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0a364b03ece69442 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French-language_films', 'title': 'List of French-language films', 'header': ['Year', 'French title', 'English title', 'Directed by'], 'data': [{'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Goût des autres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Goût_des_autres', 'summary': 'The Taste of Others ( French : Le Goût des autres [ lə ɡu dez‿otʁ ] ) is a 2000 French film . It was directed by Agnès Jaoui , and written by her and Jean-Pierre Bacri . It stars Jean-Pierre Bacri , Anne Alvaro , Alain Chabat , Agnès Jaoui , Gérard Lanvin and Christiane Millet . It won the César Award for Best Film , Best Supporting Actor , Best Supporting Actress and Best Writing in 2001 , and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agnès Jaoui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agnès_Jaoui', 'summary': 'Agnès Jaoui ( born 19 October 1964 ) is a French actress , screenwriter , film director and singer . She frequently works in collaboration with her former partner Jean-Pierre Bacri .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Gouttes d'eau sur pierres brûlantes", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_Drops_on_Burning_Rocks', 'summary': "Water Drops on Burning Rocks ( French : Gouttes d'eau sur pierres brûlantes ) is a 2000 French drama film directed by François Ozon . The film is based on a German play by Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Tropfen auf heisse Steine ."}]}, {'value': 'Water Drops on Burning Rocks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_Drops_on_Burning_Rocks', 'summary': "Water Drops on Burning Rocks ( French : Gouttes d'eau sur pierres brûlantes ) is a 2000 French drama film directed by François Ozon . The film is based on a German play by Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Tropfen auf heisse Steine ."}]}, {'value': 'François Ozon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Ozon', 'summary': 'François Ozon ( French : [ fʁɑ̃.swa o.zɔ̃ ] ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a French film director and screenwriter whose films are usually characterized by sharp satirical wit and a freewheeling view on human sexuality . He has achieved international acclaim for his films 8 femmes ( 2002 ) and Swimming Pool ( 2003 ) . Ozon is considered to be one of the most important French film directors in the new New Wave in French cinema such as Jean-Paul Civeyrac , Philippe Ramos , and Yves Caumon , as well as a group of French filmmakers associated with a cinema du corps/cinema of the body .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Vache et le président', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cow and the President', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippe Muyl', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taxi 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taxi_2', 'summary': 'Taxi 2 is a French action comedy film directed by Gérard Krawczyk and released in March 2000 . Starring Samy Naceri , Frédéric Diefenthal and Marion Cotillard . It is a sequel to Taxi , written by Luc Besson and directed by Gérard Pirès in 1998 . It was followed by Taxi 3 in January 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Taxi 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taxi_2', 'summary': 'Taxi 2 is a French action comedy film directed by Gérard Krawczyk and released in March 2000 . Starring Samy Naceri , Frédéric Diefenthal and Marion Cotillard . It is a sequel to Taxi , written by Luc Besson and directed by Gérard Pirès in 1998 . It was followed by Taxi 3 in January 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gérard Krawczyk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gérard_Krawczyk', 'summary': 'Gérard Krawczyk ( 17 May 1953 , Paris ) is a French film director . He is of Polish descent ( his grandparents were from Częstochowa ) .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sous le sable', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Under_the_Sand', 'summary': 'Under the Sand ( French : Sous le sable , pronounced [ su lə sɑbl ] ) is a 2000 French drama film directed and written by François Ozon . The film was nominated for three César Awards and was critically well received . It stars Charlotte Rampling and Bruno Cremer .'}]}, {'value': 'Under the Sand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Under_the_Sand', 'summary': 'Under the Sand ( French : Sous le sable , pronounced [ su lə sɑbl ] ) is a 2000 French drama film directed and written by François Ozon . The film was nominated for three César Awards and was critically well received . It stars Charlotte Rampling and Bruno Cremer .'}]}, {'value': 'François Ozon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/François_Ozon', 'summary': 'François Ozon ( French : [ fʁɑ̃.swa o.zɔ̃ ] ; born 15 November 1967 ) is a French film director and screenwriter whose films are usually characterized by sharp satirical wit and a freewheeling view on human sexuality . He has achieved international acclaim for his films 8 femmes ( 2002 ) and Swimming Pool ( 2003 ) . Ozon is considered to be one of the most important French film directors in the new New Wave in French cinema such as Jean-Paul Civeyrac , Philippe Ramos , and Yves Caumon , as well as a group of French filmmakers associated with a cinema du corps/cinema of the body .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baise-Moi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baise-Moi', 'summary': 'Baise-moi is a 2000 French crime thriller film written and directed by Virginie Despentes and Coralie Trinh Thi and starring Karen Lancaume and Raffaëla Anderson . It is based on the novel by Despentes , first published in 1993 . The film received intense media coverage because of its graphic mix of violence and explicit sex scenes . Consequently , it is sometimes considered an example of the New French Extremity . As a French noun , un baiser means a kiss , but as a verb , baiser means to fuck , so Baise-moi ( pronounced [ bɛz.mwa ] ) means simply Fuck me . In some markets the film has been screened as Rape me , but the French for rape me is viole-moi . In a 2002 interview Rape Me was rejected by the directors . In 2000 , The Film Censorship Board of Malaysia banned the film outright because of very high-impact violence and sexual content throughout . Later that same year , the film was banned in Singapore owing to depictions of sexual violence [ that ] may cause controversy . In Australia , the film was allowed to be shown at cinemas with an R18+ ( adults only ) rating . Then in 2002 , the film was pulled from cinemas and television and after that , banned outright . The film is still banned there because of its harmful , explicit sexually violent content , and was re-banned in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Baise-Moi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baise-Moi', 'summary': 'Baise-moi is a 2000 French crime thriller film written and directed by Virginie Despentes and Coralie Trinh Thi and starring Karen Lancaume and Raffaëla Anderson . It is based on the novel by Despentes , first published in 1993 . The film received intense media coverage because of its graphic mix of violence and explicit sex scenes . Consequently , it is sometimes considered an example of the New French Extremity . As a French noun , un baiser means a kiss , but as a verb , baiser means to fuck , so Baise-moi ( pronounced [ bɛz.mwa ] ) means simply Fuck me . In some markets the film has been screened as Rape me , but the French for rape me is viole-moi . In a 2002 interview Rape Me was rejected by the directors . In 2000 , The Film Censorship Board of Malaysia banned the film outright because of very high-impact violence and sexual content throughout . Later that same year , the film was banned in Singapore owing to depictions of sexual violence [ that ] may cause controversy . In Australia , the film was allowed to be shown at cinemas with an R18+ ( adults only ) rating . Then in 2002 , the film was pulled from cinemas and television and after that , banned outright . The film is still banned there because of its harmful , explicit sexually violent content , and was re-banned in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginie Despentes and Coralie Trinh Thi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginie_Despentes', 'summary': "Virginie Despentes ( French : [ depɑ̃t ] ; born 13 June 1969 ) is a French writer , novelist , and filmmaker . Her work is an inventory of youth marginalization ; it pertains to the sexual revolution lived by Generation X and to the acclimation of pornography in public spaces through new communication techniques . With a transgressive exploration of obscenity 's limits , as a novelist or a film-maker she proposes social critique and an antidote to the new moral order . Her characters deal with misery and injustice , self-violence such as drug addiction , or violence towards others such rape or terrorism , violences she also had suffered from . She is one of the most popular French authors from this era . She was named a member of the Académie Goncourt on January 5 , 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Coralie_Trinh_Thi', 'summary': "Coralie Trinh Thi ( born 11 April 1976 ) is a former pornographic actress and French author , also known for writing and directing with Virginie Despentes the film Baise-moi ( 2000 ) . During her career as a porn performer , she was generally just credited as Coralie . She won a Hot d'Or Award for Best European Actress in 1996 , and she received a Hot d'Or Honorary Award in 2009 . She acted in the Gaspar Noé-directed short film Sodomites that was made as a safe-sex promo for French television in the late 1990s ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princes et princesses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princes_et_princesses', 'summary': 'Princes et Princesses ( Princes and Princesses ) is a 2000 compilation film by French animator Michel Ocelot . The film consists of six episodes of the 1989 French silhouette animation television series Ciné si .'}]}, {'value': 'Princes and Princesses', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princes_and_Princesses', 'summary': 'Princes et Princesses ( Princes and Princesses ) is a 2000 compilation film by French animator Michel Ocelot . The film consists of six episodes of the 1989 French silhouette animation television series Ciné si .'}]}, {'value': 'Michel Ocelot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Ocelot', 'summary': "Michel Ocelot is a French writer , designer , storyboard artist and director of animated films and television programs ( formerly also animator , background artist , narrator and other roles in earlier works ) and a former president of the International Animated Film Association . Though best known for his 1998 debut feature Kirikou and the Sorceress , his earlier films and television work had already won Césars and British Academy Film Awards among others and he was made a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur on 23 October 2009 , presented to him by Agnès Varda who had been promoted to commandeur earlier the same year . In 2015 he got the Lifetime Achievement Award at the World Festival of Animated Film - Animafest Zagreb ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Le Battement d'ailes du papillon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Le_Battement_d'ailes_du_papillon", 'summary': "Happenstance is a 2000 French film directed by Laurent Firode and starring Audrey Tautou and Faudel . The film is also known as The Beating of the Butterfly 's Wings , a literal translation of its original French title , Le battement d'ailes du papillon . The title references the butterfly effect from chaos theory which is quoted at greater length by one of the characters in the film ."}]}, {'value': 'Happenstance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Happenstance_(film)', 'summary': "Happenstance is a 2000 French film directed by Laurent Firode and starring Audrey Tautou and Faudel . The film is also known as The Beating of the Butterfly 's Wings , a literal translation of its original French title , Le battement d'ailes du papillon . The title references the butterfly effect from chaos theory which is quoted at greater length by one of the characters in the film ."}]}, {'value': 'Laurent Firode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurent_Firode', 'summary': 'Laurent Firode ( born 11 March 1963 ) is a French film director and screenwriter .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Destinées Sentimentales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sentimental_Destinies', 'summary': 'Sentimental Destinies ( French : Les Destinées sentimentales ) is a 2000 French drama film directed by Olivier Assayas . It was entered into the 2000 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Sentimental Destinies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sentimental_Destinies', 'summary': 'Sentimental Destinies ( French : Les Destinées sentimentales ) is a 2000 French drama film directed by Olivier Assayas . It was entered into the 2000 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Olivier Assayas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olivier_Assayas', 'summary': 'Olivier Assayas ( born 25 January 1955 ) is a French film director , screenwriter and film critic .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'À ma sœur !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fat_Girl', 'summary': 'À ma sœur ! is a 2001 French drama film written and directed by Catherine Breillat , and starring Anaïs Reboux and Roxane Mesquida . It was released in some English-speaking countries under the alternative titles For My Sister , Fat Girl and Story of a Whale .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catherine Breillat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catherine_Breillat', 'summary': "Catherine Breillat ( French : [ bʁɛja ] ; born 13 July 1948 ) is a French filmmaker , novelist and professor of auteur cinema at the European Graduate School . In the film business for over 40 years , Catherine Breillat chooses to normalize previously taboo subjects in cinema . Taking advantage of the medium of cinema , Breillat juxtaposes different perspectives to highlight irony found in society . Through film , she attempts to redefine the female narrative in cinema by showing female characters who undergo similar experiences as their male counterparts . Many of Breillat 's films explore the transition between girlhood and adulthood . The females of her films attempt to escape their adolescence by seeking individuality . There is an unsaid silence in society for girls to hide their sexuality and desires unless directly confronted about them . Breillat offers a platform to discuss female pleasure and sexual responsibility by exposing social and sexual conflicts in her films ' themes ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chaos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaos_(2001)', 'summary': 'Chaos is a 2001 French comedy-drama film written and directed by Coline Serreau . Currently , a remake of this movie in English , to star Miss Universe 1994 Sushmita Sen , Clint Eastwood , and Barbra Streisand , is planned by 2021 . It was replaced by Aishwarya Rai and Meryl Streep .'}]}, {'value': 'Chaos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaos_(2001)', 'summary': 'Chaos is a 2001 French comedy-drama film written and directed by Coline Serreau . Currently , a remake of this movie in English , to star Miss Universe 1994 Sushmita Sen , Clint Eastwood , and Barbra Streisand , is planned by 2021 . It was replaced by Aishwarya Rai and Meryl Streep .'}]}, {'value': 'Coline Serreau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coline_Serreau', 'summary': 'Coline Serreau ( born 29 October 1947 ) is a French actress , film director and writer .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Va savoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Va_savoir', 'summary': "Va savoir ( Who Knows ? ) is a 2001 French romantic comedy-drama film directed by Jacques Rivette . It stars Jeanne Balibar , Marianne Basler , Hélène de Fougerolles , and Catherine Rouvel . In the normal version , Va Savoir is 154 minutes . It was entered into the 2001 Cannes Film Festival . The story of the three couples in the film sometimes parallels the Pirandello play in which the two principals , Camille and Ugo , are performing each night and follows the structure of a Goldoni comedy , in which couples undergo misunderstandings and attraction for others until the final resolution . In the film 's ending , the three couples waltz in a circle to the tune Senza fine ( Endless ) , implying that the dance of young people in love will go on for ever ."}]}, {'value': 'Who Knows ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Who_Knows?', 'summary': "Who Knows ? is the first live Andrew W.K . DVD , released on February 7 , 2006 . The DVD was made using a state-of-the-art process called sync-stacking , in which many video and audio clips of many different concerts can be spliced together into one video without losing the flow of the song , and without sounding different . Five screenings of the DVD were presented in New York City and Hollywood , in February and April , 2006 by Andrew . His father presented a screening of the movie in Ann Arbor , Michigan at the University of Michigan Law School . Although Andrew 's father , law professor James E. Krier was said to be the host of the event , Andrew was present at the screening also ."}]}, {'value': 'Jacques Rivette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Rivette', 'summary': "Jacques Rivette ( French : [ ʒak ʁivɛt ] ; 1 March 1928 - 29 January 2016 ) was a French film director and film critic most commonly associated with the French New Wave and the film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma . He made twenty-nine films , including L'amour fou ( 1969 ) , Out 1 ( 1971 ) , Celine and Julie Go Boating ( 1974 ) , and La Belle Noiseuse ( 1991 ) . His work is noted for its improvisation , loose narratives , and lengthy running times . Inspired by Jean Cocteau to become a filmmaker , Rivette shot his first short film at age twenty . He moved to Paris to pursue his career , frequenting Henri Langlois ' Cinémathèque Française and other ciné-clubs ; there , he met François Truffaut , Jean-Luc Godard , Éric Rohmer , Claude Chabrol and other future members of the New Wave . Rivette began writing film criticism , and was hired by André Bazin for Cahiers du Cinéma in 1953 . In his criticism , he expressed an admiration for American films - especially those of genre directors such as John Ford , Alfred Hitchcock and Nicholas Ray - and was deeply critical of mainstream French cinema . Rivette 's articles , admired by his peers , were considered the magazine 's best and most aggressive writings , particularly his 1961 article On Abjection and his influential series of interviews with film directors co-written with Truffaut . He continued making short films , including Le Coup de Berger , which is often cited as the first New Wave film . Truffaut later credited Rivette with developing the movement . Although he was the first New Wave director to begin work on a feature film , Paris Belongs to Us was not released until 1961 , by which time Chabrol , Truffaut and Godard released their own first features and popularised the movement worldwide . Rivette became editor of Cahiers du Cinéma during the early 1960s and publicly fought French censorship of his second feature film , The Nun ( 1966 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Peuple Migrateur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Peuple_Migrateur', 'summary': 'Winged Migration ( French : Le Peuple Migrateur , also known as The Travelling Birds in some UK releases , or The Travelling Birds : An Adventure in Flight in Australia ) is a 2001 documentary film directed by Jacques Cluzaud , Michel Debats and Jacques Perrin , who was also one of the writers and narrators , showcasing the immense journeys routinely made by birds during their migrations . The film is dedicated to the French ornithologist Jean Dorst .'}]}, {'value': 'Winged Migration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winged_Migration', 'summary': 'Winged Migration ( French : Le Peuple Migrateur , also known as The Travelling Birds in some UK releases , or The Travelling Birds : An Adventure in Flight in Australia ) is a 2001 documentary film directed by Jacques Cluzaud , Michel Debats and Jacques Perrin , who was also one of the writers and narrators , showcasing the immense journeys routinely made by birds during their migrations . The film is dedicated to the French ornithologist Jean Dorst .'}]}, {'value': 'Jacques Cluzaud , Michel Debats and Jacques Perrin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Perrin', 'summary': "Jacques Perrin ( born Jacques André Simonet ; 13 July 1941 ) is a French actor and filmmaker . He is occasionally credited as Jacques Simonet . Simonet was his father 's name and Perrin his mother 's ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Pianiste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Piano_Teacher_(2001_film)', 'summary': "The Piano Teacher ( French : La Pianiste , lit . 'The Pianist ' ) is a 2001 French-language erotic psychological drama film , written and directed by Michael Haneke , that is based on the 1983 novel of the same name by Elfriede Jelinek . It tells the story of an unmarried piano teacher at a Vienna conservatory , living with her mother in a state of emotional and sexual disequilibrium , who enters into a sadomasochistic relationship with her student . A co-production of Austria and France , Haneke was given the opportunity to direct after previous attempts to adapt the novel by filmmakers Valie Export and Paulus Manker collapsed for financial reasons . At the 2001 Cannes Film Festival it won the Grand Prix , with the two leads , Isabelle Huppert and Benoît Magimel , winning Best Actress and Best Actor . It went on to receive positive reviews and other awards and nominations ."}]}, {'value': 'The Piano Teacher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Piano_Teacher_(2001_film)', 'summary': "The Piano Teacher ( French : La Pianiste , lit . 'The Pianist ' ) is a 2001 French-language erotic psychological drama film , written and directed by Michael Haneke , that is based on the 1983 novel of the same name by Elfriede Jelinek . It tells the story of an unmarried piano teacher at a Vienna conservatory , living with her mother in a state of emotional and sexual disequilibrium , who enters into a sadomasochistic relationship with her student . A co-production of Austria and France , Haneke was given the opportunity to direct after previous attempts to adapt the novel by filmmakers Valie Export and Paulus Manker collapsed for financial reasons . At the 2001 Cannes Film Festival it won the Grand Prix , with the two leads , Isabelle Huppert and Benoît Magimel , winning Best Actress and Best Actor . It went on to receive positive reviews and other awards and nominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Haneke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Haneke', 'summary': "Michael Haneke ( German : [ ˈhaːnəkə ] ; born 23 March 1942 ) is an Austrian film director and screenwriter . His work often examines social issues and depicts the feelings of estrangement experienced by individuals in modern society . Haneke has made films in French , German , and English and has worked in television‚ theatre , and cinema . He also teaches film direction at the Film Academy Vienna . His directorial debut , The Seventh Continent , won the Bronze Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival in 1989 . He later won the Grand Prix at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival for The Piano Teacher and the Best Director Award for Caché at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival . He subsequently directed the 2007 remake of his controversial 1997 film Funny Games . At the 2009 Cannes Film Festival , his film The White Ribbon won the Palme d'Or , and at the 67th Golden Globe Awards the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film . In 2012 , his film Amour premiered and competed at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival . The film would go on to win the Palme d'Or , making it his second win of the prestigious award in three years ; this made him the seventh director ( at the time ) to have won it twice and the only Austrian director to have accomplished this . The film received five Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Actress in a Leading Role for Emmanuelle Riva ; it won in the category of Best Foreign Language Film . In 2013 , Haneke won the Prince of Asturias Award for the arts ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Comment j'ai tué mon père", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/How_I_Killed_My_Father', 'summary': "How I Killed My Father ( French : Comment j'ai tué mon père ) is a 2001 French thriller-drama film directed by Anne Fontaine ."}]}, {'value': 'How I Killed My Father', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/How_I_Killed_My_Father', 'summary': "How I Killed My Father ( French : Comment j'ai tué mon père ) is a 2001 French thriller-drama film directed by Anne Fontaine ."}]}, {'value': 'Anne Fontaine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Fontaine', 'summary': 'Anne Fontaine ( born Anne-Fontaine Sibertin-Blanc ; 15 July 1959 ) is a Luxembourger film director , screenwriter , and former actress . She lives and works in France .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marie-Jo et ses 2 amours', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marie-Jo_and_Her_2_Lovers', 'summary': 'Marie-Jo and Her Two Lovers ( French : Marie-Jo et ses deux amours ) is a 2002 French drama film directed by Robert Guédiguian . It was entered into the 2002 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Marie-Jo and Her 2 Lovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marie-Jo_and_Her_2_Lovers', 'summary': 'Marie-Jo and Her Two Lovers ( French : Marie-Jo et ses deux amours ) is a 2002 French drama film directed by Robert Guédiguian . It was entered into the 2002 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Robert Guédiguian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Guédiguian', 'summary': 'Robert Jules Guédiguian ( born 3 December 1953 ) is a French film director , screenwriter , producer and actor . Most of his films star Ariane Ascaride and Jean-Pierre Darroussin .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Pacte des loups', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Wolf', 'summary': "Brotherhood of the Wolf ( French : Le Pacte des loups ) is a 2001 French historical action horror film directed by Christophe Gans , co-written by Gans and Stéphane Cabel , and starring Samuel Le Bihan , Mark Dacascos , Émilie Dequenne , Monica Bellucci and Vincent Cassel . The story takes place in 18th-century France , where the Chevalier de Fronsac and Mani of the Iroquois tribe are sent to investigate the mysterious slaughter of hundreds by an unknown creature in the province of Gévaudan . The plot is loosely based on a real-life series of killings that took place in France in the 18th century and the famous legend of the beast of Gévaudan ; parts of the film were shot at Château de Roquetaillade . The film has several extended swashbuckling fight scenes , with martial arts performances by the cast mixed in , making it unusual for a historical drama . The special effects for the creature are a combination of computer generated imagery , as well as puppetry and animatronics designed by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The film received generally positive critical reviews , highlighting its high production values , cinematography , performances and Gans ' atmospheric direction . At a $ 29 million budget , it was an international box office success , grossing over $ 70 million in worldwide theatrical release . The film also enjoyed commercial success in the United States ; Universal Pictures paid $ 2 million to acquire the film 's North American distribution rights and went on to gross $ 11.3 million in limited theatrical release , making it the second-highest-grossing French-language film in the United States since 1980 . The film also did brisk video and DVD sales in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Brotherhood of the Wolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Wolf', 'summary': "Brotherhood of the Wolf ( French : Le Pacte des loups ) is a 2001 French historical action horror film directed by Christophe Gans , co-written by Gans and Stéphane Cabel , and starring Samuel Le Bihan , Mark Dacascos , Émilie Dequenne , Monica Bellucci and Vincent Cassel . The story takes place in 18th-century France , where the Chevalier de Fronsac and Mani of the Iroquois tribe are sent to investigate the mysterious slaughter of hundreds by an unknown creature in the province of Gévaudan . The plot is loosely based on a real-life series of killings that took place in France in the 18th century and the famous legend of the beast of Gévaudan ; parts of the film were shot at Château de Roquetaillade . The film has several extended swashbuckling fight scenes , with martial arts performances by the cast mixed in , making it unusual for a historical drama . The special effects for the creature are a combination of computer generated imagery , as well as puppetry and animatronics designed by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The film received generally positive critical reviews , highlighting its high production values , cinematography , performances and Gans ' atmospheric direction . At a $ 29 million budget , it was an international box office success , grossing over $ 70 million in worldwide theatrical release . The film also enjoyed commercial success in the United States ; Universal Pictures paid $ 2 million to acquire the film 's North American distribution rights and went on to gross $ 11.3 million in limited theatrical release , making it the second-highest-grossing French-language film in the United States since 1980 . The film also did brisk video and DVD sales in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Christophe Gans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christophe_Gans', 'summary': 'Christophe Gans ( born 11 March 1960 ) is a French film director , producer and screenwriter , who specializes in horror and fantasy movies .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Le fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amélie', 'summary': "Amélie ( also known as Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ lə fabylø destɛ̃ d‿ameli pulɛ̃ ] ; English : The Fabulous Destiny of Amélie Poulain ) is a 2001 French romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet . Written by Jeunet with Guillaume Laurant , the film is a whimsical depiction of contemporary Parisian life , set in Montmartre . It tells the story of a shy waitress , played by Audrey Tautou , who decides to change the lives of those around her for the better while struggling with her own isolation . The film was a co-production between companies in France and Germany . Taking in over $ 33 million in a limited theatrical release , it is to date the highest-grossing French-language film released in the United States , and one of the biggest international successes for a French movie . The film received critical acclaim and was a major box office success . Amélie won Best Film at the European Film Awards ; it also won four César Awards in 2002 ( including Best Film and Best Director ) , two BAFTA Awards ( including Best Original Screenplay ) , and was nominated for five Academy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Amélie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amélie', 'summary': "Amélie ( also known as Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ lə fabylø destɛ̃ d‿ameli pulɛ̃ ] ; English : The Fabulous Destiny of Amélie Poulain ) is a 2001 French romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet . Written by Jeunet with Guillaume Laurant , the film is a whimsical depiction of contemporary Parisian life , set in Montmartre . It tells the story of a shy waitress , played by Audrey Tautou , who decides to change the lives of those around her for the better while struggling with her own isolation . The film was a co-production between companies in France and Germany . Taking in over $ 33 million in a limited theatrical release , it is to date the highest-grossing French-language film released in the United States , and one of the biggest international successes for a French movie . The film received critical acclaim and was a major box office success . Amélie won Best Film at the European Film Awards ; it also won four César Awards in 2002 ( including Best Film and Best Director ) , two BAFTA Awards ( including Best Original Screenplay ) , and was nominated for five Academy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean-Pierre Jeunet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Jeunet', 'summary': "Jean-Pierre Jeunet ( French : [ ʒɑ̃ pjɛʁ ʒœnɛ ] ; born 3 September 1953 ) is a French film director , producer , and screenwriter . His films mix elements of fantasy , realism and science fiction either to create idealized realities or to give relevance to mundane situations . A former animator , his movies are marked by quirky , slapstick humor , alongside surrealist visuals . Debuting as a director with the acclaimed 1991 black comedy Delicatessen alongside his collaborator Marc Caro , Jeunet went to collaborate with Caro once again with The City of Lost Children ( 1995 ) . His work with science fiction and horror led Jeunet to become the fourth director to helm the Alien film series with Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) , his first and only experience with an American film . In 2001 , he would find his biggest success with the release of Amélie , gaining international acclaim and reaching BBC 's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century . Widely regarded as one of the most influential and important directors in modern French cinema , his critical and commercial success earned him three BAFTA Awards for Best Direction and two Academy Award nominations ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': "L'Homme que j'aime", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Man_I_Love_(1997_film)', 'summary': "The Man I Love ( French : L'Homme que j'aime ) is a 1997 French gay romance television film directed by Stéphane Giusti . It was originally made for French television , a co-production between Arte and La Sept . It was broadcast in 1997 . It was then released internationally as a film on 27 April 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Man I Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Man_I_Love_(1997_film)', 'summary': "The Man I Love ( French : L'Homme que j'aime ) is a 1997 French gay romance television film directed by Stéphane Giusti . It was originally made for French television , a co-production between Arte and La Sept . It was broadcast in 1997 . It was then released internationally as a film on 27 April 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Stéphane Giusti', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Être et Avoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Être_et_Avoir', 'summary': "To Be and To Have ( French : Être et avoir ; also the UK title ) is a 2002 French documentary film directed by Nicolas Philibert about a small rural school . It was screened as an Out of Competition film at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival and achieved commercial success . The film became the subject of an unsuccessful legal action by the school 's teacher , who said that he and the children 's parents had been misled about the film 's intended audience , and that he and the children had been exploited . The documentary 's title translates as to be and to have , the two auxiliary verbs in the French language . It is about a primary school in the commune of Saint-Étienne-sur-Usson , Puy-de-Dôme , France , the population of which is just over 200 . The school has one small class of mixed ages ( from four to twelve years ) , with a dedicated teacher , Mr Lopez , who shows patience and respect for the children as we follow their story through a single school year . The film won several awards , including the 2003 Sacramento French Film Festival Audience Prize ."}]}, {'value': 'To Be and To Have', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/To_Be_and_To_Have', 'summary': "To Be and To Have ( French : Être et avoir ; also the UK title ) is a 2002 French documentary film directed by Nicolas Philibert about a small rural school . It was screened as an Out of Competition film at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival and achieved commercial success . The film became the subject of an unsuccessful legal action by the school 's teacher , who said that he and the children 's parents had been misled about the film 's intended audience , and that he and the children had been exploited . The documentary 's title translates as to be and to have , the two auxiliary verbs in the French language . It is about a primary school in the commune of Saint-Étienne-sur-Usson , Puy-de-Dôme , France , the population of which is just over 200 . The school has one small class of mixed ages ( from four to twelve years ) , with a dedicated teacher , Mr Lopez , who shows patience and respect for the children as we follow their story through a single school year . The film won several awards , including the 2003 Sacramento French Film Festival Audience Prize ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicolas Philibert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolas_Philibert', 'summary': 'Nicolas Philibert ( French : [ filibɛʁ ] ; born 10 January 1951 ) is a French film director and actor .'}]}], 'section_title': '2000s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_French-language_films_10', 'intro': 'The following is a list of French-language films, films mostly spoken in the French language.'} | null | null | Where did the grandparents of the director come from who was born in Paris in 1953 and directed the film that is a sequel to Taxi and was released in 2000 ? | Częstochowa |
0a367352e3f1db5e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Isle_of_Man', 'title': 'Local government in the Isle of Man', 'header': ['Map №', 'Local Authority', 'Type', 'Sheading', 'Keys Constituency'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_(parish)', 'summary': 'Andreas ( /ˈændrəs/ AND-rəss or /ˈændrɪəs/ AND-ree-əss ; Manx : Andreas ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Ayre .'}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre', 'summary': 'Ayre ( /ɛər/ AIR ; Manx : Inver Ayre ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Andreas , Bride and ( Kirk Christ ) Lezayre . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Lezayre , and Maughold in the sheading of Garff ) . It is treated as part of Garff for most purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Glen Auldyn and Sulby ( both in the parish of Lezayre ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayre & Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre_&_Michael', 'summary': 'Ayre & Michael is a House of Keys constituency in the north of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs . It is easily the largest Keys constituency in area , and includes the parishes of Michael , Ballaugh , Jurby , Andreas , Bride and Lezayre .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arbory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbory_(parish)', 'summary': 'Arbory ( Manx : Cairbre ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) in the sheading of Rushen . Settlements in the parish include Ballabeg , Colby and Ronague .'}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rushen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushen_(sheading)', 'summary': "Rushen ( /ˈrʊʃən/ RUUSH-ən ; Manx : Rosien ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Arbory , Malew and ( Kirk Christ ) Rushen . Administratively , the sheading of Rushen also includes the town of Castletown and the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary . Other settlements in the sheading include Ballabeg , Colby and Ronague ( all in the parish of Arbory ) , Ballasalla , Derbyhaven and St Mark 's ( all in the parish of Malew ) , and Cregneash in the parish of Rushen ."}]}, {'value': 'Arbory , Castletown & Malew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbory,_Castletown_&_Malew', 'summary': 'Arbory , Castletown & Malew is a House of Keys constituency in the south of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs ; currently Jason Moorhouse and Graham Cregeen .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ballaugh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballaugh', 'summary': "Ballaugh ( /bəˈlæf/ bə-LAFF ; from Manx Balley ny Loghey , meaning 'town of the lake ' ) is a small village on the Isle of Man in the parish of the same name , in the sheading of Michael . It is the only village in the parish . The parish adjoins Jurby to the north , Lezayre to the east , Michael to the south and south-west , and the Irish Sea to the west . It stretches about 5 miles or 8 km from north to south : at the extreme southern end it includes part of Sulby Reservoir , and to the west it includes part of Bishopscourt , the former house of the island 's Bishop ."}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Michael ( Manx : Maayl ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Ballaugh , Jurby and Michael . Other settlements in the sheading include Barregarrow in the parish of Michael .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayre & Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre_&_Michael', 'summary': 'Ayre & Michael is a House of Keys constituency in the north of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs . It is easily the largest Keys constituency in area , and includes the parishes of Michael , Ballaugh , Jurby , Andreas , Bride and Lezayre .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Braddan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Braddan', 'summary': 'Braddan ( Manx : Braddan ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) in the sheading of Middle . Administratively , a small part of the historic parish of Braddan is now covered by part of the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the parish include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills .'}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Middle ( Manx : Medall ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan , Marown , Onchan and Santon . Historically , from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba , and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff . In addition to the current districts listed above , the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills ( all in the parish of Braddan ) , Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine ( all in the parish of Marown ) , and Newtown in the parish of Santon .'}]}, {'value': 'Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Middle ( Manx : Medall ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan , Marown , Onchan and Santon . Historically , from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba , and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff . In addition to the current districts listed above , the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills ( all in the parish of Braddan ) , Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine ( all in the parish of Marown ) , and Newtown in the parish of Santon .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bride', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bride_(parish)', 'summary': 'Bride ( Manx : Breeshey ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Ayre .'}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre', 'summary': 'Ayre ( /ɛər/ AIR ; Manx : Inver Ayre ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Andreas , Bride and ( Kirk Christ ) Lezayre . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Lezayre , and Maughold in the sheading of Garff ) . It is treated as part of Garff for most purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Glen Auldyn and Sulby ( both in the parish of Lezayre ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayre & Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre_&_Michael', 'summary': 'Ayre & Michael is a House of Keys constituency in the north of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs . It is easily the largest Keys constituency in area , and includes the parishes of Michael , Ballaugh , Jurby , Andreas , Bride and Lezayre .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castletown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castletown,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': 'Castletown ( Manx : Balley Chashtal , pronounced [ ˈbalʲə ˈxaʃtʃəl ] ) is a town in the Isle of Man , geographically within the historical parish of Malew but administered separately . Lying at the south of the island , it was the Manx capital until 1869 . The centre of town is dominated by Castle Rushen , a well-preserved medieval castle , originally built for a Viking king .'}]}, {'value': 'town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rushen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushen', 'summary': 'Rushen ( /ˈrʊʃən/ RUUSH-ən ; Manx : Rosien ) , formally Kirk Christ Rushen , is one of the seventeen historic parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) in the sheading of the same name . Administratively , part of the historic parish of Rushen , and the majority of the population , is now covered by the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary . As a result , there is an exclave of the parish district which includes the Calf of Man . Other settlements in the parish include Cregneash .'}]}, {'value': 'Arbory , Castletown & Malew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbory,_Castletown_&_Malew', 'summary': 'Arbory , Castletown & Malew is a House of Keys constituency in the south of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs ; currently Jason Moorhouse and Graham Cregeen .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douglas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': "Douglas ( Manx : Doolish ) is the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man , with a population of 27,938 ( 2011 ) . It is located at the mouth of the River Douglas , and on a sweeping bay of two miles . The River Douglas forms part of the town 's harbour and main commercial port . Douglas was a small settlement until it grew rapidly as a result of links with the English port of Liverpool in the 18th century . Further population growth came in the following century , resulting during the 1860s in a staged transfer of the High Courts , the Lieutenant Governor 's residence , and finally the seat of the legislature , Tynwald , to Douglas from the ancient capital , Castletown . The town is the Island 's main hub for business , finance , legal services , shipping , transport , shopping , and entertainment . The annual Isle of Man TT motorcycle races start and finish in Douglas ."}]}, {'value': 'town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Middle ( Manx : Medall ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan , Marown , Onchan and Santon . Historically , from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba , and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff . In addition to the current districts listed above , the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills ( all in the parish of Braddan ) , Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine ( all in the parish of Marown ) , and Newtown in the parish of Santon .'}]}, {'value': 'Douglas East Douglas West Douglas North Douglas South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_East', 'summary': 'Douglas East is a House of Keys constituency in Douglas , Isle of Man . It elects 2 MHKs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Douglas_West_(constituency)', 'summary': 'Douglas West was a House of Keys constituency in Douglas , Isle of Man . It elected 2 MHKs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Douglas_North', 'summary': 'Douglas North is a House of Keys constituency in Douglas , Isle of Man . It elects 2 MHKs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Douglas_South', 'summary': 'Douglas South is a House of Keys constituency in Douglas , Isle of Man . It elects two MHKs . Although the constituency is named Douglas South , its current ( 2016 ) boundaries place it in the west rather than the south of Douglas . The following information is incomplete , and there were also probably significant boundary changes as the number of constituencies in Douglas increased from two to four .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garff', 'summary': 'Garff ( Manx : Garff ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of Lonan and Maughold . Before 1796 it also included the parish of Onchan . Administratively , since May 2016 the sheading of Garff has been covered by a single Garff local authority , a parish district , formed by merging the former village district of Laxey with the parish districts of Lonan and Maughold . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Maughold , and Lezayre in the sheading of Ayre ) . It is treated as part of Garff for some purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Baldrine and Ballabeg ( both in the parish of Lonan ) , and Ballure in the parish of Maughold .'}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garff', 'summary': 'Garff ( Manx : Garff ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of Lonan and Maughold . Before 1796 it also included the parish of Onchan . Administratively , since May 2016 the sheading of Garff has been covered by a single Garff local authority , a parish district , formed by merging the former village district of Laxey with the parish districts of Lonan and Maughold . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Maughold , and Lezayre in the sheading of Ayre ) . It is treated as part of Garff for some purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Baldrine and Ballabeg ( both in the parish of Lonan ) , and Ballure in the parish of Maughold .'}]}, {'value': 'Garff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garff', 'summary': 'Garff ( Manx : Garff ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of Lonan and Maughold . Before 1796 it also included the parish of Onchan . Administratively , since May 2016 the sheading of Garff has been covered by a single Garff local authority , a parish district , formed by merging the former village district of Laxey with the parish districts of Lonan and Maughold . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Maughold , and Lezayre in the sheading of Ayre ) . It is treated as part of Garff for some purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Baldrine and Ballabeg ( both in the parish of Lonan ) , and Ballure in the parish of Maughold .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_(parish)', 'summary': "German ( Manx : Carmane ) is one of the seventeen historic parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Glenfaba . Administratively , part of the historic parish of German is now covered by part of the town of Peel . Other settlements in the parish include St John 's ( home of the Tynwald Day ceremony ) ."}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenfaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenfaba', 'summary': "Glenfaba ( /ɡlɛnˈfeɪbə/ glen-FAY-bə ; Manx : Glion Faba ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of German and Patrick . Historically , from 1796 until some time in the twentieth century [ year needed ] it also included the parish of Marown . Administratively , the sheading of Glenfaba also includes the town of Peel . Other settlements in the sheading include St John 's in the parish of German ( home of the Tynwald Day ceremony ) , and Dalby , Foxdale , Glen Maye and Niarbyl ( all in the parish of Patrick ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenfaba & Peel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenfaba_&_Peel', 'summary': 'Glenfaba & Peel is a House of Keys constituency in the west of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs ; currently Ray Harmer and Geoffrey Boot .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jurby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jurby', 'summary': 'Jurby ( Manx : Jorby ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north-west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Michael .'}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Michael ( Manx : Maayl ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Ballaugh , Jurby and Michael . Other settlements in the sheading include Barregarrow in the parish of Michael .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayre & Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre_&_Michael', 'summary': 'Ayre & Michael is a House of Keys constituency in the north of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs . It is easily the largest Keys constituency in area , and includes the parishes of Michael , Ballaugh , Jurby , Andreas , Bride and Lezayre .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lezayre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lezayre', 'summary': 'Lezayre ( /ləzˈɛər/ ləz-AIR ; Manx : Creest ny h-Ayrey ) , formally Kirk Christ Lezayre , is one of the seventeen historic parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Ayre . Administratively , part of the historic parish of Lezayre is now part of the town of Ramsey . Other settlements in the parish include Glen Auldyn and Sulby .'}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ayre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre', 'summary': 'Ayre ( /ɛər/ AIR ; Manx : Inver Ayre ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the north of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Andreas , Bride and ( Kirk Christ ) Lezayre . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Lezayre , and Maughold in the sheading of Garff ) . It is treated as part of Garff for most purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Glen Auldyn and Sulby ( both in the parish of Lezayre ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayre & Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre_&_Michael', 'summary': 'Ayre & Michael is a House of Keys constituency in the north of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs . It is easily the largest Keys constituency in area , and includes the parishes of Michael , Ballaugh , Jurby , Andreas , Bride and Lezayre .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malew_(parish)', 'summary': "Malew ( /məˈluː/ mə-LOO ; Manx : Malew ) is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) in the sheading of Rushen . Administratively , part of the historic parish of Malew is now covered by the town of Castletown . As a result , there is a small exclave of the parish district which includes Scarlett Point . Other settlements in the parish include Ballasalla , Derbyhaven and St Mark 's ."}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rushen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushen_(sheading)', 'summary': "Rushen ( /ˈrʊʃən/ RUUSH-ən ; Manx : Rosien ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Arbory , Malew and ( Kirk Christ ) Rushen . Administratively , the sheading of Rushen also includes the town of Castletown and the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary . Other settlements in the sheading include Ballabeg , Colby and Ronague ( all in the parish of Arbory ) , Ballasalla , Derbyhaven and St Mark 's ( all in the parish of Malew ) , and Cregneash in the parish of Rushen ."}]}, {'value': 'Arbory , Castletown & Malew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arbory,_Castletown_&_Malew', 'summary': 'Arbory , Castletown & Malew is a House of Keys constituency in the south of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs ; currently Jason Moorhouse and Graham Cregeen .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marown', 'summary': 'Marown ( /məˈraʊn/ mə-ROWN , rhymes with gown ; Manx : Marooney ) is one of the seventeen historic parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located in the centre of the island , in the sheading of Middle , though historically , from 1796 until 1986 , it was in the sheading of Glenfaba . Settlements in the parish include Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine .'}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Middle ( Manx : Medall ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan , Marown , Onchan and Santon . Historically , from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba , and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff . In addition to the current districts listed above , the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills ( all in the parish of Braddan ) , Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine ( all in the parish of Marown ) , and Newtown in the parish of Santon .'}]}, {'value': 'Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Middle ( Manx : Medall ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan , Marown , Onchan and Santon . Historically , from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba , and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff . In addition to the current districts listed above , the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills ( all in the parish of Braddan ) , Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine ( all in the parish of Marown ) , and Newtown in the parish of Santon .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': 'Michael ( Manx : Maayl ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Ballaugh , Jurby and Michael . Other settlements in the sheading include Barregarrow in the parish of Michael .'}]}, {'value': 'district', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Michael ( Manx : Maayl ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Ballaugh , Jurby and Michael . Other settlements in the sheading include Barregarrow in the parish of Michael .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayre & Michael', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayre_&_Michael', 'summary': 'Ayre & Michael is a House of Keys constituency in the north of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs . It is easily the largest Keys constituency in area , and includes the parishes of Michael , Ballaugh , Jurby , Andreas , Bride and Lezayre .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Onchan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Onchan', 'summary': 'Onchan /ˈɔːŋkən/ is a village in the parish of Onchan on the Isle of Man . It is at the north end of Douglas Bay . Administratively a district , it has the second largest population of settlements on the island , after Douglas , with which it forms a conurbation . In Manx the name for the village is Kione Droghad meaning bridge end .'}]}, {'value': 'district', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_(sheading)', 'summary': 'Middle ( Manx : Medall ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan , Marown , Onchan and Santon . Historically , from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba , and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff . In addition to the current districts listed above , the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas , the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man . Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick , Strang , Tromode and Union Mills ( all in the parish of Braddan ) , Braaid , Crosby and Glen Vine ( all in the parish of Marown ) , and Newtown in the parish of Santon .'}]}, {'value': 'Onchan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Onchan', 'summary': 'Onchan /ˈɔːŋkən/ is a village in the parish of Onchan on the Isle of Man . It is at the north end of Douglas Bay . Administratively a district , it has the second largest population of settlements on the island , after Douglas , with which it forms a conurbation . In Manx the name for the village is Kione Droghad meaning bridge end .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_(parish)', 'summary': 'Patrick ( Manx : Perick ) is one of the seventeen historic parishes of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) in the sheading of Glenfaba . Administratively , a small part of the area of the historic parish of Patrick is now covered by part of the town of Peel . Other settlements in the parish include Dalby , Foxdale , Glen Maye and Niarbyl .'}]}, {'value': 'parish', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenfaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenfaba', 'summary': "Glenfaba ( /ɡlɛnˈfeɪbə/ glen-FAY-bə ; Manx : Glion Faba ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of German and Patrick . Historically , from 1796 until some time in the twentieth century [ year needed ] it also included the parish of Marown . Administratively , the sheading of Glenfaba also includes the town of Peel . Other settlements in the sheading include St John 's in the parish of German ( home of the Tynwald Day ceremony ) , and Dalby , Foxdale , Glen Maye and Niarbyl ( all in the parish of Patrick ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenfaba & Peel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenfaba_&_Peel', 'summary': 'Glenfaba & Peel is a House of Keys constituency in the west of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs ; currently Ray Harmer and Geoffrey Boot .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peel,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': "Peel ( Manx : Purt ny h-Inshey - Port of the Island ) is a seaside town and small fishing port on the Isle of Man , in the historic parish of German but administered separately . Peel is the third largest town on the island after Douglas and Ramsey but the fourth largest settlement , as Onchan has the second largest population but is classified as a village . Until 2016 ( when it was merged with Glenfaba ) Peel was also a House of Keys constituency , electing one Member of the House of Keys ( MHK ) , who , from September 2015 , was Ray Harmer . Peel has a ruined castle on St Patrick 's Isle , and a cathedral , seat of the Diocese of Sodor and Man ( the diocese was founded when Mann was ruled by the Norse ) ."}]}, {'value': 'town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenfaba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenfaba', 'summary': "Glenfaba ( /ɡlɛnˈfeɪbə/ glen-FAY-bə ; Manx : Glion Faba ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the west of the island ( part of the traditional North Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of German and Patrick . Historically , from 1796 until some time in the twentieth century [ year needed ] it also included the parish of Marown . Administratively , the sheading of Glenfaba also includes the town of Peel . Other settlements in the sheading include St John 's in the parish of German ( home of the Tynwald Day ceremony ) , and Dalby , Foxdale , Glen Maye and Niarbyl ( all in the parish of Patrick ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Glenfaba & Peel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenfaba_&_Peel', 'summary': 'Glenfaba & Peel is a House of Keys constituency in the west of the Isle of Man . It was created for the 2016 general election and elects 2 MHKs ; currently Ray Harmer and Geoffrey Boot .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Erin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Erin', 'summary': "Port Erin ( Manx : Purt Çhiarn , meaning lord 's port ) is a seaside village in the south-west of the Isle of Man , in the historic parish of Rushen . It was previously a seaside resort before the decline of the tourist trade . Administratively it is designated as a village district , with its own board of commissioners . The district covers around 1 square mile , and is adjacent to : Port St Mary to the south-east ; the main part of Rushen parish district to the north and east ; the sea to the west ; and an exclave of Rushen parish district ( including the village of Cregneash ) to the south . Following recent residential expansion , the settlement is now contiguous with that of Port St Mary , and on 18 July 2018 Tynwald authorised a public enquiry into the proposed expansion of the district boundary to include some of this expansion ."}]}, {'value': 'village', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rushen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushen_(sheading)', 'summary': "Rushen ( /ˈrʊʃən/ RUUSH-ən ; Manx : Rosien ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Arbory , Malew and ( Kirk Christ ) Rushen . Administratively , the sheading of Rushen also includes the town of Castletown and the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary . Other settlements in the sheading include Ballabeg , Colby and Ronague ( all in the parish of Arbory ) , Ballasalla , Derbyhaven and St Mark 's ( all in the parish of Malew ) , and Cregneash in the parish of Rushen ."}]}, {'value': 'Rushen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushen_(constituency)', 'summary': 'Not to be confused with Rushen ( parish ) or Rushen ( sheading ) .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port St Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_St_Mary', 'summary': 'Port St Mary ( Manx : Purt le Moirrey or Purt-noo-Moirrey ) is a village district in the south-west of the Isle of Man . The village takes its name from the former Chapel of St Mary ( Manx : Keeill Moirrey ) which is thought to have overlooked Chapel Bay in the village . Its population is 1,953 according to the 2011 census . In the 19th century it was sometimes called Port-le-Murray .'}]}, {'value': 'village', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rushen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushen_(sheading)', 'summary': "Rushen ( /ˈrʊʃən/ RUUSH-ən ; Manx : Rosien ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located in the south of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the three historic parishes of Arbory , Malew and ( Kirk Christ ) Rushen . Administratively , the sheading of Rushen also includes the town of Castletown and the village districts of Port Erin and Port St Mary . Other settlements in the sheading include Ballabeg , Colby and Ronague ( all in the parish of Arbory ) , Ballasalla , Derbyhaven and St Mark 's ( all in the parish of Malew ) , and Cregneash in the parish of Rushen ."}]}, {'value': 'Rushen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rushen_(constituency)', 'summary': 'Not to be confused with Rushen ( parish ) or Rushen ( sheading ) .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramsey,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': "Ramsey ( Manx : Rhumsaa Old Norse : hrams-á ) is a coastal town in the north of the Isle of Man . It is the second largest town on the island after Douglas . Its population is 7,845 according to the 2016 census . It has one of the biggest harbours on the island , and has a prominent derelict pier , called the Queen 's Pier ( currently under restoration ) . It was formerly one of the main points of communication with Scotland . Ramsey has also been a route for several invasions by the Vikings and Scots . Ramsey is also known as Royal Ramsey due to royal visits by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1847 and by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1902 ."}]}, {'value': 'town', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garff', 'summary': 'Garff ( Manx : Garff ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man . It is located on the east of the island ( part of the traditional South Side division ) and consists of the two historic parishes of Lonan and Maughold . Before 1796 it also included the parish of Onchan . Administratively , since May 2016 the sheading of Garff has been covered by a single Garff local authority , a parish district , formed by merging the former village district of Laxey with the parish districts of Lonan and Maughold . The town of Ramsey , which is administered separately , covers areas of two historic parishes ( Maughold , and Lezayre in the sheading of Ayre ) . It is treated as part of Garff for some purposes , e.g . the coroner . Other settlements in the sheading include Baldrine and Ballabeg ( both in the parish of Lonan ) , and Ballure in the parish of Maughold .'}]}, {'value': 'Ramsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramsey,_Isle_of_Man', 'summary': "Ramsey ( Manx : Rhumsaa Old Norse : hrams-á ) is a coastal town in the north of the Isle of Man . It is the second largest town on the island after Douglas . Its population is 7,845 according to the 2016 census . It has one of the biggest harbours on the island , and has a prominent derelict pier , called the Queen 's Pier ( currently under restoration ) . It was formerly one of the main points of communication with Scotland . Ramsey has also been a route for several invasions by the Vikings and Scots . Ramsey is also known as Royal Ramsey due to royal visits by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1847 and by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1902 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Local government today', 'section_text': '( The sheadings are not local government units today . )', 'uid': 'Local_government_in_the_Isle_of_Man_0', 'intro': 'Local government (Manx: gurneilys ynnydagh) in the Isle of Man was formerly based on six sheadings, which were divided into seventeen parishes (today referred to as ancient parishes). The island is today divided for local government purposes into town districts, village districts, parish districts, and districts, as follows:'} | null | null | What type is the local authority that is at the north end of Douglas Bay ? | district |
0a36c9530424e54c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Toronto', 'title': 'Media in Toronto', 'header': ['Frequency', 'Call sign', 'Branding', 'Format', 'Owner'], 'data': [{'value': 'AM 590', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AM_radio', 'summary': "AM broadcasting is a radio broadcasting technology , which employs amplitude modulation ( AM ) transmissions . It was the first method developed for making audio radio transmissions , and is still used worldwide , primarily for medium wave ( also known as AM band ) transmissions , but also on the longwave and shortwave radio bands . The earliest experimental AM transmissions began in the early 1900s . However , widespread AM broadcasting was not established until the 1920s , following the development of vacuum tube receivers and transmitters . AM radio remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years , a period called the Golden Age of Radio , until television broadcasting became widespread in the 1950s and received most of the programming previously carried by radio . Subsequently , AM radio 's audiences have also greatly shrunk due to competition from FM ( frequency modulation ) radio , Digital Audio Broadcasting ( DAB ) , satellite radio , HD ( digital ) radio and Internet streaming . AM transmissions are much more susceptible than FM or digital signals are to interference , and often have lower audio fidelity . Thus , AM broadcasters tend to specialise in spoken-word formats , such as talk radio , all news and sports , leaving the broadcasting of music mainly to FM and digital stations ."}]}, {'value': 'CJCL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJCL', 'summary': "CJCL ( 590 AM ) - branded Sportsnet 590 The Fan - is a Canadian sports radio station in Toronto , Ontario . Owned and operated by Rogers Media since 2002 , CJCL 's studios are located at the Rogers Building at Bloor and Jarvis in downtown Toronto , while its transmitters are located near Grimsby atop the Niagara Escarpment . Programming on the station includes local sports talk radio shows during the day ; CBS Sports Radio overnight ; and live broadcasts of Toronto Blue Jays baseball , Toronto Raptors basketball , Toronto Maple Leafs hockey , Toronto FC soccer , Buffalo Bisons baseball and Buffalo Bills football . Due to its location near the bottom of the AM dial , as well as its transmitter power and height , CJCL covers most of southern Ontario during the day . The station 's signal is directional from north to south to protect various lower-powered radio stations east and west of the station ; the station , despite not having clear-channel status , can be heard through a stretch of eastern Appalachia at night under ideal conditions ."}]}, {'value': 'Sportsnet 590 The Fan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_radio', 'summary': "Sports radio ( or sports talk radio ) is a radio format devoted entirely to discussion and broadcasting of sporting events . A widespread programming genre that has a narrow audience appeal , sports radio is characterized by an often-boisterous on-air style and extensive debate and analysis by both hosts and callers . Many sports talk stations also carry play-by-play ( live commentary ) of local sports teams as part of their regular programming . Hosted by Bill Mazer , the first sports talk radio show in history launched in March 1964 on New York 's WNBC ( AM ) . Soon after WNBC launched its program , in 1965 Seton Hall University 's radio station , WSOU , started Hall Line , a call-in sports radio talk show focusing on the team 's basketball program . Having celebrated its 50th anniversary on air during the 2015-2016 season , Hall Line , which broadcasts to central and northern New Jersey as well as all five boroughs of New York , is the oldest and longest running sports talk call-in show in the NY-NJ Metropolitan area , and is believed to be the oldest in the nation . Enterprise Radio Network became the first national all-sports network , operating out of Avon , Connecticut , from New Year 's Day 1981 through late September of that year before going out of business . ER had two channels , one for talk and a second for updates and play-by-play . ER 's talk lineup included current New York Yankees voice John Sterling , New York Mets radio host Ed Coleman and former big-league pitcher Bill Denehy . Sports talk is available in local , network and syndicated forms , is available in multiple languages , and is carried in multiple forms on both major North American satellite radio networks . In the United States , most sports talk-formatted radio stations air syndicated programming from ESPN Radio , SB Nation Radio , Sports Byline USA , Fox Sports Radio , CBS Sports Radio , or NBC Sports Radio , while in the Spanish language , ESPN Deportes Radio is the largest current network . In contrast , Canadian sports talk stations may carry a national brand ( such as TSN Radio or Sportsnet Radio ) but carry mostly local programming , with American-based shows filling in gaps ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Media', 'summary': "Rogers Media Inc. is a subsidiary of Rogers Communications that owns Canada 's largest publishing company , Rogers Publishing Limited , which has more than 70 consumer and business publications . Rogers Media also owns 52 radio stations and several television properties , including terrestrial television stations and cable television channels ."}]}, {'value': 'AM 640', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFMJ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFMJ', 'summary': "CFMJ ( 640 kHz Global News Radio 640 Toronto ) is a news talk AM radio station , licensed to Richmond Hill , Ontario , Canada . It is owned by Corus Entertainment with studios and offices in the Corus Quay Building at 25 Dockside Drive in Toronto . The station airs a news talk radio format targeted to the Greater Toronto Area . Although it is licensed to a suburban community north of the city in Richmond Hill , its transmitter is about 60 kilometers ( 38 miles ) south of Toronto . CFMJ 's eight-tower directional antenna is in the town of Lincoln , in Niagara Region , near the southeast corner of Greenlane and Merritt Road . This location allows the station 's signal to cover a large part of Southern Ontario beyond Greater Toronto , as well as Western New York state during the day and at night . CFMJ is licensed to broadcast at 50,000 watts , the maximum power permitted for Canadian AM stations . But because AM 640 is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A KFI Los Angeles , CFMJ must restrict its signal over the U.S. border ."}]}, {'value': 'Global News Radio 640 Toronto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Corus Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corus_Entertainment', 'summary': "Corus Entertainment is a Canadian mass media and broadcasting company . Formed in 1999 as a spin-off from Shaw Communications , it is headquartered at Corus Quay in Toronto , Ontario , and has prominent holdings in the radio , publishing , and television industries . Corus Entertainment 's voting majority is held by the company 's founder JR Shaw and his family , and a 40% stake of Corus stock was formerly held by Shaw Communications . Corus has a large presence in Canadian broadcasting , as owner of the national Global Television Network ( 15 conventional stations ) , 39 radio stations , and a portfolio of 34 specialty television services . Corus is dominant in Canada 's children 's television industry through its ownership of the domestic YTV , Teletoon , and Treehouse TV networks , the animation studio Nelvana and book publisher Kids Can Press , and localized versions of the Cartoon Network , Disney Channel , Disney Junior , Disney XD , and Nickelodeon brands . The second incarnation of Shaw 's media division - formed from the properties of the bankrupt Canwest Global - was subsumed by Corus on April 1 , 2016 , giving it control of the over-the-air Global network and 19 additional specialty channels . In May 2019 , Shaw announced that it would sell its shares in Corus for roughly $ 500 million ."}]}, {'value': 'AM 680', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFTR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFTR_(AM)', 'summary': "CFTR ( 680 AM ) - branded 680 News - is a commercial all-news radio station licensed to Toronto , Ontario , serving the Greater Toronto Area . Owned by Rogers Media , the station became Canada 's first to broadcast an all-news radio format , a format that has since been replicated in major markets across the country . The CFTR studios are located at the Rogers Building at Bloor and Jarvis Streets in downtown Toronto , while the station transmitter is located on the southern edge of Lake Ontario at Oakes and Winston Road ( near the QEW and Casablanca Road ) in nearby Grimsby . While CFTR broadcasts at the maximum power for Canadian AM stations , 50,000 watts , it must use a complicated directional antenna system to avoid interfering with other stations on 680 AM . In addition to a standard analog transmission , CFTR is simulcast on the second HD digital subchannel of CKIS-FM , and is available online ."}]}, {'value': '680 News', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'news', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News_radio', 'summary': 'All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs .'}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Media', 'summary': "Rogers Media Inc. is a subsidiary of Rogers Communications that owns Canada 's largest publishing company , Rogers Publishing Limited , which has more than 70 consumer and business publications . Rogers Media also owns 52 radio stations and several television properties , including terrestrial television stations and cable television channels ."}]}, {'value': 'AM 740', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFZM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFZM', 'summary': "CFZM is a Canadian Class A clear-channel radio station , licensed in Toronto , Ontario , which airs at 740 kHz and in downtown Toronto at 96.7 FM . The station airs an oldies format branded as Zoomer Radio , with the slogan Zoomer Hits . Its studios are located in the Liberty Village neighbourhood , while its transmitter is located in Hornby . CFZM is the only remaining adult standards-formatted station in North America that broadcasts a 50,000-watt clear channel signal . Like most clear channels in this region , CFZM 's nighttime signal can be heard in all of the eastern half of North America , dependent on atmospheric conditions . CFZM and WSM are the only two remaining clear channel stations that primarily broadcast music . CFZM 's daytime signal can be heard in most of the Ontario Peninsula , as far west as the Michigan Thumb , and as far east as Syracuse , New York . Its signal strength allows it to have an audience in nearby cities such as Pittsburgh and Buffalo , New York , where local standards stations have gone defunct . The nighttime signal can reach as far west as Minneapolis and Winnipeg , and as far south as New Orleans ."}]}, {'value': 'Zoomer Radio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'pop standards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pop_standards', 'summary': 'Traditional pop ( also classic pop or pre-rock and roll pop ) is Western popular music that generally pre-dates the advent of rock and roll in the mid-1950s . The most popular and enduring songs from this era of music are known as pop standards or American standards . The works of these songwriters and composers are usually considered part of the canon known as the Great American Songbook . More generally , the term standard can be applied to any popular song that has become very widely known within mainstream culture . Traditional/classic pop music is generally regarded as having existed between the mid-1940s and mid-1950s . AllMusic defines traditional pop as post-big band and pre-rock & roll pop music .'}]}, {'value': 'ZoomerMedia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ZoomerMedia', 'summary': "ZoomerMedia Limited is a group of Canadian media operations controlled by Moses Znaimer . According to Znaimer , these media outlets primarily target what he calls zoomers or baby boomers with zip , defined as people in their 50s , 60s and 70s who want to remain socially and culturally engaged and active . ZoomerMedia was formed in December 2007 following Znaimer 's acquisition and merger of Kemur Publishing , publishers of CARP Magazine , and website operator Fifty-Plus.Net International . It provides marketing , membership , and other services to CARP ( formerly the Canadian Association of Retired Persons ) , of which Znaimer serves as executive director , and publishes Zoomer Magazine ( the renamed CARP Magazine ) . The company also operates several Internet properties including a portal and a social networking site , all targeted to older adult audiences . In addition , Znaimer previously personally owned a variety of other assets through his privately held company , MZ Media , that were also unofficially considered part of the ZoomerMedia group . These included southern Ontario classical music radio stations CFMZ-FM and CFMX-FM ( Classical 96 and Classical 103 respectively ) , adult standards station CFZM Toronto ( AM 740 ) , and the annual IdeaCity conference . In June 2009 , ZoomerMedia Limited announced a deal to acquire the broadcasting assets of S-VOX , which includes conventional stations CHNU-TV and CIIT-TV along with specialty channels VisionTV and One : the Body , Mind & Spirit channel , for $ 25 million . As part of the transaction and a related private placement , Znaimer also merged MZ Media into ZoomerMedia . Following the transactions ( which required the approval of minority shareholders and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) ) , Znaimer owns 66% of the combined company , and insurance company Fairfax Financial owns 28% . All of these transactions were completed on June 30 , 2010 . In December 2014 , ZoomerMedia was reportedly in talks with Quebecor to acquire the Sun News Network ."}]}, {'value': 'AM 860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJBC_(AM)', 'summary': "CJBC is a Canadian Class A clear-channel station , which broadcasts at 860 AM in Toronto , Ontario . It is the city 's affiliate of the Ici Radio-Canada Première network . CJBC 's studios are located at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre , while its transmitter is located in Hornby ."}]}, {'value': 'Ici Radio-Canada Première', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Première', 'summary': "Ici Radio-Canada Première ( formerly Première Chaîne ) is a Canadian French-language radio network , the news and information service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( known as Société Radio-Canada in French ) , the public broadcaster of Canada . It is the French counterpart of CBC Radio One , the CBC 's similar English-language radio network . The service is available across Canada , although not as widely as CBC Radio One . Only the provinces of Quebec and Ontario are served by more than one Première originating station . In all other provinces , the whole province is served by a single station with multiple transmitters . The network does , however , reach 90 percent of all Canadian francophones . Each originating station outside Montreal airs a national schedule , taken from flagship station CBF-FM , complete with opted-out local/regional shows at peak times , depending on each market . News bulletins are aired live , irrespective of location . The network may broadcast on either the AM or FM bands , depending on the market . A national version is available across North America on Sirius XM Canada channel 170 . Première was available in Europe , North Africa and the Middle East live via the Hot Bird satellite . The satellite service closed in June 2012 as part of the budget measures affecting Radio Canada International ."}]}, {'value': 'public news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/News_radio', 'summary': 'All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'AM 960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKNT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKNT', 'summary': 'CKNT ( branded on-air as Sauga 960 AM ) is an AM radio station that broadcasts a news/talk radio format on the frequency of 960 kHz ( AM ) in Mississauga , Ontario , Canada .'}]}, {'value': '960 CKNT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AM 1010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFRB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFRB', 'summary': "CFRB is an AM radio clear-channel station in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , broadcasting a news/talk at 1010 kHz , with a shortwave radio simulcast on CFRX at 6.07 MHz on the 49m band . CFRB 's studios are located in the Entertainment District at 250 Richmond Street West , a building which is adjacent to 299 Queen Street West , while its 4-tower transmitter array is located in the Clarkson neighbourhood of Mississauga . It is currently the third most listened-to private station in the market tied with Zoomer Media 's classical station CFMX ."}]}, {'value': 'Newstalk 1010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News_radio', 'summary': 'All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Media', 'summary': "Bell Media Inc. ( Canadian French : Bell Média ) is the mass media subsidiary of BCE Inc. ( also known as Bell Canada Enterprises , the parent company of the former telephone monopoly Bell Canada ) . Its operations include television broadcasting and production ( including the CTV and CTV 2 television networks ) , radio broadcasting ( through iHeartRadio Canada ) , digital media ( including CraveTV ) and Internet properties including Sympatico.ca . Bell Media is the successor-in-interest to Baton Broadcasting ( later CTV Inc. ) , one of Canada 's first private-sector television broadcasters . The company in its current form was originally established as Bell Globemedia by BCE and the Thomson family in 2001 combining CTV Inc. , which Bell had acquired the previous year , and the operations of the Thomsons ' The Globe and Mail . Bell sold the majority of its interest in 2006 ( at which point the company was renamed CTVglobemedia ) , but re-acquired the entire company , excluding the Globe , in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'AM 1050', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHUM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHUM_(AM)', 'summary': "CHUM , broadcasting at 1050 kHz , is a Canadian radio station licensed to Toronto , Ontario . The station is owned and operated by Bell Media . CHUM 's studios are co-located with TSN at 9 Channel Nine Court in the Agincourt neighbourhood of Scarborough ( with auxiliary studios located at 250 Richmond Street West in the Entertainment District of downtown Toronto ) , with its transmitter array located in the Clarkson neighbourhood of Mississauga ( near CFRB 's own transmitter array ) . Long known as 1050 CHUM , from the late 1950s to the mid-1980s , the station played current Top 40 hits . In 1986 , the station switched to an adult contemporary format . For two decades beginning in 1989 , CHUM began playing oldies , featuring music mainly from the 1950s and 1960s , except for a brief stint as a sports radio station , The Team 1050 , from 2001-2002 . In March 2009 , CHUM switched to a news format known as CP24 Radio 1050 , which operated primarily as an audio simulcast of CP24 before reverting to a sports format as TSN Radio 1050 in April 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'TSN Radio 1050', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'sports radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_radio', 'summary': "Sports radio ( or sports talk radio ) is a radio format devoted entirely to discussion and broadcasting of sporting events . A widespread programming genre that has a narrow audience appeal , sports radio is characterized by an often-boisterous on-air style and extensive debate and analysis by both hosts and callers . Many sports talk stations also carry play-by-play ( live commentary ) of local sports teams as part of their regular programming . Hosted by Bill Mazer , the first sports talk radio show in history launched in March 1964 on New York 's WNBC ( AM ) . Soon after WNBC launched its program , in 1965 Seton Hall University 's radio station , WSOU , started Hall Line , a call-in sports radio talk show focusing on the team 's basketball program . Having celebrated its 50th anniversary on air during the 2015-2016 season , Hall Line , which broadcasts to central and northern New Jersey as well as all five boroughs of New York , is the oldest and longest running sports talk call-in show in the NY-NJ Metropolitan area , and is believed to be the oldest in the nation . Enterprise Radio Network became the first national all-sports network , operating out of Avon , Connecticut , from New Year 's Day 1981 through late September of that year before going out of business . ER had two channels , one for talk and a second for updates and play-by-play . ER 's talk lineup included current New York Yankees voice John Sterling , New York Mets radio host Ed Coleman and former big-league pitcher Bill Denehy . Sports talk is available in local , network and syndicated forms , is available in multiple languages , and is carried in multiple forms on both major North American satellite radio networks . In the United States , most sports talk-formatted radio stations air syndicated programming from ESPN Radio , SB Nation Radio , Sports Byline USA , Fox Sports Radio , CBS Sports Radio , or NBC Sports Radio , while in the Spanish language , ESPN Deportes Radio is the largest current network . In contrast , Canadian sports talk stations may carry a national brand ( such as TSN Radio or Sportsnet Radio ) but carry mostly local programming , with American-based shows filling in gaps ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Media', 'summary': "Bell Media Inc. ( Canadian French : Bell Média ) is the mass media subsidiary of BCE Inc. ( also known as Bell Canada Enterprises , the parent company of the former telephone monopoly Bell Canada ) . Its operations include television broadcasting and production ( including the CTV and CTV 2 television networks ) , radio broadcasting ( through iHeartRadio Canada ) , digital media ( including CraveTV ) and Internet properties including Sympatico.ca . Bell Media is the successor-in-interest to Baton Broadcasting ( later CTV Inc. ) , one of Canada 's first private-sector television broadcasters . The company in its current form was originally established as Bell Globemedia by BCE and the Thomson family in 2001 combining CTV Inc. , which Bell had acquired the previous year , and the operations of the Thomsons ' The Globe and Mail . Bell sold the majority of its interest in 2006 ( at which point the company was renamed CTVglobemedia ) , but re-acquired the entire company , excluding the Globe , in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'AM 1280', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJRU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJRU_(AM)', 'summary': "CJRU , branded as CJRU.ca and originally branded as The Scope at Ryerson , is a low-powered AM campus and community radio station , owned and operated by Radio Ryerson Incorporated at Ryerson University in Toronto , which was granted a broadcast license by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission on December 11 , 2014 . The station broadcasts on 1280 kHz with a signal strength of 99 watts as well as online . The station officially launched on the AM band on March 31 , 2016 after several weeks of test transmissions . CJRU 's current license expires on August 31 , 2021 . The 1280 AM frequency was previously used by CFBN ."}]}, {'value': 'CJRU.ca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'campus/community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campus_radio', 'summary': 'Campus radio ( also known as college radio , university radio or student radio ) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college , university or other educational institution . Programming may be exclusively by students , or may include programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based . Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel , sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming , while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters . Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments , and have very different characteristics from one country to the next . One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness - or , in some countries , even a licensing requirement - to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits . Because of this , campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends , including genres such as punk and new wave , alternative rock , indie rock and hip hop , long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream . Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists . Campus radio supported U2 and REM Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news ( often local ) , sports ( often relating to the campus ) , and spoken word programming as well as general music . Often the radio format is best described as a freeform , with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts . A number of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet . Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air , many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting , closed circuit or carrier current systems , often to on-campus listeners only . Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station .'}]}, {'value': 'Ryerson University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryerson_University', 'summary': "Ryerson University ( Ryerson or RyeU ) is a public research university in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Its urban campus surrounds the Yonge-Dundas Square , located at one of the busiest intersections in downtown Toronto . The majority of its buildings are in the blocks northeast of the Yonge-Dundas Square in Toronto 's Garden District . Ryerson 's business school , Ted Rogers School of Management , is on the southwest end of the Yonge-Dundas Square , located on Bay Street , slightly north of Toronto 's Financial District and is attached to the Toronto Eaton Centre . The university has expanded substantially in recent years with new buildings such as the Mattamy Athletic Centre , in the historical Maple Leaf Gardens arena , former home of the Toronto Maple Leafs . The university 's administration services are also housed in 1 Dundas and 495 Yonge Street . The university is composed of 44,400 undergraduate students , 2,950 graduate students , and 12,000 continuing-education students . Ryerson is ranked 4th in Ontario and 10th in Canada by student enrollment . Ryerson University is home to Canada 's largest undergraduate business school , the Ted Rogers School of Management , and Canada 's third largest undergraduate engineering school , the Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science , as well as the Faculty of Arts , Faculty of Communication & Design , Faculty of Community Services , and the Faculty of Science . In 2017 , the university was approved by the Federation of Law Societies of Canada to begin working towards establishing a social justice and innovation focused law school . The school will mark the third law school in Toronto after York 's Osgoode program and University of Toronto 's Law degree . In addition to offering full-time and part-time undergraduate and graduate programs leading to Bachelor 's , Master 's and Doctoral degrees , the university also offers part-time degrees , distance education , and certificates through the G. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education ."}]}, {'value': 'AM 1430', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHKT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHKT', 'summary': "CHKT is a Canadian radio station , airing at 1430 AM in Toronto , Ontario . The station , owned by the Fairchild Radio service , airs Chinese language programming . CHKT 's studios are located on East Beaver Creek Road in Richmond Hill , while its transmitters are located on the Toronto Islands ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairchild Radio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'multilingual', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Multilingual', 'summary': "Multilingualism is the use of more than one language , either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers . It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world 's population . More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue ; but many read and write in one language . Always useful to traders , multilingualism is advantageous for people wanting to participate in globalization and cultural openness . Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet , individuals ' exposure to multiple languages is becoming increasingly possible . People who speak several languages are also called polyglots . Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood , the so-called first language ( L1 ) . The first language ( sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue ) is acquired without formal education , by mechanisms about which scholars disagree . Children acquiring two languages natively from these early years are called simultaneous bilinguals . It is common for young simultaneous bilinguals to be more proficient in one language than the other . People who know more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning compared to monolinguals . Multilingualism in computing can be considered part of a continuum between internationalization and localization ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairchild Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_Radio', 'summary': 'The Fairchild Group ( Traditional Chinese : 新時代集團 , Simplified Chinese : 新时代集团 , Pinyin : xīnshídài jítuán , Jyutping : san1si4doi6 zaap6tyun4 ) is a Canadian business conglomerate , with headquarters in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Fairchild Group operates various media properties under the Fairchild Media Group name . Fairchild currently operates the Cantonese channel Fairchild TV , Cantonese & Mandarin radio network Fairchild Radio , and Mandarin channel Talentvision . Fairchild Group is also involved in film production , real estate development , retail , telecommunications and wholesale trade .'}]}, {'value': 'AM 1540', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHIN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHIN_(AM)', 'summary': "CHIN is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts multilingual programming at 1540 AM in Toronto , Ontario . It is a Class B station broadcasting on a clear-channel shared by The U.S. and The Bahamas . It is owned by CHIN Radio/TV International , and also has an FM rebroadcaster at 91.9 to fill in reception gaps in parts of the Toronto area . This should not be confused with CHIN-FM , which offers a distinct program schedule . CHIN 's studios are located on College Street in the Palmerston-Little Italy neighbourhood of Toronto , while its AM transmitters are located on Lakeshore Avenue on the Toronto Islands , and the FM rebroadcaster is located atop an apartment tower complex near Bathurst and Sheppard in Toronto 's Clanton Park neighbourhood . The station , one of Canada 's first multilingual broadcast outlets along with Montreal 's CFMB , was launched in 1966 by Toronto broadcaster Johnny Lombardi . CHIN-FM was launched the following year , and a second FM signal acting as the AM station 's FM rebroadcaster was added in 1997 ( at 101.3 MHz ) with the call letters CHIN-1-FM . On April 17 , 2003 , Radio 1540 Ltd. was given approval to change the frequency of CHIN-1-FM Toronto from 101.3 MHz to 91.9 MHz and to increase the effective radiated power from 22 to 35 watts . CHIN 's lineup consists primarily of Chinese ( Cantonese & Mandarin ) and Italian programming in the mornings and Tamil programming in the evenings and overnight . It also airs Albanian , Bengali , Bosnian , Bulgarian , Croatian , German , Greek , Irish , Jewish , Russian , Somali and Ukrainian programming on Saturdays and Sundays . On January 14 , 2011 , CHIN received approval to increase the effective radiated power for the CHIN-FM-1 91.9 FM transmitter from 161 to 1,850 watts ( maximum ERP from 350 to 5,000 watts with an antenna height above average terrain of 86 metres ) . On February 10 , 2016 , CHIN dropped the simulcast of China Radio International in the evening and overnight hours and replaced it with dance music-formatted programming originating from internet broadcaster DJFM Toronto ."}]}, {'value': 'CHIN Radio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'multilingual', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Multilingual', 'summary': "Multilingualism is the use of more than one language , either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers . It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world 's population . More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue ; but many read and write in one language . Always useful to traders , multilingualism is advantageous for people wanting to participate in globalization and cultural openness . Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet , individuals ' exposure to multiple languages is becoming increasingly possible . People who speak several languages are also called polyglots . Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood , the so-called first language ( L1 ) . The first language ( sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue ) is acquired without formal education , by mechanisms about which scholars disagree . Children acquiring two languages natively from these early years are called simultaneous bilinguals . It is common for young simultaneous bilinguals to be more proficient in one language than the other . People who know more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning compared to monolinguals . Multilingualism in computing can be considered part of a continuum between internationalization and localization ."}]}, {'value': 'CHIN Radio/TV International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHIN_Radio/TV_International', 'summary': "CHIN Radio/TV International ( legally known as Radio 1540 Limited ) is a Canadian radio and television broadcasting company , which owns and operates four radio stations and a television program production unit , all targeting multilingual communities . The company also holds the annual CHIN Picnic . CHIN 's studios are located on College Street in the Palmerston-Little Italy neighbourhood of Toronto ."}]}, {'value': 'AM 1610', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHHA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHHA_(AM)', 'summary': "CHHA is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 1610 AM in Toronto , Ontario . Owned and operated by the San Lorenzo Latin American Community Centre , the station airs a Spanish language community radio format branded as Voces Latinas , along with some programming in English , Italian , Portuguese and Tagalog . CHHA 's studios are located on Wenderly Drive in the Glen Park neighbourhood of Toronto , while its transmitter is located in the Port Lands neighbourhood at Toronto 's waterfront . Its signal is pointed westward to protect CHRN in Montreal and travelers ' information stations ( TIS ) in the United States . CHHA is the highest-powered station in North America to use the 1610 frequency , which is otherwise reserved for TIS in the U.S. and has been unused in Mexico since 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Voces Latinas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish community station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Community_radio', 'summary': 'Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting . Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest . They broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local , specific audience but is often overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters . Community radio stations are operated , owned , and influenced by the communities they serve . They are generally nonprofit and provide a mechanism for enabling individuals , groups , and communities to tell their own stories , to share experiences and , in a media-rich world , to become creators and contributors of media . In many parts of the world , community radio acts as a vehicle for the community and voluntary sector , civil society , agencies , NGOs and citizens to work in partnership to further community development aims , in addition to broadcasting . There is legally defined community radio ( as a distinct broadcasting sector ) in many countries , such as France , Argentina , South Africa , Australia and Ireland . Much of the legislation has included phrases such as social benefit , social objectives and social gain as part of the definition . Community radio has developed differently in different countries , and the term has somewhat different meanings in the United Kingdom , Ireland , the United States , Canada and Australia , where freedom of speech laws and de facto realities differ .'}]}, {'value': 'San Lorenzo Latin American Community Centre', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AM 1690', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHTO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHTO', 'summary': "CHTO is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 1690 AM in Toronto , Ontario . The station airs a multicultural programming format . It is owned by Canadian Hellenic Toronto Radio Inc. , which is run by John Maniatakos , son of Peter Maniatakos who owns Odyssey Television Network . The station was initially going to launch by the end of 2006 , but this was pushed back due to technical problems . It has been on the air since September 2007 . CHTO 's programming is predominantly Greek although it is mandated to air programming in other languages as well . CHTO 's studios are located on Danforth Avenue in the Riverdale neighbourhood , while its transmitter is located in the O'Connor-Parkview neighbourhood near the Don River ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'multilingual', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Multilingual', 'summary': "Multilingualism is the use of more than one language , either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers . It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world 's population . More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue ; but many read and write in one language . Always useful to traders , multilingualism is advantageous for people wanting to participate in globalization and cultural openness . Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet , individuals ' exposure to multiple languages is becoming increasingly possible . People who speak several languages are also called polyglots . Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood , the so-called first language ( L1 ) . The first language ( sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue ) is acquired without formal education , by mechanisms about which scholars disagree . Children acquiring two languages natively from these early years are called simultaneous bilinguals . It is common for young simultaneous bilinguals to be more proficient in one language than the other . People who know more than one language have been reported to be more adept at language learning compared to monolinguals . Multilingualism in computing can be considered part of a continuum between internationalization and localization ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Hellenic Toronto Radio', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Radio -- Toronto stations', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Media_in_Toronto_1', 'intro': "This is a list of television and radio stations along with a list of media outlets in and around Toronto, Ontario, Canada, including the Greater Toronto Area. Toronto is Canada's largest media market, and the fourth-largest market in North America (behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago)."} | null | null | What is the frequency of the station whose owner is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada ? | AM 860 |
