast on the Internet . Produced by Mohawk Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television , it debuted on September 13 , 1995 , and ranked among the Top 30 programs for four seasons before sliding in popularity . Ratings declined sharply during the final two seasons , and the last two episodes aired on September 8 , 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Oh !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oh!_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "Oh ! was an Australian cable TV channel owned by Optus Television . It served as the services 's premier general entertainment channel until it was replaced by FOX8 in 2002 . Programming was mostly sourced from Warner Brothers Television . After the channels closure , the content was given to Foxtel and XYZnetworks channels , with most of the Warner Brothers shows moving to Arena ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': 'July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ER_(TV_series)', 'summary': "ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and medical doctor Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19 , 1994 , to April 2 , 2009 , with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons . It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television , in association with Warner Bros. Television . ER follows the inner life of the emergency room ( ER ) of fictional County General Hospital in Chicago , Illinois , and various critical issues faced by the room 's physicians and staff . The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey 's Anatomy , and the 5th longest medical drama across the globe ( behind BBC 's Casualty and Holby City , and Poland 's Na dobre i na złe ) . It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards , including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award , and received 124 Emmy nominations . ER won 116 awards in total , including the Peabody Award , while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series . As of 2014 , ER has grossed over $ 3 billion in television revenue ."}]}, {'value': 'Oh !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oh!_(TV_channel)', 'summary': "Oh ! was an Australian cable TV channel owned by Optus Television . It served as the services 's premier general entertainment channel until it was replaced by FOX8 in 2002 . Programming was mostly sourced from Warner Brothers Television . After the channels closure , the content was given to Foxtel and XYZnetworks channels , with most of the Warner Brothers shows moving to Arena ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine_Network', 'summary': "The Nine Network ( commonly known as Channel Nine or simply Nine ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network , that is a division of Nine Entertainment Co. with headquarters in Willoughby , a suburb located on the North Shore of Sydney , Australia . The Nine Network is one of five main free-to-air commercial networks in Australia . As of 2019 , the Nine Network is the highest-rating television network in Australia , ahead of the Seven Network , Network 10 , ABC , and SBS . Since 2017 , the network 's slogan has been We Are the One ."}]}, {'value': 'August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_the_Tank_Engine_and_Friends', 'summary': "Thomas & Friends ( originally known as Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends or simply Thomas the Tank Engine ; later called Thomas & Friends : Big World ! Big Adventures ! ) is a British-American children 's television series . In the United Kingdom , it had its first broadcast on the ITV network in Great Britain in 1984 . In the United States , it had its first broadcast on Shining Time Station in 1989 . It is based on The Railway Series of books by The Reverend Wilbert Awdry and his son , Christopher Awdry . These books follow the adventures of a group of anthropomorphised locomotives and road vehicles who live on the fictional Island of Sodor . The books were based on stories Wilbert told to entertain his son , Christopher , during his recovery from measles . Many of the stories from the first four series are based on events from Awdry 's personal experience ."}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Insektors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Insektors', 'summary': 'Insektors ( stylized as InseKtorS ) was a 1994 animated TV series , and was one of the earliest computer animated series , predating ReBoot . Made in a small studio , Fantome in France , it was the 1994 recipient of a Children and Young People Emmy Award , and was directed by Georges LaCroix and Renato LaCroix , and written by Eric Rondeaux , Véronique Herbaut and Marc Perrier .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids_(Australia)', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Budgie the Little Helicopter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Budgie_the_Little_Helicopter', 'summary': "Budgie the Little Helicopter is a British series of children 's books and animated television series relating to a fictional character 'Budgie ' and his friends . The characters were based on the books by Sarah , Duchess of York . The show was coproduced by Fred Wolf Films Dublin , The Sleepy Kids Company and Sarah , Duchess of York for The west version of HTV for ITV and Scottish Television Enterprises , and originally aired on British television in 1994 on CITV , where it ran for 39 episodes . A range of videos , books , and toys were released under the Budgie label . On release of the first book , the Duchess was accused by the media of copying the idea for the series from an out-of-print 1960 book Hector the Helicopter , by A.W . Baldwin , which she denied ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids_(Australia)', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freaky Stories', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freaky_Stories', 'summary': "Freaky Stories is a Canadian animated anthology television series , which was originally broadcast by YTV in English and Canal Famille ( now Vrak ) in French ( 5-minute versions using the French title Frissons ) . It is an animated show about urban legends hosted by two animatronic puppets , Larry de Bug , a cockroach , ( voiced by James Rankin ) and his gooey sidekick , Maurice the maggot ( voiced by Dan Redican ) in Ted 's Diner - a 1940s era diner setting staffed by Rosie the waitress ( voiced by Jayne Eastwood , but never seen - Season One only ) . It was often part of The Three Friends and Jerry when it aired on Fox Family . This series , described as a Twilight Zone for kids , centers on the kind of myths and legends that are told as scary campfire or bedtime stories . Every episode always starts with and finishes with the phrase : This is a true story , and it happened to a friend of a friend of mine . and by the words of Larry , Just because they never happened , does n't mean they ai n't true . Animation styles and musical scoring varied within each half-hour episode , incorporating 20 different looks in the first season alone . The short stories and changing styles were specifically designed to keep viewers ' attention span . Series creator Steve Schnier successfully pitched his concept of modern urban legends to YTV in 1991 . In 1994 , Steve teamed with executive producer John Delmage . The resulting Freaky Stories pilot premiered during YTV 's Dark Night 3 Halloween block on October 28 , 1995 , and the series itself premiered as a one-hour special as part of Dark Night 5 on October 24 , 1997 . While most episodes were finished on digibeta , the pilot was shot on film using traditional animation techniques but completed on video ."}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oscar and Friends', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oscar_and_Friends', 'summary': "Oscar and Friends is a New Zealand children 's stop motion animated television series that aired from 1995 to 1996 . The series was produced in Wellington , and was aimed at children aged 3 to 6 . The series was produced by Gnome Productions Ltd. , distributed by Southern Star Sales , and funded by NZ On Air and Southern Star Entertainment . Oscar and Friends has been screened all around the world including on ITV in the UK ( where the series rated number ten for kids in its first year of release ) , Fox in the United States , ABC in Australia , YoYo TV in Taiwan , and Magic Kids in Argentina ."}]}, {'value': 'Nickelodeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australia)', 'summary': "Nickelodeon is an Australian children 's television channel operated by a joint venture of Foxtel Networks and ViacomCBS Networks UK & Australia . Being a version of the namesake television channel in the United States , the channel broadcasts Nickelodeon 's original series , as well as shows from third-party companies . The Australian version also offers a timeshift schedule to viewers in New Zealand since 1 December 2010 ; the New Zealand-specific version of Nickelodeon ceased broadcasting a day before ."}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'What About Mimi ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/What_About_Mimi?', 'summary': 'What About Mimi ? is a Canadian animated series . The main character is Mimi Morton , a clever , red-headed girl in the 6th grade who lives in the town of Starfish Bay . The series was produced by Decode Entertainment and Studio B Productions , and won the Pulcinella Award for the Best Series for Children in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids_(Australia)', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cubeez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cubeez', 'summary': "Cubeez was a British 3D computer animated television series that was broadcast between 1999 and 2001 on GMTV 's Kids . It was aimed at pre-school children aged 2-5 . The four box-like characters , Bozz , Doody , Dink and Tizzy are accompanied on their adventures by a talking paintbrush ( voiced by Marc Silk ) and a variety of creative characters . Each episode has a strong educational element and features live-action footage of children ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids_(Australia)', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'ABC TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ABC_Television', 'summary': 'ABC Television is a service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation launched in 1956 . As a public service broadcaster , the ABC provides four non-commercial channels within Australia , and a partially advertising-funded satellite channel overseas . ABC is one of five main free-to-air networks in Australia .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': "/ / Weird-Oh 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weird-Oh's", 'summary': "Weird-Oh 's is a short-lived American/Canadian computer animated series produced by DHX Media . The series originally aired on Fox Family in the United States and YTV in Canada . It starred a cast of deformed characters and their misadventures in Weirdsville , a place just off Route 66 . Among the cast of characters were three main characters , named Digger , Eddie and Portia . It featured a beginning sequence where the characters would be seen racing ( similar to the product the series was based on of the same name ) . Only 13 episodes of the series were ever produced . The concept and characters were based on the Weird-Ohs series of polystyrene model kits by the Hawk Company . The characters in the model kits were popular in the early 1960s as satire on America 's car culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Fox Kids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Kids_(Australia)', 'summary': "Fox Kids ( originally known as Fox Children 's Network and later as the Fox Kids Network ) is a defunct American children 's programming block and branding for a slate of international children 's television channels . Originally a joint venture between the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and its affiliated stations , it was later owned by Fox Family Worldwide . Fox Kids originated as a programming block that aired on the Fox network from September 8 , 1990 to September 7 , 2002 . The block aired on Saturday mornings throughout its existence ( Sunday mornings in Canada ) , with an additional block on Monday through Friday afternoons airing until January 2002 . Fox Kids is the only form of daytime television programming , outside of sports , aired by the Fox network to date . Following then-Fox parent News Corporation 's sale of Fox Kids Worldwide to The Walt Disney Company in July 2001 , Fox put the remaining Saturday morning timeslot up for bidding , with 4Kids Entertainment winning and securing the rights to program that period . The Fox Kids block continued to air until September 7 , 2002 , and was replaced the following week ( on September 14 ) by the 4Kids-programmed FoxBox . Outside the United States , the first Fox Kids-branded television channel launched on October 1 , 1995 , on Foxtel in Australia . Beginning in 2004 , the international and Latin American channels were gradually relaunched under the Jetix brand following Disney 's acquisition of Fox Family Worldwide . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Seven Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seven_Network', 'summary': "The Seven Network ( commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven ) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network . It is owned by Seven West Media Limited , and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia . Channel Seven 's head office is in Sydney . As of 2019 , the Seven Network is the second-highest rated television network and primary channel in Australia , behind the Nine Network and ahead of Network 10 , the ABC and SBS . The Seven Network is the broadcaster of popular franchises and programs , including the AFL , the Cricket , the Olympics , Sunrise , My Kitchen Rules , Big Brother Australia , The Chase Australia , Australia 's Got Talent , House Rules , Home and Away , Better Homes & Gardens and Seven News . In 2011 the Seven Network won all 40 out of 40 weeks of the ratings season for total viewers . Seven is the first to achieve this since the introduction of the OzTAM ratings system in 2001 . As of 2014 , it is the second largest network in the country in terms of population reach ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Debuts -- Subscription premieres', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2001_in_Australian_television_7', 'intro': 'This is a list of programs which made their premiere on an Australian television network that had previously premiered on another Australian television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.'}
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What is the subscription network of the show that was written by Paul Mayhew-Archer ?
UKTV
0b0db9e972855aba
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Super_Cup', 'title': 'Israel Super Cup', 'header': ['Club', 'Winners', 'Runner-up'], 'data': [{'value': 'Maccabi Tel Aviv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_F.C.', 'summary': "Maccabi Tel Aviv Football Club is an Israeli football club and part of the Maccabi Tel Aviv sports club . Founded in 1906 as the HaRishon Le Zion-Yafo Association , it is the oldest , largest , and most decorated football club in Israel . With the establishment of the city of Tel Aviv in 1909 , the club changed its name to Maccabi Tel Aviv . In 1922 , it became the first Jewish football club to participate in local competitions . The meaning of the name Maccabi - 'there is no one like you among the gods ' - forms an integral part of the character of the team , which took the Star of David as their logo to represent the Jewish people . Maccabi Tel Aviv have won more titles than any other Israeli club , winning 22 League Championships ( 17 after Israeli independence ) , 23 prestigious State Cups ( 16 after Israeli independence ) and an additional five Toto ( League ) Cups , as well as two AFC Champions League until Israel were expelled from the AFC in 1974 . Maccabi Tel Aviv is the only Israeli football team that have never been relegated from the Israeli Premier League and one of only three Israeli teams to ever progress to the UEFA Champions League group stage . The club is named after the Maccabees and invest a lot in the development and nurturing of young talent . The club 's youth system operate football academies at three sites in the Tel Aviv area , working with over 750 children aged 6-15 . The club also runs 17 youth teams with 400 players between 9 and 19 years old . These teams tend to compete very successfully in local and national leagues ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hapoel Tel Aviv', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hapoel_Tel_Aviv_F.C.', 'summary': "Hapoel Tel-Aviv Football Club is an Israeli football club based in Tel Aviv , that competes in the Israeli Premier League . The club 's traditional home ground is Bloomfield Stadium . To date , the club has won thirteen championships and sixteen State Cups . In 1967 Hapoel Tel Aviv became the first club to win the Asian Club Championships . Since 1995 the club has competed in European club competitions , and has the highest rank among all Israeli clubs , with some outstanding achievements , such as wins against Chelsea , Milan , Hamburg , Paris Saint-Germain , Benfica , Rangers , and Celtic . It is also one of only 3 Israeli teams to have qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage , and one of the two which are ordinary members of the European Club Association . The club name , Hapoel , translates to The Worker , and combined with its red Hammer and sickle badge represents the club ties to Marxism , Socialism , and the working class . For seven decades , the club was owned by the Histadrut , Israel 's national trade union center ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maccabi Netanya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maccabi_Netanya_F.C.', 'summary': "Maccabi Netanya F.C . ( Hebrew : מועדון כדורגל מכבי נתניה , Football Club Maccabi Netanya ) is an Israeli football club based in Netanya . Established in 1934 , the club was a founding member of the Israeli League in 1949 . After winning their first championship in 1971 , the club 's golden period lasted until the late 1980s , including three more league titles and a double in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maccabi Haifa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maccabi_Haifa_F.C.', 'summary': 'Maccabi Haifa Football Club is an Israeli professional football club , based in City of Haifa , a section of Maccabi Haifa sports club . The club plays in the Israeli Premier League . Maccabi Haifa home games are played at Sammy Ofer Stadium . The stadium , which is shared with rivals Hapoel Haifa , is the second largest in Israel football , with a capacity of 30,780 . Maccabi Haifa is one of four clubs in the Big Four in Israeli football . It has won twelve League titles , Six State Cups and four Toto Cups . Maccabi has won the championship and the cup in the same season ( referred to as winning the double ) one time , and was the First Israeli club to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Hapoel Be'er Sheva", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Hapoel_Be'er_Sheva_F.C.", 'summary': "Hapoel Beer-Sheva Football Club is an Israeli football club from the city of Be'er Sheva , that competes in the Israeli Premier League . The club was established in 1949 , and since 2007 it has been run by businesswoman Alona Barkat , who serves as the club 's owner . The club also includes youth teams , boys and children , and a football school . The home uniform colors of the club are red and white . Until 1959 , the club played its home games at a stadium that was located in the old city of Be'er Sheva . In 1960 , the club moved to Vasermil Stadium . Starting from the 2015-16 season , the home ground of the team is Turner Stadium . The club began to win titles in the 1970s . Throughout the years , the team has won five championships , one Israel State Cup , four Toto Cup ( One in Liga Leumit ) , four Israel Super Cup ( One in the Second Division ) and one Lilian Cup . Be'er Sheva is also the first team in the history of Israeli football to play in a European competition , together with Beitar Jerusalem , and the first team in the history of Israeli football that played in the UEFA Cup together with Hapoel Tel Aviv ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beitar Jerusalem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beitar_Jerusalem_F.C.', 'summary': "Beitar Jerusalem Football Club ( Hebrew : מועדון כדורגל ביתר ירושלים ; Moadon Kaduregel Beitar Yerushalayim ) , commonly known as Beitar Jerusalem , or simply as Beitar , is an Israeli professional football club based in the city of Jerusalem , that plays in the Israeli Premier League , the top tier in Israeli football . The club was founded in 1936 by Shmuel Kirschstein and David Horn , who chaired the similarly named Betar branch in Jerusalem . Several team members were also part of the outlawed Irgun and Lehi militias closely associated with the right-wing Revisionist Zionism movement . The club has traditionally worn with kit colours in yellow and black . The team has played its home matches in the 31,733-capacity Teddy Stadium in the Malha neighborhood of Jerusalem since 1991 . Beitar 's fans have become a highly controversial political symbol in Israeli football culture , unofficially aligned with the Revisionist Zionist movement and to the right-wing Likud party . The club remain the only one in the Israel Premier League to have never signed an Arab player and the fans became infamous for their racist 'Death to Arabs ' chant However , in January 2019 the club celebrated its first year without any cases of organised racist chanting reported from the stands . Domestically , Beitar has won the 1986-87 , 1992-93 , 1996-97 , 1997-98 and 2006-07 , 2007-08 Israeli Premier League titles , 7 Israeli Cup ( 1976 , 1979 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 2008 , 2009 ) , and 2 Israeli Supercup ( 1976 , 1986 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bnei Yehuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bnei_Yehuda_Tel_Aviv_F.C.', 'summary': 'Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C . ( Hebrew : מועדון כדורגל בני יהודה תל אביב , Moadon Kaduregel Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv ) , commonly known as just Bnei Yehuda , is an Israeli football club from the Hatikva Quarter of Tel Aviv . The club is currently a member of the Israeli Premier League .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hapoel Kfar Saba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hapoel_Kfar_Saba_F.C.', 'summary': 'Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C . ( Hebrew : מועדון כדורגל הפועל כפר סבא , Moadon Kaduregel Hapoel Kfar Saba ) are an Israeli football club based in Kfar Saba . The club currently competes in the Israeli Premier League and plays its home matches at Levita Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hapoel Haifa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hapoel_Haifa_F.C.', 'summary': "Hapoel Haifa Football Club ( Hebrew : מועדון הכדורגל הפועל חיפה , Moadon HaKaduregel Hapoel Haifa ) is an Israeli football club located in Haifa . The club won one championship ( 1998-99 ) and 4 Israeli cups ( 1962-63 , 1965-66 and 1973-74 , 2017-18 ) . The team is also known as The Sharks . The club 's home is the Sammy Ofer Stadium in Haifa , in which they have played since their departure from Kiryat Eliezer Stadium in 2014 and Kiryat Haim 's Thomas D'Alesandro Stadium in 1955 . The colours of the team 's home kit are red throughout . The away colours are white shirts , and black shorts and socks ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hakoah Ramat Gan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakoah_Amidar_Ramat_Gan_F.C.', 'summary': 'Hakoah Maccabi Amidar Ramat Gan Football Club ( Hebrew : מועדון כדורגל הכח מכבי עמידר רמת גן ) is an Israeli football club based in Ramat Gan . The club is currently in Liga Alef South division and plays at the Winter Stadium in Ramat Shikma , a neighbourhood of Ramat Gan .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hapoel Petah Tikva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hapoel_Petah_Tikva_F.C.', 'summary': "Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C . ( Hebrew : הפועל פתח תקווה ) is an Israeli football club based in the city of Petah Tikva . Their most successful period was the late 1950s and early 1960s , in which the club won six championships , five of them in consecutive seasons . Although they have not won the title since 1963 , Hapoel still hold the record for the number of back-to-back titles . The club 's last piece of major silverware came in 2005 when they won the Toto Cup , and of all the clubs to have won the State Cup , Hapoel have the worst record in the finals , having won on only two of their nine appearances in the final ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hapoel Lod', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hapoel_Lod_F.C.', 'summary': 'Hapoel Lod ( Hebrew : הפועל לוד ) was an Israeli football club based in Lod . The club spent several seasons in the top division in the 1960s and 1980s , and won the State Cup in 1984 . After several relegations , they folded in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ironi Kiryat Shmona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hapoel_Ironi_Kiryat_Shmona_F.C.', 'summary': 'Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona Football Club is an Israeli football club based in Kiryat Shmona . The club are currently members of the Israeli Premier League and play at the Ironi Stadium . They won their first league title in 2011-12 .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hapoel Yehud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hapoel_Yehud_F.C.', 'summary': 'Hapoel Yehud ( Hebrew : הפועל יהוד ) was an Israeli football club based in Yehud . They spent eight seasons in the top division in the late 1970s and early 1980s , and won the State Cup in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maccabi Jaffa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maccabi_Jaffa_F.C.', 'summary': "Maccabi Jaffa Football Club was one of the first football teams in Israel . It was founded in 1950 as Zionist association of Maccabi Jaffa , by Jewish immigrants from Bulgaria . The Team played for 32 seasons in the Israeli Top Division , though its only title was The Israeli Toto Cup for the Second Division . Maccabi Jaffa finished three times at the second place in the Israeli First Division ( in the seasons of 1962 , 1964 and 1977 ) . In 1957 , Maccabi Jaffa played at the final of the Israeli State Cup , but lost to Hapoel Petah Tikva . The fan 's club Maccabi Kabilio Jaffa won the Israeli District Cup of the fourth and sixth divisions in the 2009 and 2010 seasons ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Liga Leumit Super Cup -- Performance by club', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Israel_Super_Cup_0', 'intro': 'The Israel Super Cup, also known as Champion of Champions (Hebrew: אלוף האלופים , Aluf HaAlufim), is an Israeli association football club competition played as a single match between the winner of the latest Israeli top league champions and the winner of the latest Israel State Cup. If a team won both the championship and the state cup, their designated rival for the Super Cup match was the league runner-up. The cup was first contested in 1957, but the title was an informal title, not sanctioned by the IFA Until 1969. As an IFA sanctioned competition, the competition was played annually, except for 1972, 1973 and 1987 until its cancellation in 1990. Between 1969 and 1971 The IFA also sanctioned a Champion of Champions match for Liga Alef, which was played between the two regional winners of Liga Alef. The match was played once more, at the end of the 1975-76 season, and was discontinued after the establishment of Liga Artzit. The most successful clubs were Hapoel Tel Aviv, Maccabi Netanya and Maccabi Tel Aviv with 5 titles each. In March 2014 the IFA announced the renewal of the competition.'}
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How many winners resulted from the club that is also known as `` The Sharks '' ?
1
0b0dcaa21d8334b1
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Jackson_(actor)', 'title': 'Jonathan Jackson (actor)', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Hospital', 'summary': "General Hospital ( commonly abbreviated GH ) is an American daytime television medical drama . It is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running American soap opera in production and the second longest-running drama in television in American history after Guiding Light . Concurrently , it is the world 's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials The Archers and Coronation Street , as well as the world 's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production . General Hospital premiered on the ABC television network on April 1 , 1963 . General Hospital is the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood , and the longest-running entertainment program in ABC television history . It holds the record for most Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series , with 13 wins . The show was created by husband-and-wife soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley , who originally set it in a general hospital ( hence the title ) , in an unnamed fictional city . In the 1970s , the city was named Port Charles , New York . From its beginning , General Hospital starred John Beradino and Emily McLaughlin , and both actors stayed with the show until their deaths in 1996 and 1991 respectively . They were joined a year later by Rachel Ames who remains to date the longest serving actress on an ABC soap opera , having been continuously on the show from 1964 to 2007 . General Hospital was the second soap to air on ABC ( after the short-lived Road to Reality , which aired for several months during the 1960-61 season ) . In 1964 , a sister soap was created for General Hospital , The Young Marrieds ; it ran for two years , and was canceled because of low ratings ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucky Spencer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucky_Spencer', 'summary': "Lucky Spencer is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera , General Hospital . He is the son of legendary supercouple , Luke and Laura Spencer , played by Anthony Geary and Genie Francis . His birth having been announced on-screen in 1985 , a ten-year-old Lucky was cast in 1993 , played by newcomer at the time , Jonathan Jackson . Jackson left the series in 1999 , and the character was played by Jacob Young and later Greg Vaughan , who was let go in 2009 to allow Jackson to reprise the role . Lucky 's characterization changed throughout the different portrayers ; originally a street-smart con artist , Lucky develops an edge during Young 's tenure and more drastically changes during Vaughan 's portrayal , as Lucky becomes a struggling police officer . With Jackson 's reprisal , Lucky begins showing some of the character 's original quick-witted qualities , but after a series of harrowing storylines , Jackson left the series in December 2011 and the role was not recast . Jackson briefly reprised the role in July 2015 . As a child , Lucky is known for taking part in the adventures of his parents . As a teenager , he becomes part of the supercouple Lucky Spencer and Elizabeth Webber ( played by Rebecca Herbst ) while Lucky helps Elizabeth recover after she has been raped . He learns of his parents ' rape incident decades prior , exacerbating his rebellion and independence . Lucky is kidnapped and presumed dead in 1999 , and returns brainwashed in 2000 . He becomes a police officer in 2003 , and faces financial and marital struggles during the following years , as well as prescription drug abuse ."}]}, {'value': '1993-99 , 2009-11 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boy Meets World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boy_Meets_World', 'summary': "Boy Meets World is an American television sitcom created and produced by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly . The show aired on the ABC network from September 24 , 1993 to May 5 , 2000 , lasting seven seasons . The show chronicles the everyday events and life-lessons of Cory Matthews ( Ben Savage ) . It also stars Cory 's teacher George Feeny ( William Daniels ) , best friend Shawn Hunter ( Rider Strong ) , brother Eric ( Will Friedle ) , and love interest Topanga ( Danielle Fishel ) . The show also features Cory 's father Alan ( William Russ ) , mother Amy ( Betsy Randle ) , and sister Morgan ( Lily Nicksay ) , while introducing the characters Angela Moore ( Trina McGee-Davis ) , Rachel McGuire ( Maitland Ward ) , Jonathan Turner ( Anthony Tyler Quinn ) , Eli Williams ( Alex Désert ) , and Jack Hunter ( Matthew Lawrence ) during its later seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Ferris', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Starry Night Episode : Honesty Night', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Boy_Meets_World_episodes', 'summary': 'The episode list of the ABC sitcom Boy Meets World . The series ran from September 24 , 1993 , to May 5 , 2000 , with 158 episodes produced , spanning 7 seasons .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Boy_Meets_World_episodes', 'summary': 'The episode list of the ABC sitcom Boy Meets World . The series ran from September 24 , 1993 , to May 5 , 2000 , with 158 episodes produced , spanning 7 seasons .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Night Visions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Night_Visions_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Night Visions is an American television horror anthology series , with each episode comprising two half-hour stories dealing with themes of the supernatural or simply the dark side of human nature . It was produced by Warner Bros. Television for the Fox network , originally airing from 2001 to 2002 . Musician Henry Rollins was the uncredited [ citation needed ] host of the show .'}]}, {'value': 'Devin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : If a Tree Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Night_Visions_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Night Visions is an American television horror anthology series , with each episode comprising two half-hour stories dealing with themes of the supernatural or simply the dark side of human nature . It was produced by Warner Bros. Television for the Fox network , originally airing from 2001 to 2002 . Musician Henry Rollins was the uncredited [ citation needed ] host of the show .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Twilight Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(2002_TV_series)', 'summary': "The Twilight Zone is the second of three revivals of Rod Serling 's original 1959-64 television series . It aired for one season on the UPN network , with actor Forest Whitaker assuming Serling 's role as narrator and on-screen host . It premiered on September 18 , 2002 , and aired its final episode on May 21 , 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'Martin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunrise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunrise_(The_Twilight_Zone)', 'summary': "The Twilight Zone is the second of three revivals of Rod Serling 's original 1959-64 television series . It aired for one season on the UPN network , with actor Forest Whitaker assuming Serling 's role as narrator and on-screen host . It premiered on September 18 , 2002 , and aired its final episode on May 21 , 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Tree Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Tree_Hill_(TV_series)', 'summary': "One Tree Hill is an American drama television series created by Mark Schwahn , which premiered on September 23 , 2003 , on The WB . After the series ' third season , The WB merged with UPN to form The CW , and from September 27 , 2006 , the series was broadcast by The CW in the United States until the end of its run in 2012 . The show is set in the fictional town of Tree Hill in North Carolina and initially follows the lives of two half-brothers , Lucas Scott ( Chad Michael Murray ) and Nathan Scott ( James Lafferty ) , who compete for positions on their school 's basketball team , and the drama that ensues from the brothers ' romances . Most of the filming took place in and around Wilmington , North Carolina . Many of the scenes were shot near the battleship USS North Carolina and on the University of North Carolina Wilmington campus . The first four seasons of the show focus on the main characters ' lives through their high school years . With the beginning of the fifth season , Schwahn advanced the timeline by four years to show their lives after college , and he made it jump a further fourteen months from the end of the sixth to the start of the seventh season . The opening credits were originally accompanied by the song I Do n't Want to Be by Gavin DeGraw . The theme was removed from the opening in the fifth season ; Schwahn said that this was to lower production costs , to add more time for the storyline , and because he felt that the song was more representative of the core characters ' adolescent past than their present maturity . The credits then consisted only of the title written on a black background . The theme was restored for season 8 , in response to audience demand , and was sung by different artists each week . The series premiered to 2.5 million viewers and rose to 3.3 million in its second week , becoming one of only three shows to rise in their second episode during the 2003-2004 television season ."}]}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cameo with Enation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameo_appearance', 'summary': "A cameo role or cameo appearance ( /ˈkæmioʊ/ ; often shortened to just cameo ) is a brief appearance or voice part of a well known person in a work of the performing arts . These roles are generally small , many of them non-speaking ones , and are commonly either appearances in a work in which they hold some special significance ( such as actors from an original movie appearing in its remake ) or renowned people making uncredited appearances . Short appearances by celebrities , film directors , politicians , athletes or musicians are common . A crew member of the movie or show playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo as well , such as Alfred Hitchcock 's frequently performed cameos ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Enation_(band)', 'summary': 'Enation , styled as ENATION , is an American indie rock band formed in Battle Ground , Washington , who released their first independent music in 2004 . In 2014 they briefly changed their official name to Jonathan Jackson + Enation and released their fourth studio album Radio Cinematic through Loud & Proud Records . The band currently resides in Nashville , TN .'}]}, {'value': '2008-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terminator:_The_Sarah_Connor_Chronicles', 'summary': "Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles ( sometimes abbreviated as Terminator : TSCC or simply TSCC ) is an American science fiction television series that aired on Fox from January 2008 to April 2009 . The show was produced by Warner Bros. Television , and C2 Pictures ( C2 Pictures was replaced by The Halcyon Company in season two ) . It is a spin-off from the Terminator series of films . It revolves around the lives of the fictional characters Sarah and John Connor , following the events of Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . The series premiered on Sunday , January 13 , 2008 , on the U.S. television network Fox . Production for the series was provided by the Judgment Day and Rise of the Machines producers and C2 Pictures , Sony Pictures Entertainment ( International ) co-presidents Mario Kassar and Andrew G. Vajna , C2 Senior Vice President James Middleton , David Nutter and Josh Friedman , who not only served as executive producer but also wrote the script for the first two episodes . The show opened mid-season with a shortened run of nine episodes , January through March 2008 . It was the highest-rated new scripted series of the 2007-08 television season and was renewed for a second season , which began on September 8 , 2008 , and ended April 10 , 2009 ( the same year Warner Bros. and the Halcyon Company produced McG 's Terminator Salvation ) . On May 18 , 2009 , despite fan efforts , Fox Entertainment president Kevin Reilly announced Fox would not renew the show for a third season ."}]}, {'value': 'Kyle Reese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kyle_Reese', 'summary': 'Kyle Reese is a fictional character in the Terminator franchise , who serves as one of the main protagonists in the first film with a supporting role in other works . The character is portrayed by Michael Biehn in The Terminator ( 1984 ) and Jonathan Jackson in Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles ( 2008-2009 ) ; Anton Yelchin played him as a teenager in Terminator Salvation ( 2009 ) , and Jai Courtney portrays him in Terminator Genisys ( 2015 ) .'}]}, {'value': '4 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville_(2012_TV_series)', 'summary': "Nashville is an American musical drama television series . It was created by Callie Khouri and produced by R. J. Cutler , Khouri , Dee Johnson , and Steve Buchanan through season four , Connie Britton through season five , and Marshall Herskovitz and Ed Zwick from season five on . The series chronicles the lives of various fictitious country music singers in Nashville , Tennessee , starring Connie Britton as Rayna Jaymes , a legendary country music superstar , whose stardom begins fading , and Hayden Panettiere as rising younger star Juliette Barnes . Britton left the show in season five . The series premiered on ABC , on October 10 , 2012 , and had more than 8.93 million viewers . In May 2016 , ABC cancelled the show . In June 2016 , it was picked up by CMT for a fifth season . On December 1 , 2016 , it was announced that a preview of episode one would air on December 15 , 2016 , with the season starting on January 5 , 2017 , along with a set of new producers , writers , and showrunners . A live aftershow , NashChat , began airing live across social media platforms on Thursday , January 5 , and aired immediately after every new episode during season five . On April 10 , 2017 , CMT renewed Nashville for a 16-episode sixth season that debuted on January 4 , 2018 . Filming began on September 27 , 2017 . On November 17 , 2017 , it was announced that the sixth season would be the show 's final season , as CMT moved to all unscripted programming ."}]}, {'value': 'Avery Barkley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avery_Barkley', 'summary': "Nashville is an American musical drama television series . It was created by Academy Award winner Callie Khouri and produced by R. J. Cutler , Khouri , Steve Buchanan , Marshall Herskovitz , and Edward Zwick . The series stars Connie Britton as Rayna Jaymes , a legendary country music superstar whose stardom has begun to fade , and Hayden Panettiere as a rising younger star , Juliette Barnes . This is a list of cast members , as well as recurring and guest stars . A number of country musicians and celebrities also appear as themselves , including Brad Paisley , Katie Couric , Kelly Clarkson , Conan O'Brien , Luke Bryan , and Michelle Obama ."}]}, {'value': 'Main cast ; 121 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NashChat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Himself', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guest host ; week 4', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Jonathan_Jackson_(actor)_1', 'intro': 'Jonathan Stevens Jackson (born May 11, 1982) is an American actor, musician (see Enation) and author. His first well known character was Lucky Spencer on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital, a role that has won him five Emmy Awards. In 2002, he played Jesse Tuck in the film Tuck Everlasting. In 2004 he started the band Enation with his brother, actor and drummer Richard Lee Jackson and friend Daniel Sweatt. From 2012-2018, he portrayed Avery Barkley in the ABC/CMT musical drama series, Nashville.'}
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Who was Cory 's teacher in the series in which Jonathan Jackson played Ricky Ferris in 1998 ?