0a36ee67a66baed7 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Malaysia_Premier_League', 'title': '2011 Malaysia Premier League', 'header': ['Team', 'Coach', 'Captain', 'Kit manufacturer', 'Shirt sponsor'], 'data': [{'value': 'ATM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zahid Hashim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fatrurazi Rozi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatrurazi_Rozi', 'summary': 'Fatrurazi Rozi ( born 15 May 1978 ) is a Malaysian footballer who is currently playing for Pos Malaysia FC in Malaysia Premier League . He previously played for ATM FA , Felda United FC , Selangor Public Bank , Kelantan FA , Malacca FA , PKNS FC and PDRM FA .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kappa_(company)', 'summary': "Kappa is an Italian sportswear brand founded in Turin , Piedmont , Italy . Kappa was founded as a sock firm in Turin , Italy , in 1916 but did n't become Kappa until 1967 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Azmi Mohamed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azmi_Mohamed', 'summary': 'Azmi Mohamed ( born 2 August 1966 ) is a Malaysian former professional footballer and the head coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Affandy Adimel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joma', 'summary': 'Joma ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxoma ] ) is a Spanish sports clothing manufacturer , which currently produces footwear and clothing for football , futsal , handball basketball , volleyball , running , tennis , padel , fitness . Its headquarters are located in Spain . Joma was founded in 1965 to produce shoes for general use . In 1968 , the company began to specialize in sport shoes production and distribution . After a relative success , Joma decided to enter into football market , obtaining a great success and becoming the leader in its country , consequently also with international success . Eventually , Joma Sport had opened offices in the United States , Europe and Asia being currently present in over 70 countries throughout the world . Joma Sport brand is in the top ten in the world-ranking .'}]}, {'value': 'Kulim Berhad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harimau Muda B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ismail Ibrahim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ismail_Ibrahim', 'summary': 'Sultan Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ( Jawi : سلطان إبراهيم ابن المرحوم سلطان إسكندر ; born 22 November 1958 ) is the 25th Sultan of Johor and the 5th Sultan of modern Johor . He is the son of Sultan Iskandar . A motorcycle enthusiast , Sultan Ibrahim is well-known as the founder of the annual motorcycling tour event , Kembara Mahkota Johor .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Syafiq Shalihin Mohd Noor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike,_Inc.', 'summary': "Nike , Inc. ( /ˈnaɪki/ ) [ note 1 ] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $ 29.6 billion . Nike ranked No . 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 to 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sime Darby', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ismail Zakaria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohd Nor Ismail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohd_Nor_Ismail', 'summary': 'Mohamad Nor Bin Ismail ( born 20 August 1982 ) is a Malaysian former international footballer who played as a striker . Mohd Nor started his career with Kuala Lumpur FA . He was transferred to Perak during the 2005 season after spending four years with Kuala Lumpur FA . Later he was transferred to Johor FC but returned to Perak FA during the 2007/08 season . Mohd Nor was called for duty with the Malaysia national team during the 2006 World Cup qualifier . Since then , he was selected part of Malaysia squad . He played for the 2004 Tiger Cup where Malaysia finished third after defeating Myanmar 2-1 . He was also representing the Malaysia national under 23 side that won the bronze medal at the 2005 SEA Games .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sime Darby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sime_Darby', 'summary': 'Sime Darby Berhad ( MYX : 4197 ) is a Malaysian trading conglomerate . Its core businesses operate in and serve the industrial , plantation , motors and logistics sectors as well as the healthcare , insurance , and retail segments .'}]}, {'value': 'MP Muar', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jacob Joseph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacob_Joseph_(Malaysia_football_coach)', 'summary': "Jacob Joseph ( born July 9 , 1958 ) is a Malaysian football coach . His coaching experiences include stints as head coach of Malaysia women 's national football team , ATM FA , Perak Jenderata , UPB-MyTeam FC as youth coach , Muar Municipal Council FC , and MISC-MIFA ."}]}, {'value': 'Zainurin Abdul Kadir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zainurin_Abdul_Kadir', 'summary': 'Zainurin Abdul Kadir ( born 11 January 1983 ) is a Malaysian football goalkeeper for Muar Municipal Council FC in the Malaysia Premier League . His brother Azizon Abdul Kadir is also a goalkeeper . He previously played for Selangor FA in 2006 in the Malaysia Super League . Before that , he played with DBKL FC in the Malaysia FAM Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'Kronos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Interpacific', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PDRM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'K. Thaiyanathan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohd Saiful Rusly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohd_Saiful_Rusly', 'summary': 'Mohd Saiful Rusly ( born 2 February 1978 ) is a Malaysian football player who played for PDRM FA in the Malaysia Premier League in the 2010 season . He rejoined that club after he was released in November 2009 by Malaysia Super League team Terengganu FA where he had been a first-team regular .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PKNS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdul Rahman Ibrahim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Ibrahim', 'summary': 'Abdul Rahman Ibrahim ( born 13 April 1946 ) is a Malaysian football coach and a former football player .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Fadhil Mohd Hashim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohd_Fadhil_Mohd_Hashim', 'summary': 'Mohd Fadhil Mohd Hashim ( born 2 July 1983 ) is a Malaysian footballer who is currently playing for Kuala Lumpur FA . He started his professional career by playing for Selangor FA President Cup Team . In the 2006/07 season , he was promoted to play with the senior team .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kappa_(company)', 'summary': "Kappa is an Italian sportswear brand founded in Turin , Piedmont , Italy . Kappa was founded as a sock firm in Turin , Italy , in 1916 but did n't become Kappa until 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'PKNS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pos Malaysia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mat Zan Mat Aris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mat_Zan_Mat_Aris', 'summary': 'Mat Zan Mat Aris is a Malaysian football manager ( head coach ) and former national footballer . He spent most of his football career playing for Kuala Lumpur FA during the 1980s and early 1990s .'}]}, {'value': 'Manopsak Kram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manopsak_Kram', 'summary': "Manopsak Kram ( born 27 November 1988 in Alor Setar , Kedah ) is a Malaysian footballer and younger brother of footballer Samransak Kram . He currently plays for Pos Malaysia FC as a midfielder . He also has played in Kedah 's President Cup starting from 2006 to 2008 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Kika', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pos Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pos_Malaysia', 'summary': 'Pos Malaysia Berhad ( MYX : 4634 ) is a postal delivery service in Malaysia , with history dating back to early 1800s . Pos Malaysia provides postal and related services , namely :'}]}, {'value': 'Penang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmad Yusof', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Megat Amir Faisal Al Khalidi Ibrahim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Megat_Amir_Faisal_Al_Khalidi_Ibrahim', 'summary': 'Megat Amir Faisal Al Khalidi bin Ibrahim ( born 27 September 1978 ) is a Malaysian footballer who is a former football player and now he is a professional coach . He has coached Harimau Muda U23 and Malaysia Team U23 to national level in 2015 and 2016 . He has also coached Felcra Club and Kedah State Team . He is the current First Team Goalkeeper Coach for PJ City FC . He holds AFC Goalkeeping Coaching Certificate Level 3.His preferred playing position is as a goalkeeper .'}]}, {'value': 'Eutag', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sarawak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Alberts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Alberts', 'summary': 'Robert Renè Alberts ( born 14 November 1954 ) is a former Dutch footballer and current manager .'}]}, {'value': 'Zamri Morshidi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zamri_Morshidi', 'summary': 'Zamri Bin Morshidi ( born 20 November 1983 in Sarawak ) is a Malaysian footballer currently playing for AirAsia F.C . He has played much of his career in a center forward role either as first or second striker .'}]}, {'value': 'StarSport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naim Homes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SDMS Kepala Batas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammad Adam Abdullah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shahrulnizam Mohd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S. Veloo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S._Veloo', 'summary': 'Veloo a/l Sinnathamby , better known as S. Veloo ( born 9 November 1966 ) is a Malaysian football head coach , for Akademi Mokhtar Dahari .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohd Fariss Azlan Mat Isa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohd_Fariss_Azlan_Mat_Isa', 'summary': 'Mohd Fariss Azlan Mat Isa ( born 6 August 1984 ) is a Malaysian footballer who currently plays as a defender for Kuala Lumpur United .'}]}, {'value': 'Joma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joma', 'summary': 'Joma ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxoma ] ) is a Spanish sports clothing manufacturer , which currently produces footwear and clothing for football , futsal , handball basketball , volleyball , running , tennis , padel , fitness . Its headquarters are located in Spain . Joma was founded in 1965 to produce shoes for general use . In 1968 , the company began to specialize in sport shoes production and distribution . After a relative success , Joma decided to enter into football market , obtaining a great success and becoming the leader in its country , consequently also with international success . Eventually , Joma Sport had opened offices in the United States , Europe and Asia being currently present in over 70 countries throughout the world . Joma Sport brand is in the top ten in the world-ranking .'}]}, {'value': 'USM & Asmana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia', 'summary': 'Universiti Sains Malaysia ( acronym : USM ) has won the most Entrepreneurial University 2018 , in Malaysia and the only Accelerated Programs for Excellence ( APEX ) government funded Autonomous university in Malaysia . Founded on 1 June 1969 as a statutory body with its own constitution , it is among the oldest institute of higher learning ( IHL ) in Northern Malaysia . It has three campuses , a main campus on the island of Penang , a health campus in Kelantan , and an engineering campus in Nibong Tebal . There is overseas collaboration with KLE University , India offering the Doctor of Medicine ( USM ) undergraduate degree . USM plans to open a Global Campus ( Kuala Lumpur Campus ) located at Kuala Lumpur Education City ( KLCE ) . With around 28,300 postgraduate and undergraduate students in 2009 , USM is one of the biggest universities in terms of enrolment in Malaysia . The number of lecturers is about 1,479 , which leads to a student-lecturer ratio of around 19:1 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Team summaries', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2011_Malaysia_Premier_League_1', 'intro': 'The 2011 Liga Premier (English: 2011 Premier League) is the eighth season of the Liga Premier, the second-tier professional football league in Malaysia. The season was held from 31 January and concluded in 29 July 2011. PKNS clinched the 2011 Liga Premier title on 20 May 2011, and first promotion spot to Liga Super, with a 2-0 win over Johor. The win gave them a 12-point unassailable lead over their nearest challenger, Sarawak with 3 games remaining. Sarawak themselves secured the second promotion spot after the 4-1 win over USM on 23 May 2011, gaining an 8-point unassailable difference over nearest rivals Sime Darby with 2 games remaining. At the other end of the table, 2 Penang teams SDMS Kepala Batas and Penang confirms their status as two last-placed teams in Liga Premier, which relegates them to 2012 Liga FAM competition, subject to confirmation from FAM. The Liga Premier champions for 2011 season was PKNS. The champions and runners-up were both promoted to 2012 Liga Super.'} | null | null | When was the coach born of the team whose captain started his professional career by playing for Selangor FA President Cup Team ? | 13 April 1946 |
0a3722f2b8cf3e9b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_River', 'title': 'Niagara River', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Country', 'Status', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bird Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York', 'summary': "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Filled in', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connected to Unity Island in 1822 as part of improvements to Black Rock harbor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brig Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York', 'summary': 'Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 50,193 , down from the 55,593 recorded in the 2000 census . It is adjacent to the Niagara River , across from the city of Niagara Falls , Ontario , and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share . The city is within the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Western New York region . While the city was formerly occupied by Native Americans , Europeans who migrated to the Niagara Falls in the mid-17th century began to open businesses and develop infrastructure . Later in the 18th and 19th centuries , scientists and businessmen began harnessing the power of the Niagara River for electricity and the city began to attract manufacturers and other businesses drawn by the promise of inexpensive hydroelectric power . After the 1960s , however , the city and region witnessed an economic decline , following an attempt at urban renewal under then Mayor Lackey . Consistent with the rest of the Rust Belt as industries left the city , old line affluent families relocated to nearby suburbs and out of town . Despite the decline in heavy industry , Niagara Falls State Park and the downtown area closest to the falls continue to thrive as a result of tourism . The population , however , has continued to decline from a peak of 102,394 in the 1960s due to the loss of manufacturing jobs in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Part of Niagara Falls State Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brother Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brother_Island,_Niagara_River', 'summary': 'Brother Island is a small , uninhabited island off the coast of Goat Island in the U.S. state of New York . It lies in the Niagara River , close to the Horseshoe Falls and the Three Sisters Islands . It is part of the city of Niagara Falls . It is one of only five islands in the area surrounding the Horseshoe Falls which have not been claimed by Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York', 'summary': 'Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 50,193 , down from the 55,593 recorded in the 2000 census . It is adjacent to the Niagara River , across from the city of Niagara Falls , Ontario , and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share . The city is within the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Western New York region . While the city was formerly occupied by Native Americans , Europeans who migrated to the Niagara Falls in the mid-17th century began to open businesses and develop infrastructure . Later in the 18th and 19th centuries , scientists and businessmen began harnessing the power of the Niagara River for electricity and the city began to attract manufacturers and other businesses drawn by the promise of inexpensive hydroelectric power . After the 1960s , however , the city and region witnessed an economic decline , following an attempt at urban renewal under then Mayor Lackey . Consistent with the rest of the Rust Belt as industries left the city , old line affluent families relocated to nearby suburbs and out of town . Despite the decline in heavy industry , Niagara Falls State Park and the downtown area closest to the falls continue to thrive as a result of tourism . The population , however , has continued to decline from a peak of 102,394 in the 1960s due to the loss of manufacturing jobs in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located near Niagara Falls and the Three Sisters Islands ; part of Niagara Falls State Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buckhorn Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buckhorn_Island_State_Park', 'summary': 'Buckhorn Island State Park is an 895-acre ( 3.62 km2 ) state park located in Erie County , New York in the Town of Grand Island . The park is on the northern end of the island of Grand Island .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Island,_New_York', 'summary': "Grand Island is a town located in Erie County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town 's population was 20,374 , representing an increase of 9.41% from the 2000 census figure . The town 's name derives from the French name La Grande Île , as Grand Island is the largest island in the Niagara River and third largest in New York state . The phrase La Grande Île appears on the town seal . Over its history , Grand Island has served as home to the Attawandaron Nation and been an acquisition of both French and English colonial pursuits . In 1945 , Grand Island was part of a plan to make a new World Peace Capital on the international border between Southern Ontario , Canada , and Western New York . The plan proposed placing the United Nations headquarters on adjacent Navy Island ( Ontario ) , which was considered an ideal location because it lay on the boundary between two peaceful countries . An artist 's rendering of the World Peace Capital showed the property with bridges spanning both countries ( between Grand Island in the United States and the Canadian mainland ) . The proposal was turned down in favor of the current U.N. headquarters in New York City . The town of Grand Island is located in the northwestern corner of Erie County , and on the Canada-US border , although there is no river crossing to Canada . It is northwest of Buffalo , south of Niagara Falls , and is traversed by Interstate 190 and New York State Route 324 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located on the north end of Grand Island . A state park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cayuga Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cayuga_Island', 'summary': 'Cayuga Island is a small island in the Niagara River in Niagara County , New York , a few miles upstream of the Niagara Falls . Cayuga Creek empties into the river on the north side of the island . ( Note : is not the same Cayuga Creek that flows through Erie County . ) It is part of the LaSalle area of Niagara Falls , New York . It consists of middle-class housing and a city park . It was once considered a possible location for the Pan-American Exposition .'}]}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York', 'summary': 'Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 50,193 , down from the 55,593 recorded in the 2000 census . It is adjacent to the Niagara River , across from the city of Niagara Falls , Ontario , and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share . The city is within the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Western New York region . While the city was formerly occupied by Native Americans , Europeans who migrated to the Niagara Falls in the mid-17th century began to open businesses and develop infrastructure . Later in the 18th and 19th centuries , scientists and businessmen began harnessing the power of the Niagara River for electricity and the city began to attract manufacturers and other businesses drawn by the promise of inexpensive hydroelectric power . After the 1960s , however , the city and region witnessed an economic decline , following an attempt at urban renewal under then Mayor Lackey . Consistent with the rest of the Rust Belt as industries left the city , old line affluent families relocated to nearby suburbs and out of town . Despite the decline in heavy industry , Niagara Falls State Park and the downtown area closest to the falls continue to thrive as a result of tourism . The population , however , has continued to decline from a peak of 102,394 in the 1960s due to the loss of manufacturing jobs in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Residential', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located at the mouth of Cayuga Creek ; a residential neighborhood of the city', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cedar Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cedar_Island_(Niagara_River)', 'summary': 'Cedar Island was a small , uninhabited and elongated island located in the Niagara River near the Canadian shore , opposite the Table Rock observation area at the brink of the Horseshoe Falls .'}]}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario', 'summary': "Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is on the western bank of the Niagara River in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario , with a population of 88,071 at the 2016 census . The municipality was incorporated on 12 June 1903 . Across the Niagara River is Niagara Falls , New York . The Niagara River flows over Niagara Falls at this location , creating a natural spectacle which attracts millions of tourists each year . The tourist area , which stretches along the Niagara Parkway and promenade , is particularly concentrated at the brink of the falls . Apart from the river 's natural attractions , it includes observation towers , high-rise hotels , souvenir shops , museums , indoor water parks , casinos and theatres , mostly with colourful neon billboards and advertisements . Farther to the north or south , golf courses are operated alongside historic sites from the War of 1812 ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Filled in', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Filled in by the creation of the Rankine Generating Station by Canadian Niagara Power Company in 1905', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rankine_Generating_Station', 'summary': "The Rankine Generating Station is a former hydro-electric generating station along the Canadian side of the Niagara River in Niagara Falls , Ontario , slightly downstream from the older Toronto Power Generating Station . It was built in for the Canadian Niagara Power Company and named for company 's founder William Birch Rankine , a New York City lawyer originally from Geneva , New York who died three days after the station opened in 1905 and renamed in 1927 . Acquired by Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation in 1950 and in 2002 , the station became a wholly owned subsidiary of FortisOntario ( and part of Canadian owned Fortis Inc. ) . It was decommissioned in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Conners Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York', 'summary': 'Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 50,193 , down from the 55,593 recorded in the 2000 census . It is adjacent to the Niagara River , across from the city of Niagara Falls , Ontario , and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share . The city is within the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Western New York region . While the city was formerly occupied by Native Americans , Europeans who migrated to the Niagara Falls in the mid-17th century began to open businesses and develop infrastructure . Later in the 18th and 19th centuries , scientists and businessmen began harnessing the power of the Niagara River for electricity and the city began to attract manufacturers and other businesses drawn by the promise of inexpensive hydroelectric power . After the 1960s , however , the city and region witnessed an economic decline , following an attempt at urban renewal under then Mayor Lackey . Consistent with the rest of the Rust Belt as industries left the city , old line affluent families relocated to nearby suburbs and out of town . Despite the decline in heavy industry , Niagara Falls State Park and the downtown area closest to the falls continue to thrive as a result of tourism . The population , however , has continued to decline from a peak of 102,394 in the 1960s due to the loss of manufacturing jobs in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Filled in', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Also known in some sources as Coroner Island . Filled in sometime in the 1950s or early '60s . Currently the site of the Niagara Power Station Intake", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deer Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York', 'summary': 'Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 50,193 , down from the 55,593 recorded in the 2000 census . It is adjacent to the Niagara River , across from the city of Niagara Falls , Ontario , and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share . The city is within the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Western New York region . While the city was formerly occupied by Native Americans , Europeans who migrated to the Niagara Falls in the mid-17th century began to open businesses and develop infrastructure . Later in the 18th and 19th centuries , scientists and businessmen began harnessing the power of the Niagara River for electricity and the city began to attract manufacturers and other businesses drawn by the promise of inexpensive hydroelectric power . After the 1960s , however , the city and region witnessed an economic decline , following an attempt at urban renewal under then Mayor Lackey . Consistent with the rest of the Rust Belt as industries left the city , old line affluent families relocated to nearby suburbs and out of town . Despite the decline in heavy industry , Niagara Falls State Park and the downtown area closest to the falls continue to thrive as a result of tourism . The population , however , has continued to decline from a peak of 102,394 in the 1960s due to the loss of manufacturing jobs in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dufferin Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dufferin_Islands', 'summary': "While Niagara Falls , New York became more well known for industry development along the lower river 's edge in the 1870s , the industrial revolution started much earlier on the Canadian side . In 1794 , permission was granted to erect a saw and grist mill at the eastern end of the islands . This was followed by an iron ore mill constructed in 1796 . Ownership of the properties was transferred to area pioneers Samuel Street and Thomas Clark by 1801 , with the islands named Clark Hill Islands in 1805 . The mills were burned by American forces on July 26 , 1814 , following the Battle of Lundy 's Lane during the War of 1812 . Thomas Clark T.C . Street took ownership of Clark Hill Islands in 1854 , renaming them Cynthia Islands . They became accessible to the public in 1877 , when Sutherland Macklem , Street 's heir , built a pair of suspension bridges to carry foot & carriage traffic across . Pedestrian traffic had already been flocking to the surrounding grounds since the mid-1820s to visit The Burning Spring , billed as Niagara Falls ' first tourist attraction . It continued in operation for nearly sixty years , until the Niagara Parks Commission took over the property and Cynthia Islands as well , in 1887 ."}]}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario', 'summary': "Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is on the western bank of the Niagara River in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario , with a population of 88,071 at the 2016 census . The municipality was incorporated on 12 June 1903 . Across the Niagara River is Niagara Falls , New York . The Niagara River flows over Niagara Falls at this location , creating a natural spectacle which attracts millions of tourists each year . The tourist area , which stretches along the Niagara Parkway and promenade , is particularly concentrated at the brink of the falls . Apart from the river 's natural attractions , it includes observation towers , high-rise hotels , souvenir shops , museums , indoor water parks , casinos and theatres , mostly with colourful neon billboards and advertisements . Farther to the north or south , golf courses are operated alongside historic sites from the War of 1812 ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Man-made islands . Parkland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frog Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Submerged/reconstructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Was located in the Upper Niagara River between Motor Island and Strawberry Island . Disappeared due to erosion sometime between 1951 and 1985 . Re-created beginning in 2007 as a habitat for fish , waterfowl , and aquatic plants', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goat Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goat_Island_(New_York)', 'summary': 'Goat Island ( previously called Iris Island ) is a small island in the Niagara River , in the middle of Niagara Falls between the Bridal Veil Falls and the Horseshoe Falls . The island is at the southwest corner of the City of Niagara Falls ( and of Niagara County ) , New York , in the United States and is part of Niagara Falls State Park . Goat Island has no residents , but is a destination for tourists visiting the falls on the U.S. side . It has several viewing points , including from Terrapin Point . Goat Island is connected to the U.S. mainland by two bridges that carry foot , car , and trackless train traffic , and to the smaller Luna Island ( adjacent to the American Falls ) by a pedestrian bridge . Goat Island is largely wooded and is interlaced with foot trails . The Cave of the Winds tour elevator provides access down to the foot of the falls .'}]}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York', 'summary': 'Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 50,193 , down from the 55,593 recorded in the 2000 census . It is adjacent to the Niagara River , across from the city of Niagara Falls , Ontario , and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share . The city is within the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Western New York region . While the city was formerly occupied by Native Americans , Europeans who migrated to the Niagara Falls in the mid-17th century began to open businesses and develop infrastructure . Later in the 18th and 19th centuries , scientists and businessmen began harnessing the power of the Niagara River for electricity and the city began to attract manufacturers and other businesses drawn by the promise of inexpensive hydroelectric power . After the 1960s , however , the city and region witnessed an economic decline , following an attempt at urban renewal under then Mayor Lackey . Consistent with the rest of the Rust Belt as industries left the city , old line affluent families relocated to nearby suburbs and out of town . Despite the decline in heavy industry , Niagara Falls State Park and the downtown area closest to the falls continue to thrive as a result of tourism . The population , however , has continued to decline from a peak of 102,394 in the 1960s due to the loss of manufacturing jobs in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located at the brink of the American Falls , named by John Stedman in the 1770s ; briefly renamed to Iris Island by General Augustus Porter , a United States Commissioner ( after the Greek Goddess of the Rainbow ) . Now part of Niagara Falls State Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goose Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Tonawanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonawanda_(city),_New_York', 'summary': 'Tonawanda ( formally City of Tonawanda , from Tahnawá•teh meaning confluent stream in Tuscarora ) is a city in Erie County , New York , United States . The population was 15,130 at the 2010 census . It is at the northern edge of Erie County , south across the Erie Canal ( Tonawanda Creek ) from North Tonawanda , east of Grand Island , and north of Buffalo . It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Man-made/filled in', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Was located at the confluence of Tonawanda Creek and the Tonawanda Channel of the Niagara River . Existed from 1825 , when the Erie Canal was constructed ( thereby cutting Goose Island off from the mainland ) until the 1940s , when this portion of the canal was filled in', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonawanda_Creek', 'summary': 'Tonawanda Creek is a small tributary of the Niagara River in Western New York , United States . After rising in Wyoming County , the stream flows through Genesee County before forming part of the boundary between Erie County and Niagara County .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Erie_Canal', 'summary': 'The Erie Canal is a canal in New York , United States that is part of the east-west , cross-state route of the New York State Canal System ( formerly known as the New York State Barge Canal ) . Originally , it ran 363 miles ( 584 km ) from the Hudson River in Albany to Lake Erie in Buffalo . It was built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes . When completed in 1825 , it was the second longest canal in the world ( after the Grand Canal in China ) and greatly enhanced the development and economy of New York , New York City , and the United States . The canal was first proposed in the 1780s , then re-proposed in 1807 . A survey was authorized , funded , and executed in 1808 . Proponents of the project gradually wore down opponents ; its construction began in 1817 . The canal has 34 numbered locks starting with Black Rock Lock and ending downstream with the Troy Federal Lock . Both are owned by the federal government . It has an elevation difference of about 565 feet ( 172 m ) . It opened on October 26 , 1825 . In a time when bulk goods were limited to pack animals ( a 250-pound ( 113 kg ) maximum ) , and there were no railways , water was the most cost-effective way to ship bulk goods .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Island,_New_York', 'summary': "Grand Island is a town located in Erie County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town 's population was 20,374 , representing an increase of 9.41% from the 2000 census figure . The town 's name derives from the French name La Grande Île , as Grand Island is the largest island in the Niagara River and third largest in New York state . The phrase La Grande Île appears on the town seal . Over its history , Grand Island has served as home to the Attawandaron Nation and been an acquisition of both French and English colonial pursuits . In 1945 , Grand Island was part of a plan to make a new World Peace Capital on the international border between Southern Ontario , Canada , and Western New York . The plan proposed placing the United Nations headquarters on adjacent Navy Island ( Ontario ) , which was considered an ideal location because it lay on the boundary between two peaceful countries . An artist 's rendering of the World Peace Capital showed the property with bridges spanning both countries ( between Grand Island in the United States and the Canadian mainland ) . The proposal was turned down in favor of the current U.N. headquarters in New York City . The town of Grand Island is located in the northwestern corner of Erie County , and on the Canada-US border , although there is no river crossing to Canada . It is northwest of Buffalo , south of Niagara Falls , and is traversed by Interstate 190 and New York State Route 324 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Developed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The largest island on the river ; includes several parks , but is mostly residential and industrial ; originally called Ga-We-Not ( Great Island ) by the Seneca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seneca_people', 'summary': 'The Seneca ( /ˈsɛnɪkə/ ) are a group of indigenous Iroquoian-speaking people native to North America who historically lived south of Lake Ontario . They were the nation located farthest to the west within the Six Nations or Iroquois League ( Haudenosaunee ) in New York before the American Revolution . In the 21st century , more than 10,000 Seneca live in the United States , which has three federally recognized Seneca tribes . Two are in New York : the Seneca Nation of New York , with two reservations in western New York near Buffalo ; and the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Native Americans . The Seneca-Cayuga Nation is located in Oklahoma , where their ancestors were relocated from Ohio during Indian Removal . Approximately 1,000 Seneca live in Canada , near Brantford , Ontario , at the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation . They are descendants of Seneca who resettled there after the American Revolution , as they had been allies of the British and forced to cede much of their lands .'}]}, {'value': 'Grass Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York', 'summary': 'Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 50,193 , down from the 55,593 recorded in the 2000 census . It is adjacent to the Niagara River , across from the city of Niagara Falls , Ontario , and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share . The city is within the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Western New York region . While the city was formerly occupied by Native Americans , Europeans who migrated to the Niagara Falls in the mid-17th century began to open businesses and develop infrastructure . Later in the 18th and 19th centuries , scientists and businessmen began harnessing the power of the Niagara River for electricity and the city began to attract manufacturers and other businesses drawn by the promise of inexpensive hydroelectric power . After the 1960s , however , the city and region witnessed an economic decline , following an attempt at urban renewal under then Mayor Lackey . Consistent with the rest of the Rust Belt as industries left the city , old line affluent families relocated to nearby suburbs and out of town . Despite the decline in heavy industry , Niagara Falls State Park and the downtown area closest to the falls continue to thrive as a result of tourism . The population , however , has continued to decline from a peak of 102,394 in the 1960s due to the loss of manufacturing jobs in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Filled in', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Filled in during the 1960s to create the Robert Moses Parkway at Point Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Moses_Parkway', 'summary': 'The Niagara Scenic Parkway ( known as the Robert Moses State Parkway until 2016 ) is an 18.42-mile ( 29.64 km ) long north-south highway in western Niagara County , New York , in the United States . Its southern terminus is at the LaSalle Expressway on the east bank of the Niagara River in Niagara Falls . The northern terminus is at New York State Route 18 ( NY 18 ) at Four Mile Creek State Park in Porter near Lake Ontario . Originally , the parkway was one continuous road ; however , due to low usage , a portion of the parkway near Niagara Falls was removed , separating the parkway into two sections . The length of the parkway is designated as New York State Route 957A by the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) . A 1.16-mile ( 1.87 km ) long spur connecting the Niagara Scenic Parkway to Fort Niagara State Park near Youngstown is designated as New York State Route 958A . Both reference route designations are unsigned . The parkway , a divided highway for most of its route , is one of the most unorthodox parkways in New York State , similar to Ocean Parkway on Long Island . Some portions , mainly between downtown Niagara Falls and Lewiston , are not built to freeway standards , and the parkway as a whole has gradually been relegated due to low usage .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York', 'summary': 'Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 50,193 , down from the 55,593 recorded in the 2000 census . It is adjacent to the Niagara River , across from the city of Niagara Falls , Ontario , and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share . The city is within the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Western New York region . While the city was formerly occupied by Native Americans , Europeans who migrated to the Niagara Falls in the mid-17th century began to open businesses and develop infrastructure . Later in the 18th and 19th centuries , scientists and businessmen began harnessing the power of the Niagara River for electricity and the city began to attract manufacturers and other businesses drawn by the promise of inexpensive hydroelectric power . After the 1960s , however , the city and region witnessed an economic decline , following an attempt at urban renewal under then Mayor Lackey . Consistent with the rest of the Rust Belt as industries left the city , old line affluent families relocated to nearby suburbs and out of town . Despite the decline in heavy industry , Niagara Falls State Park and the downtown area closest to the falls continue to thrive as a result of tourism . The population , however , has continued to decline from a peak of 102,394 in the 1960s due to the loss of manufacturing jobs in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Originally called Bath Island , it was renamed in the early 1900s for Niagara Reservation Commissioner Andrew H. Green . Part of Niagara Falls State Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_H._Green', 'summary': 'Andrew Haswell Green ( October 6 , 1820 - November 13 , 1903 ) was a lawyer , New York City planner , and civic leader . He is considered the Father of Greater New York , and is responsible for Central Park , the New York Public Library , the Bronx Zoo , the American Museum of Natural History , and the Metropolitan Museum of Art . He also participated in or led significant projects , such as Riverside Drive , Morningside Park , Fort Washington Park , and protecting the Hudson River Palisades from destruction . His last project was the consolidation of the Imperial City or City of Greater New York ; he chaired the 1897 committee that drew up the plan of amalgamation .'}]}, {'value': 'Gull Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gull_Island_(Niagara_River)', 'summary': "The Niagara River ( /naɪˈæɡərə/ ny-AG-ər-ə ) is a river that flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario . It forms part of the border between the province of Ontario in Canada ( on the west ) and the state of New York in the United States ( on the east ) . There are differing theories as to the origin of the river 's name . According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger , Niagara is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy , who are described as being called the Niagagarega people on several late-17th-century French maps of the area . According to George R. Stewart , it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called Ongniaahra , meaning point of land cut in two . The river , which is occasionally described as a strait , is about 58 kilometres ( 36 mi ) long and includes Niagara Falls in its course . The falls have moved approximately 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) upstream from the Niagara Escarpment in the last 12,000 years , resulting in a gorge below the falls . Today , the diversion of the river for electrical generation has significantly reduced the rate of erosion . The total drop in elevation along the river is 99 metres ( 325 ft ) . The Niagara Gorge extends downstream from the Falls and includes the Niagara Whirlpool and another section of rapids . Power plants on the river include the Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations ( built in 1922 and 1954 ) on the Canadian side , and the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant ( built in 1961 ) on the American side . Together , they generate 4.4 gigawatts of electricity ."}]}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario', 'summary': "Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is on the western bank of the Niagara River in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario , with a population of 88,071 at the 2016 census . The municipality was incorporated on 12 June 1903 . Across the Niagara River is Niagara Falls , New York . The Niagara River flows over Niagara Falls at this location , creating a natural spectacle which attracts millions of tourists each year . The tourist area , which stretches along the Niagara Parkway and promenade , is particularly concentrated at the brink of the falls . Apart from the river 's natural attractions , it includes observation towers , high-rise hotels , souvenir shops , museums , indoor water parks , casinos and theatres , mostly with colourful neon billboards and advertisements . Farther to the north or south , golf courses are operated alongside historic sites from the War of 1812 ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located near the wreck of the Old Scow in Canadian waters', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hogg Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario', 'summary': "Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is on the western bank of the Niagara River in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario , with a population of 88,071 at the 2016 census . The municipality was incorporated on 12 June 1903 . Across the Niagara River is Niagara Falls , New York . The Niagara River flows over Niagara Falls at this location , creating a natural spectacle which attracts millions of tourists each year . The tourist area , which stretches along the Niagara Parkway and promenade , is particularly concentrated at the brink of the falls . Apart from the river 's natural attractions , it includes observation towers , high-rise hotels , souvenir shops , museums , indoor water parks , casinos and theatres , mostly with colourful neon billboards and advertisements . Farther to the north or south , golf courses are operated alongside historic sites from the War of 1812 ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Filled in', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Filled in by the creation of the Chippawa Queenston Power Canal in 1917 and finally by the Sir Adam Beck Dam # 2 in 1950 by the Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ontario_Hydro', 'summary': 'Ontario Hydro , established in 1906 as the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario , was a publicly owned electricity utility in the Province of Ontario . It was formed to build transmission lines to supply municipal utilities with electricity generated by private companies already operating at Niagara Falls , and soon developed its own generation resources by buying private generation stations and becoming a major designer and builder of new stations . As most of the readily developed hydroelectric sites became exploited , the corporation expanded into building coal-fired generation and then nuclear-powered facilities . Renamed as Ontario Hydro in 1974 , by the 1990s it had become one of the largest , fully integrated electricity corporations in North America .'}]}, {'value': 'Little Beaver Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaver_Island_State_Park', 'summary': 'Beaver Island State Park is a New York state park located on Grand Island in northwestern Erie County , New York in the United States . It is situated at the southern end of the island on the bank of the Niagara River and served by the Beaver Island Parkway , a 2.72-mile ( 4.38 km ) highway linking the park to Interstate 190 ( I-190 ) . Included within the park is the Beaver Island State Park Golf Course , a USGA-recognized championship 18-hole , par-72 public golf course .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Island,_New_York', 'summary': "Grand Island is a town located in Erie County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town 's population was 20,374 , representing an increase of 9.41% from the 2000 census figure . The town 's name derives from the French name La Grande Île , as Grand Island is the largest island in the Niagara River and third largest in New York state . The phrase La Grande Île appears on the town seal . Over its history , Grand Island has served as home to the Attawandaron Nation and been an acquisition of both French and English colonial pursuits . In 1945 , Grand Island was part of a plan to make a new World Peace Capital on the international border between Southern Ontario , Canada , and Western New York . The plan proposed placing the United Nations headquarters on adjacent Navy Island ( Ontario ) , which was considered an ideal location because it lay on the boundary between two peaceful countries . An artist 's rendering of the World Peace Capital showed the property with bridges spanning both countries ( between Grand Island in the United States and the Canadian mainland ) . The proposal was turned down in favor of the current U.N. headquarters in New York City . The town of Grand Island is located in the northwestern corner of Erie County , and on the Canada-US border , although there is no river crossing to Canada . It is northwest of Buffalo , south of Niagara Falls , and is traversed by Interstate 190 and New York State Route 324 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located off the south end of Grand Island ; part of Beaver Island State Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luna Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luna_Island', 'summary': 'Luna Island is a very small uninhabited island in the Niagara River , in the U. S. state of New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Niagara Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York', 'summary': 'Niagara Falls is a city in Niagara County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total population of 50,193 , down from the 55,593 recorded in the 2000 census . It is adjacent to the Niagara River , across from the city of Niagara Falls , Ontario , and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share . The city is within the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Western New York region . While the city was formerly occupied by Native Americans , Europeans who migrated to the Niagara Falls in the mid-17th century began to open businesses and develop infrastructure . Later in the 18th and 19th centuries , scientists and businessmen began harnessing the power of the Niagara River for electricity and the city began to attract manufacturers and other businesses drawn by the promise of inexpensive hydroelectric power . After the 1960s , however , the city and region witnessed an economic decline , following an attempt at urban renewal under then Mayor Lackey . Consistent with the rest of the Rust Belt as industries left the city , old line affluent families relocated to nearby suburbs and out of town . Despite the decline in heavy industry , Niagara Falls State Park and the downtown area closest to the falls continue to thrive as a result of tourism . The population , however , has continued to decline from a peak of 102,394 in the 1960s due to the loss of manufacturing jobs in the area .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located next to Goat Island ; originally called Prospect Island . Part of Niagara Falls State Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motor Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Island', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Island,_New_York', 'summary': "Grand Island is a town located in Erie County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town 's population was 20,374 , representing an increase of 9.41% from the 2000 census figure . The town 's name derives from the French name La Grande Île , as Grand Island is the largest island in the Niagara River and third largest in New York state . The phrase La Grande Île appears on the town seal . Over its history , Grand Island has served as home to the Attawandaron Nation and been an acquisition of both French and English colonial pursuits . In 1945 , Grand Island was part of a plan to make a new World Peace Capital on the international border between Southern Ontario , Canada , and Western New York . The plan proposed placing the United Nations headquarters on adjacent Navy Island ( Ontario ) , which was considered an ideal location because it lay on the boundary between two peaceful countries . An artist 's rendering of the World Peace Capital showed the property with bridges spanning both countries ( between Grand Island in the United States and the Canadian mainland ) . The proposal was turned down in favor of the current U.N. headquarters in New York City . The town of Grand Island is located in the northwestern corner of Erie County , and on the Canada-US border , although there is no river crossing to Canada . It is northwest of Buffalo , south of Niagara Falls , and is traversed by Interstate 190 and New York State Route 324 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Also known as Pirates ' Island ( the name of a private club once located there ) and Frog Island ( not to be confused with the Frog Island listed above ) . A New York State Wildlife Management Area", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_State_Wildlife_Management_Area', 'summary': 'New York State Wildlife Management Areas ( WMAs ) are conservation areas managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation ( NYSDEC ) primarily for the benefit of wildlife , and used extensively by the public for hunting , fishing , and trapping . As of 2016 , the NYSDEC owns and maintains 113 WMAs , with a total area of approximately 197,000 acres ( 308 sq mi ; 800 km2 ) . The Wildlife Management Areas program is administered by the Division of Fish , Wildlife and Marine Resources of the NYSDEC .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Niagara_River_3', 'intro': "The Niagara River (/naɪˈæɡərə/ ny-AG-ər-ə) is a river that flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the province of Ontario in Canada (on the west) and the state of New York in the United States (on the east). There are differing theories as to the origin of the river's name. According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger, Niagara is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy, who are described as being called the Niagagarega people on several late-17th-century French maps of the area. According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called Ongniaahra, meaning point of land cut in two. The river, which is occasionally described as a strait, is about 58 kilometres (36 mi) long and includes Niagara Falls in its course. The falls have moved approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) upstream from the Niagara Escarpment in the last 12,000 years, resulting in a gorge below the falls. Today, the diversion of the river for electrical generation has significantly reduced the rate of erosion. The total drop in elevation along the river is 99 metres (325 ft). The Niagara Gorge extends downstream from the Falls and includes the Niagara Whirlpool and another section of rapids. Power plants on the river include the Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations (built in 1922 and 1954) on the Canadian side, and the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant (built in 1961) on the American side. Together, they generate 4.4 gigawatts of electricity."} | null | null | What is the status of the island located in northwestern Erie County , New York , on the upper Niagara river upriver ? | Park |
0a3747b34082b5d1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_23)', 'title': 'Live! with Regis and Kelly (season 23)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-Hosts', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'April 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Rock , American Idol castoffs Naima Adedapo & Thia Megia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Rock', 'summary': "Christopher Julius Rock ( born February 7 , 1965 ) is an American comedian , actor , writer , producer , and director . After working as a stand-up comedian and appearing in supporting film roles , Rock came to wider prominence as a cast member of Saturday Night Live in the early 1990s . He went on to more prominent film appearances , with starring roles in Down to Earth ( 2001 ) , Head of State ( 2003 ) , The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) , the Madagascar film series ( 2005-2012 ) , Grown Ups ( 2010 ) , its sequel Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) , Top Five ( 2014 ) , and a series of acclaimed stand-up specials for HBO . He developed , wrote , and narrated the sitcom Everybody Hates Chris ( 2005-2009 ) , which was based on his early life . Rock hosted the 77th Academy Awards in 2005 and the 88th in 2016 . He has won four Emmy Awards and three Grammy Awards . He was voted the fifth-greatest stand-up comedian in a poll conducted by Comedy Central . He was also voted in the United Kingdom as the ninth-greatest stand-up comic on Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups in 2007 , and again in the updated 2010 list as the eighth-greatest stand-up comic ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Idol_(Season_10)', 'summary': "The tenth season of American Idol premiered on January 19 , 2011 , and concluded on May 25 , 2011 , on the Fox television network . The show underwent a number of changes from the ninth season , including the return of Nigel Lythgoe as executive producer . Randy Jackson returned as judge for his tenth season while Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel following the departures of Simon Cowell , Kara DioGuardi and Ellen DeGeneres . Interscope Records , which is part of Universal Music Group , replaced Sony Music Entertainment as Idol 's official partner record label . Interscope 's Chairman Jimmy Iovine , a songwriter and producer , was named as the in-house mentor to work with the contestants on a weekly basis . He was supported by associated producers Rodney Jerkins , Alex da Kid , Tricky Stewart , Don Was , will.i.am , and Timbaland , who all helped the contestants tailor their song choices to their chosen genre of performance , while also producing arrangements for the contestants and offering original material to be performed . Ray Chew replaced Rickey Minor as the show 's musical director and leader of Idol 's live band . Programming changes affecting viewership included a revision in the days of broadcast from Tuesdays and Wednesdays to Wednesdays and Thursdays . The show also opened up an option for viewers to cast their votes online through Facebook , allowing 50 votes per account . Specific changes in the competition itself included extending extra rounds ( such as the Las Vegas show ) and a final solo round , while also returning the judges ' wild card choices . The show additionally lowered the age of eligibility to 15 years . More contestants made it to Hollywood in the tenth season than in previous seasons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Naima_Adedapo', 'summary': 'Naima Adedapo ( born October 5 , 1984 ) is an American singer and dancer from Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Adedapo placed in the top 11 on the tenth season of American Idol .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Thia_Megia', 'summary': 'Thialorei Lising Megia ( born January 30 , 1995 ) is a Filipino-American singer and television actress . She is known for being a contestant on the tenth season of American Idol and for starring as Haley Chen on Days of Our Lives .'}]}, {'value': 'April 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Uma Thurman , Barbara Eden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uma_Thurman', 'summary': "Uma Karuna Thurman ( born April 29 , 1970 ) is an American actress and model . She has performed in a variety of films , ranging from romantic comedies and dramas to science fiction and action movies . Following her appearances on the December 1985 and May 1986 covers of British Vogue , Thurman starred in Dangerous Liaisons ( 1988 ) . She rose to international prominence with her performance in Quentin Tarantino 's 1994 film Pulp Fiction , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award , the BAFTA Award , and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress . Often hailed as Tarantino 's muse , she reunited with the director to play the main role in Kill Bill : Volume 1 and 2 ( 2003 , 2004 ) , which brought her two additional Golden Globe Award nominations . Established as a leading Hollywood actress , her other notable films include Henry & June ( 1990 ) , The Truth About Cats & Dogs ( 1996 ) , Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) , Gattaca ( 1997 ) , Les Misérables ( 1998 ) , The Producers ( 2005 ) , My Super Ex-Girlfriend ( 2006 ) , and Lars von Trier 's Nymphomaniac ( 2013 ) and The House That Jack Built ( 2018 ) . In 2011 , Thurman was a member of the jury for the main competition at the 64th Cannes Film Festival , and in 2017 , she was named president of the 70th edition 's Un Certain Regard jury . Thurman made her Broadway debut in The Parisian Woman ( 2017-2018 ) . For her performance in the made-for-HBO film Hysterical Blindness ( 2002 ) , Thurman won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Film , and for her five-episode role in the NBC musical series Smash ( 2012 ) , she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Thurman has starred in the miniseries The Slap ( 2015 ) and the series Imposters ( 2017-2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barbara_Eden', 'summary': 'Barbara Eden ( born Barbara Jean Morehead , August 23 , 1931 ) is an American film , stage , and television actress , and singer , best known for her starring role of Jeannie in the sitcom I Dream of Jeannie .'}]}, {'value': 'April 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jennifer Garner , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , Caroline Kennedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Garner', 'summary': "Jennifer Anne Garner ( born April 17 , 1972 ) is an American actress . Following a supporting role in Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) , Garner gained recognition for her performance as CIA officer Sydney Bristow in the ABC spy-action thriller Alias , which aired from 2001 to 2006 . For her work on the series , she won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award , and received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations . While working on Alias , Garner made a cameo appearance in Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , followed by giving a praised leading performance in the romantic comedy film 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) . Garner has appeared in supporting as well as lead roles , including the superhero films Daredevil ( 2003 ) and Elektra ( 2005 ) , the comedy-drama Juno ( 2007 ) , and the fantasy-comedy The Invention of Lying ( 2009 ) . In the 2010s , she appeared in the romantic comedy Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) , the fantasy drama The Odd Life of Timothy Green ( 2012 ) , the biographic drama Dallas Buyers Club ( 2013 ) , the family comedy Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( 2014 ) , the drama Miracles from Heaven ( 2016 ) , the romantic comedy-drama Love , Simon ( 2018 ) , and the action thriller Peppermint ( 2018 ) . Garner works frequently as an activist for early childhood education and is a board member of Save the Children . She is also an advocate for anti-paparazzi campaigns among children of celebrities . Garner had a five-year relationship with Scott Foley from 1998 to 2003 , during which they married . Garner married actor Ben Affleck in 2005 ; they separated in 2015 and divorced in 2018 . Garner and Affleck have three children together ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson', 'summary': 'Jesse Tyler Ferguson ( born October 22 , 1975 ) is an American actor . He is best known for portraying Mitchell Pritchett on the sitcom Modern Family ( 2009-present ) , which earned him five consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations and four Screen Actors Guild Awards . Ferguson made his Broadway debut in The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee , for which he and his ensemble cast won a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Cast Ensemble . For his performance in the 2016 Broadway production of Fully Committed , Ferguson was awarded a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy', 'summary': "Caroline Bouvier Kennedy ( born November 27 , 1957 ) is an American author , attorney , and diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017 . She is a prominent member of the Kennedy family and the only surviving child of President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy . Kennedy was five days shy of her sixth birthday when her father was assassinated on November 22 , 1963 . The following year , Caroline , her mother , and brother John F. Kennedy Jr. settled on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , where she attended school . Kennedy graduated from Radcliffe College and worked at Manhattan 's Metropolitan Museum of Art , where she met her future husband , exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg . She went on to receive a J.D . degree from Columbia Law School . Most of Kennedy 's professional life has spanned law and politics , as well as education reform and charitable work . She has also acted as a spokesperson for her family 's legacy and co-authored two books with Ellen Aldermanon on civil liberties . Early in the primary race for the 2008 presidential election , Kennedy and her uncle Ted endorsed Democratic candidate Barack Obama ; she later stumped for him in Florida , Indiana , and Ohio , served as co-chair of his Vice Presidential Search Committee , and addressed the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver . After Obama selected United States Senator Hillary Clinton to serve as Secretary of State , Kennedy expressed interest in being appointed to Clinton 's vacant Senate seat from New York , but she later withdrew from consideration , citing personal reasons . Congresswoman Kirsten Gillibrand ultimately replaced Clinton as the junior New York Senator ."}]}, {'value': 'April 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jim Belushi , Ian Somerhalder , Dancing with the Stars castoffs Wendy Williams & Tony Dovolani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Belushi', 'summary': 'James Adam Belushi ( /bəˈluːʃi/ ; born June 15 , 1954 ) is an American actor , comedian , singer and musician . He played the role of Jim on the sitcom According to Jim ( 2001-2009 ) . His other television roles include Saturday Night Live ( 1983-1985 ) , Wild Palms ( 1993 ) , Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters ( 1994-1997 ) , Show Me a Hero ( 2015 ) and Twin Peaks ( 2017 ) . Belushi has appeared in films such as Thief ( 1981 ) , Trading Places ( 1983 ) , About Last Night ( 1986 ) , Salvador ( 1986 ) , The Principal ( 1987 ) , Red Heat ( 1988 ) , K-9 ( 1989 ) , Mr. Destiny ( 1990 ) , Curly Sue ( 1991 ) , Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) , Gang Related ( 1997 ) , Underdog ( 2007 ) The Ghost Writer ( 2010 ) and Katie Says Goodbye ( 2019 ) . He is the younger brother of comic actor John Belushi and the father of actor Robert Belushi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ian_Somerhalder', 'summary': "Ian Joseph Somerhalder ( born December 8 , 1978 ) is an American actor , model , activist and director . He is known for playing Boone Carlyle in the TV drama Lost , Damon Salvatore in The CW 's supernatural drama The Vampire Diaries and Dr. Luther Swann in Netflix 's sci-fi horror series V Wars ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars', 'summary': "Dancing with the Stars is the name of various international television series based on the format of the British TV series Strictly Come Dancing , which is distributed by BBC Worldwide , the commercial arm of the BBC . Currently the format has been licensed to over 42 territories . Versions have also been produced in dozens of countries across the world . As a result , the series became the world 's most popular television program among all genres in 2006 and 2007 , according to the magazine Television Business International , reaching the Top 10 in 17 countries . The show pairs a number of well known celebrities with professional ballroom dancers , who each week compete by performing one or more choreographed routines that follow the prearranged theme for that particular week . The dancers are then scored by a panel of judges . Viewers are given a certain amount of time to place votes for their favorite dancers , either by telephone or ( in some countries ) online . The couple with the lowest combined score provided by the judges and viewers is eliminated . This process continues until there are only two or three couples left ; when they have competed for the last time one couple is declared the champion and wins a trophy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wendy_Williams_(media_personality)', 'summary': 'Wendy Williams Hunter ( born Wendy Joan Williams ; July 18 , 1964 ) is an American television host , businesswoman , media personality and author . Since 2008 , she has hosted the nationally syndicated television talk show The Wendy Williams Show . Prior to television , Williams was a radio DJ and host and quickly became known in New York as a shock jockette . She gained notoriety for her on-air spats with celebrities and was the subject of the 2006 VH1 reality TV series The Wendy Williams Experience which broadcast events surrounding her radio show . She was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 2009 . She has written a New York Times best-selling autobiography and six other books , and has created product lines including a fashion line , a jewelry collection and a wig line . On her 50th birthday , the council of Asbury Park , New Jersey renamed the street on which she grew up Wendy Williams Way .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tony_Dovolani', 'summary': 'Driton Tony Dovolani ( born July 17 , 1973 ) is an Albanian-American professional ballroom dancer , instructor and judge . He is known for his involvement in the American version of Dancing with the Stars on ABC . Dovolani also portrayed Slick Willy in the hit film Shall We Dance ? and spent time coaching actress Jennifer Lopez .'}]}, {'value': 'April 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Russell Brand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russell_Brand', 'summary': "Russell Edward Brand ( born 4 June 1975 ) is an English comedian , actor , radio host , author , and activist . After beginning his career as a stand-up comedian and later becoming an MTV presenter , Brand first achieved renown in 2004 as the host of Big Brother 's Big Mouth , a Big Brother spin-off . In 2007 , he had his first major film role in St Trinian 's , and the following year he landed a major role in the romantic comedy-drama Forgetting Sarah Marshall ; the film led to him starring in a spin off , the rock comedy Get Him to the Greek , alongside Jonah Hill in 2010 . He also worked as a voice actor in the animated films Despicable Me in 2010 , Hop in 2011 , and Despicable Me 2 in 2013 , and played the title character of the 2011 remake of the romantic comedy Arthur . In 2013 , he released the successful stand-up special Messiah Complex . Since guest editing an edition of British political weekly New Statesman in 2013 , Brand has become known as a public activist and campaigner , and has spoken on a wide range of political and cultural issues , including wealth inequality , addiction , corporate capitalism , climate change , and media bias . In 2014 , Brand launched his political-comedy web series The Trews , released a book entitled Revolution , and began work on a documentary about financial inequality with Michael Winterbottom . Over the course of his career , Brand has been the subject of frequent media coverage and controversy for issues such as his promiscuity and drug use , his outrageous behaviour at various award ceremonies , his dismissal from MTV and resignation from the BBC , and his two-year marriage with singer Katy Perry . He has incorporated many of his controversial public antics into his comedic material . A biographical documentary called Brand : A Second Coming was released in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kristin Davis , Trudie Styler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristin_Davis', 'summary': "Kristin Landen Davis ( also listed as Kristin Lee Davis ; born February 23 , 1965 ) is an American actress . She is known for playing Brooke Armstrong on the soap opera Melrose Place ( 1995-1996 ) , and Charlotte York Goldenblatt on HBO 's Sex and the City ( 1998-2004 ) . She received nominations at the Emmys and the Golden Globes in 2004 for her role as Charlotte , and reprised the role in the films Sex and the City ( 2008 ) and Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) . She has accomplished a great deal of philanthropic work and has worked with Oxfam and UNHCR throughout the years . Davis made her Broadway debut playing Mabel Cantwell in the 2012 revival of The Best Man , and her West End debut playing Beth Gallagher in the original 2014 stage production of Fatal Attraction ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Trudie_Styler', 'summary': 'Trudie Styler ( born 6 January 1954 ) is an English actress , film producer and director .'}]}, {'value': 'April 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Reiser , Bridgit Mendler , American Idol castoff Pia Toscano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Reiser', 'summary': "Paul Reiser ( born March 30 , 1956 ) is an American comedian , actor , writer , and musician . He is known for his roles as Michael Taylor in the 1980s sitcom My Two Dads , Paul Buchman in the NBC sitcom Mad About You , Modell in the 1982 film Diner , Carter Burke in the 1986 film Aliens , and more recently as Jim Neiman in the 2014 film Whiplash and Doug Getty in the Amazon Video series Red Oaks . Reiser is ranked 77th on Comedy Central 's 2004 list of the 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time . The name of Reiser 's production company , Nuance Productions , is inspired by one of his lines in the film Diner , in which his character explains his discomfort with the word nuance . Reiser also stars in the Netflix supernatural-horror series Stranger Things as Dr. Sam Owens . Reiser appears in the second season of The Kominsky Method as Martin , the boyfriend of Mindy Kominsky ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bridgit_Mendler', 'summary': 'Bridgit Claire Mendler ( born December 18 , 1992 ) is an American actress , singer , and songwriter . In 2004 , she began her career in the animated Indian film The Legend of Buddha , later starring in the films Alice Upside Down ( 2007 ) , The Clique ( 2008 ) , Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) and Labor Pains ( 2009 ) as a teenager . In 2009 , Mendler signed with Disney Channel and played Juliet van Heusen on Wizards of Waverly Place . Following the positive reception to her character , she landed the role of Teddy Duncan on the Disney series Good Luck Charlie , which ran from April 2010 to February 2014 . Mendler also starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Lemonade Mouth in 2011 . Subsequently , Mendler portrayed Candace in the NBC sitcom Undateable ( 2015-2016 ) and Ashley Willerman in the musical television series Nashville ( 2017 ) . Mendler was featured on two singles released from the soundtrack of Lemonade Mouth , with both charting on the US Billboard Hot 100 . In 2012 , Mendler released her debut studio album Hello My Name Is . It went on to peak at number 30 on the Billboard 200 , with over 200,000 copies sold . The record spawned the lead single Ready or Not ( 2012 ) , which was certified Gold and Platinum in various countries . The follow-up single Hurricane ( 2013 ) did not achieve the same success . Mendler has links with several philanthropic projects and humanitarian causes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Idol_(Season_10)', 'summary': "The tenth season of American Idol premiered on January 19 , 2011 , and concluded on May 25 , 2011 , on the Fox television network . The show underwent a number of changes from the ninth season , including the return of Nigel Lythgoe as executive producer . Randy Jackson returned as judge for his tenth season while Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel following the departures of Simon Cowell , Kara DioGuardi and Ellen DeGeneres . Interscope Records , which is part of Universal Music Group , replaced Sony Music Entertainment as Idol 's official partner record label . Interscope 's Chairman Jimmy Iovine , a songwriter and producer , was named as the in-house mentor to work with the contestants on a weekly basis . He was supported by associated producers Rodney Jerkins , Alex da Kid , Tricky Stewart , Don Was , will.i.am , and Timbaland , who all helped the contestants tailor their song choices to their chosen genre of performance , while also producing arrangements for the contestants and offering original material to be performed . Ray Chew replaced Rickey Minor as the show 's musical director and leader of Idol 's live band . Programming changes affecting viewership included a revision in the days of broadcast from Tuesdays and Wednesdays to Wednesdays and Thursdays . The show also opened up an option for viewers to cast their votes online through Facebook , allowing 50 votes per account . Specific changes in the competition itself included extending extra rounds ( such as the Las Vegas show ) and a final solo round , while also returning the judges ' wild card choices . The show additionally lowered the age of eligibility to 15 years . More contestants made it to Hollywood in the tenth season than in previous seasons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pia_Toscano', 'summary': "Pia Toscano ( born October 14 , 1988 ) is an American singer . Toscano placed ninth on the tenth season of American Idol . She was considered a frontrunner in the competition , and her elimination shocked judges Randy Jackson , Jennifer Lopez , and Steven Tyler , all of whom were visibly and vocally upset . Some viewers and media outlets described Toscano 's departure as one of the most shocking eliminations in American Idol history ."}]}, {'value': 'April 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Bret Michaels , Elisha Cuthbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bret_Michaels', 'summary': "Bret Michael Sychak ( born Friday , March 15 , 1963 ) , professionally known as Bret Michaels , is an American singer-songwriter and musician . He gained fame as the lead singer of the glam rock band Poison who have sold over 40 million records worldwide and 15 million records in the United States alone . The band has also charted 10 singles to the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 , including six Top 10 singles and a number-one single , Every Rose Has Its Thorn . Besides his career as lead singer , he has several solo albums to his credit , including the soundtrack album to the movie A Letter from Death Row in which Michaels starred , wrote and directed in 1998 , and a Poison-style rock album , Songs of Life , in 2003 . Michaels has appeared in several movies and TV shows , including as a judge on the talent show Nashville Star which led to his country influenced rock album Freedom of Sound in 2005 . He starred in the hit VH1 reality show Rock of Love with Bret Michaels and its sequels , which inspired his successful solo album Rock My World . He was also the winning contestant on NBC 's reality show Celebrity Apprentice 3 and also featured in his own reality docu-series Bret Michaels : Life As I Know It , which inspired his highest charting album as a solo artist , Custom Built , reaching No . 1 on Billboard 's Hard Rock list . He is also known for hosting on the Travel Channel . In 2006 , Hit Parader ranked Michaels at # 40 on their list of greatest Heavy metal singers of all-time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elisha_Cuthbert', 'summary': "Elisha Ann Cuthbert Phaneuf ( born November 30 , 1982 ) is a Canadian actress and model . She played Kim Bauer in the series 24 , Darcie Goldberg in the 2003 college comedy Old School , Danielle in the 2004 teen comedy film The Girl Next Door , and Carly Jones in the 2005 remake of House of Wax . As of June 2019 [ update ] , she plays Abby Phillips in the Netflix Original Series The Ranch . In 2013 , Maxim magazine named her TV 's most beautiful woman . At the age of 14 , Cuthbert made her feature film debut in the 1997 family-drama Dancing on the Moon . Her first major lead role came in the 1998 drama film Airspeed ( No Control ) alongside Joe Mantegna . In 2001 , she starred in the movie Lucky Girl , in which she received her first award , the Gemini Awards , but her career began in earnest in the 2000s when she played Kim Bauer , daughter of Jack Bauer in the action series 24 . Subsequently , Cuthbert appeared in the lead role in the films The Quiet ( 2005 ) and Captivity ( 2007 ) . From 2011 to 2013 , Cuthbert starred as Alex Kerkovich in the three seasons of the ABC comedy Happy Endings . Beginning in 2016 , Cuthbert had a recurring role on the Netflix series The Ranch , before becoming a main cast member in the series ' second season ."}]}, {'value': 'April 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Gwyneth Paltrow , John Larroquette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow', 'summary': "Gwyneth Paltrow Martin ( born Gwyneth Kate Paltrow ; /ˈpæltroʊ/ ; born September 27 , 1972 ) is an American actress , singer , author , and businesswoman . She has received numerous accolades for her work , including an Academy Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Primetime Emmy Award . Her films have grossed $ 3.3 billion at the U.S. box office and $ 8.8 billion worldwide . Paltrow gained very early notice for her work in films such as Seven ( 1995 ) , Emma ( 1996 ) , Sliding Doors ( 1998 ) , and A Perfect Murder ( 1998 ) . She garnered wider critical acclaim for her performance as Viola de Lesseps in the historical romance film Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) which won her several awards , including the Academy Award for Best Actress . This was followed by roles in The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , The Royal Tenenbaums ( 2001 ) , Shallow Hal ( 2001 ) , and Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow ( 2004 ) . After becoming a mother , Paltrow significantly reduced her film workload , making occasional appearances in films , such as Proof ( 2005 ) , for which she earned a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama . In 2009 , Paltrow received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for the children 's audiobook Brown Bear and Friends and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her guest role as Holly Holliday on the Fox musical comedy-drama television series Glee in 2011 . From 2008 to 2019 , Paltrow portrayed Pepper Potts in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Since 2005 , Paltrow has been the face of Estée Lauder 's Pleasures perfume . She is also the face of American fashion brand Coach , owner of a lifestyle company , Goop , and author of several cookbooks . Paltrow has received severe criticism from the scientific community and medical professionals for promoting harmful treatments based on pseudoscience through her company Goop ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Larroquette', 'summary': "John Bernard Larroquette ( born November 25 , 1947 ) is an American actor . His roles include attorney Dan Fielding on the sitcom Night Court ( winning an unprecedented four consecutive Emmy Awards for outstanding supporting actor in a comedy series ) , Mike McBride in the Hallmark Channel series McBride , John Hemingway on The John Larroquette Show , and Carl Sack in Boston Legal . He also played Jenkins/Galahad in TNT 's The Librarians ."}]}, {'value': 'April 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "Courteney Cox , Amar ' e Stoudemire , Dancing with the Stars castoffs Sugar Ray Leonard & Anna Trebunskaya", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courteney_Cox', 'summary': 'Courteney Bass Cox ( born June 15 , 1964 ) is an American actress , producer , and director . She is known for playing Monica Geller on the NBC sitcom Friends , Gale Weathers in the horror series Scream , and Jules Cobb in the ABC/TBS sitcom Cougar Town , for which she earned her first Golden Globe nomination . Cox also starred in the FX series Dirt . She owns a production company , called Coquette Productions , which was created by Cox and her then-husband David Arquette . Cox also worked as a director on her sitcom Cougar Town and the television film Talhotblond .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Amar'e_Stoudemire", 'summary': "Amar ' e Carsares Stoudemire ( Hebrew : אמארה סטודמאייר ; /əˈmɑːreɪ ˈstɒdəmaɪər/ ; born November 16 , 1982 ) is an American-Israeli professional basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israeli Premier League and the EuroLeague . He won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in 2003 with the Phoenix Suns , who selected him with the ninth overall pick of the 2002 NBA draft . He made six appearances in the NBA All-Star Game and was named to the All-NBA Team five times , including one first-team selection in 2007 . Stoudemire played high school basketball for five different schools , ultimately graduating from Cypress Creek High School in Orlando , Florida , and declaring for the NBA draft as a prep-to-pro player . He won several prep honors , including being selected as Florida 's Mr. Basketball . The highly athletic Stoudemire suffered from chronic knee problems during his career and underwent microfracture surgery on both knees . He played for the Suns , the New York Knicks , the Dallas Mavericks , and the Miami Heat before retiring from the NBA in 2016 . Stoudemire won a bronze medal with the United States national team at the 2004 Olympic Games . His off-court ventures include a record label , a clothing line , acting and a series of children 's books for Scholastic Press . In addition , Stoudemire owns a significant share of Hapoel Jerusalem , the team he won a championship with in 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars', 'summary': "Dancing with the Stars is the name of various international television series based on the format of the British TV series Strictly Come Dancing , which is distributed by BBC Worldwide , the commercial arm of the BBC . Currently the format has been licensed to over 42 territories . Versions have also been produced in dozens of countries across the world . As a result , the series became the world 's most popular television program among all genres in 2006 and 2007 , according to the magazine Television Business International , reaching the Top 10 in 17 countries . The show pairs a number of well known celebrities with professional ballroom dancers , who each week compete by performing one or more choreographed routines that follow the prearranged theme for that particular week . The dancers are then scored by a panel of judges . Viewers are given a certain amount of time to place votes for their favorite dancers , either by telephone or ( in some countries ) online . The couple with the lowest combined score provided by the judges and viewers is eliminated . This process continues until there are only two or three couples left ; when they have competed for the last time one couple is declared the champion and wins a trophy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard', 'summary': 'Ray Charles Leonard ( born May 17 , 1956 ) , best known as Sugar Ray Leonard , is an American former professional boxer , motivational speaker , and occasional actor . Often regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all time , he competed from 1977 to 1997 , winning world titles in five weight divisions ; the lineal championship in three weight divisions ; as well as the undisputed welterweight title . Leonard was part of The Fabulous Four , a group of boxers who all fought each other throughout the 1980s , consisting of himself , Roberto Durán , Thomas Hearns and Marvin Hagler . The Fabulous Four created a wave of popularity in the lower weight classes that kept boxing relevant in the post-Muhammad Ali era , during which Leonard defeated future fellow International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Hearns , Durán , Hagler , and Wilfred Benítez . Leonard was also the first boxer to earn more than $ 100 million in purses , and was named Boxer of the Decade in the 1980s . The Ring magazine named him Fighter of the Year in 1979 and 1981 , while the Boxing Writers Association of America ( BWAA ) named him Fighter of the Year in 1976 , 1979 , and 1981 . In 2002 , Leonard was voted by The Ring as the ninth greatest fighter of the last 80 years ; BoxRec ranks him as the 14th greatest boxer of all time , pound for pound .