George Feeny
0b0f7859a0296013
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_India', 'title': 'List of shopping malls in India', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Year', 'Size ( gross leasable area )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Spencer Plaza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spencer_Plaza', 'summary': "Spencer Plaza ( Tamil : ஸ்பென்சர் பிளாசா ) is a shopping mall located on Anna Salai in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and is one of the modern landmarks of the city . Originally built during the period of the British Raj and reconstructed in 1985 on the site of the original Spencer 's department store , it is the oldest shopping mall in India and was one of the biggest shopping malls in South Asia when it was built . It is one of the earliest Grade A commercial projects of the city , which were developed in the second half of the 1990s . As of March 2010 , it is the 11th largest mall in the country , with a gross lettable area of 530,000 sq ft ."}]}, {'value': 'Anna Salai , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Salai', 'summary': 'Anna Salai , formerly known as St. Thomas Mount Road or simply Mount Road , is an arterial road in Chennai , India . It starts at the Cooum Creek , south of Fort St George , leading in a south-westerly direction towards St. Thomas Mount , and ends at the Kathipara Junction in Guindy . Beyond the Kathipara Junction , a branch road arises traversing westwards to Poonamallee to form the Mount-Poonamallee Road while the main branch continuing southwards to Chennai Airport , Tambaram and beyond to form Grand Southern Trunk Road ( GST Road or NH45 ) . Anna Salai , which is more than 400 years old , is acknowledged as the most important road in Chennai city . The head offices of many commercial enterprises and public buildings are located along Anna Salai . It is the second longest road in Chennai , after Poonamallee High Road . There were several flyover projects under proposal along the stretch , many of which have been shelved owing to the construction of the Chennai Metro Rail project , which runs along the median of the road . Anna Salai Head Post office , one of the most important post offices in the city , is located on this road . It was established in 1854 as Mount Road SO as a non-gazetted delivery office . With the growth of commerce and urbanization , this SO was upgraded to gazetted in the year 1955 . Nomenclature of this Head Post office was changed from Mount Road Head Post office to Anna Road Head Post office on 15 September 1974 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chennai', 'summary': "Chennai ( /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ ( listen ) , Tamil : [ t͡ʃenːai ] ) , also known as Madras ( /məˈdrɑːs/ ( listen ) or /-ˈdræs/ , the official name until 1996 ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal , it is the biggest cultural , economic and educational centre of south India . According to the 2011 Indian census , it is the sixth-most populous city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . The city together with the adjoining regions constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area , which is the 36th-largest urban area by population in the world . Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreign tourists . It was ranked the 43rd-most visited city in the world for the year 2015 . The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India . Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India , and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists . As such , it is termed India 's health capital . Chennai had the third-largest expatriate population in India , at 35,000 in 2009 , 82,790 in 2011 and estimated at over 100,000 by 2016 . Tourism-guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015 . Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index , and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey ."}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': '530,000 sq ft ( 49,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chennai Citi Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chennai_Citi_Centre', 'summary': 'The Chennai Citi Centre is a shopping mall in Mylapore , Chennai , India . It opened on 3 March 2006 and is located on Radhakrishnan Salai . According to Cushman and Wakefield , a global real estate consultancy firm , it is one of the most expensive shopping malls in Chennai .'}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai , Mylapore , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mylapore', 'summary': 'Mylapore ( Mayilāppūr ) is a neighborhood in the central part of the city of Chennai , India . It is one of the oldest residential parts of the city . It is also called Thirumayilai . The locality is claimed to be the birthplace of the celebrated Tamil philosopher Valluvar . Mylapore is known for its tree-lined avenues , Kapaleeshwarar Temple , Katcheri seasons and Ramakrishna Math among many others . Portuguese invaded and demolished the original Kapaleeshwarar Temple and built San Thome Basilica which houses the tomb of Thomas the Apostle .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '117,600 sq ft ( 10,930 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ampa Skywalk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ampa_Skywalk', 'summary': 'Ampa Skywalk is a shopping mall in Chennai , India . With three floors of retail space , it has outlets for major clothing and apparel brands , a seven-screen multiplex , a games zone and a food court .'}]}, {'value': 'Poonamallee High Road , Aminjikarai , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poonamallee_High_Road', 'summary': "EVR Periyar Salai ( EVR High Road ) , earlier known as Poonamallee High Road ( NH 48 ) , is an arterial road in Chennai , India . It is the longest road in Chennai . Running from east to west , the 14-kilometre ( 8.7 mi ) road starts at Muthuswamy Bridge near Madras Medical College at Park Town and ends near Maduravoyal Junction via Kilpauk , Aminjikarai , Anna Nagar Arch , Arumbakkam , Koyambedu . It further continues west towards Poonamallee and traverses Sriperumbudur , Walajapet , and Ranipet . The road , particularly along its eastern end , has some of the most impressive civic institutions and heritage structures of the city , including the Ripon Building ( the seat of civic body ) , the Victoria Public Hall ( the city 's Town Hall ) , the Central train station , the Moore Market ( razed in the late 20th century ) , Madras Medical College , and St Andrews Kirk . It connects two of the vital transport installations of the city , viz . Chennai Central railway station and the CMBT . The road has more hospitals than any other roads in the city and is popularly known as the city 's 'Med street ' . The road is named after the noted Social activist and politician Periyar E. V. Ramasamy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aminjikarai', 'summary': 'Aminjikarai , originally Amaindakarai , is one of the oldest neighbourhoods in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . The arterial Poonamallee High Road ( NH 4 ) runs through it . Aminjikarai was annexed to Madras District in the year 1946 , and Arumbakkam and Anna Nagar were carved out of Aminjikarai in the 1950s and 1970s . The Nelson Manickam Road that traverses through Aminjikarai is an important commercial road in Chennai city .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '315,000 sq ft ( 29,300 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Express Avenue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Express_Avenue', 'summary': 'Express Avenue ( Tamil : எக்ஸ்ப்ரெஸ் அவென்யூ ) is a shopping mall in Chennai promoted by Express Infrastructure , A division of Express Newspapers Pvt . Ltd . It is home to the largest gaming arcade in South India . Built at a cost of ₹7,500 million ( US $ 110 million ) , the 1,750,000-square-foot ( 163,000 m2 ) mall has 10 anchor tenants and 150 vanilla tenants .'}]}, {'value': 'Whites Road , Royapettah , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whites_Road,_Chennai', 'summary': "Whites Road in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India branches off from Anna Salai , Chennai 's arterial road near National Insurance Company after Thousand Lights Mosque and reaches up to Royapettah Clock Tower near Wesley Church . Chennai 's famous Express Avenue shopping mall is located on this road . Major institutions located at this road includes"}, {'url': '/wiki/Royapettah', 'summary': "Chennai ( /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/ ( listen ) , Tamil : [ t͡ʃenːai ] ) , also known as Madras ( /məˈdrɑːs/ ( listen ) or /-ˈdræs/ , the official name until 1996 ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal , it is the biggest cultural , economic and educational centre of south India . According to the 2011 Indian census , it is the sixth-most populous city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . The city together with the adjoining regions constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area , which is the 36th-largest urban area by population in the world . Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreign tourists . It was ranked the 43rd-most visited city in the world for the year 2015 . The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India . Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India , and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists . As such , it is termed India 's health capital . Chennai had the third-largest expatriate population in India , at 35,000 in 2009 , 82,790 in 2011 and estimated at over 100,000 by 2016 . Tourism-guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015 . Chennai is ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index , and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '900,000 sq ft ( 84,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chandra Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chandra_Mall', 'summary': 'Chandra Metro Mall is a shopping mall located at Virugambakkam , Chennai . The Mall with a built up area of 1.43 lakh sq.ft was opened on 9 April 2011 . The mall has a five screen multiplex with a capacity of 1300 seats called as INOX-NATIONAL operated by INOX Leisure . The mall has Food Bazaar , E-Zone , Pantaloons as its major Anchors . The Food court is spread over an area of 10000 sq.ft . The mall was built after demolishing the erstwhile National Theatre .'}]}, {'value': 'Arcot Road , Virugambakkam , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcot_Road', 'summary': 'Arcot Road ( also known as N. S. Krishnan Salai ) ( SH-113 ) is one of the main arterial roads of the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu , India . It runs for 12 kilometres and connects Nungambakkam with Porur . The road was constructed during the early 1940s and has been responsible for the development of the outlying areas on the western fringes of Chennai city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Virugambakkam', 'summary': "Virugambakkam is a residential neighbourhood of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It is an important residential area of and is famous for its schools , market , residential colonies and residences of film artists . Virugambakkam had some of Chennai 's oldest film studios . Virugambakkam is one of the important localities of Chennai and owes its growth to the expansion of the city in the post-independence period . Prior to the establishment of residential colonies , Virugambakkam was a village covered by paddy fields , mangoe orchards and casurina trees . Virugambakkam was first included within the Chennai city limits in 1977 along with other villages like Saligramam . Virugambakkam is well-connected with the heart of Chennai city through roads . Buses running through Arcot Road link Virugambakkam with the more inner suburbs of Chennai city ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '143,130 sq ft ( 13,297 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coromandel Plaza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Navalur , OMR , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Navalur', 'summary': 'Navalur is a rapidly growing south suburban of Chennai , India and located just 5 km from Sholinganalur junction along Old Mahabalipuram Road . Navalur is located between Sholinganallur and Kelambakkam and comes under Thiruporur taluk of Chengalpattu district . This area was once a village ( around 2010 ) but with the advent of IT Companies and the rapid development of the Old Mahabalipuram Road ( New Mount road of Chennai ) , it has become a bustling and most demanded location in Chennai . Proximity to employment opportunities , good asset appreciation , outstanding road Infrastructure , proximity to beaches at ECR and other entertainment venues continues to attract more residents to this suburb . Navalur has become The Shopping Hub for Zone-2 ( Sholinganallur to Kelambakkam ) localities of OMR Road , due to the availability of International and National brand stores along with VIVIRA mall and The Marina mall . Sholinganalur-Navalur-Siruseri zone consists of around 40% IT professionals in Chennai especially in ELCOT and SIPCOT campus . Moreover this zone will create another 1 lakh IT jobs in next few years [ when ? ] due to huge land availability and many builders are constructing Grade-A IT parks here . With this huge development in short period of time in terms of both commercial and residential developments , Navalur is considered as The Next Velachery in Chennai . Navalur comes under Zone-2 ( Sholinganallur to Kelambakkam ) of OMR Road . According to recent survey , Chennai city will have a population of 15 million people by 2030 ( current population in 2019 is 11 million ) . Since population has already reached saturation point till Sholinganallur in OMR Road , more people ( around 10 lakh people ) will start migrating in Sholinganallur - Kelambakkam stretch till 2030 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Old_Mahabalipuram_Road', 'summary': 'State Highway 49A also known as Rajiv Gandhi Salai and Rajiv Gandhi IT Expressway or just IT Expressway is a major road connecting Chennai , Tamil Nadu with Mahabalipuram in Kanchipuram district , Tamil Nadu . It is 45 km long and was earlier known as the Old Mahabalipuram Road ( OMR ) . The road starts from Madhya Kailash Temple on Sardar Patel Road in South-East Chennai and terminates on East Coast Road near Mahabalipuram .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300,000 sq ft ( 28,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spectrum Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spectrum_Mall_(Chennai)', 'summary': 'Spectrum Mall ( formerly known as Grand Venus Mall ) is a shopping mall located in Perambur , Chennai , India . It is the first mall in North Chennai . The mall was developed at the site of erstwhile Venus theater on Paper Mills Road in Perambur . The mall is spread over an area of 160,000 square feet with two levels of retail shopping and a five screen multiplex . It has two levels of basement parking with capacity of 200 cars and 800 two wheelers . The mall is developed and promoted by Ganga Foundations . The mall has Big Bazaar as its anchor store The mall was soft launched in September 2011 as Grand Venus Mall . It was rebranded as Spectrum mall and was officially launched in September 2012 along with its multiplex S2 Cinemas .'}]}, {'value': 'Paper Mills Road , Perambur , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perambur', 'summary': 'Perambur is a neighbourhood in the northern region of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It is 4 km from Chennai Central station . In Tamil , perambur means bamboo and ur means city or place . Before British rule , this place was widely regarded as a place which was a bamboo forest , around the Huzur Gardens area , which currently houses the Simpsons Pvt . Ltd . This area was annexed to Chennai in 1742 AD . Perambur is a notable railway town in the Indian Railways landscape as it is home to the Vande Bharat Express , produced at the Integral Coach Factory located here and also the presence of Chennai Rail Museum , in addition to the railway station serving to decongest the Chennai Central station by serving as a major alighting point for long distance trains passing through or terminating in the city from the North-Western end . The station is considered as the oldest railway station in the city after Royapuram . During the 2015 floods when most areas of Chennai was stranded in water , Perambur was the safest place available in Chennai . The water level came down rapidly and the people had their normal life restored much faster than other places in Chennai .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '160,000 sq ft ( 15,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramee Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramee_Mall', 'summary': 'Ramee Mall is a shopping mall located in Anna Salai at Teynampet , Chennai . The mall with 2,25,000 sq.ft of built up area was opened in March 2012 . Built by Dubai-based Ramee group , the mall occupies the first three floors of the property . The remaining 15 floors are occupied by Hyatt Regency Chennai .'}]}, {'value': 'Anna Salai , Teynampet , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Salai', 'summary': 'Anna Salai , formerly known as St. Thomas Mount Road or simply Mount Road , is an arterial road in Chennai , India . It starts at the Cooum Creek , south of Fort St George , leading in a south-westerly direction towards St. Thomas Mount , and ends at the Kathipara Junction in Guindy . Beyond the Kathipara Junction , a branch road arises traversing westwards to Poonamallee to form the Mount-Poonamallee Road while the main branch continuing southwards to Chennai Airport , Tambaram and beyond to form Grand Southern Trunk Road ( GST Road or NH45 ) . Anna Salai , which is more than 400 years old , is acknowledged as the most important road in Chennai city . The head offices of many commercial enterprises and public buildings are located along Anna Salai . It is the second longest road in Chennai , after Poonamallee High Road . There were several flyover projects under proposal along the stretch , many of which have been shelved owing to the construction of the Chennai Metro Rail project , which runs along the median of the road . Anna Salai Head Post office , one of the most important post offices in the city , is located on this road . It was established in 1854 as Mount Road SO as a non-gazetted delivery office . With the growth of commerce and urbanization , this SO was upgraded to gazetted in the year 1955 . Nomenclature of this Head Post office was changed from Mount Road Head Post office to Anna Road Head Post office on 15 September 1974 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Teynampet', 'summary': 'Teynampet is one of the busiest commercial localities in the city of Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '225,000 sq ft ( 20,900 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bergamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bergamo_(Shopping_mall)', 'summary': 'Bergamo is a shopping mall located in Nungambakkam , Chennai , India . It is located on Khader Nawaz Khan Road and spread over 40,000 sq.ft . The mall opened in August 2012 with Louis Vuitton as its first store . The mall is designed by DSP architects and built by KKA Buildtech at a cost of ₹10 Crore . It is considered to be the first luxury mall in Chennai , and the third in India . The building is designed to house 24 stores , each with an area ranging from 1600 sq . ft to 2000 sq . ft. Named after an Italian city , the white three storey building is influenced by classical Italian architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'Khader Nawaz Khan Road , Nungambakkam , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nungambakkam', 'summary': 'Nungambakkam is a locality in downtown Chennai , India . The neighborhood abounds with multi-national commercial establishments , important government offices , foreign consulates , sprawling educational institutions , shopping malls , sporting facilities , tourist spots , star hotels , restaurants , and cultural centers . Nungambakkam is also a prime residential area in Chennai . The adjoining regions of Nungambakkam include Egmore , Chetput ( Chetpet ) , T. Nagar , Kodambakkam , Choolaimedu and Kilpauk .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40,000 sq ft ( 3,700 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold Souk Grandé Mall Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_Souk_Grandé_Mall_Chennai', 'summary': "Gold Souk Grandé is a shopping mall , in the city of Chennai , India . The project was unveiled in April 2009 by actress Shobana . It is located next to Crescent Engineering College in Chennai and will be operational by first quarter of 2015 . This is creating a record for itself by becoming the longest project in gestation period and construction period . Spread in the total built up area of 800,000 sq ft ( 74,000 m2 ) , the mall will have five floors with gross leasable area of 600,000 sq ft ( 56,000 m2 ) dedicated to hypermarket , anchors , vanilla brands , multiplex , food court , QSR and Ramada Hotel . Pizza Hut was operating on the ground floor but has been replaced by Papa John 's pizza . The mall is part of the Gold Souk chain of malls located throughout India and is a brand of Gurgaon-based retail and property developer , Aerens Gold Souk Group . The Gold Souk Grande Chennai is Arena Group 's first venture in Tamil Nadu ."}]}, {'value': 'GST Road , Vandalur , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vandalur', 'summary': 'Vandalur is a census town and residential locality in Southern part of the metropolitan city of Chennai Tamil Nadu . It is a neighbourhood in the southwestern part of Chennai . Vandalur serves as the southern gateway to Chennai city . It has the Arignar Anna Zoological Park , which contain some rare species of wild flora and fauna . The neighbourhood is served by Vandalur railway station of the Chennai Suburban Railway network .