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Trebunskaya', 'summary': 'Anna Trebunskaya ( Russian : Анна Требунская ; born 28 December 1980 ) is a Russian born American professional ballroom and Latin dancer , known for her appearances on Dancing with the Stars . She now lives in Los Angeles and dances in the International Latin style .'}]}, {'value': 'April 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Mike Catherwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mike_Catherwood', 'summary': 'Michael Dwight Catherwood ( born March 15 , 1979 ) , also known as Psycho Mike , is an American radio personality . He is known primarily for his work at KROQ-FM on Kevin and Bean and as the co-host of Loveline from 2010 to 2016 , and Neon Black podcast .'}]}, {'value': 'David Arquette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Arquette', 'summary': "David Arquette ( born September 8 , 1971 ) is an American actor , professional wrestler , film director , producer , screenwriter and fashion designer . A member of the Arquette acting family , he first became known during the mid-1990s after starring in several Hollywood films , such as the Scream series , Wild Bill , Never Been Kissed , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , See Spot Run and Eight Legged Freaks . He has since had several television roles , such as Jason Ventress on ABC 's In Case of Emergency . As a professional wrestler , he is remembered for his infamous stint in World Championship Wrestling where he was a one time WCW World Heavyweight Champion but has received praise in recent times , for his work on the independent circuit ."}]}, {'value': 'April 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Seth Meyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Seth_Meyers', 'summary': "Seth Adam Meyers ( born December 28 , 1973 ) is an American comedian , writer , producer , actor , and television host . He hosts Late Night with Seth Meyers , a late-night talk show that airs on NBC . Prior to that , he was a cast member and head writer for NBC 's Saturday Night Live ( 2001-2014 ) and hosted the show 's news parody segment , Weekend Update ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Pattinson , American Idol castoff Paul McDonald , New York Auto Show Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Pattinson', 'summary': "Robert Douglas Thomas Pattinson ( born 13 May 1986 ) is an English actor . After starting to act in a London theatre club at the age of 15 , he began his film career at age 18 by playing Cedric Diggory in the fantasy film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) . He went on to star as Edward Cullen in the film adaptations of the Twilight novels , consisting of five films between 2008 and 2012 , which earned a combined total of over $ 3.3 billion worldwide . It brought Pattinson worldwide fame and established him among the highest-paid actors in the world . In 2010 , Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world , and he was featured in the Forbes Celebrity 100 list . After starring in the romantic dramas Remember Me ( 2010 ) and Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) , Pattinson began working in independent films helmed by auteurs , which earned him critical recognition . He played a manipulative billionaire in David Cronenberg 's thriller Cosmopolis ( 2012 ) , an aspiring actor in Cronenberg 's satire Maps to the Stars ( 2014 ) , an explorer in James Gray 's adventure drama The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) , a bank robber in the Safdie Brothers ' crime drama Good Time ( 2017 ) , a criminal in a spaceship in Claire Denis ' science fiction drama High Life ( 2018 ) , and a troubled lighthouse keeper in Robert Eggers ' horror film The Lighthouse ( 2019 ) . Pattinson composes and plays his own music . He sang songs for the Twilight film series and the 2008 independent comedy-drama film How to Be . Since 2015 , Pattinson is the ambassador of the GO Campaign , a nonprofit organization that raises awareness and funds to help orphans and vulnerable children around the world . He is also a supporter of the End Child Prostitution and Trafficking ( ECPAT ) campaign , Parents and Abducted Children Together ( PACT ) , is a member of International Medical Corps , and has shared details about cancer through PSAs to raise awareness about the disease ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Idol_(Season_10)', 'summary': "The tenth season of American Idol premiered on January 19 , 2011 , and concluded on May 25 , 2011 , on the Fox television network . The show underwent a number of changes from the ninth season , including the return of Nigel Lythgoe as executive producer . Randy Jackson returned as judge for his tenth season while Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel following the departures of Simon Cowell , Kara DioGuardi and Ellen DeGeneres . Interscope Records , which is part of Universal Music Group , replaced Sony Music Entertainment as Idol 's official partner record label . Interscope 's Chairman Jimmy Iovine , a songwriter and producer , was named as the in-house mentor to work with the contestants on a weekly basis . He was supported by associated producers Rodney Jerkins , Alex da Kid , Tricky Stewart , Don Was , will.i.am , and Timbaland , who all helped the contestants tailor their song choices to their chosen genre of performance , while also producing arrangements for the contestants and offering original material to be performed . Ray Chew replaced Rickey Minor as the show 's musical director and leader of Idol 's live band . Programming changes affecting viewership included a revision in the days of broadcast from Tuesdays and Wednesdays to Wednesdays and Thursdays . The show also opened up an option for viewers to cast their votes online through Facebook , allowing 50 votes per account . Specific changes in the competition itself included extending extra rounds ( such as the Las Vegas show ) and a final solo round , while also returning the judges ' wild card choices . The show additionally lowered the age of eligibility to 15 years . More contestants made it to Hollywood in the tenth season than in previous seasons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_McDonald_(musician)', 'summary': 'Paul McDonald ( born William Paul McDonald ) is an American singer-songwriter from Huntsville , Alabama , who as of 2011 , resides in Nashville , Tennessee . McDonald placed 8th on the tenth season of American Idol and since 2005 , he has been the lead singer of the band Hightide Blues , renamed The Grand Magnolias in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Michael Strahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Strahan', 'summary': "Michael Anthony Strahan ( /ˈstreɪhæn/ ; born November 21 , 1971 ) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end and spent his entire 15-year career with the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Strahan set a record for the most sacks in a season in 2001 , and helped the Giants win Super Bowl XLII over the New England Patriots in his final season in 2007 . After retiring from the NFL , he became a media personality . He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2014 . Strahan is a football analyst on Fox NFL Sunday , and co-host of ABC 's Good Morning America and its spinoff Strahan , Sara and Keke . He co-hosted the syndicated daytime talk show Live ! with Kelly and Michael with Kelly Ripa from 2012 to 2016 , for which he won two Daytime Emmy Awards . In 2014 , he became a regular contributor on Good Morning America , and in 2016 the network announced that Strahan would be leaving Live ! to join GMA full-time ."}]}, {'value': 'Reese Witherspoon , New York Auto Show Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon', 'summary': "Laura Jeanne Reese Witherspoon ( born March 22 , 1976 ) is an American actress , producer , and entrepreneur . The recipient of several accolades , including an Academy Award and a Primetime Emmy Award , she is among the highest-paid actresses in the world , as of 2019 . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2006 and 2015 , and Forbes listed her among the World 's 100 Most Powerful Women in 2019 . Born in New Orleans , Louisiana , and raised in Nashville , Tennessee , Witherspoon began her career as a teenager , making her screen debut in The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) . Following a leading role opposite Mark Wahlberg in Fear ( 1996 ) , her breakthrough came in 1999 with a supporting role in Cruel Intentions and for her portrayal of Tracy Flick in the black comedy Election . She achieved wider recognition with her role as Elle Woods in the comedy Legally Blonde ( 2001 ) and its 2003 sequel , and for her starring role in the romantic comedy Sweet Home Alabama ( 2002 ) . In 2005 , her portrayal of June Carter Cash in the biographical musical film Walk the Line garnered critical acclaim and won her the Academy Award for Best Actress . Following a career downturn , during which her sole commercial success was the romantic drama Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) , Witherspoon made her career comeback when she produced the thriller Gone Girl and the drama Wild ( both 2014 ) , under her production company Hello Sunshine . She also starred as Cheryl Strayed in the latter , for which she received a second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Witherspoon ventured into television by producing and starring in the HBO drama series Big Little Lies ( 2017-2019 ) and the Apple TV+ drama series The Morning Show ( 2019 ) . For the former , she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series . Witherspoon also owns a clothing company Draper James , and she is actively involved in children 's and women 's advocacy organizations ."}]}, {'value': 'April 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Christian Slater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christian_Slater', 'summary': "Christian Michael Leonard Slater ( born August 18 , 1969 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and producer . He made his film debut with a leading role in The Legend of Billie Jean ( 1985 ) and gained wider recognition for his breakthrough role as Jason J.D . Dean , a sociopathic high school student , in the satire Heathers ( 1988 ) . He has received critical acclaim for his title-role in the USA Network television series Mr . Robot ( 2015-2019 ) , for which he earned the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries or Television Film in 2016 , with additional nominations in 2017 and 2018 . Born in New York City to a theatrical family , Slater made his television debut at the age of eight on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live . He attended the Dalton School , the Professional Children 's School , and the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts . In the 1990s , Slater starred in a number of big-budget films , including Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) , Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) , FernGully : The Last Rainforest ( 1992 ) , Broken Arrow ( 1996 ) , and Hard Rain ( 1998 ) as well as cult films like Pump Up the Volume ( 1990 ) and True Romance ( 1993 ) . Since 2000 , Slater has combined work in film and television including roles in Bobby ( 2006 ) , Breaking In ( 2011 ) , Nymphomaniac ( 2013 ) , The Wife ( 2017 ) , and The Public ( 2018 ) . He has also done voice-work and theatrical roles during the same time period ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Stiller , Christoph Waltz , New York Auto Show Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Stiller', 'summary': "Benjamin Edward Meara Stiller ( born November 30 , 1965 ) is an American actor , comedian , writer , producer , musician and director . He is the son of veteran comedians and actors Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara . After beginning his acting career with a play , Stiller wrote several mockumentaries and was offered his own show , titled The Ben Stiller Show , which he produced and hosted for its 13-episode run . Having previously acted in television , he began acting in films . He made his directorial debut with Reality Bites . Throughout his career he has written , starred in , directed , or produced more than 50 films including The Secret Life of Walter Mitty , Zoolander , The Cable Guy , There 's Something About Mary , the Meet the Parents trilogy , DodgeBall , Tropic Thunder , the Madagascar series , and the Night at the Museum trilogy . He has also made numerous cameos in music videos , television shows , and films . Stiller is a member of a group of comedic actors colloquially known as the Frat Pack . His films have grossed more than $ 2.6 billion in Canada and the United States , with an average of $ 79 million per film . Throughout his career , he has received various awards and honors , including an Emmy Award , multiple MTV Movie Awards , a Britannia Award and a Teen Choice Award ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christoph_Waltz', 'summary': "Christoph Waltz ( German : [ ˈkrɪstɔf ˈvalts ] ; born 4 October 1956 ) is a German-Austrian actor and director , mainly active in the United States . His breakout role came in Quentin Tarantino 's 2009 film Inglourious Basterds , where he played SS officer Hans Landa . He would later collaborate with Tarantino once again in 2012 , where he played bounty hunter Dr. King Schultz in Django Unchained . For each performance , he earned an Academy Award , BAFTA Award , and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor . Waltz also received the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his portrayal of Landa . Waltz portrayed computer genius Qohen Leth in the science fiction film The Zero Theorem ( 2013 ) , American plagiarist Walter Keane in the biographical film Big Eyes ( 2014 ) , and James Bond 's nemesis Ernst Stavro Blofeld in Spectre ( 2015 ) and No Time to Die ( 2020 ) . He also provided the voice of Mandrake in Epic ( 2013 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'April 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Bruno Tonioli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bruno_Tonioli', 'summary': 'Bruno Tonioli ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈbruno tonˈjɔli ] ; born 25 November 1955 ) is an Italian choreographer , ballroom and Latin dancer , and TV personality . He appears as a judge on the British television dance competition Strictly Come Dancing and its American adaptation Dancing with the Stars on ABC TV in the US . Tonioli co-created and appeared on the BBC talent show DanceX , and its American adaptation , Dance War : Bruno vs. Carrie Ann . He earns £200,000 to £249,000 as a BBC contributor .'}]}, {'value': 'Kathleen Turner , Dancing with the Stars castoffs Petra Němcová & Dmitry Chaplin , New York Auto Show Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathleen_Turner', 'summary': "Mary Kathleen Turner ( born June 19 , 1954 ) , better known as Kathleen Turner , is an American film and stage actress and director . Known for her distinctive gritty voice , Turner has won two Golden Globe Awards and has been nominated for an Academy Award . Turner rose to fame during the 1980s , after roles in Body Heat ( 1981 ) , The Man with Two Brains ( 1983 ) , Crimes of Passion ( 1984 ) , Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) , and Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) , the last two earning her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . In the later 1980s and early 1990s , Turner had roles in The Accidental Tourist ( 1988 ) , The War of the Roses ( 1989 ) , Serial Mom ( 1994 ) , and Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Turner later had roles in Undercover Blues ( film ) ( 1993 ) , 'The Virgin Suicides ( film ) ( 1999 ) , Baby Geniuses ( 1999 ) , and Beautiful ( 2000 ) , as well as guest-starring on the NBC sitcom Friends as Chandler Bing 's drag queen father Charles Bing , and in the third season of Showtime 's Californication as Sue Collini , the jaded , sex-crazed owner of a talent agency . Turner has also done considerable work as a voice actress , namely as Jessica Rabbit in Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) , as well as Monster House ( 2006 ) , and the television series The Simpsons and King of the Hill . In addition to film , Turner has worked in the theatre , and has been nominated for the Tony Award twice for her Broadway roles as Maggie in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and as Martha in Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Turner has also taught acting classes at New York University ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars', 'summary': "Dancing with the Stars is the name of various international television series based on the format of the British TV series Strictly Come Dancing , which is distributed by BBC Worldwide , the commercial arm of the BBC . Currently the format has been licensed to over 42 territories . Versions have also been produced in dozens of countries across the world . As a result , the series became the world 's most popular television program among all genres in 2006 and 2007 , according to the magazine Television Business International , reaching the Top 10 in 17 countries . The show pairs a number of well known celebrities with professional ballroom dancers , who each week compete by performing one or more choreographed routines that follow the prearranged theme for that particular week . The dancers are then scored by a panel of judges . Viewers are given a certain amount of time to place votes for their favorite dancers , either by telephone or ( in some countries ) online . The couple with the lowest combined score provided by the judges and viewers is eliminated . This process continues until there are only two or three couples left ; when they have competed for the last time one couple is declared the champion and wins a trophy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Petra_Němcová', 'summary': 'Petra Němcová ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈpɛtra ˈɲɛmtsovaː ] ; born 24 June 1979 ) is a Czech model , television host and philanthropist who founded the Happy Hearts Fund . In 2017 , the Happy Hearts Fund merged with All Hands Volunteers to create All Hands And Hearts - Smart Response , with Němcová assuming the role of co-founder and vice chair .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dmitry_Chaplin', 'summary': 'Dmitry Chaplin ( Дмитрий Александрович Чаплин Dmitry Alexandrovich Chaplin ) is a Russian dancer and Emmy nominated choreographer , best known for being a Top 10 finalist on the TV show So You Think You Can Dance ( Season 2 ) . He was famous for performing shirtless , with one solo routine having him rip off his shirt .'}]}, {'value': 'April 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Josh Groban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Josh_Groban', 'summary': "Joshua Winslow Groban ( born February 27 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor , and record producer , who is known for his unusually dusky tenor voice . His first four solo albums have been certified multi-platinum , and he was charted in 2007 as the number-one best selling artist in the United States , with over 22.3 million records . As of 2012 [ update ] , he had sold over 25 million records worldwide . Groban originally studied acting , but moved to singing as his voice developed . Groban attended the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts , a free public school on the campus of California State University , Los Angeles , where students receive a conservatory-style education . David Foster called Groban to stand in for an ailing Andrea Bocelli to rehearse a duet , The Prayer , with Celine Dion at the rehearsal for the 1998 Grammy Awards . Rosie O'Donnell immediately invited him to appear on her talk show . Foster asked him to sing at the California Governor 's Gray Davis ' 1999 inauguration . He was cast on Ally McBeal by the show 's creator , David E. Kelley , performing You 're Still You for the 2001 season four finale . In 2017 , he made his Broadway debut as Pierre Bezukhov in Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 , to critical acclaim and a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical nomination . His performance at the 72nd Tony Awards earned him two Primetime Emmy nominations , one for Outstanding Live Variety Special and one for Original Music and Lyrics for the song This One 's for You . Groban co-starred as Tony Caruso Jr. in the Netflix original series , The Good Cop ."}]}, {'value': 'Kirstie Alley , Olivia Wilde , New York Auto Show Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirstie_Alley', 'summary': "Kirstie Louise Alley ( born January 12 , 1951 ) is an American actress and spokesmodel . She first achieved recognition in 1982 , playing Saavik in the science fiction film Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan . Alley played Rebecca Howe on the NBC sitcom Cheers ( 1987-1993 ) , receiving an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe in 1991 for the role . From 1997-2000 , she starred on the sitcom Veronica 's Closet , earning additional Emmy and Golden Globe nominations . Alley received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1995 . Alley has appeared in several movies , including Summer School ( 1987 ) , Shoot to Kill ( 1988 ) , Look Who 's Talking ( 1989 ) and its two sequels ( 1990-93 ) , Madhouse , Sibling Rivalry ( both 1990 ) , Village of the Damned , It Takes Two ( both 1995 ) , Deconstructing Harry , For Richer or Poorer ( both 1997 ) , and Drop Dead Gorgeous ( 1999 ) . She won her second Emmy Award in 1994 for the television film David 's Mother . In 1997 , Alley received a further Emmy nomination for her work in the crime drama series The Last Don . In 2005 , she played a fictionalized version of herself on Showtime 's Fat Actress . She later appeared on the reality show Kirstie Alley 's Big Life ( 2010 ) , and was a contestant on the twelfth season of Dancing with the Stars ( 2011-12 ) , finishing in second place . In 2013 , she returned to acting with the title role on the sitcom Kirstie , and in 2016 joined the second season of the Fox comedy horror series Scream Queens . In 2018 , Alley finished as runner-up on season 22 of the British reality series Celebrity Big Brother ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Olivia_Wilde', 'summary': 'Olivia Wilde ( born Olivia Jane Cockburn ; March 10 , 1984 ) is an Irish and American actress , producer , director , and activist . She is known for her role as Remy Thirteen Hadley on the medical-drama television series House ( 2007-2012 ) , and her roles in the films Conversations with Other Women ( 2005 ) , Alpha Dog ( 2007 ) , Tron : Legacy ( 2010 ) , Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) , Butter ( 2011 ) , Drinking Buddies ( 2013 ) , The Incredible Burt Wonderstone ( 2013 ) , Rush ( 2013 ) , The Lazarus Effect ( 2015 ) , Love the Coopers ( 2015 ) , and Meadowland ( 2015 ) . In 2017 , Wilde made her Broadway debut , playing the role of Julia in 1984 . In 2019 , she directed her first film , the teen comedy Booksmart to critical acclaim .'}]}, {'value': 'April 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Mel B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Melanie_Brown', 'summary': "Melanie Janine Brown ( born 29 May 1975 ) , known professionally as Mel B , is an English singer , songwriter , rapper , television personality , actress and author . Brown rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls , in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice . With over 85 million records sold worldwide , the group became the best-selling female group of all time . During the group 's hiatus , Brown released her debut solo album Hot . The album 's lead single , I Want You Back charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart , and was included on the soundtrack for the 1998 film Why Do Fools Fall in Love . Other singles from the album such as Tell Me and Feels So Good both charted within the top 5 in the UK . After signing with the independent label Amber Café , she released her second solo album L.A. State of Mind , which spawned the release of one single Today . Brown released For Once in My Life in 2013 , her first single in eight years . The single peaked at No . 2 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart . Brown has since made appearances on television . In 2007 , she participated on the fifth season of the American dance competition series Dancing with the Stars , finishing in second place with her professional partner Maksim Chmerkovskiy ."}]}, {'value': 'Mark Ruffalo , American Idol castoff Stefano Langone , Royal Wedding Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo', 'summary': "Mark Ruffalo ( /ˈrʌfəloʊ/ ; born November 22 , 1967 ) is an American actor and producer . He began acting in the early 1990s and first gained recognition for his work in Kenneth Lonergan 's play This Is Our Youth ( 1998 ) and drama film You Can Count On Me ( 2000 ) . He went on to star in the romantic comedies 13 Going on 30 ( 2004 ) and Just like Heaven ( 2005 ) and the thrillers Zodiac ( 2007 ) and Shutter Island ( 2010 ) . He gained wider recognition for his role as Bruce Banner / Hulk in the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero films The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , and Avengers : Endgame ( 2019 ) . Ruffalo gained nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing a sperm donor in the comedy-drama The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) , Dave Schultz in the biopic Foxcatcher ( 2014 ) , and Michael Rezendes in the drama Spotlight ( 2015 ) . He also won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor in a TV Movie for playing a gay writer and activist in the television drama film The Normal Heart ( 2015 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Idol_(Season_10)', 'summary': "The tenth season of American Idol premiered on January 19 , 2011 , and concluded on May 25 , 2011 , on the Fox television network . The show underwent a number of changes from the ninth season , including the return of Nigel Lythgoe as executive producer . Randy Jackson returned as judge for his tenth season while Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel following the departures of Simon Cowell , Kara DioGuardi and Ellen DeGeneres . Interscope Records , which is part of Universal Music Group , replaced Sony Music Entertainment as Idol 's official partner record label . Interscope 's Chairman Jimmy Iovine , a songwriter and producer , was named as the in-house mentor to work with the contestants on a weekly basis . He was supported by associated producers Rodney Jerkins , Alex da Kid , Tricky Stewart , Don Was , will.i.am , and Timbaland , who all helped the contestants tailor their song choices to their chosen genre of performance , while also producing arrangements for the contestants and offering original material to be performed . Ray Chew replaced Rickey Minor as the show 's musical director and leader of Idol 's live band . Programming changes affecting viewership included a revision in the days of broadcast from Tuesdays and Wednesdays to Wednesdays and Thursdays . The show also opened up an option for viewers to cast their votes online through Facebook , allowing 50 votes per account . Specific changes in the competition itself included extending extra rounds ( such as the Las Vegas show ) and a final solo round , while also returning the judges ' wild card choices . The show additionally lowered the age of eligibility to 15 years . More contestants made it to Hollywood in the tenth season than in previous seasons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stefano_Langone', 'summary': 'Stefano Langone ( born February 27 , 1989 ) , known as Stefano in his recording career , is an American singer from Kent , Washington . Langone placed seventh on the tenth season of American Idol .'}]}, {'value': 'April 26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Kara DioGuardi , Royal Wedding Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_DioGuardi', 'summary': 'Kara Elizabeth DioGuardi ( /ˈkærə diːoʊˈɡwɑːrdi/ ; born December 9 , 1970 ) is an American songwriter , record producer , music publisher , A & R executive , singer , composer and television personality . She writes music primarily in the pop rock genre . DioGuardi has worked with many popular artists ; sales of albums on which her songs appear exceed 160 million worldwide . DioGuardi is a Grammy and Emmy-nominated writer . She is a 2011 NAMM Music For Life Award winner , 2009 NMPA Songwriter Icon Award winner , 2007 BMI Pop Songwriter of the Year , and has received 20 BMI Awards for co-writing the most performed songs on the radio . DioGuardi served as a judge on American Idol for its eighth and ninth seasons . In 2008 , she was appointed to the position of executive vice president of talent development at Warner Bros. Records , and has signed acts such as Jason Derulo and Iyaz . In 2011 , she was a head judge on the Bravo singer-songwriter competition series Platinum Hit .'}]}, {'value': 'April 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Orlando Bloom , Martha Plimpton , Royal Wedding Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando_Bloom', 'summary': "Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Bloom ( born 13 January 1977 ) is an English actor . He made his breakthrough as Legolas in The Lord of the Rings film series and rose to fame by appearing in epic fantasy , historical , and adventure films , most notably as Will Turner in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . Bloom subsequently established himself as a leading man in Hollywood films , with roles such as Paris in Troy ( 2004 ) and Balian de Ibelin in Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) . He later reprised his role as Legolas in The Hobbit film series and currently stars in the Amazon Prime Video series Carnival Row ( 2019-present ) . He made his professional stage debut in West End 's In Celebration at the Duke of York 's Theatre in London in 2007 and starred in a Broadway adaption of Romeo and Juliet in 2013 . In 2009 , Bloom was named a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador . In 2015 he received the BAFTA Britannia Humanitarian Award ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Martha_Plimpton', 'summary': "Martha Campbell Plimpton ( born November 16 , 1970 ) [ citation needed ] is an American actress , singer , and former model . Her feature film debut was in Rollover ( 1981 ) ; she subsequently rose to prominence in the Richard Donner film The Goonies ( 1985 ) . She has also appeared in The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) , Running on Empty ( 1988 ) , Parenthood ( 1989 ) , Samantha ( 1992 ) , Raising Hope ( 2010 ) and Small Town Murder Songs ( 2011 ) . She is recognized on Broadway for her roles in The Coast of Utopia ( 2006-2007 ) , Shining City ( 2006-2007 ) , Top Girls ( 2007-2008 ) , and Pal Joey ( 2008-2009 ) . Other theatre productions in which she has performed include The Playboy of the Western World , A Midsummer Night 's Dream , The Glass Menagerie , The Sisters Rosensweig , and Uncle Vanya . She returned to Broadway in the fall of 2014 in a revival of A Delicate Balance . Plimpton most recently starred in The Real O'Neals , an ABC sitcom that aired from March 2016 to March 2017 . She played Virginia Chance in the Fox sitcom Raising Hope , which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series . She has also received three Tony Award nominations as well as a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 2002 , and again in 2012 as attorney Patti Nyholm in the CBS legal drama The Good Wife , the latter of which she won ."}]}, {'value': 'April 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Alec Baldwin , Nina Dobrev , Dancing with the Stars castoffs , Royal Wedding Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alec_Baldwin', 'summary': 'Alexander Rae Baldwin III ( born April 3 , 1958 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , comedian , and political activist . A member of the Baldwin family , he is the eldest of the four Baldwin brothers , all actors . Baldwin first gained recognition appearing on seasons 6 and 7 of the CBS television drama Knots Landing , in the role of Joshua Rush . He has played both leading and supporting roles in films such as the horror comedy fantasy film Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) , as Jack Ryan in the action thriller The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) , the romantic comedy The Marrying Man ( 1991 ) , the drama Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) , the superhero film The Shadow ( 1994 ) , and two films directed by Martin Scorsese : the Howard Hughes biopic The Aviator ( 2004 ) and the neo-noir crime drama The Departed ( 2006 ) . His performance in the 2003 romantic drama The Cooler garnered him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He has done voice work for The SpongeBob Squarepants Movie ( 2004 ) , Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) , Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) , and The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) . On television , he narrated the American version of the fifth and sixth series of Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and played Mr . Conductor in Thomas and the Magic Railroad . From 2006 to 2013 , Baldwin starred as Jack Donaghy on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock , winning two Emmy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , and seven Screen Actors Guild Awards for his work on the show , making him the male performer with the most SAG Awards . Baldwin co-starred in Mission : Impossible - Rogue Nation and Mission : Impossible - Fallout , the fifth and sixth installments of the Mission : Impossible series , released in 2015 and 2018 , respectively . He is also a columnist for The Huffington Post . Since 2016 , he has been the host of Match Game .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nina_Dobrev', 'summary': "Nikolina Kamenova Dobreva ( pronounced [ ˈnikolinɐ ˈdɔbrɛvɐ ] ; born January 9 , 1989 ) , known professionally as Nina Dobrev ( /ˈdoʊbrɛv/ DOH-brev ) , is a Canadian actress . Her first acting role was as Mia Jones in the drama series Degrassi : The Next Generation . She later became known for portraying Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce on The CW 's supernatural drama series The Vampire Diaries . Dobrev has also appeared in several feature films , including the 2012 coming-of-age drama The Perks of Being a Wallflower , the 2014 action comedy Let 's Be Cops , the 2015 horror comedy The Final Girls , the 2017 action thriller XXX : Return of Xander Cage , and the 2017 science-fiction drama Flatliners . She was born in Bulgaria but immigrated with her family to Canada at age two and grew up in Toronto . She studied sociology at Ryerson University , but left early to pursue her acting career . Dobrev lives in Los Angeles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars', 'summary': "Dancing with the Stars is the name of various international television series based on the format of the British TV series Strictly Come Dancing , which is distributed by BBC Worldwide , the commercial arm of the BBC . Currently the format has been licensed to over 42 territories . Versions have also been produced in dozens of countries across the world . As a result , the series became the world 's most popular television program among all genres in 2006 and 2007 , according to the magazine Television Business International , reaching the Top 10 in 17 countries . The show pairs a number of well known celebrities with professional ballroom dancers , who each week compete by performing one or more choreographed routines that follow the prearranged theme for that particular week . The dancers are then scored by a panel of judges . Viewers are given a certain amount of time to place votes for their favorite dancers , either by telephone or ( in some countries ) online . The couple with the lowest combined score provided by the judges and viewers is eliminated . This process continues until there are only two or three couples left ; when they have competed for the last time one couple is declared the champion and wins a trophy ."}]}, {'value': 'April 29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Eva La Rue , Finola Hughes , Royal Wedding Week', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eva_La_Rue', 'summary': 'Eva Maria LaRue ( /ləˈruː/ ; born December 27 , 1966 ) is an American actress and model . She is known for her roles as Dr. Maria Santos on All My Children and Det . Natalia Boa Vista on CSI : Miami .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finola_Hughes', 'summary': "Finola Hughes ( born 29 October 1959 ) is an English actress , television host , entrepreneur , author , and dancer , best known for role as Anna Devane on the ABC soap operas General Hospital and All My Children , and her portrayal of Laura in the 1983 film Staying Alive , the sequel to Saturday Night Fever . She is also known for her portrayal of Anna Devane 's identical twin , Dr. Alexandra Devane Marick , on All My Children , and Patty Halliwell on the supernatural series , Charmed . She also portrayed Carol in the final seasons of the NBC sitcom Blossom . Hughes has also appeared in the films Aspen Extreme , Above Suspicion and Like Crazy ."}]}], 'section_title': 'April 2011', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live!_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(Season_23)_7', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 23rd season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."} | null | null | Between April 11 and April 19 inclusive what was the last day Regis Philbin was a co-host ? | April 14 |
0a3750b87bf4001c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAK_Airways', 'title': 'RAK Airways', 'header': ['Country', 'City', 'Airport'], 'data': [{'value': 'Bangladesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangladesh', 'summary': "Bangladesh ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ ) pronounced /ˌbɑːŋlɑːˈdɛʃ/ ( bung-lah-desh ) or [ ˈbaŋladeʃ ] ( listen ) ; literally meaning The country of Bengal ; and officially called the People 's Republic of Bangladesh ( গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's 8th-most populous country with nearly 163 million people , and is the 92nd-largest country in land area , spanning 147,570 square kilometres ( 56,980 sq mi ) , making it one of the most densely-populated countries in the world . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west , north , and east , Myanmar to the southeast , and the Bay of Bengal to the south . It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by India 's Siliguri Corridor in the north and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the northeast . Dhaka , the capital and largest city , is the nation 's economic , political and cultural hub . Chittagong , the largest sea port , is the second largest city . The dominant geographic feature is the Ganges delta , which empties into the Bay of Bengal the combined waters of several river systems , including the Brahmaputra and the Ganges , with numerous criss-crossing rivers and inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests cover the northeastern and southeastern regions . The seacoast features the longest natural sea beach and most of the world 's largest mangrove forest . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plants and wildlife , including the endangered Bengal tiger , the national animal . Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . According to the ancient Indian epics , Ramayana and Mahabharata , the Vanga Kingdom , one of the namesakes of the Bengal region , was a strong naval ally of the legendary Ayodhya ."}]}, {'value': 'Dhaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dhaka', 'summary': "Dhaka City ( /ˈdɑːkə/ DAH-kə or /ˈdækə/ DAK-ə ; Bengali : ঢাকা , pronounced [ ɖʱaka ] ) , formerly known as Dacca , is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh . It is the sixth-largest and sixth-most densely populated city in the world , with a population of 20.2 million people in the Greater Dhaka Area . Dhaka is the economic , political and cultural center of Bangladesh . It is one of the major cities of South Asia , the largest city in Eastern South Asia and among the Bay of Bengal countries ; and one of the largest cities among OIC countries . As part of the Bengal plain , the city is bounded by the Buriganga River , Turag River , Dhaleshwari River and Shitalakshya River . The city is located in an eponymous district and division . The area of Dhaka has been inhabited since the first millennium . The city rose to prominence in the 17th century as a provincial capital and commercial center of the Mughal Empire in South Asia . Dhaka was the capital of Mughal Bengal for 75 years . As the center of the muslin trade in Bengal , it was one of the most prosperous cities in the Indian subcontinent . The medieval city was named Jahangirabad in honor of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and hosted the seat of the Mughal Subahdar ( governor ) , Naib Nazims and Dewans ( prime ministers ) . Medieval Dhaka 's glory peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries , when it was home to merchants from across Eurasia ."}]}, {'value': 'Shahjalal International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shahjalal_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport , ( Bengali : হযরত শাহ্\u200cজালাল আন্তর্জাতিক বিমানবন্দর Hôzrôt Shahjalal Antôrjatik Bimanbôndôr ) ( IATA : DAC , ICAO : VGHS ( old : VGZR ) ) , is the largest and most prominent international airport in Bangladesh . It is located in Kurmitola 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) from the city centre , in the northern part of the capital city Dhaka and it is also a part of BAF Bangabandhu Base used by the Bangladesh Air Force . The airport has an area of 802 hectares ( 1,981 acres ) . The Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh ( CAAB ) operates and maintains the airport . It started operations in 1980 , taking over from Tejgaon Airport as the principal international airport of the country . The airport was formerly known as Dacca International Airport and later as Zia International Airport , before being named in honour of Shah Jalal , who is one of the most respected Sufi saints of Bangladesh . The IATA code of the airport DAC is derived from Dacca , which is the previously used spelling for Dhaka . Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport is the primary hub of the national flag carrier Biman Bangladesh Airlines . In addition , it is also the main hub of most of the private airlines in Bangladesh including Regent Airways , Novoair and US-Bangla Airlines . The annual passenger handling capacity of the airport is 18.5 million passengers and this passenger handling capacity is predicted by CAAB to be sufficient until 2026 . In 2014 the airport handled 9.1 million passengers and 248,000 tonnes of cargo . Average aircraft movement per day is around 190 flights .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Kozhikode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kozhikode', 'summary': 'Kozhikode ( [ koːɻikːoːɖ ] ( listen ) ) , also known as Calicut , is an Indian city , second-largest urban agglomeration in the State of Kerala and 20th largest in the country with a population of 2 million according to 2011 census . During classical antiquity and the Middle Ages , Kozhikode was dubbed the City of Spices for its role as the major trading point of Indian spices . A historical city , it was the capital of an independent kingdom ruled by the Samoothiris ( Zamorins ) in the Middle Ages . According to data compiled by economics research firm Indicus Analytics in 2009 on residences , earnings and investments , Kozhikode ranked as the second best city in India to reside in .'}]}, {'value': 'Calicut International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Calicut International Airport ( IATA : CCJ , ICAO : VOCL ) , also known as Karipur Airport , is an international airport serving the cities of Kozhikode and Malappuram in Kerala , India . The airport opened on 13 April 1988 . It is located in Karipur , about 28 km ( 17 mi ) from Kozhikode and 25 km ( 16 mi ) from Malappuram . The airport serves as an operating base for Air India Express . It was the twelfth-busiest airport in India in terms of overall passenger traffic . It is the third-busiest airport in Kerala after Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram . It was given international airport status on 2 February 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nepal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nepal', 'summary': "Nepal ( Nepali : नेपाल [ neˈpal ] ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal , is a landlocked country in South Asia . It is located mainly in the Himalayas , but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain . With an estimated population of 26.4 million , it is 48th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area . It borders China in the north and India in the south , east and west while Bangladesh is located within only 27 km ( 17 mi ) of its southeastern tip and Bhutan is separated from it by the Indian state of Sikkim . Nepal has a diverse geography , including fertile plains , subalpine forested hills , and eight of the world 's ten tallest mountains , including Mount Everest , the highest point on Earth . Kathmandu is the capital and the largest city . Nepal is a multiethnic country with Nepali as the official language . The name Nepal is first recorded in texts from the Vedic period of the Indian subcontinent , the era in ancient India when Hinduism was founded , the predominant religion of the country . In the middle of the first millennium BCE , Gautama Buddha , the founder of Buddhism , was born in Lumbini in southern Nepal . Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet . The centrally located Kathmandu Valley is intertwined with the culture of Indo-Aryans , and was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala . The Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valley 's traders ."}]}, {'value': 'Kathmandu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathmandu', 'summary': "Kathmandu ( /ˌkætmænˈduː/ ; Nepali : काठमाडौं , Nepali pronunciation : [ ˌkɑʈʰmɑɳˈɖuː ] ) is the capital and largest metropolis of Nepal , with a population of around 2.5 million . Kathmandu Valley is growing at 4 percent per year according to World Bank in 2010 , one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in South Asia , and the first region in Nepal to face the unprecedented challenges of rapid urbanization and modernization at a metropolitan scale . Kathmandu , also known as the city of temples , with one of the oldest Pagodas known as Pashupatinath Temple , stands at an elevation of approximately 1,400 metres ( 4,600 feet ) above sea level in the bowl-shaped Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal . The valley is historically termed as Nepal Mandala and has been the home of Newar people , a cosmopolitan urban civilization in the Himalayas foothills . The city was the royal capital of the Kingdom of Nepal and hosts palaces , mansions and gardens of the Nepalese aristocracy . It has been home to the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) since 1985 . Today , it is the seat of government of the Nepalese republic established in 2008 and is part of the Bagmati province . Kathmandu is and has been for many years the centre of Nepal 's history , art , culture , and economy . It has a multi-ethnic population within a Hindu and Buddhist majority . It is also the home of the Newars . Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu . Tourism is an important part of the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Tribhuvan International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tribhuvan_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Tribhuvan International Airport ( Nepali : त्रिभुवन अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल ) ( IATA : KTM , ICAO : VNKT ) is an international airport in Kathmandu , Nepal , located in the Kathmandu Valley about 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) from the city center of Kathmandu . The airport has served as an airfield since 1949 , and was inaugurated in 1955 by King Mahendra of Nepal . It received its current name in 1964 . Originally a grass runway , it was re-laid in concrete in 1957 and has been extended several times . The first jet aircraft landed at Tribhuvan in 1967 and regular jet operations commenced in 1972 . It is the sole international airport in Nepal . Having one domestic and one international terminal , the airport serves as a hub for several Nepalese airlines and over 30 international airlines connect Nepal to destinations in Asia and the Middle East . Due to severe traffic congestion and the airport running out of its maximum capacity , the government of Nepal decided to construct more international airports , notably , Nijgadh International Airport , Pokhara International Airport and Gautam Buddha Airport .'}]}, {'value': 'Pakistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan', 'summary': "Pakistan , [ b ] officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , [ c ] is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 207.8 million . In area , it is the 33rd-largest country , spanning 881,913 square kilometres ( 340,509 square miles ) . Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre ( 650-mile ) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest , and China in the northeast . It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest , and also shares a maritime border with Oman . The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures and intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent . The ancient history involves the Neolithic site of Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including Hindus , Indo-Greeks , Muslims , Turco-Mongols , Afghans and Sikhs . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Alexander III of Macedon , the Seleucid Empire , the Indian Maurya Empire , the Gupta Empire , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , the Delhi Sultanate , the Mongol Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Afghan Durrani Empire , the Sikh Empire ( partially ) and , most recently , the British Indian Empire . Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam . It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country , with similarly diverse geography and wildlife . Initially a dominion , Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956 , becoming an Islamic republic . An ethnic civil war and Indian military intervention in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh ."}]}, {'value': 'Islamabad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Islamabad', 'summary': "Islamabad ( /ɪsˈlɑːməˌbɑːd/ ; Urdu : اسلام آباد , Islāmābād ) is the capital city of Pakistan , and is federally administered as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory . Built as a planned city in the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan 's capital , Islamabad is noted for its high standards of living , safety , and abundant greenery . With a population of 1,014,825 as per the 2017 Census , Islamabad is the 9th largest city in Pakistan , while the larger Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the country 's third largest with a population exceeding four million . The city is the political seat of Pakistan and local government setup is run by the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation , supported by the Capital Development Authority ( CDA ) . Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northeastern part of the country , between Rawalpindi District and the Margalla Hills National Park to the north . The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with the Margalla Pass acting as the gateway between the two regions . The city 's master-plan , designed by Greek architect Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis , divides the city into eight zones , including administrative , diplomatic enclave , residential areas , educational sectors , industrial sectors , commercial areas , and rural and green areas . The city is known for the presence of several parks and forests , including the Margalla Hills National Park and Shakarparian Park . The city is home to several landmarks , including the Faisal Mosque , the largest mosque in South Asia and the fourth largest in the world . Other landmarks include the Pakistan 's National Monument and Democracy Square . Islamabad is a gamma-global city ; it is categorised as very high on the Human Development Index , with an HDI of 0.875 , the 2nd highest in the country after Lahore . The city has the highest cost of living in Pakistan , and its population is dominated by middle and upper middle class citizens ."}]}, {'value': 'Benazir Bhutto International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Benazir Bhutto International Airport ( Urdu : بینظیر بھٹو ایئر بیس , ICAO : OPRN ) is a defunct airport which formerly served the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area . It was the second-largest airport by air traffic in Pakistan , until 3 May 2018 when it was replaced by the new Islamabad International Airport . Previously also known as the Islamabad International Airport , it was renamed after the late Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto in June 2008 . The airport handled 4,767,860 passengers between 2015-16 , compared to 3,803,060 in 2012-13 . The airport was located in the area of Chaklala in Rawalpindi , which neighbours Islamabad . Following the establishment of the new Islamabad International Airport , the airport is no longer used for civil aviation and now forms a part of the adjoining PAF Base Nur Khan ( also known as PAF Base Chaklala ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Pakistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan', 'summary': "Pakistan , [ b ] officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , [ c ] is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 207.8 million . In area , it is the 33rd-largest country , spanning 881,913 square kilometres ( 340,509 square miles ) . Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre ( 650-mile ) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest , and China in the northeast . It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest , and also shares a maritime border with Oman . The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures and intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent . The ancient history involves the Neolithic site of Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including Hindus , Indo-Greeks , Muslims , Turco-Mongols , Afghans and Sikhs . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Alexander III of Macedon , the Seleucid Empire , the Indian Maurya Empire , the Gupta Empire , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , the Delhi Sultanate , the Mongol Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Afghan Durrani Empire , the Sikh Empire ( partially ) and , most recently , the British Indian Empire . Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam . It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country , with similarly diverse geography and wildlife . Initially a dominion , Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956 , becoming an Islamic republic . An ethnic civil war and Indian military intervention in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh ."}]}, {'value': 'Lahore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lahore', 'summary': "Lahore ( /ləˈhɔːr/ ; Punjabi : لہور ; Urdu : لاہور , pronounced [ lɑːˈɦɔːr ] ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab . It is the country 's second-most populous city after Karachi . Lahore is one of Pakistan 's wealthiest cities , with an estimated GDP of $ 58.14 billion ( PPP ) as of 2015 . Lahore is the largest city and historic cultural centre of the wider Punjab region , and is one of Pakistan 's most socially liberal , progressive , and cosmopolitan cities . Lahore 's origins reach into antiquity . The city has been controlled by numerous empires throughout the course of its history , including the Hindu Shahis , Ghaznavids , Ghurids , and Delhi Sultanate by the medieval era . Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th century , and served as its capital city for a number of years . The city was captured by the forces of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739 , and fell into a period of decay while being contested between the Afghans and the Sikhs . Lahore eventually became capital of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century , and regained much of its lost grandeur . Lahore was then annexed to the British Empire , and made capital of British Punjab . Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan , with the city being the site of both the declaration of Indian Independence , and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan . Lahore experienced some of the worst rioting during the Partition period preceding Pakistan 's independence ."}]}, {'value': 'Allama Iqbal International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Allama Iqbal International Airport ( Urdu : علامہ اقبال بین الاقوامی ہوائی اڈا ) ( IATA : LHE , ICAO : OPLA ) is the third largest civil airport by traffic in Pakistan , serving Lahore , the capital of Punjab province as well a large portion of the travellers from the Punjab province . Originally known as Lahore International Airport , it was renamed after Allama Iqbal , one of the pioneers that led to the creation of Pakistan . The airport currently has three terminals : the Allama Iqbal terminal , the Hajj terminal and a cargo terminal . The airport is located about 15 km from the centre of the city . Expansion work of airport started in 2018 , it will increase terminal , car parking space and passenger capacity to 25 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Pakistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan', 'summary': "Pakistan , [ b ] officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , [ c ] is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 207.8 million . In area , it is the 33rd-largest country , spanning 881,913 square kilometres ( 340,509 square miles ) . Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre ( 650-mile ) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest , and China in the northeast . It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest , and also shares a maritime border with Oman . The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures and intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent . The ancient history involves the Neolithic site of Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including Hindus , Indo-Greeks , Muslims , Turco-Mongols , Afghans and Sikhs . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Alexander III of Macedon , the Seleucid Empire , the Indian Maurya Empire , the Gupta Empire , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , the Delhi Sultanate , the Mongol Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Afghan Durrani Empire , the Sikh Empire ( partially ) and , most recently , the British Indian Empire . Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam . It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country , with similarly diverse geography and wildlife . Initially a dominion , Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956 , becoming an Islamic republic . An ethnic civil war and Indian military intervention in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh ."}]}, {'value': 'Peshawar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peshawar', 'summary': "Peshawar ( Pashto : پېښور Pēx̌awar [ peˈçawar ] ( listen ) ; Hindko : پشور ; [ pɪˈʃɔːɾ ] ( listen ) ; Urdu : پشاور [ peːˈʃaːʋər ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Situated in the broad Valley of Peshawar near the eastern end of the historic Khyber Pass , close to the border with Afghanistan , Peshawar 's recorded history dates back to at least 539 BCE , making it the oldest city in Pakistan and one of the oldest cities in South Asia . As the center of the ancient Gandhara region , Peshawar served as the capital of the Kushan Empire ; and was home to the Kanishka stupa . Peshawar was then sacked by the White Huns , before the arrival of Muslim empires . The city was an important trading centre during the Mughal era before serving as the winter capital of the Afghan Durrani Empire from 1757 until the city was captured by the Sikh Empire in 1818 , who were then followed by the British in 1849 . The city of Peshawar has a population of 1,970,042 according to the 2017 census , making it the largest city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the sixth-largest in Pakistan , while Peshawar District has a population of 4,269,079 . Peshawar is the largest Pashtun-majority city in Pakistan and is bilingual in Pashto and Hindko ."}]}, {'value': 'Bacha Khan International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bacha_Khan_International_Airport', 'summary': 'Bacha Khan International Airport ( IATA : PEW , ICAO : OPPS ) ( Urdu : باچا خان بین الاقوامی ہوائی اڈا ; Pashto : د باچا خان نړیوال هوایی ډګر ) , previously called Peshawar International Airport ( د پېښور نړیوال هوائی ډګر ) , is an international airport located in the city of Peshawar in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan . Located about a 10-minute drive from the centre of Peshawar , it is the fourth busiest airport in Pakistan . One unusual feature is that one end of the main runway is crossed by a railway line - the seldom-used Khyber train safari to Landi Kotal in the Khyber Pass . The airport was renamed on 27 January 2012 after Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( also known as Bacha Khan ) , a Pashtun nationalist political leader . It was reconstructed in 2016 to 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': 'Doha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doha', 'summary': "Doha ( Arabic : الدوحة , ad-Dawḥa or ad-Dōḥa , pronounced [ adˈdawħa ] ) is the capital and most populous city of the State of Qatar . It has a population of 956,460 ( 2015 ) . The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country . It is Qatar 's fastest growing city , with over 80% of the nation 's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs , [ citation needed ] and it is also the economic centre of the country . Doha was founded in the 1820s as an offshoot of Al Bidda . It was officially declared as the country 's capital in 1971 , when Qatar gained independence from being a British Protectorate . As the commercial capital of Qatar and one of the emergent financial centres in the Middle East , Doha is considered a beta-level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Doha accommodates Education City , an area devoted to research and education . The city was host to the first ministerial-level meeting of the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations . It was also selected as host city of a number of sporting events , including the 2006 Asian Games , the 2011 Pan Arab Games and most of the games at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup . In December 2011 , the World Petroleum Council held the 20th World Petroleum Conference in Doha . Additionally , the city hosted the 2012 UNFCCC Climate Negotiations and is set to host many of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Doha International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doha_International_Airport', 'summary': "Doha International Airport ( IATA : DIA , ICAO : OTBD ) ( Arabic : مطار الدوحة الدولي ) is an airport in Doha , Qatar . It was Qatar 's commercial international airport until Hamad International Airport opened on 27 May 2014 . While all scheduled commercial traffic ceased , the airport site and existing runway is still used by Qatar Emiri Air Force , Rizon Jet , Gulf Helicopters and Qatar Aeronautical College ."}]}, {'value': 'Saudi Arabia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saudi_Arabia', 'summary': "Saudi Arabia , [ c ] officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , [ d ] is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula . With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2 ( 830,000 sq mi ) , Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia , the second-largest in the Arab world ( after Algeria ) , the fifth-largest in Asia , and the 12th-largest in the world . Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north , Kuwait to the northeast , Qatar , Bahrain , and the United Arab Emirates to the east , Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south ; it is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba . It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast , and most of its terrain consists of arid desert , lowland and mountains . As of October 2018 , the Saudi economy was the largest in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world . Saudi Arabia also has one of the world 's youngest populations ; 50 percent of its 33.4 million people are under 25 years old . The territory that now constitutes Saudi Arabia was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations . The prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity in the world . The world 's second-largest religion , Islam , emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia . In the early 7th century , the Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of Arabia and created a single Islamic religious polity . Following his death in 632 , his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia , conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory ( from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to modern-day Pakistan in the East ) in a matter of decades . Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun ( 632-661 ) , Umayyad ( 661-750 ) , Abbasid ( 750-1517 ) and Fatimid ( 909-1171 ) caliphates as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia , Africa and Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeddah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeddah', 'summary': "Jeddah ( English : /ˈdʒɛdə/ JED-ə ) , also spelled Jedda , Jiddah or Jidda ( /ˈdʒɪdə/ JID-ə ; Arabic : جدة , romanized : Jidda , Hejazi pronunciation : [ ˈdʒɪd.da ] ) , is a city in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia and the country 's commercial center . With a population of about four million people ( as of 2017 [ update ] ) , Jeddah is the largest city in Makkah Province , the second-largest in Saudi Arabia ( after the capital Riyadh ) , and the tenth-largest in the Arab world . Jeddah Islamic Port , located on the Red Sea , is the second-largest and second-busiest seaport in the Arab world ( after Dubai 's Port of Jebel Ali ) . Jeddah is the principal gateway to Mecca , the holiest city in Islam , located just 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) to the east , while Medina , the second-holiest city , is located 360 kilometres ( 220 mi ) to the north . Economically , Jeddah is focusing on further developing capital investment in scientific and engineering leadership within Saudi Arabia , and the Middle East . Jeddah was independently ranked fourth in the Africa - Mid-East region in terms of innovation in 2009 in the Innovation Cities Index . Jeddah is one of Saudi Arabia 's primary resort cities and was named a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network ( GaWC ) . Given the city 's close proximity to the Red Sea , fishing and seafood dominates the food culture unlike other parts of the country . In Arabic , the city 's motto is Jeddah Ghair , which translates to Jeddah is different . The motto has been widely used among both locals as well as foreign visitors . The city had been previously perceived as the most open city in Saudi Arabia ."}]}, {'value': 'King Abdulaziz International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport', 'summary': "King Abdulaziz International Airport ( KAIA ) ( Arabic : مطار الملك عبدالعزيز الدولي ) ( IATA : JED , ICAO : OEJN ) is a Saudi international airport located 19 km to the north of Jeddah . Named after King Abdulaziz Al Saud and inaugurated in 1981 , the airport is the busiest airport of Saudi Arabia and the third-largest airport in the kingdom . The airport 's Hajj Terminal was specially built for Muslim pilgrims going to Mecca annually on the Hajj . It is one of the largest in the world , and can handle 80,000 passengers at the same time ."}]}, {'value': 'Saudi Arabia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saudi_Arabia', 'summary': "Saudi Arabia , [ c ] officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , [ d ] is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula . With a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2 ( 830,000 sq mi ) , Saudi Arabia is geographically the largest sovereign state in Western Asia , the second-largest in the Arab world ( after Algeria ) , the fifth-largest in Asia , and the 12th-largest in the world . Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north , Kuwait to the northeast , Qatar , Bahrain , and the United Arab Emirates to the east , Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south ; it is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba . It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast , and most of its terrain consists of arid desert , lowland and mountains . As of October 2018 , the Saudi economy was the largest in the Middle East and the 18th largest in the world . Saudi Arabia also has one of the world 's youngest populations ; 50 percent of its 33.4 million people are under 25 years old . The territory that now constitutes Saudi Arabia was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations . The prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity in the world . The world 's second-largest religion , Islam , emerged in modern-day Saudi Arabia . In the early 7th century , the Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of Arabia and created a single Islamic religious polity . Following his death in 632 , his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia , conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory ( from the Iberian Peninsula in the West to modern-day Pakistan in the East ) in a matter of decades . Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun ( 632-661 ) , Umayyad ( 661-750 ) , Abbasid ( 750-1517 ) and Fatimid ( 909-1171 ) caliphates as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia , Africa and Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Riyadh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riyadh', 'summary': "Riyadh ( /rɪˈjɑːd/ ; Arabic : الرياض , romanized : ar-Riyāḍ [ ar.riˈjaːdˤ ] , Najdi pronunciation : [ er.rɪˈjɑːðˤ ] ) is the capital of Saudi Arabia and the largest city on the Arabian Peninsula . With a population of 6.9 million people , Riyadh is the third-largest city in the Arab world and the 39th-largest in Asia . Riyadh is located on the eastern part of the Najd plateau at about 600 metres ( 2,000 ft ) above sea level . Riyadh is the political and administrative centre of Saudi Arabia and is the headquarters of the country 's central government bodies , such as the Saudi Royal Court and the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia . Riyadh is of great economic importance , as it is the headquarters of many banks and major companies . It is also the location of the King Abdullah Financial District , one of the world 's largest financial centres . Riyadh is one of the world 's fastest-growing cities in population , with many immigrants . The city is divided into 15 municipal districts , managed by the Municipality of Riyadh headed by the mayor of Riyadh , and the Royal Commission for Riyadh which is chaired by the governor of the Province , Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud . The current mayor is Tariq bin Abdul Aziz Al-Faris . Riyadh has been designated a global city ."}]}, {'value': 'King Khalid International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Khalid_International_Airport', 'summary': "King Khalid International Airport ( Arabic : مطار الملك خالد الدولي Maṭār al-Malik Khālid al-Duwaliyy , IATA : RUH , ICAO : OERK ) is located 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) north of Riyadh , Saudi Arabia , designed by the architectural firm HOK , and Arabian Bechtel Company Limited served as the construction manager on behalf of the Saudi government . This airport consists of five passenger terminals ( only three of which are in use ) , with eight aero-bridges each , a mosque , covered and uncovered car parking for 11,600 vehicles , an additional Royal Terminal ( for the kingdom 's guests , government heads , and Saudi royal family use ) , a central control tower ( one of the world 's tallest ) , and two parallel runways , which are each 4,260 metres ( 13,980 ft ) long . The land area allocated for this airport is among the largest ( second-largest , after King Fahd International Airport ) in the world . [ citation needed ] The airport is managed and operated by Riyadh Airports Company ."}]}, {'value': 'United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates', 'summary': "The United Arab Emirates ( UAE ; Arabic : الإمارات العربية المتحدة al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyyah al-Muttaḥidah ) , sometimes simply called the Emirates ( Arabic : الإمارات al-ʾImārāt ) , is a country in Western Asia at the northeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf , bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south and west , as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north . The sovereign constitutional monarchy is a federation of seven emirates consisting of Abu Dhabi ( which serves as the capital ) , Ajman , Dubai , Fujairah , Ras Al Khaimah , Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain . Their boundaries are complex , with numerous enclaves within the various emirates . Each emirate is governed by a ruler ; together , they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council . One of the rulers serves as the President of the United Arab Emirates . In 2013 , the UAE 's population was 9.2 million , of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates . Human occupation of the present UAE has been traced back to the emergence of anatomically modern humans from Africa some 125,000 BCE through finds at the Faya-1 site in Mleiha , Sharjah . Burial sites dating back to the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age include the oldest known such inland site at Jebel Buhais . Known as Magan to the Sumerians , the area was home to a prosperous Bronze Age trading culture during the Umm Al Nar period , which traded between the Indus Valley , Bahrain and Mesopotamia as well as Iran , Bactria and the Levant . The ensuing Wadi Suq period and three Iron Ages saw the emergence of nomadism as well as the development of water management and irrigation systems supporting human settlement in both the coast and interior . The Islamic age of the UAE dates back to the expulsion of the Sasanians and the subsequent Battle of Dibba . The UAE 's long history of trade led to the emergence of Julfar , in the present-day emirate of Ras Al Khaimah , as a major regional trading and maritime hub in the area ."}]}, {'value': 'Ras al-Khaimah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ras_al-Khaimah', 'summary': "Ras Al Khaimah ( RAK ) ( Arabic : رَأْس ٱلْخَيْمَة ; IPA : [ raʔs lˈxajma ] ) is one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) . It is also transliterated as Ras al Khaimah and Ras al-Khaimah . The city of Ras Al Khaimah , sometimes simply abbreviated to RAK City , is the capital of the emirate and home to most of the emirate 's residents . It is to an extent identified with the medieval trading port of Julfar . [ a ] Its name in English means top of the tent . The emirate borders Oman 's exclave of Musandam , and occupies part of the same peninsula . It covers an area of 2,486 km2 ( 960 sq mi ) and has 64 km ( 40 mi ) of beach coastline . As of 2015 , the emirate had a population of about 345,000 , of which about 31% were Emirati citizens . As of 2018 , the emirate had a population of 416,000 . RAK city has two main areas - the Old Town and Nakheel - on either side of a creek that is home to mangroves and is framed by the North-Western Hajar Mountains . The emirate also consists of several villages and new gated residential developments , such as Al Hamra Village and Mina Al Arab . The emirate is served by Ras Al Khaimah International Airport ."}]}, {'value': 'Ras Al Khaimah International Airport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah_International_Airport', 'summary': "Ras Al Khaimah International Airport ( IATA : RKT , ICAO : OMRK ) ( alternatively Ra 's al-Khaymah , Arabic : مطار رأس الخيمة الدولي ) is located in the Persian Gulf sheikhdom of Ras al-Khaimah , United Arab Emirates 11 nautical miles ( 20 km ; 13 mi ) south of the town of the same name . The airport has two passenger terminal buildings as well as cargo , aircraft maintenance , and aviation training facilities ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Destinations', 'section_text': 'RAK Airways Airbus A320-200 in 2012 In December 2013 , RAK Airways served the following destinations : [ 8 ]', 'uid': 'RAK_Airways_0', 'intro': 'RAK Airways was an airline based in Ras Al Khaimah, one of the seven states in the United Arab Emirates. It was established in 2006 but briefly ceased operations in 2009 and relaunched in 2010 with a new livery and under new management. On 1 January 2014, the airline suspended all its flights but announced that they may resume at a future date after a restructuring process.'} | null | null | What was the GDP in 2015 of the South Asia city that is home to this airport that includes a Hajj terminal ? | $ 58.14 billion |
0a390fbf8c46452f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srijit_Mukherji', 'title': 'Srijit Mukherji', 'header': ['Year', 'Movie', 'Director', 'Lyricist', 'Composer', 'Actor'], 'data': [{'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cross Connection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross_Connection', 'summary': 'Cross Connection ( Bengali : ক্রস কানেকশন ) is a 2009 Indian Bengali film .'}]}, {'value': 'Abhijeet Guha Sudeshna Roy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neel Dutt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neel_Dutt', 'summary': 'Neel Dutt ( Bengali : নীল দত্ত ; born 7 March 1979 ) is an Indian music composer and singer from Kolkata , West Bengal ( India ) . He received the National Award ( Rajat Kamal ) from the Govt . of India , for Best Music Direction in 2012 for the soundtrack of the Bengali film Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona . ( Ranjana I aint coming back no more ) . Dutt is the third Bengali to win the National Award for Best Music Direction from Bengal . He is arguably the first music director in India to rearrange a Rabindranath Tagore composition with modern electronic music .'}]}, {'value': 'Abir Chatterjee Payel Sarkar Rimjhim Mitra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abir_Chatterjee', 'summary': 'Abir Chatterjee ( Born 18 November 1980 ) is an Indian actor who mainly works in Bengali cinema . He is the son of theater personalities Phalguni Chatterjee and Rumki Chatterjee . He started his career with Bengali television and made his debut in Bengali cinema in 2009 as a lead with Cross Connection .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Payel_Sarkar', 'summary': 'Payel Sarkar ( born 10 February 1981 in Kolkata , India ) is an Indian actress who has appeared in Bengali films and Hindi television .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rimjhim_Mitra', 'summary': 'Rimjhim Mitra is a Bengali television and film actress . In 2010 she participated in a Bengali dance reality show . In 2013 , she was the winner of season one of Jhalak Dikhla Jaa Bangla , aired on ETV Bangla . She joined Bharatiya Janata Party in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madly Bangalee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madly_Bangalee', 'summary': "Madly Bangalee is a Bengali 2009 rock musical film directed by Anjan Dutt . During his previous film Bong Connection shot in Houston , Director Anjan Dutt received lot of help and support from Houston filmmaker San Banarje who arranged for the film 's American cast and crew and saved the film . During this period , Anjan Dutt became a self-proclaimed fan of San Banarje and named the protagonist of this film after San ."}]}, {'value': 'Anjan Dutt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anjan_Dutt', 'summary': "Anjan Dutt is an Indian film director , actor , and singer-songwriter known for his work in the Bengali alternative music genre anyodharar gaan . As an actor , Dutt began his career in Bengali cinema in the Mrinal Sen film Chalachirto , for which he won the best newcomer actor award at the Venice Film Festival . He acted in Aparna Sen 's hit film , Mr. and Mrs. Iyer . In 2018 he featured in Swapnasandhani 's new play Taraye Taraye , as Vincent Van Gogh , under the direction of Kaushik Sen . He is also a national award-winning filmmaker and is one of the most prominent directors of Bengali cinema , directing Dutta Vs Dutta , Madly Bangali , The Bong Connection , Chalo Let 's Go , and Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona . In recent years , he has directed the Byomkesh Bakshi movie series ."}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neel Dutt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neel_Dutt', 'summary': 'Neel Dutt ( Bengali : নীল দত্ত ; born 7 March 1979 ) is an Indian music composer and singer from Kolkata , West Bengal ( India ) . He received the National Award ( Rajat Kamal ) from the Govt . of India , for Best Music Direction in 2012 for the soundtrack of the Bengali film Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona . ( Ranjana I aint coming back no more ) . Dutt is the third Bengali to win the National Award for Best Music Direction from Bengal . He is arguably the first music director in India to rearrange a Rabindranath Tagore composition with modern electronic music .'}]}, {'value': 'Biswajit Chakraborty Chandan Sen Y Supriya Choudhury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biswajit_Chakraborty', 'summary': 'Biswajit Chakraborty , born 1 May 1957 in Calcutta , West Bengal , is an Indian film actor who appears predominantly in Bengali movies . His debut movie was Sunya Theke Suru directed by Ashoke Viswanathan . He has acted in more than a 100 movies including Autograph , Bye Bye Bangkok , and Bollywood movie Kahaani 2 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chandan_Sen', 'summary': 'Chandan Sen ( Bengali : চন্দন সেন ; born 26 February 1963 ) is a Bengali stage , television and film actor , playwright , and director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Supriya_Choudhury', 'summary': "Supriya Devi ( Supriya Choudhury ; 8 January 1933 - 26 January 2018 ) was an Indian actress who is known for her work in Bengali cinema for more than 50 years . She is best known for her portrayal of Neeta in Ritwik Ghatak 's Bengali film Megha Dhaka Tara ( 1960 ) . She was conferred the Filmfare Award and the BFJA Award twice . In 2011 , she received the Banga-Vibhushan , the highest civilian honour in West Bengal . In 2014 , she was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India , the fourth highest civilian award in India , for her contributions to the entertainment industry . She made her debut in Uttam Kumar starrer Basu Paribar ( 1952 ) under the direction of Nirmal Dey and successively appeared in Prarthana ( 1952 ) directed by Pranab Ray . She , then took a hiatus and returned to filmdom in Marmabani ( 1958 ) under Sushil Majumdar 's direction . She rose to prominence after she had appeared in the Uttam Kumar blockbuster Sonar Harin ( 1959 ) , directed by Mangal Chakraborty . At the beginning of the 1960s , she came to a bigger attention for her successive roles in films such as Meghe Dhaka Tara ( 1960 ) , Shuno Baranari ( 1960 ) , Komal Gandhar ( 1961 ) , Swaralipi ( 1961 ) , Agnisanskar ( 1961 ) to name a few . She made her Bollywood debut opposite Dharmendra in Begaana ( 1963 ) under Sadashiv Rao Kavi 's direction ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Chakka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Chakka', 'summary': "Le Chakka ( English : Take a Sixer ) ( Bengali : লে ছক্কা ) is a 2010 Bengali-language sports comedy film written by Padmanava Dasgupta and directed by Raj Chakraborty . The film stars Payel Sarkar and Dev as the lead pair of the film along with the talented bunch of actors like Kharaj Mukherjee , Ritwick Chakraborty , Biswajit Chakraborty , Aritra Dutta Banik , Deepankar De , Laboni Sarkar , Biswanath Basu , Debjani Chattopadhyay and Padmanava Dasgupta himself to name a few . The film 's score and soundtrack were composed by Indraadip Das Gupta . The film is unofficially based on the 2007 Tamil film Chennai 600028 ."}]}, {'value': 'Raj Chakraborty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raj_Chakraborty', 'summary': "Raj Chakraborty ( Bengali : রাজ চক্রবর্তী ; born : 1975 ) is an Indian film director , actor and producer . A person from middle-class family background , he was born in Halisahar , West Bengal . He graduated from Rishi Bankim Chandra College , Naihati . He is one of the most commercially successful film-makers in Tollywood . Before directing his debut film , he was busy in Bengali TV . Raj Chakraborty was associated with Zee Bangla 's popular laughter show Mirakkel , hosted by Mir , and dance competition Dance Bangla Dance , judged by Mithun Chakraborty , during their initial days . He also directed Star Jalsha 's laughter programme I Laugh You ."}]}, {'value': 'Prasenjit Mukherjee Priyo Chattapadhyay Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indradeep Dasgupta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indradeep_Dasgupta', 'summary': 'Indraadip Dasgupta ( born 17 January 1973 ) is an Indian music director mainly in Bengali and both films . In 2017 he worked with Anu Malik in Begum Jaan , composed the film background music .'}]}, {'value': 'Dev Payel Sarkar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dev_(Bengali_actor)', 'summary': "Dev ( born Deepak Adhikari ; 25 December 1982 ) is an Indian film actor , producer , entertainer , singer and film writer , known for his works in Bengali cinema , and more recently , a politician . He owns the production house Dev Entertainment Ventures Pvt . Ltd . He is also the Highest Paid Bengali Actor . Born in Keshpur , he made his acting debut in the 2006 film Agnishapath . Dev faced flak after the film was released , and it turned out to be a critical and commercial flop . His starring role in I Love You opposite Payal Sarkar was his breakthrough . Directed by Ravi Kinnagi , the film was critically unsuccessful , but was commercially successful and was quick to resurrect his career . Despite the success , Dev did n't get any work for the next fourteen months . He made a comeback on the silver screen with Premer Kahini , opposite Koel Mullick , his first with whom he went on to star with in numerous films . A remake of the Kannada hit Mungaru Male , the film was moderately successful . Dev got another breakthrough in Challenge which opened to critical and commercial success ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Payel_Sarkar', 'summary': 'Payel Sarkar ( born 10 February 1981 in Kolkata , India ) is an Indian actress who has appeared in Bengali films and Hindi television .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josh_(2010_film)', 'summary': "Josh is a Bengali romantic action film released on 30 July 2010 , directed by Ravi Kinagi . It is a remake of Ravi Teja 's Blockbuster Telugu film Bhadra released in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ravi Kinagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ravi_Kinagi', 'summary': 'Rabi Kinagi ( alternative spellings : Ravi Kinagi , Rabi Kinnagi ) is a Bengali and Odia film director , editor and a script-writer .'}]}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeet Ganguly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeet_Ganguly', 'summary': 'Jeet Gannguli ( pronounced [ dʒit ɡaŋɡuli ] , Bengali : pronunciation ( help·info ) , born Chandrajeet Ganguly , on 24 May 1977 ) , popularly known as Jeet , is a score composer of Bengali and Hindi movies . Gannguli is a music director in Bollywood , scoring music for films .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeet Srabanti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeet_(actor)', 'summary': "Jeet ( born Jeetendra Madnani ) is an Indian actor , producer and television presenter who predominantly works in Bengali cinema . Jeet started his modeling career in 1993 . His first acting assignment was Bishabriksha ( 1994-95 ) , a Bengali TV series directed by Bishnu Palchaudhuri . He made his big screen debut with Chandu ( 2001 ) a Telugu film . His first success came in 2002 , opposite Priyanka Trivedi , through Sathi , a highly successful romantic drama , directed by Haranath Chakraborty , for which he won the Bengal Film Journalists ' Association - Most Promising Actor Award and Anandalok Awards for Best Actor . In the same year , he acted in the Bengali remake of Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar . This initial success was followed by other critical and commercial successes , including Nater Guru , Sangee , Bandhan and Yuddho . In 2005 , he acted alongside Koel Mallick in Nater Guru , which released to critical and commercial success and fetched him his second Anandalok Award for Best Actor . This success was short-lived as Jeet starred in some commercial failures , including Saathihara , Priyotoma and Ghatak but this failure was short-lived as Jeet starred in Jor , which became a box office hit . 2010 proved to be a commercially successful year for Jeet as he starred in Wanted and Dui Prithibi , both of which were critically and commercially successful ventures ; the latter being the highest grosser of 2010 , according to a study conducted by FICCI & Deloitte . In 2013 , he appeared in the crime thriller Boss : Born to Rule , which was Jeet 's first pan-India release . The film proved to be one of the biggest hits of 2013 , grossing ₹67.5 million ( US $ 950,000 ) and also earned him his first Filmfare Awards East nomination ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iti Mrinalini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iti_Mrinalini', 'summary': "Iti Mrinalini ( Bengali : ইতি মৃণালিনী English : Yours , Mrinalini ; English : An Unfinished Letter ) is a 2011 Indian drama film directed by Bengali filmmaker Aparna Sen. Sen collaborated with Ranjan Ghosh to write both the story and the screenplay . The film was produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni of Shree Venkatesh Films Pvt Ltd . Some critics consider it to be among her best work , ranking with Mr. and Mrs. Iyer and 36 Chowringhee Lane . This was the first Bengali film Sen directed after a gap of more than a decade . Her previous film was Paromitar Ek Din , in 2000 . Iti Mrinalini is viewed as the director 's first mainstream venture . It focuses on the life of an aging Bengali star actress of yesteryear ( Mrinalini ) , who looks back at her life . Aparna Sen plays the current-day Mrinalini while her daughter Konkona Sen Sharma portrays Mrinalini 's earlier self . The film also stars Rajat Kapoor , Priyanshu Chatterjee , Kaushik Sen , Locket Chatterjee and German actor Suzanne Bernert in supporting roles . The entire cast , except for Konkona , is new to Aparna Sen films . This was the first time Sen had collaborated with a scriptwriter , and the first film by Sen to be nationally released in Hindi simultaneously with the Bengali version . It is also the first time Sen and her daughter have played the same character ."}]}, {'value': 'Aparna Sen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aparna_Sen', 'summary': 'Aparna Sen ( née Dasgupta , Ôporna Shen ; born 25 October 1945 ) is an Indian filmmaker , screenwriter and actress who is known for her work in Bengali cinema . A leading actress of the late 1960s and 1970s she has received eight BFJA Awards , five for best actress , two for best supporting actress and one for lifetime achievement . She is the winner of nine National Film Awards and nine international film festival awards for her direction in films . She was awarded the Padma Shri , the fourth highest civilian award , by the government of India in 1987 . Sen made her debut in Teen Kanya ( 1961 ) and received her success with Aparichito ( 1969 ) . She went on to establish herself as a leading actress of Bengali Cinema with the films Aranyer Din Ratri ( 1970 ) , Ekhane Pinjar ( 1971 ) , Ekhoni ( 1971 ) , Jay Jayanti ( 1971 ) , Memshaheb ( 1972 ) , Jiban Saikate ( 1972 ) , Basanta Bilap ( 1973 ) , Sonar Khancha ( 1973 ) , Sujata ( 1974 ) , Alor Thikana ( 1974 ) , Kajallata ( 1975 ) , Raag Anuraag ( 1975 ) , Jana Aranya ( 1976 ) , Ajasra Dhanyobad ( 1977 ) , Proxy ( 1977 film ) |Proxy ( 1977 ) , Mohonar Dike ( 1984 ) , Ekanto Apon ( 1987 ) , Swet Patharer Thala ( 1992 ) . She also garnered critical acclaim for her work in Indira ( 1984 film ) |Indira ( 1984 ) , Kari Diye Kinlam ( 1989 ) , Ek Din Achanak ( 1999 ) , Mahaprithibi ( 1991 ) , Unishe April ( 1995 ) , Paromitar Ek Din ( 2000 ) , Titli ( 2001 ) , Antaheen ( 2009 ) , Chatushkon ( 2014 ) . In addition to acting in films , Aparna Sen has also been directing films since 1981 , starting with 36 Chowringhee Lane for which she won National Film Award ( India ) for Best Director . She went on to achieve further success in direction with films Paroma , Sati , Yugant , Paromitar Ek Din , Mr. and Mrs. Iyer , 15 Park Avenue , The Japanese Wife , Iti Mrinalini , Goynar Baksho . She won her second National Film Award as a director for Mr. and Mrs. Iyer .'}]}, {'value': 'Rabindranath Tagore Y Sunil Gangopadhyay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore', 'summary': "Rabindranath Tagore FRAS ( /rəˈbɪndrənɑːt tæˈɡɔːr/ ( listen ) ; born Robindronath Thakur , 7 May 1861 - 7 August 1941 ) , [ a ] also known by his pen name Bhanu Singha Thakur ( Bhonita ) , and also known by his sobriquets Gurudev , [ b ] Kabiguru , and Biswakabi , was a polymath , poet , musician , and artist from the Indian subcontinent . He reshaped Bengali literature and music , as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Author of the profoundly sensitive , fresh and beautiful verse of Gitanjali , he became in 1913 the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature . Tagore 's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial ; however , his elegant prose and magical poetry remain largely unknown outside Bengal . He is sometimes referred to as the Bard of Bengal . A Brahmo Hindu from Calcutta with ancestral gentry roots in Burdwan District and Jessore , Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old . At the age of sixteen , he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ( Sun Lion ) , which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics . By 1877 he graduated to his first short stories and dramas , published under his real name . As a humanist , universalist , internationalist , and ardent anti-nationalist , he denounced the British Raj and advocated independence from Britain . As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance , he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings , sketches and doodles , hundreds of texts , and some two thousand songs ; his legacy also endures in the institution he founded , Visva-Bharati University . Tagore modernised Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures . His novels , stories , songs , dance-dramas , and essays spoke to topics political and personal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sunil_Gangopadhyay', 'summary': "Sunil Gangopadhyay or Sunil Ganguly ( 7 September 1934 - 23 October 2012 ) was an Indian poet and novelist in the Bengali language based in the city of Kolkata . Gangopadhyay obtained his master 's degree in Bengali from the University of Calcutta . In 1953 he and a few of his friends started a Bengali poetry magazine , Krittibas . Later he wrote for many different publications . Ganguly created the Bengali fictional character Kakababu and wrote a series of novels on this character which became significant in Indian children 's literature . He received Sahitya Akademi award in 1985 for his novel Those Days ( Sei Samaya ) . Gangopadhyay used the pen names Nil Lohit , Sanatan Pathak , and Nil Upadhyay ."}]}, {'value': 'Debojyoti Mishra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debojyoti_Mishra', 'summary': 'Debojyoti Mishra ( born 1963 in Kolkata ) , is an Indian music director and film composer . He became popular with his minimalist classical compositions for the Hindi film Raincoat , directed by Rituparno Ghosh . His work on films like Chokher Bali , Bariwali , Arekti premer golpo , Memories in March was acclaimed . [ by whom ? ] He also worked on Bengali films , Chaturanga and Sesher Kobita , directed by Suman Mukhopadhyay . The songs he composed for the Bengali film Autograph starring Prasenjit Chatterjee , Nandana Sen and Indraneil Sengupta , gained immense popularity . All the songs of this film created a new vibration in Bengali film music . His composition for Titli was immensely praised as well which includes the famous song Megh Pioner Bager Vitor sung by Srikanto . He has also composed music for the Malayalam film Calcutta News , which was set in Kolkata . Mishra has expressed his talent through painting also . He is a self-taught artist and exhibited his first solo show in December 2012 in ICCR Kolkata by one of youngest art curator of India , Jyotirmoy Bhttacharya . The composer was inspired to become a painter by the Indian painter Jogen Chowdhury .'}]}, {'value': 'Aparna Sen Konkona Sen Sharma Rajat Kapoor Y', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aparna_Sen', 'summary': 'Aparna Sen ( née Dasgupta , Ôporna Shen ; born 25 October 1945 ) is an Indian filmmaker , screenwriter and actress who is known for her work in Bengali cinema . A leading actress of the late 1960s and 1970s she has received eight BFJA Awards , five for best actress , two for best supporting actress and one for lifetime achievement . She is the winner of nine National Film Awards and nine international film festival awards for her direction in films . She was awarded the Padma Shri , the fourth highest civilian award , by the government of India in 1987 . Sen made her debut in Teen Kanya ( 1961 ) and received her success with Aparichito ( 1969 ) . She went on to establish herself as a leading actress of Bengali Cinema with the films Aranyer Din Ratri ( 1970 ) , Ekhane Pinjar ( 1971 ) , Ekhoni ( 1971 ) , Jay Jayanti ( 1971 ) , Memshaheb ( 1972 ) , Jiban Saikate ( 1972 ) , Basanta Bilap ( 1973 ) , Sonar Khancha ( 1973 ) , Sujata ( 1974 ) , Alor Thikana ( 1974 ) , Kajallata ( 1975 ) , Raag Anuraag ( 1975 ) , Jana Aranya ( 1976 ) , Ajasra Dhanyobad ( 1977 ) , Proxy ( 1977 film ) |Proxy ( 1977 ) , Mohonar Dike ( 1984 ) , Ekanto Apon ( 1987 ) , Swet Patharer Thala ( 1992 ) . She also garnered critical acclaim for her work in Indira ( 1984 film ) |Indira ( 1984 ) , Kari Diye Kinlam ( 1989 ) , Ek Din Achanak ( 1999 ) , Mahaprithibi ( 1991 ) , Unishe April ( 1995 ) , Paromitar Ek Din ( 2000 ) , Titli ( 2001 ) , Antaheen ( 2009 ) , Chatushkon ( 2014 ) . In addition to acting in films , Aparna Sen has also been directing films since 1981 , starting with 36 Chowringhee Lane for which she won National Film Award ( India ) for Best Director . She went on to achieve further success in direction with films Paroma , Sati , Yugant , Paromitar Ek Din , Mr. and Mrs. Iyer , 15 Park Avenue , The Japanese Wife , Iti Mrinalini , Goynar Baksho . She won her second National Film Award as a director for Mr. and Mrs. Iyer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Konkona_Sen_Sharma', 'summary': 'Konkona Sen Sharma ( born 3 December 1979 ) is an Indian actress , writer , and director . She has received two National Film Awards and four Filmfare Awards . The daughter of filmmaker-actress Aparna Sen , Konkona appears primarily in Indian arthouse and independent films , and her achievements in the genre have established her as one of the leading actresses of contemporary parallel cinema . She has also acted in mainstream films like Laaga Chunari Mein Daag for which too she has received awards . Making her debut as a child artist in the film Indira ( 1983 ) , Sharma debuted as an adult in the Bengali thriller Ek Je Aachhe Kanya ( 2000 ) . She first gained attention with the English-language film Mr. and Mrs. Iyer ( 2002 ) , which was directed by her mother , and received the National Film Award for Best Actress for her performance . Her appearance in the drama Page 3 ( 2005 ) got her wider recognition , and she has since starred in a number of films , most of which have won her praise rather than commercial success . She won two consecutive Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Awards for her performances in Omkara ( 2006 ) and Life in a. Metro ( 2007 ) , respectively . Her performance in the former won her a second National Award under the Best Supporting Actress category . She was the first recipient of the Best Actress award at the Filmfare Awards East for her work in the Bengali film Goynar Baksho ( 2014 ) . In 2017 , her directorial debut film A Death in the Gunj was released and she won the Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director . In the same year she starred in Lipstick Under My Burkha , which won her numerous international awards .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rajat_Kapoor', 'summary': 'Rajat Kapoor ( Hindi : रजत कपूर ) is an Indian actor , writer and director born in 1961 . Kapoor was born in Delhi , India . As a teenager he would watch films with his family and decided to become a filmmaker at the age of 14 . He mainly focused on acting at first . In 1983 he joined the theatre group Chingari in Delhi , later moving to Pune to attend the Film and Television Institute of India ( FTII ) .'}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flop-e', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghente Ghaw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chaplin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anindo Banerjee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Srijato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Srijato', 'summary': "Srijato Bandopadhyay is an Indian poet of the Bengali language . He won the Ananda Puroskar in 2004 for his book Udanta Sawb Joker : All Those Flying Jokers . In 2014 , he won the Filmfare Awards East for Best Lyricist for the song 'Balir Shohor ' from 'Mishawr Rawhoshyo ' . His latest poetic composition 'Je Jotsna Harinatito ' has been published in International Kolkata Bookfair 2019 along with another two prose works - 'Je Kotha Boloni Aage ' & 'Ja Kichu Aaj Byaktigoto' Besides writing poems and songs , he also does anchoring and Public Speaking . Recently he made his acting debut in Srijit Mukherji 's film Zulfiqar . He has also attended a writer 's workshop at the University of Iowa ."}]}, {'value': 'Indradeep Dasgupta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indradeep_Dasgupta', 'summary': 'Indraadip Dasgupta ( born 17 January 1973 ) is an Indian music director mainly in Bengali and both films . In 2017 he worked with Anu Malik in Begum Jaan , composed the film background music .'}]}, {'value': 'Rudranil Ghosh Soham Maitra Y Mir Afsar Ali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudranil_Ghosh', 'summary': 'Rudranil Ghosh is an Indian actor , film story and screenplay writer who works primarily in Bengali films .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutta Vs Dutta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dutta_Vs_Dutta', 'summary': "Dutta Vs Dutta is a 2012 Indian Bengali film directed by Anjan Dutt . This is Anjan Dutt 's semi-autobiographical film . Most of the film has been shot in a house of Amherst Street in Kolkata . Anjan has described this house resonated feel of his old house of Beniapukur . The film received mixed reviews . According to Anandabazar Patrika reviewer Sangeeta Bandopadhyay , this was Anjan Dutt 's best film . This opinion was shared by another Bengali newspaper Ei Samay . However , The Times of India said that the plot comes across as a total mishmash and therefore , loses punch ."}]}, {'value': 'Anjan Dutt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anjan_Dutt', 'summary': "Anjan Dutt is an Indian film director , actor , and singer-songwriter known for his work in the Bengali alternative music genre anyodharar gaan . As an actor , Dutt began his career in Bengali cinema in the Mrinal Sen film Chalachirto , for which he won the best newcomer actor award at the Venice Film Festival . He acted in Aparna Sen 's hit film , Mr. and Mrs. Iyer . In 2018 he featured in Swapnasandhani 's new play Taraye Taraye , as Vincent Van Gogh , under the direction of Kaushik Sen . He is also a national award-winning filmmaker and is one of the most prominent directors of Bengali cinema , directing Dutta Vs Dutta , Madly Bangali , The Bong Connection , Chalo Let 's Go , and Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona . In recent years , he has directed the Byomkesh Bakshi movie series ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neel Dutt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neel_Dutt', 'summary': 'Neel Dutt ( Bengali : নীল দত্ত ; born 7 March 1979 ) is an Indian music composer and singer from Kolkata , West Bengal ( India ) . He received the National Award ( Rajat Kamal ) from the Govt . of India , for Best Music Direction in 2012 for the soundtrack of the Bengali film Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona . ( Ranjana I aint coming back no more ) . Dutt is the third Bengali to win the National Award for Best Music Direction from Bengal . He is arguably the first music director in India to rearrange a Rabindranath Tagore composition with modern electronic music .'}]}, {'value': 'Anjan Dutt Ronodeep Bose Arpita Chatterjee Roopa Ganguly Y', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anjan_Dutt', 'summary': "Anjan Dutt is an Indian film director , actor , and singer-songwriter known for his work in the Bengali alternative music genre anyodharar gaan . As an actor , Dutt began his career in Bengali cinema in the Mrinal Sen film Chalachirto , for which he won the best newcomer actor award at the Venice Film Festival . He acted in Aparna Sen 's hit film , Mr. and Mrs. Iyer . In 2018 he featured in Swapnasandhani 's new play Taraye Taraye , as Vincent Van Gogh , under the direction of Kaushik Sen . He is also a national award-winning filmmaker and is one of the most prominent directors of Bengali cinema , directing Dutta Vs Dutta , Madly Bangali , The Bong Connection , Chalo Let 's Go , and Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona . In recent years , he has directed the Byomkesh Bakshi movie series ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roopa_Ganguly', 'summary': "Roopa Ganguly ( born 25 November 1966 ) is an Indian actress , playback singer and politician . She is best known for her rendition of Draupadi in B R Chopra 's hit television series Mahabharat ( 1988 ) . Often promoted as the Bengali Film Industry 's answer to Bollywood 's Shabana Azmi , she is known for her versatility and accent adaptation . She has worked with directors such as Mrinal Sen , Aparna Sen , Goutam Ghose and Rituparno Ghosh . She is a trained Rabindra Sangeet vocalist and a classical dancer . She received several awards including a National Award and two BFJA Awards . In October 2015 , she was nominated as a Member of Parliament , Rajya Sabha , by the President of India . She served as the President of BJP Mahila Morcha in West Bengal . She served as the General Secretary and the Vice President for the West Bengal Motion Picture Artistes ' Forum , a body representing cine artistes . Ganguly bagged roles in a few Bengali TV series after she completed her graduation from Jogamaya Devi College but those never took off her career . She rose to renown for her role in the Bengali TV series Muktabandha ( 1986 ) directed by Ramaprasad Banik . She got her first national break in the Hindi TV series Ganadevta ( 1986 ) and shot to wider fame and popularity after she played Draupadi in B. R. Chopra 's Mahabharat ( 1988 TV series ) ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bapi Bari Jaa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bapi_Bari_Jaa', 'summary': 'Bapi Bari Jaa is a 2012 Indian Bengali romantic comedy film directed by Sudeshna Roy and Abhijit Guha . The movie is jointly produced by Shree Venkatesh Films and Idea Creations , and stars Arjun Chakrabarty , Mimi Chakraborty , Shalmi Barman , Tista Duuta and Anindya Chatterjee in pivotal roles . The film is about youngsters and the story of the film revolves around a young sheltered man who suddenly discovers life when he comes out on to the streets one day . The movie was released on 7 December 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Abhijeet Guha Sudeshna Roy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeet Ganguly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeet_Ganguly', 'summary': 'Jeet Gannguli ( pronounced [ dʒit ɡaŋɡuli ] , Bengali : pronunciation ( help·info ) , born Chandrajeet Ganguly , on 24 May 1977 ) , popularly known as Jeet , is a score composer of Bengali and Hindi movies . Gannguli is a music director in Bollywood , scoring music for films .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arjun Chakraborty Mimi Chakraborty Y', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arjun_Chakraborty', 'summary': 'Arjun Chakraborty ( Bengali : অর্জুন চক্রবর্তী ) is an Indian actor and director based in Kolkata . He made is debut as an actor in the 1983 Hindi film Zara Si Zindagi , and his first major role was in the 1986 film Ankush starring Nana Patekar . Later he shifted mainly to the Bengali film industry starting with the 1989 film Kari Diye Kinlam . He made his directorial debut in 2008 with the film Tollylights .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mimi_Chakraborty', 'summary': 'Mimi Chakraborty is an Indian actress and politician . She is known for her work in Bengali cinema and television . She was listed as the most desirable woman in the Calcutta Times list of Most Desirable Women 2016 . In 2019 , she joined politics and contested from Jadavpur Loksabha Constituency in 2019 Indian general election as a Trinamool Congress candidate . She is a Member of Parliament in the 17th Lok Sabha from Jadavpur constituency .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shabdo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shabdo', 'summary': "Shabdo [ α ] ( Sound ) is a 2013 Indian Bengali film directed by Kaushik Ganguly . The film revolves around the life of Tarak , a foley artist of Bengali film . Tarak 's job is to create ambient sounds for films , but , he gradually gets trapped in his own world , a world full of sound ( i.e . Shabdo ) . It won the 60th National Film Awards for Best Feature Film in Bengali and the Best Audiography ."}]}, {'value': 'Kaushik Ganguly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaushik_Ganguly', 'summary': 'Kaushik Ganguly is an Indian director , screenwriter and actor in Bengali cinema . He is known for his works that explore sexuality , like Ushnatar Janye ( 2003 ) , which deals with a lesbian relationship , and Arekti Premer Golpo ( 2010 ) , which examines transgender identity . His other films explore various social issues .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ritwik Chakraborty Raima Sen Y', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ritwik_Chakraborty', 'summary': 'Ritwick Chakraborty is a Bengali actor who works in Bengali cinema .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Raima_Sen', 'summary': 'Raima Sen ( born Raima Dev Varma on 11 November 1979 ) is an Indian actress who is known for her work in Bengali and Hindi Film industry .'}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maach Mishti & More', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maach_Mishti_&_More', 'summary': "Maach Mishti & More ( English : Fish , sweet and more ) is a 2013 Indian Bengali drama film directed by Mainak Bhaumik . This is a comedy film about today 's Bengali generation . Rituparno Ghosh wrote lyrics of the songs of this film ."}]}, {'value': 'Mainak Bhaumik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mainak_Bhaumik', 'summary': 'Mainak Bhaumik is a Bengali film director and editor . He made his directorial debut with 2006 Bengali film Aamra .'}]}, {'value': 'Rituparno Ghosh Y', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rituparno_Ghosh', 'summary': "Rituparno Ghosh ( 31 August 1963 - 30 May 2013 ) was a prolific Indian film director , actor , writer and lyricist . After pursuing a degree in economics , he started his career as a creative artist at an advertising agency . He received recognition for his second feature film Unishe April which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film . Having won 19 National Awards , along with his contemporaries Aparna Sen and Goutam Ghose , Rituparno heralded contemporary Bengali cinema to greater heights . Ghosh died on 30 May 2013 in Kolkata after a heart attack . Ghosh was also one of the openly queer personalities in Indian culture . Ghosh was influenced by the works of Satyajit Ray and was an avid reader of Rabindranath Tagore . Tagore 's work is frequently referenced to in his films . He also made a documentary titled Jeevan Smriti on the life of Tagore . In his career spanning almost two decades , he won 12 National and numerous International awards . His unreleased Bengali movie Sunglass ( also known as Taak Jhaank ) was honoured and released at the 19th Kolkata International Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Neel Dutt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neel_Dutt', 'summary': 'Neel Dutt ( Bengali : নীল দত্ত ; born 7 March 1979 ) is an Indian music composer and singer from Kolkata , West Bengal ( India ) . He received the National Award ( Rajat Kamal ) from the Govt . of India , for Best Music Direction in 2012 for the soundtrack of the Bengali film Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona . ( Ranjana I aint coming back no more ) . Dutt is the third Bengali to win the National Award for Best Music Direction from Bengal . He is arguably the first music director in India to rearrange a Rabindranath Tagore composition with modern electronic music .'}]}, {'value': 'Parambrata Chatterjee Raima Sen Parno Mittra Swastika Mukherjee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parambrata_Chatterjee', 'summary': "Parambrata Chattopadhyay ( born 27 June 1980 ) is an Indian film actor , director , producer , and television personality . He has a significant following in West Bengal , India . Parambrata started his career with Bengali television and films . He made his Hindi debut in Kahaani ( 2012 ) , starring along with Vidya Balan and Nawazuddin Siddiqui . He also acted in Bhalo Theko ( 2003 ) , which is Vidya Balan 's debut film . He has a very good knowledge of world music and has sung for few Bengali films like Chaya Manush and Samantaral ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Raima_Sen', 'summary': 'Raima Sen ( born Raima Dev Varma on 11 November 1979 ) is an Indian actress who is known for her work in Bengali and Hindi Film industry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Parno_Mittra', 'summary': "Parno Mittra is an Indian actress who appears in Bengali films . She is best known for her role as Ranjana in Anjan Dutta 's National Award winning Bengali film Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona ( 2011 ) . Mittra started her career on television . Her acting assignment was Rabi Ojha 's Bengali TV series Khela ( 2007 ) . She was catapulted to stardom after she enacted Ranjana in Anjan Dutta 's National Award winning Bengali film Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona ( 2011 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Swastika_Mukherjee', 'summary': 'Swastika Mukherjee ( born 13 December 1980 ) is an Indian actress and the daughter of Santu Mukhopadhyay . Mukherjee first appeared on screens in the TV serial Devdasi and made her film debut in 2001 in Hemante Pakhi . Her first lead role came with Mastan ( 2004 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahare Mon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahare_Mon', 'summary': 'Ahare Mon is a 2018 Indian Bengali film directed by Pratim D. Gupta and stars Adil Hussain , Anjan Dutt , Mamata Shankar , Ritwick Chakraborty , Paoli Dam , Parno Mittra and Chitrangada Chakraborty in the lead roles .'}]}, {'value': 'Pratim D Gupta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pratim_D_Gupta', 'summary': 'Pratim D. Gupta is an Indian journalist , film critic , screenwriter and film director . He reviews Bollywood films for The Telegraph newspaper . His first film as writer-director is Paanch Adhyay , starring Priyanshu Chatterjee and Dia Mirza . His subsequent films Shaheb Bibi Golaam and Maacher Jhol have been big box office hits . His new film is called Shantilal o Projapoti Rahashya .'}]}, {'value': 'Y', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neel Dutt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neel_Dutt', 'summary': 'Neel Dutt ( Bengali : নীল দত্ত ; born 7 March 1979 ) is an Indian music composer and singer from Kolkata , West Bengal ( India ) . He received the National Award ( Rajat Kamal ) from the Govt . of India , for Best Music Direction in 2012 for the soundtrack of the Bengali film Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona . ( Ranjana I aint coming back no more ) . Dutt is the third Bengali to win the National Award for Best Music Direction from Bengal . He is arguably the first music director in India to rearrange a Rabindranath Tagore composition with modern electronic music .'}]}, {'value': 'Paoli Dam Ritwick Chakraborty Parno Mittra Adil Hussain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paoli_Dam', 'summary': "Paoli Dam ( born 4 October 1980 ) is an Indian actress who started her career in 2004 , with the Bengali television serial Jibon Niye Khela . She then worked in Bengali television serials such as Tithir Atithi and Sonar Harin ; the former ran for six years on ETV Bangla . Dam spent her childhood in Kolkata , earning a postgraduate degree in chemistry from Rajabazar Science College . Initially , she wanted to become a chemical researcher or a pilot . Her debut Bengali film - Teen Yaari Katha , directed by Sudeshna Roy and Abhijit Guha - began in 2004 , but was not released until 2012 . Dam 's first film release was Agnipariksha , directed by Rabi Kinagi . Between 2006 and 2009 , she appeared in five Bengali films , coming into prominence with the 2009 Kaalbela , directed by Goutam Ghose . In 2011 , she received international recognition for her role in the Bengali film Chatrak . The film was screened at the Cannes film festival and also at film festivals in Toronto and the U.K . In 2012 , Dam made her Bollywood debut in Hate Story and also appeared in Vikram Bhatt 's Ankur Arora Murder Case , directed by Sohail Tatari . She won the Viewers ' Choice Award for Best Actress for her performance in Natoker Moto at the Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival in 2016 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ritwick_Chakraborty', 'summary': 'Ritwick Chakraborty is a Bengali actor who works in Bengali cinema .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Parno_Mittra', 'summary': "Parno Mittra is an Indian actress who appears in Bengali films . She is best known for her role as Ranjana in Anjan Dutta 's National Award winning Bengali film Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona ( 2011 ) . Mittra started her career on television . Her acting assignment was Rabi Ojha 's Bengali TV series Khela ( 2007 ) . She was catapulted to stardom after she enacted Ranjana in Anjan Dutta 's National Award winning Bengali film Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona ( 2011 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Adil_Hussain', 'summary': 'Adil Hussain ( pronounced [ ʕaːdɪl ħuˈseːn ] ) is an Indian actor who has worked in Indian cinema , including art house cinema and mainstream Bollywood , as well as international cinema , in films such as The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Life of Pi ( both 2012 ) . He received National Film Awards ( Special Jury ) at the 2017 National Film Awards for Hotel Salvation and Maj Rati Keteki . He has starred in English , Hindi , Assamese , Bengali , Tamil , Marathi , Malayalam , Norwegian and French films .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Others', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Srijit_Mukherji_1', 'intro': "Srijit Mukherji (born 23 September 1977), is a film director and screenwriter who predominantly works in Bengali cinema. His regular collaboration with veteran superstar Prosenjit Chatterjee brought him into the limelight. His first feature film Autograph (2010), was a critical and commercial success, where he had written the script with Chatterjee in mind. Since the time of Autograph, Chatterjee and he went on to deliver some of the biggest commercial hits of all time. His fifth film, Jaatishwar, won four national awards at India's 61st National Film Awards (2014). He won the National Film Award for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay for his sixth film, Chotushkone, at India's 62nd National Film Awards. His eighth film, Rajkahini had been remade into a Hindi film titled, Begum Jaan, starring Vidya Balan in 2017. His 2018 release Ek Je Chhilo Raja won the 'Best Bengali Film' Award at India's National Film Awards."} | null | null | In what town was the director of the film titled `` Take a Sixer '' in English born ? | Halisahar |
0a3967cdfce9dc2d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'title': 'Eurovision Song Contest 1959', 'header': ['Voting order', 'Country', 'Spokespersons', 'Commentator ( s )', 'Broadcaster ( s )'], 'data': [{'value': '01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "Belgium was represented by Bob Benny , with the song 'Hou toch van mij , at the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest , which took place on 11 March in Cannes , France . The song was chosen at the Belgian national final on 15 February . Benny would represent Belgium again in the 1961 contest ."}]}, {'value': 'Bert Leysen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nic Bal Paule Herreman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paule_Herreman', 'summary': "Paule Herreman ( 1919-1991 ) was a Belgian Actress and television presenter for RTBF . Herreman started her television as chief television announcer . In 1954 she joined INR to work with Eurovision . Herreman would continue to maintain her connections to Eurovision , providing the French language commentary for RTBF viewers on 10 occasions for the Eurovision Song Contest between the years of 1959 and 1979 . She also commentated for RTBF viewers at the Jeux Sans Frontières between 1967 and 1982 . As an actress Herreman played very small roles in films such as L'Œuvre au noir and Blueberry Hill ; she also appeared in the music video to Break It Up featuring American athlete Carl Lewis ."}]}, {'value': 'NIR , INR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eén', 'summary': 'Eén ( English : one , stylized as één ) is a public Dutch-language TV station in Belgium , owned by the VRT , which also owns Ketnet , Canvas and several radio stations . Although the channel is commercial-free , short sponsorship messages are broadcast in between some programmes . Eén focuses on drama , entertainment , news and current affairs in a similar vein to BBC One in the United Kingdom . The station was formerly known as VRT TV1 until the current Eén branding was launched as part of a major station revamp on 21 January 2005 , with a look created by BBC Broadcast . Eén is considered to be the equivalent of its Walloon counterpart , La Une , the first channel of the Belgian Francophone ( French-speaking ) broadcaster , RTBF .'}, {'url': '/wiki/La_Une', 'summary': 'La Une French pronunciation : [ la yn ] is a Belgian national television channel , owned and operated by the French-language public-service broadcasting organization RTBF . La Une is considered the equivalent of Flemish station Eén , the first channel of the Flemish broadcaster , VRT .'}]}, {'value': '02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "The United Kingdom participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1959 . The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) organised a national final to select the United Kingdom 's entry for the contest . The song selected was Sing , Little Birdie , performed by Pearl Carr & Teddy Johnson . The song placed second in the contest , at the time the United Kingdom 's best result in the competition , and remained so until their first victory in 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pete Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pete_Murray_(DJ)', 'summary': 'Peter Murray James , OBE ( born 19 September 1925 ) , known professionally as Pete Murray , is a British radio and television presenter and a stage and screen actor . His broadcasting career spanned over 50 years .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Sloan Pete Murray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Sloan_(television_executive)', 'summary': 'Thomas James Harman Sloan OBE { ( 14 October 1919 - 13 May 1970 ) was a British broadcaster and journalist and BBC Head of Light Entertainment in the 1960s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pete_Murray_(DJ)', 'summary': 'Peter Murray James , OBE ( born 19 September 1925 ) , known professionally as Pete Murray , is a British radio and television presenter and a stage and screen actor . His broadcasting career spanned over 50 years .'}]}, {'value': 'BBC Television Service BBC Light Programme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_One', 'summary': "BBC One ( or BBC1 and BBC 1 ) is the first and flagship television channel of the BBC in the United Kingdom , Isle of Man and Channel Islands . It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service , and was the world 's first regular television service with a high level of image resolution . It was renamed BBC TV in 1960 , using this name until the launch of the second BBC channel BBC2 in 1964 , whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1 , with the current spelling adopted in 1997 . The channel 's annual budget for 2012-13 was £1.14 billion . The channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBC 's other domestic television stations , and shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising . It is currently the most watched television channel in the United Kingdom , ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership , ITV . As of June 2013 [ update ] , the channel is headed by Charlotte Moore , the BBC 's Director of Content ."}, {'url': '/wiki/BBC_Light_Programme', 'summary': 'The Light Programme was a BBC radio station which broadcast chiefly mainstream light entertainment and music from 1945 until 1967 , when it was replaced by BBC Radio 2 . It opened on 29 July 1945 , taking over the longwave frequency which had earlier been used - prior to the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 - by the BBC National Programme . The service was intended as a domestic replacement for the wartime BBC General Forces Programme which had proved popular with civilian audiences in Britain as well as members of the armed forces .'}]}, {'value': '03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "Austria has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 52 times since its debut in 1957 . The country has won twice , in 1966 and 2014 , and currently holds the record for the longest gap between wins , with 48 years between victories . The contest is broadcast in Austria by ORF . Vienna was the host city on both of the occasions that the contest was held in Austria , in 1967 and 2015 . Having finished sixth at the 1964 contest and fourth in 1965 , Udo Jurgens won at his third attempt in 1966 with the song Merci Chérie . This was Austria 's only top three result of the 20th century . Austria won again in 2014 , with Conchita Wurst and Rise Like a Phoenix . Austria has finished last in the contest final seven times ( 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1979 , 1984 , 1988 and 1991 ) and finished last in the semifinal in 2012 . Cesár Sampson achieved Austria 's eighth top five result and second-best result of the 21st century at the 2018 contest , finishing third with the song Nobody But You ."}]}, {'value': 'Karl Bruck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elena Gerhard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ORF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ORF1', 'summary': 'ORF 1 is an Austrian public television channel owned by ORF . It was the first television channel in Austria , started in 1955 . ORF 1 is one of four public TV channels in Austria . It is funded by a mixture of advertising revenue and television licence fees : as such , unlike the German TV stations ( which are generally available free-to-air ) , ORF 1 and its sister channels are encrypted over satellite .'}]}, {'value': '04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "Switzerland has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 60 times since making its debut at the first contest in 1956 , missing only four contests , in 1995 , 1999 , 2001 and 2003 . Switzerland hosted the first contest in 1956 in Lugano , and won it . Switzerland won the contest again in 1988 , with the 1989 contest being held in Lausanne . Lys Assia won the first contest in 1956 with the song Refrain . She returned to place second in 1958 . Switzerland would go on to finish second with Esther Ofarim ( 1963 ) and Daniela Simmons ( 1986 ) and third with Franca Di Rienzo ( 1961 ) and Arlette Zola ( 1982 ) , before winning the contest for the second time in 1988 with Celine Dion and the song Ne partez pas sans moi . Annie Cotton gave the country its 15th top five result in 1993 , when she placed third . Since the introduction of the semi-final round in 2004 , Switzerland have failed to reach the final in 11 of 16 contests . Switzerland returned to the top five for the first time in 26 years when Luca Hänni gave the country its 16th top five result by finishing fourth in 2019 . The country 's only other top 10 result of the 21st century is girl group Vanilla Ninja 's eighth-place in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Boris Acquadro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theodor Haller', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TV DRS , TSR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SRF_1', 'summary': 'SRF 1 is a German-language Swiss television channel , one of three produced by the SRG SSR public-service broadcasting group ( the others being SRF zwei and SRF info ) . The channel , formerly known as SF1 , was renamed on 16 December 2012 , together with its sister German-speaking TV channels and five radio channels , as part of an exercise aimed at emphasizing their common ownership as well as establishing a shared web presence for all of them . The channel promotes itself as a full-service TV station with a high proportion of home-produced content , especially documentaries and dramas that offers news and current affairs , education , arts , and entertainment for all , and it focuses on drama , entertainment , news and current affairs at a similar vein to BBC One ( United Kingdom ) , RTÉ One ( Ireland ) , RÚV Sjónvarpið ( Iceland ) , VRT Eén ( Belgium ) , NPO1 ( Netherlands ) , NRK1 ( Norway ) , SVT1 ( Sweden ) , ORF2 ( Austria ) , and ARD1 Das Erste ( Germany ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/RTS_Un', 'summary': 'RTS 1 is a Swiss public television channel owned by RTS Radio Télévision Suisse , the public broadcaster for the French speaking Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': '05', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': 'Sweden was in their second Eurovision Song Contest represented by Brita Borg with the song Augustin . The winning song was elected in the Swedish national final : Melodifestivalen 1959 . Eight semi-finals were held on the radio . During the semi-finals , Sveriges Radio decided that the winning song would represent Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 1959 . The singer for Cannes had already been selected .'}]}, {'value': 'Roland Eiworth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jan Gabrielsson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sveriges Radio-TV , SR P1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SVT1', 'summary': 'SVT1 ( SVT Ett ) is the primary television station of the Swedish public service broadcaster Sveriges Television in Sweden .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sveriges_Radio', 'summary': "Sveriges Radio AB ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛs ˈrɑ̌ːdɪʊ ] , Sweden 's Radio ) is Sweden 's national publicly funded radio broadcaster . Sveriges Radio is a public limited company , owned by an independent foundation , previously funded through a licensing fee , the level of which is decided by the Swedish Riksdag . As of January 1 , 2019 , the funds stem from standard taxation . No advertising is permitted . Its legal status could be described as that of a quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization ."}]}, {'value': '06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "Germany was represented by twins Alice & Ellen Kessler , with the song 'Heute Abend wollen wir tanzen geh ' n , at the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest , which took place on 11 March in Cannes , France . For the first time , the German entry was chosen internally rather than through a public final ."}]}, {'value': 'Hans-Joachim Rauschenbach', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elena Gerhard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deutsches Fernsehen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Das_Erste', 'summary': 'Das Erste ( German : [ das ˈʔeːɐ̯stə ] , The First ) is the flagship national television channel of the ARD association of public broadcasting corporations in Germany . ARD and ZDF - the Second German Television Channel - together comprise the public service television broadcasters in the German television system . Das Erste is jointly operated by the nine regional public broadcasting corporations that are members of the ARD . The channel was officially launched on 25 December 1952 as NWDR-Fernsehen and renamed to Deutsches Fernsehen in 1954 . Since 1996 , the official brand is Das Erste ; the full name Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen ( First German Television ) is still used before every major news edition . In colloquial speech , the station is usually called Erstes Programm ( First Channel ) , or by its metonym , ARD .'}]}, {'value': '07', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "The Netherlands was represented by Teddy Scholten , with the song 'Een beetje , at the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest , which took place on 11 March in Cannes , France . Song and singer were chosen independently of each other at the Dutch national final , held on 17 February . Scholten went on to win the 1959 contest for the Netherlands , the first time a country had scored two Eurovision victories . The 1957 contest winner Corry Brokken failed in her bid to represent the Netherlands for a fourth consecutive year , while future Dutch representative Greetje Kauffeld was also among those taking part ."}]}, {'value': 'Siebe van der Zee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piet te Nuyl', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NTS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NPO_1', 'summary': 'NPO 1 ( formerly Nederland 1 Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌneːdərlɑnt ˈeːn ] until 2014 ) is the first national television station in the Netherlands , it launched on 2 October 1951 . It provides public broadcasting and currently exists next to sister channels NPO 2 and NPO 3 . A wide range of broadcasting organisations of the Publieke Omroep deliver programs . A wide variety of programs is broadcast on the channel , usually for larger audiences . In 2018 , it was the most viewed channel in the Netherlands , reaching a market share of 22.0% .'}]}, {'value': '08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monaco_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "Monaco has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 24 times since its debut in 1959 . The country 's only win in the contest came in 1971 when Séverine performed Un banc , un arbre , une rue . In 1972 , Monaco was expected to host the contest , but declined . As of 2019 , Monaco is the only microstate which has won the contest . Monaco finished last at its first contest in 1959 before achieving three top three results in the 1960s . Two of these were achieved by François Deguelt , who finished third in 1960 and second in 1962 . Romuald also finished third in 1964 . Severine 's victory in 1971 was the first of five top four results in eight years . The others were achieved by Romauld ( who returned to place fourth in 1974 ) , Mary Christy who was third in 1976 , Michèle Torr , fourth in 1977 and Caline & Olivier Toussaint who were fourth in 1978 . After participating in 1979 , Monaco was absent from the contest for 25 years . Monaco is the only country to have internally selected all of their participants . While some countries organise televised national finals , it is believed [ by whom ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'TBC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claude Darget', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Télé Monte Carlo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TMC_(TV_channel)', 'summary': 'TMC ( pronounced [ te ɛm se ] ) is a Franco-Monégasque general entertainment television channel , owned by the French media holding company TF1 Group .'}]}, {'value': '09', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "Italy was represented by Domenico Modugno , with the song 'Piove ( Ciao , ciao bambina ) , at the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest , which took place on 11 March in Cannes , France . Broadcaster RAI chose the winning song from the 1959 Sanremo Music Festival as their Eurovision entry : the song had been performed twice at Sanremo and for the second consecutive year Modugno was chosen over Johnny Dorelli as the performer . Piove ( Ciao , ciao bambina ) finished only in mid-table in the contest , but for the second year Modugno 's Italian entry proved to be commercially by far the most successful song afterwards . It could not match the phenomenal success of the previous year 's Volare , but was a hit across Europe , reached the top 30 in the United Kingdom and entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the USA ."}]}, {'value': 'Enzo Tortora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enzo_Tortora', 'summary': 'Enzo Tortora ( 30 November 1928 - 18 May 1988 ) was an Italian TV host on national RAI television , who was unjustly convicted of being a member of the Camorra and drug trafficking in 1985 , and sentenced to 10 years in jail . He was acquitted of all charges by the Cassation Court in 1987 .'}]}, {'value': 'Renato Tagliani', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Programma Nazionale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rai_1', 'summary': "Rai 1 is the flagship television channel of Rai , Italy 's national state broadcaster , and the most-watched television channel in the country . It is a free-to-air , general-entertainment channel , mainly focused on shows , movies and public-service messages ; its direct competitor is Mediaset 's Canale 5 ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "Denmark was represented by Birthe Wilke , with the song 'Uh , jeg ville ønske jeg var dig , at the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest , which took place on 11 March in Cannes , France . Uh , jeg ville ønske jeg var dig was chosen as the Danish entry at the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix on 12 February . Wilke had previously come third for Denmark in the 1957 contest in a duet with Gustav Winckler , who was one of her competitors in the 1959 DMGP ."}]}, {'value': 'Svend Pedersen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sejr Volmer-Sørensen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sejr_Volmer-Sørensen', 'summary': "Sejr Volmer-Sørensen ( February 7 , 1914 - May 11 , 1982 ) ( also known as Volmer-Sørensen and Win Volmer-Sørensen ) was a Danish lyricist , actor , director and television host . Born in Kristianstad , Volmer-Sørensen was adopted by a family of leather merchants . In 1932 , he graduated and moved to Paris to train as a pianist and made his debut as a musician at the 1934 Tivoli Concert . In 1950 he joined the Danish broadcaster Danmark Radio , where he became a popular radio and television host , on such shows as Telefonen ringer and På'en igen which he co-hosted with Christian Arhoff . He also hosted the first five Dansk Melodi Grand Prix ( Trials for the Eurovision Song Contest ) . He wrote the lyrics for the winning Eurovision song Dansevise which was sung by Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann . In 1968 he married actress Grethe Sønck . He died in Copenhagen in 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'DR TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DR1', 'summary': "DR1 ( DR Et ) is the flagship television channel of the Danish Broadcasting Corporation ( DR ) . It became Denmark 's first television station when it began broadcasting in 1951 - at first only for an hour a day three times a week . Besides its own productions , the channel also broadcasts co-productions with other Nordic countries through Nordvision , as well as a significant amount of programmes from English-speaking countries like the United States , United Kingdom , and Australia , all in the original language with Danish subtitles . Its news programme is called TV Avisen ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959', 'summary': "France was represented by Jean Philippe , with the song 'Oui , oui , oui , oui , at the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest , which took place on 11 March in Cannes following André Claveau 's victory for France the previous year . It is known that broadcaster RTF held a national final to choose the entry , possibly in late 1958 , but no further details are currently available ."}]}, {'value': 'Marianne Lecène', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claude Darget', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RTF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TF1', 'summary': "TF1 ( té ef un , pronounced [ te ɛf‿œ̃ ] ) is a French free-to-air television channel , controlled by TF1 Group , whose major share-holder is Bouygues . TF1 's average market share of 24% makes it the most popular domestic network . Flagship series broadcast on the channel include CSI , The Voice and House M.D . TF1 is part of the TF1 Group of mass media companies , which also includes the news channel LCI . It used to own the satellite TV provider TPS , which have been sold to the Canal+ Group . The network is a supporter of the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV ( HbbTV ) initiative that is promoting and establishing an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of terrestrial TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luxembourg ( non-participating country )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Claude Darget', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Télé-Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTL9', 'summary': 'RTL9 is a Luxembourg television channel shown internationally to viewers in Luxembourg , France , Monaco , Belgium and francophone Switzerland .'}]}], 'section_title': 'International broadcasts and voting', 'section_text': 'The table above shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1959 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country . Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest , in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language . Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they represented are also included in the table below . [ 4 ]', 'uid': 'Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959_0', 'intro': "The Eurovision Song Contest 1959 was the fourth edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Cannes, France, following André Claveau's win at the 1958 contest in Hilversum, Netherlands with the song Dors, mon amour. It was the first time France hosted the event. The contest was held at Palais des Festivals et des Congrès on Wednesday 11 March 1959, and was hosted by Jacqueline Joubert. Eleven countries participated in the contest. Monaco made its début this year, while Luxembourg decided to withdraw. The United Kingdom returned after their absence from the previous edition. The winner was the Netherlands with the song Een beetje, performed by Teddy Scholten, written by Willy van Hemert and composed by Dick Schallies. This was the Netherlands' second victory in the contest, following their win in 1957 - marking the first time a country had won more than once. Willy van Hemert also wrote the first Dutch winner that year."} | null | null | Which country was earlier in voting order ? A country which was represented by someone singing 'Oui , oui , oui , oui for the 1959 Eurovision Song Contest , or a country which choose to use the song Augustin ? | Sweden |
0a3a7fad33d955ac | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FC_Barcelona_records_and_statistics', 'title': 'List of FC Barcelona records and statistics', 'header': ['Ranking', 'Name', 'Nationality', 'Years', 'Official goals', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lionel Messi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Messi', 'summary': "Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini [ note 1 ] ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ljoˈnel anˈdɾez ˈmesi ] ( listen ) ; [ A ] born 24 June 1987 ) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and captains both Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentina national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time , Messi has won a record six Ballon d'Or awards , [ note 2 ] and a record six European Golden Shoes . He has spent his entire professional career with Barcelona , where he has won a club-record 34 trophies , including ten La Liga titles , four UEFA Champions League titles and six Copas del Rey . A prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker , Messi holds the records for most goals in La Liga ( 433 ) , a La Liga and European league season ( 50 ) , most hat-tricks in La Liga ( 35 ) and the UEFA Champions League ( 8 ) , and most assists in La Liga ( 181 ) and the Copa América ( 13 ) . He has scored over 700 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised in central Argentina , Messi relocated to Spain to join Barcelona at age 13 , for whom he made his competitive debut aged 17 in October 2004 . He established himself as an integral player for the club within the next three years , and in his first uninterrupted season in 2008-09 he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football ; that year , aged 22 , Messi won his first Ballon d'Or . Three successful seasons followed , with Messi winning three consecutive Ballons d'Or , including an unprecedented fourth . During the 2011-12 season , he set the La Liga and European records for most goals scored in a single season , while establishing himself as Barcelona 's all-time top scorer . The following two seasons , Messi finished second for the Ballon d'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo - his perceived career rival - before regaining his best form during the 2014-15 campaign , becoming the all-time top scorer in La Liga and leading Barcelona to a historic second treble , after which he was awarded a fifth Ballon d'Or in 2015 . Messi assumed the captaincy of Barcelona in 2018 , and in 2019 he secured a record sixth Ballon d'Or . An Argentine international , Messi is his country 's all-time leading goalscorer ."}]}, {'value': 'Argentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argentina', 'summary': "Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture ."}]}, {'value': '2004-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '622', 'urls': []}, {'value': '657', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'César', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/César_Rodríguez_Álvarez', 'summary': "César Rodríguez Álvarez ( 6 July 1920 - 1 March 1995 ) , sometimes known as just César , was a Spanish football forward and manager . During his career , which spanned more than two decades , he played mainly for Barcelona , appearing in 351 official matches and scoring 232 goals ( previously counted as 235 ) , making him the highest goalscorer in the club 's history for several decades , until he was passed by Lionel Messi . He won five La Liga championships with the team in a total of 13 major trophies , and was renowned for his ability to score from corners . César represented Spain at the 1950 World Cup . After retiring , he managed both Zaragoza and Barcelona amongst several other professional teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1942-1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '232', 'urls': []}, {'value': '301', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'László Kubala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/László_Kubala', 'summary': "László Kubala Stecz ( 10 June 1927 - 17 May 2002 ) , also referred to as Ladislav Kubala ( in Slovak ) or Ladislao Kubala ( in Spanish ) , was a Hungarian , Czechoslovak and Spanish professional footballer . Regarded as one of the best players in history , he is considered a hero of Barcelona . He played as a forward for , among other clubs , Ferencváros , Slovan Bratislava , Barcelona , and Espanyol . A Hungarian national by birth , he also held Czechoslovak and Spanish citizenship , and in fact played for the national teams of all three countries . Kubala was noted for his quick and skilful dribbling , composed and powerful finishing , and accuracy from free kicks . During the 1950s , he was a leading member of the successful Barcelona team , scoring 280 goals in 345 appearances . During the club 's 1999 centenary celebrations , a fan 's poll declared Kubala the best player ever to play for the Spanish club . After retiring as a player , he had two spells as coach of Barcelona and also coached both Spain 's senior national team and Olympic team ."}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': '1950-1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '194', 'urls': []}, {'value': '281', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis Suárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Suárez', 'summary': "Luis Alberto Suárez Díaz ( American Spanish : [ ˈlwis ˈswaɾes ] ; born 24 January 1987 ) is a Uruguayan professional footballer who plays as a striker for Spanish club Barcelona and the Uruguay national team . Often regarded as one of the best players in the world , [ note 1 ] Suárez has won 18 trophies in his career , which include six league titles , a UEFA Champions League title at club level , and a Copa América with Uruguay . A prolific goalscorer , Suárez has won two European Golden Shoes , an Eredivisie Golden Boot , a Premier League Golden Boot , also ending the six-year dominance of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo by winning La Liga 's Pichichi Trophy in 2016 . He has scored 475 senior career goals for club and country . Suárez began his career as a youth player for Nacional in 2003 . At age 19 , he relocated to the Netherlands to play for Groningen , before transferring to Ajax in 2007 . He won his first trophy in 2010 , the KNVB Cup , finishing the season as the league 's top scorer and was named Dutch Footballer of the Year . A year later , he helped Ajax secure the Eredivisie title , and scored his 100th Ajax goal . In January 2011 , Suárez transferred to Liverpool , and won the League Cup in his first full season . In 2014 , he was named the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and the FWA Footballer of the Year as well as winning the Premier League Golden Boot , and sharing the European Golden Shoe with Cristiano Ronaldo before moving to Barcelona in a transfer worth €82.3 million ( £64.98 million ) , making him one of the most expensive players in football history . In his first season at Barcelona , Suárez starred in an attacking trio alongside Lionel Messi and Neymar , helping the club win a historic second continental treble of La Liga , the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Champions League . Messi , Suárez , Neymar ( dubbed MSN ) , scored a total of 122 goals that season , the most for an attacking front three in Spanish football history ."}]}, {'value': 'Uruguay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uruguay', 'summary': 'Uruguay ( /ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ uɾuˈɣwai ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( Spanish : República Oriental del Uruguay ; Portuguese : República Oriental do Uruguai ) , is a country in the southeastern region of South America . It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east , with the Río de la Plata ( River of Silver ) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast . Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.45 million people , of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , Montevideo . With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometers ( 68,000 sq mi ) , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America , after Suriname . Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4,000 years before the Portuguese established Colónia do Sacramento in 1680 ; Uruguay was colonized by Europeans relatively late compared with neighboring countries . Montevideo was founded as a military stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century , signifying the competing claims over the region . Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828 , following a four-way struggle between Portugal and Spain , and later Argentina and Brazil . It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the 19th century , with the military playing a recurring role in domestic politics . A series of economic crises put an end to a democratic period that had begun in the early 20th century , culminating in a 1973 coup , which established a civic-military dictatorship . The military government persecuted leftists , socialists , and political opponents , resulting in several deaths and numerous instances of torture by the military ; the military relinquished power to a civilian government in 1985 . Uruguay is today a democratic constitutional republic , with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government . Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy , peace , low perception of corruption , e-government , and is first in South America when it comes to press freedom , size of the middle class and prosperity .'}]}, {'value': '2014-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '191', 'urls': []}, {'value': '202', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josep Samitier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josep_Samitier', 'summary': "Josep Samitier Vilalta ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ʒuˈzɛp səmitiˈe ] ; 2 February 1902 - 4 May 1972 ) , also known as José Samitier , was a Spanish footballer , manager and scout who played as a midfielder for FC Barcelona , Real Madrid CF , OGC Nice , the Catalan XI and Spain . He later coached Atlético Madrid , OGC Nice and FC Barcelona and worked as a scout for both Barcelona and Real Madrid . During his playing career with FC Barcelona he scored 184 official goals and currently is the club 's all time fifth top goalscorer behind Luis Suárez , who scored 187 goals ; Ladislao Kubala , who scored 194 goals ; César , who scored 232 goals and Lionel Messi , who scored 613 goals . As a player , he pioneered the midfield general role and was nicknamed Surrealista ( The Surrealist ) and Home Magosta ( The Grasshopper Man ) due to his style . As a manager , he led Barcelona to a La Liga title in 1945 and as a scout he recruited another CF Barcelona legend Ladislao Kubala . However , he was later accused of acting as a double agent when the club tried to sign Alfredo Di Stéfano and in the 1960s he fell out with Helenio Herrera and went to work for Real Madrid . Despite his role in the Di Stéfano affair , twice defecting to Real Madrid and his friendship with Francisco Franco , he remained a legendary figure at FC Barcelona . [ citation needed ] When he died in 1972 he was given a state funeral and a street that leads to Camp Nou ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1919-1932', 'urls': []}, {'value': '184', 'urls': []}, {'value': '361', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josep Escolà', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josep_Escolà', 'summary': 'Josep Escolà Segalés ( 28 August 1914 - 7 March 1998 ) , also referred to as José Escolà , was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward . He spent most of his club career at FC Barcelona . Escolà also played for both Spain and the Catalan XI . After retiring as player in 1948 , Escolà managed CF Badalona , CE Sabadell FC , CD Castellón and Levante UD .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1934-1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '167', 'urls': []}, {'value': '236', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paulino Alcántara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paulino_Alcántara', 'summary': 'Paulino Alcántara Riestrá ( 7 October 1896 - 13 February 1964 ) was a Spanish Filipino football player and manager who played as a forward . He spent most of his playing career at FC Barcelona and also represented Catalonia , the Philippines and Spain . Alcántara made his debut for Barcelona at the age of 15 and remains the youngest player to play or score for the club . He scored 369 goals in 357 official and friendly matches for Barcelona , a club record that stood for 87 years . After retiring as a player in 1927 at the age of 31 , he became a doctor . He served as a club director between 1931 and 1934 . In 1951 , Alcántara became a coach and managed Spain for three games .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1912-16 , 1918-27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '143', 'urls': []}, {'value': '395', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Samuel Eto ' o", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Samuel_Eto'o", 'summary': "Samuel Eto ' o Fils ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ samɥɛl eto fis ] ; born 10 March 1981 ) is a Cameroonian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . In his prime , Eto ' o was regarded by pundits as one of the best strikers in the world , and he is regarded as one of the greatest African players of all time , winning the African Player of the Year a record four times : in 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , and 2010 . A precocious talent , Eto ' o moved to Real Madrid as a 16 year old . Due to competition in his position with more experienced players , he had several loan spells , before signing for Mallorca in 2000 where he scored 70 goals . His impressive form saw him join Barcelona in 2004 where he scored 130 goals in five seasons and also became the record holder for the most number of appearances by an African player in La Liga . Winning La Liga three times , he was a key member of the Barcelona attack , alongside Ronaldinho , that won the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final , with Eto ' o scoring in the final , and was part of a front three of Lionel Messi and Thierry Henry that won the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final , with Eto ' o again scoring in the final . He is the second player in history to score in two UEFA Champions League finals . At Barcelona , Eto ' o came in third for the FIFA World Player of the Year in 2005 and was twice named in the FIFA FIFPro World XI , in 2005 and 2006 . In 2010 , he signed with Inter Milan , where he became the first player to win two European continental trebles following his back-to-back achievements with Barcelona and Inter . He is the fourth player in Champions League history , after Marcel Desailly , Paulo Sousa , and Gerard Piqué , to have won the trophy two years in a row with different teams . After brief spells with Anzhi Makhachkala , Chelsea , Everton , and Sampdoria , Eto ' o found prolific form again in the Süper Lig with Antalyaspor having scored 44 goals in 76 league games . In 2015 , he received the Golden Foot Award ."}]}, {'value': 'Cameroon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameroon', 'summary': "Cameroon ( /ˌkæməˈruːn/ ( listen ) ; French : Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( French : République du Cameroun ) , is a country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean . Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state , it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having a strong West African history . The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa . Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people . The official languages of the country are English and French . Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun . After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates ."}]}, {'value': '2004-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '130', 'urls': []}, {'value': '152', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rivaldo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rivaldo', 'summary': "Rivaldo Vítor Barbosa Ferreira ( born 19 April 1972 ) , known as Rivaldo ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʁiˈvawdu ] ) , is a Brazilian former professional footballer . He played mainly as an attacking midfielder but also as a second striker . Although predominantly left footed , he was capable of playing on either flank , and was on occasion deployed as a wide midfielder or as a winger . He spent five years with Spanish club Barcelona , where he formed a successful partnership with Patrick Kluivert , and won the 1998 and 1999 Spanish La Liga championship and the 1998 Copa del Rey . With 130 goals for Barcelona he is the club 's ninth highest goalscorer . His three goals against Valencia in June 2001 which qualified Barcelona for the Champions League , the last goal of which was a last minute 20-yard bicycle kick winner , is often ranked the greatest hat-trick ever . From 1993 and 2003 , Rivaldo played 74 matches and scored 35 goals for Brazil and is the seventh highest goalscorer . He helped Brazil reach the final of the 1998 FIFA World Cup , and won the 1999 Copa América where he was named player of the tournament . Rivaldo starred alongside Ronaldo and Ronaldinho in the 2002 FIFA World Cup winning team . He was named in the FIFA World Cup All-Star Team in 1998 and 2002 . One of the most skillful and creative players of his generation , Rivaldo was renowned for his bending free kicks , bicycle kicks , powerful ball striking from distance , and ability to both score and create goals . In 1999 , he won the Ballon d'Or and was named FIFA World Player of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '1997-2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': '130', 'urls': []}, {'value': '137', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mariano Martín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariano_Martín', 'summary': 'Mariano Martín Alonso ( 20 October 1919 - 9 September 1998 ) was a Spanish footballer who played as a striker .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1940-1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': '128', 'urls': []}, {'value': '214', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players records -- Top goalscorers', 'section_text': 'As of match played 30 January 2020 [ 1 ] [ 2 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_FC_Barcelona_records_and_statistics_1', 'intro': "Futbol Club Barcelona is a professional football club, based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper, the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism, hence the motto Més que un club (More than a club). The official Barça anthem is the Cant del Barça, written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs. Unlike many other football clubs, the supporters own and operate Barcelona. It is the world's second richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of €495 million in 2011-12 season. Barcelona played its first friendly match on 8 December 1899 against the English colony in Barcelona in the old velodrome in Bonanova. Initially, Barcelona played against other local clubs in various Catalan tournaments. In 1929, the club became one of the founding members of La Liga, Spain's first truly national league, and has since achieved the distinction of being one of only three clubs to have never been relegated, along with Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao. Barcelona is the only European club to have played continental football every season since 1955. Barcelona holds a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid, with matches between the two teams referred to as El Clásico (El Clàssic in Catalan). Matches against city rivals Espanyol are known as the Derbi barceloní. Barcelona has amassed various records since its founding."} | null | null | The player with the fewest total goals played for what country ? | Brazil |
0a3aebd88b481182 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community', 'title': 'European Economic Community', 'header': ['State', 'Accession', 'Language ( s )', 'Currency', 'Population ( 1990 )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '25 March 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch , French and German', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dutch_language', 'summary': 'Dutch ( Nederlands ( help·info ) ) is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people as a first language and 5 million people as a second language , constituting the majority of people in the Netherlands ( where it is the sole official language countrywide ) and Belgium ( as one of three official languages ) . It is the third-most-widely spoken Germanic language , after its close relatives English and German . Outside the Low Countries , it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname where it also holds an official status , as it does in Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten , which are constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean . Historical linguistic minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany , and in Indonesia , [ n 1 ] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States , Canada and Australia combined . [ n 2 ] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans , a mutually intelligible daughter language [ n 3 ] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people , mainly in South Africa and Namibia . [ n 4 ] Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English [ n 5 ] and is colloquially said to be roughly in between them . [ n 6 ] Dutch , like English , has not undergone the High German consonant shift , does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker , has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive , and has levelled much of its morphology , including most of its case system . [ n 7 ] Features shared with German include the survival of two to three grammatical genders - albeit with few grammatical consequences [ n 8 ] - as well as the use of modal particles , final-obstruent devoicing , and a similar word order . [ n 9 ] Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates slightly more Romance loans than German but far fewer than English . [ n 10 ] As with German , the vocabulary of Dutch also has strong similarities with the continental Scandinavian languages , but is not mutually intelligible in text or speech with any of them .'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}, {'url': '/wiki/German_language', 'summary': 'German ( Deutsch , pronounced [ dɔʏtʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe . It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , South Tyrol in Italy , the German-speaking Community of Belgium and Liechtenstein . It is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg and a co-official language in the Opole Voivodeship in Poland . The languages that are most similar to German are the other members of the West Germanic language branch , including Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , Low German/Low Saxon , Luxembourgish , and Yiddish . There are strong similarities in vocabulary with Danish , Norwegian and Swedish , although those belong to the North Germanic group . German is the second most widely spoken Germanic language , after English . One of the major languages of the world , German is a native language to almost 100 million people worldwide and the most widely spoken native language in the European Union . German is the third most commonly spoken foreign language in the EU after English and French , making it the second biggest language in the EU in terms of overall speakers . German is also the second most widely taught foreign language in the EU after English at primary school level ( but third after English and French at lower secondary level ) , the fourth most widely taught non-English language in the US ( after Spanish , French and American Sign Language ) , and the second most commonly used scientific language as well as the third most widely used language on websites after English and Russian . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books , with one tenth of all books ( including e-books ) in the world being published in the German language . In the United Kingdom , German and French are the most sought-after foreign languages for businesses ( with 49% and 50% of businesses identifying these two languages as the most useful , respectively ) . German is an inflected language with four cases for nouns , pronouns and adjectives ( nominative , accusative , genitive , dative ) , three genders ( masculine , feminine , neuter ) , two numbers ( singular , plural ) , and strong and weak verbs .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgian franc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgian_franc', 'summary': 'The Belgian franc ( Dutch : Belgische frank , French : Franc belge , German : Belgischer Franken ) was the currency of the Kingdom of Belgium from 1832 until 2002 when the Euro was introduced . It was subdivided into 100 subunits , known as centiemen ( Dutch ) , centimes ( French ) or Centime ( German ) .'}]}, {'value': '10,016,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '25 March 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French franc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_franc', 'summary': 'The franc ( /fræŋk/ ; French : [ fʁɑ̃ ] ; sign : F or Fr ) , [ n 2 ] also commonly distinguished as the French franc ( FF ) , was a currency of France . Between 1360 and 1641 , it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount of money . It was reintroduced ( in decimal form ) in 1795 . After two centuries of inflation , it was revalued in 1960 , with each new franc ( NF ) being worth 100 old francs . The NF designation was continued for a few years before the currency returned to being simply the franc ; some mostly older French continued to reference and value items in terms of the old franc ( equivalent to the new centime ) until the introduction of the euro in 1999 ( for accounting purposes ) and 2002 ( for coins and banknotes ) . The French franc was a commonly held international reserve currency of reference in the 19th and 20th centuries .'}]}, {'value': '56,718,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Germany / Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Germany', 'summary': 'West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '25 March 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'German mark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deutsche_Mark', 'summary': "The Deutsche Mark ( German : [ ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈmaɐ̯k ] ( listen ) , German mark ) , abbreviated DM or D-Mark ( help·info ) , was the official currency of West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified Germany from 1990 until 2002 . It was first issued under Allied occupation in 1948 to replace the Reichsmark , and served as the Federal Republic of Germany 's official currency from its founding the following year until the adoption of the euro . In English it is commonly called the Deutschmark ( /ˈdɔɪtʃmɑːrk/ ) ; this expression is unknown in Germany . [ citation needed ] The Germans usually called it D-Mark when referring to the currency , and Mark when talking about individual sums . [ citation needed ] In 1999 , the Deutsche Mark was replaced by the Euro ; its coins and banknotes remained in circulation , defined in terms of euros , until the introduction of euro notes and coins on 1 January 2002 . The Deutsche Mark ceased to be legal tender immediately upon the introduction of the euro - in contrast to the other eurozone nations , where the euro and legacy currency circulated side by side for up to two months . Mark coins and banknotes continued to be accepted as valid forms of payment in Germany until 28 February 2002 . The Deutsche Bundesbank has guaranteed that all German marks in cash form may be changed into euros indefinitely , and one may do so in person at any branch of the Bundesbank in Germany . Banknotes and coins can even be sent to the Bundesbank by mail . In 2012 , it was estimated that as many as 13.2 billion marks were in circulation , with one poll showing a narrow majority of Germans favouring the currency 's restoration ( although a minority believed this would not bring any economic benefit ) . On 31 December 1998 , the Council of the European Union fixed the irrevocable exchange rate , effective 1 January 1999 , for German mark to euros as DM 1.95583 = €1 . One Deutsche Mark was divided into 100 Pfennige ."}]}, {'value': '63,254,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '25 March 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italian_language', 'summary': 'Italian ( italiano [ itaˈljaːno ] ( listen ) or lingua italiana [ ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family . Italian descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire and , together with Sardinian , is by most measures the closest language to it of the Romance languages . Italian is an official language in Italy , Switzerland ( where it is the first language in Canton Ticino and in the districts of Moesa and Bernina in Canton Graubünden ) , San Marino and Vatican City . It has an official minority status in western Istria ( Croatia and Slovenia ) . It formerly had official status in Albania , Malta , Monaco , Montenegro ( Kotor ) and Greece ( Ionian Islands and Dodecanese ) , and is generally understood in Corsica ( due to its close relation with the Tuscan-influenced local language ) and Savoie . It also used to be an official language in the former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa , where it still plays a significant role in various sectors . Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania , although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries . Many speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian ( either in its standard form or regional varieties ) and other regional languages . Italian is a major European language , being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the fourth most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 69 million native speakers ( 13% of the EU population ) and it is spoken as a second language by 16 million EU citizens ( 3% ) . Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries ( such as Switzerland and Albania ) and on other continents , the total number of speakers is around 90 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Italian lira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italian_lira', 'summary': 'The lira ( Italian : [ ˈliːra ] ; plural lire [ ˈliːre ] ) was the currency of Italy between 1861 and 2002 and of the Albanian Kingdom between 1941 and 1943 . Between 1999 and 2002 , the Italian lira was officially a national subunit of the euro . However , cash payments could be made in lira only , as euro coins or notes were not yet available . The lira was also the currency of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy between 1807 and 1814 . The term originates from the value of a pound weight ( Latin : libra ) of high purity silver and is thus directly related to the British pound sterling from the Germanic silabar ; in some countries , such as Cyprus and Malta , the words lira and pound were used as equivalents , before the euro was adopted in 2008 in the two countries . L , sometimes in a double-crossed script form ( ₤ ) , was the symbol most often used . Until the Second World War , it was subdivided into 100 centesimi ( singular : centesimo ) , which translates to hundredths or cents . The lira was established at 4.5 grams of silver or 290.322 milligrams of gold . This was a direct continuation of the Sardinian lira . Other currencies replaced by the Italian lira included the Lombardy-Venetia pound , the Two Sicilies piastra , the Tuscan fiorino , the Papal States scudo and the Parman lira . In 1865 , Italy formed part of the Latin Monetary Union in which the lira was set as equal to , among others , the French , Belgian and Swiss francs : in fact , in various Gallo-Italic languages in north-western Italy , the lira was outright called franc . This practice has obviously ended with the introduction of the euro in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '56,762,700', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luxembourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourg', 'summary': "Luxembourg ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) LUK-səm-burg ; Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerg [ ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ ] ( listen ) ; French : Luxembourg ; German : Luxemburg ) , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , [ c ] is a landlocked country in western Europe . It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north , Germany to the east , and France to the south . Its capital , Luxembourg City , is one of the four official capitals of the European Union ( together with Brussels , Frankfurt , and Strasbourg ) and the seat of the European Court of Justice , the highest judicial authority in the EU . Its culture , people , and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours , making it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures , as evident by the nation 's three official languages : French , German , and the national language of Luxembourgish . The repeated invasions by Germany , especially in World War II , resulted in the country 's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and , among other things , led to the foundation of the European Union . With an area of 2,586 square kilometres ( 998 sq mi ) , it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe . In 2019 , Luxembourg had a population of 613,894 , which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe , but by far the one with the highest population growth rate . Foreigners account for nearly half of Luxembourg 's population . As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch , it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world 's only remaining sovereign grand duchy . Luxembourg is a developed country , with an advanced economy and one of the world 's highest GDP ( PPP ) per capita . The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city . The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963 , when count Siegfried acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc , little castle , and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier ."}]}, {'value': '25 March 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'French , German and Luxembourgish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourgish_language', 'summary': 'Luxembourgish , Luxemburgish ( /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡɪʃ/ LUK-səm-bur-gish ) , Letzeburgesch ( /ˌlɛts ( ə ) bɜːrˈɡɛʃ/ LETS ( -ə ) -bur-GESH or /ˈlɛts ( ə ) bɜːrɡɪʃ/ LETS ( -ə ) -bur-gish ) ( Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuergesch ) , or Luxembourgian is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg . About 390,000 people speak Luxembourgish worldwide . As a standard form of the Moselle Franconian language , Luxembourgish has similarities with other varieties of High German and the wider group of West Germanic languages . The status of Luxembourgish as an official language in Luxembourg and the existence there of a regulatory body , has removed Luxembourgish , at least in part , from the domain of Standard German , its traditional Dachsprache .'}]}, {'value': 'Luxembourgish franc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luxembourgish_franc', 'summary': "The Luxembourg franc ( F or ISO LUF , French : franc luxembourgeois , Luxembourgish : Lëtzebuerger Frang , German : Luxemburger Franken ) was the currency of Luxembourg between 1854 and 1999 ( except during the period 1941-'44 ) . The franc remained in circulation until 2002 , when it was replaced by the euro . During the period 1999-2002 , the franc was officially a subdivision of the euro ( €1 = 40.3399F ) but the euro did not circulate . Under the principle of no obligation and no prohibition , financial transactions could be conducted in euros and francs , but physical payments could be made only in francs , as euro notes and coins were not available yet . The franc was subdivided into 100 centimes ."}]}, {'value': '384,400', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands', 'summary': "The Kingdom of the Netherlands ( Dutch : Koninkrijk der Nederlanden ; pronounced [ ˈkoːnɪŋkrɛiɡ dɛr ˈneːdərlɑndə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ) , [ nb 1 ] commonly known as the Netherlands , [ nb 2 ] is a sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with the large majority of its territory in Western Europe and with several small West Indian island territories in the Caribbean Sea ( in the Leeward Islands and Leeward Antilles groups ) . The four parts of the kingdom - the Netherlands , Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten - are constituent countries ( landen in Dutch ) and participate on a basis of equality as partners in the kingdom . In practice , however , most of the kingdom 's affairs are administered by the Netherlands - which comprises roughly 98% of the kingdom 's land area and population - on behalf of the entire kingdom . Consequently , Aruba , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten are dependent on the Netherlands for matters like foreign policy and defence , but are autonomous to a certain degree , with their own parliaments . The vast majority in land area of the constituent country of the Netherlands is in Europe , with the exception of the Caribbean Netherlands : its three special municipalities ( Bonaire , Saba , and Sint Eustatius ) are located in the Caribbean Sea like the other three constituent countries . The kingdom has a population of 17,737,438 as of November 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '25 March 1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dutch and Frisian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Frisian_language', 'summary': 'West Frisian , or simply Frisian ( Westerlauwersk Frysk or simply Frysk , pronounced [ friːs ( k ) ] ; Dutch : Westerlauwers Fries , pronounced [ fris ] ) is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland ( Fryslân ) in the north of the Netherlands , mostly by those of Frisian ancestry . It is the most widely spoken of the Frisian languages . In the study of the evolution of English , West Frisian is notable as being the most closely related foreign tongue to the various dialects of Old English spoken across the Heptarchy , these being part of the Anglo-Frisian branch of the West Germanic family , and is therefore often considered to be in-between English and Dutch - Dutch is widely dubbed in-between the Anglo-Saxon derived components of English and German .'}]}, {'value': 'Dutch guilder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dutch_guilder', 'summary': 'The Dutch guilder ( Dutch : gulden , IPA : [ ˈɣɵldə ( n ) ] ) or fl . was the currency of the Netherlands from the 17th century until 2002 , when it was replaced by the euro . Between 1999 and 2002 , the guilder was officially a national subunit of the euro . However , physical payments could only be made in guilder , as no euro coins or banknotes were available . The Netherlands Antillean guilder is still in use in Curaçao and Sint Maarten ( two countries in the Kingdom of the Netherlands ) , but this currency is distinct from the Dutch guilder . In 2004 , the Surinamese guilder was replaced by the Surinamese dollar . The Dutch name gulden was a Middle Dutch adjective meaning golden , and the name indicates the coin was originally made of gold . The symbol ƒ or fl . for the Dutch guilder was derived from another old currency , the florin . The exact exchange rate , still relevant for old contracts and for exchange of the old currency for euros at the central bank , is 2.20371 Dutch guilders ( NLG ) for 1 euro ( EUR ) . Inverted , this gives EUR 0.453780 for NLG 1 .'}]}, {'value': '14,892,300', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '1 January 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danish_language', 'summary': 'Danish ( /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; dansk pronounced [ ˈtænˀsk ] ( listen ) , dansk sprog [ ˈtænˀsk ˈspʁɔu̯ˀ ] ) is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people , principally in Denmark , Greenland and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany , where it has minority language status . Also , minor Danish-speaking communities are found in Norway , Sweden , Spain , the United States , Canada , Brazil , and Argentina . Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas , around 15-20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their first language . Along with the other North Germanic languages , Danish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples who lived in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Danish , together with Swedish , derives from the East Norse dialect group , while the Middle Norwegian language before the influence of Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are classified as West Norse along with Faroese and Icelandic . A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish as mainland Scandinavian , while Icelandic and Faroese are classified as insular Scandinavian . Until the 16th century , Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions . With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing , a standard language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect . It spread through use in the education system and administration , though German and Latin continued to be the most important written languages well into the 17th century . Following the loss of territory to Germany and Sweden , a nationalist movement adopted the language as a token of Danish identity , and the language experienced a strong surge in use and popularity , with major works of literature produced in the 18th and 19th centuries . Today , traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared , though regional variants of the standard language exist . The main differences in language are between generations , with youth language being particularly innovative .'}]}, {'value': 'Danish krone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danish_krone', 'summary': "The krone ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈkʰʁoːnə ] ; plural : kroner ; sign : kr . ; code : DKK ) is the official currency of Denmark , Greenland , and the Faroe Islands , introduced on 1 January 1875 . Both the ISO code DKK and currency sign kr . are in common use ; the former precedes the value , the latter in some contexts follows it . The currency is sometimes referred to as the Danish crown in English , since krone literally means crown . Historically , krone coins have been minted in Denmark since the 17th century . One krone is subdivided into 100 øre ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈøːɐ ] ; singular and plural ) , the name øre is probably derived from the Roman word for gold . Altogether there are eleven denominations of the krone , with the smallest being the 50 øre coin ( one half of a krone ) . Formerly there were more øre coins , but those were discontinued due to inflation . The krone is pegged to the euro via the ERM II , the European Union 's exchange rate mechanism . Adoption of the euro is favoured by some of the major political parties , however a 2000 referendum on joining the Eurozone was defeated with 53.2% voting to maintain the krone and 46.8% voting to join the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '5,146,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '1 January 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irish and English', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irish_language', 'summary': 'Irish ( Gaeilge ) is a Goidelic language of the Celtic languages family , itself a branch of the Indo-European language family . Irish originated in Ireland and was historically spoken by Irish people throughout Ireland . Irish is spoken as a first language in substantial areas of counties Galway , Kerry , Cork and Donegal , smaller areas of Waterford , Mayo and Meath , and a few other locations . It is also spoken by a much larger group of habitual but non-traditional speakers across the country , mostly in urban areas and mostly as a second language . Irish has been the dominant language of the Irish people for most of their recorded history , and they took it with them to other regions , notably Scotland and the Isle of Man , where Middle Irish gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx respectively . It has the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe . Irish has constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland and is an officially recognised minority language in Northern Ireland . It is also among the official languages of the European Union . The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island of Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/English_language', 'summary': 'English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and eventually became a global lingua franca . It is named after the Angles , one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to the area of Great Britain that later took their name , as England . Both names derive from Anglia , a peninsula in the Baltic Sea . The language is closely related to Frisian and Low Saxon , and its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages , particularly Norse ( a North Germanic language ) , and to a greater extent by Latin and French . English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years . The earliest forms of English , a group of West Germanic ( Ingvaeonic ) dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century , are collectively called Old English . Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England ; this was a period in which the language was influenced by French . Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London , the printing of the King James Bible and the start of the Great Vowel Shift . Modern English has been spreading around the world since the 17th century by the worldwide influence of the British Empire and the United States . Through all types of printed and electronic media of these countries , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science , navigation and law . English is the largest language by number of speakers , and the third most-spoken native language in the world , after Standard Chinese and Spanish . It is the most widely learned second language and is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states .'}]}, {'value': 'Irish pound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irish_pound', 'summary': 'The Irish pound ( Irish : punt Éireannach ) was the currency of Ireland until 2002 . Its ISO 4217 code was IEP , and the usual notation was the prefix £ ( or IR£ where confusion might have arisen with the pound sterling or other pounds ) . The Irish pound was replaced by the euro on 1 January 1999 . Euro currency did not begin circulation until the beginning of 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '3,521,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1 January 1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pound sterling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pound_sterling', 'summary': 'Pound sterling ( symbol : £ ; ISO code : GBP ) , commonly known as the pound and less commonly referred to as sterling , is the official currency of the United Kingdom , Jersey , Guernsey , the Isle of Man , Gibraltar , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , the British Antarctic Territory , and Tristan da Cunha . It is subdivided into 100 pence ( singular : penny , abbreviated : p ) . The Pound sterling is the oldest currency in continuous use . A number of nations that do not use sterling also have currencies called the pound . Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market , after the United States dollar , the euro , and the Japanese yen . Together with those three currencies and the Chinese yuan , it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights . As of 30 September 2019 [ update ] , sterling is also the fifth most-held reserve currency in global reserves . The British Crown dependencies of Guernsey , Jersey and the Isle of Man produce their own local issues of sterling ( the Guernsey pound , the Jersey pound and the Manx pound ) which are considered fully equivalent to UK sterling in their respective regions . The pound sterling is also used in Gibraltar ( alongside the Gibraltar pound ) , the Falkland Islands ( alongside the Falkland Islands pound ) , Saint Helena and Ascension Island in Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( alongside the Saint Helena pound ) . The Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling , issuing its own banknotes , and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland . Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England ; their governments guarantee convertibility at par .'}]}, {'value': '57,681,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '1 January 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greek_language', 'summary': 'Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά , elliniká ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece , Cyprus , Albania and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea . It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language , spanning at least 3,500 years of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems . The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world , West Asia and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , and Turkey and by the Greek diaspora . Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .'}]}, {'value': 'Greek drachma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greek_drachma', 'summary': 'The drachma ( Greek : δραχμή Modern Greek : [ ðraxˈmi ] , Ancient Greek : [ drakʰmέː ] ; [ n 1 ] pl . drachmae or drachmas ) was the currency used in Greece during several periods in its history :'}]}, {'value': '10,120,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '1 January 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portuguese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portuguese_language', 'summary': "Portuguese ( português or , in full , língua portuguesa ) is a Western Romance language originating in the Iberian Peninsula . It is the sole official language of Portugal , Brazil , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe . It also has co-official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea and Chinese Macau . As the result of expansion during colonial times , a cultural presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole speakers are also found in Goa , Daman and Diu in India ; in Batticaloa on the east coast of Sri Lanka ; in the Indonesian island of Flores ; in the Malacca state of Malaysia ; and the ABC islands in the Caribbean where Papiamento is spoken , while Cape Verdean Creole is the most widely spoken Portuguese-based Creole . A Portuguese-speaking person or nation is referred to as Lusophone ( Lusófono ) . Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal , and has kept some Celtic phonology and lexicon . With approximately 215 to 220 million native speakers and 250 million total speakers , Portuguese is usually listed as the sixth most natively spoken language in the world , the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers , and the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere . It is also the second-most spoken language , after Spanish , in South America and all of Latin America , one of the 10 most spoken languages in Africa and is an official language of the European Union , Mercosur , OAS , ECOWAS and the African Union . The Community of Portuguese Language Countries is an international organization made up of all of the world 's officially Lusophone nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Portuguese escudo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portuguese_escudo', 'summary': 'The Portuguese escudo was the currency of Portugal prior to the introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999 and its removal from circulation on 28 February 2002 . The escudo was subdivided into 100 centavos . The word escudo means shield . Amounts in escudos were written as escudos $ centavos with the cifrão as the decimal separator ( e.g . 25 $ 00 means $ 25.00 , 100 $ 50 means $ 100.50 ) . Because of the conversion rate of 1000 réis = $ 1 , three decimal places were initially used ( $ 1 = 1 $ 000 ) .'}]}, {'value': '9,862,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1 January 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Spanish peseta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_peseta', 'summary': 'The peseta ( /pəˈseɪtə/ , Spanish : [ peˈseta ] ) [ a ] was the currency of Spain between 1868 and 2002 . Along with the French franc , it was also a de facto currency used in Andorra ( which had no national currency with legal tender ) .'}]}, {'value': '38,993,800', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Members', 'section_text': "Further information : Member state of the European Union and Enlargement of the European Union The six states that founded the EEC and the other two Communities were known as the `` inner six '' ( the `` outer seven '' were those countries who formed the European Free Trade Association ) . The six were France , West Germany , Italy and the three Benelux countries : Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg . The first enlargement was in 1973 , with the accession of Denmark , Ireland and the United Kingdom . Greece , Spain and Portugal joined in the 1980s . The former East Germany became part of the EEC upon German reunification in 1990 . Following the creation of the EU in 1993 , it has enlarged to include an additional sixteen countries by 2013 . Founding members of EEC Later members of EEC", 'uid': 'European_Economic_Community_0', 'intro': "The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation that aimed to bring about economic integration among its member states. It was created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957. [note 1] Upon the formation of the European Union (EU) in 1993, the EEC was incorporated and renamed the European Community (EC). In 2009, the EC's institutions were absorbed into the EU's wider framework and the community ceased to exist. The Community's initial aim was to bring about economic integration, including a common market and customs union, among its six founding members: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. It gained a common set of institutions along with the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) as one of the European Communities under the 1965 Merger Treaty (Treaty of Brussels). In 1993 a complete single market was achieved, known as the internal market, which allowed for the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people within the EEC. In 1994 the internal market was formalised by the EEA agreement. This agreement also extended the internal market to include most of the member states of the European Free Trade Association, forming the European Economic Area, which encompasses 15 countries. Upon the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, the EEC was renamed the European Community to reflect that it covered a wider range than economic policy. This was also when the three European Communities, including the EC, were collectively made to constitute the first of the three pillars of the European Union, which the treaty also founded. The EC existed in this form until it was abolished by the 2009 Treaty of Lisbon, which incorporated the EC's institutions into the EU's wider framework and provided that the EU would replace and succeed the European Community."} | null | null | How many square kilometers is the area of the member of the European Economic Community with the least number more people than France in 1990 ? | 301,340 |