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '800,000 sq ft ( 74,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Forum Vijaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Forum_Vijaya', 'summary': "Forum Vijaya Mall is a shopping mall located in Vadapalani , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , developed by Prestige Group . This mall is spread over 6,36,000 square feet of retail space . More than 100 shops occupy its four floors . This mall distinguishes itself by being local by housing Chennai-based brands in the mall such as Spar Hypermarket , RmKV , Lifestyle , Max , Marks & Spencer , Westside , Fab India and Via South . It is also home to SPI Cinema 's Palazzo multiplex and an IMAX screen as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Arcot Road , Vadapalani , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arcot_Road', 'summary': 'Arcot Road ( also known as N. S. Krishnan Salai ) ( SH-113 ) is one of the main arterial roads of the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu , India . It runs for 12 kilometres and connects Nungambakkam with Porur . The road was constructed during the early 1940s and has been responsible for the development of the outlying areas on the western fringes of Chennai city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vadapalani', 'summary': 'Vadapalani is a neighbourhood in the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu , India . It is known for its film studios and the Vadapalani Andavar Temple , which is an important pilgrimage centre . Situated in the western part of Chennai , Vadapalani is an important bus terminus on Arcot Road . Vadapalani is one of the busiest and densely populated areas in Chennai .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '636,000 sq ft ( 59,100 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phoenix Market City ( Chennai )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phoenix_Market_City_(Chennai)', 'summary': 'Phoenix Market City ( Chennai ) is a shopping mall developed by Phoenix Mills Limited located in Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . It was opened in January 2013 and is the largest mall in the city . It was the fourth largest mall in India in 2018 . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Velachery , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velachery', 'summary': 'Velachery is a residential area in southern Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . The growth of the neighbourhood during the last decade can be cited due to the growth of the IT sector in south Chennai . It acts as an important hub connecting the rapidly growing business-class information technology corridor popularly called the OMR ; the more mature and well-connected GST road and the central business districts of the city , which has more relevance to the history of Chennai . Velachery as a whole draws a perfect balance between old and new Chennai and is a phenomenon in terms of growth and development .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,150,000 sq ft ( 107,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VR Mall Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/VR_Chennai', 'summary': 'VR Chennai ( Tamil : வி . ஆர் . சென்னை ) is a shopping mall located on Jawaharlal Nehru Road in Anna Nagar West , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India . This mall was opened to the public on the 18 June 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jawaharlal Nehru Road , Anna Nagar , Chennai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inner_Ring_Road,_Chennai', 'summary': 'The Inner Ring Road ( IRR ) also known as Jawaharlal Nehru Salai or 100 Feet road or State Highway 2 is a major transportation corridor encircling the city of Chennai . It was developed by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority ( CMDA ) . It is 25.2 km long with three distinct arms viz. , Northern arm , Central arm and Southern arm , connecting SH 49A ( Rajiv Gandhi Salai ) in Tiruvanmiyur , Velachery main road at Vijayanagar , NH 45 ( GST road ) at Kathipara , NH 4 at Koyambedu , NH 205 at Padi , NH 5 at Madhavaram and joins SH 104 ( TPP Road ) at Manali .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Nagar', 'summary': 'Anna Nagar ( formerly known as Naduvakkarai ) , is a neighbourhood in the metropolitan city of Chennai , India . Named after the Tamil leader C. N. Annadurai , it is located in the north-western part of Chennai and forms a part of the Aminjikarai taluk and the Anna Nagar Zone . It is one of the prime residential areas in Chennai and is home to several prominent doctors , lawyers and politicians . Real estate prices are among the highest in the city . A recent addition to the area is VR Chennai Mall , located near Shanthi Colony and Thirumangalam junction . Anna Nagar is the first and the only township in Chennai to follow a standard addressing system followed in the western world . One of the primary landmarks in Anna Nagar is the Anna Nagar Tower , built in 1968 as part of the World Trade Fair . Other important locations include the Anna Arch , Chinthamani , Blue Star , 14 shops , Shanthi Colony , Thirumangalam junction , Padi grade separator , Anna Nagar East , and the Anna Nagar West bus depot . Anna Nagar has several established schools and colleges , places of worship , shopping areas with both independent shops and chain stores , and numerous restaurants . The 2nd avenue is an arterial road in Anna Nagar which has emerged as a hub for several restaurants and shops . There are also a number of midsize hospitals and nursing homes catering to the local population .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,000,000 sq ft ( 186,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brookefields Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brookefields_Mall', 'summary': 'Brookefields is a shopping mall located on Brookebond Road ( Krishnasamy Road ) in Coimbatore , India . It was opened in 2009 . The mall has outlets from major clothing and apparel brands and a 06-screens multiplex cinema , along with a food court serving multi-cuisine dishes .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooke Bond Road , Coimbatore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coimbatore', 'summary': 'Coimbatore ( /ˌkɔɪmbəˈtɔːr/ ) , also known as Kovai and Koyamuthur , is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats . Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India . It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore district . The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery , wet grinders , poultry and auto components ; the Coimbatore Wet Grinder and the Kovai Cora Cotton are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India . Coimbatore was part of Kongu Nadu during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and was ruled by the Cheras as it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the west coast ( Kerala ) and Tamil Nadu ) . Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India . The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE . The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams . In the later part of the 18th century , the Coimbatore region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars , the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799 . The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War ( 1801 ) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai . In 1804 , Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status with Robert Stanes as its chairman .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '450,000 sq ft ( 42,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fun Republic Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fun_Republic_Mall_(Coimbatore)', 'summary': "Fun Republic Mall is a shopping mall in Peelamedu , Coimbatore , India . This shopping mall was inaugurated on 19 August 2012 and Managed by E-city Ventures which is part of the Essel Group . It is located on the arterial Avinashi Road on a 3.5 acre site . The mall has 6 levels with a total area of 3.25 lakh sq.ft . Shoppers Stop is its anchor store and occupies over 79,000 sq . ft . The mall also features a five screen multiplex operated by Cinépolis theatre with a capacity of 1,119 seats , and a McDonald 's restaurant spread over 3,470 sq . ft on two floors in addition to its food court . Barbeque Nation has outlet in the Mall at 3rd Floor ."}]}, {'value': 'Avinashi Road , Peelamedu , Coimbatore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peelamedu', 'summary': 'Peelamedu is a neighborhood 11°01′36″N 77°01′16″E / 11.0266292°N 77.0212188°E / 11.0266292 ; 77.0212188 in the Eastern part of the Coimbatore city . It is governed by Coimbatore Municipal Corporation . Peelamedu has a railway station and a Regional Passport center . Peelamedu B-6 Police station is located opposite to Fun Republic Mall . It is a major commercial center , and one of the oldest residential parts of the city . The growth of Peelamedu during the last decade can be cited due to the growth of the IT sector in Coimbatore . The rapid growth of Peelamedu as a commercial and residential hub could be attributed to its geographical advantage in terms of the connectivity to other parts of the city . It acts as an important hub connecting the rapidly growing business class Information Technology corridor . The Peelamedu area stretches from Nava India to the Coimbatore International Airport near SITRA , encompassing major educational institutions , hospitals , and Industries . Major textile and wet grinder industries and a considerable number of foundries and motor/pump industries of the district are also located here . It is the educational hub of Coimbatore , with renowned Medical , Paramedical , Engineering , Arts & Science colleges and many famous schools situated here . Peelamedu is also home to many major hospitals like PSG hospitals , Medical College Hospital , Aravind Eye Hospital and the Kovai Medical Center , Gopal Naidu schools and Hospital .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Coimbatore', 'summary': 'Coimbatore ( /ˌkɔɪmbəˈtɔːr/ ) , also known as Kovai and Koyamuthur , is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats . Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India . It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore district . The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery , wet grinders , poultry and auto components ; the Coimbatore Wet Grinder and the Kovai Cora Cotton are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India . Coimbatore was part of Kongu Nadu during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and was ruled by the Cheras as it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the west coast ( Kerala ) and Tamil Nadu ) . Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India . The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE . The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams . In the later part of the 18th century , the Coimbatore region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars , the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799 . The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War ( 1801 ) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai . In 1804 , Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status with Robert Stanes as its chairman .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '325,000 sq ft ( 30,200 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prozone Mall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prozone_Mall_(Coimbatore)', 'summary': 'Prozone Mall-Coimbatore is one of the largest vertically designed shopping malls in India , covering over 500,000 sq ft ( 46,000 m2 ) . It was opened on 19 July 2017 at Sivanandapuram , Saravanampatti Road , Coimbatore .'}]}, {'value': 'Sivanandapuram , Coimbatore', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vishaal de Mal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vishaal_de_Mal', 'summary': "Vishaal de Mal is a shopping mall in the city of Madurai , Tamil Nadu . It is the first large format mall in southern Tamil Nadu , and the city 's first integrated multi-utility mall ."}]}, {'value': 'Chinna Chockikulam , Madurai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madurai', 'summary': 'Madurai ( /ˈmædjʊraɪ/ MAD-yuu-ry , also US : /ˌmɑːdəˈraɪ/ MAH-də-RY ) is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District , the third largest city in Tamil Nadu and 44th most populated city in India . Located on the banks of River Vaigai , Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia . Madurai is closely associated with the Tamil language , and the third Tamil Sangam , a major congregation of Tamil scholars said to have been held in the city . The recorded history of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE , being mentioned by Megasthenes , the Greek ambassador to the Maurya empire , and Kautilya , a minister of the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya . Signs of human settlements and Roman trade links dating back to 300 BC are evident from excavations by Archeological Survey of India in Manalur . The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled , at different times , by the Pandyas , Cholas , Madurai Sultanate , Vijayanagar Empire , Madurai Nayaks , Carnatic kingdom , and the British East India Company British Raj . The city has a number of historical monuments , with the Meenakshi Amman Temple and the Tirumalai Nayak Palace being the most prominent . Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in South Tamil Nadu . The city is home to various automobile , rubber , chemical and granite manufacturing industries . Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the Madurai Medical College , Homeopathic Medical College , Madurai Law College , Agricultural College and Research Institute . Madurai city is administered by a municipal corporation established in 1971 as per the Municipal Corporation Act .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '230,000 sq ft ( 21,000 m )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Milan'em Mall", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Milan'em_Mall", 'summary': "Milan'em Mall is a shopping mall in K.K . Nagar , Madurai , India . It was opened on 28 September 2009 and is the first shopping mall in Madurai . Built in a half acre site , the mall has five floors with a total area of 90,000 sq.ft . The mall has a food court in the third floor along with water zorbing for kids . The atrium of the mall is used to host cultural events ."}]}, {'value': 'K.K . Nagar , Madurai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madurai', 'summary': 'Madurai ( /ˈmædjʊraɪ/ MAD-yuu-ry , also US : /ˌmɑːdəˈraɪ/ MAH-də-RY ) is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District , the third largest city in Tamil Nadu and 44th most populated city in India . Located on the banks of River Vaigai , Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia . Madurai is closely associated with the Tamil language , and the third Tamil Sangam , a major congregation of Tamil scholars said to have been held in the city . The recorded history of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE , being mentioned by Megasthenes , the Greek ambassador to the Maurya empire , and Kautilya , a minister of the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya . Signs of human settlements and Roman trade links dating back to 300 BC are evident from excavations by Archeological Survey of India in Manalur . The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled , at different times , by the Pandyas , Cholas , Madurai Sultanate , Vijayanagar Empire , Madurai Nayaks , Carnatic kingdom , and the British East India Company British Raj . The city has a number of historical monuments , with the Meenakshi Amman Temple and the Tirumalai Nayak Palace being the most prominent . Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in South Tamil Nadu . The city is home to various automobile , rubber , chemical and granite manufacturing industries . Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the Madurai Medical College , Homeopathic Medical College , Madurai Law College , Agricultural College and Research Institute . Madurai city is administered by a municipal corporation established in 1971 as per the Municipal Corporation Act .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90,000 sq ft ( 8,400 m )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Tamil Nadu', 'section_text': 'Express Avenue , Chennai Spencer Plaza , Chennai', 'uid': 'List_of_shopping_malls_in_India_14', 'intro': 'This is a list of shopping malls in India, sortable by name, location, year opened and size.'}
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Which mall is located on a road that branches off from Anna Salai , Chennai 's arterial road , near the National Insurance Company ?
Express Avenue
0b0fb9a8969e8536
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1995 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grigory Misutin ( UKR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grigory_Misutin', 'summary': 'Grigory Misutin ( born 29 December 1970 ) is a Ukrainian artistic gymnast , formerly representing the Soviet Union and the Unified Team .'}]}, {'value': '9.756', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Nemov ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexei_Nemov', 'summary': 'Alexei Yurievich Nemov ( Russian : Алексей Юрьевич Немов ; born 28 May 1976 in Barashevo , Mordovia ) is a former artistic gymnast from Russia and one of the most celebrated gymnasts of all time . During his career , he won five world championships , three European championships and twelve Olympic medals .'}]}, {'value': '9.756', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vitaly Scherbo ( BLR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitaly_Scherbo', 'summary': "Vitaly Venediktovich Scherbo ( or Shcherbo ) ( Russian : Виталий Венедиктович Щербо , Belarusian : Віталь Венядзіктавіч Шчэрба , Vital ' Venjadziktavich Shcherba ) , born 13 January 1972 in Minsk , Byelorussian SSR , is a Belarusian former artistic gymnast . One of the most successful gymnasts of all time , he is the only male gymnast ever to have won a world title in all 8 events ( Individual All-Around in 1993 , Team in 1991 , Floor in 1994 , 1995 and 1996 , Horizontal Bar in 1994 , Parallel Bars in 1993 and 1995 , Pommel Horse in 1992 , Rings in 1992 , Vault in 1993 and 1994 ) . He was the most successful athlete at the 1992 Summer Olympics , winning 6 of 8 events - team , all-around , and 4 of 6 event finals ."}]}, {'value': '9.662', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Voropaev ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexei_Voropaev', 'summary': 'Alexei Nikolayevich Voropaev ( Russian : Алексей Николаевич Воропаев ) ( born January 23 , 1973 - died November 5 , 2006 ) was a gymnast who competed for Russia in the two Olympic Games . He won gold medals in the 1992 1996 Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': '9.637', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristian Leric ( ROU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cristian_Leric', 'summary': 'Cristian Leric ( born June 27 , 1974 in Arad , Romania ) is a retired Romanian artistic gymnast whose best event was the vault . He is a world bronze medalist with the team and a two-time continental medalist on vault . After retirement he performed in the Aeros entertainment show .'}]}, {'value': '9.606', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yeo Hong-Chul ( KOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeo_Hong-Chul', 'summary': 'Yeo Hong-Chul ( Hangul : 여홍철 , Hanja : 呂洪哲 , Revised Romanization : Yeo Hong-cheol ; born 28 May 1971 in Gwangju ) is a retired South Korean gymnast . He won the silver medal in the vault event at the 1996 Summer Olympics . He also participated in 1992 Summer Olympics and 2000 Summer Olympics . After the 2000 Summer Olympics , he announced his retirement . He also competed on the Japanese obstacle course show , Sasuke , three different times ( 7th , 8th , 11th tournaments ) , but failed to clear the first stage on all three tries .'}]}, {'value': '9.550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Li Xiaoshuang ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Li_Xiaoshuang', 'summary': "Li Xiaoshuang ( simplified Chinese : 李小双 ; traditional Chinese : 李小雙 ; pinyin : Lǐ Xiǎoshuāng ; born November 1 , 1973 ) is a Chinese gymnast and Olympic champion . Li Xiaoshuang was born in Xiantao , Hubei . His gymnastic talent was discovered at the age of six . He and is twin brother Li Dashuang were members of China 's gymnastics team at the 1992 Summer Olympics . He earned three Olympic medals at those games : the gold medal for floor exercise , a silver for overall team championship , and a bronze on the rings . Coached by SaMa Bidofsy throughout his career . In 1995 , Li won the 1995 World Championships in Sabae , Japan and helped the Chinese team to a second consecutive team championship . During the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta , a slip by Li in the final compulsory team event was one of the team 's errors that caused the Chinese team to finish second behind the Russians . Li competed solidly , however , and qualified into the all-around finals where he won the gold medal over Russian Alexei Nemov by 0.05 of a point . Li became the first Chinese Olympic all-around Champion Li retired from gymnastic competition in 1997 and has since started his own sporting apparel company ."}]}, {'value': '9.412', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adrian Ianculescu ( ROU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Ianculescu', 'summary': 'Andrian Ianculescu ( born October 28 , 1973 ) is a retired Romanian artistic gymnast . He is a bronze world medalist with the team and on vault .'}]}, {'value': '9.312', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Men -- Vault', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1995_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_4', 'intro': 'The 30th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held at Sun Dome Fukui in Sabae, Japan in 1995.'}
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How many Olympic games did the gymnast who scored 9.637 at the 1995 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships compete in ?
two
0b10b31986fc7d75
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Michigan', 'title': 'List of islands of Michigan', 'header': ['Island', 'Body of water', 'Municipality', 'County'], 'data': [{'value': 'Apple Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apple_Island_(Michigan)', 'summary': "Apple Island is a 35-acre ( 140,000 m2 ) island that lies in the middle of Orchard Lake , in Orchard Lake Village , Michigan . The island was formed during the region 's last ice age , 10,000 to 12,000 years ago . Over 400 species of flora currently inhabit the island , including many rare varieties in Oakland County . Native Americans previously inhabited Apple Island , until ceding the island to the United States in the Treaty of Detroit . Currently , the West Bloomfield School District uses the island as an educational nature center ."}]}, {'value': 'Orchard Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orchard_Lake_(Michigan)', 'summary': "Orchard Lake is a 795-acre lake located in West Bloomfield Township , Michigan , United States . It has a 110-foot ( 34 m ) maximum depth . Orchard Lake is the second-largest lake , and third-deepest lake , in Oakland County . The lake has a 35-acre island in the middle of it , Apple Island . The island was frequently inhabited by local Native Americans before the coming of Western settlers , who later planted an apple orchard on the island , giving rise to the current name of the lake . Apple Island is now abandoned and has been designated a protected wildlife sanctuary . Another island , Cedar Island , is near the lake 's western shore . The campus of the old Michigan Military Academy is on the northeast shore of the lake . The campus is now home to SS . Cyril and Methodius Seminary and St. Mary 's Preparatory ."}]}, {'value': 'Orchard Lake Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orchard_Lake_Village,_Michigan', 'summary': "Orchard Lake Village is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan and a small , exclusive suburb of Detroit . The population was 2,375 at the 2010 census . The city is mostly surrounded by West Bloomfield . It also shares a border with Keego Harbor , to the east . About 43 percent of the City of Orchard Lake Village is occupied by lakes and ponds . Orchard Lake Village is home to St. Mary 's Preparatory and SS . Cyril and Methodius Seminary , in addition to the Orchard Lake Country Club and Pine Lake Country Club . It is also the home of Orchard Lake St. Mary 's Preparatory and Orchard Lake Schools , formerly Michigan Military Academy . Orchard Lake Village is consistently ranked as the most affluent town in Michigan with a median household income of $ 400,289 ."}]}, {'value': 'Oakland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is part of the metropolitan Detroit area , located northwest of the city . As of the 2010 census , its population was 1,202,362 , making it the second-most populous county in Michigan , behind neighboring Wayne County . The county seat is Pontiac . The county was founded in 1819 and organized in 1820 . Oakland County is composed of 62 cities , townships , and villages , and is part of the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city of Detroit is in neighboring Wayne County , south of 8 Mile Road . Oakland County is among the ten highest income counties in the United States with populations over one million people . It is also home to Oakland University , a large public institution that straddles the Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills border . The county 's knowledge-based economic initiative , coined Automation Alley , has developed one of the largest employment centers for engineering and related occupations in the United States . [ citation needed ] But Oakland County has shared in the recent economic hardships brought on by troubles at General Motors , Ford , and Chrysler . It has fared better than Detroit and Flint , as its economy is more diverse and less reliant on manufacturing jobs ."}]}, {'value': 'Batchelors Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Joseph River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)', 'summary': 'The St. Joseph River ( known locally as the St. Joe ) is a 206 miles ( 332 km ) long tributary of Lake Michigan flowing generally westerly through southern Michigan and northern Indiana , United States , to its terminus on the southeast shore of the lake . It drains a primarily rural farming area in the watershed of Lake Michigan . It was enormously important to Native Americans and greatly aided in the colonial exploration , settlement and administration of New France and the nascent United States as a canoe route between Lake Michigan and the watershed of the Mississippi River .'}]}, {'value': 'Buchanan Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buchanan_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Buchanan Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the township population was 3,523 . The city of Buchanan is located in the southeast portion of the township . Buchanan Township is bounded by Oronoko Charter Township to the north , Berrien Township to the north and northeast , Niles Township to the east , Bertrand Township to the south and southeast , Galien Township to the southwest , Weesaw Township to the west , and Baroda Township to the northwest . No major highways transit the township , although US 12 parallels the southern edge and US 31 passes just to the east .'}]}, {'value': 'Berrien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berrien_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Berrien County is a county on the south line of Michigan , at the southwestern corner of the state . As of the 2010 census , the population was 156,813 . The county seat is St. Joseph . Berrien County is included in the Niles-Benton Harbor , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the South Bend-Elkhart-Mishawaka , IN-MI Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Bellevue Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Orion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orion Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orion_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': "Orion Charter Township ( /ˈɒriən/ ORR-ee-ən ) is a charter township of Oakland County , Michigan , United States . The population was 35,394 at the 2010 census . The official motto of the township and village is Where living is a vacation . Lake Orion is often used to describe both the village and the township . The area hosts General Motors ' Orion Assembly plant which produces small cars ."}]}, {'value': 'Oakland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is part of the metropolitan Detroit area , located northwest of the city . As of the 2010 census , its population was 1,202,362 , making it the second-most populous county in Michigan , behind neighboring Wayne County . The county seat is Pontiac . The county was founded in 1819 and organized in 1820 . Oakland County is composed of 62 cities , townships , and villages , and is part of the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city of Detroit is in neighboring Wayne County , south of 8 Mile Road . Oakland County is among the ten highest income counties in the United States with populations over one million people . It is also home to Oakland University , a large public institution that straddles the Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills border . The county 's knowledge-based economic initiative , coined Automation Alley , has developed one of the largest employment centers for engineering and related occupations in the United States . [ citation needed ] But Oakland County has shared in the recent economic hardships brought on by troubles at General Motors , Ford , and Chrysler . It has fared better than Detroit and Flint , as its economy is more diverse and less reliant on manufacturing jobs ."}]}, {'value': 'Birch Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tippy Dam Pond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tippy_Dam', 'summary': "Tippy Dam or Tippy Hydro was built 1918 and is a hydroelectric dam operated by Consumers Energy . The original name of the dam was Junction Hydro , but it was renamed to honor a Consumers board of directors member , Charles W. Tippy . The dam spans the Manistee River about 170 miles from its headwaters which include Manistee Lake , on the river 's way to Lake Michigan ."}]}, {'value': 'Norman Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Norman Township is a civil township of Manistee County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,676 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Manistee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manistee_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Manistee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 24,733 . The county seat is Manistee . The name Manistee is from an Ojibwe word first applied to the principal river of the county . The derivation is not certain , but it may be from ministigweyaa , river with islands at its mouth . See also , List of Michigan county name etymologies and Kaministiquia River .'}]}, {'value': 'Birch Isle *', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Richie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houghton Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houghton_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Houghton Township is a civil township of Keweenaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 204 at the 2000 census . The township includes a portion of the Keweenaw Peninsula and also the northeastern half of Isle Royale .'}]}, {'value': 'Keweenaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keweenaw_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Keweenaw County is a county in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan , the state 's northernmost county . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 2,156 , making it Michigan 's least populous county . It is also the state 's largest county by total area , when the waters of Lake Superior are included in the total . The county seat is Eagle River . The county was set off and organized in 1861 . It is believed Keweenaw is a Native American word that means portage or place where portage is made . Keweenaw County is part of the Houghton , Michigan , Micropolitan Statistical Area . Isle Royale , a national park which no longer has year-round inhabitants , was a separate county that was incorporated into Keweenaw County in 1897 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bird Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Oakland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Independence Township is a charter township of Oakland County , in the U.S. state of Michigan . The City of the Village of Clarkston , autonomous and incorporated in 1992 , is completely surrounded by the township . The township is home to Pine Knob Ski Resort , and DTE Energy Music Theater . Independence Township was named by one of its earliest settlers , Joseph Van Sycle , who came to the area in 1834 from Independence Township , New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Oakland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is part of the metropolitan Detroit area , located northwest of the city . As of the 2010 census , its population was 1,202,362 , making it the second-most populous county in Michigan , behind neighboring Wayne County . The county seat is Pontiac . The county was founded in 1819 and organized in 1820 . Oakland County is composed of 62 cities , townships , and villages , and is part of the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city of Detroit is in neighboring Wayne County , south of 8 Mile Road . Oakland County is among the ten highest income counties in the United States with populations over one million people . It is also home to Oakland University , a large public institution that straddles the Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills border . The county 's knowledge-based economic initiative , coined Automation Alley , has developed one of the largest employment centers for engineering and related occupations in the United States . [ citation needed ] But Oakland County has shared in the recent economic hardships brought on by troubles at General Motors , Ford , and Chrysler . It has fared better than Detroit and Flint , as its economy is more diverse and less reliant on manufacturing jobs ."}]}, {'value': 'Blackbird Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gun Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gun_Lake_(Michigan)', 'summary': 'Gun Lake is a lake in the U.S. state of Michigan , located mostly in Barry County with the southwestern tip extending into Allegan County . Along most of the lake are numerous summer homes , cottages , and permanent residences . The Yankee Springs Recreation Area is based on northeastern portions of the lake . Gun Lake is the location of a State Park with a boat launch , two beaches , a campground , and picnic areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Yankee Springs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yankee_Springs_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Yankee Springs Township is a civil township of Barry County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 4,065 at the 2010 census . The township includes Yankee Springs State Park , a popular tourist destination in the summer . The name was that of an Inn , a popular watering hole in the early days of the township .'}]}, {'value': 'Barry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Barry County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 59,173 . The county seat is Hastings .'}]}, {'value': 'Blain Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lotus Lake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springfield Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Springfield Charter Township is a charter township of Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the township population was 13,940 . The township was named for the numerous springs in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'Oakland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is part of the metropolitan Detroit area , located northwest of the city . As of the 2010 census , its population was 1,202,362 , making it the second-most populous county in Michigan , behind neighboring Wayne County . The county seat is Pontiac . The county was founded in 1819 and organized in 1820 . Oakland County is composed of 62 cities , townships , and villages , and is part of the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city of Detroit is in neighboring Wayne County , south of 8 Mile Road . Oakland County is among the ten highest income counties in the United States with populations over one million people . It is also home to Oakland University , a large public institution that straddles the Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills border . The county 's knowledge-based economic initiative , coined Automation Alley , has developed one of the largest employment centers for engineering and related occupations in the United States . [ citation needed ] But Oakland County has shared in the recent economic hardships brought on by troubles at General Motors , Ford , and Chrysler . It has fared better than Detroit and Flint , as its economy is more diverse and less reliant on manufacturing jobs ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Gill Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lobdell Lake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Argentine Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentine_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Argentine Township is a general law township of Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the township population was 6,913 , up from 6,521 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Genesee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genesee_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Genesee County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 425,790 , making it the fifth-most populous county in Michigan . The county seat and population center is Flint ( birthplace of General Motors ) . Genesee County is considered to be a part of the greater Mid Michigan area . The county was named after Genesee County , New York . Genesee County comprises the Flint , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor , MI Combined Statistical Area . Many local place names in the county , including the county itself , are also from New York and Pennsylvania , reflecting the pattern of settlement . A major attraction for visitors is Crossroads Village , a living history village north of Flint . Genesee is noted for having had the fossil of an ancient whale known as Balaenoptera Lacepede unearthed in Thetford Township during quarry work and estimated at 11,000 years old .'}]}, {'value': 'Brush Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Lake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Lake Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_Lake_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Long Lake Township is a civil township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 8,662 at the 2010 census , an increase from 7,648 at the 2000 census . The township is centered around Long Lake .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Traverse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Traverse_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Grand Traverse County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 86,986 . The county seat is Traverse City . According to the United States Census Bureau , it is estimated that the population of Grand Traverse County in July 1 , 2018 was 92,573 . Grand Traverse County is part of the Traverse City , MI Micropolitan Statistical Area , which also includes Benzie , Kalkaska , and Leelanau counties . Interlochen , home of the Interlochen Center for the Arts is located in Green Lake Township . Grand Traverse County was originally known as Omeena County .'}]}, {'value': 'Burnt Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manistique Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manistique_Lake', 'summary': "Manistique Lake , locally called Big Manistique Lake to distinguish it from the other lakes in the Manistique Lakes system , is a 10,130-acre ( 4,100 ha ) lake in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan . Approximately 6.5 miles ( 10.5 km ) long and 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) wide , it is one of the largest lakes in the Upper Peninsula . Elevated 686 feet ( 209 m ) above sea level and 105 feet ( 32 m ) above Lake Michigan , Lake Manistique drains into the larger lake through a marshy outlet on the west end of the lake that forms one source of the Manistique River . Relatively shallow , the lake 's deepest point is only 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) below the water surface . The average depth is 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) . The lake is shared between Luce County and Mackinac County . The small town of Curtis , Michigan is located on an isthmus that divides Manistique Lake from South Manistique Lake directly to the south . Manistique Lake has at least three islands large enough to show up on maps - Burnt Island near the eastern shore , Foster Island near the northern shore , and Greenfield Island near the center of the lake . Many seasonal residents use Manistique Lake as a focus of summer recreational activity . The relatively shallow lake is favored for swimming , powerboating , personal watercraft , fishing , ice fishing , and camping . Fish caught in the lake include bluegill , largemouth bass , muskie , perch , northern pike , rock bass , smallmouth bass , sunfish , and walleye ."}]}, {'value': 'Portage Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portage_Township,_Mackinac_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Portage Township is a civil township of Mackinac County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2000 census , the township population was 1,055 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mackinac', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mackinac_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Mackinac County is a county in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 11,113 . The county seat is St. Ignace . Formerly known as Michilimackinac County , in 1818 it was one of the first counties of the Michigan Territory , as it had long been a center of French and British colonial fur trading , a Catholic church and Protestant mission , and associated settlement . The county 's name is believed to be shortened from Michilimackinac , which referred to the Straits of Mackinac area as well as the French settlement at the tip of the lower peninsula ."}]}, {'value': 'Carrollton Bar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saginaw River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saginaw_River', 'summary': "The Saginaw River is a 22.4-mile-long ( 36.0 km ) river in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is formed by the confluence of the Tittabawassee and Shiawassee rivers southwest of Saginaw . It flows northward into the Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron , passing through the city of Saginaw and Bay City , both of which developed around it in the 19th century . The watershed area is 8,595 square miles ( 22,260 km2 ) . The river is an important shipping route for Mid-Michigan , passing through the cities of Saginaw and Bay City . It is one of Michigan 's few inland navigable rivers . The Saginaw River Rear Range Light , one of a pair of lighthouses built in 1876 to improve navigation , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 . Since the turn of the 21st century , it is being renovated ."}]}, {'value': 'Carrollton Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrollton_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Carrollton Township ( /ˈkɑːrəltən/ KAR-əl-tən ) is a unique civil township of Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 6,103 at the 2010 census . Established in 1866 , Carrollton contains a full-time police department , fire department , parks and recreation services , as well as its own public school system , Carrollton Public Schools . Along with being located on the Saginaw River , Carrollton offers close access to shopping malls , medical facilities , Saginaw Valley State University , and I-75 . At only 3.34 square miles ( 8.7 km2 ) of land area , Carrollton Township is the fourth-smallest township in the state of Michigan , after Novi Township , Royal Oak Charter Township , and Pointe Aux Barques Township .'}]}, {'value': 'Saginaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saginaw_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Saginaw County , officially the County of Saginaw , is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 200,169 . The county seat is Saginaw . The county was created by September 10 , 1822 , and was fully organized on February 9 , 1835 . The etymology of the county 's name is uncertain . It may be derived from Sace-nong or Sak-e-nong ( English : Sauk land ) , as the Sauk ( French : Sac ) tribe is believed by some to have once lived there . A more likely possibility is that it comes from Ojibwe words meaning place of the outlet -sag ( English : an opening ) and ong ( English : place of ) . See List of Michigan county name etymologies . Saginaw County comprises the Saginaw , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Saginaw-Midland-Bay City Combined Statistical Area , the 5th largest metropolitan area in Michigan ."}]}, {'value': 'Case Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Fenton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Fenton_(Michigan)', 'summary': 'Lake Fenton is a lake in Fenton Charter Township , Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The census-designated place Lake Fenton is named for the lake , which was also known as Long Lake .'}]}, {'value': 'Fenton Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fenton_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Charter Township of Fenton is a charter township of Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 15,552 at the 2010 census . The cities of Fenton and Linden were formed from areas formerly within the township .'}]}, {'value': 'Genesee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genesee_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Genesee County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 425,790 , making it the fifth-most populous county in Michigan . The county seat and population center is Flint ( birthplace of General Motors ) . Genesee County is considered to be a part of the greater Mid Michigan area . The county was named after Genesee County , New York . Genesee County comprises the Flint , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor , MI Combined Statistical Area . Many local place names in the county , including the county itself , are also from New York and Pennsylvania , reflecting the pattern of settlement . A major attraction for visitors is Crossroads Village , a living history village north of Flint . Genesee is noted for having had the fossil of an ancient whale known as Balaenoptera Lacepede unearthed in Thetford Township during quarry work and estimated at 11,000 years old .'}]}, {'value': 'Cedar Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orchard Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orchard_Lake_(Michigan)', 'summary': "Orchard Lake is a 795-acre lake located in West Bloomfield Township , Michigan , United States . It has a 110-foot ( 34 m ) maximum depth . Orchard Lake is the second-largest lake , and third-deepest lake , in Oakland County . The lake has a 35-acre island in the middle of it , Apple Island . The island was frequently inhabited by local Native Americans before the coming of Western settlers , who later planted an apple orchard on the island , giving rise to the current name of the lake . Apple Island is now abandoned and has been designated a protected wildlife sanctuary . Another island , Cedar Island , is near the lake 's western shore . The campus of the old Michigan Military Academy is on the northeast shore of the lake . The campus is now home to SS . Cyril and Methodius Seminary and St. Mary 's Preparatory ."}]}, {'value': 'Norman Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Norman Township is a civil township of Manistee County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,676 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Manistee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manistee_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Manistee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 24,733 . The county seat is Manistee . The name Manistee is from an Ojibwe word first applied to the principal river of the county . The derivation is not certain , but it may be from ministigweyaa , river with islands at its mouth . See also , List of Michigan county name etymologies and Kaministiquia River .'}]}, {'value': 'Cedar Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tippy Dam Pond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tippy_Dam', 'summary': "Tippy Dam or Tippy Hydro was built 1918 and is a hydroelectric dam operated by Consumers Energy . The original name of the dam was Junction Hydro , but it was renamed to honor a Consumers board of directors member , Charles W. Tippy . The dam spans the Manistee River about 170 miles from its headwaters which include Manistee Lake , on the river 's way to Lake Michigan ."}]}, {'value': 'Norman Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Norman Township is a civil township of Manistee County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,676 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Oakland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is part of the metropolitan Detroit area , located northwest of the city . As of the 2010 census , its population was 1,202,362 , making it the second-most populous county in Michigan , behind neighboring Wayne County . The county seat is Pontiac . The county was founded in 1819 and organized in 1820 . Oakland County is composed of 62 cities , townships , and villages , and is part of the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city of Detroit is in neighboring Wayne County , south of 8 Mile Road . Oakland County is among the ten highest income counties in the United States with populations over one million people . It is also home to Oakland University , a large public institution that straddles the Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills border . The county 's knowledge-based economic initiative , coined Automation Alley , has developed one of the largest employment centers for engineering and related occupations in the United States . [ citation needed ] But Oakland County has shared in the recent economic hardships brought on by troubles at General Motors , Ford , and Chrysler . It has fared better than Detroit and Flint , as its economy is more diverse and less reliant on manufacturing jobs ."}]}, {'value': 'Clark Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goguac Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goguac_Lake', 'summary': "Goguac Lake is a 352-acre ( 1.42 km2 ) lake in the city of Battle Creek , located in Calhoun County in the southwest portion of the U.S. state of Michigan . With a maximum depth of 66 feet ( 20 m ) , the lake is home to many fish species , including Crappie , Bluegill , Pike , Largemouth Bass , Yellow Perch , Rock Bass and Walleye . While the perimeter of the lake consists primarily of private residences and expansive estates , the Battle Creek Country Club , Pasche 's Lakeside Restaurant , and Willard Beach public park can be found on the lake . A fictional version of the lake was featured in the television show Battle Creek"}]}, {'value': 'Battle Creek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_Creek,_Michigan', 'summary': "Battle Creek is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan , in northwest Calhoun County , at the confluence of the Kalamazoo and Battle Creek rivers . It is the principal city of the Battle Creek , Michigan Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , which encompasses all of Calhoun County . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 52,347 , while the MSA 's population was 136,146 ."}]}, {'value': 'Calhoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Calhoun County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 136,146 . The county seat is Marshall . The county was established on October 19 , 1829 and named after John C. Calhoun , who was at the time Vice President under Andrew Jackson , making it one of Michigan 's Cabinet counties . County government was first organized on March 6 , 1833 . Calhoun County comprises the Battle Creek , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Kalamazoo-Battle Creek-Portage , MI Combined Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Dam Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tippy Dam Pond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tippy_Dam', 'summary': "Tippy Dam or Tippy Hydro was built 1918 and is a hydroelectric dam operated by Consumers Energy . The original name of the dam was Junction Hydro , but it was renamed to honor a Consumers board of directors member , Charles W. Tippy . The dam spans the Manistee River about 170 miles from its headwaters which include Manistee Lake , on the river 's way to Lake Michigan ."}]}, {'value': 'Norman Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Norman Township is a civil township of Manistee County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 1,676 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Manistee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manistee_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Manistee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the population was 24,733 . The county seat is Manistee . The name Manistee is from an Ojibwe word first applied to the principal river of the county . The derivation is not certain , but it may be from ministigweyaa , river with islands at its mouth . See also , List of Michigan county name etymologies and Kaministiquia River .'}]}, {'value': 'Dawsons Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White Lake', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Highland Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Highland_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Highland Township , officially the Charter Township of Highland , is a charter township of west Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population was 19,202 at the 2010 census . Highland is a suburb of Detroit . Highland Township was founded by pioneer families in 1835 . A major factor in the development of Highland was the railroad , which allowed lumber to be transported cheaply , and allowed pickles from the township 's early factories to be exported easily . In 2003 , in an effort to retain its rural character , as well as preserve its extensive equestrian heritage , Highland declared itself an equestrian community and began active support and encouragement of the equestrian presence and related development in the township . In 2006 , thanks in large part to the efforts of the Highland Equestrian Conservancy , Highland Township received official recognition by the state government as Michigan 's first designated equestrian community . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Oakland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan', 'summary': "Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is part of the metropolitan Detroit area , located northwest of the city . As of the 2010 census , its population was 1,202,362 , making it the second-most populous county in Michigan , behind neighboring Wayne County . The county seat is Pontiac . The county was founded in 1819 and organized in 1820 . Oakland County is composed of 62 cities , townships , and villages , and is part of the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city of Detroit is in neighboring Wayne County , south of 8 Mile Road . Oakland County is among the ten highest income counties in the United States with populations over one million people . It is also home to Oakland University , a large public institution that straddles the Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills border . The county 's knowledge-based economic initiative , coined Automation Alley , has developed one of the largest employment centers for engineering and related occupations in the United States . [ citation needed ] But Oakland County has shared in the recent economic hardships brought on by troubles at General Motors , Ford , and Chrysler . It has fared better than Detroit and Flint , as its economy is more diverse and less reliant on manufacturing jobs ."}]}, {'value': 'Debs Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Joseph River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)', 'summary': 'The St. Joseph River ( known locally as the St. Joe ) is a 206 miles ( 332 km ) long tributary of Lake Michigan flowing generally westerly through southern Michigan and northern Indiana , United States , to its terminus on the southeast shore of the lake . It drains a primarily rural farming area in the watershed of Lake Michigan . It was enormously important to Native Americans and greatly aided in the colonial exploration , settlement and administration of New France and the nascent United States as a canoe route between Lake Michigan and the watershed of the Mississippi River .'}]}, {'value': 'Buchanan Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buchanan_Township,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Buchanan Township is a civil township of Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2010 census , the township population was 3,523 . The city of Buchanan is located in the southeast portion of the township . Buchanan Township is bounded by Oronoko Charter Township to the north , Berrien Township to the north and northeast , Niles Township to the east , Bertrand Township to the south and southeast , Galien Township to the southwest , Weesaw Township to the west , and Baroda Township to the northwest . No major highways transit the township , although US 12 parallels the southern edge and US 31 passes just to the east .'}]}, {'value': 'Berrien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berrien_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Berrien County is a county on the south line of Michigan , at the southwestern corner of the state . As of the 2010 census , the population was 156,813 . The county seat is St. Joseph . Berrien County is included in the Niles-Benton Harbor , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the South Bend-Elkhart-Mishawaka , IN-MI Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Dermo Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_River_(Michigan)', 'summary': "The Grand River is a river in the southwestern portion of the southern peninsula of Michigan , United States , that flows into Lake Michigan 's southeastern shore . It is the longest river in the U.S. state of Michigan , running 252 miles ( 406 km ) from its headwaters in Hillsdale County on the southern border north to Lansing and west to its mouth on the Lake at Grand Haven . Native Americans who lived along the river before the arrival of the French and British called the river O-wash-ta-nong , meaning Far-away-water ' , because of its length . The so named Grand Rapids , located in what is today the namesake city , were a mile-long , 300 yards wide and 10-15 feet-tall rapids for which the river was famous . These were submerged following the construction of numerous dams , starting in 1835 , and flooding of areas behind the dams . The river has not had any rapids for nearly a century ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Haven', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Haven,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Grand Haven is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Ottawa County . Grand Haven is located on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Grand River , for which it is named . As of the 2010 census , Grand Haven had a population of 10,412 . It is part of the Grand Rapids Metropolitan Area , which had a population of 1,027,703 in 2014 . The city is home to the Grand Haven Memorial Airpark ( 3GM ) and is located just north of Grand Haven Charter Township .'}]}, {'value': 'Ottawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Ottawa County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the United States 2010 Census , the population was 263,801 . The county seat is Grand Haven . The county is named for the Ottawa Nation . It was set off in 1831 and organized in 1837 . Ottawa County is included in the Grand Rapids-Wyoming , MI Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Inland islands', 'section_text': "Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX Michigan has numerous inland lakes and rivers that also contain their own islands . The following also lists the body of water in which these islands are located . Five islands below ( * and highlighted in green ) are actually islands within an island ; they are contained within inland lakes in Isle Royale .", 'uid': 'List_of_islands_of_Michigan_6', 'intro': "The following is a list of islands of Michigan. Michigan has the second longest coastline of any state after Alaska. Being bordered by four of the five Great Lakes - Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior - Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, as well as innumerable rivers, that may contain their own islands included in this list. The majority of the islands are within the Great Lakes. Other islands can also be found within other waterways of the Great Lake system, including Lake St. Clair, St. Clair River, Detroit River, and St. Marys River. The largest of all the islands is Isle Royale in Lake Superior, which, in addition to its waters and other surrounding islands, is organized as Isle Royale National Park. Isle Royale itself is 206 square miles (530 km2). The most populated island is Grosse Ile with approximately 10,000 residents, located in the Detroit River about 10 miles (16 kilometres) south of Detroit. The majority of Michigan's islands are uninhabited and very small. Some of these otherwise unusable islands have been used for the large number of Michigan's lighthouses to aid in shipping throughout the Great Lakes, while others have been set aside as nature reserves. Many islands in Michigan have the same name, even some that are in the same municipality and body of water, such as Gull, Long, or Round islands."}
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What is the population of the county located in Niles-Benton Harbor ?