0a3c422759ce1fd3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NASCAR_seasons', 'title': 'List of NASCAR seasons', 'header': ['Season', 'Races', "Drivers ' champion", "Manufacturers ' champion"], 'data': [{'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995_NASCAR_SuperTruck_Series_presented_by_Craftsman', 'summary': 'The 1995 NASCAR SuperTruck Series presented by Craftsman was the inaugural season of the NASCAR SuperTruck Series . The season began on February 5 , 1995 , and ended on October 28 . Mike Skinner of Richard Childress Racing won the championship .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Skinner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Skinner_(racing_driver)', 'summary': 'Michael Skinner ( born June 28 , 1957 ) is an American former stock car racing driver . He has competed in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series , Busch Series and Camping World Truck Series . He has most recently driven the No . 98 Ford Fusion for Phil Parsons Racing in the Cup Series . He is the father of former NASCAR drivers Jamie Skinner and Dustin Skinner . He was born in Susanville , California . Skinner starred as the test driver for the first series of The Grand Tour . He was known as The American , in humorous contrast to the main presenters , who are British .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': 'The 1996 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the second season of the Craftsman Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . Ron Hornaday of Dale Earnhardt , Inc. won the championship . ESPN and TNN broadcast eight races each . CBS carried five races while TBS aired three races .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Hornaday Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Hornaday_Jr.', 'summary': "Ronald Lee Hornaday Jr. ( born June 20 , 1958 ) is an American former professional stock car racing driver . He is the father of former NASCAR driver Ronnie Hornaday , and son of the late Ron Hornaday Sr. , a two-time Winston West Champion . Hornaday is a four-time champion in the Camping World Truck Series , his most recent coming in 2009 . He was a long-time driver in NASCAR 's Winston West Series , and is a Featherlite Southwest Tour Champion . He was noticed by Dale Earnhardt while participating in the NASCAR Winter Heat on TNN ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': 'The 1997 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the third season of the Craftsman Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . Jack Sprague of Hendrick Motorsports won the title . See also : 1997 NASCAR Winston Cup Series , 1997 NASCAR Busch Series'}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Sprague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Sprague', 'summary': "Jack Sprague ( born August 8 , 1964 ) is an American former racing driver who has competed in all of NASCAR 's three top divisions , most notably in the Craftsman Truck Series , where he won series championships in 1997 , 1999 and 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': 'The 1998 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the fourth season of the Craftsman Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . Ron Hornaday of Dale Earnhardt , Inc. won the championship . See also : 1998 NASCAR Winston Cup Series , 1998 NASCAR Busch Series'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Hornaday Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Hornaday_Jr.', 'summary': "Ronald Lee Hornaday Jr. ( born June 20 , 1958 ) is an American former professional stock car racing driver . He is the father of former NASCAR driver Ronnie Hornaday , and son of the late Ron Hornaday Sr. , a two-time Winston West Champion . Hornaday is a four-time champion in the Camping World Truck Series , his most recent coming in 2009 . He was a long-time driver in NASCAR 's Winston West Series , and is a Featherlite Southwest Tour Champion . He was noticed by Dale Earnhardt while participating in the NASCAR Winter Heat on TNN ."}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': 'The 1999 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the fifth season of the Craftsman Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . Jack Sprague of Hendrick Motorsports was crowned champion . See also : 1999 NASCAR Winston Cup Series , 1999 NASCAR Busch Series'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Sprague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Sprague', 'summary': "Jack Sprague ( born August 8 , 1964 ) is an American former racing driver who has competed in all of NASCAR 's three top divisions , most notably in the Craftsman Truck Series , where he won series championships in 1997 , 1999 and 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': 'The 2000 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the sixth season of the Craftsman Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . Greg Biffle of Roush Racing was crowned the series champion . See also : 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series , 2000 NASCAR Busch Series'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greg Biffle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Biffle', 'summary': "Gregory Jack Biffle ( born December 23 , 1969 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the Stadium Super Trucks in the Continental Tire truck , and part time in the 24 Hours of LeMans . After racing in the NASCAR Winter Heat Series in the mid-1990s , he was recommended to Jack Roush by former announcer Benny Parsons . With Roush Racing , he was the 1998 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series Rookie of the Year . He won the 2000 Craftsman Truck championship . He reprised this progression in the NASCAR Busch Series , winning the 2001 Rookie of the Year , immediately followed by winning the 2002 championship . Biffle drove in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series for Roush from 2003 until 2016 , winning 19 races in the No . 16 Ford . He currently is also an analyst for NBC Sports ' show NASCAR America . Biffle , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the first of only three drivers that have won a championship in both the Busch Series and the Craftsman Truck Series , and the sixth of only twenty-nine drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series . Biffle returned to NASCAR in 2019 when he ran the 2019 SpeedyCash.com 400 for Kyle Busch Motorsports , where he won ."}]}, {'value': 'Ford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company', 'summary': "Ford Motor Company , commonly known as Ford , is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand , and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller , an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors . It also has joint-ventures in China ( Changan Ford ) , Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family ; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( behind General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2001 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the seventh season of the Craftsman Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . Jack Sprague of Hendrick Motorsports was crowned drivers ' champion ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Sprague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Sprague', 'summary': "Jack Sprague ( born August 8 , 1964 ) is an American former racing driver who has competed in all of NASCAR 's three top divisions , most notably in the Craftsman Truck Series , where he won series championships in 1997 , 1999 and 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dodge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dodge', 'summary': "Dodge is an American brand of automobile manufactured by FCA US LLC ( formerly known as Fiat Chrysler Group LLC ) , based in Auburn Hills , Michigan . Dodge vehicles currently include performance cars , though for much of its existence Dodge was Chrysler 's mid-priced brand above Plymouth . Founded as the Dodge Brothers Company machine shop by brothers Horace Elgin Dodge and John Francis Dodge in the early 1900s , Dodge was originally a supplier of parts and assemblies for Detroit-based automakers and began building complete automobiles under the Dodge Brothers brand in 1914 , predating the founding of Chrysler Corporation . The factory was located in Hamtramck , Michigan , and was called the Dodge Main factory from 1910 until its closing in January 1980 . Both the Dodge brothers died in 1920 , and the company was sold by their families to Dillon , Read & Co. in 1925 before being sold to Chrysler in 1928 . Dodge branded vehicles mainly consisted of trucks and full-sized passenger cars through the 1970s , though it made compact cars ( such as the 1963-76 Dart ) and midsize cars ( such as the B-Body Coronet and Charger from 1966-78 ) . The 1973 oil crisis and its subsequent impact on the American automobile industry led Chrysler to develop the K platform of compact to midsize cars for the 1981 model year . The K platform and its derivatives are credited with reviving Chrysler 's business in the 1980s ; one such derivative became the Dodge Caravan . The Dodge brand has withstood the multiple ownership changes at Chrysler from 1998 to 2009 , including its short-lived merger with Daimler-Benz AG from 1998 to 2007 , its subsequent sale to Cerberus Capital Management , its 2009 bailout by the United States government , and its subsequent Chapter 11 bankruptcy and acquisition by Fiat . In 2011 , Dodge and its model sub-brands , Dodge Ram , and Dodge Viper were separated . Dodge said that the Viper would be an SRT product and Ram will be a standalone marque . In 2014 , SRT was merged back into Dodge ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2002 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the eighth season of the Craftsman Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . Mike Bliss of Xpress Motorsports was crowned the champion at season 's end ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Bliss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Bliss', 'summary': 'Michael D. Bliss ( born April 5 , 1965 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . A journeyman NASCAR competitor and the 2002 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series champion , he has run in all three national series .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2003 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series season was the ninth season of the third highest stock car racing in the United States . The season included twenty-five races , beginning with the Florida Dodge Dealers 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . Steve Coulter won the Owners ' Championship , while Travis Kvapil won the Drivers ' Championship during the final race of the season at Homestead-Miami Speedway . Dodge won the Manufacturers ' Championship with 179 points ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Travis Kvapil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Travis_Kvapil', 'summary': 'Travis Wade Kvapil ( /ˈkwɔːpəl/ KWAW-pəl ; born March 1 , 1976 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes part-time in the NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series , driving the No . 1 Chevrolet Silverado for Beaver Motorsports . He was the 2003 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Dodge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dodge', 'summary': "Dodge is an American brand of automobile manufactured by FCA US LLC ( formerly known as Fiat Chrysler Group LLC ) , based in Auburn Hills , Michigan . Dodge vehicles currently include performance cars , though for much of its existence Dodge was Chrysler 's mid-priced brand above Plymouth . Founded as the Dodge Brothers Company machine shop by brothers Horace Elgin Dodge and John Francis Dodge in the early 1900s , Dodge was originally a supplier of parts and assemblies for Detroit-based automakers and began building complete automobiles under the Dodge Brothers brand in 1914 , predating the founding of Chrysler Corporation . The factory was located in Hamtramck , Michigan , and was called the Dodge Main factory from 1910 until its closing in January 1980 . Both the Dodge brothers died in 1920 , and the company was sold by their families to Dillon , Read & Co. in 1925 before being sold to Chrysler in 1928 . Dodge branded vehicles mainly consisted of trucks and full-sized passenger cars through the 1970s , though it made compact cars ( such as the 1963-76 Dart ) and midsize cars ( such as the B-Body Coronet and Charger from 1966-78 ) . The 1973 oil crisis and its subsequent impact on the American automobile industry led Chrysler to develop the K platform of compact to midsize cars for the 1981 model year . The K platform and its derivatives are credited with reviving Chrysler 's business in the 1980s ; one such derivative became the Dodge Caravan . The Dodge brand has withstood the multiple ownership changes at Chrysler from 1998 to 2009 , including its short-lived merger with Daimler-Benz AG from 1998 to 2007 , its subsequent sale to Cerberus Capital Management , its 2009 bailout by the United States government , and its subsequent Chapter 11 bankruptcy and acquisition by Fiat . In 2011 , Dodge and its model sub-brands , Dodge Ram , and Dodge Viper were separated . Dodge said that the Viper would be an SRT product and Ram will be a standalone marque . In 2014 , SRT was merged back into Dodge ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': 'The 2004 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the tenth season of the Craftsman Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . Bobby Hamilton of Bobby Hamilton Racing won the championship .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobby Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Hamilton', 'summary': "Charles Robert Hamilton Sr. ( May 29 , 1957 - January 7 , 2007 ) was an American stock car racing driver . A driver and owner in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series circuit and the winner of the 2004 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series championship , Hamilton owned Bobby Hamilton Racing . Hamilton 's son , Bobby Hamilton Jr. , was also a NASCAR driver . Hamilton may be best remembered for two of his Winston Cup Series wins . His first career victory at the 1996 Dura Lube 500 at Phoenix was the first win for the No . 43 Petty car since Richard Petty 's last win in 1984 . He also had a memorable win at the Talladega 500 in April 2001 driving the No . 55 car for owner Andy Petree . The entire 500-mile race was run caution-free and was under intense scrutiny from both NASCAR and the media at large , being the first superspeedway race run since the death of Dale Earnhardt at the 2001 Daytona 500 two months earlier . A physically and mentally exhausted Hamilton slumped to the ground after exiting his car and was given oxygen from a tank before giving the standard post-race Victory Lane interview while sitting on the ground , leaning against the drivers door ."}]}, {'value': 'Dodge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dodge', 'summary': "Dodge is an American brand of automobile manufactured by FCA US LLC ( formerly known as Fiat Chrysler Group LLC ) , based in Auburn Hills , Michigan . Dodge vehicles currently include performance cars , though for much of its existence Dodge was Chrysler 's mid-priced brand above Plymouth . Founded as the Dodge Brothers Company machine shop by brothers Horace Elgin Dodge and John Francis Dodge in the early 1900s , Dodge was originally a supplier of parts and assemblies for Detroit-based automakers and began building complete automobiles under the Dodge Brothers brand in 1914 , predating the founding of Chrysler Corporation . The factory was located in Hamtramck , Michigan , and was called the Dodge Main factory from 1910 until its closing in January 1980 . Both the Dodge brothers died in 1920 , and the company was sold by their families to Dillon , Read & Co. in 1925 before being sold to Chrysler in 1928 . Dodge branded vehicles mainly consisted of trucks and full-sized passenger cars through the 1970s , though it made compact cars ( such as the 1963-76 Dart ) and midsize cars ( such as the B-Body Coronet and Charger from 1966-78 ) . The 1973 oil crisis and its subsequent impact on the American automobile industry led Chrysler to develop the K platform of compact to midsize cars for the 1981 model year . The K platform and its derivatives are credited with reviving Chrysler 's business in the 1980s ; one such derivative became the Dodge Caravan . The Dodge brand has withstood the multiple ownership changes at Chrysler from 1998 to 2009 , including its short-lived merger with Daimler-Benz AG from 1998 to 2007 , its subsequent sale to Cerberus Capital Management , its 2009 bailout by the United States government , and its subsequent Chapter 11 bankruptcy and acquisition by Fiat . In 2011 , Dodge and its model sub-brands , Dodge Ram , and Dodge Viper were separated . Dodge said that the Viper would be an SRT product and Ram will be a standalone marque . In 2014 , SRT was merged back into Dodge ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2005 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the eleventh season of the Craftsman Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . Ted Musgrave of Ultra Motorsports was crowned the season 's champion . A rule change affected the qualification process in 2005 . The top 30 teams in the owners ' standings at the end of the 2004 season saw their drivers qualify automatically for the first four races of the season , provided they attempted all races in the previous year . However , only 29 teams met the criteria , so at the start of the season , one additional spot was available for the remaining teams on the entry list . After the fourth race , current standings were used to determine the teams guaranteed to have their drivers in the field ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ted Musgrave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ted_Musgrave', 'summary': 'Theodore Musgrave ( born December 18 , 1955 ) is an American former race car driver .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2006 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the twelfth season of the Craftsman Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . It was contested over twenty-five races , beginning with the GM Flex Fuel 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . Todd Bodine of Germain Racing won the drivers ' championship ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': 'The 2007 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series season was the thirteenth season of the third highest stock car racing series in North America . Sanctioned by NASCAR , the season began on February 16 , 2007 , at Daytona International Speedway with the Chevy Silverado HD 250 , and ended on November 16 , 2007 , with the Ford 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . Ron Hornaday , Jr. of Kevin Harvick Incorporated was crowned champion .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Hornaday Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Hornaday_Jr.', 'summary': "Ronald Lee Hornaday Jr. ( born June 20 , 1958 ) is an American former professional stock car racing driver . He is the father of former NASCAR driver Ronnie Hornaday , and son of the late Ron Hornaday Sr. , a two-time Winston West Champion . Hornaday is a four-time champion in the Camping World Truck Series , his most recent coming in 2009 . He was a long-time driver in NASCAR 's Winston West Series , and is a Featherlite Southwest Tour Champion . He was noticed by Dale Earnhardt while participating in the NASCAR Winter Heat on TNN ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series', 'summary': 'The 2008 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series was the fourteenth season of the Craftsman Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . It was contested over twenty-five races , beginning with the Chevy Silverado HD 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . Johnny Benson of Bill Davis Racing was crowned champion . The season was also the last under the Craftsman sponsorship banner . Sears Holdings Corporation , the owners of the Craftsman brand name of tools , withdrew sponsorship at the end of the season . On October 23 , NASCAR officials confirmed that Camping World would become the title sponsor beginning with the 2009 season .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Benson Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Benson_Jr.', 'summary': "Jonathan Benson Jr. ( born June 27 , 1963 ) is an American retired stock car racing driver and the son of former Michigan modified driver John Benson Sr. Benson has raced across NASCAR 's three national series ( Cup , Busch , Truck ) , and his career highlights include the 1993 American Speed Association AC-Delco Challenge series championship , the 1995 NASCAR Busch Series championship , the 1996 NASCAR Winston Cup Series Rookie of the Year Award , and the 2008 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series championship . Benson , who began his NASCAR career in 1993 , is the second of only three drivers that have won a championship in both the Busch Series and the Craftsman Truck Series , and the seventeenth of only twenty-seven drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series', 'summary': 'The 2009 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series was the fifteenth season of the Camping World Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States . It was contested over twenty-five races , beginning with the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . The season was the first under the Camping World sponsorship banner . Camping World , announced on October 23 , 2008 , that they would sponsor the series for the next seven seasons . Ron Hornaday won and clinched the championship for Kevin Harvick Incorporated at Phoenix , one race early .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ron Hornaday Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_Hornaday_Jr.', 'summary': "Ronald Lee Hornaday Jr. ( born June 20 , 1958 ) is an American former professional stock car racing driver . He is the father of former NASCAR driver Ronnie Hornaday , and son of the late Ron Hornaday Sr. , a two-time Winston West Champion . Hornaday is a four-time champion in the Camping World Truck Series , his most recent coming in 2009 . He was a long-time driver in NASCAR 's Winston West Series , and is a Featherlite Southwest Tour Champion . He was noticed by Dale Earnhardt while participating in the NASCAR Winter Heat on TNN ."}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2010 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series season was the sixteenth season of the third highest stock car racing series in the United States . Beginning at Daytona International Speedway , the season included twenty-five races , which ended with the Ford 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . During the 2009 off season , NASCAR announced few calendar changes , returning to Darlington Raceway for the first time in six years . Kyle Busch Motorsports won the owners ' championship in their inaugural season , while Todd Bodine won the drivers ' championship during the Lucas Oil 150 at Phoenix International Raceway , one race before the final . Toyota won the manufacturers ' championship with 193 points ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Todd Bodine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Todd_Bodine', 'summary': 'Todd Bodine ( born February 27 , 1964 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . Todd is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and Brett Bodine . Bodine is known for his bald head , which has given him the nickname The Onion .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2011 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series season was the seventeenth season of the third highest stock car racing in the United States . The season included twenty-five races , beginning with the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . During the 2010 season , NASCAR announced a few notable calendar changes , including a race addition at Kentucky Speedway and the removal of Gateway International Raceway from the schedule . DeLana Harvick won the owners ' championship , while Austin Dillon of Richard Childress Racing won the drivers ' championship with a tenth-place finish at the final race of the season . Chevrolet won the manufacturers ' championship with 193 points ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin Dillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Dillon', 'summary': 'Austin R. Dillon ( born April 27 , 1990 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He is the son of former driver and RCR general manager Mike Dillon , older brother of Ty Dillon and grandson of Richard Childress . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 3 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Richard Childress Racing , and part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 21 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing . After winning NASCAR Rookie of the Year in the Truck Series in 2010 , Dillon won the Truck Series championship in 2011 , and later the Nationwide Series championship in 2013 , also one year after his Rookie of the Year title in 2012 . He holds the record for most consecutive poles in the Nationwide Series with four . He is also the winner of the 2018 Daytona 500 , where he won in overtime . He is nicknamed The Ace , a moniker he received from his mother .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2012 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series season was the eighteenth season of the third highest stock car racing in the United States . The season was contested over twenty-two races , beginning with the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford EcoBoost 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . NASCAR announced some changes , including the removal of New Hampshire Motor Speedway , Nashville Superspeedway , and Lucas Oil Raceway from the schedule , and moving the Phoenix race back to its traditional fall date . In addition , Rockingham Speedway was added to the schedule , the first NASCAR has raced at Rockingham since 2004.James Buescher of Turner Motorsports claimed his first championship with a 13th-place finish in the season finale . Chevrolet won the Manufacturer 's Championship with 166 points and 12 wins ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Buescher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Buescher', 'summary': 'James Buescher ( born March 26 , 1990 ) is a former American professional stock car racing driver , and the 2012 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion . In 2015 , Buescher left NASCAR to pursue a career in the Real Estate business . Buescher currently owns and operates his own Real Estate business , Buescher Realty LLC . Currently he has no plans of returning to NASCAR . He is the cousin of 2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion Chris Buescher .'}]}, {'value': 'Chevrolet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chevrolet', 'summary': "Chevrolet ( /ˌʃɛvrəˈleɪ/ SHEV-rə-LAY ) , colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company , is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors ( GM ) . Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3 , 1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company . Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a controlling stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2 , 1918 and propelled himself back to the GM presidency . After Durant 's second ousting in 1919 , Alfred Sloan , with his maxim a car for every purse and purpose , would pick the Chevrolet brand to become the volume leader in the General Motors family , selling mainstream vehicles to compete with Henry Ford 's Model T in 1919 and overtaking Ford as the best-selling car in the United States by 1929 . Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide . In Oceania , Chevrolet is represented by Holden Special Vehicles , having returned to the region in 2018 after a 50-year absence with the launching of the Camaro and Silverado pickup truck ( HSV was partially and formerly owned by GM subsidiary Holden , which GM is retiring in 2020 ) . In 2005 , Chevrolet was relaunched in Europe , primarily selling vehicles built by GM Daewoo of South Korea with the tagline Daewoo has grown up enough to become Chevrolet , a move rooted in General Motors ' attempt to build a global brand around Chevrolet . With the reintroduction of Chevrolet to Europe , GM intended Chevrolet to be a mainstream value brand , while GM 's traditional European standard-bearers , Opel of Germany , and Vauxhall of United Kingdom would be moved upmarket . However , GM reversed this move in late 2013 , announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe , with the exception of the Camaro and Corvette in 2016 . Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states , including Russia . After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea , the last usage of the Daewoo automotive brand was discontinued in its native South Korea and succeeded by Chevrolet . In North America , Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles , from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series was the nineteenth season of the Camping World Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in North America . The season was contested over twenty-two races , beginning with the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford EcoBoost 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . Matt Crafton of ThorSport Racing claimed his first championship with only one finish outside the top twenty and by completing every lap of the season . Toyota won the year 's Manufacturers ' Championship , while Kyle Busch Motorsports won the Owners ' Championship , with its No . 51 entry ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Crafton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Crafton', 'summary': 'Matthew Justin Crafton ( born June 11 , 1976 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . A three-time champion of the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series ( 2013 , 2014 , 2019 ) , he currently races full-time in the series , in which he drives the No . 88 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2014 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series was the 20th season of the Camping World Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in North America . The season was contested over twenty-two races , beginning with the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford EcoBoost 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . Toyota entered as the reigning Manufacturers ' Champion , while Matt Crafton entered as the defending Drivers ' Champion , and ended the season with his second consecutive title ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Crafton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Crafton', 'summary': 'Matthew Justin Crafton ( born June 11 , 1976 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . A three-time champion of the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series ( 2013 , 2014 , 2019 ) , he currently races full-time in the series , in which he drives the No . 88 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing .'}]}, {'value': 'Toyota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toyota', 'summary': "Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japanese : トヨタ自動車株式会社 , Hepburn : Toyota Jidōsha KK , IPA : [ toꜜjota ] , English : /tɔɪˈoʊtə/ ) is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota , Aichi , Japan . In 2017 , Toyota 's corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and , as of December 2019 [ update ] , was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue . Toyota is the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world , behind Volkswagen , based on 2018 unit sales . Toyota was the world 's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year , which it has done since 2012 , when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle . As of July 2014 [ update ] , Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization ( worth more than twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank ) and by revenue . Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles , and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe . Toyota is also a market leader in hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles . Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 . Its Prius family is the world 's top-selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017 [ update ] . The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 , as a spinoff from his father 's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles . Three years earlier , in 1934 , while still a department of Toyota Industries , it created its first product , the Type A engine , and its first passenger car in 1936 , the Toyota AA . Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands , including the Toyota brand , Hino , Lexus , Ranz , and Daihatsu ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_NASCAR_seasons_2', 'intro': "Seventy seasons of NASCAR, the highest class of stock car auto racing in the United States. The NASCAR championship season consists of a series of races held usually on purpose-built tracks. The results of each race are combined to determine two annual championships in each of the top series, one for drivers and one for manufacturer. The Drivers' Championship is awarded to the most successful NASCAR driver over a season, as determined by a points system based on race results, and has been awarded since the first NASCAR season in 1949. The Manufacturers' Championship is awarded to the most successful NASCAR manufacturer over a season, also determined by a points system based on race results. The Manufacturers' Championship was first awarded in 1952."} | null | null | Who won the Manufacturers ' Championship in the season that the driver born August 8 1964 first won the Drivers ' Championship ? | Chevrolet |
0a3c928a0eda0c15 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_NFL/AFL_Draft', 'title': '1967 NFL/AFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1967 season was the Chicago Bears ' 48th in the National Football League . The team improved on their 5-7-2 record from 1966 and finished with a 7-6-1 record and earning them a second-place finish in the newly formed Central Division within the NFL 's Western Conference . 1967 also marked the final season with George Halas , as the team 's head coach . Halas , one of the founders of the NFL , continued as the owner of the franchise until his death in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rudy Kuechenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudy_Kuechenberg', 'summary': 'Rudy Kuechenberg is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for five seasons with the following teams : Chicago Bears , Green Bay Packers , Cleveland Browns , and Atlanta Falcons . His brother , Bob Kuechenberg , was an All-Pro offensive lineman with the team : Miami Dolphins .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1966 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1966 Big Ten Conference football season . The Hoosiers played their home games at Seventeenth Street Stadium in Bloomington , Indiana . The team was coached by John Pont , in his second year as head coach of the Hoosiers .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 Dallas Cowboys season was their eighth in the league . The team posted a 9-5 record and won the new four-team Capitol Division . The Cowboys hosted the Century Division winner Cleveland Browns at the Cotton Bowl and won 52-14 for the Eastern Conference title . This gained a rematch the following week for the NFL title with the two-time defending champion Green Bay Packers . Played in frigid sub-zero and windy conditions at Lambeau Field in Green Bay on December 31 , the Packers scored a late touchdown to win by four points for their third consecutive NFL title . Green Bay easily won Super Bowl II two weeks later over the Oakland Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'Coy Bacon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coy_Bacon', 'summary': 'Lander McCoy Bacon ( August 30 , 1942 - December 22 , 2008 ) was a professional American football defensive lineman in the National Football League . He was selected to three Pro Bowls during his 14-year career . While quarterback sacks were not an official statistic during his career , researchers credit Bacon with a career total of 130 .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Jackson State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_State_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Jackson State Tigers are the college football team representing the Jackson State University . The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 Dallas Cowboys season was their eighth in the league . The team posted a 9-5 record and won the new four-team Capitol Division . The Cowboys hosted the Century Division winner Cleveland Browns at the Cotton Bowl and won 52-14 for the Eastern Conference title . This gained a rematch the following week for the NFL title with the two-time defending champion Green Bay Packers . Played in frigid sub-zero and windy conditions at Lambeau Field in Green Bay on December 31 , the Packers scored a late touchdown to win by four points for their third consecutive NFL title . Green Bay easily won Super Bowl II two weeks later over the Oakland Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'Ron East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_East', 'summary': 'Ronald Allan East ( born August 26 , 1943 ) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League from 1967 to 1977 . He played college football at Oregon State University and Montana State University following his completion of service to the United States Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Montana State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana_State_University', 'summary': "Montana State University ( MSU ) is a public land-grant research university in Bozeman , Montana . It is the state 's largest university . MSU offers baccalaureate degrees in 51 fields , master 's degrees in 41 fields , and doctoral degrees in 18 fields through its nine colleges . The university regularly reports annual research expenditures in excess of $ 100 million , including a record $ 138.8 million in 2019 . More than 16,700 students attend MSU , and the university faculty numbers , including department heads , are 602 full-time and 460 part-time . The university 's main campus in Bozeman is home to KUSM television , KGLT radio , and the Museum of the Rockies . MSU provides outreach services to citizens and communities statewide through its agricultural experiment station and 60 county and reservation extension offices ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Sky Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I , with football competing in the Football Championship Subdivision . Member institutions are located in the western United States in the nine states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . Four affiliate members each participate in one sport . Two schools from California are football-only participants , and two schools from the Northeast participate only in men 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 Dallas Cowboys season was their eighth in the league . The team posted a 9-5 record and won the new four-team Capitol Division . The Cowboys hosted the Century Division winner Cleveland Browns at the Cotton Bowl and won 52-14 for the Eastern Conference title . This gained a rematch the following week for the NFL title with the two-time defending champion Green Bay Packers . Played in frigid sub-zero and windy conditions at Lambeau Field in Green Bay on December 31 , the Packers scored a late touchdown to win by four points for their third consecutive NFL title . Green Bay easily won Super Bowl II two weeks later over the Oakland Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'Mac Percival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mac_Percival', 'summary': 'Mac L. Percival ( born February 26 , 1940 in Vernon , Texas ) is a former American football placekicker in the National Football League for the Chicago Bears and Dallas Cowboys . He played college basketball at Texas Tech University .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football_team', 'summary': "The 1966 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University in the Southwest Conference during the 1966 NCAA University Division football season . In their sixth season under head coach J. T. King , the Red Raiders compiled a 4-6 record ( 2-5 against conference opponents ) , tied for sixth place in the conference , and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 216 to 181 . The team 's statistical leaders included John Scovell with 1,323 passing yards , Mike Leinert with 495 rushing yards , and Larry Gilbert with 767 receiving yards . The team played its home games at Clifford B . & Audrey Jones Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'SWC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwest_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996 . Composed primarily of schools from Texas , at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas as well , but not from the actual Southwestern United States . For most of its history , the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas : Rice University , Southern Methodist University , Texas A & M University , Texas Christian University , Baylor University , the University of Arkansas , and the University of Texas . After a long period of stability , the conference 's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s , due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules , culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ( death penalty ) for the 1987 and 1988 seasons . Arkansas , after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference , left after the 1990-91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference , although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season . Five years later , the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor , Texas , Texas A & M , and Texas Tech ( which had entered in 1956 ) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league , the Big 12 Conference , while Rice , SMU , TCU , and Houston ( which entered the SWC in 1976 ) found homes in less prominent conferences ( although TCU later joined the Big 12 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Denver_Broncos_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Denver Broncos season was the eighth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . Led by first-year head coach and general manager Lou Saban , the Broncos posted a record of three wins and eleven losses , last in the AFL 's Western division . Running back Floyd Little , a first round draft choice ( sixth overall ) , was team captain in his rookie season . After an opening win at home , the Broncos lost nine straight games , then split the last four . Inter-league play between the AFL and NFL in the exhibition season began this year . In the first matchup on August 5 , the Broncos defeated the Detroit Lions 13-7 and became the first AFL team to beat an NFL team . Before the season , the Broncos changed from orange helmets to blue helmets . Hired in December 1966 , Saban left the University of Maryland after just one season ; he had previously been an AFL head coach at Boston and Buffalo , where he won consecutive AFL titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Chip Myrtle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chip_Myrtle', 'summary': 'Charles Joseph Myrtle III ( born February 6 , 1945 ) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for seven seasons for the Denver Broncos and the San Diego Chargers . His final season of pro football came in 1975 as a member of the Jacksonville Express of the World Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team', 'summary': "The 1966 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1966 NCAA University Division football season . In their first and only season under head coach Lou Saban , the Terrapins compiled a 4-6 record ( 3-3 in conference ) , finished in a tie for third place in the Atlantic Coast Conference , and were outscored by their opponents 204 to 180 . The team 's statistical leaders included Alan Pastrana with 1,499 passing yards , Billy Lovett with 451 rushing yards , and Billy Van Heusen with 536 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 Houston Oilers season was the 8th season for the Houston Oilers as a professional AFL franchise ; The team improved on their previous output of 3-11 , with a 9-4-1 record . They won the Eastern Division and qualified for the postseason for the first time in five seasons , but lost to the Raiders in the AFL Championship Game at Oakland .'}]}, {'value': 'Alvin Reed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvin_Reed', 'summary': "Alvin D. Reed ( born August 1 , 1944 ) is a former professional American football player . A 6 ' 5 , 232 lbs . tight end from Prairie View A & M University , after being drafted by the American Football League 's Houston Oilers in 1967 , Reed played nine seasons in professional football , from 1967-1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Prairie View A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_View_A&M_Panthers_football', 'summary': 'The Prairie View A & M Panthers football team is the college football team representing the Prairie View A & M University . The Panthers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . From 1989 to 1998 , Prairie View A & M lost 80 straight games , the longest losing streak in NCAA history .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Kansas City Chiefs season was the 8th season for the Kansas City Chiefs as a professional AFL franchise ; Despite their AFL championship win and an appearance in the inaugural AFL-NFL championship game the previous year , the Chiefs missed the AFL playoffs for the first time since 1965 . The clubs special teams got a boost with the addition of kicker Jan Stenerud from Montana State and kick returner Noland Super Gnat Smith from Tennessee State . Interest in the team skyrocketed , forcing an increase in seating capacity at Municipal Stadium from 40,000 to 47,000 . In June , Jackson County voters approved a $ 43 million bond issue for construction of a sports complex to be completed by 1972 . The Chiefs ' first non-playoff game against an NFL team resulted in a commanding 66-24 Chiefs preseason victory against the Chicago Bears at Municipal Stadium on August 23 . Injuries again hit the club hard during the regular season as the Chiefs clawed their way to a 9-5 record , well behind the division-winning Oakland Raiders ( 13-1 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jan Stenerud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Stenerud', 'summary': 'Jan Stenerud ( /ˈstɛnəruːd/ , Norwegian : [ ˈstèːnərʉːd ] ( listen ) ; born November 26 , 1942 ) is a Norwegian-American former American football player for the AFL/NFL Kansas City Chiefs ( 1967-1979 ) , Green Bay Packers ( 1980-1983 ) , and Minnesota Vikings ( 1984-1985 ) . He is the first pure placekicker to be inducted in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Stenerud is the first Norwegian to play in the NFL .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Montana State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana_State_University', 'summary': "Montana State University ( MSU ) is a public land-grant research university in Bozeman , Montana . It is the state 's largest university . MSU offers baccalaureate degrees in 51 fields , master 's degrees in 41 fields , and doctoral degrees in 18 fields through its nine colleges . The university regularly reports annual research expenditures in excess of $ 100 million , including a record $ 138.8 million in 2019 . More than 16,700 students attend MSU , and the university faculty numbers , including department heads , are 602 full-time and 460 part-time . The university 's main campus in Bozeman is home to KUSM television , KGLT radio , and the Museum of the Rockies . MSU provides outreach services to citizens and communities statewide through its agricultural experiment station and 60 county and reservation extension offices ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Sky Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I , with football competing in the Football Championship Subdivision . Member institutions are located in the western United States in the nine states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . Four affiliate members each participate in one sport . Two schools from California are football-only participants , and two schools from the Northeast participate only in men 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_New_Orleans_Saints_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 New Orleans Saints season was the inaugural season for the franchise . The team went 3-11 , finishing in last place in the four-team NFL Eastern Conference Capitol Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Elijah Nevett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elijah_Nevett', 'summary': 'Elijah L. Nevett ( born April 28 , 1944 ) is a former American football defensive back in the National Football League . After playing college football at Clark Atlanta University , he played professionally for the New Orleans Saints from 1967 to 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Clark Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_Panthers_football', 'summary': 'The Clark Atlanta Panthers are the athletic teams that represent Clark Atlanta University , located in Atlanta , Georgia , in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports . The Panthers compete as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for all ten varsity sports .'}]}, {'value': 'SIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SIAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference consisting mostly of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , with all but one member located in the Southern United States . Formed in 1913 , the SIAC is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes in Division II . Only three charter members are still part of the conference - Clark Atlanta University ( formerly Clark College ) , Tuskegee University , and Morehouse ( which briefly left before returning ) . Before 2014 , all members had been southern HBCUs , but two of the SIAC 's three newest members include its only non-HBCU , Spring Hill College ( joined in 2014 ) , and its only member outside the South , Central State University of Ohio ( joined in 2015 ) . The newest member , Savannah State University , returned to the SIAC in 2019 after a nearly 20-year absence . The U.S. Army 's 24th Infantry Division teams competed as members of the SIAC from 1930 until 1935 . The SIAC leads all NCAA Division II conferences in football attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_New_York_Giants_season', 'summary': "The 1967 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 43rd season in the National Football League . The Giants improved from 1-12-1 the previous season to 7-7 , and finished in second place in the NFL Eastern Conference/Century Division ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Lurtsema', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Lurtsema', 'summary': "Robert Ross Lurtsema ( born March 29 , 1942 ) is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League for the Minnesota Vikings , New York Giants , and Seattle Seahawks . He played in two Super Bowls with Vikings ( Super Bowl VIII in 1974 and Super Bowl IX in 1975 ) . Lurtsema played college football at Michigan Technological University where he also led the basketball team . During the 1970s and 1980s , Lurtsema could often be seen in TCF Bank ( TCF Savings and Loan ) TV commercials . [ citation needed ] He formerly owned Benchwarmer Bob 's Sports Cafe , with two locations in the Twin Cities . He pitched for a season with the Minnesota Norseman semi-pro softball team . He was also seen playing the part of a blatantly biased referee in the American Wrestling Association during its last year , most famously in a match between The Trooper and Mike Enos . His character states he is in the Trooper 's corner and repeatedly helps the trooper during the match , and the bias is discussed by the announcers after the match . At one of the final AWA shows , AWA Twin Wars '90 on May 5 , 1990 , Lurtsema teamed with Brad Rheingans and the Trooper and defeated Tully Blanchard and the Destruction Crew ."}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Western_Michigan_Broncos_football_team', 'summary': "The 1966 Western Michigan Broncos football team represented Western Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1966 college football season . In their third season under head coach Bill Doolittle , the Broncos compiled a 7-3 record ( 5-1 against MAC opponents ) , finished in a tie for first place in the MAC , and were outscored by their opponents , 194 to 175 . The team played its home games at Waldo Stadium in Kalamazoo , Michigan . The team 's statistical leaders included Jim Boreland with 756 passing yards , Tim Majerle with 731 rushing yards , and Gary Crain with 450 receiving yards . Defensive tackle Bob Rowe and halfback Gary Crain were the team captains . For the second consecutive year , Bob Rowe received the team 's most outstanding player award . Bill Doolittle was named the MAC coach of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_New_York_Jets_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 New York Jets season was the eighth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . The season began with the team trying to improve on their 6-6-2 record from 1966 under head coach Weeb Ewbank . The Jets finished the season 8-5-1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Randy Beverly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Beverly', 'summary': "Randy Beverly ( born April 3 , 1944 ) is a former professional American football player . He played cornerback for the American Football League 's New York Jets and is best known for making two key interceptions that helped the Jets to their historic victory in Super Bowl III in 1969 ."}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_State_Rams_football', 'summary': "The Colorado State Rams football program , established in 1893 , represents Colorado State University and is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision and Mountain West Conference . Rams football teams have had relative success over the years , including winning or sharing the Mountain West title in 1999 , 2000 and 2002 . The team 's head coach role is vacant as of December 2019 . The Rams completed a 49-season tenure at Sonny Lubick Field at Hughes Stadium , located four miles west of the school 's campus in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains , in 2016 . The university completed construction of Canvas Stadium , a new on-campus facility , in 2017 . The first game at Canvas Stadium ( then named Colorado State Stadium for only the 2017 season ) was played on August 26 , 2017 , when the Rams defeated the Oregon State Beavers 58-27 . The Rams have long-standing rivalries with Colorado , Wyoming , and Air Force ."}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_New_York_Jets_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 New York Jets season was the eighth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . The season began with the team trying to improve on their 6-6-2 record from 1966 under head coach Weeb Ewbank . The Jets finished the season 8-5-1 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Matlock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Matlock', 'summary': 'John James Matlock III ( October 19 , 1944 - January 13 , 2012 ) was an American football center who played for the New York Jets , Cincinnati Bengals , Atlanta Falcons , and Buffalo Bills of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He also played for Birmingham Vulcans of the World Football League ( WFL ) . He played college football at University of Miami .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Miami_Hurricanes_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1966 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami as an independent during the 1966 NCAA University Division football season . The Hurricanes were led by head coach Charlie Tate in his third year and finished the season with a record of 8-2-1 and with a victory in the Liberty Bowl .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Steelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the team 's 35th in the National Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Davis_(American_football)', 'summary': "Samuel Davis ( July 5 , 1944 - September 10 , 2019 ) was an American football player , who played for the National Football League 's Pittsburgh Steelers from 1967 to 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_Yellow_Jackets_football', 'summary': 'Allen University is a private , coeducational historically black university located in Columbia , South Carolina , United States . Allen University has more than 600 students and still serves a predominantly Black constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'SIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SIAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference consisting mostly of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , with all but one member located in the Southern United States . Formed in 1913 , the SIAC is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes in Division II . Only three charter members are still part of the conference - Clark Atlanta University ( formerly Clark College ) , Tuskegee University , and Morehouse ( which briefly left before returning ) . Before 2014 , all members had been southern HBCUs , but two of the SIAC 's three newest members include its only non-HBCU , Spring Hill College ( joined in 2014 ) , and its only member outside the South , Central State University of Ohio ( joined in 2015 ) . The newest member , Savannah State University , returned to the SIAC in 2019 after a nearly 20-year absence . The U.S. Army 's 24th Infantry Division teams competed as members of the SIAC from 1930 until 1935 . The SIAC leads all NCAA Division II conferences in football attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_San_Diego_Chargers_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Season was the 8th season for the San Diego Chargers as a professional AFL franchise ; the team improved on their 7-6-1 record in 1966 and fishing at 8-5-1 . It was the team 's first season at San Diego Stadium ( now known as Qualcomm Stadium ) , and the Chargers finished in third place in the AFL West Division with a record of 8-5-1 . In August 1967 , the San Diego Chargers played their first game at the new football stadium . The city named it the San Diego Stadium . In 1980 , the city officially changed it to Jack Murphy Stadium . The city revamped the stadium in 1984 and added 11,000 seats and fancy booths at a cost of 9.1 million dollars . But this was still not enough for the city and in 1997 another 11,500 seats were added along with more suites and a club level . This was the same year that the city sold the stadium 's naming rights to a San Diego company for $ 18 million and the name officially changed to Qualcomm Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Larry Little', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Little', 'summary': 'Lawrence Chatmon Little ( born November 2 , 1945 ) is a former professional American football offensive guard who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played collegiately at Bethune-Cookman University , in Daytona Beach , Florida . He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Bethune-Cookman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethune-Cookman_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The Bethune-Cookman Wildcats football team represents Bethune-Cookman University in the sport of college football . The Wildcats compete in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the south division of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) . They play their home games at Daytona Stadium . The Wildcats have won two black college football national championships and seven MEAC titles in the history of their football program .'}]}, {'value': 'SIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SIAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference consisting mostly of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , with all but one member located in the Southern United States . Formed in 1913 , the SIAC is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes in Division II . Only three charter members are still part of the conference - Clark Atlanta University ( formerly Clark College ) , Tuskegee University , and Morehouse ( which briefly left before returning ) . Before 2014 , all members had been southern HBCUs , but two of the SIAC 's three newest members include its only non-HBCU , Spring Hill College ( joined in 2014 ) , and its only member outside the South , Central State University of Ohio ( joined in 2015 ) . The newest member , Savannah State University , returned to the SIAC in 2019 after a nearly 20-year absence . The U.S. Army 's 24th Infantry Division teams competed as members of the SIAC from 1930 until 1935 . The SIAC leads all NCAA Division II conferences in football attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_San_Diego_Chargers_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Season was the 8th season for the San Diego Chargers as a professional AFL franchise ; the team improved on their 7-6-1 record in 1966 and fishing at 8-5-1 . It was the team 's first season at San Diego Stadium ( now known as Qualcomm Stadium ) , and the Chargers finished in third place in the AFL West Division with a record of 8-5-1 . In August 1967 , the San Diego Chargers played their first game at the new football stadium . The city named it the San Diego Stadium . In 1980 , the city officially changed it to Jack Murphy Stadium . The city revamped the stadium in 1984 and added 11,000 seats and fancy booths at a cost of 9.1 million dollars . But this was still not enough for the city and in 1997 another 11,500 seats were added along with more suites and a club level . This was the same year that the city sold the stadium 's naming rights to a San Diego company for $ 18 million and the name officially changed to Qualcomm Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Staggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Staggs', 'summary': "Jeffrey Hugh Staggs was an American college and professional football player . He played college football at San Diego State University , where he was a linebacker on the Aztecs ' winning the Camellia Bowl in 1966 and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2009 . He played professionally in the American Football League and the National Football League for the San Diego Chargers ( 1967-1972 and 1974 ) and the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1973 ) . Jeff died suddenly and peacefully in his sleep September 17 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1966 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State College [ note 1 ] during the 1966 NCAA College Division football season . San Diego State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The team was led by head coach Don Coryell , in his sixth year , and played home games at both Aztec Bowl and Balboa Stadium . They finished the season as champions of the CCAA , undefeated and untied with eleven wins and zero losses ( 11-0 , 5-0 CCAA ) . The Aztecs finished the season ranked number 1 in both the AP Small College Football Poll and the UPI Small College Football Poll . The offense scored 317 points during the season , while the defense only gave up 105 . At the end of the regular season , San Diego State qualified for the Camellia Bowl , which at the time was the Western Regional Final in the College Division of the NCAA . The Aztecs beat Montana State in the game , 28-7 . The Aztecs were voted the College Division national champion at the end of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'CCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': 'The California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . All of its current members are public universities , and all except for UC San Diego are members of the California State University system . It was founded in December 1938 and began competition in 1939 . The interim commissioner of the CCAA is Mitch Cox . CCAA offices are located in San Ramon , California . The CCAA is the most successful conference in NCAA Division II , as its former and current members have won 153 National Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'San Diego Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_San_Diego_Chargers_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Season was the 8th season for the San Diego Chargers as a professional AFL franchise ; the team improved on their 7-6-1 record in 1966 and fishing at 8-5-1 . It was the team 's first season at San Diego Stadium ( now known as Qualcomm Stadium ) , and the Chargers finished in third place in the AFL West Division with a record of 8-5-1 . In August 1967 , the San Diego Chargers played their first game at the new football stadium . The city named it the San Diego Stadium . In 1980 , the city officially changed it to Jack Murphy Stadium . The city revamped the stadium in 1984 and added 11,000 seats and fancy booths at a cost of 9.1 million dollars . But this was still not enough for the city and in 1997 another 11,500 seats were added along with more suites and a club level . This was the same year that the city sold the stadium 's naming rights to a San Diego company for $ 18 million and the name officially changed to Qualcomm Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Kay Stephenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kay_Stephenson', 'summary': "George Kay Stephenson ( born December 17 , 1944 ) is an American former college and professional football player and current coach , whose latter career has seen him work in four different professional leagues . Stephenson played quarterback for the American Football League 's San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills . He finished his playing career in 1974 in the World Football League with the Jacksonville Sharks before entering the coaching ranks ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Florida_Gators_football_team', 'summary': "The 1966 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida in the sport of American football during the 1966 NCAA University Division football season . The Gators competed in the University Division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . In their seventh season under head coach Ray Graves , the Gators compiled a 9-2 overall win-loss record , finished 5-1 and placed third among the SEC 's ten teams . Led by quarterback Steve Spurrier , the Gators outscored their opponents by a combined total of 265 to 147 and concluded their 1966 season with a 27-12 victory over the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in the 1967 Orange Bowl . The Gators were not ranked in the final AP Poll , but finished No . 11 in the final UPI Coaches Poll . Spurrier won the 1966 Heisman Trophy and was the unanimous first-team quarterback on the 1966 All-America Team . He completed 179 of 291 passes for 2,012 yards and 16 touchdowns with eight interceptions . Tailback Larry Smith was the team 's leading rusher with 742 yards and nine touchdowns on 162 carries . Smith was also selected as the most valuable player in the 1967 Orange Bowl after setting two Orange Bowl records with 187 rushing yards and a 94-yard touchdown run . Finally , flanker Richard Trapp set a new team record with 63 catches during the 1966 season . In addition to Spurrier , center Bill Carr was the team 's only other first-team All-American , receiving first-team honors from Time magazine and The Sporting News ."}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco 49ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_San_Francisco_49ers_season', 'summary': "The 1967 San Francisco 49ers season was the team 's 18th year with the National Football League . The 49ers had two first round picks and drafted Heisman Trophy winner Steve Spurrier with one of those draft picks ."}]}, {'value': 'Dave Olerich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Olerich', 'summary': 'Dave Olerich ( born November 14 , 1944 ) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for seven seasons for the San Francisco 49ers , St. Louis Cardinals , and Houston Oilers .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Dons_football', 'summary': "The San Francisco Dons football program were the intercollegiate American football team for University of San Francisco located in San Francisco , California . The team competed in NCAA Division II as a Division II Independent football program . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1917 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( Coll . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division II independent schools are four-year institutions that are not formally affiliated with any athletic conference . Schools that are members of a conference may also field intercollegiate teams in football , lacrosse , soccer , wrestling , and other sports not affiliated with a conference , usually due to their primary conference not having enough teams in a certain sport to enable sponsorship of the sport by that conference .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '† = Pro Bowler [ 5 ] ‡ = Hall of Famer [ 16 ]', 'uid': '1967_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1967 National Football League draft was conducted March 14-15, 1967, at the Gotham Hotel in New York City. It was the first common draft with the AFL, part of the AFL-NFL merger agreement of June 1966. This draft was delayed as new guidelines were established; redshirt (or future) players were no longer eligible. It began on a Tuesday in mid-March; the previous two years the leagues held their separate drafts on the final Saturday of November, immediately following the college football regular season.'} | null | null | What player was drafted into the 1967 NFL/AFL league as the position that makes field goals and extra points , after he played for a college team that played its games in the Clifford B . & Audrey Jones Stadium ? | Mac Percival |
0a3d4f05d129cc66 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sociedad', 'title': 'La Sociedad', 'header': ['Winner ( wager )', 'Loser ( wager )', 'Location', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'El Zorro ( hair )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Zorro_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'La Parka Negra redirects here , for other uses please see La Parka ( disambiguation )'}]}, {'value': 'Nicho el Millonario ( hair )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Psicosis', 'summary': 'Dionicio Castellanos Torres ( born May 19 , 1971 ) is a Mexican professional wrestler , better known by the ring names Psicosis ( sometimes Anglicised as Psychosis ) and Nicho el Millonario . He is best known for his appearances with the promotions Lucha Libre AAA World Wide , Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre and the World Wrestling Association , as well as his appearances in the United States with Extreme Championship Wrestling , Total Nonstop Action Wrestling , World Championship Wrestling , and World Wrestling Entertainment . Championships held by Psicosis include the AAA World Tag Team Championship , WWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship , WWA World Welterweight Championship , and WWA World Trios Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Live event', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 30 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'L.A. Park ( mask )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/L.A._Park', 'summary': "Adolfo Margarito Tapia Ibarra ( born November 14 , 1965 ) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado ( masked professional wrestler ) , who currently performs for Major League Wrestling and is best known throughout the world as La Parka , especially from his many years in the American World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) promotion . He has worked for every major and multiple minor wrestling promotions in Mexico , as well as wrestling in Japan . He is a three-time world champion , having held the IWC World Heavyweight , IWC World Hardcore and IWL World Heavyweight championships all at once . Tapia was forced to change his ring name from La Parka to L.A. Park ( short for La Auténtica Park ; The Original Park ) in early 2003 when Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) owner Antonio Peña asserted his copyright claims to the La Parka character , barring Tapia from using the name as he promoted his own version of the gimmick ( known as La Parka II among fans ) . In March 2010 , L.A. Park returned to AAA and started a storyline with AAA 's La Parka , pitting the original and the new La Parka against each other . At Triplemania XVIII , Park defeated La Parka and earned the rights to once again be known as La Parka . The result , however , was later thrown out . Tapia 's uncle changed his character to Super Parka after Tapia gained worldwide fame . Several of Tapia 's other relatives are professional wrestlers , including his brother El Hijo de Cien Caras , nephew Volador Jr. and great nephew Flyer ."}]}, {'value': 'El Mesías ( hair )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Banderas', 'summary': "Gilbert Cosme ( born May 25 , 1975 ) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler , better known by his ring names El Mesías , Mil Muertes , and Ricky Banderas . He began his career in the International Wrestling Association based in Puerto Rico . While performing in the company , he won the IWA World Heavyweight Championship on five instances and held minor championships on fifteen separate occasions , before leaving the company in 2006 . On March 12 , 2006 , he debuted in Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) , a promotion based in Mexico , as a character named Muerte Cibernetica and was involved in an angle where this character was killed . In November 2006 , Cosme was involved in the tapings of the Wrestling Society X television series , where he was the second and last wrestler to win the WSX Championship . Following a month of performing in the International Wrestling Association , Cosme returned to AAA in a special event presented by the company , this time under the ring name of El Mesías . In September 2007 , the company organized a unification tournament where all of the champions and first contenders participated . Over the course of the tournament , he won the GPCW Super-X Monster Championship and IWC World Heavyweight Championship , and on the tournament 's finale , he became the first wrestler to win the AAA Mega Championship . While working in Mexico , Cosme signed a contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) where he debuted as Judas Mesias on September 13 , 2007 . In March 2008 his association with TNA came to an end and he focused most of his time on AAA . In 2010 Cosme debuted for Puerto Rican World Wrestling Council , where he won the Universal Heavyweight Championship . He also wrestles in Lucha Underground under the ring name Mil Muertes ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico City , Mexico', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triplemanía XIX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triplemanía_XIX', 'summary': "Triplemanía XIX was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the AAA promotion , which took place on June 18 , 2011 at the Palacio de los Deportes ( Sports Palace ) in Mexico City , Mexico . The event was the nineteenth annual Triplemanía , which is AAA 's biggest show of the year . The event featured performers from American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) for the second year in a row . The event featured eight matches and was headlined by the culmination of the seven-month storyline rivalry between L.A. Park and El Mesías in a Luchas de Apuestas , or bet match , where Park put his mask and El Mesías his hair on the line . It also featured the crowning of the first ever AAA Latin American and AAA World Trios Champions . At the event , Octagón , who has been a part of AAA since the promotion was founded in 1992 , became the fifth inductee into the AAA Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'June 18 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Psycho Clown ( mask )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Psycho_Clown', 'summary': "Psycho Clown ( born December 16 , 1985 ) is the ring name of a Mexican Luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler currently signed to Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) . Psycho Clown 's ring character is that of a nightmarish clown and he is part of Los Psycho Circus along with Monster Clown and Murder Clown . Psycho Clown 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans . Part of the Alvarado wrestling family , He is the son of José Alvarado Nieves who wrestles under the ring name Brazo de Plata and has previously worked as Brazo de Plata Jr. His siblings , wrestlers Máximo , Goya Kong , Andros de Plata , and Muñeca de Plata are also professional wrestlers . Clown has headlined numerous AAA pay-per-view events , including the last three Triplemanías ( XXIV , XXV and XXVI ) during his titular fights or Apuestas ."}]}, {'value': 'X-Fly ( hair )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-Fly', 'summary': 'Juan Francisco Domínguez ( born September 8 , 1977 ) is a Mexican luchador or professional wrestler , currently performing under the ring name X-Fly . He is also known as the original Mosco de la Merced ( Mosquito of the Mercy ) , a name which has since been given another luchador . He is best known for his stints with the AAA promotion , the latest while representing Los Perros del Mal .'}]}, {'value': 'Guadalajara , Jalisco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Verano de Escándalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Verano_de_Escándalo_(2011)', 'summary': "Verano de Escándalo ( 2011 ) was a major professional wrestling event produced by the AAA promotion , which took place on July 31 , 2011 , at the Plaza Nuevo Progreso in Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico . The title of the event , which has been AAA 's annual summer show since 1997 , is Spanish for Summer of Scandal . The event featured seven matches with the main event featuring Los Perros del Mal and Los Psycho Circus facing each other in a Hair vs . Mask Lucha de Apuestas steel cage match , continuing the storyline rivalry , which started in October 2010 . The event also featured Jeff Jarrett defending the AAA Mega Championship against Dr. Wagner Jr. and L.A. Park . The event took place only six weeks and four television tapings after Triplemanía XIX , an abnormally short amount of time between two major AAA events ; for example there would be ten weeks between Verano de Escándalo and the following major event , Héroes Inmortales . Subsequently , AAA made the decision not to make the event a pay-per-view ."}]}, {'value': 'July 31 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monster Clown ( mask ) , Murder Clown ( mask ) and Psycho Clown ( mask )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monster_Clown', 'summary': 'Rafael Ramírez Solorza ( born February 24 , 1976 ) is a Mexican Luchador , better known by the ring name Monster Clown and previously worked as Aliens between 2004 and 2007 before adopting his current ring name . He is currently under contract will Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide . He is best known as Monster Clown , being part of Los Psycho Circus along with Psycho Clown and Murder Clown where they portray a trio of evil clowns . Ramirez previously worked under the ring names Highlander and Aliens before becoming a part of Los Psycho Circus . In the summer of 2009 he was forced to change his ring name from Zombie Clown to Monster Clown due to copyright problems .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Murder_Clown', 'summary': "Murder Clown ( born March 1 , 1986 ) is the ring name of a Mexican Luchador enmascarado , or masked professional wrestler currently signed to Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) . Murder Clown 's ring character is that of a nightmarish clown and he is part of Los Psycho Circus along with Monster Clown and Psycho Clown . Murder Clown 's real name is not a matter of public record , as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans ."}]}, {'value': 'Damián 666 ( hair ) , Halloween ( hair ) and Nicho el Millonario ( hair )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damián_666', 'summary': "Leonardo Carrera Gómez ( born June 9 , 1961 ) is a Mexican professional wrestler best known under the name Damián 666 . He has worked for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling ( FMW ) , Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) , Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) , World Wrestling Association ( WWA ) and various promotions on the Mexican independent circuit , including Perros del Mal Producciones ( PdM ) . Carrera also worked under the ring name Galaxy in WCW , a masked Luchador . Carrera often teams with Halloween , leading to the formation of the team Mexico 's Most Wanted , which has worked extensively in North America for such promotions as Xtreme Pro Wrestling ( XPW ) and Revolution Pro Wrestling ( RPW ) . Carrera 's son currently wrestles for on the international independent circuit as Bestia 666 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Halloween_(wrestler)', 'summary': 'Manuel Ortiz Partida ( born May 22 , 1971 ) is a professional wrestler who is currently wrestling the independent circuit in Mexico , particularly in the Tijuana area . He is better known by his stage name Halloween but is also known in the United States as Ciclope , a character he portrayed in World Championship Wrestling .'}]}, {'value': 'Monterrey , Nuevo León', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Héroes Inmortales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Héroes_Inmortales_(2011)', 'summary': 'Héroes Inmortales ( 2011 ) ( Spanish for Immortal Heroes ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the AAA promotion , which took place on October 9 , 2011 , at Arena Monterrey in Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico , commemorating the fifth anniversary of the death of AAA founder Antonio Peña . While the two previous Peña memorial shows were labeled with the Roman numerals III and IV , the 2011 event was simply known as Héroes Inmortales . The main attraction of the event was the Mexican debut of Sting , who took part in the ongoing storyline invasion of wrestlers from American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . TNA performers Abyss , Jeff Jarrett , Magnus and Velvet Sky also took part in the event . Other matches taking place at the event included the fifth annual Copa Antonio Peña , Dr. Wagner Jr. defending the AAA Latin American Championship against El Hijo del Perro Aguayo and the culmination of the yearlong rivalry between Los Perros del Mal and Los Psycho Circus in a Lucha de Apuestas Masks vs . Hairs match , at the end of which one team would be either forced to unmask or have their heads shaved .'}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sexy Star ( mask )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sexy_Star', 'summary': "Dulce Maria García Rivas ( born September 20 , 1982 ) is a Mexican Luchadora enmascarada , or masked female professional wrestler , mixed martial artist and professional boxer who is better known by the ring name Sexy Star . She is best known for her work in Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) , where she is a three-time AAA Reina de Reinas Champion , while also being a former one-time AAA World Mixed Tag Team Champion . She previously wrestled under the name Dulce Poly and held both the FILL Women 's Championship and the FILL Mixed Tag Team Championship under that name . She worked for Lucha Underground , where she was a former Lucha Underground Champion and Gift of the Gods Champion . She is the first woman to win the Lucha Underground Championship and , by extension , the first woman to hold a World Heavyweight Championship in a major wrestling promotion . García has also performed as a boxer since 2017 , winning all five fights she took a part in . She won her MMA debut in 2019 in Combate Americas . García became the center of a controversy in August 2017 following a match at Triplemanía XXV , during which she legitimately injured Rosemary with a shoot armbar . This resulted in a backlash in the wrestling world , and was soon followed by her firing from AAA and stripping from the AAA Reina de Reinas title ; several known wrestling figures also called for her to be blacklisted . She would not return to wrestling until joining Nación Lucha Libre in July 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pimpinela Escarlata ( hair )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pimpinela_Escarlata', 'summary': 'Mario González Lozano ( born April 18 , 1969 ) is a Mexican Luchador , or professional wrestler , who works as an Exótico for the Mexican Lucha Libre AAA World Wide promotion and Lucha Underground under the ring name Pimpinela Escarlata . As Escarlata he is a former AAA Reina de Reinas Champion , Mexican National Middleweight Champion and AAA World Mixed Tag Team Champion . His ring name is Spanish for The Scarlet Pimpernel and is taken from the fictional character of the same name .'}]}, {'value': 'Zapopan , Jalisco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rey de Reyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rey_de_Reyes_(2012)', 'summary': 'Rey de Reyes ( Spanish for King of Kings ) was a professional wrestling event produced by the AAA promotion , which took place on March 18 , 2012 , at Auditorio Benito Juárez in Zapopan , Jalisco , Mexico . The event was the 16th event produced under the Rey de Reyes name and also the 16th time that the Rey de Reyes tournament was held .'}]}, {'value': 'March 18 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Psicosis ( hair )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Psicosis', 'summary': 'Dionicio Castellanos Torres ( born May 19 , 1971 ) is a Mexican professional wrestler , better known by the ring names Psicosis ( sometimes Anglicised as Psychosis ) and Nicho el Millonario . He is best known for his appearances with the promotions Lucha Libre AAA World Wide , Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre and the World Wrestling Association , as well as his appearances in the United States with Extreme Championship Wrestling , Total Nonstop Action Wrestling , World Championship Wrestling , and World Wrestling Entertainment . Championships held by Psicosis include the AAA World Tag Team Championship , WWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship , WWA World Welterweight Championship , and WWA World Trios Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Líder ( hair )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Líder', 'summary': 'José de Jesús Álvarez Gutierrez ( born June 2 , 1978 ) is a Mexican professional wrestler , better known by his ringname Joe Líder . He currently competes in Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide ( AAA ) . He is known for being a former member of the tag team La Hermandad Extrema with Nicho el Millonario who , like himself , is one of several wrestlers to emerge from the independent circuit during the 1990s . Álvarez is also the real-life brother of Demoledor and had faced him on several occasions during his career , most notably , defeating him in their hometown in a hair vs. hair match at the Arena Victoria in January 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triplemanía XX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triplemanía_XX', 'summary': "Triplemanía XX was a professional wrestling event scripted and produced by the AAA promotion , which took place on August 5 , 2012 , at Arena Ciudad de México in Mexico City , Mexico . The event was the twentieth annual Triplemanía , which is AAA 's biggest show of the year , and marked AAA 's debut in the new Arena Ciudad de México . The event was headlined by a match between Dr. Wagner Jr. and Máscara Año 2000 Jr. , where the loser was forced to unmask himself . In the semi-main event , El Mesías defended the AAA Mega Championship against the 2012 Rey de Reyes , El Hijo del Perro Aguayo . The event also featured Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) performer Kurt Angle 's AAA debut and an induction into the AAA Hall of Fame . This event marked the first time in four years that a Triplemanía was not broadcast live on pay-per-view . Instead , the event would be broadcast in three parts on AAA 's official website , starting August 19 . The event was attended by 21,000 people , the largest crowd for a professional wrestling event in Mexico in almost five years ."}]}, {'value': 'August 5 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joaquín Roldán ( hair )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dorian Roldán ( hair )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triplemanía XX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triplemanía_XX', 'summary': "Triplemanía XX was a professional wrestling event scripted and produced by the AAA promotion , which took place on August 5 , 2012 , at Arena Ciudad de México in Mexico City , Mexico . The event was the twentieth annual Triplemanía , which is AAA 's biggest show of the year , and marked AAA 's debut in the new Arena Ciudad de México . The event was headlined by a match between Dr. Wagner Jr. and Máscara Año 2000 Jr. , where the loser was forced to unmask himself . In the semi-main event , El Mesías defended the AAA Mega Championship against the 2012 Rey de Reyes , El Hijo del Perro Aguayo . The event also featured Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) performer Kurt Angle 's AAA debut and an induction into the AAA Hall of Fame . This event marked the first time in four years that a Triplemanía was not broadcast live on pay-per-view . Instead , the event would be broadcast in three parts on AAA 's official website , starting August 19 . The event was attended by 21,000 people , the largest crowd for a professional wrestling event in Mexico in almost five years ."}]}, {'value': 'August 5 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Psycho Clown ( mask )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Texano Jr. ( hair )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Texano_Jr.', 'summary': "Juan Aguilar Leos ( born July 31 , 1984 ) is a Mexican luchador , or professional wrestler who is currently signed to Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide , better known by the ring name El Texano Jr. Aguilar is the son of Juan Conrado Aguilar Jáuregui , who wrestled under the name El Texano ; Aguilar 's brother is a wrestler known as Súper Nova / Bengala and he has several uncles and cousins that are professional wrestlers including El Dandy , Mictlán , Pólvora and Inquisidor . For the early part of his career Aguilar worked for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL ) , during which he also made several tours of Japan for New Japan Pro Wrestling ( NJPW ) from 2005 until 2007 . While in CMLL member of groups Los Hijos del Averno ( Spanish for the Sons of Hell ) and Los Perros del Mal ( the Evil Dogs ) , but opted to remain with CMLL when Los Perros left the promotion in 2010 . In November 2011 , Aguilar left CMLL to join Perros del Mal Producciones . After signing with AAA , Aguilar , under his current ring name , Texano won his first championship while in the group , the where he is a two-time AAA Mega Champion , with his 735-day reign being the second-longest in history and a company record within AAA . Texano has gone on to become a one-time AAA World Trios Championship and a one-time AAA World Tag Team Championship ( with Rey Escorpión ) . Texano also became the Rey de Reyes 2015 winner ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexico City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triplemanía XXII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triplemanía_XXII', 'summary': "Triplemanía XXII was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) produced by the AAA promotion . It took place on August 17 , 2014 , at Arena Ciudad de México in Mexico City , Mexico . The event was the twenty-second annual Triplemanía , which is AAA 's biggest show of the year , airing in Mexico as a regular PPV and internationally as an internet pay-per-view ( iPPV ) . This was the first AAA PPV event to be broadcast simultaneously in English through SAP , having Hugo Savinovich and Vampiro as announcers . Alberto Del Rio , who was fired from WWE more than a week prior , made an appearance at the event . WWE wrestler Rey Mysterio also appeared in a video package to end the show . Jeff Jarrett and Ricochet were advertised for the event , but both missed the event due to travel issues ."}]}, {'value': 'August 17 , 2014', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Luchas de Apuestas record', 'section_text': 'See also : Luchas de Apuestas', 'uid': 'La_Sociedad_0', 'intro': 'La Sociedad (later reformed as La Nueva Sociedad in 2013; Spanish for The (New) Society) was a Mexican lucha libre, or professional wrestling group, referred to as a stable in wrestling terms, that worked for Lucha Libre AAA World Wide (AAA). The group was originally formed in the summer of 2010 with the merger of La Legión Extranjera, Los Perros del Mal, La Milicia and Los Maniacos.'} | null | null | Since what year did the winner of the event that took place in Auditorio Benito Juárez perform as a boxer ? | 2017 |