156,813
0b10d6b31227281f
hybridqa
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_antiheroes', 'title': 'List of fictional antiheroes', 'header': ['Character', 'Work', 'Actor'], 'data': [{'value': 'Amuro Ray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amuro_Ray', 'summary': "Amuro Ray ( Japanese : アムロ・レイ , Hepburn : Amuro Rei ) is a fictional character introduced in Sunrise 's 1979 anime series Mobile Suit Gundam . Amuro is a mechanic who becomes the pilot of the mecha known as RX-78-2 Gundam to protect himself from the Zeon forces invading his space colony during the war . He becomes an Earth Federation pilot in the war as well as the first Newtype , a type of human with special awareness which gives him great skills when fighting . The Gundam franchise explores Amuro 's involvement in the wars piloting the titular mecha . He returns in the sequel , Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam and the feature film Mobile Suit Gundam : Char 's Counterattack where he takes part in new conflicts . He is voiced by Tōru Furuya ( Japanese ) , Brad Swaile ( English dub of the original TV series , Char 's Counterattack , and the majority of the licensed Gundam video games ) , Michael Lindsay ( English dub of Movies I-III ) , Matthew Erickson ( English dub of Zeta Gundam and the Mobile Suit Gundam : Gundam vs. Zeta Gundam video game ) , Fryda Wolff ( Young , English dub of Mobile Suit Gundam : The Origin ) and Lucien Dodge ( English dub of Mobile Suit Gundam : The Origin ) . As the protagonist of the series , Amuro was made a teenager due to the show 's sponsor . Director Yoshiyuki Tomino explained Amuro became a Newtype to explain his talent when piloting the RX-78-2 Gundam despite his young age . His character became very popular in Japan , earning high ranks in popularity polls involving Gundam characters as well as anime characters in general . Critical reception to the character has also been positive with comments revolving around his work as a soldier ."}]}, {'value': 'Mobile Suit Gundam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam', 'summary': "Mobile Suit Gundam ( Japanese : 機動戦士ガンダム , Hepburn : Kidō Senshi Gandamu , also known as First Gundam , Gundam 0079 or simply Gundam '79 ) is a televised anime series , produced and animated by Nippon Sunrise . Created and directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino , it premiered in Japan on Nagoya Broadcasting Network and its affiliated ANN stations on April 7 , 1979 , and lasted until January 26 , 1980 , spanning 43 episodes . It was the very first Gundam series , which has subsequently been adapted into numerous sequels and spin-offs . Set in the futuristic calendar year Universal Century 0079 , the plot focuses on the war between the Principality of Zeon and the Earth Federation , with the latter unveiling a new giant robot known as the RX-78-2 Gundam piloted by the teenage civilian mechanic Amuro Ray . In 1981 , the series was re-edited for theatrical release and split into three movies . The characters were designed by Yoshikazu Yasuhiko , and Kunio Okawara was responsible for the mechanical designs , including the eponymous giant robot , the RX-78-2 Gundam . The first movie was released on February 22 , 1981 . Tomino himself also wrote a trilogy of novels that retell the events of the series . Two manga adaptations of the series have also been written by two manga artists . Despite initial low ratings that caused the series ' cancellation , the popularity of Gundam saw a boost from the introduction of Bandai 's Gunpla models in 1980 and from reruns and the theatrical release of the anime , leading to the creation of a prolific and lucrative media and toy franchise . The series is famous for revolutionizing the giant robot genre due to the handling of mobile suits as weapons of war as well as the portrayal of their pilots as ordinary soldiers , as opposed to the previous style of portraying hero pilots and their giant super hero robots ."}]}, {'value': 'Toru Furuya ( Japanese ) Brad Swaile ( English , MSG and MSG-CC ) Michael Lindsay ( English , MSG l-lll ) Matthew Erickson ( English , MSG-Z ) Lucien Dodge ( English , MSG : Origin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toru_Furuya', 'summary': "Tōru Furuya ( 古谷 徹 , Furuya Tōru , born July 31 , 1953 in Yokohama , Kanagawa Prefecture ) is a Japanese actor , voice actor and narrator . As a child , he was a member of Gekidan Himawari , a children 's acting troupe . He is currently employed by the talent management firm Aoni Production . Furuya is most known for the roles of Amuro Ray ( both in the original Mobile Suit Gundam and its following Gundam sequels ) , Hyūma Hoshi ( Star of the Giants ) , Pegasus Seiya ( Saint Seiya ) , Yamcha ( Dragon Ball ) , Kyōsuke Kasuga ( Kimagure Orange Road ) , and Tuxedo Mask ( Sailor Moon ) . He considers these roles as his most important roles . He also used a pseudonym Noboru Sōgetsu ( 蒼月 昇 , Sōgetsu Noboru ) in the cast of Mobile Suit Gundam 00 for Ribbons Almark 's role ( but used his real name in the narration role ) . Both the narration role and Ribbons Almark were Furuya 's first role in a non-Universal Century Gundam series ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brad_Swaile', 'summary': 'Bradley Swaile is a Canadian voice actor . His major roles include Light Yagami in Death Note , Rock in Black Lagoon , and Nightcrawler in X-Men Evolution . In the 1990s , he voiced Mousse in Ranma ½ and Teen Gohan in the Ocean dub of Dragon Ball Z . He has also voiced multiple roles in the Mobile Suit Gundam series , including Amuro Ray of Mobile Suit Gundam , Quatre Raberba Winner of Gundam Wing , Dearka Elsman of Gundam SEED , Auel Neider of Gundam SEED Destiny and Setsuna F. Seiei of Gundam 00 . In video games , he voices Jin Kazama in Street Fighter X Tekken .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Lindsay', 'summary': 'Michael Lindsay ( May 9 , 1963 - August 31 , 2019 ) was an American voice actor who worked largely in anime , credited often as Dylan Tully . His most prominent roles were Kisuke Urahara in Bleach , Kankuro in Naruto , Joe Kido in Digimon , and Amuro Ray in the first three Mobile Suit Gundam compilation movies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Erickson', 'summary': 'Matthew Erickson is a Canadian voice actor who works for Ocean Studios in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada and the Calgary , Alberta-based Blue Water Studios . He was born and raised in rural Alberta . He has played several roles in anime , most notably Zoids : Chaotic Century , Zoids : Guardian Force , Shinn Asuka in Gundam Seed Destiny and Amuro Ray in Zeta Gundam .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lucien_Dodge', 'summary': "Lucien Dodge is an American voice actor who does work in animation , anime and video games . He is mostly known for his characters in anime such as Waver Velvet in Fate/Zero , Maron and Chilli in Pokémon , K1-B0 in Danganronpa V3 : Killing Harmony , Takumu Mayuzumi in Accel World , and the title character of the video game Dust : An Elysian Tail . He has also read for audio books for Live Oak Media. [ importance ? ] Dodge has appeared on voice acting panels at T-Mode , Otakon , and NohCon , has been a special guest teacher at NYU , and had appeared at the National Audio Theater Festival for six consecutive years . [ citation needed ] He lives in Los Angeles , California . He has been heard in commercials endorsing products such as Pop Tarts , Minute Maid , Verizon Wireless , Kellogg 's and Chevrolet. [ importance ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Hei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Darker_than_Black_characters', 'summary': "At the beginning of the series , The Syndicate ( 組織 , Soshiki ) is introduced as a mysterious underground organization with no apparent objective . Its operatives work with both Contractors and Dolls and even have access to M.E . technology in order to erase sightings of their affairs from witness ' minds . The Syndicate makes extensive use of word of mouth communication in relaying both missions and operative status . In the later course of the show , it is revealed that The Syndicate is in fact merely another façade for a global organization in control of PANDORA , that declares to be looking for stabilizing the world order and destroying Hell 's Gate . At the ending of Ryūsei no Gemini , a new Syndicate is established consisting of Misaki , Kobayashi , Mao and Madame Oreille after American occupation forces have subdued the old Syndicate ."}]}, {'value': 'Darker than Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darker_than_Black', 'summary': 'Darker than Black , also known as Darker than Black : The Black Contractor ( DARKER THAN BLACK ー黒の契約者ー , Dākā Zan Burakku -Kuro no Keiyakusha- ) , is an anime television series created and directed by Tensai Okamura and animated by Bones . It premiered across Japan from April 5 , 2007 on MBS , TBS , and its affiliated broadcast stations , with its satellite television premiere in Japan on Animax in May 2007 . The music for the series is composed by Yoko Kanno . The series has also been adapted into two manga series , which are serialized in Monthly Asuka and in Young Gangan . A sequel titled Darker than Black : Gemini of the Meteor premiered in Japan on October 8 , 2009 . On January 21 , 2016 , it was announced that Funimation , the North American distributor for the anime , no longer holds the license for the first season .'}]}, {'value': 'Hidenobu Kiuchi ( Japanese ) Jason Liebrecht ( English )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hidenobu_Kiuchi', 'summary': "Hidenobu Kiuchi ( 木内 秀信 , Kiuchi Hidenobu , born February 5 , 1969 in Kobe , Hyōgo Prefecture ) is a Japanese voice actor . Some of his major roles include Hol Horse in JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : Stardust Crusaders , Yūshi Oshitari in The Prince of Tennis , Kenzo Tenma in Monster , Ren Honjo in Nana , Hei in Darker than Black , Shisui Uchiha in Naruto Shippuden , and Dad ( Mr Yamada ) in Chi 's Sweet Home . He began as a stage actor when one of his seniors got him to do voice acting . He has taken lead roles such as Jose in Gunslinger Girl and Ramsbeckite Hematite in Cluster Edge . In 2008 , he was the first Japanese voice actor to guest at an anime convention in Australia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jason_Liebrecht', 'summary': 'Ernesto Jason Liebrecht is an American voice actor who voices for a number of English versions of Japanese anime series and video games produced by Funimation/OkraTron 5000 and ADV Films . Some of his major roles include Lavi and the Millennium Earl in the D.Gray-man series , Tapion in Dragon Ball Z : Wrath of the Dragon , Syaoran in Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle and Cardcaptor Sakura , Rob Lucci in the Funimation dub of One Piece , Train Heartnet in Black Cat , Hei in Darker than Black , Dabi in My Hero Academia , Larcade Dragneel in the final season of Fairy Tail , and Vulcan Joseph in Fire Force .'}]}, {'value': 'Lelouch Lamperouge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lelouch_Lamperouge', 'summary': "Lelouch vi Britannia ( ルルーシュ・ヴィ・ブリタニア , Rurūshu vi Buritania ) , whose alias is Lelouch Lamperouge ( ルルーシュ・ランペルージ , Rurūshu Ranperūji ) , is the title character and Byronic Hero of the Sunrise anime series Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion . In the series , Lelouch is a former prince from the superpower Britannia who is given the power of the Geass by a witch known as C.C . Using the Geass and his genius-level intellect , Lelouch becomes the leader of the resistance movement known as The Black Knights under his alter ego Zero ( ゼロ ) to destroy the Holy Britannian Empire , an imperial monarchy that has been conquering various countries under control from his father . His Japanese voice actor is Jun Fukuyama , and his child self is voiced by Sayaka Ohara . His English dub voice is provided by Johnny Yong Bosch with Michelle Ruff doing Lelouch 's child voice . Lelouch was designed by the group of manga artists Clamp , who aimed to create a stylish and visually appealing character . The character of Lelouch has been recognized as one of Japan 's most popular characters during the time Code Geass aired , appearing at the top of several polls . Publications for anime and manga saw Lelouch as an interesting character . Despite his ruthless methods to destroy an empire , he still has several strong relationships that made him a likeable character . His voice actors Fukuyama and Bosch have been praised for their work as Lelouch 's voice ."}]}, {'value': 'Code Geass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Code_Geass', 'summary': "Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion ( コードギアス 反逆のルルーシュ , Kōdo Giasu : Hangyaku no Rurūshu ) , often referred to simply as Code Geass , is a Japanese anime series produced by Sunrise . It was directed by Gorō Taniguchi and written by Ichirō Ōkouchi , with original character designs by Clamp . Set in an alternate timeline , the series follows the exiled prince Lelouch vi Britannia , who obtains the power of absolute obedience from a mysterious woman named C.C . Using this supernatural power , known as Geass , he leads a rebellion against the rule of the Holy Britannian Empire , commanding a series of mecha battles . Code Geass was broadcast in Japan on MBS from October 6 , 2006 to July 29 , 2007 . Its sequel series , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 ( コードギアス 反逆のルルーシュR2 , Kōdo Giasu Hangyaku no Rurūshu Āru Tsū ) , ran as a simulcast on MBS and TBS from April 6 , 2008 to September 28 , 2008 . The series has also been adapted into various manga and light novels with the former showing various alternate scenarios from the TV series . Bandai Entertainment also licensed most parts from the franchise for English release in December 2007 , airing the two TV series on Adult Swim . Most manga and light novels have also been published in North America by Bandai . A compilation film trilogy that recapped the events from both seasons of the anime series , with altered storylines for various characters , was released in 2017 and 2018 . A new film , titled Code Geass : Lelouch of the Re ; surrection ( コードギアス 復活のルルーシュ , Kōdo Giasu : Fukkatsu no Rurūshu ) , taking place after the Zero Requiem of the recap films ' universe , was released in theaters on February 9 , 2019 . The anime television series has been well received in Japan , selling over a million DVD and Blu-ray Disc volumes ."}]}, {'value': 'Jun Fukuyama ( Japanese ) Johnny Yong Bosch ( English )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jun_Fukuyama', 'summary': 'Jun Fukuyama ( 福山 潤 , Fukuyama Jun , born November 26 , 1978 ) is a Japanese voice actor and singer best known for his roles Lelouch ( Code Geass ) , Koro-sensei ( Assassination Classroom ) , Ichimatsu ( Osomatsu-san ) , Misaki Yata ( K ) , Kimihiro Watanuki ( xxxHOLiC ) , Joker ( Persona 5 ) and several other leading roles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Yong_Bosch', 'summary': 'Johnny Yong Bosch ( born January 6 , 1976 ) is an American actor , voice actor , martial artist , singer , and musician . His first major role was the portrayal of Adam Park , the second Black Power Ranger and later , the Green Zeo Ranger and first Green Turbo Ranger in the Power Rangers franchise , which led to roles in some martial arts television and feature films . Bosch is located in Los Angeles and does most of his voice-over work at Viz Media , Bang Zoom ! Entertainment , Animaze , New Generation Pictures , NYAV Post , Studiopolis and on some occasions travels to Dallas to record shows for Funimation . In July 2019 , a crowdfunding campaign for the film Legend of the White Dragon , featuring Jason David Frank , Bosch , Jason Faunt , Ciara Hannah , Yoshi Sudarso , Chrysti Ane , and Jenna Frank , was launched on Kickstarter .'}]}, {'value': 'Mugen Jin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Samurai_Champloo_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters from the anime and manga series Samurai Champloo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Samurai_Champloo_characters', 'summary': 'This is a list of characters from the anime and manga series Samurai Champloo .'}]}, {'value': 'Samurai Champloo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samurai_Champloo', 'summary': "Samurai Champloo ( Japanese : サムライチャンプルー , Hepburn : Samurai Chanpurū ) , stylized as SAMURAI CHAMPLOO , is a Japanese anime series developed by Manglobe . It featured a production team led by director Shinichirō Watanabe , character designer Kazuto Nakazawa and mechanical designer Mahiro Maeda . Samurai Champloo was Watanabe 's first directorial effort for an anime television series after the critically acclaimed Cowboy Bebop . It was first broadcast in Japan on Fuji TV on May 20 , 2004 , and ran for twenty-six episodes until its conclusion on March 19 , 2005 . Samurai Champloo is set in an alternate version of Edo-era ( 1603 to 1868 ) Japan with an anachronistic , predominantly hip hop , setting . It follows Mugen , an impudent and freedom-loving vagrant swordsman ; Jin , a composed and stoic rōnin ; and Fuu , a brave girl who asks them to accompany her in her quest across Japan to find the samurai who smells of sunflowers . Samurai Champloo has many similarities to Shinichirō Watanabe 's other work Cowboy Bebop . Both series are critically acclaimed , focus on mixing genres , follow an episodic narrative design , and use contemporary music . Samurai Champloo was dubbed in the English language and licensed by Geneon Entertainment for releases in North America . Funimation began licensing the series after Geneon ceased production of its titles . It was also licensed for English releases in the United Kingdom by MVM Films , and in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazuya Nakai ( Japanese ) Steven Blum ( English ) Ginpei Sato ( Japanese ) Kirk Thornton ( English )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazuya_Nakai', 'summary': 'Kazuya Nakai ( 中井 和哉 , Nakai Kazuya , born November 25 , 1967 ) is a Japanese voice actor and narrator who was born in Kobe , Japan . He is affiliated with Aoni Production . His most notable role is Roronoa Zoro in the anime series One Piece . Other major voice roles include Toshiro Hijikata from Gintama , Date Masamune from Sengoku Basara , Xiahou Dun and Dian Wei from Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi series , Shinjiro Aragaki from the Persona series , Mugen from Samurai Champloo , Mondo Owada from the Danganronpa series , and Ultraman Max in Ultraman Max . He won a Best Supporting Actor award at the 5th Seiyu Awards in 2011 for his roles in One Piece and Gin Tama .