0a3d86eddf29a16d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'title': 'List of cities in the United Kingdom', 'header': ['City', 'Year granted or confirmed', 'Cathedral ( pre-1889 )', 'City council', 'Nation/Region', 'Population'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aberdeen ( Scots : Aiberdeen ) ( Scottish Gaelic : Obar Dheathain )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen', 'summary': "Aberdeen ( /ˌæbərˈdiːn/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Aiberdeen , listen ( help·info ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Obar Dheathain [ opəɾ ˈɛ.ɛɲ ] ; Latin : Aberdonia ) is a city in northeast Scotland . It is Scotland 's third most populous city , one of Scotland 's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom 's 39th most populous built-up area , with an official population estimate of 196,670 for the city of Aberdeen and 227,560 for the local council area . During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries , Aberdeen 's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite , which can sparkle like silver because of its high mica content . Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s , Aberdeen has been known as the off-shore oil capital of Europe . The area around Aberdeen has been settled for at least 8,000 years , when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don . The city has a long , sandy coastline and a marine climate , the latter resulting in chilly summers and mild winters . Aberdeen received Royal burgh status from David I of Scotland ( 1124-1153 ) , transforming the city economically . The city has two universities , the University of Aberdeen , founded in 1495 , and Robert Gordon University , which was awarded university status in 1992 , making Aberdeen the educational centre of north-east Scotland . The traditional industries of fishing , paper-making , shipbuilding , and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen 's seaport . Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland . Aberdeen used to host the Aberdeen International Youth Festival , a major international event which attracted up to 1000 of the most talented young performing arts companies but the council ended funding in 2017 and the festival was wound up in 2018 . In 2015 , Mercer named Aberdeen the 57th most liveable city in the world , as well as the fourth most liveable city in Britain ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scots_language', 'summary': 'Scots ( Scottish Gaelic : Albais ) is the West Germanic languages variety spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster in Ireland ( where the local dialect is known as Ulster Scots ) . It is sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from Scottish Gaelic , the Celtic language that was historically restricted to most of the Highlands , the Hebrides and Galloway after the 16th century . The Scots language developed during the Middle English period as a distinct entity . Scots is recognised as an indigenous language of Scotland , a regional or minority language of Europe , and as a vulnerable language by UNESCO . As there are no universally accepted criteria for distinguishing a language from a dialect , scholars and other interested parties often disagree about the linguistic , historical and social status of Scots and particularly its relationship to English . Although a number of paradigms for distinguishing between languages and dialects exist , they often render contradictory results . Broad Scots is at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum , with Scottish Standard English at the other . Scots is often regarded as one of the ancient varieties of English , but it has its own distinct dialects . Alternatively , Scots is sometimes treated as a distinct Germanic language , in the way that Norwegian is closely linked to but distinct from Danish . In the 2011 Scottish Census , 1.5 million people in Scotland reported being able to speak Scots .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language', 'summary': "Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig [ ˈkaːlɪkʲ ] ( listen ) , Am Faclair Beag Scottish Gaelic pronunciation : [ 'gaːlɪgʲ ] ) or Scots Gaelic , sometimes also referred to simply as Gaelic , is a Goidelic language of the Celtic and Indo-European language family , native to the Gaels of Scotland . As a Goidelic language , Scottish Gaelic , like Modern Irish and Manx , developed out of Old Irish . It became a distinct spoken language sometime in the 13th century in the Middle Irish period , although a common literary language was shared by Gaels in both Ireland and Scotland down to the 16th century . Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking , as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language placenames . In the 2011 census of Scotland , 57,375 people ( 1.1% of the Scottish population aged over three years old ) reported as able to speak Gaelic , 1,275 fewer than in 2001 . The highest percentages of Gaelic speakers were in the Outer Hebrides . Nevertheless , there are revival efforts , and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 did not decrease between the 2001 and 2011 censuses . Outside Scotland , a dialect known as Canadian Gaelic has been spoken in eastern Canada since the 18th century . In the 2016 national census , nearly 4,000 Canadian residents claimed knowledge of Scottish Gaelic . Scottish Gaelic is not an official language of the United Kingdom . However , it is classed as an indigenous language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , which the British government has ratified , and the Gaelic Language ( Scotland ) Act 2005 established a language-development body , Bòrd na Gàidhlig ."}]}, {'value': '1891 ( Burgh : 1179 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_burgh', 'summary': "A royal burgh was a type of Scottish burgh which had been founded by , or subsequently granted , a royal charter . Although abolished in law in 1975 , the term is still used by many former royal burghs . Most royal burghs were either created by the Crown , or upgraded from another status , such as burgh of barony . As discrete classes of burgh emerged , the royal burghs - originally distinctive because they were on royal lands - acquired a monopoly of foreign trade . An important document for each burgh was its burgh charter , creating the burgh or confirming the rights of the burgh as laid down ( perhaps verbally ) by a previous monarch . Each royal burgh ( with the exception of four 'inactive burghs ' ) was represented in the Parliament of Scotland and could appoint bailies with wide powers in civil and criminal justice . By 1707 there were 70 royal burghs . The Royal Burghs Act 1833 reformed the election of the town councils that governed royal burghs . Those qualified to vote in parliamentary elections under the Reform Act 1832 were now entitled to elect burgh councillors ."}]}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Council area )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '189,120', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armagh ( Irish : Ard Mhacha ) ( Ulster-Scots : Airmagh )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armagh', 'summary': "Armagh ( /ɑːrˈmɑː/ ar-MAH ; Irish : Ard Mhacha , IPA : [ ˌaɾd̪ˠ ˈwaxə ] , Macha 's height ) is the county town of County Armagh and a city in Northern Ireland , as well as a civil parish . It is the ecclesiastical capital of Ireland - the seat of the Archbishops of Armagh , the Primates of All Ireland for both the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of Ireland . In ancient times , nearby Navan Fort ( Eamhain Mhacha ) was a pagan ceremonial site and one of the great royal capitals of Gaelic Ireland . Today , Armagh is home to two cathedrals ( both named after Saint Patrick ) and the Armagh Observatory , and is known for its Georgian architecture . Although classed as a medium-sized town , Armagh was given city status in 1994 and Lord Mayoralty status in 2012 , both by Queen Elizabeth II . It had a population of 14,777 people in the 2011 Census , making it the least-populated city in Ireland and the fifth smallest in the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_language', 'summary': 'Irish ( Gaeilge ) is a Goidelic language of the Celtic languages family , itself a branch of the Indo-European language family . Irish originated in Ireland and was historically spoken by Irish people throughout Ireland . Irish is spoken as a first language in substantial areas of counties Galway , Kerry , Cork and Donegal , smaller areas of Waterford , Mayo and Meath , and a few other locations . It is also spoken by a much larger group of habitual but non-traditional speakers across the country , mostly in urban areas and mostly as a second language . Irish has been the dominant language of the Irish people for most of their recorded history , and they took it with them to other regions , notably Scotland and the Isle of Man , where Middle Irish gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx respectively . It has the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe . Irish has constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland and is an officially recognised minority language in Northern Ireland . It is also among the official languages of the European Union . The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island of Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects', 'summary': 'Ulster Scots or Ulster-Scots ( Ulstèr-Scotch , Irish : Albainais ) , also known as Ulster Scotch , Scots-Irish and Ullans , is the dialect of the Scots language spoken in parts of Ulster in Ireland . It is generally considered a dialect or group of dialects of Scots , although groups such as the Ulster-Scots Language Society and Ulster-Scots Academy consider it a language in its own right , and the Ulster-Scots Agency and former Department of Culture , Arts and Leisure have used the terminology Ulster-Scots language . Some definitions of Ulster Scots may also include Standard English spoken with an Ulster Scots accent . This is a situation like that of Lowland Scots and Scottish Standard English with words pronounced using the Ulster Scots phonemes closest to those of Standard English . Ulster Scots has been influenced by Hiberno-English , particularly Mid-Ulster English , and by Ulster Irish . As a result of the competing influences of English and Scots , varieties of Ulster Scots can be described as more English or more Scots .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None . Represented on Armagh City , Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland', 'summary': "Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann [ ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is variously described as a country , province or region which is part of the United Kingdom . Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland , Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30% of the island 's total population and about 3% of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly ( colloquially referred to as Stormont after its location ) holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to put forward views and proposals with determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments . On 11 January 2020 , legislators in Northern Ireland formed a government for the first time since the Executive of the 5th Northern Ireland Assembly collapsed in January 2017 , following the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland , David Trimble , called a cold house for Catholics ."}]}, {'value': '14,777 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd', 'summary': 'Bangor ( English : /ˈbæŋɡər/ ; Welsh : [ ˈbaŋɡɔr ] ) is a city and community in Gwynedd , northwest Wales . It is the oldest city in Wales , and one of the smallest cities in the United Kingdom . Historically in Caernarfonshire , it is a university city with a population of 18,808 at the 2011 census , including around 10,500 students at Bangor University . It is one of only six places classed as a city in Wales , although it is only the 25th-largest urban area by population . At the 2001 census , 46.6 per cent of the non-student resident population spoke Welsh .'}]}, {'value': 'time immemorial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Time_immemorial', 'summary': "Time immemorial ( French : temps immémorial ) is a phrase meaning time extending beyond the reach of memory , record , or tradition , indefinitely ancient , ancient beyond memory or record . In law , it means that a property or benefit has been enjoyed for so long that its owner does not have to prove how they came to own it . In English law and its derivatives , time immemorial means the same as time out of mind , a time before legal history and beyond legal memory . In 1275 , by the first Statute of Westminster , the time of memory was limited to the reign of King Richard I , beginning 6 July 1189 , the date of the king 's accession . Since that date , proof of unbroken possession or use of any right made it unnecessary to establish the original grant under certain circumstances . The Prescription Act 1832 , which noted that the full expression was time immemorial , or time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary , replaced the common law burden of proving time immemorial for the enjoyment of particular land rights with statutory fixed time periods of up to 60 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Cathedral Church of St Deiniol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangor_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Bangor Cathedral ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Bangor ) is an ancient place of worship in Bangor , Gwynedd , Wales . It is dedicated to its founder , Saint Deiniol . The site of the present building of Bangor Cathedral has been in use as a place of Christian worship since the 6th century . The cathedral is built on a low-lying and inconspicuous site , possibly so as not to attract the attention of Viking raiders from the sea . The Gothic style building on the hill is part of Bangor University .'}]}, {'value': 'Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_(Wales)', 'summary': 'A community ( Welsh : cymuned ) is a division of land in Wales that forms the lowest tier of local government in Wales . Welsh communities are analogous to civil parishes in England . In 2016 there were 870 communities in Wales . Until 1974 Wales was divided into civil parishes . These were abolished by section 20 ( 6 ) of the Local Government Act 1972 , and replaced by communities by section 27 of the same Act . The principal areas of Wales are divided entirely into communities . Unlike in England , where unparished areas exist , no part of Wales is outside a community , even in urban areas . Most , but not all , communities are administered by Community councils , which are equivalent to English parish councils in terms of their powers and the way they operate . Welsh community councils may call themselves town councils unilaterally and may have city status granted by the Crown . In Wales , all town councils are community councils . There are now three communities with city status : Bangor , St Asaph and St Davids . The Chair of a town council or city council will usually have the title Mayor ( Welsh : maer ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '18,808 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath,_Somerset', 'summary': "Bath is the largest city in the county of Somerset , England , known for and named after its Roman-built baths . In 2011 , the population was 88,859 . Bath is in the valley of the River Avon , 97 miles ( 156 km ) west of London and 11 miles ( 18 km ) southeast of Bristol . The city became a World Heritage site in 1987 . The city became a spa with the Latin name Aquae Sulis ( the waters of Sul ) c. 60 AD when the Romans built baths and a temple in the valley of the River Avon , although hot springs were known even before then . Bath Abbey was founded in the 7th century and became a religious centre ; the building was rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries . In the 17th century , claims were made for the curative properties of water from the springs , and Bath became popular as a spa town in the Georgian era . Georgian architecture , crafted from Bath stone , includes the Royal Crescent , Circus , Pump Room and Assembly Rooms where Beau Nash presided over the city 's social life from 1705 until his death in 1761 . Many of the streets and squares were laid out by John Wood , the Elder , and in the 18th century the city became fashionable and the population grew . Jane Austen lived in Bath in the early 19th century . Further building was undertaken in the 19th century and following the Bath Blitz in World War II . The city has software , publishing and service-oriented industries ."}]}, {'value': '1090', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbey Church of SS Peter & Paul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bath_Abbey', 'summary': 'Bath Abbey is a parish church of the Church of England and former Benedictine monastery in Bath , Somerset , England . Founded in the 7th century , it was reorganised in the 10th century and rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries ; major restoration work was carried out by Sir George Gilbert Scott in the 1860s . It is one of the largest examples of Perpendicular Gothic architecture in the West Country . The medieval abbey church served as a sometime cathedral of a bishop . After long contention between churchmen in Bath and Wells the seat of the Diocese of Bath and Wells was later consolidated at Wells Cathedral . The Benedictine community was dissolved in 1539 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries . The church is cruciform in plan and able to seat 1,200 . An active place of worship , it also hosts civic ceremonies , concerts and lectures . There is a heritage museum in the cellars . The abbey is a Grade I listed building , particularly noted for its fan vaulting . It contains war memorials for the local population and monuments to several notable people , in the form of wall and floor plaques and commemorative stained glass . The church has two organs and a peal of ten bells .'}]}, {'value': 'Charter trustees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charter_trustees', 'summary': 'In England and Wales , charter trustees are set up to maintain the continuity of a town charter or city charter after a district with the status of a borough or city has been abolished , until such time as a parish council is established . Duties are limited to ceremonial activities such as the election of a mayor , and various other functions depending upon local customs and laws . The charter trustees are made up of local councillors in the district representing wards within the boundaries of the town/city . In the event that there are fewer than three district councillors for the former borough , qualified local electors may be co-opted to make the number up to three . Charter trustees must hold an annual meeting within twenty-one days of the annual meeting of the district council . The first item of business is the election of a town or city mayor and deputy mayor for the next year . The charter trustees of Lowestoft failed to nominate any candidate for the office of town mayor for several years until a change of political control in 2003 , the trustees being effectively in abeyance . [ citation needed ] The charter trustees of Worksop are also effectively in abeyance , having not elected a town mayor for over 30 years . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'South West , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_West_England', 'summary': 'South West England is one of nine official regions of England . It is the largest in area , covering 9,200 square miles ( 23,800 km2 ) , and consists of the counties of Bristol , Cornwall , Dorset , Devon , Gloucestershire , Somerset , and Wiltshire , as well as the Isles of Scilly . Five million people live in South West England . The region includes the West Country and much of the ancient kingdom of Wessex . The largest city is Bristol . Other major urban centres include Plymouth , Swindon , Gloucester , Cheltenham , Exeter , Bath , Torbay , and the South East Dorset conurbation which includes Bournemouth , Poole and Christchurch . There are eight cities : Salisbury , Bath , Wells , Bristol , Gloucester , Exeter , Plymouth and Truro . It includes two entire national parks , Dartmoor and Exmoor ( a small part of the New Forest is also within the region ) ; and four World Heritage Sites : Stonehenge , the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape , the Jurassic Coast and the City of Bath . The northern part of Gloucestershire , near Chipping Campden , is as close to the Scottish border as it is to the tip of Cornwall . The region has by far the longest coastline of any English region . The region is at the first level of NUTS for Eurostat purposes . Key data and facts about the region are produced by the South West Observatory .'}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '88,859 ( 2011 ) 97,311 ( urban area , 2010 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011', 'summary': "A census of the population of the United Kingdom is taken every ten years . The 2011 census was held in all countries of the UK on 27 March 2011 . It was the first UK census which could be completed online via the Internet . The Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) is responsible for the census in England and Wales , the General Register Office for Scotland ( GROS ) is responsible for the census in Scotland , and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency ( NISRA ) is responsible for the census in Northern Ireland . The Office for National Statistics is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority , a non-ministerial department formed in 2008 and which reports directly to Parliament . ONS is the UK Government 's single largest statistical producer of independent statistics on the UK 's economy and society , used to assist the planning and allocation of resources , policy-making and decision-making . ONS designs , manages and runs the census in England and Wales . In its capacity as the national statistics office for the United Kingdom , ONS also compiles and releases census tables for the United Kingdom when the data from England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland are complete . In the run-up to the census both the main UK political parties expressed concerns about the increasing cost and the value for money of the census , and it was suggested that the 2011 census might be the last decennial census to be taken . The first results from the 2011 census , age and sex , and occupied households estimates for England and Wales and Northern Ireland , were released on 16 July 2012 . The first results for Scotland , and the first UK-wide results , were published on 17 December 2012 . More detailed and specialised data were published from 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Belfast ( Irish : Béal Feirste ) ( Ulster-Scots : Bilfawst )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belfast', 'summary': "Belfast ( /ˈbɛlfɑːst/ BEL-fahst ; from Irish : Béal Feirste , meaning mouth of the sand-bank ford , Irish pronunciation : [ bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ ( ə ) ʃtʲə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland , standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast of Northern Ireland . It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest on the island of Ireland . It had a population of 333,871 as of 2015 [ update ] . Belfast suffered greatly in the Troubles : in the 1970s and 1980s it was reported to be one of the world 's most dangerous cities , with a homicide rate around 31 per 100,000 . By the early 19th century , Belfast became a major port . It played a key role in the Industrial Revolution , becoming the biggest linen-producer in the world , earning it the nickname Linenopolis . By the time it was granted city status in 1888 , it was a major centre of Irish linen production , tobacco-processing and rope-making . Shipbuilding was also a key industry ; the Harland and Wolff shipyard , which built the RMS Titanic , was the world 's biggest shipyard . Belfast as of 2019 [ update ] has a major aerospace and missiles industry . Industrialisation , and the inward migration it brought , made Belfast Northern Ireland 's biggest city and it became the capital of Northern Ireland following the Partition of Ireland in 1922 . Its status as a global industrial centre ended in the decades after the Second World War of 1939-1945 . Belfast is still a major port , with commercial and industrial docks , including the Harland and Wolff shipyard , dominating the Belfast Lough shoreline ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_language', 'summary': 'Irish ( Gaeilge ) is a Goidelic language of the Celtic languages family , itself a branch of the Indo-European language family . Irish originated in Ireland and was historically spoken by Irish people throughout Ireland . Irish is spoken as a first language in substantial areas of counties Galway , Kerry , Cork and Donegal , smaller areas of Waterford , Mayo and Meath , and a few other locations . It is also spoken by a much larger group of habitual but non-traditional speakers across the country , mostly in urban areas and mostly as a second language . Irish has been the dominant language of the Irish people for most of their recorded history , and they took it with them to other regions , notably Scotland and the Isle of Man , where Middle Irish gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx respectively . It has the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe . Irish has constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland and is an officially recognised minority language in Northern Ireland . It is also among the official languages of the European Union . The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island of Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects', 'summary': 'Ulster Scots or Ulster-Scots ( Ulstèr-Scotch , Irish : Albainais ) , also known as Ulster Scotch , Scots-Irish and Ullans , is the dialect of the Scots language spoken in parts of Ulster in Ireland . It is generally considered a dialect or group of dialects of Scots , although groups such as the Ulster-Scots Language Society and Ulster-Scots Academy consider it a language in its own right , and the Ulster-Scots Agency and former Department of Culture , Arts and Leisure have used the terminology Ulster-Scots language . Some definitions of Ulster Scots may also include Standard English spoken with an Ulster Scots accent . This is a situation like that of Lowland Scots and Scottish Standard English with words pronounced using the Ulster Scots phonemes closest to those of Standard English . Ulster Scots has been influenced by Hiberno-English , particularly Mid-Ulster English , and by Ulster Irish . As a result of the competing influences of English and Scots , varieties of Ulster Scots can be described as more English or more Scots .'}]}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local government district', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland', 'summary': "Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann [ ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is variously described as a country , province or region which is part of the United Kingdom . Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland , Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30% of the island 's total population and about 3% of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly ( colloquially referred to as Stormont after its location ) holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to put forward views and proposals with determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments . On 11 January 2020 , legislators in Northern Ireland formed a government for the first time since the Executive of the 5th Northern Ireland Assembly collapsed in January 2017 , following the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland , David Trimble , called a cold house for Catholics ."}]}, {'value': '333,871 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ."}]}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Metropolitan borough )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Midlands , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)', 'summary': 'The West Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It covers the western half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands . It contains Birmingham and the larger West Midlands conurbation , which is the third most populous in the United Kingdom . The City of Coventry is also located within the West Midlands county , but is separated from the conurbation to the west by several miles of green belt . The region also contains 6 shire counties which stretch from the Welsh Border to the East Midlands . The region is geographically diverse , from the urban central areas of the conurbation to the rural western counties of Shropshire and Herefordshire which border Wales . The longest river in the UK , the River Severn , traverses the region southeastwards , flowing through the county towns of Shrewsbury and Worcester , and the Ironbridge Gorge , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Staffordshire is home to the industrialised Potteries conurbation , including the city of Stoke-on-Trent , and the Staffordshire Moorlands area , which borders the southeastern Peak District National Park near Leek . The region also encompasses five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty , the Wye Valley , Shropshire Hills , Cannock Chase , Malvern Hills , and parts of the Cotswolds . Warwickshire is home to the towns of Stratford upon Avon , birthplace of writer William Shakespeare , Rugby , the birthplace of Rugby football and Nuneaton , birthplace to author George Eliot .'}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '1,092,330 ( 2013 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Bradford', 'summary': "The City of Bradford ( /ˈbrædfərd/ ( listen ) ) is a local government district of West Yorkshire , England , with the status of a city and metropolitan borough . It is named after its largest settlement , Bradford , but covers a far larger area which includes the towns and villages of Keighley , Shipley , Bingley , Ilkley , Haworth , Silsden , Queensbury , Thornton and Denholme . Bradford has a population of 528,155 , making it the fourth-most populous metropolitan district and the sixth-most populous local authority district in England . It forms part of the West Yorkshire Urban Area conurbation which in 2011 had a population of 1,777,934 , and the city is part of the Leeds-Bradford Larger Urban Zone ( LUZ ) , which , with a population of 2,393,300 , is the fourth largest in the United Kingdom after London , Birmingham and Manchester . The city is situated on the edge of the Pennines , and is bounded to the east by the City of Leeds , the south east by the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees and the south west by the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale . The Pendle borough of Lancashire lies to the west , whilst the Craven and Harrogate boroughs of North Yorkshire lie to the north west and north east of the city . Bradford is the 4th largest metropolitan district in the country , and the contiguous urban area to the north which includes the towns of Shipley and Bingley is heavily populated . The spa town of Ilkley lies further north , whilst the town of Keighley lies to the west . Roughly two thirds of the district is rural , with an environment varying from moorlands in the north and west , to valleys and floodplains formed by the river systems that flow throughout the district . More than half of Bradford 's land is green open space , stretching over part of the Airedale and Wharfedale Valleys , across the hills and the Pennine moorland between . The Yorkshire Dales and the Peak District are both in close proximity . The City of Bradford has architecture designated as being of special or historic importance , most of which were constructed with local stone , with 5,800 listed buildings and 59 conservation areas ."}]}, {'value': '1897', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Metropolitan borough )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yorkshire and the Humber , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber', 'summary': 'Yorkshire and the Humber is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ( NUTS ) for statistical purposes . It comprises most of Yorkshire ( the administrative areas of South Yorkshire , West Yorkshire , East Riding of Yorkshire , Hull , North Yorkshire and the City of York ) , as well as North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire . It does not include Middlesbrough , Redcar and Cleveland or other areas of the historic county of Yorkshire , such as Sedbergh not included in the aforementioned administrative areas . The largest settlements are , Leeds , Sheffield , Bradford , Hull , and York . The population in 2011 was 5,284,000 . The committees for the regions , including the one for Yorkshire and the Humber , ceased to exist upon the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010 ; they were not re-established by the newly elected House . Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government , and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '522,452 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brighton & Hove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove', 'summary': "Brighton and Hove ( /ˈbraɪtən . ˈhoʊv/ ) is a seaside city in East Sussex , in South East England . The towns of Brighton and Hove formed a unitary authority in 1997 and in 2001 were granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II . Brighton is often referred to synonymously with the official Brighton and Hove although many locals still consider the two to be different towns . At the 2011 census , the city was England 's most populous seaside resort , as well as the largest city in South East England , with a population of 273,400 ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Unitary )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South East , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_East_England', 'summary': "South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It consists of Berkshire , Buckinghamshire , East Sussex , Hampshire , the Isle of Wight , Kent , Oxfordshire , Surrey and West Sussex . As with the other regions of England , apart from Greater London , the south east has no elected government . It is the third largest region of England , with an area of 19,096 km2 ( 7,373 sq mi ) , and is also the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million ( 2011 ) . The headquarters of the region 's governmental bodies are in Guildford , and the region contains seven chartered cities : Brighton and Hove , Canterbury , Chichester , Oxford , Portsmouth , Southampton and Winchester , though other major settlements include Reading , Medway , Milton Keynes and Slough . Its proximity to London and connections to several national motorways have led to South East England becoming an economic hub , with the largest economy in the country outside the capital . It is the location of Gatwick Airport , the UK 's second-busiest airport , and its coastline along the English Channel provides numerous ferry crossings to mainland Europe . The region is known for its countryside , which includes the North Downs and the Chiltern Hills as well as two national parks : the New Forest and the South Downs . The River Thames flows through the region and its basin is known as the Thames Valley . It is also the location of a number of internationally known places of interest , such as HMS Victory in Portsmouth , Cliveden in Buckinghamshire , Thorpe Park and RHS Wisley in Surrey , Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire , Windsor Castle in Berkshire , Leeds Castle , the White Cliffs of Dover and Canterbury Cathedral in Kent , Brighton Pier and Hammerwood Park in East Sussex , and Wakehurst Place in West Sussex . The region has many universities ; the University of Oxford is ranked among the best in the world . South East England is host to various sporting events , including the annual Henley Royal Regatta , Royal Ascot and The Derby , and sporting venues include Wentworth Golf Club and Brands Hatch ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '273,369 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol', 'summary': 'Bristol ( /ˈbrɪstəl/ ( listen ) ) is a city and county in South West England with a population of 463,400 . The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England . The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK . The city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire , with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east , respectively . South Wales lies across the Severn estuary . Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon , and around the beginning of the 11th century , the settlement was known as Brycgstow ( Old English the place at the bridge ) . Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373 when it became a county of itself . From the 13th to the 18th century , Bristol was among the top three English cities , after London , in tax receipts . Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool in the Industrial Revolution . Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World . On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot , a Venetian , became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North America . In 1499 William Weston , a Bristol merchant , was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America .'}]}, {'value': '1542', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral Church of the Holy & Undivided Trinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral', 'summary': "Bristol Cathedral , formally the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity , is the Church of England cathedral in the city of Bristol , England . Founded in 1140 and consecrated in 1148 , it was originally St Augustine 's Abbey but after the Dissolution of the Monasteries it became in 1542 the seat of the newly created Bishop of Bristol and the cathedral of the new Diocese of Bristol . It is a Grade I listed building . The eastern end of the church includes fabric from the 12th century , with the Elder Lady Chapel which was added in the early 13th century . Much of the church was rebuilt in the English Decorated Gothic style during the 14th century despite financial problems within the abbey . In the 15th century the transept and central tower were added . The nave was incomplete at the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539 and was demolished . In the 19th century Gothic Revival a new nave was built by George Edmund Street partially using the original plans . The western twin towers , designed by John Loughborough Pearson , were completed in 1888 . Located on College Green , the cathedral has tall Gothic windows and pinnacled skyline . The eastern end is a hall church in which the aisles are the same height as the Choir and share the Lierne vaults . The late Norman chapter house , situated south of the transept , contains some of the first uses of pointed arches in England ."}]}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Unitary and county )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ceremonial_county', 'summary': 'The Counties and areas for the purposes of the lieutenancies , informally known as ceremonial counties , also referred to as the lieutenancy areas of England , are areas of England to which a lord-lieutenant is appointed . Legally , the areas in England , as well as in Wales and Scotland , are defined by the Lieutenancies Act 1997 as counties and areas for the purposes of the lieutenancies in Great Britain , in contrast to the areas used for local government . They are also informally known as geographic counties , to distinguish them from other types of counties of England .'}]}, {'value': 'South West , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_West_England', 'summary': 'South West England is one of nine official regions of England . It is the largest in area , covering 9,200 square miles ( 23,800 km2 ) , and consists of the counties of Bristol , Cornwall , Dorset , Devon , Gloucestershire , Somerset , and Wiltshire , as well as the Isles of Scilly . Five million people live in South West England . The region includes the West Country and much of the ancient kingdom of Wessex . The largest city is Bristol . Other major urban centres include Plymouth , Swindon , Gloucester , Cheltenham , Exeter , Bath , Torbay , and the South East Dorset conurbation which includes Bournemouth , Poole and Christchurch . There are eight cities : Salisbury , Bath , Wells , Bristol , Gloucester , Exeter , Plymouth and Truro . It includes two entire national parks , Dartmoor and Exmoor ( a small part of the New Forest is also within the region ) ; and four World Heritage Sites : Stonehenge , the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape , the Jurassic Coast and the City of Bath . The northern part of Gloucestershire , near Chipping Campden , is as close to the Scottish border as it is to the tip of Cornwall . The region has by far the longest coastline of any English region . The region is at the first level of NUTS for Eurostat purposes . Key data and facts about the region are produced by the South West Observatory .'}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '428,234 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire , England , on the River Cam approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of London . At the United Kingdom Census 2011 , its population was 123,867 including 24,506 students . Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages , and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age . The first town charters were granted in the 12th century , although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951 . The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209 . The buildings of the university include King 's College Chapel , Cavendish Laboratory , and the Cambridge University Library , one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world . The city 's skyline is dominated by several college buildings , along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church , and the chimney of Addenbrooke 's Hospital . Anglia Ruskin University , which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology , also has its main campus in the city . Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university . Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification , more than twice the national average . The Cambridge Biomedical Campus , one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world , is soon to house premises of AstraZeneca , a hotel , and the relocated Papworth Hospital . The first game of association football took place at Parker 's Piece ."}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Non-metropolitan borough )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_of_England', 'summary': "The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It was created in 1994 and was adopted for statistics from 1999 . It includes the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire , Cambridgeshire , Essex , Hertfordshire , Norfolk and Suffolk . Essex has the highest population in the region . Its population at the 2011 census was 5,847,000 . Bedford , Luton , Basildon , Peterborough , Southend-on-Sea , Norwich , Ipswich , Colchester , Chelmsford and Cambridge are the region 's most populous towns . The southern part of the region lies in the London commuter belt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '123,867 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canterbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Canterbury', 'summary': 'The City of Canterbury ( /ˈkæntərbəri/ ) is a local government district with city status in Kent , England . The main settlement in the district is Canterbury .'}]}, {'value': 'time immemorial', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral & Metropolitical Church of Christ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury , Kent , is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England . It forms part of a World Heritage Site . It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury , currently Justin Welby , leader of the Church of England and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion . Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury . Founded in 597 , the cathedral was completely rebuilt between 1070 and 1077 . The east end was greatly enlarged at the beginning of the 12th century , and largely rebuilt in the Gothic style following a fire in 1174 , with significant eastward extensions to accommodate the flow of pilgrims visiting the shrine of Thomas Becket , the archbishop who was murdered in the cathedral in 1170 . The Norman nave and transepts survived until the late 14th century , when they were demolished to make way for the present structures . Before the English Reformation the cathedral was part of a Benedictine monastic community known as Christ Church , Canterbury , as well as being the seat of the archbishop .'}]}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Non-metropolitan borough )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South East , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_East_England', 'summary': "South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It consists of Berkshire , Buckinghamshire , East Sussex , Hampshire , the Isle of Wight , Kent , Oxfordshire , Surrey and West Sussex . As with the other regions of England , apart from Greater London , the south east has no elected government . It is the third largest region of England , with an area of 19,096 km2 ( 7,373 sq mi ) , and is also the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million ( 2011 ) . The headquarters of the region 's governmental bodies are in Guildford , and the region contains seven chartered cities : Brighton and Hove , Canterbury , Chichester , Oxford , Portsmouth , Southampton and Winchester , though other major settlements include Reading , Medway , Milton Keynes and Slough . Its proximity to London and connections to several national motorways have led to South East England becoming an economic hub , with the largest economy in the country outside the capital . It is the location of Gatwick Airport , the UK 's second-busiest airport , and its coastline along the English Channel provides numerous ferry crossings to mainland Europe . The region is known for its countryside , which includes the North Downs and the Chiltern Hills as well as two national parks : the New Forest and the South Downs . The River Thames flows through the region and its basin is known as the Thames Valley . It is also the location of a number of internationally known places of interest , such as HMS Victory in Portsmouth , Cliveden in Buckinghamshire , Thorpe Park and RHS Wisley in Surrey , Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire , Windsor Castle in Berkshire , Leeds Castle , the White Cliffs of Dover and Canterbury Cathedral in Kent , Brighton Pier and Hammerwood Park in East Sussex , and Wakehurst Place in West Sussex . The region has many universities ; the University of Oxford is ranked among the best in the world . South East England is host to various sporting events , including the annual Henley Royal Regatta , Royal Ascot and The Derby , and sporting venues include Wentworth Golf Club and Brands Hatch ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '151,145 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff ( Welsh : Caerdydd )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff', 'summary': "Cardiff ( Welsh : Caerdydd [ kairˈdiːð , kaːɨrˈdɨːð ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Wales and its largest city . The eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom , it is Wales ' chief commercial centre , the base for most national cultural institutions and Welsh media , and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales . At the 2011 census , the unitary authority area population was estimated to be 346,090 , and the wider urban area 479,000 . Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017 . In 2011 , Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographic 's alternative tourist destinations . Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan , and in 1974 , South Glamorgan . Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities . A small town until the early 19th century , its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city . In 1905 , Cardiff was made a city and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955 . At the 2011 Census the population was 346,090 . The Cardiff Built-up Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth . Since the 1980s , Cardiff has seen significant development ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Welsh_language', 'summary': 'Welsh ( Cymraeg [ kəmˈrɑːɨɡ ] ( listen ) or y Gymraeg [ ə gəmˈrɑːɨɡ ] ) is a Brittonic language of the Celtic language family . It is spoken natively in Wales , by some in England , and in Y Wladfa ( the Welsh colony in Chubut Province , Argentina ) . Historically , it has also been known in English as British , Cambrian , Cambric and Cymric . According to the United Kingdom Census 2011 , 19 percent of residents in Wales aged three and over were able to speak Welsh . According to the 2001 Census , 21 percent of the population aged 3+ were able to speak Welsh . This suggests that there was a decrease in the number of Welsh speakers in Wales from 2001 to 2011 - from about 582,000 to 562,000 respectively . The Annual Population Survey conducted by the Office for National Statistics for the year ending in March 2019 suggests that 896,900 Welsh residents ( 29 percent ) aged three or over were able to speak Welsh . The results for the most recent National Survey for Wales ( 2017-2018 ) suggest that 19 per cent of the population aged 16 and over were able to speak Welsh , with an additional 12 per cent noting that they had some Welsh speaking ability . The Welsh Language ( Wales ) Measure 2011 gave the Welsh language official status in Wales , making it the only language that is de jure official in any part of the United Kingdom , with English being de facto official . The Welsh language , along with English , is also a de jure official language of the National Assembly for Wales .'}]}, {'value': '1905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Principal area )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '346,090 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlisle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Carlisle', 'summary': "The City of Carlisle ( /kɑːrˈlaɪl/ kar-LYLE , locally /ˈkɑːrlaɪl/ KAR-lyle ) is a local government district of Cumbria , England , with the status of a city and non-metropolitan district . It is named after its largest settlement , Carlisle , but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Brampton and Longtown , as well as outlying villages including Dalston , Scotby and Wetheral . The city has a population of 107,524. and an area of 1,039.97 square kilometres ( 402 sq mi ) , . The current city boundaries were set as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972 , and cover an amalgamation of two former local government districts , the City and County Borough of Carlisle and the Border Rural District of Cumberland . The City of Carlisle shares a border with Scotland ( to the north ) , and is bounded on the southwest by the borough of Allerdale , and on the south by the district of Eden . The county of Northumberland is to the east . Although the present boundaries date to the 20th century , the city traces its origins to a 1st-century Roman outpost associated with Hadrian 's Wall . The Brythonic settlement that expanded from this outpost was destroyed by the Danes in 875 . Thereafter the region formed part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland , until colonised under King William II of England in 1092 . William II built Carlisle Castle , which houses a military museum . Carlisle Cathedral , founded in the 12th century , is one of the smallest in England . A border city , and the second most northerly city in England , Carlisle predominantly spans the flood plain of the River Eden ."}]}, {'value': '1133', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral Church of the Holy & Undivided Trinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlisle_Cathedral', 'summary': "Carlisle Cathedral is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Carlisle in Carlisle , Cumbria , England . It was founded as an Augustinian priory and became a cathedral in 1133 . Carlisle is the second smallest of England 's ancient cathedrals . Its notable features include figurative stone carving , a set of medieval choir stalls and the largest window in the Flowing Decorated Gothic style in England ."}]}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Non-metropolitan borough )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North West , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_West_England', 'summary': 'North West England , one of nine official regions of England , consists of the five counties of Cheshire , Cumbria , Greater Manchester , Lancashire and Merseyside . The North West had a population of 7,052,000 in 2011 . It is the third-most-populated region in the United Kingdom after the South East and Greater London . The largest settlements are Manchester , Liverpool , Warrington , Preston , Blackpool and Chester .'}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '107,524 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chelmsford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford', 'summary': 'The City of Chelmsford ( /ˈtʃɛlmzfərd/ ) is a local government district in Essex , England . It is named after its main settlement , Chelmsford , which is also the county town of Essex . On 1 June 2012 Chelmsford was granted city status to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Non-metropolitan borough )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_of_England', 'summary': "The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It was created in 1994 and was adopted for statistics from 1999 . It includes the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire , Cambridgeshire , Essex , Hertfordshire , Norfolk and Suffolk . Essex has the highest population in the region . Its population at the 2011 census was 5,847,000 . Bedford , Luton , Basildon , Peterborough , Southend-on-Sea , Norwich , Ipswich , Colchester , Chelmsford and Cambridge are the region 's most populous towns . The southern part of the region lies in the London commuter belt ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '168,310 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester', 'summary': "Chester is a walled city in Cheshire , England , on the River Dee , close to the border with Wales . With a population of 79,645 in 2011 , it is the most populous settlement of Cheshire West and Chester , which had a population of 329,608 in 2011 , and serves as the unitary authority 's administrative headquarters . Chester is the second-largest settlement in Cheshire after Warrington . Chester was founded as a castrum or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix in the reign of the Emperor Vespasian in 79 AD . One of the main army camps in Roman Britain , Deva later became a major civilian settlement . In 689 , King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia , which later became Chester 's first cathedral , and the Saxons extended and strengthened the walls to protect the city against the Danes . Chester was one of the last cities in England to fall to the Normans . William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a castle , to dominate the town and the nearby Welsh border . Chester was granted city status in 1541 . Chester is one of the best-preserved walled cities in Britain . It has a number of medieval buildings , but many of the black-and-white buildings within the city centre are Victorian restorations , originating from the Black-and-white Revival movement . Apart from a 100-metre ( 330 ft ) section , the Grade I listed walls are almost complete ."}]}, {'value': '1541', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral Church of Christ & the Blessed Virgin Mary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester_Cathedral', 'summary': 'Chester Cathedral is a Church of England cathedral and the mother church of the Diocese of Chester . It is located in the city of Chester , Cheshire , England . The cathedral ( formerly the abbey church of a Benedictine monastery , dedicated to Saint Werburgh ) is dedicated to Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary . Since 1541 it has been the seat of the Bishop of Chester . The cathedral is a Grade I listed building , and part of a heritage site that also includes the former monastic buildings to the north , which are also listed Grade I . The cathedral , typical of English cathedrals in having been modified many times , dates from between 1093 and the early 16th century , although the site itself may have been used for Christian worship since Roman times . All the major styles of English medieval architecture , from Norman to Perpendicular , are represented in the present building . The cathedral and former monastic buildings were extensively restored during the 19th century ( amidst some controversy ) , and a free-standing bell-tower was added in the 20th century . In addition to holding services for Christian worship , the buildings are a major tourist attraction in Chester and the cathedral is used as a venue for concerts and exhibitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Charter trustees', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North West , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_West_England', 'summary': 'North West England , one of nine official regions of England , consists of the five counties of Cheshire , Cumbria , Greater Manchester , Lancashire and Merseyside . The North West had a population of 7,052,000 in 2011 . It is the third-most-populated region in the United Kingdom after the South East and Greater London . The largest settlements are Manchester , Liverpool , Warrington , Preston , Blackpool and Chester .'}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '91,733 ( urban area , 2010 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chichester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chichester', 'summary': 'Chichester ( /ˈtʃɪtʃɪstər/ ) is a cathedral city in West Sussex , in South-East England . It is the only city in West Sussex and is its county town . It has a long history as a settlement from Roman times and was important in Anglo-Saxon times . It is the seat of the Church of England Diocese of Chichester , with a 12th-century cathedral . The city is a hub of several main road routes , and has a railway station , theatre , hospital , schools and museums . The River Lavant runs through , and partly beneath , the city .'}]}, {'value': '1075', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral', 'summary': "Chichester Cathedral , formally known as the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity , is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Chichester . It is located in Chichester , in Sussex , United Kingdom . It was founded as a cathedral in 1075 , when the seat of the bishop was moved from Selsey . Chichester Cathedral has fine architecture in both the Norman and the Gothic styles , and has been described by the architectural critic Ian Nairn as the most typical English Cathedral . Despite this , Chichester has two architectural features that are unique among England 's medieval cathedrals - a free-standing medieval bell tower ( or campanile ) and double aisles . The cathedral contains two rare medieval sculptures , and many modern art works including tapestries , stained glass and sculpture , many of these commissioned by Walter Hussey ( Dean , 1955-77 ) . The city of Chichester , though it retains two main cross streets laid out by the Romans , has always been small enough for the city 's entire population to fit inside the cathedral at once , causing Daniel Defoe to comment :"}]}, {'value': 'Civil parish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England', 'summary': "In England , a civil parish is a type of administrative parish used for local government . It is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties , or their combined form , the unitary authority . Civil parishes can trace their origin to the ancient system of ecclesiastical parishes which historically played a role in both civil and ecclesiastical administration ; civil and religious parishes were formally split into two types in the 19th century and are now entirely separate . The unit was devised and rolled out across England in the 1860s . A civil parish can range in size from a large town with a population of up to 95,000 to a single village with fewer than a hundred inhabitants . Eight parishes also have city status ( a status granted by the monarch ) . A civil parish may be equally known as and confirmed as a town , village , neighbourhood or community by resolution of its parish council , a right reserved not conferred on other units of English local government . Approximately 35% of the English population live in a civil parish . As of 31 December 2015 there were 10,449 parishes in England . The most populous is Sutton Coldfield , and those with cathedral city status are Chichester , Ely , Hereford , Lichfield , Ripon , Salisbury , Truro and Wells . On 1 April 2014 , Queen 's Park became the first civil parish in Greater London . Before 2008 their creation was not permitted within a London borough ."}]}, {'value': 'South East , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_East_England', 'summary': "South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It consists of Berkshire , Buckinghamshire , East Sussex , Hampshire , the Isle of Wight , Kent , Oxfordshire , Surrey and West Sussex . As with the other regions of England , apart from Greater London , the south east has no elected government . It is the third largest region of England , with an area of 19,096 km2 ( 7,373 sq mi ) , and is also the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million ( 2011 ) . The headquarters of the region 's governmental bodies are in Guildford , and the region contains seven chartered cities : Brighton and Hove , Canterbury , Chichester , Oxford , Portsmouth , Southampton and Winchester , though other major settlements include Reading , Medway , Milton Keynes and Slough . Its proximity to London and connections to several national motorways have led to South East England becoming an economic hub , with the largest economy in the country outside the capital . It is the location of Gatwick Airport , the UK 's second-busiest airport , and its coastline along the English Channel provides numerous ferry crossings to mainland Europe . The region is known for its countryside , which includes the North Downs and the Chiltern Hills as well as two national parks : the New Forest and the South Downs . The River Thames flows through the region and its basin is known as the Thames Valley . It is also the location of a number of internationally known places of interest , such as HMS Victory in Portsmouth , Cliveden in Buckinghamshire , Thorpe Park and RHS Wisley in Surrey , Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire , Windsor Castle in Berkshire , Leeds Castle , the White Cliffs of Dover and Canterbury Cathedral in Kent , Brighton Pier and Hammerwood Park in East Sussex , and Wakehurst Place in West Sussex . The region has many universities ; the University of Oxford is ranked among the best in the world . South East England is host to various sporting events , including the annual Henley Royal Regatta , Royal Ascot and The Derby , and sporting venues include Wentworth Golf Club and Brands Hatch ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '26,795 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coventry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coventry', 'summary': "Coventry ( /ˈkɒvəntri/ ( listen ) KOV-ən-tree or /ˈkʌv-/ KUV- ) is a city , administrative centre and metropolitan borough in England and the United Kingdom . It is built on the River Sherbourne , which remains largely hidden by infrastructure , although it can be seen by the canal . Coventry has been a large settlement for centuries , although it was n't founded and given its city status since the Middle Ages , since then it has been one of the most important and largest cities of the country . The conurbation consists of the Coventry and Bedworth Urban Area , being the 20th largest in the country , and the city is governed by Coventry City Council . Historically part of Warwickshire , at the 2011 census Coventry had a population of 316,915 , making it the 9th largest city in England only and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom . It is the second largest city in the West Midlands region , after Birmingham , and although proximate to the West Midlands conurbation , it is just outside it . Coventry is 19 miles ( 31 km ) east-southeast of Birmingham , 24 miles ( 39 km ) southwest of Leicester , 11 miles ( 18 km ) north of Warwick and 94 miles ( 151 km ) northwest of London . Coventry is also the most central city in England , being only 11 miles ( 18 km ) south-southwest of the country 's geographical centre in Leicestershire and is located in the West Midlands . The current Coventry Cathedral was built after the majority of the 14th century cathedral church of Saint Michael was destroyed by the Luftwaffe in the Coventry Blitz of 14 November 1940 . Coventry motor companies have contributed significantly to the British motor industry . The city has three universities , Coventry University in the city centre , the University of Warwick on the southern outskirts and the smaller private Arden University , with its headquarters close to Coventry Airport . On 7 December 2017 , the city won the title of UK City of Culture 2021 , after beating Paisley , Stoke-on-Trent , Swansea and Sunderland to the title ."}]}, {'value': '1102', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Michael 's Cathedral", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral', 'summary': "The Cathedral Church of St Michael , commonly known as Coventry Cathedral , is the seat of the Bishop of Coventry and the Diocese of Coventry , and is part of the Church of England in Coventry , West Midlands , England . The current ( 9th ) bishop is Christopher Cocksworth and the current Dean is John Witcombe . The city has had three cathedrals . The first was St Mary 's , a monastic building , of which only a few ruins remain . The second was St Michael 's , a 14th-century Gothic church later designated cathedral , which remains a ruined shell after its bombing during the Second World War . The third is the new St Michael 's Cathedral , built after the destruction of the former ."}]}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Metropolitan borough )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Midlands , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)', 'summary': 'The West Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It covers the western half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands . It contains Birmingham and the larger West Midlands conurbation , which is the third most populous in the United Kingdom . The City of Coventry is also located within the West Midlands county , but is separated from the conurbation to the west by several miles of green belt . The region also contains 6 shire counties which stretch from the Welsh Border to the East Midlands . The region is geographically diverse , from the urban central areas of the conurbation to the rural western counties of Shropshire and Herefordshire which border Wales . The longest river in the UK , the River Severn , traverses the region southeastwards , flowing through the county towns of Shrewsbury and Worcester , and the Ironbridge Gorge , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Staffordshire is home to the industrialised Potteries conurbation , including the city of Stoke-on-Trent , and the Staffordshire Moorlands area , which borders the southeastern Peak District National Park near Leek . The region also encompasses five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty , the Wye Valley , Shropshire Hills , Cannock Chase , Malvern Hills , and parts of the Cotswolds . Warwickshire is home to the towns of Stratford upon Avon , birthplace of writer William Shakespeare , Rugby , the birthplace of Rugby football and Nuneaton , birthplace to author George Eliot .'}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '316,915 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derby', 'summary': "Derby ( /ˈdɑːrbi/ ( listen ) DAR-bee ) is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire , England . It lies on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire , of which it was traditionally the county town . [ nb 1 ] Derby gained city status in 1977 , and by the 2011 census its population was 248,700 . Derby was settled by Romans - who established the town of Derventio - Saxons and Vikings , who made Derby one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw . Initially a market town , Derby grew rapidly in the industrial era . Home to Lombe 's Mill , an early British factory , Derby has a claim to be one of the birthplaces of the Industrial Revolution . It contains the southern part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site . With the arrival of the railways in the 19th century , Derby became a centre of the British rail industry . Derby is a centre for advanced transport manufacturing , home to the world 's second largest aero-engine manufacturer , Rolls-Royce . Bombardier Transportation are based at the Derby Litchurch Lane Works and were for many years the UK 's only train manufacturer . Toyota Manufacturing UK 's automobile headquarters is south west of the city at Burnaston . To the east lies Nottingham , separated by the M1 motorway ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Unitary )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Midlands , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Midlands', 'summary': 'The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes . It consists of Derbyshire , Leicestershire , Lincolnshire ( except North and North East Lincolnshire ) , Northamptonshire , Nottinghamshire and Rutland . The region has an area of 15,627 km2 ( 6,034 sq mi ) , with a population over 4.5 million in 2011 . There are six main urban centres , Derby , Leicester , Lincoln , Mansfield , Northampton and Nottingham . Others include Boston , Chesterfield , Corby , Grantham , Hinckley , Kettering , Loughborough , Newark-on-Trent , Skegness , and Wellingborough . Relative proximity to London and its position on the national motorway and trunk road networks help the East Midlands to thrive as an economic hub . Nottingham and Leicester are each classified as a sufficiency-level world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The region is primarily served by East Midlands Airport , which lies between Derby , Loughborough and Nottingham .'}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '248,752 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derry ( Irish : Doire ) ( Ulster-Scots : Derrie )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derry', 'summary': 'Derry , officially Londonderry ( /ˈlʌndəndɛri/ ) , is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland and the fourth-largest city on the island of Ireland . The name Derry is an anglicisation of the Old Irish name Daire ( modern Irish : Doire [ ˈd̪ˠɛɾʲə ] ) meaning oak grove . In 1613 , the city was granted a Royal Charter by King James I and gained the London prefix to reflect the funding of its construction by the London guilds . While the city is more usually known colloquially as Derry , Londonderry is also commonly used and remains the legal name . The old walled city lies on the west bank of the River Foyle , which is spanned by two road bridges and one footbridge . The city now covers both banks ( Cityside on the west and Waterside on the east ) . The population of the city was 83,652 at the 2001 Census , while the Derry Urban Area had a population of 90,736 . The district administered by Derry City and Strabane District Council contains both Londonderry Port and City of Derry Airport . Derry is close to the border with County Donegal , with which it has had a close link for many centuries . The person traditionally seen as the founder of the original Derry is Saint Colmcille , a holy man from Tír Chonaill , the old name for almost all of modern County Donegal , of which the west bank of the Foyle was a part before 1610 . In 2013 , Derry was the inaugural UK City of Culture , having been awarded the title in 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irish_language', 'summary': 'Irish ( Gaeilge ) is a Goidelic language of the Celtic languages family , itself a branch of the Indo-European language family . Irish originated in Ireland and was historically spoken by Irish people throughout Ireland . Irish is spoken as a first language in substantial areas of counties Galway , Kerry , Cork and Donegal , smaller areas of Waterford , Mayo and Meath , and a few other locations . It is also spoken by a much larger group of habitual but non-traditional speakers across the country , mostly in urban areas and mostly as a second language . Irish has been the dominant language of the Irish people for most of their recorded history , and they took it with them to other regions , notably Scotland and the Isle of Man , where Middle Irish gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx respectively . It has the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe . Irish has constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland and is an officially recognised minority language in Northern Ireland . It is also among the official languages of the European Union . The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island of Ireland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects', 'summary': 'Ulster Scots or Ulster-Scots ( Ulstèr-Scotch , Irish : Albainais ) , also known as Ulster Scotch , Scots-Irish and Ullans , is the dialect of the Scots language spoken in parts of Ulster in Ireland . It is generally considered a dialect or group of dialects of Scots , although groups such as the Ulster-Scots Language Society and Ulster-Scots Academy consider it a language in its own right , and the Ulster-Scots Agency and former Department of Culture , Arts and Leisure have used the terminology Ulster-Scots language . Some definitions of Ulster Scots may also include Standard English spoken with an Ulster Scots accent . This is a situation like that of Lowland Scots and Scottish Standard English with words pronounced using the Ulster Scots phonemes closest to those of Standard English . Ulster Scots has been influenced by Hiberno-English , particularly Mid-Ulster English , and by Ulster Irish . As a result of the competing influences of English and Scots , varieties of Ulster Scots can be described as more English or more Scots .'}]}, {'value': '1604', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None . Represented on Derry City and Strabane District Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland', 'summary': "Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann [ ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is variously described as a country , province or region which is part of the United Kingdom . Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland , Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30% of the island 's total population and about 3% of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly ( colloquially referred to as Stormont after its location ) holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to put forward views and proposals with determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments . On 11 January 2020 , legislators in Northern Ireland formed a government for the first time since the Executive of the 5th Northern Ireland Assembly collapsed in January 2017 , following the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland , David Trimble , called a cold house for Catholics ."}]}, {'value': '107,877 ( 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dundee ( Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Dèagh )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dundee', 'summary': "Dundee ( /dʌnˈdiː/ ( listen ) ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Dè or Dùn Dèagh [ ˈt̪uːn tʲeː ] ) is Scotland 's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom . The mid-year population estimate for 2018 was 148,750 , giving Dundee a population density of 2,478/km2 or 6,420/sq mi , the second-highest in Scotland . It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay , which feeds into the North Sea . Under the name of Dundee City ( officially the City of Dundee ) , it forms one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland . Historically part of Angus , the city developed into a burgh in the late 12th century and established itself as an important east coast trading port . Rapid expansion was brought on by the Industrial Revolution , particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global jute industry . This , along with its other major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of jute , jam and journalism . Today , Dundee is promoted as One City , Many Discoveries in honour of Dundee 's history of scientific activities and of the RRS Discovery , Robert Falcon Scott 's Antarctic exploration vessel , which was built in Dundee and is now berthed at Discovery Point . Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s , and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdom 's digital entertainment industry , including mobile app development and gaming . Dundee has two universities - the University of Dundee and the Abertay University . In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UK 's first UNESCO City of Design for its diverse contributions to fields including medical research , comics and video games . A unique feature of Dundee is that its two professional football clubs , Dundee F.C ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language', 'summary': "Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig [ ˈkaːlɪkʲ ] ( listen ) , Am Faclair Beag Scottish Gaelic pronunciation : [ 'gaːlɪgʲ ] ) or Scots Gaelic , sometimes also referred to simply as Gaelic , is a Goidelic language of the Celtic and Indo-European language family , native to the Gaels of Scotland . As a Goidelic language , Scottish Gaelic , like Modern Irish and Manx , developed out of Old Irish . It became a distinct spoken language sometime in the 13th century in the Middle Irish period , although a common literary language was shared by Gaels in both Ireland and Scotland down to the 16th century . Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking , as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language placenames . In the 2011 census of Scotland , 57,375 people ( 1.1% of the Scottish population aged over three years old ) reported as able to speak Gaelic , 1,275 fewer than in 2001 . The highest percentages of Gaelic speakers were in the Outer Hebrides . Nevertheless , there are revival efforts , and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 did not decrease between the 2001 and 2011 censuses . Outside Scotland , a dialect known as Canadian Gaelic has been spoken in eastern Canada since the 18th century . In the 2016 national census , nearly 4,000 Canadian residents claimed knowledge of Scottish Gaelic . Scottish Gaelic is not an official language of the United Kingdom . However , it is classed as an indigenous language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , which the British government has ratified , and the Gaelic Language ( Scotland ) Act 2005 established a language-development body , Bòrd na Gàidhlig ."}]}, {'value': '1889 ( Burgh : 1191 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_burgh', 'summary': "A royal burgh was a type of Scottish burgh which had been founded by , or subsequently granted , a royal charter . Although abolished in law in 1975 , the term is still used by many former royal burghs . Most royal burghs were either created by the Crown , or upgraded from another status , such as burgh of barony . As discrete classes of burgh emerged , the royal burghs - originally distinctive because they were on royal lands - acquired a monopoly of foreign trade . An important document for each burgh was its burgh charter , creating the burgh or confirming the rights of the burgh as laid down ( perhaps verbally ) by a previous monarch . Each royal burgh ( with the exception of four 'inactive burghs ' ) was represented in the Parliament of Scotland and could appoint bailies with wide powers in civil and criminal justice . By 1707 there were 70 royal burghs . The Royal Burghs Act 1833 reformed the election of the town councils that governed royal burghs . Those qualified to vote in parliamentary elections under the Reform Act 1832 were now entitled to elect burgh councillors ."}]}, {'value': 'not applicable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Local government district ( Council area )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '153,990', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of cities', 'section_text': 'In the Cathedral column in the table , only dioceses in England and Wales created up to 1888 had an effect on city status .', 'uid': 'List_of_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of official cities in the United Kingdom as of 2015. It lists those places that have been granted city status by letters patent or royal charter. There are currently a total of 69 such cities in the United Kingdom: 51 in England, seven in Scotland, six in Wales, and five in Northern Ireland. Of these, 23 in England, two in Wales, and one in Northern Ireland have Lord Mayors and four in Scotland have Lord Provosts. In some cases, the area holding city status does not coincide with the built up area or conurbation of which it forms part. In Greater London, for example, the City of London and that of Westminster each hold city status separately but no other neighbourhood has been granted city status, nor has Greater London as a whole. In other cases, such as the Cities of Canterbury and Lancaster, the status extends over a number of towns and rural areas outside the main settlement proper.'} | null | null | Is the city of Armagh or Bangor part of a nation that consist of over 790 smaller islands ? | Armagh |
0a41c5e7c100ba3a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fremont_County,_Idaho', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Fremont County, Idaho', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Falls Inn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Falls_Inn', 'summary': 'The Big Falls Inn , also known as Upper Mesa Falls Lodge , is located near Island Park , Idaho . It was built in 1907 . It is on the western bank of Henrys Fork at Upper Mesa Falls in the Targhee National Forest . It is a one-and-a-half-story log building on a concrete foundation . It is 62 by 30 feet ( 18.9 m × 9.1 m ) in plan .'}]}, {'value': 'May 31 , 2002 ( # 94000131 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western bank of Henrys Fork at Upper Mesa Falls in the Targhee National Forest 44°11′16″N 111°19′37″W / 44.187778°N 111.326944°W / 44.187778 ; -111.326944 ( Big Falls Inn )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Targhee_National_Forest', 'summary': 'Caribou-Targhee National Forest is located in the states of Idaho and Wyoming , with a small section in Utah in the United States . The forest is broken into several separate sections and extends over 2.63 million acres ( 10,600 km2 ) . To the east the forest borders Yellowstone National Park , Grand Teton National Park and Bridger-Teton National Forest . Most of the forest is a part of the 20-million-acre ( 81,000 km2 ) Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem .'}]}, {'value': 'Island Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Park,_Idaho', 'summary': "Island Park is a city in Fremont County , Idaho , United States . The city 's population was 286 at the 2010 census , up from 215 in 2000 . The city was incorporated by owners of the many lodges and resorts along U.S. Route 20 in 1947 , primarily to circumvent Idaho 's liquor laws that prohibited the sale of liquor outside of city limits . It is only 500 feet ( 150 m ) wide in most locations and , at 33 miles ( 53 km ) , claims to have the longest Main Street in the world . Island Park is part of the Rexburg Micropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop Mountain Lookout', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_Mountain_Lookout', 'summary': 'The Bishop Mountain Lookout , located in Island Park , Idaho , was created between 1936 and 1938 by the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) in the Caribou-Targhee National Forest . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 , and its cabin is currently available as reserved accommodations through the United States Forest Service .'}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1986 ( # 86001184 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forest Rd . 80120 44°20′03″N 111°33′09″W / 44.334167°N 111.5525°W / 44.334167 ; -111.5525 ( Bishop Mountain Lookout )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Park,_Idaho', 'summary': "Island Park is a city in Fremont County , Idaho , United States . The city 's population was 286 at the 2010 census , up from 215 in 2000 . The city was incorporated by owners of the many lodges and resorts along U.S. Route 20 in 1947 , primarily to circumvent Idaho 's liquor laws that prohibited the sale of liquor outside of city limits . It is only 500 feet ( 150 m ) wide in most locations and , at 33 miles ( 53 km ) , claims to have the longest Main Street in the world . Island Park is part of the Rexburg Micropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Conant Creek Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Conant_Creek_Pegram_Truss_Railroad_Bridge', 'summary': 'The Conant Creek Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge , in Fremont County , Idaho near Grainville , Idaho and Ashton , Idaho , was built in 1894 . It brought a railroad over the Conant Creek , 1 mile south of the junction of Squirrel Rd . and the old Ashton-Victor railroad spur tracks . It is a Pegram truss bridge , designed by George H. Pegram . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 . It now carries the Ashton-Tetonia Trail , and is known as the Conant Creek Trestle . It is a 780 feet ( 240 m ) long bridge , spanning across four supporting steel towers , built to carry a single railroad track . The towers , fabricated in 1911 by the American Bridge Company . The two center towers are about 107 feet ( 33 m ) high , and with 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) of truss above , the total distance from base to railroad bed is 137 feet ( 42 m ) . The three central spans are pin-connected Pegram truss deck spans , each 164 feet ( 50 m ) long and 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) wide , with a maximum depth of 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) . At each end are steel deck girders 60 feet ( 18 m ) long at the north end and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) at the south end , and then timber approach spans 60 and 45 feet long . It was built in 1911 with Pegram spans that had been fabricated in 1894 by the Union Bridge Company of New York , and had been used previously at a Snake River crossing at American Falls , Idaho .'}]}, {'value': 'July 25 , 1997 ( # 97000756 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Over the Conant Creek , 1 mile south of the junction of Squirrel Rd . and old Ashton-Victor railroad spur tracks 44°00′52″N 111°21′51″W / 44.014444°N 111.364167°W / 44.014444 ; -111.364167 ( Conant Creek Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grainville', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glen and Addie Crabtree Cabin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glen_and_Addie_Crabtree_Cabin', 'summary': 'The Glen and Addie Crabtree Cabin was built in 1928 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 . It is a rustic log cabin , with original portion 20 by 42 feet ( 6.1 m × 12.8 m ) in plan . It was expanded in 1950 . It was moved to its current location in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 29 , 2000 ( # 00000742 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3939 Cowan Rd . 44°27′27″N 111°26′22″W / 44.4575°N 111.439444°W / 44.4575 ; -111.439444 ( Glen and Addie Crabtree Cabin )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Park,_Idaho', 'summary': "Island Park is a city in Fremont County , Idaho , United States . The city 's population was 286 at the 2010 census , up from 215 in 2000 . The city was incorporated by owners of the many lodges and resorts along U.S. Route 20 in 1947 , primarily to circumvent Idaho 's liquor laws that prohibited the sale of liquor outside of city limits . It is only 500 feet ( 150 m ) wide in most locations and , at 33 miles ( 53 km ) , claims to have the longest Main Street in the world . Island Park is part of the Rexburg Micropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fremont County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremont_County_Courthouse_(Idaho)', 'summary': 'Fremont County Courthouse in St. Anthony , Idaho was built in 1909 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . The architects who designed the building were Wayland & Fennell .'}]}, {'value': 'January 8 , 1979 ( # 79000789 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '151 W. 1st St. , N. 43°58′04″N 111°41′01″W / 43.967778°N 111.683611°W / 43.967778 ; -111.683611 ( Fremont County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Anthony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Anthony,_Idaho', 'summary': 'St. Anthony is a city in and the county seat of Fremont County , Idaho , United States . The population was 3,542 at the 2010 census , up from 3,342 in 2000 . It is part of the Rexburg , Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Idaho State Industrial School Women 's Dormitory", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Idaho_State_Industrial_School_Women's_Dormitory", 'summary': "The Idaho State Industrial School Women 's Dormitory in St. Anthony , Idaho was completed in 1924 from 1920 plans designed by the architectural firm Tourtellotte & Hummel . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 17 , 1982 . It is a two-story hip-roofed brick building on a full , concrete basement . It has a four-column , low-pedimented portico . It is about 63 by 83 feet ( 19 m × 25 m ) in plan and was intended to house 25 girls ."}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 1982 ( # 82000344 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "2266 E. 600 North 43°58′10″N 111°42′16″W / 43.969444°N 111.704444°W / 43.969444 ; -111.704444 ( Idaho State Industrial School Women 's Dormitory )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Anthony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Anthony,_Idaho', 'summary': 'St. Anthony is a city in and the county seat of Fremont County , Idaho , United States . The population was 3,542 at the 2010 census , up from 3,342 in 2000 . It is part of the Rexburg , Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent Order of Odd Fellows Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independent_Order_of_Odd_Fellows_Hall_(Ashton,_Idaho)', 'summary': 'The Independent Order of Odd Fellows Hall in Ashton , Idaho , also known as the Ashton State Bank Building was built in 1907 in Early Commercial architectural style . It served historically as a meeting hall and for businesses . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 . It is built of pressed red brick on a sandstone foundation , and it has a large brick cornice capped with sandstone . Three commercial spaces are on the first floor , with meeting room for the local Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks lodge above . The first businesses were the Ashton State Bank , a hardware store , and a furniture store . It is the only early building in Ashton , which developed quickly after the Oregon Short Line Railroad arrived in the Upper Snake River Valley in 1905 , that retains its historic character .'}]}, {'value': 'July 9 , 1997 ( # 97000763 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '601 Main St. 44°04′18″N 111°26′49″W / 44.071667°N 111.447083°W / 44.071667 ; -111.447083 ( Independent Order of Odd Fellows Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashton,_Idaho', 'summary': "Ashton is a city in Fremont County , Idaho , United States . The population was 1,127 at the 2010 census , and it is part of the Rexburg Micropolitan Statistical Area . The district is noted for seed potato production and bills itself as the world 's largest seed potato growing area ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island Park Land and Cattle Company Home Ranch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 20 , 1996 ( # 96001508 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Route 20 , approximately 1 mile southwest of Island Park 44°20′41″N 111°27′39″W / 44.344722°N 111.460833°W / 44.344722 ; -111.460833 ( Island Park Land and Cattle Company Home Ranch )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_20', 'summary': "U.S. Route 20 or U.S. Highway 20 ( US 20 ) is an east-west United States highway that stretches from the Pacific Northwest all the way to New England . The 0 in its route number indicates that US 20 is a coast-to-coast route and major route . Spanning 3,365 miles ( 5,415 km ) , it is the longest road in the United States , and the route is roughly parallel to that of the newer Interstate 90 ( I-90 ) , which is in turn the longest Interstate Highway in the U.S . There is a discontinuity in the official designation of US 20 through Yellowstone National Park , with unnumbered roads used to traverse the park . US 20 and US 30 break the general U.S. Route numbering rules in Oregon , since US 30 actually starts north of US 20 in Astoria , and runs parallel to the north throughout the state ( the Columbia River and Interstate 84 ) . The two run concurrently and continue in the correct positioning near Caldwell , Idaho . This is because US 20 was not a planned coast-to-coast route while US 30 was . US 20 originally ended at the eastern entrance of Yellowstone Park ; it was extended in 1940 . The highway 's eastern terminus is in Boston , Massachusetts , at Kenmore Square , where it meets Route 2 . Its western terminus is in Newport , Oregon , at an intersection with US 101 , within a mile of the Pacific Ocean ."}]}, {'value': 'Island Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Park,_Idaho', 'summary': "Island Park is a city in Fremont County , Idaho , United States . The city 's population was 286 at the 2010 census , up from 215 in 2000 . The city was incorporated by owners of the many lodges and resorts along U.S. Route 20 in 1947 , primarily to circumvent Idaho 's liquor laws that prohibited the sale of liquor outside of city limits . It is only 500 feet ( 150 m ) wide in most locations and , at 33 miles ( 53 km ) , claims to have the longest Main Street in the world . Island Park is part of the Rexburg Micropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Sack Cabin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Sack_Cabin', 'summary': 'The Johnny Sack Cabin , at Big Springs , Idaho near Island Park , is a log bungalow built in 1932-34 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . It is a very well-made bungalow , about 20 by 27 feet ( 6.1 m × 8.2 m ) in plan , with porches as extensions . It was built by German immigrant carpenter Johnny Sack , but its design seems from then-modern bungalow style , rather than from German origins .'}]}, {'value': 'April 19 , 1979 ( # 79000788 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island Park 44°30′01″N 111°15′18″W / 44.500247°N 111.254945°W / 44.500247 ; -111.254945 ( Johnny Sack Cabin )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Island Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Park,_Idaho', 'summary': "Island Park is a city in Fremont County , Idaho , United States . The city 's population was 286 at the 2010 census , up from 215 in 2000 . The city was incorporated by owners of the many lodges and resorts along U.S. Route 20 in 1947 , primarily to circumvent Idaho 's liquor laws that prohibited the sale of liquor outside of city limits . It is only 500 feet ( 150 m ) wide in most locations and , at 33 miles ( 53 km ) , claims to have the longest Main Street in the world . Island Park is part of the Rexburg Micropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Anthony Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Anthony_Pegram_Truss_Railroad_Bridge', 'summary': "The St. Anthony Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge , in Fremont County , Idaho near St. Anthony , Idaho , was built in 1896 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 . It is a Pegram truss through truss railroad bridge designed by George H. Pegram . It brought the West Belt Branch of the former Oregon Short Line ( later Union Pacific ) railroad across Henry 's Fork of the Snake River . It has two identical Pegram truss through spans , each 135 feet ( 41 m ) long and 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) wide . The total length of the bridge , including across concrete abutments , is about 275 feet ( 84 m ) . It was fabricated in 1896 by the Pencoyd Iron Works in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and was originally used to span either the Weiser River near Weiser , Idaho or the Payette River near Payette , Idaho . It was moved to its current location in 1914 during construction of the West Belt Branch of the Oregon Short Line . It is located about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) southwest of St. Anthony , Idaho ."}]}, {'value': 'July 25 , 1997 ( # 97000761 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Over Henry 's Fork , 0.5 miles south of the junction of S. Parker Rd . and West Belt Branch railroad tracks 43°57′01″N 111°42′59″W / 43.950278°N 111.716389°W / 43.950278 ; -111.716389 ( St. Anthony Pegram Truss Railroad Bridge )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Idaho_Railroad', 'summary': 'The Eastern Idaho Railroad ( reporting mark EIRR ) started running on November 21 , 1993 , as a collection of two disconnected clusters of former Union Pacific branches . EIRR is owned by Watco , Inc ( WAMX ) , of Pittsburg , Kansas , a short line operator . EIRR operates two segments , that move more than 35,000 carloads per year to the Union Pacific , with interchanges at Idaho Falls on the Northern Segment , and Minidoka on the Southern segment . The annual income is reported as being under 25 million dollars .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Anthony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Anthony,_Idaho', 'summary': 'St. Anthony is a city in and the county seat of Fremont County , Idaho , United States . The population was 3,542 at the 2010 census , up from 3,342 in 2000 . It is part of the Rexburg , Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Sherwood House and Store', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 9 , 1994 ( # 94001452 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Highway 87 west of its junction with U.S. Route 20 44°39′57″N 111°23′08″W / 44.665833°N 111.385556°W / 44.665833 ; -111.385556 ( Joseph Sherwood House and Store )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho_State_Highway_87', 'summary': 'State Highway 87 ( SH-87 ) is a 9.133-mile-long ( 14.698 km ) state highway in Idaho from U.S. Route 20 ( US-20 ) to the Montana state line where it continues as Montana Highway 87 ( MT 87 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Route_20', 'summary': "U.S. Route 20 or U.S. Highway 20 ( US 20 ) is an east-west United States highway that stretches from the Pacific Northwest all the way to New England . The 0 in its route number indicates that US 20 is a coast-to-coast route and major route . Spanning 3,365 miles ( 5,415 km ) , it is the longest road in the United States , and the route is roughly parallel to that of the newer Interstate 90 ( I-90 ) , which is in turn the longest Interstate Highway in the U.S . There is a discontinuity in the official designation of US 20 through Yellowstone National Park , with unnumbered roads used to traverse the park . US 20 and US 30 break the general U.S. Route numbering rules in Oregon , since US 30 actually starts north of US 20 in Astoria , and runs parallel to the north throughout the state ( the Columbia River and Interstate 84 ) . The two run concurrently and continue in the correct positioning near Caldwell , Idaho . This is because US 20 was not a planned coast-to-coast route while US 30 was . US 20 originally ended at the eastern entrance of Yellowstone Park ; it was extended in 1940 . The highway 's eastern terminus is in Boston , Massachusetts , at Kenmore Square , where it meets Route 2 . Its western terminus is in Newport , Oregon , at an intersection with US 101 , within a mile of the Pacific Ocean ."}]}, {'value': 'Island Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Island_Park,_Idaho', 'summary': "Island Park is a city in Fremont County , Idaho , United States . The city 's population was 286 at the 2010 census , up from 215 in 2000 . The city was incorporated by owners of the many lodges and resorts along U.S. Route 20 in 1947 , primarily to circumvent Idaho 's liquor laws that prohibited the sale of liquor outside of city limits . It is only 500 feet ( 150 m ) wide in most locations and , at 33 miles ( 53 km ) , claims to have the longest Main Street in the world . Island Park is part of the Rexburg Micropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US Post Office-St. Anthony Main', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 16 , 1989 ( # 89000136 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48 W. 1st , N. 43°58′02″N 111°40′57″W / 43.967222°N 111.6825°W / 43.967222 ; -111.6825 ( US Post Office-St. Anthony Main )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Anthony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Anthony,_Idaho', 'summary': 'St. Anthony is a city in and the county seat of Fremont County , Idaho , United States . The population was 3,542 at the 2010 census , up from 3,342 in 2000 . It is part of the Rexburg , Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fremont_County,_Idaho_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Fremont County, Idaho. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Fremont County, Idaho, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map. There are 12 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly.'} | null | null | What is the 2010 census count of the historic place with the date listed number of 97000763 ? | 1,127 |