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steven_Blum', 'summary': 'Steven Jay Blum ( /bluːm/ born April 29 , 1960 ) is an American voice actor for anime , animation and video games , known for his distinctively deep voice .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ginpei_Sato', 'summary': 'Ginpei Sato ( 佐藤 銀平 , Satō Ginpei , born October 19 , 1977 ) is a Japanese voice actor in numerous anime and non-anime works . He is most known for his role as Saïx of Organization XIII ( Kingdom Hearts II ) and as Jin ( Samurai Champloo ) , who are both voiced by Kirk Thornton in their respective English dubs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kirk_Thornton', 'summary': 'Kirk Thornton ( born May 13 , 1956 ) is an American voice actor , director and script writer working mainly with English-language versions of Japanese anime shows . His major roles include Brandon Heat in Gungrave , Hotohori in Fushigi Yūgi , Jin in Samurai Champloo , Hajime Saito in Rurouni Kenshin , Jet Link in Cyborg 009 , Don Patch in Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo , Ensign Nogami in The Cockpit , and numerous Digimon . Additionally , Thornton co-directed for the popular anime series Bleach alongside Wendee Lee , and also serves as the narrator . In video games , he voices Number VII Organization XIII member Saïx in the Kingdom Hearts series and Shadow the Hedgehog and Orbot in the Sonic the Hedgehog series .'}]}, {'value': 'Scar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scar_(Fullmetal_Alchemist)', 'summary': "Scar ( Japanese : スカー , Hepburn : Sukā ) , also known as Scarred Man ( 傷の男 , Kizu no Otoko ) , is a fictional character from the Fullmetal Alchemist manga series and its adaptations created by Hiromu Arakawa . Scar is introduced as a villain who targets alchemists working for the state military from the fictional country of Amestris . Scar hails from the region of Ishval whose people were almost exterminated in a previous civil war against the state military , most notably their alchemists . His alias is derived from the prominent X-shaped scar that decorates his brow with his birth name being unknown . As the series continues , Scar 's backstory is further explored and he questions his motives , eventually joining the side of the Amestrian State military . Scar was created by Arakawa in order to represent the continuous encounter that happened between people from Hokkaido and the Ainu . Therefore , she regards Scar as a complex character as his hatred spanned from the Ishval 's civil war . Similarly , his character was received positively by publications from manga and anime , who find him as an atypical villain in the series ."}]}, {'value': 'Fullmetal Alchemist & Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist_(anime)', 'summary': "Fullmetal Alchemist ( Japanese : 鋼の錬金術師 , Hepburn : Hagane no Renkinjutsushi ) is a Japanese anime television series adapted from the manga of the same name written and illustrated by Hiromu Arakawa . Comprising 51 episodes , it was co-produced by the animation studio Bones , Mainichi Broadcasting System ( MBS ) , and Aniplex and directed by Seiji Mizushima . It was broadcast on MBS in Japan from October 4 , 2003 , to October 2 , 2004 . As in the manga , the series follows the adventures of brothers Edward and Alphonse Elric , who are searching for the Philosopher 's Stone so they can regain the bodies they lost in a failed attempt to bring their dead mother back to life . During production , Arakawa requested an original ending that differed from the manga , leading to the series deviating into an original plot halfway through . The first series ended with a sequel film , Conqueror of Shamballa , released in 2005 . A second anime series , Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood , which adapted the manga chapters all the way throughout the story , was broadcast in 2009 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist:_Brotherhood', 'summary': "Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood ( Japanese : 鋼の錬金術師 FULLMETAL ALCHEMIST , Hepburn : Hagane no Renkinjutsushi Furumetaru Arukemisuto ) is a Japanese anime television series adapted from the Fullmetal Alchemist manga by Hiromu Arakawa . Produced by Bones , the series is directed by Yasuhiro Irie and written by Hiroshi Ōnogi . Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood is the second anime television series based on Fullmetal Alchemist , the first being 2003 's Fullmetal Alchemist . Unlike the previous adaptation , Brotherhood is an almost 1:1 adaptation directly following the original events of the manga . It was first announced in the manga series ' 20th tankōbon volume . In Japan , it is differentiated from the 2003 series by the inclusion of the English language title . The series premiered on April 5 , 2009 , on MBS-TBS ' Sunday 5:00 PM JST anime time block , replacing Mobile Suit Gundam 00 , and ran weekly until airing its final episode on July 4 , 2010 . Voice actresses Romi Park and Rie Kugimiya reprised their roles as main characters Edward and Alphonse Elric , respectively . On March 20 , 2009 , it was announced that the English title of the series was Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood and that it would receive its English language premiere on Animax Asia , with Japanese audio and English subtitles , from April 10 , 2009 , at 8:30 p.m. , five days after its Japanese premiere . On April 3 , 2009 , Funimation announced that they would stream English subtitled episodes four days after they aired in Japan . Madman Entertainment would also stream it within days of the episodes airing in Japan . On February 13 , 2010 , the English-dubbed version of the series began its run on Adult Swim ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryōtarō Okiayu ( Japanese , FMA ) Dameon Clarke ( English , FMA ) Kenta Miyake ( Japanese , Brotherhood ) J. Michael Tatum ( English , Brotherhood )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryōtarō_Okiayu', 'summary': 'Ryōtarō Okiayu ( 置鮎 龍太郎 , Okiayu Ryōtarō , born November 17 , 1969 ) is a Japanese voice actor and stage actor affiliated with Aoni Production . His major roles include : Treize Khushrenada in Mobile Suit Gundam Wing , Hisashi Mitsui in Slam Dunk , Meisuke Nueno in Hell Teacher Nūbē , Kunimitsu Tezuka in The Prince of Tennis , Byakuya Kuchiki in Bleach , Yuu Matsuura in Marmalade Boy , Shigure Sohma in Fruits Basket , Dark in D.N . Angel and Toriko in Toriko . As a singer , he was part of the voice actor unit E.M.U ( Entertainment Music Unit ) with fellow voice actors Hikaru Midorikawa , Hideo Ishikawa , Nobutoshi Hayashi and Daisuke Sakaguchi , which was active from 1995 to 2000 . He is married to voice actress Ai Maeda .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dameon_Clarke', 'summary': 'Dameon J. Clarke ( born January 16 , 1972 ) is a Canadian actor who has done work for anime , films , TV shows and video games . His voice acting roles have been with Funimation , where he voiced Cell in the Dragon Ball series , George Kaminski in Case Closed , Younger Toguro in Yu Yu Hakusho and Scar in Fullmetal Alchemist . In video games , he voices Handsome Jack in the Borderlands series . On camera , he has appeared in TV shows such as Graceland , 24 , Castle , Supernatural and Prison Break . He also starred in the indie film How to Be a Serial Killer , for which he won several awards at film festivals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kenta_Miyake', 'summary': 'Kenta Miyake ( 三宅 健太 , Miyake Kenta , born August 23 , 1977 in Okinawa Prefecture ) is a Japanese voice actor and narrator who is affiliated with 81 Produce . He is the best official dubbing roles for Chris Hemsworth .'}, {'url': '/wiki/J._Michael_Tatum', 'summary': 'John Michael Tatum ( born May 25 , 1976 in McKinney , Texas ) is an American voice actor , ADR director and script writer working for Funimation/OkraTron 5000 who provides voices for a number of English versions of Japanese anime series and video games .'}]}, {'value': 'Spike Spiegel Jet Black Faye Valentine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spike_Spiegel', 'summary': "Spike Spiegel ( Japanese : スパイク・スピーゲル , Hepburn : Supaiku Supīgeru ) is a fictional character introduced as the protagonist of the 1998 anime series Cowboy Bebop . Spike is a former member of the criminal Red Dragon Syndicate , who left by faking his death after falling in love with a woman called Julia . He is first introduced as the partner of Jet Black , captain of the spaceship Bebop : the two are legalized bounty hunters pursuing criminals across the populated planets and moons of the solar system . During his adventures on board the Bebop , he is drawn back into a bitter feud with Vicious , a rival from the Syndicate who seeks to kill him . Spike was created by Shinichirō Watanabe and Toshihiro Kawamoto as part of the production entity Hajime Yatate . Created as a mirror image of Watanabe and based on Yūsaku Matsuda 's character in Tantei Monogatari , he was designed as someone who would expect others to follow his lead . Kawamoto deliberately designed him to appear uncool to create the opposite effect for viewers . His final confrontation with Vicious was planned well in advance . His portrayal in the later movie adaptation displayed the character 's softer side and inner thoughts . Spike is voiced in Japanese by Kōichi Yamadera . In the English dub , he is voiced by Steven Blum . In addition to the series , Spike has been featured in two manga adaptations and has been the protagonist of two video game adaptations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jet_Black_(Cowboy_Bebop)', 'summary': 'The following is a list of major and minor characters from the anime series Cowboy Bebop , directed by Shinichiro Watanabe and written by Keiko Nobumoto .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Faye_Valentine', 'summary': 'The following is a list of major and minor characters from the anime series Cowboy Bebop , directed by Shinichiro Watanabe and written by Keiko Nobumoto .'}]}, {'value': 'Cowboy Bebop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop', 'summary': "Cowboy Bebop ( カウボーイビバップ , Kaubōi Bibappu ) is a Japanese animated science-fiction television series animated by Sunrise featuring a production team led by director Shinichirō Watanabe , screenwriter Keiko Nobumoto , character designer Toshihiro Kawamoto , mechanical designer Kimitoshi Yamane , and composer Yoko Kanno . The twenty-six episodes ( sessions ) of the series are set in the year 2071 , and follow the lives of a bounty hunter crew traveling in their spaceship called the Bebop . Although it covers a wide range of genres throughout its run , Cowboy Bebop draws most heavily from science fiction , western and noir films , and its most recurring thematic focal points include adult existential ennui , loneliness and the difficulties of trying to escape one 's past . The series premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo from April 3 until June 26 , 1998 , broadcasting only twelve episodes and a special due to its controversial adult-themed content . The entire twenty-six episodes of the series were later broadcast on Wowow from October 24 until April 24 , 1999 . The anime was adapted into two manga series which were serialized in Kadokawa Shoten 's Asuka Fantasy DX . A film was later released to theaters worldwide . The anime series was dubbed in the English language by Animaze and ZRO Limit Productions , and was licensed by Bandai Entertainment in North America and is now licensed by Funimation . In Britain , it was licensed by Beez Entertainment and is currently licensed by Anime Limited . Madman Entertainment has licensed it for releases in Australia and New Zealand . In 2001 , Cowboy Bebop became the first anime title to be broadcast on Adult Swim in the United States . Cowboy Bebop became a critical and commercial success both in Japanese and international markets ( most notably in the United States ) , garnered several major anime and science fiction awards upon its release , and received wide acclaim for its style , characters , story , voice acting , animation , and soundtrack ."}]}, {'value': 'Kōichi Yamadera ( Japanese ) Steven Blum ( English ) Unsho Ishizuka ( Japanese ) Beau Billingslea ( English ) Megumi Hayashibara ( Japanese ) Wendee Lee ( English )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kōichi_Yamadera', 'summary': "Kōichi Yamadera ( 山寺 宏一 , Yamadera Kōichi , born June 17 , 1961 ) is a Japanese actor , voice actor , narrator and singer from Shiogama , Miyagi Prefecture . He graduated from Tohoku Gakuin University 's economics school and is currently affiliated with Across Entertainment . Before that , he was affiliated with the Tokyo Actor 's Consumer 's Cooperative Society . His nickname is Yama-chan ( 山ちゃん ) . As a radio personality , he is known as Bazooka Yamadera ( バズーカ山寺 , Bazūka Yamadera ) among other things . He is best known for his roles in Ninja Scroll ( as Jūbei Kibagami ) , Cowboy Bebop ( as Spike Spiegel ) , Dragon Ball Super ( as Beerus ) , Ghost in the Shell ( as Togusa ) , Neon Genesis Evangelion ( as Ryoji Kaji ) , Anpanman ( as Cheese ) , Ranma ½ ( as Ryōga Hibiki/P-chan and the Jusenkyō Guide ) and the current voice of Koichi Zenigata ( Lupin III ) . He is also known for voicing Jim Carrey and Eddie Murphy in the Japanese language releases of their respective films , as well as being the official dubbed voice of Donald Duck in Japanese . During the film Batman Ninja , he also known for the dubbed voice of Batman ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Steven_Blum', 'summary': 'Steven Jay Blum ( /bluːm/ born April 29 , 1960 ) is an American voice actor for anime , animation and video games , known for his distinctively deep voice .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Unsho_Ishizuka', 'summary': "Unshō Ishizuka ( 石塚 運昇 , Ishizuka Unshō , May 16 , 1951 - August 13 , 2018 ) was a Japanese actor , voice actor , narrator and theatre director from Katsuyama , Fukui . He was affiliated with Aoni Production at the time of his death and was known for providing the voice of both the narrator and Professor Oak on the Japanese anime series Pokémon . In addition to that , he regularly appeared in both the Japanese and English-language versions of the Pokémon anime , voicing Onix , Steelix and numerous other Pokémon . Ishizuka was known for his deep , strong voice and is often cast in the role of older mature male characters , such as Jet Black from Cowboy Bebop , Eugene Gallardo from Tales of Rebirth and Captain Matthews in the Xenosaga trilogy . He was also the Japanese dub voice of Captain Gantu in every version of Lilo & Stitch to date . He was also the fourth Japanese voice of Heihachi Mishima in the Tekken video game series , and the second Japanese voice for Mr. Satan in the Dragon Ball franchise , taking over both roles since the death of longtime actor Daisuke Gōri . He has voiced the roles of Kizaru in the One Piece series , Van Hohenheim in the Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood series , Zabuza Momochi in the Naruto series , and Joseph Joestar in JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : Stardust Crusaders and in JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : Diamond Is Unbreakable as well as Bunta Fujiwara in Initial D and also Ujiyasu Hojo in Samurai Warriors and Warriors Orochi series . On August 17 , 2018 , it was reported that Ishizuka had died on August 13 due to esophageal cancer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beau_Billingslea', 'summary': 'John Beau Billingslea ( born December 18 , 1944 ) is an American actor and voice actor , known as the voice of Jet Black in the popular anime Cowboy Bebop , Ogremon in Digimon and Homura and Ay , the Fourth Raikage in Naruto Shippuden . In addition to voice acting , he appeared in many television shows and some films including North and South Book II : Love and War , Just Jordan , The Hannah Montana Movie , and Star Trek : Into Darkness .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Megumi_Hayashibara', 'summary': 'Megumi Hayashibara ( 林原 めぐみ , Hayashibara Megumi , born March 30 , 1967 ) is a Japanese voice actress , singer , lyricist and radio personality from Kita ward in Tokyo and is affiliated with Woodpark Office . One of the most prominent Japanese voice actresses of the 1990s , Hayashibara is best known for her roles in Love Hina , Saber Marionette J , Ranma ½ , Neon Genesis Evangelion , Cowboy Bebop , Slayers , Detective Conan , Pokémon , All Purpose Cultural Catgirl Nuku Nuku , Video Girl Ai , Danganronpa V3 : Killing Harmony , and Shaman King .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wendee_Lee', 'summary': 'Wendee Lee is an American voice actress and director in the anime industry and video games . Her first anime voice role was in Robotech in the 1980s , where she voiced Vanessa Leeds . She also voiced Scorpina on the live-action Mighty Morphin Power Rangers .'}]}, {'value': 'Captain Harlock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Harlock', 'summary': "Captain Harlock ( キャプテン・ハーロック , Kyaputen Hārokku , also known as Captain Herlock in the English release of Endless Odyssey ) is a fictional character and protagonist of the Space Pirate Captain Harlock manga series created by Leiji Matsumoto . Harlock is the archetypical Romantic hero , a space pirate with an individualist philosophy of life . He is as noble as he is taciturn , rebellious , stoically fighting against totalitarian regimes , whether they be Earth-born or alien . In his own words , he fight [ s ] for no one 's sake . only for something deep in [ his ] heart . He does not fear death , and is sometimes seen wearing clothing with the number 42 on it . In Japanese culture , the number 42 is associated with death ( the numbers , pronounced separately as four two , sound like the word shini - meaning dying/death ) . The character was created by Leiji Matsumoto in 1977 and popularized in the 1978 television series Space Pirate Captain Harlock . Since then , the character has appeared in numerous animated television series and films , the latest of which is 2013 's Space Pirate Captain Harlock ."