0a4249260861170f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Hockey_European_Championships', 'title': 'Ice Hockey European Championships', 'header': ['Year', 'Gold', 'Silver', 'Bronze'], 'data': [{'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British national ice hockey team ( also known as Team GB ) is the national men 's ice hockey team of the United Kingdom . A founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) in 1908 , the team is controlled by Ice Hockey UK . Great Britain is currently ranked 20th in the world by the IIHF as of the 2018 IIHF World Ranking , their highest IIHF ranking ever ."}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Germany_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The German men 's national ice hockey team first participated in serious international competition at the 1911 European Hockey Championship . When Germany was split after World War II , a separate East Germany national ice hockey team existed until 1990 . By 1991 , the East German teams and players were merged into the German Ice Hockey Federation ( Deutscher Eishockey-Bund ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Austria_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Austrian men 's national hockey team is the national ice hockey team for Austria . The team is controlled by Österreichischer Eishockeyverband . As of 2017 the Austrian team is ranked 16th in the IIHF World Rankings . Austria has not won a medal in a major tournament since 1947 , and has not broken 10th place since 1994 . Austria currently has 8,799 registered players ( 0.1% of the total population ) ."}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Austria_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Austrian men 's national hockey team is the national ice hockey team for Austria . The team is controlled by Österreichischer Eishockeyverband . As of 2017 the Austrian team is ranked 16th in the IIHF World Rankings . Austria has not won a medal in a major tournament since 1947 , and has not broken 10th place since 1994 . Austria currently has 8,799 registered players ( 0.1% of the total population ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Poland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Poland national men 's ice hockey team is the national ice hockey team of Poland , and a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation . They are ranked 21st in the world in the IIHF World Rankings , but prior to the 1980s they were ranked as high as 6th internationally . They are one of only 8 countries never to have played below the Division I ( former B Pool ) level . Currently the Polish national team plays at the Division IB level , the third tier of the World Championship . Poland has competed in the Olympics thirteen times , most recently in 1992 , with their best result being fourth place in 1932 . They have been a regular participant of the World Championship , first appearing in 1930 and having appeared in all but one tournament since 1955 . They frequently played in the top division , though have been in Division I since being relegated in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Austria_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Austrian men 's national hockey team is the national ice hockey team for Austria . The team is controlled by Österreichischer Eishockeyverband . As of 2017 the Austrian team is ranked 16th in the IIHF World Rankings . Austria has not won a medal in a major tournament since 1947 , and has not broken 10th place since 1994 . Austria currently has 8,799 registered players ( 0.1% of the total population ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Germany_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The German men 's national ice hockey team first participated in serious international competition at the 1911 European Hockey Championship . When Germany was split after World War II , a separate East Germany national ice hockey team existed until 1990 . By 1991 , the East German teams and players were merged into the German Ice Hockey Federation ( Deutscher Eishockey-Bund ) ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Germany_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The German men 's national ice hockey team first participated in serious international competition at the 1911 European Hockey Championship . When Germany was split after World War II , a separate East Germany national ice hockey team existed until 1990 . By 1991 , the East German teams and players were merged into the German Ice Hockey Federation ( Deutscher Eishockey-Bund ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British national ice hockey team ( also known as Team GB ) is the national men 's ice hockey team of the United Kingdom . A founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) in 1908 , the team is controlled by Ice Hockey UK . Great Britain is currently ranked 20th in the world by the IIHF as of the 2018 IIHF World Ranking , their highest IIHF ranking ever ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': '1936', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British national ice hockey team ( also known as Team GB ) is the national men 's ice hockey team of the United Kingdom . A founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) in 1908 , the team is controlled by Ice Hockey UK . Great Britain is currently ranked 20th in the world by the IIHF as of the 2018 IIHF World Ranking , their highest IIHF ranking ever ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Germany_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The German men 's national ice hockey team first participated in serious international competition at the 1911 European Hockey Championship . When Germany was split after World War II , a separate East Germany national ice hockey team existed until 1990 . By 1991 , the East German teams and players were merged into the German Ice Hockey Federation ( Deutscher Eishockey-Bund ) ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British national ice hockey team ( also known as Team GB ) is the national men 's ice hockey team of the United Kingdom . A founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) in 1908 , the team is controlled by Ice Hockey UK . Great Britain is currently ranked 20th in the world by the IIHF as of the 2018 IIHF World Ranking , their highest IIHF ranking ever ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Germany_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The German men 's national ice hockey team first participated in serious international competition at the 1911 European Hockey Championship . When Germany was split after World War II , a separate East Germany national ice hockey team existed until 1990 . By 1991 , the East German teams and players were merged into the German Ice Hockey Federation ( Deutscher Eishockey-Bund ) ."}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British national ice hockey team ( also known as Team GB ) is the national men 's ice hockey team of the United Kingdom . A founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) in 1908 , the team is controlled by Ice Hockey UK . Great Britain is currently ranked 20th in the world by the IIHF as of the 2018 IIHF World Ranking , their highest IIHF ranking ever ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Germany_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The German men 's national ice hockey team first participated in serious international competition at the 1911 European Hockey Championship . When Germany was split after World War II , a separate East Germany national ice hockey team existed until 1990 . By 1991 , the East German teams and players were merged into the German Ice Hockey Federation ( Deutscher Eishockey-Bund ) ."}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Germany_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The German men 's national ice hockey team first participated in serious international competition at the 1911 European Hockey Championship . When Germany was split after World War II , a separate East Germany national ice hockey team existed until 1990 . By 1991 , the East German teams and players were merged into the German Ice Hockey Federation ( Deutscher Eishockey-Bund ) ."}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Austria_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Austrian men 's national hockey team is the national ice hockey team for Austria . The team is controlled by Österreichischer Eishockeyverband . As of 2017 the Austrian team is ranked 16th in the IIHF World Rankings . Austria has not won a medal in a major tournament since 1947 , and has not broken 10th place since 1994 . Austria currently has 8,799 registered players ( 0.1% of the total population ) ."}]}, {'value': '1948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Great_Britain_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The British national ice hockey team ( also known as Team GB ) is the national men 's ice hockey team of the United Kingdom . A founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) in 1908 , the team is controlled by Ice Hockey UK . Great Britain is currently ranked 20th in the world by the IIHF as of the 2018 IIHF World Ranking , their highest IIHF ranking ever ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Norway_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Norway men 's national ice hockey team is the national ice hockey team from Norway that participates at the IIHF World Championships . The team is governed by the Norwegian Ice Hockey Association and is coached by Petter Thoresen ."}]}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Germany_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The German men 's national ice hockey team first participated in serious international competition at the 1911 European Hockey Championship . When Germany was split after World War II , a separate East Germany national ice hockey team existed until 1990 . By 1991 , the East German teams and players were merged into the German Ice Hockey Federation ( Deutscher Eishockey-Bund ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Switzerland_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Switzerland men 's national ice hockey team ( German : Schweizer Eishockeynationalmannschaft ; French : Équipe de Suisse de hockey sur glace ; Italian : Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio della Svizzera ) is a founding member of the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and is controlled by the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation . As of 2018 the Swiss team was ranked 7th in the world by the IIHF ."}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soviet Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_ice_hockey_team', 'summary': 'The Soviet national ice hockey team ( Russian : Сборная СССР по хоккею с шайбой ) was the national ice hockey team of the Soviet Union . The team won nearly every world championship and Olympic tournament between 1954 and 1991 and never failed to medal in any International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) tournament they competed in . After 1991 , the Soviet team competed as the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics and as the Commonwealth of Independent States at the 1992 World Championship . In 1993 , it was replaced by national teams for Belarus , Estonia , Kazakhstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia and Ukraine . The IIHF recognized the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union hockey federation and passed its ranking on to Russia . The other national hockey teams were considered new and sent to compete in Pool C. The IIHF Centennial All-Star Team included four Soviet-Russian players out of a team of six : goalie Vladislav Tretiak , defenseman Vyacheslav Fetisov and forwards Valeri Kharlamov and Sergei Makarov who played for the Soviet teams in the 1970s and the 1980s were selected for the team in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soviet Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_ice_hockey_team', 'summary': 'The Soviet national ice hockey team ( Russian : Сборная СССР по хоккею с шайбой ) was the national ice hockey team of the Soviet Union . The team won nearly every world championship and Olympic tournament between 1954 and 1991 and never failed to medal in any International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) tournament they competed in . After 1991 , the Soviet team competed as the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics and as the Commonwealth of Independent States at the 1992 World Championship . In 1993 , it was replaced by national teams for Belarus , Estonia , Kazakhstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia and Ukraine . The IIHF recognized the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union hockey federation and passed its ranking on to Russia . The other national hockey teams were considered new and sent to compete in Pool C. The IIHF Centennial All-Star Team included four Soviet-Russian players out of a team of six : goalie Vladislav Tretiak , defenseman Vyacheslav Fetisov and forwards Valeri Kharlamov and Sergei Makarov who played for the Soviet teams in the 1970s and the 1980s were selected for the team in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soviet Union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_ice_hockey_team', 'summary': 'The Soviet national ice hockey team ( Russian : Сборная СССР по хоккею с шайбой ) was the national ice hockey team of the Soviet Union . The team won nearly every world championship and Olympic tournament between 1954 and 1991 and never failed to medal in any International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) tournament they competed in . After 1991 , the Soviet team competed as the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics and as the Commonwealth of Independent States at the 1992 World Championship . In 1993 , it was replaced by national teams for Belarus , Estonia , Kazakhstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Russia and Ukraine . The IIHF recognized the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union hockey federation and passed its ranking on to Russia . The other national hockey teams were considered new and sent to compete in Pool C. The IIHF Centennial All-Star Team included four Soviet-Russian players out of a team of six : goalie Vladislav Tretiak , defenseman Vyacheslav Fetisov and forwards Valeri Kharlamov and Sergei Makarov who played for the Soviet teams in the 1970s and the 1980s were selected for the team in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sweden_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Sweden men 's national ice hockey team ( Swedish : Sveriges herrlandslag i ishockey ) is one of the most successful ice hockey teams in the world . The team is controlled by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association , and it is considered a member of the Big Six , the unofficial group of the six strongest men 's ice hockey nations , along with Canada , the Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and the United States . The team 's nickname Tre kronor , meaning Three Crowns , refers to the emblem on the team jersey , which is found in the lesser national coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sweden . The first time this emblem was used on the national team 's jersey was on 12 February 1938 , during the World Championships in Prague . The team has won numerous medals at both the World Championships and the Winter Olympics . In 2006 , they became the first , and so far only , team to win both tournaments in the same calendar year , by winning the 2006 Winter Olympics in a thrilling final against Finland by 3-2 , and the 2006 World Championships by beating Czech Republic in the final , 4-0 . In 2013 the team was the first team to win the World Championships at home since the Soviet Union in 1986 . In 2018 , the Swedish team won its 11th title at the World Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Czechoslovakia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men's_national_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Czechoslovakia men 's national ice hockey team was the national ice hockey team of Czechoslovakia , and competed from 1920 until 1992 . The successor to the Bohemia national ice hockey team , which was a European power prior to World War I , the Czechoslovak national team first appeared at the 1920 Summer Olympics , two years after the creation of the state . In the 1940s , they established themselves as the best team in Europe , becoming the first team from the continent to win two World Championships ( 1947 and 1949 ) . After the arrival of the Soviet Union on the international hockey scene in the 1950s , the Czechoslovaks regularly fought Sweden and Canada for silver and bronze medals , and sometimes beat the Soviets . In total , they won the gold medal six times . Due to the split of the country Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the team was replaced in 1993 with the Czech and the Slovak national teams . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) recognized the Czech national team as a successor of Czechoslovakia national team and kept it in the top group , while the Slovak national team was entered into the lowest level , Pool C , winning promotion in successive years to join the elite division in 1996 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'European Medalists from combined events', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ice_Hockey_European_Championships_1', 'intro': 'The Ice Hockey European Championship was an annual ice hockey tournament for European countries associated to the International Ice Hockey Federation. Independent championship tournaments were organized between 1910 and 1927, and European Championships medals were awarded to the European participants of the World Championships until 1991. There were independent championships again in 1929 and 1932, and no European (or World) Champion awarded in the Olympic years 1980, 1984, and 1988.'} | null | null | When was the last year the national ice hockey team that won gold at the 1928 Ice Hockey European Championships competed ? | 1992 |
0a452ebf6c82d2c1 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Pro_League', 'title': 'UAE Pro League', 'header': ['Season', 'Player', 'Club', 'Goals'], 'data': [{'value': '1974-75', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1974–75_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League for the 1974-75 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Suhail Salim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Ahli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Ahli_Dubai_F.C.', 'summary': "Shabab Al Ahli Club ( Arabic : نادي الأهلي ) is a United Arab Emirates professional association football club based in Dubai , that currently plays in the UAE Arabian Gulf League . Al Ahli is one of the most successful clubs in the UAE . Al Ahli Club was established in 1958 in Dubai . Is an Emirati club . and its president is Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , and Vice President Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , and the chairman of the club is Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , and deputy chairman is Sheikh Mansoor bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum . And Sheikh Mansoor bin Mohammed is also the head of Shabab Al Ahli Football Company . Al Ahli FC has won 7 league titles , a record of 9 UAE 's President Cup titles , 4 UAE super Cup titles , 4 UAE League Cup titles and 1 Emirati-Moroccan Super Cup , earning a total of 25 titles , making them the second most successful team in UAE . In the latest ranking by IFFHS , Shabab Al Ahli is the 7th best Asian club and ranked 110 in the world and 4th in Asia . In 2017 , the Dubai CSC and Al Shabab merged with Al Ahli FC making Shabab Al Ahli FC ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975-76', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1975–76_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1975/76 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ali Nawaz Baloch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Wahda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Wahda_F.C.', 'summary': "Al Wahda Football Club ( Arabic : نادي الوحدة لكرة القدم ) is a football club based in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates that plays in the UAE Pro League . The club was founded in 1974 and plays its home games at the Al-Nahyan Stadium . The club 's colours are maroon , grey and white . Al Wahda has won the League , with the most recent title coming in the 2009-10 UAE Pro-League season ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976-77', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976–77_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1976/77 .'}]}, {'value': 'Al Fadhel Santo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Nasr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Nasr_Dubai_SC', 'summary': 'Al-Nasr Sports Club ( Arabic : نادي النصر الرياضي ) is a professional association football club located in Dubai and plays in the UAE Arabian Gulf League . Al-Nasr , literally translating to victory in Arabic , was founded in 1945 and is considered as the first and oldest club in the United Arab Emirates . They play at Al Maktoum Stadium , which can hold 15,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977-78', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1977–78_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1977/78 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohieddine Habita', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Ain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Ain_FC', 'summary': "Al-Ain Football Club ( Arabic : نادي العين لكرة القدم ; transliterated : Nady al-'Ayn ) or Al-Ain FC or simply Al-Ain is a professional football club , based in the city of Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . It is one of many sport sections of the multi-sports club Al Ain Sports and Cultural Club ( Arabic : نادي العين الرياضي الثقافي ) Al Ain SCC for short . The club was founded in 1968 by players from Al Ain , members of a Bahraini group of exchange students and the Sudanese community working in the United Arab Emirates . The team quickly gained popularity and recognition throughout the country , being the team with the most trophies ( 34 in total ) . Al Ain is by far the most successful club in the UAE . Al Ain has won a record 13 UAE Pro-League , 6 President 's Cups , 3 Federation Cups , 1 Arabian Gulf Cup , a record 5 Super Cups , two Abu Dhabi Championship Cups , one Joint League Cup , Emirati-Moroccan Super Cup , Gulf Club Champions Cup and AFC Champions League . The club is the first and only UAE side so far to win the AFC Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980-81', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980–81_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1980/81 .'}]}, {'value': 'Karim Abdul Razak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karim_Abdul_Razak', 'summary': "Karim Abdul Razak Tanko ( born 18 April 1956 ) is a Ghanaian football coach and former midfielder . He played for several clubs in the 1970s and 1980s , notably the local club Asante Kotoko and the New York Cosmos in the defunct North American Soccer League ( NASL ) . Popularly called the Golden Boy , Razak also played for the Ghana national team , helping it win the 1978 African Cup of Nations . He was named African Footballer of the Year later that year . Razak , who also played for clubs in the UAE , Egypt and Ivory Coast , was ranked by the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) in 2007 as one of the confederation 's 30 best footballers of the previous 50 years ."}]}, {'value': 'Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emirates_Club', 'summary': 'Emirates Club ( Arabic : نادي الامارات ) is a professional football club based in the city of RAK City in the United Arab Emirates .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981-82', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1981–82_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1981/82 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ahmed Abdullah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Ain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Ain_FC', 'summary': "Al-Ain Football Club ( Arabic : نادي العين لكرة القدم ; transliterated : Nady al-'Ayn ) or Al-Ain FC or simply Al-Ain is a professional football club , based in the city of Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . It is one of many sport sections of the multi-sports club Al Ain Sports and Cultural Club ( Arabic : نادي العين الرياضي الثقافي ) Al Ain SCC for short . The club was founded in 1968 by players from Al Ain , members of a Bahraini group of exchange students and the Sudanese community working in the United Arab Emirates . The team quickly gained popularity and recognition throughout the country , being the team with the most trophies ( 34 in total ) . Al Ain is by far the most successful club in the UAE . Al Ain has won a record 13 UAE Pro-League , 6 President 's Cups , 3 Federation Cups , 1 Arabian Gulf Cup , a record 5 Super Cups , two Abu Dhabi Championship Cups , one Joint League Cup , Emirati-Moroccan Super Cup , Gulf Club Champions Cup and AFC Champions League . The club is the first and only UAE side so far to win the AFC Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982-83', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1982–83_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1982/83 .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Nasr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Nasr_Dubai_SC', 'summary': 'Al-Nasr Sports Club ( Arabic : نادي النصر الرياضي ) is a professional association football club located in Dubai and plays in the UAE Arabian Gulf League . Al-Nasr , literally translating to victory in Arabic , was founded in 1945 and is considered as the first and oldest club in the United Arab Emirates . They play at Al Maktoum Stadium , which can hold 15,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983-84', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1983–84_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League for the 1983-84 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Ahmed Abdullah Fahad Khamees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fahad_Khamees', 'summary': 'Fahad Khamees Mubarak ( Arabic : فهد خميس مبارك ; born 24 January 1962 ) is an Emirati retired footballer who played as a striker for the UAE national football team and Al Wasl FC in Dubai . He played in the 1990 FIFA World Cup and was the captain of the team in the matches against Colombia and Yugoslavia .'}]}, {'value': 'Al Ain Al Wasl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Ain_FC', 'summary': "Al-Ain Football Club ( Arabic : نادي العين لكرة القدم ; transliterated : Nady al-'Ayn ) or Al-Ain FC or simply Al-Ain is a professional football club , based in the city of Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . It is one of many sport sections of the multi-sports club Al Ain Sports and Cultural Club ( Arabic : نادي العين الرياضي الثقافي ) Al Ain SCC for short . The club was founded in 1968 by players from Al Ain , members of a Bahraini group of exchange students and the Sudanese community working in the United Arab Emirates . The team quickly gained popularity and recognition throughout the country , being the team with the most trophies ( 34 in total ) . Al Ain is by far the most successful club in the UAE . Al Ain has won a record 13 UAE Pro-League , 6 President 's Cups , 3 Federation Cups , 1 Arabian Gulf Cup , a record 5 Super Cups , two Abu Dhabi Championship Cups , one Joint League Cup , Emirati-Moroccan Super Cup , Gulf Club Champions Cup and AFC Champions League . The club is the first and only UAE side so far to win the AFC Champions League ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Al-Wasl_F.C.', 'summary': "Al Wasl Football Club ( Arabic : نادي الوصل لكرة القدم ) is a United Arab Emirates Football League club based in Dubai . It is a part of the multi-sports club Al Wasl Sports Club . Former Argentina national football team player and manager Diego Maradona was the manager of the club in 2011 to 2012 . The club has a supporters ' group , the Ultras Junoon ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984-85', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984–85_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1984/85 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fahad Khamees Adnan Al Talyani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fahad_Khamees', 'summary': 'Fahad Khamees Mubarak ( Arabic : فهد خميس مبارك ; born 24 January 1962 ) is an Emirati retired footballer who played as a striker for the UAE national football team and Al Wasl FC in Dubai . He played in the 1990 FIFA World Cup and was the captain of the team in the matches against Colombia and Yugoslavia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Adnan_Al_Talyani', 'summary': 'Adnan Khamees Al-Talyani ( Arabic : عدنان الطلياني ) ( born 30 October 1964 ) is a retired footballer from the United Arab Emirates who played as a forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Al Wasl Al Shaab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Wasl_F.C.', 'summary': "Al Wasl Football Club ( Arabic : نادي الوصل لكرة القدم ) is a United Arab Emirates Football League club based in Dubai . It is a part of the multi-sports club Al Wasl Sports Club . Former Argentina national football team player and manager Diego Maradona was the manager of the club in 2011 to 2012 . The club has a supporters ' group , the Ultras Junoon ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Al-Shaab_CSC', 'summary': 'Al-Shaab Cultural & Sports Club ( Arabic : نادي الشعب الثقافي الرياضي ) was a multi-sports club based in Sharjah , United Arab Emirates . The club was merged with Sharjah FC in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985-86', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985–86_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1985/86 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mohammed Salem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Wahda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Wahda_F.C.', 'summary': "Al Wahda Football Club ( Arabic : نادي الوحدة لكرة القدم ) is a football club based in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates that plays in the UAE Pro League . The club was founded in 1974 and plays its home games at the Al-Nahyan Stadium . The club 's colours are maroon , grey and white . Al Wahda has won the League , with the most recent title coming in the 2009-10 UAE Pro-League season ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986-87', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986–87_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1986/87 .'}]}, {'value': 'Adnan Al Talyani Khalil Ghanim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adnan_Al_Talyani', 'summary': 'Adnan Khamees Al-Talyani ( Arabic : عدنان الطلياني ) ( born 30 October 1964 ) is a retired footballer from the United Arab Emirates who played as a forward .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Khalil_Ghanim', 'summary': 'Khalil Ghanim Mubarak ( Arabic : خليل غانم ) ( born 12 November 1964 ) is a footballer from UAE who played as a centre back for Al Khaleej Club in Sharjah , and the UAE national football team . He formed along with his brother Mubarak [ citation needed ] a hard defence line for the UAE team during their careers . His one goal in the World Cup Qualification round against Qatar had assisted the team in reaching the 1990 FIFA World Cup finals in Italy . He was sent off in their final group game against Yugoslavia , which his team lost 4-1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Al Shaab Al Khaleej', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Shaab_CSC', 'summary': 'Al-Shaab Cultural & Sports Club ( Arabic : نادي الشعب الثقافي الرياضي ) was a multi-sports club based in Sharjah , United Arab Emirates . The club was merged with Sharjah FC in 2017 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Al_Khaleej_Club', 'summary': 'Khor Fakkan Club ( formally known as Al Khaleej ) , usually known simply as Khor Fakkan , is an Emirati football club from Khor Fakkan . Founded in 1981 , the club won a UAE Federation Cup in the 1993-94 season . In June 2017 the club was rebranded with a new name and logo now it is known as Khor Fakkan club .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987-88', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1987–88_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1987/88 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zuhair Bakheet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zuhair_Bakheet', 'summary': 'Zuhair Saeed Bakheet-Bilal ( Arabic : زهير بخيت , also spelled as Bakhit ; born 13 July 1967 ) is an Emirati footballer who played as a striker for the United Arab Emirates national football team and Al Wasl FC in Dubai . He started playing for the national team in 1988 and retired from international football in 2001 . He played in 5 Gulf Cup of Nations , 3 AFC Asian Cup of nations , and the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Al Wasl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Wasl_F.C.', 'summary': "Al Wasl Football Club ( Arabic : نادي الوصل لكرة القدم ) is a United Arab Emirates Football League club based in Dubai . It is a part of the multi-sports club Al Wasl Sports Club . Former Argentina national football team player and manager Diego Maradona was the manager of the club in 2011 to 2012 . The club has a supporters ' group , the Ultras Junoon ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988-89', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988–89_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League for the 1988-89 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Fahad Khamees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fahad_Khamees', 'summary': 'Fahad Khamees Mubarak ( Arabic : فهد خميس مبارك ; born 24 January 1962 ) is an Emirati retired footballer who played as a striker for the UAE national football team and Al Wasl FC in Dubai . He played in the 1990 FIFA World Cup and was the captain of the team in the matches against Colombia and Yugoslavia .'}]}, {'value': 'Al Wasl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Wasl_F.C.', 'summary': "Al Wasl Football Club ( Arabic : نادي الوصل لكرة القدم ) is a United Arab Emirates Football League club based in Dubai . It is a part of the multi-sports club Al Wasl Sports Club . Former Argentina national football team player and manager Diego Maradona was the manager of the club in 2011 to 2012 . The club has a supporters ' group , the Ultras Junoon ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989-90', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989–90_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1989/90 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hussain Yaslam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baniyas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baniyas_Club', 'summary': 'Baniyas Sports and Cultural Club is an Emirati Sports Club , based in Al Shamkha , in the Baniyas area of Abu Dhabi . They play in the UAE Pro-League .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991-92', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991–92_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1991/92 .'}]}, {'value': 'Youssouf Atiq', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Ahli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Ahli_Dubai_F.C.', 'summary': "Shabab Al Ahli Club ( Arabic : نادي الأهلي ) is a United Arab Emirates professional association football club based in Dubai , that currently plays in the UAE Arabian Gulf League . Al Ahli is one of the most successful clubs in the UAE . Al Ahli Club was established in 1958 in Dubai . Is an Emirati club . and its president is Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , and Vice President Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , and the chairman of the club is Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , and deputy chairman is Sheikh Mansoor bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum . And Sheikh Mansoor bin Mohammed is also the head of Shabab Al Ahli Football Company . Al Ahli FC has won 7 league titles , a record of 9 UAE 's President Cup titles , 4 UAE super Cup titles , 4 UAE League Cup titles and 1 Emirati-Moroccan Super Cup , earning a total of 25 titles , making them the second most successful team in UAE . In the latest ranking by IFFHS , Shabab Al Ahli is the 7th best Asian club and ranked 110 in the world and 4th in Asia . In 2017 , the Dubai CSC and Al Shabab merged with Al Ahli FC making Shabab Al Ahli FC ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992-93', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992–93_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League in season 1992/93 .'}]}, {'value': 'Saif Sultan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Ain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al_Ain_FC', 'summary': "Al-Ain Football Club ( Arabic : نادي العين لكرة القدم ; transliterated : Nady al-'Ayn ) or Al-Ain FC or simply Al-Ain is a professional football club , based in the city of Al Ain , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates . It is one of many sport sections of the multi-sports club Al Ain Sports and Cultural Club ( Arabic : نادي العين الرياضي الثقافي ) Al Ain SCC for short . The club was founded in 1968 by players from Al Ain , members of a Bahraini group of exchange students and the Sudanese community working in the United Arab Emirates . The team quickly gained popularity and recognition throughout the country , being the team with the most trophies ( 34 in total ) . Al Ain is by far the most successful club in the UAE . Al Ain has won a record 13 UAE Pro-League , 6 President 's Cups , 3 Federation Cups , 1 Arabian Gulf Cup , a record 5 Super Cups , two Abu Dhabi Championship Cups , one Joint League Cup , Emirati-Moroccan Super Cup , Gulf Club Champions Cup and AFC Champions League . The club is the first and only UAE side so far to win the AFC Champions League ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993-94', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1993–94_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League for the 1993-94 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Abdulaziz Mohammed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharjah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Sharjah_SCC', 'summary': 'Sharjah Football Club is a United Arab Emirates football club that plays in the UAE Arabian Gulf League . It is based in Sharjah city . The home stadium is Sharjah Stadium . In 2017 Al-Shaab CSC merged with Sharjah to form the modern day club of Sharjah FC . Sharjah FC was established in 1966 , is an Emirati club based in Sharjah , the club has been the most successful team in the Emirate of Sharjah winning 6 pro league titles , 8 presidents cups and 2 super cups , the club is also the first official UAE league champion since its establishment in 1974 .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994-95', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994–95_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League for the 1994-95 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Bader Jassim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Wahda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Wahda_F.C.', 'summary': "Al Wahda Football Club ( Arabic : نادي الوحدة لكرة القدم ) is a football club based in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates that plays in the UAE Pro League . The club was founded in 1974 and plays its home games at the Al-Nahyan Stadium . The club 's colours are maroon , grey and white . Al Wahda has won the League , with the most recent title coming in the 2009-10 UAE Pro-League season ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995-96', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995–96_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of UAE Football League for the 1995-96 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Jassim Al Dokhi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Shaab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Shaab_CSC', 'summary': 'Al-Shaab Cultural & Sports Club ( Arabic : نادي الشعب الثقافي الرياضي ) was a multi-sports club based in Sharjah , United Arab Emirates . The club was merged with Sharjah FC in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996-97', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996–97_UAE_Football_League', 'summary': 'Statistics of the UAE Football League for the 1996-97 UAE Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Bader Jassim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Al Wahda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Wahda_F.C.', 'summary': "Al Wahda Football Club ( Arabic : نادي الوحدة لكرة القدم ) is a football club based in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates that plays in the UAE Pro League . The club was founded in 1974 and plays its home games at the Al-Nahyan Stadium . The club 's colours are maroon , grey and white . Al Wahda has won the League , with the most recent title coming in the 2009-10 UAE Pro-League season ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players -- Top scorers by season', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'UAE_Arabian_Gulf_League_5', 'intro': 'The UAE Pro League, known for sponsorship reasons as the Arabian Gulf League, is the top professional football league in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The first team to win the title was Al Orouba (Sharjah), whilst Al Ain has the record with 13 league titles to their name. Fourteen clubs compete in the League that operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the First Division League. The League was founded in 1973 as the UAE Football League. The first 1973-74 season was a trial championship but was declared official by the UAE FA in 2001. In February 2007, the Pro League Committee was formed, and became the organizing body of the League.'} | null | null | What year was the club that scored 12 goals in the 1981-82 UAE Pro League season founded ? | 1968 |
0a45f57ab29f048b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers', 'title': 'List of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Robert Benham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Benham_(judge)', 'summary': 'Robert Benham ( born September 25 , 1946 ) is the second African-American graduate of the University of Georgia School of Law and the first African-American to serve on the Supreme Court of Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'Eta Lambda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of Georgia is the highest judicial authority of the U.S. state of Georgia . The court was established in 1845 as a three-member panel . Since 1896 , the justices ( increased in number to six , then to seven in 1945 , and finally to nine in 2017 ) have been elected by the people of the state . The justices are currently elected in statewide non-partisan elections for six-year terms , with any vacancies filled through an appointment by the Governor . The first Chief Justice of the Court was Joseph Henry Lumpkin , who was appointed to that position in 1863 . Under the current Constitution of Georgia , the Chief Justice is designated as the chief presiding and administrative officer of the court , and is elected by the justices . The justices also elect a Presiding Justice to serve if the Chief Justice is absent or is disqualified . As of 2019 [ update ] , the current Chief Justice of the Court is Harold Melton , and the current Presiding Justice is David Nahmias . Both justices were sworn into their respective positions on September 4 , 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Brown_(judge)', 'summary': 'Joseph Blakeney Brown Jr. ( born July 5 , 1947 ) , known as Judge Joe Brown , is an American lawyer and television personality . He is a former Shelby County , Tennessee , Criminal Court judge and a former arbiter of the arbitration-based reality court show Judge Joe Brown .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa Eta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memphis_State_University', 'summary': 'The University of Memphis ( UofM ) is a public research university in Memphis , Tennessee . Founded in 1912 , the university has an enrollment of more than 22,000 students . The university maintains The Center for Earthquake Research and Information ( CERI ) , The Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law , the former Lambuth University campus ( now a branch campus of The University of Memphis ) , The Loewenberg College of Nursing , The School of Public Health , The College of Communication and Fine Arts , The FedEx Institute of Technology , The Advanced Distributed Learning Workforce Co-Lab , and The Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology .'}]}, {'value': "Host of the syndicated show Judge Joe Brown ; presided over James Earl Ray 's last appeal for Ray 's conviction for the assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Earl_Ray', 'summary': "James Earl Ray ( March 10 , 1928 - April 23 , 1998 ) was an American fugitive and felon convicted of assassinating Martin Luther King Jr. at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis , Tennessee on April 4 , 1968 . Ray was convicted on his 41st birthday after entering a guilty plea to forgo a jury trial and subsequently sentenced to 99 years ' imprisonment for the murder of King . Had he been found guilty by jury trial , he would have been eligible for the death penalty . He would have been eligible for parole in 2018 , after serving half of his sentence ( 49 1/2 years ) , at which point he would have been 90 years old . At the time of his death in 1998 , he had served 29 years of his sentence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.', 'summary': "Martin Luther King Jr. ( January 15 , 1929 - April 4 , 1968 ) was an American Christian minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968 . King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience , inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi . King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . As president of the SCLC , he then led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany , Georgia , and helped organize the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham , Alabama . He helped organize the 1963 March on Washington , where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial . On October 14 , 1964 , King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance . In 1965 , he helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches . In his final years , he expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War . FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover considered him a radical and made him an object of the FBI 's COINTELPRO from 1963 on . FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties , recorded his extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials , and , in 1964 , mailed King a threatening anonymous letter , which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide . Before his death , King was planning a national occupation of Washington , D.C. , to be called the Poor People 's Campaign , when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis , Tennessee . His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert L. Carter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_L._Carter', 'summary': 'Robert Lee Carter ( March 11 , 1917 - January 3 , 2012 ) was an American lawyer , civil rights activist and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Nu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)', 'summary': "Lincoln University ( Lincoln or LU ) is a state-related ( independent but with public funding ) historically black university near Oxford , Pennsylvania . Founded as a private university in 1854 , it has been a public institution since 1972 and was the United States ' first degree-granting HBCU . Its main campus is located on 422 acres near the town of Oxford in southern Chester County , Pennsylvania . The university has a second location in University City , Philadelphia . Lincoln University provides undergraduate and graduate coursework to approximately 2,000 students . The University is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . While a majority of Lincoln University students are African Americans , the university has a long history of accepting students of other races and nationalities . Women have received degrees since 1953 and made up over 60% of undergraduate enrollment in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pivotal role in Sweatt v. Painter , Brown v. Board of Education , and NAACP v. Alabama ; US District Court Judge ; 2004 Spingarn Medal recipient ; Federal District Appellate Judge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter', 'summary': 'Sweatt v. Painter , 339 U.S. 629 ( 1950 ) , was a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the separate but equal doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson . The case was influential in the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education four years later . The case involved a black man , Heman Marion Sweatt , who was refused admission to the School of Law of the University of Texas , whose president was Theophilus Painter , on the grounds that the Texas State Constitution prohibited integrated education .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education', 'summary': "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) , was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional , even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality . Handed down on May 17 , 1954 , the Court 's unanimous ( 9-0 ) decision stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal , and therefore violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution . However , the decision 's 14 pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools , and the Court 's second decision in Brown II ( 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ) only ordered states to desegregate with all deliberate speed . The case originated in 1951 , when the public school district in Topeka , Kansas , refused to enroll the daughter of local black resident Oliver Brown at the school closest to their home , instead requiring her to ride a bus to a segregated black elementary school farther away . The Browns and twelve other local black families in similar situations then filed a class action lawsuit in U.S. federal court against the Topeka Board of Education , alleging that its segregation policy was unconstitutional . A three-judge panel of the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas rendered a verdict against the Browns , relying on the precedent of the Supreme Court 's 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson , in which the Court had ruled that racial segregation was not in itself a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause if the facilities in question were otherwise equal , a doctrine that had come to be known as separate but equal . The Browns , then represented by NAACP chief counsel Thurgood Marshall , appealed to the Supreme Court , which agreed to hear the case . The Court 's decision in Brown partially overruled Plessy v. Ferguson by declaring that the separate but equal notion was unconstitutional for American public schools and educational facilities . [ note 1 ] It paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement , and a model for many future impact litigation cases . In the American South , especially the Deep South , where racial segregation was deeply entrenched , the reaction to Brown among most white people was noisy and stubborn . Many Southern governmental and political leaders embraced a plan known as Massive Resistance , created by Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd , in order to frustrate attempts to force them to de-segregate their school systems . Four years later , in the case of Cooper v. Aaron , the Court reaffirmed its ruling in Brown , and explicitly stated that state officials and legislators had no power to nullify its ruling ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama', 'summary': "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama , 357 U.S. 449 ( 1958 ) , was an important civil rights case brought before the United States Supreme Court . Alabama sought to prevent the NAACP from conducting further business in the state . After the circuit court issued a restraining order , the state issued a subpoena for various records , including the NAACP 's membership lists . The Supreme Court ruled that Alabama 's demand for the lists had violated the right of due process guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spingarn_Medal', 'summary': 'The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) for outstanding achievement by an African American . The award was created in 1914 by Joel Elias Spingarn , chairman of the Board of Directors of the NAACP . It was first awarded to biologist Ernest E. Just in 1915 , and has been given most years thereafter . At its annual convention , the NAACP presents the award after deciding from open nominations . Should the organization end , it would be managed by Howard or Fisk Universities . The gold medal is valued at $ 100 , and Spingarn left $ 20,000 in his will for the NAACP to continue giving it indefinitely .'}]}, {'value': 'Julius Chambers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_College', 'summary': "North Carolina Central University ( NCCU or NC Central ) , a state-supported liberal arts institution , is a public , historically black university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Dr. James E. Shepard in affiliation with the Chautauqua movement in 1909 , it was supported by private funds from both Northern and Southern philanthropists . It was made part of the state system in 1923 , when it first received state funding and was renamed as Durham State Normal School . It added graduate classes in arts and sciences and professional schools in law and library science in the late 1930s and 1940s . In 1969 the legislature designated this as a regional university and renamed it as North Carolina Central University . It has been part of the University of North Carolina system since 1972 , and offers programs at the baccalaureate , master 's , professional and doctoral levels . The university is a member-school of Thurgood Marshall College Fund ."}]}, {'value': 'Attorney in the Supreme Court case styled Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education ; third Director-counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund ; President of North Carolina Central University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of the United States ( SCOTUS ) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States . It has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law , and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases , specifically all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party . The Court holds the power of judicial review , the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the U.S. Constitution . It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law . However , it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones , but it has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions . Established by Article III of the Constitution , the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789 . As later set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , the Court consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices . Each justice has lifetime tenure , meaning they remain on the Court until they resign , retire , die , or are removed from office . When a vacancy occurs , the president , with the advice and consent of the Senate , appoints a new justice . Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it . When in majority , the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court ; otherwise , the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Swann_v._Charlotte-Mecklenburg_Board_of_Education', 'summary': "Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education , 402 U.S. 1 ( 1971 ) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools . The Court held that busing was an appropriate remedy for the problem of racial imbalance in schools , even when the imbalance resulted from the selection of students based on geographic proximity to the school rather than from deliberate assignment based on race . This was done to ensure the schools would be properly integrated and that all students would receive equal educational opportunities regardless of their race . Judge John J. Parker of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit interpreted the Brown v. Board of Education case as a charge not to segregate rather than an order to integrate . In 1963 , the Court ruled in McNeese v. Board of Education and Goss v. Board of Education in favor of integration , and showed impatience with efforts to end segregation [ citation needed ] . In 1968 the Warren Court ruled in Green v. County School Board that freedom of choice plans were insufficient to eliminate segregation ; thus , it was necessary to take proactive steps to integrate schools . In United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education ( 1969 ) , Judge Frank Johnson 's desegregation order for teachers was upheld , allowing an approximate ratio of the races to be established by a district judge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NAACP', 'summary': 'The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) [ a ] is a civil rights organization in the United States , formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B . Du Bois , Mary White Ovington , Moorfield Storey and Ida B . Wells . Its mission in the 21st century is to ensure the political , educational , social , and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination . National NAACP initiatives include political lobbying , publicity efforts and litigation strategies developed by its legal team . The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct , the status of black foreign refugees and questions of economic development . Its name , retained in accordance with tradition , uses the once common term colored people , referring to those with some African ancestry . The NAACP bestows annual awards to African Americans in two categories : Image Awards are for achievement in the arts and entertainment , and Spingarn Medals are for outstanding achievement of any kind . Its headquarters is in Baltimore , Maryland .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Central_University', 'summary': "North Carolina Central University ( NCCU or NC Central ) , a state-supported liberal arts institution , is a public , historically black university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Dr. James E. Shepard in affiliation with the Chautauqua movement in 1909 , it was supported by private funds from both Northern and Southern philanthropists . It was made part of the state system in 1923 , when it first received state funding and was renamed as Durham State Normal School . It added graduate classes in arts and sciences and professional schools in law and library science in the late 1930s and 1940s . In 1969 the legislature designated this as a regional university and renamed it as North Carolina Central University . It has been part of the University of North Carolina system since 1972 , and offers programs at the baccalaureate , master 's , professional and doctoral levels . The university is a member-school of Thurgood Marshall College Fund ."}]}, {'value': 'Christopher Darden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christopher_Darden', 'summary': "Christopher Allen Darden ( born April 7 , 1956 ) is an American lawyer , author , actor , lecturer , and practicing attorney . He was a 15-year veteran of the Los Angeles County District Attorney 's office , where he was a co-prosecutor in the O. J. Simpson murder trial , a role in which he gained a great deal of national attention ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Mu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Jose_State_College', 'summary': "San José State University ( San Jose State or SJSU ) is a public university in San Jose , California . SJSU is the oldest public university on the West Coast and the founding campus of the California State University ( CSU ) system . Located in downtown San Jose , the SJSU main campus is situated on 154 acres ( 62 ha ) , or roughly 19 square blocks . SJSU offers 145 bachelor 's and master 's degrees with 108 concentrations and five credential programs with 19 concentrations . The university also offers four doctoral degrees as of fall 2019 . SJSU is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges ( WASC ) . SJSU 's total enrollment was 33,282 in fall 2019 , including over 5,400 graduate and credential students . SJSU 's student population is one of the most ethnically diverse in the nation . As of fall 2019 , graduate student enrollment , Asian and international student enrollments at SJSU were the highest of any campus in the CSU system . SJSU is consistently listed as one of the leading suppliers of undergraduate and graduate alumni to Silicon Valley technology firms , and philanthropic support of SJSU is among the highest in the CSU system . SJSU sports teams are known as the Spartans , and compete in the NCAA Division I FBS Mountain West Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Prosecutor in the murder trial of O. J. Simpson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/O._J._Simpson', 'summary': 'Orenthal James Simpson ( born July 9 , 1947 ) , nicknamed the Juice , is an American former football running back , broadcaster , actor , advertising spokesman , and convicted felon . Once a popular figure with the U.S. public , he is best known for being tried for the murders of his former wife , Nicole Brown Simpson , and her friend , Ron Goldman . Simpson was acquitted of the murders in criminal court , but was later found responsible for both deaths in a civil trial . Simpson attended the University of Southern California ( USC ) , where he played football for the USC Trojans and won the Heisman Trophy in 1968 . He played professionally as a running back in the National Football League ( NFL ) for 11 seasons , primarily with the Buffalo Bills from 1969 to 1977 . He also played for the San Francisco 49ers from 1978 to 1979 . In 1973 , he became the first NFL player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season . He holds the record for the single season yards-per-game average , which stands at 143.1 . He was the only player to ever rush for over 2,000 yards in the 14-game regular season NFL format . Simpson was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985 . After retiring from football , he began new careers in acting and football broadcasting . In 1994 , Simpson was arrested and charged with the murders of his ex-wife , Nicole Brown Simpson , and her friend , Ron Goldman .'}]}, {'value': 'Milton C. Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton_C._Davis', 'summary': "Milton Carver Davis is an African American lawyer who researched and advocated for the pardon of Clarence Norris , the last surviving Scottsboro Boy . Davis graduated from Tuskegee University in 1971 and received his law degree in 1974 from the University of Iowa College of Law . He was an American Political Science Foundation Graduate Fellow , a Ford Foundation Graduate Fellow and a Herbert Lehman Foundation International Scholar . He gained international acclaim when as the Assistant Attorney General for Alabama he partnered with Donald Watkins to research and advocate for a full pardon of Clarence Norris , the last known surviving Scottsboro Boy on the basis on innocence . Governor George Wallace granted the parole in 1976 as the first time in the state 's history that a pardon had been granted based upon innocence . Davis was the 29th General President of Alpha Phi Alpha , the first intercollegiate organization established for blacks . Davis created the fraternity 's World Policy Council in 1996 as a think tank to expand the organization 's involvement in politics and social and current policy to encompass important global and world issues . The World Policy Council has published white papers on the Politics of Nigeria , War on Terrorism , Hurricane Katrina , Millennium Challenge Account , and Extraordinary Rendition ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Phi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuskegee_University', 'summary': "Tuskegee University is a private , historically black university in Tuskegee , Alabama . It was established by Lewis Adams and Booker T. Washington . The campus is designated as the Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site by the National Park Service . The university was home to scientist George Washington Carver and to World War II 's Tuskegee Airmen . Tuskegee University offers 40 bachelor 's degree programs , 17 master 's degree programs , a 5-year accredited professional degree program in architecture , 4 doctoral degree programs , and the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine . The university is home to over 3,100 students from the U.S. and 30 foreign countries . Tuskegee University was ranked 8th among the 2020 U.S. News & World Report best Historically Black Colleges and Universities ( HBCUs ) . The university 's campus was designed by architect Robert Robinson Taylor , the first African American to graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , in conjunction with David Williston , the first professionally trained African-American landscape architect ."}]}, {'value': 'Assistant Attorney General of the state of Alabama who researched and wrote opinions which led Governor George Wallace to pardon Clarence Norris , the last known surviving defendant in the international cause célèbre case of the Scottsboro Boys ; 29th General President of Alpha Phi Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama', 'summary': "The Governor of Alabama is the head of government of the U.S. state of Alabama . The governor is the head of the executive branch of Alabama 's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws . There have officially been 54 governors of the state of Alabama ; this official numbering skips acting and military governors . The first governor , William Wyatt Bibb , served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory . 5 people have served as acting governor , bringing the total number of people serving as governor to 59 , spread over 63 distinct terms . Four governors have served multiple non-consecutive terms : Bibb Graves , Jim Folsom , and Fob James each served two , and George Wallace served three non-consecutive periods . Officially , these non-consecutive terms are numbered only with the number of their first term . William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms , but his first term was in an acting capacity . The longest-serving governor was George Wallace , who served 16 years over four terms . The shortest term for a non-acting governor was that of Hugh McVay , who served four and a half months after replacing the resigning Clement Comer Clay . Lurleen Wallace , wife of George Wallace , was the first woman to serve as governor of Alabama , and the third woman to serve as governor of any state . The current governor is Republican Kay Ivey , who took office on April 10 , 2017 following Governor Robert J. Bentley 's court-mandated resignation following a guilty plea-deal amidst a corruption scandal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Wallace', 'summary': 'George Corley Wallace Jr. ( August 25 , 1919 - September 13 , 1998 ) was an American politician who served as the 45th Governor of Alabama for four terms . During his tenure , he promoted low-grade industrial development , low taxes , and trade schools . He sought the United States presidency as a Democrat three times , and once as an American Independent Party candidate , unsuccessfully each time . He is best remembered for his staunch segregationist and populist views . Wallace notoriously opposed desegregation and supported the policies of Jim Crow during the Civil Rights Movement , declaring in his 1963 inaugural address that he stood for segregation now , segregation tomorrow , segregation forever . In 1965 , Martin Luther King Jr. called Wallace perhaps the most dangerous racist in America today . Born in Clio , Alabama , Wallace attended the University of Alabama School of Law and served in United States Army Air Corps during World War II . After the war , he won election to the Alabama House of Representatives and served as a state judge . Wallace first sought the Democratic nomination in the 1958 Alabama gubernatorial election . Initially a moderate on racial issues , Wallace adopted a hard-line segregationist stance after losing the 1958 nomination . Wallace ran for governor again in 1962 , and won the race . Seeking to stop the racial integration of the University of Alabama , Wallace earned national notoriety by standing in front of the entrance of the University of Alabama , blocking the path of black students .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys', 'summary': "The Scottsboro Boys were nine African American teenagers , ages 13 to 20 , falsely accused in Alabama of raping two white women on a train in 1931 . The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial . The cases included a lynch mob before the suspects had been indicted , all-white juries , rushed trials , and disruptive mobs . It is commonly cited as an example of a miscarriage of justice in the United States legal system . On March 25 , 1931 , two dozen people were 'hoboing ' on a freight train traveling between Chattanooga and Memphis , Tennessee , the hoboes being an equal mix of African-Americans and Caucasians . A group of white teenage boys saw 18-year-old Haywood Patterson on the train and attempted to push him off the train , claiming that it was a white man 's train . A group of whites gathered rocks and attempted to force all of the black men from the train . Patterson and the other black passengers were able to ward off the group . The humiliated white teenagers jumped or were forced off the train and reported to the city 's sheriff that they had been attacked by a group of black teenagers . The sheriff deputized a posse comitatus , stopped and searched the train at Paint Rock , Alabama and arrested the black Americans . Two young white women also got off the train and accused the African American teenagers of rape . The case was first heard in Scottsboro , Alabama , in three rushed trials , in which the defendants received poor legal representation ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry T. Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_T._Edwards', 'summary': 'Harry Thomas Edwards ( born November 3 , 1940 ) , an American jurist and legal scholar , is currently a Senior United States Circuit Judge and chief judge emeritus of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Washington , D.C. , and a professor of law at the New York University School of Law .'}]}, {'value': 'unknown', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justice for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/District_of_Columbia', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Ernest A. Finney , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_A._Finney,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Ernest Adolphus Finney Jr. ( March 23 , 1931 - December 3 , 2017 ) was the first African-American Supreme Court Justice appointed to the South Carolina Supreme Court since the Reconstruction Era . He spent the last years of his life in Sumter , South Carolina . He was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claflin_University', 'summary': "Claflin University is a private historically black university in Orangeburg , South Carolina . Founded in 1869 after the American Civil War by northern missionaries for the education of freedmen and their children , it offers bachelor 's and master 's degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Chief Justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court ; South Carolina House of Representatives ; Interim President of South Carolina State University ; attorney in the civil rights case styled The Friendship 9', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court', 'summary': 'The South Carolina Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The court is composed of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly . It consists of 124 Representatives elected to two year terms at the same time as US Congressional elections . Unlike many legislatures , seating on the floor is not divided by party , but is arranged by county delegation . This is a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber . Until 1964 , each county was a legislative district , with the number of representatives determined by the county 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Hamilton Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston', 'summary': "Charles Hamilton Houston ( September 3 , 1895 - April 22 , 1950 ) was a prominent African-American lawyer , Dean of Howard University Law School , and NAACP first special counsel , or Litigation Director . A graduate of Amherst College and Harvard Law School , Houston played a significant role in dismantling Jim Crow laws , especially attacking segregation in schools and racial housing covenants . He earned the title The Man Who Killed Jim Crow . Houston is also well known for having trained and mentored a generation of black attorneys , including Thurgood Marshall , future founder and director of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund and the first Black Supreme Court Justice . He recruited young lawyers to work on the NAACP 's litigation campaigns , building connections between Howard 's and Harvard 's university law schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Sigma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': "Chief architect of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund 's strategy for racial equality in dismantling the Jim Crow laws ; first Black editor of the Harvard Law Review ; 1950 Spingarn Medal recipient", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws', 'summary': 'Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States . All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period . The laws were enforced until 1965 . In practice , Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America and other states , starting in the 1870s and 1880s . Jim Crow laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson , in which the U.S. Supreme Court laid out its separate but equal legal doctrine for facilities for African Americans . Moreover , public education had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the Civil War ( 1861-65 ) . The legal principle of separate but equal racial segregation was extended to public facilities and transportation , including the coaches of interstate trains and buses . Facilities for African Americans and Native Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to the facilities for white Americans ; sometimes , there were no facilities for people of color . As a body of law , Jim Crow institutionalized economic , educational , and social disadvantages for African Americans and other people of color living in the South . Jim Crow laws and Jim Crow state constitutional provisions mandated the segregation of public schools , public places , and public transportation , and the segregation of restrooms , restaurants , and drinking fountains for whites and blacks . The U.S. military was already segregated . President Woodrow Wilson , a Southern Democrat , initiated the segregation of federal workplaces in 1913 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review', 'summary': "The Harvard Law Review is a law review published by an independent student group at Harvard Law School . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the Harvard Law Review 's 2015 impact factor of 4.979 placed the journal first out of 143 journals in the category Law . It is published monthly from November through June , with the November issue dedicated to covering the previous year 's term of the Supreme Court of the United States . The journal also publishes the online-only Harvard Law Review Forum , a rolling journal of scholarly responses to the main journal 's content . The Harvard Law Review Association , in conjunction with the Columbia Law Review , the University of Pennsylvania Law Review , and the Yale Law Journal , publishes the Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation , a widely followed authority for legal citation formats in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry E. Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_E._Johnson', 'summary': 'A career lawyer , entrepreneur and public servant , Harry E. Johnson ( b. in St. Louis , Missouri , United States ) , is a partner at the Law Office of Glenn and Johnson in Houston , Texas . He served as City Attorney for Kendelton , Texas from 1996 to 1999 , and taught at Texas Southern University in both the Thurgood Marshall School of Law and School of Public Affairs from 1994 to 1999 . Johnson is a former National President of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity , and is the President and CEO of the Washington , D.C. Martin Luther King , Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation , Inc .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Tau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Xavier University of Louisiana ( XULA ) , located in the Gert Town section of New Orleans , Louisiana , in the United States , is a private , coeducational , liberal arts college with the distinction of being the only historically black Roman Catholic institution of higher education in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'President of the Washington , D.C. Martin Luther King , Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation , Inc. , which oversees the fundraising , design , and construction of the Martin Luther King , Jr. National Memorial ; 31st General President of Alpha Phi Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._National_Memorial', 'summary': "The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial is located in West Potomac Park next to the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , United States . It covers four acres and includes the Stone of Hope , a granite statue of Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther King carved by sculptor Lei Yixin . The inspiration for the memorial design is a line from King 's I Have A Dream speech : Out of the mountain of despair , a stone of hope . The memorial opened to the public on August 22 , 2011 , after more than two decades of planning , fund-raising , and construction . This national memorial is the 395th unit in the United States National Park Service . The monumental memorial is located at the northwest corner of the Tidal Basin near the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial , on a sightline linking the Lincoln Memorial to the northwest and the Jefferson Memorial to the southeast . The official address of the monument , 1964 Independence Avenue , S.W. , commemorates the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . A ceremony dedicating the memorial was scheduled for Sunday , August 28 , 2011 , the 48th anniversary of the I Have a Dream speech that Martin Luther King Jr. delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in 1963 but was postponed until October 16 ( the 16th anniversary of the 1995 Million Man March on the National Mall ) due to Hurricane Irene . Although this is not the first memorial to an African American in Washington , D.C. , King is the first African American honored with a memorial on or near the National Mall and only the fourth non-President to be memorialized in such a way . The King Memorial is administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Damon Keith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damon_Keith', 'summary': 'Damon Jerome Keith ( July 4 , 1922 - April 28 , 2019 ) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan . He never retired , dying in office .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Zeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia_State_University', 'summary': "West Virginia State University ( WVSU ) is a public , historically black , state university founded in 1891 in Institute , West Virginia . In the Charleston-metro area , the school is usually referred to simply as STATE , WVSU or West Virginia State . It is one of the original 19 land-grant colleges and universities established by the second Morrill Act of 1890 , which evolved as a diverse and inclusive campus . The University is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Following desegregation , WVSU 's student population slowly became more white than black . As of 2017 , WSVU is 75% white and only 8% African-American . The university 's Gus R. Douglass Land-Grant Institute is divided into three programmatic divisions : WVSU Extension Service , WVSU Agricultural and Environmental Research Station , and The Center for the Advancement of Science , Technology , Engineering and Mathematics ( CASTEM ) . The WVSU Extension Service ( 1890 Extension ) provides community and agricultural outreach throughout West Virginia via 4-H Youth Development , Agriculture and Natural Resources , Community and Economic Development , and Family and Consumer Sciences programs . The WVSU Agricultural and Environmental Research Station ( 1890 Research ) focuses on Aquaculture , Environmental Microbiology & Biotechnology , Horticultural Crops & Production Systems , Urban Forestry & Natural Resource Management , and Vegetable Genomics & Plant Breeding research programs . CASTEM programs encourage the state 's youth to pursue careers in Science , Technology , Engineering and Mathematics Network ( STEM ) fields to become engineers , scientists , researchers , teachers , and leaders ."}]}, {'value': "Chief Justice of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan who famously ruled in United States v. Sinclair ( upheld in United States v. US District Court ) that President Nixon 's Attorney General John Mitchell had to disclose the transcripts of illegal wiretaps that Mitchell had authorized without first obtaining a search warrant ; 1974 Spingarn Medal recipient", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Michigan', 'summary': 'The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan ( in case citations , E.D . Mich. ) is the Federal district court with jurisdiction over of the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of the State of Michigan . The Court is based in Detroit , with courthouses also located in Ann Arbor , Bay City , Flint , and Port Huron . The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has appellate jurisdiction over the court ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) . The current United States Attorney is Matthew J. Schneider , since January 5 , 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_v._US_District_Court', 'summary': "United States v. U.S. District Court , 407 U.S. 297 ( 1972 ) , also known as the Keith case , was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision that upheld , in a unanimous 8-0 ruling , the requirements of the Fourth Amendment in cases of domestic surveillance targeting a domestic threat . The United States charged John Sinclair , Lawrence 'Pun ' Plamondon , and John Forrest with conspiracy to destroy government property . One of the defendants , Lawrence 'Pun ' Plamondon , was also charged with the dynamite bombing of an office of the Central Intelligence Agency in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The defendants were leaders of the radical White Panther Party . In response to a pretrial motion by the defense for disclosure of all electronic surveillance information , Nixon 's attorney general , John Mitchell , claimed he authorized the wiretaps pursuant to Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 and was not required to disclose the sources . Though warrantless , the act allows for an exception to prevent the overthrow of the government and when any other clear and present danger to the structure or existence of the Government exists . The Government contended that since the defendants were members of a domestic organization attempting to subvert and destroy it , this case fell under the exception clause . After reading the briefs and hearing oral arguments by Constitutional attorney Hugh M. Buck Davis , Judge Damon Keith of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan disagreed and ordered the Government to disclose all of the illegally intercepted conversations to the defendants . The Government appealed , filing a petition for a writ of mandamus with the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit to set aside the order . The Sixth Circuit also rejected the Government 's arguments and upheld the lower court decision ."}, {'url': '/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'summary': "The president of the United States ( POTUS ) [ B ] is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as one of the world 's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military , which has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power . Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article I , Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Nixon', 'summary': "Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 - April 22 , 1994 ) was the 37th president of the United States , serving from 1969 until 1974 . The nation 's 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 , he came to national prominence as a representative and senator from California . After five years in the White House that saw the conclusion to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency , he became the only president to resign from the office . Nixon was born to a poor family in a small town in Southern California . He graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law . He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government . He served on active duty in the Navy Reserve during World War II . He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 . His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-Communist and elevated him to national prominence , and he was elected to the Senate in 1950 . He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election , and he became the second-youngest vice president in history at age 40 , serving for eight years in that capacity . He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960 , narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy , and he lost a race for governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962 . In 1968 , he ran for the presidency again and was elected , defeating Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Alabama Governor George Wallace in a close election ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_N._Mitchell', 'summary': "John Newton Mitchell ( September 5 , 1913 - November 9 , 1988 ) was the 67th Attorney General of the United States ( 1969-1972 ) under President Richard Nixon . Prior to that , he had been a municipal bond lawyer , chairman of Nixon 's 1968 presidential campaign , and one of Nixon 's closest personal friends . After his tenure as U.S. Attorney General , he served as chairman of Nixon 's 1972 presidential campaign . Due to multiple crimes he committed in the Watergate affair , Mitchell was sentenced to prison in 1977 and served 19 months . As Attorney General , he was noted for personifying the law-and-order positions of the Nixon Administration , amid several high-profile anti-war demonstrations ."}]}, {'value': 'Belford Lawson , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belford_Lawson,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Belford Vance Lawson Jr. ( July 9 , 1901 - February 23 , 1985 ) was an American attorney and civil rights activist who made at least eight appearances before the U.S. Supreme Court . He was the first African-American man to win a case before the Supreme Court and the first African-American president of YMCA .'}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Michigan', 'summary': "The University of Michigan ( UM , U-M , U of M , or UMich ) , often simply referred to as Michigan , is a public research university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The university is Michigan 's oldest ; it was founded in 1817 in Detroit , as the Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , 20 years before the territory became a state . The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of what is now known as Central Campus . Since its establishment in Ann Arbor , the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet ( 780 acres ; 3.2 km2 ) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus , two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn , and a Center in Detroit . The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States with annual research expenditures approaching $ 1.5 billion , Michigan is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 25 Nobel Prize winners , 6 Turing Award winners and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the University of Michigan . Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities , social sciences , and STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) as well as professional degrees in architecture , business , medicine , law , pharmacy , nursing , social work , public health , and dentistry . Michigan 's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people , one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world . Michigan 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines . They are members of the Big Ten Conference . More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events , winning more than 150 medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Co-founder of New Negro Alliance ; successfully argued in United States Supreme Court cases styled New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co. to safeguard the right to boycott , and Henderson v. United States which abolished segregation in railroad dining cars ; 16th General President of Alpha Phi Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of the United States ( SCOTUS ) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States . It has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law , and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases , specifically all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party . The Court holds the power of judicial review , the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the U.S. Constitution . It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law . However , it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones , but it has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions . Established by Article III of the Constitution , the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789 . As later set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , the Court consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices . Each justice has lifetime tenure , meaning they remain on the Court until they resign , retire , die , or are removed from office . When a vacancy occurs , the president , with the advice and consent of the Senate , appoints a new justice . Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it . When in majority , the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court ; otherwise , the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Negro_Alliance_v._Sanitary_Grocery_Co.', 'summary': 'New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co. , 303 U.S. 552 ( 1938 ) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision , which affects US labor law , safeguarding a right to boycott and in the struggle by African Americans against discriminatory hiring practices . Sanitary Grocery Co. was at the time of the case owned by Safeway Inc .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Henderson_v._United_States_(1950)', 'summary': 'Henderson v. United States , 339 U.S. 816 ( 1950 ) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States that abolished segregation in railroad dining cars with an 8-0 ruling .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Racial_segregation', 'summary': "Racial segregation is the systemic separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life . Segregation can involve spatial separation of the races , and mandatory use of different institutions , such as schools and hospitals by people of different races . Specifically , it may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant , drinking from a water fountain , using a public toilet , attending school , going to the movies , riding on a bus , or in the rental or purchase of a home or of hotel rooms . In addition , segregation often allowed close contact in hierarchical situations , such as allowing a person of one race to work as a servant for a member of another race . Segregation is defined by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance as the act by which a ( natural or legal ) person separates other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds without an objective and reasonable justification , in conformity with the proposed definition of discrimination . As a result , the voluntary act of separating oneself from other people on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation . According to the UN Forum on Minority Issues , The creation and development of classes and schools providing education in minority languages should not be considered impermissible segregation , if the assignment to such classes and schools is of a voluntary nature . Racial segregation has been generally outlawed worldwide . In the United States , segregation was mandated by law in some states ( such as the Jim Crow laws ) and came with anti-miscegenation laws ( prohibitions against interracial marriage ) , until the U.S. Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren started a liberal Constitutional Revolution in 1950s and 1960s which outlawed racial segregation throughout the United States . However , racial segregation may exist de facto through social norms , even when there is no strong individual preference for it , as suggested by Thomas Schelling 's models of segregation and subsequent work . Segregation may be maintained by means ranging from discrimination in hiring and in the rental and sale of housing to certain races to vigilante violence ( such as lynchings ) . Generally , a situation that arises when members of different races mutually prefer to associate and do business with members of their own race would usually be described as separation or de facto separation of the races rather than segregation ."}]}, {'value': 'Greg Mathis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greg_Mathis', 'summary': 'Gregory Ellis Mathis ( born April 5 , 1960 ) is a retired Michigan 36th District Court judge turned arbiter of the Daytime Emmy Award-winning , syndicated reality courtroom show , Judge Mathis . Produced in Chicago , Illinois , his program has been on the air since September 13 , 1999 and entered its 20th season beginning on Monday , September 3 , 2018 . Emanating from the success of his venerable courtroom series , Mathis has also made a name for himself as a prominent leader within the Black American community as a black-culture motivational speaker . Mathis boasts the longest reign of any African American presiding as a court show judge , beating out Judge Joe Brown whose program lasted 15 seasons . Mathis is also the second longest serving television arbitrator ever , behind only Judith Sheindlin of Judge Judy by three seasons . A spiritually inspired play , Been there , Done that , based on his life toured twenty-two cities in the U.S. in 2002 . In addition , Inner City Miracle , a memoir , was published by Ballantine Books .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Lambda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': 'Host of television series Judge Mathis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judge_Mathis', 'summary': "Judge Mathis is a long-running , Daytime Emmy Award-winning syndicated arbitration-based reality court show presided over by the retired Judge of Michigan 's 36th District Court and black-culture motivational speaker , Greg Mathis . The syndicated series features Mathis adjudicating small claims disputes . The series was originally produced by Black Pearl Entertainment . It is now produced by Telepictures Productions and Syndicated Productions , while distributed by Warner Bros. Television . It is taped at the NBC Tower in Chicago , but includes cases and litigants from other U.S. jurisdictions . Greg Mathis 's inspirational and positive messages to young people won the court show a PRISM Commendation in May 2002 . The court show also won an NAACP Image Award in 2004 and a Daytime Emmy Award in 2018 , just ahead of making it to its 20th season debut . Each Judge Mathis episode runs for one hour and typically consists of 4 cases . The show is broadcast five days a week in every U.S. state , as well as Canada through Omni Television . The show has been on the air since Monday , 13 September 1999 and has taped over 3,000 episodes . By the 2014-15 television season , Judge Mathis made it to its 16th season , making Mathis the longest serving African American court show arbitrator , beating out Judge Joe Brown whose program lasted 15 seasons . Moreover , Mathis holds the record for second-longest serving court show arbitrator ever , just behind Judge Judy Sheindlin of the court show Judge Judy ."}]}, {'value': 'Daryl D. Parks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta Nu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_A&M_University', 'summary': "Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university in Tallahassee , Florida . Founded in 1887 , it is located on the highest geographic hill in Tallahassee . It is the 5th largest historically black university in the United States by enrollment and the only public historically black university in Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida , as well as one of the state 's land grant universities , and is accredited to award baccalaureate , master 's and doctoral degrees by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The 2020 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college rankings placed the university in Tier 1 among national universities ( 254th ) , 7th among all HBCUs and 2nd among all public HBCUs . The university is classified as an R2 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes higher research activity . For 2017 , the National Science Foundation ranked Florida A & M University 216th nationally and 2nd among HBCU for total research and development expenditures . FAMU sports teams are known as the Rattlers , and compete in Division I of the NCAA . They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Managing partner in the law firm that represented the parents of Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown , and the family of Eric Garner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trayvon_Martin', 'summary': "Trayvon Benjamin Martin ( February 5 , 1995 - February 26 , 2012 ) was a 17-year-old African-American teenager from Miami Gardens , Florida , who was fatally shot in Sanford , Florida by George Zimmerman . Martin had gone with his father on a visit to his father 's fiancée at her townhouse at The Retreat at Twin Lakes in Sanford . On the evening of February 26 , Martin was walking back alone to the fiancée 's house from a nearby convenience store . Zimmerman , a member of the community watch , saw Martin and reported him to the Sanford Police as suspicious . Several minutes later , there was an altercation and Zimmerman fatally shot Martin in the chest . Zimmerman was injured during the encounter and claimed he had been defending himself ; he was not charged at the time . The police said there was no evidence to refute his claim of self-defense , and that Florida 's stand your ground law prohibited them from arresting or charging him . After national media focused on the incident , Zimmerman was eventually charged and tried , but the jury acquitted him of second-degree murder and manslaughter in July 2013 . Martin was born in Miami , Florida , and attended both Norland Middle School and Highland Oaks Middle School , in north Miami-Dade County , Florida . He attended Miami Carol City High School in Miami Gardens for his freshman and sophomore years . At the time of the shooting , Martin was a junior at Dr. Michael M. Krop High School in north Miami-Dade . Following Martin 's death , rallies , marches and protests were held across the nation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown', 'summary': "On August 9 , 2014 , Michael Brown Jr. , an 18-year-old African American man , was fatally shot by 28-year-old white Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson in the city of Ferguson , Missouri , a suburb of St. Louis . Brown was accompanied by his 22-year-old friend Dorian Johnson . Wilson said that an altercation ensued when Brown attacked Wilson in his police vehicle for control of Wilson 's gun until it was fired . Johnson stated that Wilson initiated a confrontation by grabbing Brown by the neck through his car window , threatening him and then shooting at him . At this point , both Wilson and Johnson state that Brown and Johnson fled , with Wilson pursuing Brown shortly thereafter . Wilson stated that Brown stopped and charged him after a short pursuit . Johnson contradicted this account , stating that Brown turned around with his hands raised after Wilson shot at his back . According to Johnson , Wilson then shot Brown multiple times until Brown fell to the ground . In the entire altercation , Wilson fired a total of twelve bullets , including twice during the struggle in the car ; the last was probably the fatal shot . Brown was hit six times , all from the front . This event ignited unrest in Ferguson . Although a subsequent FBI investigation found that there was no evidence that Brown had his hands up in surrender or said do n't shoot before he was shot , protesters believed that he had done so , and used the slogan Hands up , do n't shoot in protest ."