}]}, {'value': 'Space Pirate Captain Harlock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Space_Pirate_Captain_Harlock', 'summary': "Space Pirate Captain Harlock ( Japanese : 宇宙海賊キャプテンハーロック , Hepburn : Uchū Kaizoku Kyaputen Hārokku , also romanized as Space Pirate Captain Herlock ) is a manga series written and illustrated by Leiji Matsumoto . It was serialized in Play Comic from 1977 to 1979 , with the chapters collected into five tankōbon volumes by Akita Shoten . The series follows the titular Captain , an outcast turned space pirate after he rebelled against Earth 's Government and humanity 's general apathy . Space Pirate Captain Harlock was adapted into an anime television series in 1978 directed by Rintaro and produced by Toei Animation . A computer-animated film adaptation of the same name was released in 2013 . On August 2014 , to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Matsumoto 's debut , he launched a retelling manga , Captain Harlock : Dimensional Voyage , illustrated by Kōichi Shimahoshi , which features some significant plot differences . Seven Seas Entertainment has licensed the manga in North America ."}]}, {'value': 'Makio Inoue ( Japanese ) Eiji Takemoto ( Japanese ) Kōichi Yamadera ( Japanese ) Shun Oguri ( Japanese ) Lanny Broyles ( English ) Michael McConnohie ( English ) Scott McNeil ( English ) Steve Blum ( English ) Lex Lang ( English ) David Matranga ( English )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Makio_Inoue', 'summary': 'Makio Inoue ( 井上 真樹夫 , Inoue Makio , November 30 , 1938 - November 29 , 2019 ) was a Japanese actor and voice actor . He began voice acting in the 1960s , landing small roles in Astroboy , and was the actor of choice for deep-voiced , serious males in the 1970s . He is most noted for his two longstanding roles , as the title character in Captain Harlock from 1978 though the 1980s and 1990s ( Kōichi Yamadera of Neon Genesis Evangelion and Cowboy Bebop fame took over this role in 1998 ) , and Goemon Ishikawa XIII of Lupin III from 1977 to 2011 ( taking over from Chikao Ōtsuka , who played the role in 1971 and 1972 ) . He was succeeded in the role of Goemon by Daisuke Namikawa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eiji_Takemoto', 'summary': "Eiji Takemoto ( 竹本 英史 , Takemoto Eiji , born March 7 , 1973 in Yamaguchi Prefecture ) is a Japanese voice actor . His name is sometimes mistranslated and also sometimes credited as being Hidefumi Takemoto ( Takemoto Hidefumi ) . Takemoto 's nickname is Takepon . Takemoto works at Aoni Production , and enjoys watching Japanese found footage films ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kōichi_Yamadera', 'summary': "Kōichi Yamadera ( 山寺 宏一 , Yamadera Kōichi , born June 17 , 1961 ) is a Japanese actor , voice actor , narrator and singer from Shiogama , Miyagi Prefecture . He graduated from Tohoku Gakuin University 's economics school and is currently affiliated with Across Entertainment . Before that , he was affiliated with the Tokyo Actor 's Consumer 's Cooperative Society . His nickname is Yama-chan ( 山ちゃん ) . As a radio personality , he is known as Bazooka Yamadera ( バズーカ山寺 , Bazūka Yamadera ) among other things . He is best known for his roles in Ninja Scroll ( as Jūbei Kibagami ) , Cowboy Bebop ( as Spike Spiegel ) , Dragon Ball Super ( as Beerus ) , Ghost in the Shell ( as Togusa ) , Neon Genesis Evangelion ( as Ryoji Kaji ) , Anpanman ( as Cheese ) , Ranma ½ ( as Ryōga Hibiki/P-chan and the Jusenkyō Guide ) and the current voice of Koichi Zenigata ( Lupin III ) . He is also known for voicing Jim Carrey and Eddie Murphy in the Japanese language releases of their respective films , as well as being the official dubbed voice of Donald Duck in Japanese . During the film Batman Ninja , he also known for the dubbed voice of Batman ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shun_Oguri', 'summary': 'Shun Oguri ( 小栗 旬 , Oguri Shun , born December 26 , 1982 ) is a Japanese actor and voice actor , son of stage director Tetsuya Oguri , and the youngest of 3 siblings , including older brother Ryo , who is also an actor . He started in small roles as extra in the works in which his father and brother worked . He began his official acting career at the age of 13 in the TV drama Hachidai Shogun Yoshimune ( 1995 ) . With over 100 credits to his name , Oguri has an extensive Japanese filmography , which includes Lupin the 3rd , Crows Zero and Gintama . He directed his first film in 2010 , Surely Someday , a drama in which he had a cameo role . Oguri will make his Hollywood debut in Godzilla vs. Kong , to be released in 2020 . As a voice actor , in 2005 , he lent his voice in Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa as Alfons Heiderich , as well as other characters in other series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lanny_Broyles', 'summary': 'Lanny Marshall Broyles ( born February 25 , 1949 in Riverside , California ) is a Tokyo-based American actor , voice actor and choreographer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_McConnohie', 'summary': 'Michael D. McConnohie is an American voice actor , writer and director who has provided many voice roles in movies , anime , and video games . He and fellow actress Melodee Spevack run a production company called VoxWorks . Some of his major works include the Narrator on Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo and Hunter x Hunter , Azulongmon in Digimon , Gork in Masked Rider , Keiichi Ikari in Paranoia Agent , Rolf Emerson in Robotech , Manzou the Saw in Samurai Champloo , Cosmos and Tracks in Transformers , Hot Shot / Ironhide in Transformers : Robots in Disguise , D in Vampire Hunter D , Chief Inquisitor Margulis in Xenosaga and Charles zi Britannia in Code Geass .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_McNeil', 'summary': 'Scott McNeil is an Australian-born Canadian actor and voice actor . He currently resides in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . One of the most well-known Canadian voice actors of all time , McNeil has provided voices to many characters in animated shows , most notably The Wacky World of Tex Avery , ReBoot , Beast Wars : Transformers , Storm Hawks , Dragon Ball Z , Mobile Suit Gundam Wing , InuYasha , Ranma ½ , Fullmetal Alchemist , X-Men : Evolution , League of Super Evil and Mega Man . He has done live action work as well .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Steve_Blum', 'summary': 'Steven Jay Blum ( /bluːm/ born April 29 , 1960 ) is an American voice actor for anime , animation and video games , known for his distinctively deep voice .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lex_Lang', 'summary': 'Walter Alexis Lang ( born November 12 , 1965 in Hollywood , California ) is a two-time Daytime Entertainment Emmy® Awards-honored voice actor , voice match specialist , songwriter , music producer , entrepreneur , poet and philanthropist , who has provided voices and served as a director for a number of cartoons , anime , and video games , most notably as Doctor Neo Cortex in the Crash Bandicoot series from 2004 to present day , to which he has garnered widespread acclaim .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Matranga', 'summary': 'David Anthony Matranga ( born April 20 , 1975 ) is an American voice actor from Houston , Texas . He works primarily for English dubbed anime for Funimation and Sentai Filmworks . David is best known as the voice of Shoto Todoroki from My Hero Academia , Hideki Hinata from Angel Beats , Bertholdt Hoover from the popular Attack on Titan series , Tomoya Okazaki from the Clannad series , Takumi Usui from Maid Sama , Ghost from the Halo Legends movie , Briareos from the Appleseed series , Yu Himura from the EF series , and God Serena from Fairy Tail .'}]}, {'value': 'L Lawliet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/L_Lawliet', 'summary': "L Lawliet ( Japanese : エル・ローライト , Hepburn : Eru Rōraito ) , known mononymously as L , is a fictional character and one of the primary protagonists in the manga series Death Note , created by Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata . He is an enigmatic , nameless , and highly esteemed international consulting detective , who communicates only through his equally inexplicable handler/assistant : Watari , who serves as his official liaison with the authorities . Though his entire past is shrouded in a void of mystery , he has gained a highly esteemed reputation for solving numerous crime cases and perplexing homicidal mysteries around the globe and is considered to be one of the world 's best detectives . Throughout the series , he observes and spies on the activities of the series ' main character , Light Yagami : a high school genius , in an effort to expose him as the infamous serial-killer : Kira , who is responsible for massacring numerous high-profile criminals around the world , through apparent supernatural means . As the series progresses , the psychological mind-game of cat and mouse between L and Light intensifies , with each one of them being bent on uncovering the other 's true identity , through a series of intricate ploys and schemes , before their cover is blown . In the anime adaptation , he is voiced by Kappei Yamaguchi in Japanese , and by Alessandro Juliani in English . He is portrayed by Kenichi Matsuyama in the live-action film series , by Kento Yamazaki in the TV drama , and by Lakeith Stanfield in the American film ."}]}, {'value': 'Death Note', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Death_Note', 'summary': "Death Note ( Japanese : デスノート , Hepburn : Desu Nōto ) is a Japanese manga series written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata . The story follows Light Yagami , a teen genius who stumbles across a mysterious otherworldly notebook : the Death Note , which belonged to the Shinigami Ryuk , and grants the user the supernatural ability to kill anyone whose name is written in its pages . The series centers around Light 's subsequent attempts to use the Death Note to carry out a world-wide massacre of individuals whom he deems morally unworthy of life to change the world into a utopian society without crime , using the alias of a god-like vigilante named Kira ( キラ , the Japanese transliteration of the English word : killer ) and the subsequent efforts of an elite task-force of law enforcement officers , consisting of members of the Japanese police force , led by L , an enigmatic international detective whose past is shrouded in mystery , to apprehend him and end his reign of terror . Death Note was first serialized in Shueisha 's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 2003 to May 2006 . The 108 chapters were collected and published into 12 tankōbon volumes between April 2004 and July 2006 . An anime television adaptation aired in Japan from October 3 , 2006 , to June 26 , 2007 . Composed of 37 episodes , the anime was developed by Madhouse and directed by Tetsurō Araki . A light novel based on the series , written by Nisio Isin , was also released in 2006 . Additionally , various video games have been published by Konami for the Nintendo DS . The series was adapted into three live action films released in Japan on June 17 , 2006 , November 3 , 2006 , and February 2 , 2008 , and a television drama in 2015 . A miniseries entitled Death Note : New Generation and a fourth film were released in 2016 . An American film adaptation was released on Netflix on August 24 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kappei Yamaguchi ( Japanese ) Alessandro Juliani ( English )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kappei_Yamaguchi', 'summary': 'Mitsuo Yamaguchi ( 山口 光雄 , Yamaguchi Mitsuo , born May 23 , 1965 ) , better known by the stage name of Kappei Yamaguchi ( 山口 勝平 , Yamaguchi Kappei ) , is a Japanese actor and voice actor . He is affiliated with Gokū and 21st Century Fox . He currently voices Usopp in One Piece and Shinichi Kudo in Case Closed . Other roles included the male Ranma Saotome in Ranma ½ , the eponymous character in Inuyasha and L in Death Note . In overseas dubs , he is the Japanese voice of Kyle Broflovski , Bugs Bunny and Crash Bandicoot . Yamaguchi appeared in eroge as Kyōya Ushihisa ( 牛久 京也 , Ushihisa Kyōya ) . He made his first public appearance in North America at Otakon 2008 and in Sakura-Con 2009 . His third appearance to date has been at Animazement in 2010 . He also made a fourth appearance in Hawaii at Kawaii Kon in 2011 . He is married and has a son and a daughter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alessandro_Juliani', 'summary': 'Alessandro Juliani ( born July 6 , 1975 ) is a Canadian actor and singer . He is notable for playing the roles of Tactical Officer Lieutenant Felix Gaeta on the Sci-Fi Channel television program Battlestar Galactica , Emil Hamilton in Smallville , Jacapo Sinclair on The CW series The 100 , and Dr. Cerberus on the Netflix series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina . He is also known for voicing the character L in the English version of the anime series Death Note and its live action films , as well as several other animation projects . Juliani provided the voice of Aaron Fox on Nexo Knights .'}]}, {'value': 'Vegeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vegeta', 'summary': "Vegeta ( Japanese : ベジータ , Hepburn : Bejīta ) ( /vəˈdʒiːtə/ və-JEE-tə ) , also known as Prince Vegeta ( ベジータ王子 , Bejīta-ōji ) or Vegeta IV ( ベジータ四世 , Bejīta Yon-sei ) , is a fictional character in the Dragon Ball franchise created by Akira Toriyama . Vegeta first appears in chapter # 204 Sayonara , Son Goku ( さようなら孫悟空 , Sayōnara Son Gokū ) , published in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on November 7 , 1988 seeking the wish-granting Dragon Balls to gain immortality . Vegeta is a member of an extraterrestrial race of warriors known as the Saiyans just like the series ' protagonist , Goku . Vegeta is extremely vain and proud , constantly referring to his heritage and his status as the Prince of the Saiyans throughout the series . He believes he should be regarded as the strongest fighter in the Universe and becomes obsessed with surpassing Goku after fighting him . After his loss to Goku and the Z Fighters , Vegeta later reluctantly unites with the heroes to thwart greater threats to the universe such as Frieza , Cell and Majin Buu . Throughout the series , Vegeta 's role changes from villain to antihero and later as one of the heroes , while remaining a rival to Goku . Vegeta 's character , particularly his personality , has been well received . He is one of the Dragon Ball franchise 's most popular characters , and his first confrontation with Goku is considered to be one of the manga and anime 's most iconic battles ."}]}, {'value': 'Dragon Ball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragon_Ball', 'summary': "Dragon Ball ( Japanese : ドラゴンボール , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru ) is a Japanese media franchise created by Akira Toriyama in 1984 . The initial manga , written and illustrated by Toriyama , was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1984 to 1995 , with the 519 individual chapters collected into 42 tankōbon volumes by its publisher Shueisha . Dragon Ball was initially inspired by the classical Chinese novel Journey to the West , as well as Hong Kong martial arts films . The series follows the adventures of the protagonist , Son Goku , from his childhood through adulthood as he trains in martial arts . He spends his childhood far from civilization until he meets a teen girl named Bulma , who encourages him to join her quest in exploring the world in search of the seven orbs known as the Dragon Balls , which summon a wish-granting dragon when gathered . Along his journey , Goku makes several other friends , becomes a family man , discovers his alien heritage , and battles a wide variety of villains , many of whom also seek the Dragon Balls . Toriyama 's manga was adapted and divided into two anime series produced by Toei Animation : Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z , which together were broadcast in Japan from 1986 to 1996 . Additionally , the studio has developed 20 animated feature films and three television specials , as well as two anime sequel series titled Dragon Ball GT ( 1996-1997 ) and Dragon Ball Super ( 2015-2018 ) . From 2009 to 2015 , a revised version of Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan under the title Dragon Ball Kai , as a recut that follows the manga 's story more faithfully by removing most of the material featured exclusively in the anime . Several companies have developed various types of merchandising based on the series leading to a large media franchise that includes films , both animated and live-action , collectible trading card games , numerous action figures , along with several collections of soundtracks and numerous video games . Dragon Ball is one of the top twenty highest-grossing media franchises of all time , having generated more than $ 20 billion in total franchise revenue as of 2018 . Since its release , Dragon Ball has become one of the most successful manga and anime series of all time , with the manga sold in over 40 countries and the anime broadcast in more than 80 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Ryō Horikawa ( Japanese ) Brian Drummond ( English ; Ocean Dub ) Chris Sabat ( English )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryō_Horikawa', 'summary': 'Ryō Horikawa ( 堀川 りょう , Horikawa Ryō , born Makoto Horikawa ( 堀川 亮 , Horikawa Makoto ) , born February 1 , 1958 ) is a Japanese actor and voice actor from Osaka . He is married to fellow Japanese voice actress Hitomi Oikawa since 1988 , whose birth name is also Horikawa ( 堀川 ) . His former stage name is also Ryō Horikawa ( 堀川 亮 , Horikawa Ryō ) , which uses the kanji of his given name , though pronounced Ryō . He is best known for his role as Vegeta from the Dragon Ball series , Reinhard von Lohengramm from Legend of the Galactic Heroes , Andromeda Shun from Saint Seiya , Heiji Hattori from Detective Conan , and Captain Falcon in the Super Smash Bros. series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brian_Drummond', 'summary': 'Brian Drummond ( born August 10 , 1969 ) is a Canadian voice actor . He formerly served on the board of directors for the New Westminster-based Urban Academy along with his wife , Laura Drummond , also a voice artist . Usually working with Ocean Productions , he tends to be cast as an antagonist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Sabat', 'summary': 'Christopher Robin Sabat ( born April 22 , 1973 ) is an American voice actor , voice director , anime dubber , ADR engineer , and line producer working for Funimation and OkraTron 5000 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Anime/Manga', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_antiheroes_3', 'intro': 'This list is for characters in fictional works who exemplify the qualities of an antihero - a protagonist whose characteristics include the following:'}
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Who created this fictional character in this anime series that featured this Japanese voice actor born on November 17 , 1969 ?
Hiromu Arakawa