}]}, {'value': 'Jawn Sandifer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jawn_Sandifer', 'summary': "Jawn Ardin Sandifer ( June 6 , 1914 - September 1 , 2006 ) was an American civil rights attorney , judge and New York State Supreme Court Justice . Sandifer headed the NAACP 's New York State branch and was involved in cases , including school segregation . He argued Henderson v. United States ( 1950 ) before the U.S. Supreme Court ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Omicron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnson_C._Smith_University', 'summary': 'Johnson C. Smith University ( JCSU ) is a private , historically black university in Charlotte , North Carolina . It is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) , National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education ( NCATE ) , Association of Collegiate Business Schools and Programs ( ACBSP ) , and Council on Social Work Accreditation ( CSWE ) . The school awards Bachelor of Science , Bachelor of Arts , Bachelor of Social Work , and Master of Social Work degrees .'}]}, {'value': 'Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court ; one of two staff lawyers for the NAACP who successfully argued Henderson v. United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court', 'summary': "The Supreme Court of the State of New York is the trial-level court of general jurisdiction in the New York State Unified Court System . ( Its Appellate Division is also the highest intermediate appellate court . ) It is vested with unlimited civil and criminal jurisdiction , although outside New York City it acts primarily as a court of civil jurisdiction , with most criminal matters handled in County Court . The Court is radically different from its counterparts in nearly all other states in two important ways . First , the Supreme Court is a trial court and is not the highest court in the state . The highest court of the State of New York is the Court of Appeals . Second , although it is a trial court , the Supreme Court sits as a single great tribunal of general state-wide jurisdiction , rather than an aggregation of separate courts sitting in the several counties or judicial districts of the state . There is a branch of the Supreme Court in each of New York 's 62 counties ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People', 'summary': 'The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) [ a ] is a civil rights organization in the United States , formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B . Du Bois , Mary White Ovington , Moorfield Storey and Ida B . Wells . Its mission in the 21st century is to ensure the political , educational , social , and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination . National NAACP initiatives include political lobbying , publicity efforts and litigation strategies developed by its legal team . The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct , the status of black foreign refugees and questions of economic development . Its name , retained in accordance with tradition , uses the once common term colored people , referring to those with some African ancestry . The NAACP bestows annual awards to African Americans in two categories : Image Awards are for achievement in the arts and entertainment , and Spingarn Medals are for outstanding achievement of any kind . Its headquarters is in Baltimore , Maryland .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael A. Shipp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_A._Shipp', 'summary': 'Michael Andre Shipp ( born October 1965 ) is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Iota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers–Newark', 'summary': "Rutgers-Newark is one of three regional campuses of Rutgers University , New Jersey 's public research university . It is located in Newark . Rutgers , founded in 1766 in New Brunswick , is the eighth oldest college in the United States and a member of the Association of American Universities . In 1945 , the state legislature voted to make Rutgers University , then a private liberal arts college , into the state university and the following year merged the school with the former University of Newark ( 1936-1946 ) , which became the Rutgers-Newark campus . Rutgers also incorporated the College of South Jersey and South Jersey Law School , in Camden , as a constituent campus of the university and renamed it Rutgers-Camden in 1950 . Rutgers-Newark offers undergraduate ( bachelors ) and graduate ( masters , doctoral ) programs to more than 12,000 students . It also offers cross-registration with the New Jersey Institute of Technology ( NJIT ) which borders its campus . The campus is located on 38 acres in Newark 's University Heights section . The university host seven degree-granting undergraduate , graduate , and professional schools , including the Rutgers Business School ( which has another campus in New Brunswick ) and Rutgers Law School ( which has another campus in Camden ) , and several research institutes , including the Institute of Jazz Studies . According to U.S. News & World Report , Rutgers-Newark is the most diverse national university in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Nominated as a judge for the US District Court for the District of New Jersey by President Obama on January 23 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur Shores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthur_Shores', 'summary': "Arthur Davis Shores ( September 25 , 1904 - December 16 , 1996 ) was an American civil rights attorney who was considered Alabama 's drum major for justice ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega_College', 'summary': "Talladega College is a private historically black college in Talladega , Alabama . It is Alabama 's oldest private historically black college . It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Attorney in Lucy v. Adams , which prevented the University of Alabama from denying admission to applicants solely on account of race or color ; civil rights activist ; namesake of the Arthur Davis Shores Law Center and A. D. Shores Park in Birmingham , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucy_v._Adams', 'summary': 'Lucy v. Adams , 350 U.S. 1 ( 1955 ) , was a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully established the right of all citizens to be accepted as students at the University of Alabama . The case involved African American citizens Autherine Lucy and Polly Anne Myers , who were refused admission to the University of Alabama solely on account of their race or color . The Supreme Court affirmed the lower court decision , saying that it enjoins and restrains the respondent and others designated from denying these petitioners , solely on account of their race or color , the right to enroll in the University of Alabama and pursue courses of study there .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Z. Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta Nu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_A&M', 'summary': "Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university in Tallahassee , Florida . Founded in 1887 , it is located on the highest geographic hill in Tallahassee . It is the 5th largest historically black university in the United States by enrollment and the only public historically black university in Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida , as well as one of the state 's land grant universities , and is accredited to award baccalaureate , master 's and doctoral degrees by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The 2020 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college rankings placed the university in Tier 1 among national universities ( 254th ) , 7th among all HBCUs and 2nd among all public HBCUs . The university is classified as an R2 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes higher research activity . For 2017 , the National Science Foundation ranked Florida A & M University 216th nationally and 2nd among HBCU for total research and development expenditures . FAMU sports teams are known as the Rattlers , and compete in Division I of the NCAA . They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'First African-American to serve as Washington State Supreme Court Justice 1998-2002 ; first African-American to serve as King County Superior Court judge and Seattle Municipal Court judge ; served as a special assistant to United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ( 1960-64 ) to investigate corruption related to Teamster Union pension funds ; brought an indictment in Chicago against Teamster Union President James Hoffa ; appointed by President Clinton in 1999 to the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A. P. Tureaud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A._P._Tureaud', 'summary': "Alexander Pierre Tureaud , Sr. , known as A. P. Tureaud ( February 26 , 1899 - January 22 , 1972 ) , was the attorney for the New Orleans chapter of the NAACP during the Civil Rights Movement . With the assistance of Thurgood Marshall and Robert Carter from the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund , A. P. Tureaud filed the lawsuit that successfully ended the system of Jim Crow segregation in New Orleans . That case paved the way for integrating the first two elementary schools in the Deep South . Louis Berry , the civil rights attorney from Alexandria and the first African American admitted to the Louisiana bar since Tureaud himself , had hoped to join Tureaud 's law firm in the late 1940s , but Tureaud could not at the time afford to take on another attorney ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_University', 'summary': 'Howard University ( Howard or simply HU ) is a private , federally chartered historically black university ( HBCU ) in Washington , D.C . It is categorized among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all sexes and races . It offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate , graduate , and professional degrees . U.S. News & World Report ranked Howard tied for 104th among national universities , and second among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) for 2020 . Howard is the only HBCU ranked in the top 40 on the Bloomberg Businessweek business school rankings . The Princeton Review ranked the school of business first in opportunities for minority students and in the top five for most competitive students . The National Law Journal ranked the law school among the top 25 in the nation for placing graduates at the most successful law firms .'}]}, {'value': 'Attorney in Garner v. Louisiana , which legalized sit-in protests at segregated private businesses and restaurants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana', 'summary': "Garner v. Louisiana , 368 U.S. 157 ( 1961 ) , was a landmark case argued by Thurgood Marshall before the Supreme Court . On December 11 , 1961 , the court unanimously ruled that Louisiana could not convict peaceful sit-in protesters who refused to leave dining establishments under the state 's disturbing the peace laws ."}]}, {'value': 'Horace Ward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horace_Ward', 'summary': 'Horace Taliaferro Ward ( July 29 , 1927 - April 23 , 2016 ) was known for his efforts to challenge the racially discriminatory practices at the University of Georgia School of Law and was the first African American to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Rho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morehouse_College', 'summary': "Morehouse College is a private , historically black men 's college located in Atlanta , Georgia . The college is one of the few remaining traditional men 's liberal arts colleges in the United States . [ a ] Founded in 1867 by William Jefferson White , an aggressive expansionary program undertaken by the college 's 6th President Benjamin Mays , established Morehouse as the largest liberal arts institution for men in the United States with an enrollment over 2,000 students . Along with Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse School of Medicine and nearby women 's college Spelman College , Morehouse is part of the Atlanta University Center . Morehouse is one of two historically black colleges in the country to produce Rhodes Scholars , and it is the alma mater of many African-American community and civil leaders , including Martin Luther King Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Senator of Georgia ; first African American to serve on the federal bench in Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers_13', 'intro': "The list of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers (commonly referred to as Alphas) includes initiated and honorary members of Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ), the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter organization established for Black college students. Founded in December 1905 as a literary society with the first presiding officer being CC Poindexter, it was established as a fraternity on December 4, 1906 at Ithaca, New York. Alpha Phi Alpha opened chapters at other colleges, universities, and cities, and named them with Greek letters. Members traditionally pledge into a chapter, although some members were granted honorary status prior to the fraternity's discontinuation of the practice of granting honorary membership. A chapter name ending in Lambda denotes an alumni chapter. The only alumni chapter that does not end in Lambda is Rho Chapter, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. No chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha is designated Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet that traditionally signifies the end. Deceased brothers are respectfully referred to as having their membership transferred to Omega Chapter, the fraternity's chapter of sweet rest. Frederick Douglass is distinguished as the only member initiated posthumously when he became an exalted honorary member of Omega chapter in 1921."} | null | null | What is the chapter of the brother born April 7 , 1956 ? | Epsilon Mu |
0a46d459d9874fda | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference_Baseball_Player_of_the_Year', 'title': 'Big Ten Conference Baseball Player of the Year', 'header': ['Season', 'Player', 'School', 'Position'], 'data': [{'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Paciorek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Paciorek', 'summary': 'James Joseph Paciorek ( born June 7 , 1960 ) is an American former professional baseball player . He played first base , third base , and outfield for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He also played with the Yokohama Taiyo Whales and Hanshin Tigers in the Japanese Central League . His two older brothers , John and Tom , also played in the Major Leagues .'}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Michigan athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference . They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium . The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times , winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962 . Michigan is the fourth winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Fordham , Texas and USC . Prior to the 2013 season , former Maryland head coach Erik Bakich replaced Rich Maloney as the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terry Steinbach Rich Stoll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Steinbach', 'summary': "Terry Lee Steinbach ( born March 2 , 1962 ) is an American professional baseball catcher and coach . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for 14 seasons , from 1986 through 1999 , for the Oakland Athletics and Minnesota Twins . He has coached for the Twins since 2013 . Steinbach was a three-time MLB All-Star with the Athletics ' teams that reached the World Series in three consecutive years , winning the 1989 World Series . He is widely regarded as the best catcher in the Oakland A 's franchise history ."}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_baseball', 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Michigan athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference . They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium . The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times , winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962 . Michigan is the fourth winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Fordham , Texas and USC . Prior to the 2013 season , former Maryland head coach Erik Bakich replaced Rich Maloney as the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': '3B P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_Baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Larkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Larkin', 'summary': "Barry Louis Larkin ( born April 28 , 1964 ) is a retired Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player who played shortstop for the Cincinnati Reds from 1986 to 2004 . Born and raised in Cincinnati , Larkin attended the University of Michigan , where he played college baseball . He briefly played in the minor leagues before making his MLB debut in 1986 . He quickly won the starting shortstop role for the Reds and enjoyed a long run of strong seasons with the team . Larkin struggled with a string of injuries between 1997 and 2003 , limiting his playing time in several seasons . Larkin retired after the 2004 season and worked in a front office position for the Washington Nationals for several years until he joined ESPN as a baseball analyst . He served as a coach for the American team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic and managed the Brazilian national team in the qualifiers for the same event in 2013 . Larkin is considered one of the top players of his era , winning nine Silver Slugger awards , three Gold Glove awards , and the 1995 National League Most Valuable Player Award . He was selected to the Major League All-Star Game twelve times , and was one of the pivotal players on the 1990 Reds ' World Series championship team . Larkin was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in January 2012 and was inducted on July 22 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Michigan athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference . They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium . The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times , winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962 . Michigan is the fourth winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Fordham , Texas and USC . Prior to the 2013 season , former Maryland head coach Erik Bakich replaced Rich Maloney as the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Larkin ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Larkin', 'summary': "Barry Louis Larkin ( born April 28 , 1964 ) is a retired Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player who played shortstop for the Cincinnati Reds from 1986 to 2004 . Born and raised in Cincinnati , Larkin attended the University of Michigan , where he played college baseball . He briefly played in the minor leagues before making his MLB debut in 1986 . He quickly won the starting shortstop role for the Reds and enjoyed a long run of strong seasons with the team . Larkin struggled with a string of injuries between 1997 and 2003 , limiting his playing time in several seasons . Larkin retired after the 2004 season and worked in a front office position for the Washington Nationals for several years until he joined ESPN as a baseball analyst . He served as a coach for the American team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic and managed the Brazilian national team in the qualifiers for the same event in 2013 . Larkin is considered one of the top players of his era , winning nine Silver Slugger awards , three Gold Glove awards , and the 1995 National League Most Valuable Player Award . He was selected to the Major League All-Star Game twelve times , and was one of the pivotal players on the 1990 Reds ' World Series championship team . Larkin was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in January 2012 and was inducted on July 22 , 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Michigan athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference . They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium . The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times , winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962 . Michigan is the fourth winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Fordham , Texas and USC . Prior to the 2013 season , former Maryland head coach Erik Bakich replaced Rich Maloney as the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casey Close', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casey_Close', 'summary': 'Casey Richard Close ( born October 21 , 1963 ) is an American sports agent and former college and professional baseball player .'}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Michigan athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference . They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium . The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times , winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962 . Michigan is the fourth winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Fordham , Texas and USC . Prior to the 2013 season , former Maryland head coach Erik Bakich replaced Rich Maloney as the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darrin Fletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darrin_Fletcher', 'summary': 'Darrin Glen Fletcher ( born October 3 , 1966 ) is an American former professional baseball player and sports commentator . He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball from 1989 to 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini_baseball', 'summary': "The Illinois Fighting Illini baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Champaign , Illinois , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Abbott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Abbott', 'summary': "James Anthony Abbott ( born September 19 , 1967 ) is a former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) pitcher who achieved success at the major league level despite having been born without a right hand . He played ten seasons in MLB for the California Angels , New York Yankees , Chicago White Sox , and Milwaukee Brewers , from 1989 to 1999 . He graduated from Flint Central High School and grew up in the East Village area of Flint , Michigan . While with the University of Michigan , Abbott won the James E. Sullivan Award as the nation 's best amateur athlete in 1987 and won a gold medal in the demonstration event at the 1988 Summer Olympics . He was drafted in the first round of the 1988 MLB draft and reached the major leagues the next year . As a member of the Yankees , he threw a no-hitter against the Cleveland Indians in 1993 . Abbott retired with a career record of 87 wins and 108 losses , along with a 4.25 earned run average . He currently works as a motivational speaker ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Michigan athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference . They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium . The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times , winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962 . Michigan is the fourth winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Fordham , Texas and USC . Prior to the 2013 season , former Maryland head coach Erik Bakich replaced Rich Maloney as the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bubba Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini_baseball', 'summary': "The Illinois Fighting Illini baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Champaign , Illinois , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': '1B / P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Dalesandro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Dalesandro', 'summary': "Mark Anthony Dalesandro ( born May 14 , 1968 ) is a former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) catcher and third baseman . He is an alumnus of Chicago 's St. Ignatius College Prep ( 1986 ) and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ."}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini_baseball', 'summary': "The Illinois Fighting Illini baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Champaign , Illinois , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'IF / C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Infielder', 'summary': 'An infielder is a baseball player stationed at one of four defensive infield positions on the baseball field .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brent Gates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brent_Gates', 'summary': 'Brent Robert Gates ( born March 14 , 1970 ) is a former Major League Baseball second and third baseman .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_baseball', 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brett Backlund Mike Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Smith_(infielder)', 'summary': "Michael Alexander Smith ( born December 1 , 1969 in Piqua , Ohio ) is a former professional baseball infielder . Smith attended Indiana University , where he won the 1992 Rotary Smith Award while playing for the Indiana Hoosiers baseball team . Smith was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the 5th round ( 146th overall ) of the 1992 Major League Baseball Draft . He played five seasons in the minor leagues , all in the Rangers ' farm system . His final professional season was 1996 , which he spent with the Oklahoma City 89ers ."}]}, {'value': 'Iowa Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_baseball', 'summary': 'The Iowa Hawkeyes baseball program represents the University of Iowa in college baseball . The program started in 1890 . It is a member of the Big Ten Conference and is the only NCAA Division I baseball program in the state of Iowa .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_baseball', 'summary': "The Indiana Hoosiers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Indiana University Bloomington in Bloomington , Indiana , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference . The team plays at Bart Kaufman Field , which opened for the 2013 season . In conference postseason play , Indiana has won four Big Ten Conference Baseball Tournaments and made eight NCAA Regionals appearances , including one College World Series appearance in 2013 . In regular season play , the Hoosiers have won seven Big Ten Conference titles ."}]}, {'value': 'P SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Loretta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Loretta', 'summary': 'Mark David Loretta ( born August 14 , 1971 ) is an American former professional baseball infielder . He played fifteen seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) between 1995 and 2009 for the Milwaukee Brewers , Houston Astros , San Diego Padres , Boston Red Sox , and Los Angeles Dodgers . Loretta coached the Israeli national baseball team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic qualifier in September 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Northwestern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats_baseball', 'summary': "The Northwestern Wildcats baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the Northwestern University in Evanston , Illinois , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mark Merila Jonathan Sweet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mark_Merila', 'summary': "Mark Merila ( born November 9 , 1971 ) is a scout for the San Diego Padres and a former baseball player . Merila was born in Litchfield , Minnesota , and attended University of Minnesota . While with the University of Minnesota , he played on the school 's baseball team , and was named the Big Ten Conference Baseball Freshman of the Year in 1991 and Big Ten Conference Baseball Player of the Year in 1994 . He also broke Minnesota single-season and career records for batting average with a .452 average in 1994 and a .393 career average . He was also selected an All-American second baseman in 1994 . Near the end of his senior year at Minnesota , Merila was diagnosed with a brain tumor , which was treated with radiation therapy . He was drafted by Major League Baseball teams twice - first , he was taken in the 10th round of the 1993 draft , though he refused to sign . He was next taken by the Padres in the 33rd round of the 1994 draft , beginning his professional career that year . He played for the Spokane Indians in 1994 , hitting .253 in 54 games . In 1995 , he played for the Idaho Falls Braves , hitting .284 in 56 games . Overall , he hit .268 in his two-year career . He also pitched in two games , posting a 32.40 ERA ."}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota Ohio State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_baseball', 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_baseball', 'summary': "The Ohio State Buckeyes baseball team is the college baseball team of The Ohio State University . The program , founded in 1881 , was the first athletic team in Ohio State history . Bill Davis Stadium in Columbus , Ohio has been the home field of the program since 1997 . The team won a National Title in 1966 , and also 14 Big Ten Titles throughout the team 's history . It is currently coached by Greg Beals . Ohio State has produced many professional baseball players , such as major leaguers Steve Arlin , Frank Howard , Nick Swisher , Barry Bonnell , Dave Burba , and Fred Taylor ."}]}, {'value': '2B C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shane Gunderson Scott Weaver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_baseball', 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_baseball', 'summary': "The Michigan Wolverines baseball team represents the University of Michigan in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Michigan athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Big Ten Conference . They play their home games at Ray Fisher Stadium . The Wolverines have made the College World Series eight times , winning two national championships in 1953 and 1962 . Michigan is the fourth winningest program in NCAA Division I baseball history , trailing only Fordham , Texas and USC . Prior to the 2013 season , former Maryland head coach Erik Bakich replaced Rich Maloney as the program 's head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'C OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josh Klimek', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini_baseball', 'summary': "The Illinois Fighting Illini baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Champaign , Illinois , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'SS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dan Seimetz', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_baseball', 'summary': "The Ohio State Buckeyes baseball team is the college baseball team of The Ohio State University . The program , founded in 1881 , was the first athletic team in Ohio State history . Bill Davis Stadium in Columbus , Ohio has been the home field of the program since 1997 . The team won a National Title in 1966 , and also 14 Big Ten Titles throughout the team 's history . It is currently coached by Greg Beals . Ohio State has produced many professional baseball players , such as major leaguers Steve Arlin , Frank Howard , Nick Swisher , Barry Bonnell , Dave Burba , and Fred Taylor ."}]}, {'value': '1B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'D.J . Svihlik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini_baseball', 'summary': "The Illinois Fighting Illini baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Champaign , Illinois , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': '2B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_Baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robb Quinlan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robb_Quinlan', 'summary': "Robb William Quinlan ( born March 17 , 1977 ) is a former Major League Baseball utility player . He played first base , third base , corner outfield , catcher and designated hitter . Quinlan 's older brother , Tom Quinlan , spent parts of four seasons in the major leagues with the Blue Jays , Phillies , and Twins ."}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_baseball', 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': '1B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Campo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penn State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_baseball', 'summary': "The Penn State Nittany Lions baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the Pennsylvania State University in University Park , Pennsylvania , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'OF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack Hannahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Hannahan', 'summary': 'John Joseph Jack Hannahan IV ( born March 4 , 1980 ) is an American former professional baseball utility player . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Detroit Tigers , Oakland Athletics , Seattle Mariners , Cleveland Indians and Cincinnati Reds .'}]}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_baseball', 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': '3B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_Baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Big_Ten_Conference_Baseball_Player_of_the_Year_0', 'intro': "The Big Ten Conference Player of the Year is a baseball award given to the Big Ten Conference's most outstanding player. The award was first given following the 1982 season, with both pitchers and position players eligible. After the 1994 season, the Big Ten Conference Baseball Pitcher of the Year award was created to honor the most outstanding pitcher."} | null | null | How many positions did the 1991 player of the year play ? | two |
0a476e4e693d813b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_Internationale_des_Grands_Hotels', 'title': 'Compagnie Internationale des Grands Hotels', 'header': ['Hotel', 'Place', 'Country', 'Management by CIGH'], 'data': [{'value': 'Avenida Palace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisbon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisbon', 'summary': "Lisbon ( /ˈlɪzbən/ ; Portuguese : Lisboa [ liʒˈboɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal , with an estimated population of 505,526 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2 . Lisbon 's urban area extends beyond the city 's administrative limits with a population of around 2.8 million people , being the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union . About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area , which represents approximately 27% of the country 's population . It is mainland Europe 's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast . Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus . The westernmost portions of its metro area form the westernmost point of Continental Europe , which is known as Cabo da Roca , located in the Sintra Mountains . Lisbon is recognised as an alpha-level global city because of its importance in finance , commerce , media , entertainment , arts , international trade , education and tourism . Lisbon is one of two Portuguese cities ( alongside Porto ) to be recognised as a global city . It is one of the major economic centres on the continent , with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe 's Atlantic coast . Additionally , Humberto Delgado Airport served 29 million passengers in 2018 , being the busiest airport in Portugal , the 3rd busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 20th busiest in Europe . The motorway network and the high-speed rail system of Alfa Pendular links the main cities of Portugal to Lisbon . The city is the 9th-most-visited city in Southern Europe , after Rome , Istanbul , Barcelona , Milan , Venice , Madrid , Florence and Athens , with 3,320,300 tourists in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Bosphorus Summer Palace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Therapia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarabya', 'summary': 'Tarabya ( Ottoman Turkish : Tarabiye , Greek : Θεραπειά , romanized : Therapiá ) is a neighbourhood in the Sarıyer district of Istanbul , Turkey . It is located on the European shoreline of the Bosphorus strait , between the neighbourhoods of Yeniköy and Kireçburnu . It was the site of the ancient town of Pharmakia . In the early days of the last siege of Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman forces captured Therapia - then a minor Byzantine fortification . Some 40 surrendered soldiers were impaled . Tarabya was where the foreign embassies had their summer houses during the Ottoman period , and today the area has several European consulates . Sultan Selim II used to enjoy eating fish in this area and asked his grand vizier , Sokollu Mehmed Pasha , to build a palace for him where he can spend the summers . It is believed that Sultan Selim II called his palace Tarabiye which means pleasure , and the name of the neighbourhood ( Tarabya ) has derived from the name of this palace . Besides its historical monuments , Tarabya is famous for its seafood restaurants , bistros and nightclubs .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffet de Lyon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyon', 'summary': "Lyon or Lyons ( UK : /ˈliːɒ̃/ , US : /liˈoʊn/ , [ c ] French : [ ljɔ̃ ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Liyon , pronounced [ ʎjɔ̃ ] ; Italian : Lione , pronounced [ liˈone ] ) is the third-largest city and second-largest urban area of France . It is located in the country 's east-central part at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône , about 470 km ( 292 mi ) south of Paris , 320 km ( 199 mi ) north of Marseille and 56 km ( 35 mi ) northeast of Saint-Étienne . Inhabitants of the city are called Lyonnais . Lyon had a population of 513,275 in 2015 . It is the capital of the Metropolis of Lyon and the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes . The Lyon metropolitan area had a population of 2,265,375 in 2014 . The city is known for its cuisine and gastronomy , and historical and architectural landmarks ; part of it is registered as a UNESCO World Heritage site . Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk . Lyon played a significant role in the history of cinema : it is where Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinematograph . It is also known for its light festival , the Fête des Lumières , which begins every 8 December and lasts for four days , earning Lyon the title of Capital of Lights . Economically , Lyon is a major centre for banking , as well as for the chemical , pharmaceutical , and biotech industries . The city contains a significant software industry with a particular focus on video games , and in recent years has fostered a growing local start-up sector ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffet Terminus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oran', 'summary': 'Oran ( /ɔːˈrɑːn/ , also UK : /əˈrɑːn , əˈræn/ , US : /oʊˈrɑːn , oʊˈræn , ɔːˈrɒ̃/ , French : [ ɔʁɑ̃ ] ; Arabic : وَهران , romanized : Wahrān ) is a major coastal city located in the north-west of Algeria . It is considered the second most important city of Algeria after the capital Algiers , due to its commercial , industrial , and cultural importance . It is 432 km ( 268 mi ) from Algiers . The total population of the city was 759,645 in 2008 , while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 1,500,000 making it the second largest city in Algeria . A legend says that in 900 AD , lions still lived in the area . The last two lions were hunted on a mountain near Oran and are elsewhere referred to as mountain lions .'}]}, {'value': 'Algeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Algeria', 'summary': 'Algeria ( /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) al-JEER-ee-ə ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast . With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres ( 919,595 sq mi ) , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in the African Union and Arab World . With an estimated population of over 42 million , it is among the ten most populous states in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . It is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Zayyanids , Spaniards , Ottomans and , finally , the French colonial empire . Algeria is a regional and middle power . It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent , based largely on energy exports . Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa , supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget .'}]}, {'value': '1914', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Chateau Royal d'Ardenne", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardenne_Castle', 'summary': "Ardenne Castle , or the Royal Castle of Ardenne ( Château Royal d'Ardenne , formerly also spelled Hardenne ) was situated in the municipality of Houyet in Belgium not far from Ciergnon Castle . The construction of the building was ordered in 1874 by King Leopold II of Belgium , to the plans of his architect Alphonse Balat . It replaced an older hunting lodge built in the 1830s by Leopold I . King Leopold II wanted to promote the Belgian region of the Ardennes as a holiday destination for the fashionable set . To this end he had his château converted into a luxury hotel . A railway station in the corner of the park made the remote castle accessible to tourists . An 18-hole golf course was installed in the park . The Compagnie Internationale des Grands Hotels ran the hotel from 1898 onwards . It finally closed its doors in 1950 , and was then destroyed by fire in 1968 . The remains were demolished in 1970 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dinant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dinant', 'summary': 'Dinant ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ di.nɑ̃ ] ) is a Walloon city and municipality located on the River Meuse , in the Belgian province of Namur . It lies 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) south-east of Brussels , 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) south-east of Charleroi and 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) south of Namur . Dinant is situated 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) north of the border with France . The municipality includes the old communes of Anseremme , Bouvignes-sur-Meuse , Dréhance , Falmagne , Falmignoul , Foy-Notre-Dame , Furfooz , Lisogne , Sorinnes , and Thynes .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '1900', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elysée Palace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paris', 'summary': "Paris ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ paʁi ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of France , with a population of 2,148,271 residents ( official estimate , 1 January 2020 ) in an area of 105 square kilometres ( 41 square miles ) . Since the 17th century , Paris has been one of Europe 's major centres of finance , diplomacy , commerce , fashion , science and the arts . The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France , or Paris Region , which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210 , or about 18 percent of the population of France . The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ( $ 808 billion ) in 2017 . According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018 , Paris was the second most expensive city in the world , after Singapore , and ahead of Zürich , Hong Kong , Oslo and Geneva . Another source ranked Paris as most expensive , on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong , in 2018 . The city is a major railway , highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports : Paris-Charles de Gaulle ( the second busiest airport in Europe ) and Paris-Orly . Opened in 1900 , the city 's subway system , the Paris Métro , serves 5.23 million passengers daily ; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro . Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world , but the first located outside Japan , with 262 million passengers in 2015 . Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks : the Louvre was among most visited art museums in the world in 2019 , with 9.6 million visitors . The Musée d'Orsay , Musée Marmottan Monet , and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art , the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe , and the Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso exhibit the works of the two noted Parisians . The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site , and popular landmarks in the city centre included the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris , now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gezirah Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gezirah_Palace', 'summary': 'The Gezirah Palace was one of the Egyptian royal palaces of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty . It is located in the Zamalek district on Gezira Island in the Nile , just west of Downtown Cairo .'}]}, {'value': 'Cairo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cairo', 'summary': "Cairo ( /ˈkaɪroʊ/ KY-roh ; Arabic : القاهرة , romanized : al-Qāhirah , pronounced [ ælˈqɑːhɪɾɑ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world . Its metropolitan area , with a population of over 20 million , is the largest in Africa , the Arab world , and the Middle East , and the 15th-largest in the world . Cairo is associated with ancient Egypt , as the famous Giza pyramid complex and the ancient city of Memphis are located in its geographical area . Located near the Nile Delta , Cairo was founded in 969 AD by the Fatimid dynasty , but the land composing the present-day city was the site of ancient national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo . Cairo has long been a centre of the region 's political and cultural life , and is titled the city of a thousand minarets for its preponderance of Islamic architecture . Cairo is considered a World City with a Beta + classification according to GaWC . Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab world , as well as the world 's second-oldest institution of higher learning , Al-Azhar University . Many international media , businesses , and organizations have regional headquarters in the city ; the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence . With a population of over 9 million spread over 3,085 square kilometers ( 1,191 sq mi ) , Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt . An additional 9.5 million inhabitants live in close proximity to the city . Cairo , like many other megacities , suffers from high levels of pollution and traffic . Cairo 's metro , one of two in Africa ( the other being in Algiers , Algeria ) , ranks among the fifteen busiest in the world , with over 1 billion annual passenger rides ."}]}, {'value': 'Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Hotel des Bains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cherbourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cherbourg', 'summary': 'Cherbourg-Octeville ( /ˈʃɛərbʊərɡ/ , also UK : /ˈʃɜːrbʊərɡ/ , US : /ˈʃɛərbʊər , ʃɛərˈbʊər/ , French : [ ʃɛʁbuʁ ɔkt ( ə ) vil ] ( listen ) ) is a city and former commune situated at the northern end of the Cotentin peninsula in the northwestern French department of Manche . It is a subprefecture of its department , and was officially formed when the commune of Cherbourg absorbed Octeville on 28 February 2000 . On 1 January 2016 , it was merged into the new commune of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin . The city is a Maritime prefecture and sub-prefecture of la Manche . Due to its union , it is the most populated city in its department with 37,121 inhabitants [ note 1 ] ( over 85,000 with its suburbs ) [ note 2 ] making it the first city of the department before the Saint-Lô prefecture and the second in the region after Caen . Cherbourg-en-Cotentin is protected by Cherbourg Harbour , between La Hague and Val de Saire , and the city has been a strategic position over the centuries , disputed between the English and French . Cited as one of the keys to the kingdom by Vauban , it became , by colossal maritime development work , a first-rate military port under the leadership of Louis XVI and Napoleon , and holds an arsenal of the French Navy . A stopping point for prestigious transatlantic liners in the first half of the 20th century , Cherbourg was the primary goal of US troops during the invasion of Normandy in 1944 . Along with its use as a military , fishing and yachting port , it is also a cross-Channel ferry port , with routes to the English ports of Poole and Portsmouth , the Irish ports of Rosslare Harbour and Dublin , and St Helier on Jersey . Limited by its geographical isolation from being a great commercial port , it is nonetheless an important shipbuilding centre , and a working-class city with a rural hinterland . On Wednesday , 10 April 1912 , the RMS Titanic crossed the English Channel and docked here at 7:00 pm local time before raising anchor at 9:10 pm local time and sailing to her final stop Cobh , Ireland. [ relevant ? - discuss ]'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Hotel International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brindisi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brindisi', 'summary': 'Brindisi ( US : /ˈbrɪndɪzi , ˈbriːn-/ BRIN-diz-ee , BREEN- , Italian : [ ˈbrindisi ] ( listen ) ; Brindisino : Brìnnisi ; Latin : Brundisium ; Ancient Greek : Βρεντέσιον , romanized : Brentésion ; Messapic : Brunda ) is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy , the capital of the province of Brindisi , on the coast of the Adriatic Sea . Historically , the city has played an important role in trade and culture , due to its strategic position on the Italian Peninsula and its natural port on the Adriatic Sea . The city remains a major port for trade with Greece and the Middle East . Its industries include agriculture , chemical works , and the generation of electricity . The city of Brindisi was the provisional government seat of the Kingdom of Italy from September 1943 to February 1944 .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Hotel des Wagons-Lits', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing', 'summary': "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ."}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1904', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hotels et Bains de Hongrie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Csorba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Štrba', 'summary': 'Štrba is a village in the Poprad District , Prešov Region , northern Slovakia . It is situated in the Sub-Tatra Basin , which separates the High Tatras and Low Tatras at the European continental divide between the Baltic and the Black Sea . It is approximately 16 km ( 10 mi . ) west of the city of Poprad .'}]}, {'value': 'Hungary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungary', 'summary': "Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians ."}]}, {'value': '1903', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maloja Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maloja_Palace', 'summary': 'The Maloja Palace is a hotel 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from St Moritz , in the Graubünden canton of Switzerland , at the top of the Maloja Pass ( Italian : Passo del Maloja , German : Malojapass ) ( el . 1815 m. ) linking the Engadin and the Bregell valley , very close to the village of Maloja a hamlet in the municipality of Bregaglia in the Maloja District .'}]}, {'value': 'Maloja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maloja_(district)', 'summary': 'Maloja District ( Romansh : District da Malögia , Italian : Distretto di Maloggia ) is a former administrative district in the canton of Graubünden ( or Grigioni ) , Switzerland . It had an area of 973.28 km2 ( 375.79 sq mi ) and had a population of 18,698 in 2015 . It was replaced with the Maloja Region on 1 January 2017 as part of a reorganization of the Canton . It was trilingual , with official languages used by municipalities inside the district being , in order of dominance , German , Italian , and Romansh . It consisted of two Kreis or circoli in Italian ( sub-districts ) and sixteen municipalities :'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pavillon de Bellevue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meudon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meudon', 'summary': 'Meudon ( French pronunciation : [ mødɔ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in the southwestern suburbs of Paris , France . It is in the département of Hauts-de-Seine . It is located 9.1 km ( 5.7 mi ) from the center of Paris .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pera Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hotel_Pera_Palace', 'summary': 'The Pera Palace Hotel ( Turkish : Pera Palas Oteli ) is a historic special category hotel and museum hotel located in the Beyoğlu ( Pera ) district in Istanbul , Turkey . It was built in 1892 for the purpose of hosting the passengers of the Orient Express and was named after the place where it is located . It holds the title of the oldest European hotel of Turkey . The Pera Palace Hotel is located in the Tepebaşı neighbourhood of Pera , once known as Little Europe . It is about 20 km from Atatürk International Airport . The hotel is in walking distance of Istiklal Avenue , Taksim Square and the British , Swedish , Russian , Dutch , Italian , French and German consulates . The hotel was closed from 2006 , undergoing a major renovation and restoration project and reopened on September 1 , 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Constantinople', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul', 'summary': "Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road ."}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hôtel de la Plage', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ostend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ostend', 'summary': 'Ostend ( Dutch : Oostende , pronounced [ ˌoːstˈɛndə ] ; French : Ostende [ ɔstɑ̃d ] ; German : Ostende [ ɔstˈʔɛndə ] ; West Flemish : Ostende ) is a coastal city and municipality , located in the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerke , Raversijde , Stene and Zandvoorde , and the city of Ostend proper - the largest on the Belgian coast .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Quarnero', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abbazia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Opatija', 'summary': 'Opatija ( Croatian pronunciation : [ ɔpǎtija ] ; Italian : Abbazia , German : Sankt Jakobi ) is a town in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in western Croatia . The traditional seaside resort on the Kvarner Gulf is known for its Mediterranean climate and its historic buildings reminiscent of the Austrian Riviera .'}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': '1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riviera Palace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nice', 'summary': "Nice ( /niːs/ , NEESS ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ nis ] ; Niçard Occitan : Niça , classical norm , or Nissa , nonstandard , pronounced [ ˈnisa ] ; Italian : Nizza [ ˈnittsa ] ; Greek : Νίκαια ; Latin : Nicaea ) is the seventh most populous urban area in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes department . The metropolitan area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits , with a population of about 1 million on an area of 721 km2 ( 278 sq mi ) . Located in the French Riviera , on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea , at the foot of the Alps , Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast and the second-largest city in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille . Nice is approximately 13 kilometres ( 8.1 mi ) from the principality of Monaco and 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) from the French-Italian border . Nice 's airport serves as a gateway to the region . The city is nicknamed Nice la Belle ( Nissa La Bella in Niçard ) , which means Nice the Beautiful , which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice , written by Menica Rondelly in 1912 . The area of today 's Nice contains Terra Amata , an archaeological site which displays evidence of a very early use of fire 380,000 years ago . Around 350 BC , Greeks of Marseille founded a permanent settlement and called it Nikaia , after Nike , the goddess of victory . Through the ages , the town has changed hands many times . Its strategic location and port significantly contributed to its maritime strength . For centuries it was a dominion of Savoy , and was then part of France between 1792 and 1815 , when it was returned to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia until its re-annexation by France in 1860 . The natural environment of the Nice area and its mild Mediterranean climate came to the attention of the English upper classes in the second half of the 18th century , when an increasing number of aristocratic families took to spending their winters there ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riviera Palace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monte Carlo ( Beausoleil , Alpes-Maritimes )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monte_Carlo', 'summary': "Monte Carlo ( /ˌmɒnti ˈkɑːrloʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈmonte ˈkarlo ] ; French : Monte-Carlo [ mɔ̃te kaʁlo ] , or colloquially Monte-Carl [ mɔ̃te kaʁl ] ; Monégasque : Munte Carlu ; lit . Mount Charles ) is officially an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco , specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues , where the Monte Carlo Casino is located . Informally , the name also refers to a larger district , the Monte Carlo Quarter ( corresponding to the former municipality of Monte Carlo ) , which besides Monte Carlo/Spélugues also includes the wards of La Rousse/Saint Roman , Larvotto/Bas Moulins , and Saint Michel . The permanent population of the ward of Monte Carlo is about 3,500 , while that of the quarter is about 15,000 . Monaco has four traditional quarters . From west to east they are : Fontvieille ( the newest ) , Monaco-Ville ( the oldest ) , La Condamine , and Monte Carlo . Monte Carlo is situated on a prominent escarpment at the base of the Maritime Alps along the French Riviera . Near the quarter 's western end is the world-famous Place du Casino , the gambling center which has made Monte Carlo an international byword for the extravagant display and reckless dispersal of wealth . It is also the location of the Hôtel de Paris , Café de Paris and Salle Garnier ( the casino theatre which is the home of the Opéra de Monte-Carlo ) . The quarter 's eastern part includes the community of Larvotto with Monaco 's only public beach , as well as its new convention center ( the Grimaldi Forum ) , and the Monte-Carlo Bay Hotel & Resort . At the quarter 's eastern border , one crosses into the French town of Beausoleil ( sometimes referred to as Monte-Carlo-Supérieur ) , and just 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) to its east is the western border of Italy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beausoleil,_Alpes-Maritimes', 'summary': 'Beausoleil ( French : [ bosɔlɛj ] ; Occitan : Bèusoleu [ ˌbɛwsuˈlew ] ; lit . Beautiful Sun ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France . It adjoins the Principality of Monaco . Beausoleil was formerly known as Monte-Carlo-Supérieur ( French : [ mɔ̃t kaʁlɔ sypeʁjœʁ ] ; English : Upper Monte Carlo ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Monaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monaco', 'summary': "Monaco ( /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; French pronunciation : \u200b [ mɔnako ] ) , officially the Principality of Monaco ( French : Principauté de Monaco ) , [ a ] is a sovereign city-state , country , and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe . France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea . Monaco is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) from the state border with Italy . Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 ( 0.78 sq mi ) , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican . Its population as of 2018 is 38,682 . With 19,009 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 49,230/sq mi ) , it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world . Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km ( 3.40 mi ) , the world 's shortest coastline of approximately 3.83 km ( 2.38 mi ) ( regardless of the coastline paradox ) , and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m ( 5,577 and 1,145 ft ) . The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel , in the Les Révoires Ward , which is 161 metres ( 528 feet ) above sea level . Monaco 's most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins . Through land reclamation , Monaco 's land mass has expanded by 20 percent . In 2005 , it had an area of only 1.974 km2 ( 0.762 sq mi ) . Monaco is known to be the most expensive and the wealthiest place in the world due to its tax laws ."}]}, {'value': '1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hôtel Royal Palace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ostend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ostend', 'summary': 'Ostend ( Dutch : Oostende , pronounced [ ˌoːstˈɛndə ] ; French : Ostende [ ɔstɑ̃d ] ; German : Ostende [ ɔstˈʔɛndə ] ; West Flemish : Ostende ) is a coastal city and municipality , located in the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium . It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerke , Raversijde , Stene and Zandvoorde , and the city of Ostend proper - the largest on the Belgian coast .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '1899', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Shepheard 's Hotel", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Shepheard's_Hotel", 'summary': "Shepheard 's Hotel was the leading hotel in Cairo and one of the most celebrated hotels in the world from the middle of the 19th century until it was burned down in 1952 in the Cairo Fire . Five years after the original hotel was destroyed , a new one was built nearby and was named the Shepheard Hotel ."}]}, {'value': 'Cairo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cairo', 'summary': "Cairo ( /ˈkaɪroʊ/ KY-roh ; Arabic : القاهرة , romanized : al-Qāhirah , pronounced [ ælˈqɑːhɪɾɑ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world . Its metropolitan area , with a population of over 20 million , is the largest in Africa , the Arab world , and the Middle East , and the 15th-largest in the world . Cairo is associated with ancient Egypt , as the famous Giza pyramid complex and the ancient city of Memphis are located in its geographical area . Located near the Nile Delta , Cairo was founded in 969 AD by the Fatimid dynasty , but the land composing the present-day city was the site of ancient national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo . Cairo has long been a centre of the region 's political and cultural life , and is titled the city of a thousand minarets for its preponderance of Islamic architecture . Cairo is considered a World City with a Beta + classification according to GaWC . Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab world , as well as the world 's second-oldest institution of higher learning , Al-Azhar University . Many international media , businesses , and organizations have regional headquarters in the city ; the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence . With a population of over 9 million spread over 3,085 square kilometers ( 1,191 sq mi ) , Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt . An additional 9.5 million inhabitants live in close proximity to the city . Cairo , like many other megacities , suffers from high levels of pollution and traffic . Cairo 's metro , one of two in Africa ( the other being in Algiers , Algeria ) , ranks among the fifteen busiest in the world , with over 1 billion annual passenger rides ."}]}, {'value': 'Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egypt', 'summary': "Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic ."}]}, {'value': '1897', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Properties', 'section_text': 'Details and changes are in the article regarding the hotel .', 'uid': 'Compagnie_Internationale_des_Grands_Hotels_0', 'intro': 'The Compagnie Internationale des Grands Hôtels (CIGH) was founded on 11 April 1894 as a subsidiary of the railway company Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL). This hotel chain was established to provide the customers of CIWL with high quality accommodation before or after their train journey.'} | null | null | What is the municipality of the hotel located in Maloja ? | Bregaglia |
0a4a4816935652b9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_CECAFA_Cup_statistics', 'title': '2012 CECAFA Cup statistics', 'header': ['Name', 'Team', 'Red', 'Yellow'], 'data': [{'value': 'Adeyum Saleh Ahmed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zanzibar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zanzibar_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Zanzibar national football team is the national football team of Zanzibar and is controlled by the Zanzibar Football Association .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joackins Atudo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joackins_Atudo', 'summary': "Jockins Atudo ( born 8 August 1985 in Homa Bay ) is a Kenyan footballer who plays for Kenyan Premier League club Tusker as a defender . He previously played for Sony Sugar and Tanzanian Premier League side Azam . Atudo has also appeared for the Kenya national team , and was part of the squad that won the 2013 CECAFA Cup . He played the full 90 minutes in the final against Sudan , and was the team 's joint top scorer of the tournament alongside Allan Wanga , having scored 3 goals from the penalty spot ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Kenya national football team represents Kenya in international football . It is controlled by the Football Kenya Federation , the governing body of football in Kenya , and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) and the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) , a sub-confederation of CAF that has jurisdiction in East and Central Africa . The team is colloquially known as the Harambee Stars and plays its home games primarily at the Nyayo National Stadium in the country 's capital , Nairobi . The team has never qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robel Girma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Ethiopia national football team , nicknamed Walias , after the Walia ibex , represents Ethiopia in men 's international football and is controlled by the Ethiopian Football Federation , the governing body for football in Ethiopia . The team has been representing Ethiopia in regional , continental , and international competitions since its founding in 1943 . The Walias play their home games at Addis Ababa Stadium located in the capital city of Addis Ababa . [ citation needed ] They are currently ranked 150th in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings and 44th in CAF [ update ] . Ethiopia was one of only three teams ( along with Egypt and Sudan ) to participate in the inaugural Africa Cup of Nations in 1957 . It won the competition in 1962 , while it was also the host . However , success has been elusive since the end of the 1960s . Under a previous coach Sewnet Bishaw , the team qualified for the 2013 African Cup of Nations after a 31-year absence ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aggrey Morris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aggrey_Morris', 'summary': 'Aggrey Morris Ambros ( born 12 March 1984 ) is a Tanzanian footballer from Zanzibar who plays for Azam in the Tanzanian Premier League and is member of the Tanzania national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Zanzibar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zanzibar_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Zanzibar national football team is the national football team of Zanzibar and is controlled by the Zanzibar Football Association .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Faris Abdallah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sudan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sudan_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Sudan national football team ( Arabic : منتخب السودان الوطني لكرة القدم ) represents Sudan in international football and is controlled by the Sudan Football Association , the governing body for football in Sudan . Sudan 's home ground is Khartoum Stadium in Khartoum . Sudan were one of the three teams to participate in the inaugural Africa Cup of Nations in 1957 , the other two being Egypt and Ethiopia . Sudan is one of the oldest teams in Africa and has a rich history in the past 50s to 70s . They won the 1970 Africa Cup of Nations as hosts with Mustafa Azhari as their best player . After beating Ethiopia 3-0 , and a 1-0 defeat to Ivory Coast , they secured a place in the semi-final by beating Cameroon 2-1 . They overcame Egypt 2-1 after extra time in the semi-final , and won 1-0 against Ghana in the final to become African champions . With their top scorer and most capped player Mustafa Azhari Alawad retired later that year after not being able to carry the Sudanese team anymore , Sudanese football team started to decline and losing status as a major African and Arab power . They went as high as 74 in the FIFA rankings . Sudan was the only East African team to qualify for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sami Abdallah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sudan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sudan_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Sudan national football team ( Arabic : منتخب السودان الوطني لكرة القدم ) represents Sudan in international football and is controlled by the Sudan Football Association , the governing body for football in Sudan . Sudan 's home ground is Khartoum Stadium in Khartoum . Sudan were one of the three teams to participate in the inaugural Africa Cup of Nations in 1957 , the other two being Egypt and Ethiopia . Sudan is one of the oldest teams in Africa and has a rich history in the past 50s to 70s . They won the 1970 Africa Cup of Nations as hosts with Mustafa Azhari as their best player . After beating Ethiopia 3-0 , and a 1-0 defeat to Ivory Coast , they secured a place in the semi-final by beating Cameroon 2-1 . They overcame Egypt 2-1 after extra time in the semi-final , and won 1-0 against Ghana in the final to become African champions . With their top scorer and most capped player Mustafa Azhari Alawad retired later that year after not being able to carry the Sudanese team anymore , Sudanese football team started to decline and losing status as a major African and Arab power . They went as high as 74 in the FIFA rankings . Sudan was the only East African team to qualify for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deng Atiti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deng_Atiti', 'summary': 'Mong Deng Atit is a South Sudanese footballer who currently plays as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'South Sudan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Sudan_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The South Sudan national football team represents South Sudan in international football and is controlled by the South Sudan Football Association , the governing body for football in South Sudan .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Azizi Saweji Azizi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zanzibar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zanzibar_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Zanzibar national football team is the national football team of Zanzibar and is controlled by the Zanzibar Football Association .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Baraza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Baraza', 'summary': 'Michael Mike Baraza Nyongesa ( born 17 March 1979 ) is a Kenyan footballer who currently plays for Kenyan Premier League club Western Stima as a striker .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Kenya national football team represents Kenya in international football . It is controlled by the Football Kenya Federation , the governing body of football in Kenya , and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) and the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) , a sub-confederation of CAF that has jurisdiction in East and Central Africa . The team is colloquially known as the Harambee Stars and plays its home games primarily at the Nyayo National Stadium in the country 's capital , Nairobi . The team has never qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamdani Bariyanga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rwanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rwanda_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Rwanda national football team represents Rwanda in international football and is controlled by the Rwandese Association Football Federation , the governing body of football in Rwanda , and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) , as well as the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) , a CAF sub-confederation that governs football in East and Central Africa . The team bears the nickname Amavubi ( Kinyarwanda for The Wasps ) , and primarily plays its home games at the Stade Amahoro in Kigali , the nation 's capital . They have never qualified for a World Cup finals , and reached their first Africa Cup of Nations in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Bocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Bocco', 'summary': 'John Raphael Bocco ( born 5 August 1989 ) is a Tanzanian international footballer who plays for Simba , as a striker .'}]}, {'value': 'Tanzania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanzania_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Tanzania national football team ( Swahili : Timu ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Miguu ya Tanzania ) represents Tanzania in men 's international football and is controlled by the Tanzania Football Federation , the governing body for football in Tanzania , Tanzania 's home ground is Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Dar-es-Salaam and their interim head coach is Etienne Ndayiragije from Burundi . Tanzania has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup . Before uniting with Zanzibar , the team played as the Tanganyika national football team , The team represents both FIFA and Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) . The island of Zanzibar , part of Tanzania ( and once an independent nation ) , is also an associate member of CAF and has played matches with other nations , but is not eligible to enter the World Cup or Africa Cup of Nations . See Zanzibar national football team ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chala Deriba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Ethiopia national football team , nicknamed Walias , after the Walia ibex , represents Ethiopia in men 's international football and is controlled by the Ethiopian Football Federation , the governing body for football in Ethiopia . The team has been representing Ethiopia in regional , continental , and international competitions since its founding in 1943 . The Walias play their home games at Addis Ababa Stadium located in the capital city of Addis Ababa . [ citation needed ] They are currently ranked 150th in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings and 44th in CAF [ update ] . Ethiopia was one of only three teams ( along with Egypt and Sudan ) to participate in the inaugural Africa Cup of Nations in 1957 . It won the competition in 1962 , while it was also the host . However , success has been elusive since the end of the 1960s . Under a previous coach Sewnet Bishaw , the team qualified for the 2013 African Cup of Nations after a 31-year absence ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodrick Gonani', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malawi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malawi_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Malawi national football team , nicknamed The Flames , represents Malawi in international football and is controlled by the Football Association of Malawi . Before 1966 , they were known as the Nyasaland national football team .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dennis Iguma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uganda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uganda_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Uganda national football team , nicknamed The Cranes , is the national team of Uganda and is controlled by the Federation of Uganda Football Associations . Their best finish in the Africa Cup of Nations was second in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henry Kalungi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Kalungi', 'summary': 'Henry Kalungi ( born November 25 , 1987 in Kampala ) is a Ugandan footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Uganda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uganda_national_football_team', 'summary': 'The Uganda national football team , nicknamed The Cranes , is the national team of Uganda and is controlled by the Federation of Uganda Football Associations . Their best finish in the Africa Cup of Nations was second in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amri Kiemba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amri_Kiemba', 'summary': 'Amri Kiemba Ramadhan is a Tanzanian footballer who plays club football for Simba and international football Tanzania .'}]}, {'value': 'Tanzania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanzania_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Tanzania national football team ( Swahili : Timu ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Miguu ya Tanzania ) represents Tanzania in men 's international football and is controlled by the Tanzania Football Federation , the governing body for football in Tanzania , Tanzania 's home ground is Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Dar-es-Salaam and their interim head coach is Etienne Ndayiragije from Burundi . Tanzania has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup . Before uniting with Zanzibar , the team played as the Tanganyika national football team , The team represents both FIFA and Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) . The island of Zanzibar , part of Tanzania ( and once an independent nation ) , is also an associate member of CAF and has played matches with other nations , but is not eligible to enter the World Cup or Africa Cup of Nations . See Zanzibar national football team ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony Modo Kimani', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Kenya national football team represents Kenya in international football . It is controlled by the Football Kenya Federation , the governing body of football in Kenya , and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) and the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) , a sub-confederation of CAF that has jurisdiction in East and Central Africa . The team is colloquially known as the Harambee Stars and plays its home games primarily at the Nyayo National Stadium in the country 's capital , Nairobi . The team has never qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony Muki Kimani', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Kenya national football team represents Kenya in international football . It is controlled by the Football Kenya Federation , the governing body of football in Kenya , and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) and the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) , a sub-confederation of CAF that has jurisdiction in East and Central Africa . The team is colloquially known as the Harambee Stars and plays its home games primarily at the Nyayo National Stadium in the country 's capital , Nairobi . The team has never qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bernard Mang'oli", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Bernard_Mang'oli", 'summary': 'Bernard Mangoli Wanyama ( born 24 December 1989 ) is a Kenyan international footballer who plays for A.F.C . Leopards as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Kenya national football team represents Kenya in international football . It is controlled by the Football Kenya Federation , the governing body of football in Kenya , and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) and the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) , a sub-confederation of CAF that has jurisdiction in East and Central Africa . The team is colloquially known as the Harambee Stars and plays its home games primarily at the Nyayo National Stadium in the country 's capital , Nairobi . The team has never qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jimmy Mbaraga', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rwanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rwanda_national_football_team', 'summary': "The Rwanda national football team represents Rwanda in international football and is controlled by the Rwandese Association Football Federation , the governing body of football in Rwanda , and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) , as well as the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) , a CAF sub-confederation that governs football in East and Central Africa . The team bears the nickname Amavubi ( Kinyarwanda for The Wasps ) , and primarily plays its home games at the Stade Amahoro in Kigali , the nation 's capital . They have never qualified for a World Cup finals , and reached their first Africa Cup of Nations in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Disciplinary record -- By individual', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2012_CECAFA_Cup_statistics_3', 'intro': 'The following are the statistics for the 2012 CECAFA Cup, which took place in Kampala, Uganda from 24 November to 8 December 2012. All statistics are correct as of 20:00 UTC+3 on 8 December 2012. Goals scored from penalty shoot-outs are not counted.'} | null | null | What is the nickname of the team who has a player born in Kampala ? | The Cranes |
0a4aaee551cc2fd9 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_at_the_2011_Sundance_Film_Festival', 'title': 'List of films at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Year', 'First showing'], 'data': [{'value': 'Abraxas ( Japanese : Aburakurasu no matsuri )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japanese_language', 'summary': "Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo [ ɲihoŋɡo ] ( listen ) ) is an East Asian language spoken by about 128 million people , primarily in Japan , where it is the national language . It is a member of the Japonic ( or Japanese-Ryukyuan ) language family , and its relation to other languages , such as Korean , is debated . Japanese has been grouped with language families such as Ainu , Austroasiatic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals has gained widespread acceptance . Little is known of the language 's prehistory , or when it first appeared in Japan . Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words , but substantial texts did not appear until the 8th century . During the Heian period ( 794-1185 ) , Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese . Late Middle Japanese ( 1185-1600 ) included changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language , and the first appearance of European loanwords . The standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo ( modern Tokyo ) region in the Early Modern Japanese period ( early 17th century-mid-19th century ) . Following the end of Japan 's self-imposed isolation in 1853 , the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly . English loanwords , in particular , have become frequent , and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated . Japanese is an agglutinative , mora-timed language with simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system , phonemic vowel and consonant length , and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject-object-verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words , and sentence structure is topic-comment ."}]}, {'value': 'Naoki Katô', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Your Dead Ones ( Spanish : Todos tus muertos )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Your_Dead_Ones', 'summary': 'All Your Dead Ones ( Spanish : Todos tus muertos ) is a 2011 Colombian drama film directed by Carlos Moreno . The film won an award for cinematography at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Moreno', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cinema Hold Up ( Spanish : Asalto al cine )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Iria Gómez Concheiro', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Few Days of Respite ( French : Quelques jours de répit )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Few_Days_of_Respite', 'summary': 'A Few Days of Respite ( French : Quelques jours de répit ) is a 2011 French-Algerian drama film written and directed by Amor Hakkar . It competed in the World Cinema section at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival .'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'Amor Hakkar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Guard_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'The Guard is a 2011 Irish buddy cop comedy film written and directed by John Michael McDonagh , starring Brendan Gleeson , Don Cheadle , Mark Strong and Liam Cunningham . The film received critical acclaim and was a box office success . Both Gleeson and Cheadle received acclaim for their performances , with Gleeson receiving a Golden Globe Award nomination . McDonagh was in turn nominated for a BAFTA Award for his writing achievement . It is the most successful independent Irish film of all time in terms of Irish box-office receipts , overtaking The Wind that Shakes the Barley ( 2006 ) , which previously held this status .'}]}, {'value': 'John Michael McDonagh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Michael_McDonagh', 'summary': 'John Michael McDonagh ( born 1967 ) is a screenwriter and film director with British and Irish nationality . He wrote and directed The Guard ( 2011 ) and Calvary ( 2014 ) , both films starring Brendan Gleeson , receiving a BAFTA Award nomination for the former . He was born in London in 1967 . He is the older brother of playwright and filmmaker Martin McDonagh .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Happy , Happy ( Norwegian : Sykt lykkelig )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Happy,_Happy', 'summary': 'Happy , Happy ( Norwegian : Sykt lykkelig ) is a 2010 Norwegian comedy film directed by Anne Sewitsky . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards , but it did not make the final shortlist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Norwegian_language', 'summary': 'Norwegian ( norsk ) is a North Germanic language spoken mainly in Norway , where it is the official language . Along with Swedish and Danish , Norwegian forms a dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional varieties ; some Norwegian and Swedish dialects , in particular , are very close . These Scandinavian languages , together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as some extinct languages , constitute the North Germanic languages . Faroese and Icelandic are not mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them . While the two Germanic languages with the greatest numbers of speakers , English and German , have close similarities with Norwegian , neither is mutually intelligible with it . Norwegian is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Today there are two official forms of written Norwegian , Bokmål ( literally book tongue ) and Nynorsk ( new Norwegian ) , each with its own variants . Bokmål developed from the Dano-Norwegian koiné language that evolved under the union of Denmark-Norway in the 16th and 17th centuries , while Nynorsk was developed based upon a collective of spoken Norwegian dialects . Norwegian is one of the two official languages in Norway . The other is Sami , spoken by some members of the Sami people , mostly in the Northern part of Norway . Norwegian and Sami are not mutually intelligible , as Sami belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of languages . Sami is spoken by less than one percent of people in Norway .'}]}, {'value': 'Anne Sewitsky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Sewitsky', 'summary': 'Anne Sewitsky ( born 12 January 1978 ) is a Norwegian film director . Her 2010 film Happy , Happy was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards , but it did not make the final shortlist . She also directed the Black Mirror episode Rachel , Jack and Ashley Too .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kinyarwanda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kinyarwanda_(film)', 'summary': "Kinyarwanda is a 2011 drama film set during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide . It premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival , where it won the World Cinema Dramatic Audience Award . The film is Alrick Brown 's directorial debut ."}]}, {'value': 'Alrick Brown', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lost Kisses ( Italian : I baci mai dati )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lost_Kisses', 'summary': 'Lost Kisses ( Italian : I baci mai dati ) is a 2010 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Roberta Torre and based on a story by Torre .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italian_language', 'summary': 'Italian ( italiano [ itaˈljaːno ] ( listen ) or lingua italiana [ ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family . Italian descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire and , together with Sardinian , is by most measures the closest language to it of the Romance languages . Italian is an official language in Italy , Switzerland ( where it is the first language in Canton Ticino and in the districts of Moesa and Bernina in Canton Graubünden ) , San Marino and Vatican City . It has an official minority status in western Istria ( Croatia and Slovenia ) . It formerly had official status in Albania , Malta , Monaco , Montenegro ( Kotor ) and Greece ( Ionian Islands and Dodecanese ) , and is generally understood in Corsica ( due to its close relation with the Tuscan-influenced local language ) and Savoie . It also used to be an official language in the former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa , where it still plays a significant role in various sectors . Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia . Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania , although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries . Many speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian ( either in its standard form or regional varieties ) and other regional languages . Italian is a major European language , being one of the official languages of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and one of the working languages of the Council of Europe . It is the fourth most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 69 million native speakers ( 13% of the EU population ) and it is spoken as a second language by 16 million EU citizens ( 3% ) . Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries ( such as Switzerland and Albania ) and on other continents , the total number of speakers is around 90 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Roberta Torre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberta_Torre', 'summary': "Roberta Torre ( born 21 September 1962 ) is an Italian film director and screenwriter . In 1997 she won the Nastro d'argento for best new director with her first film , Tano da morire ( To Die for Tano ) . The film entered the 54th Venice International Film Festival , winning the FEDIC Award , the Kodak Award and the Luigi De Laurentiis Award for best directorial debut film . The film also won two David di Donatello ( for best score and best new director ) and two other Nastro d'Argento for best score and best supporting role ( an award given to the entire female cast ) ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mad Bastards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mad_Bastards', 'summary': "Mad Bastards is a 2011 Australian drama film written and directed by Brendan Fletcher . It is Fletcher 's debut film and it premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Brendan Fletcher', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Restoration ( Hebrew : Boker tov adon fidelman )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hebrew_language', 'summary': 'Hebrew ( /ˈhiːbruː/ ; עִבְרִית , Ivrit Hebrew pronunciation : [ ivˈʁit ] or [ ʕivˈɾit ] ( listen ) ) is a Northwest Semitic language native to Israel . In 2013 , Modern Hebrew was spoken by over nine million people worldwide . Historically , it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors , although the language was not referred to by the name Hebrew in the Tanakh itself . [ note 1 ] The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE . Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family . Hebrew is the only Canaanite language still spoken , and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language . Hebrew had ceased to be an everyday spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE , declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt . [ note 2 ] Aramaic and , to a lesser extent , Greek were already in use as international languages , especially among elites and immigrants . Hebrew survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy , rabbinic literature , intra-Jewish commerce and poetry . With the rise of Zionism in the 19th century , it was revived as a spoken and literary language , becoming the main language of the Yishuv , and subsequently of the State of Israel . According to Ethnologue , in 1998 , Hebrew was the language of five million people worldwide . After Israel , the United States has the second-largest Hebrew-speaking population , with about 220,000 fluent speakers , mostly from Israel .'}]}, {'value': 'Yossi ( Joseph ) Madmoni', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Salesman ( French : Le vendeur )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Salesman_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'The Salesman ( French : Le Vendeur ) is a 2011 Canadian drama film directed by Sébastien Pilote . The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and had a theatrical release in Quebec on 11 November 2011 . Shot in the small city Dolbeau-Mistassini , in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of the province of Quebec , the film looks at the effects of a declining economy on a sexagenarian car salesman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'Sebastien Pilote', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ticket to Paradise ( Spanish : Boleto al paraiso )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ticket_to_Paradise_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'Ticket to Paradise ( Spanish : Boleto al paraíso ) is a 2011 Cuban drama film written and directed by Gerardo Chijona .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish_language', 'summary': "Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerardo Chijona Valdes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tyrannosaur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyrannosaur_(film)', 'summary': 'Tyrannosaur is a 2011 British drama film written and directed by Paddy Considine and starring Peter Mullan , Olivia Colman , Eddie Marsan , Paul Popplewell and Sally Carman .'}]}, {'value': 'Paddy Considine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paddy_Considine', 'summary': "Patrick George Considine ( born 5 September 1973 ) is an English actor , director , screenwriter , and musician . He has had supporting roles in 24 Hour Party People ( 2002 ) , In America ( 2003 ) , My Summer of Love ( 2004 ) , Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) , Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) , The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) , The World 's End ( 2013 ) , and Macbeth ( 2015 ) , and leading roles in A Room for Romeo Brass ( 1999 ) , Dead Man 's Shoes ( 2004 ) , Blitz ( 2011 ) , Honour ( 2014 ) , The Girl with All the Gifts ( 2016 ) , and The Death of Stalin ( 2017 ) . Considine came to prominence in the early 2000s with a string of performances in independent films that prompted The Observer to describe him as the best-kept secret in British movies . In addition to his roles in Hollywood films , he has acted in British films and television shows such as The Suspicions of Mr Whicher ( 2014 ) . He wrote and directed Tyrannosaur ( 2011 ) , a film loosely based on his directorial debut , the 2007 short film Dog Altogether . He has also acted in and directed several music videos , most notably Coldplay 's God Put a Smile upon Your Face and the Arctic Monkeys ' Leave Before the Lights Come On . Considine has received an Empire Award , an Evening Standard British Film Award , and a Thessaloniki Film Festival Award for his acting . He has also won a BAFTA Award , a British Independent Film Award , a Silver Lion at the 2007 Venice Film Festival , and the Seattle International Film Festival Short Film Jury Award ( Narrative Special Jury Prize ) for his short film Dog Altogether . He won a second BAFTA Award and a British Independent Film Award at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival for Tyrannosaur ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vampire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vampire_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'Vampire is a 2011 dramatic horror-thriller film directed and written by Shunji Iwai and starring Kevin Zegers as a teacher who believes himself to be a blood-drinking vampire . It was first released on January 22 , 2011 at the Sundance Film Festival and is the first film he has directed in English .'}]}, {'value': 'Iwai Shunji', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iwai_Shunji', 'summary': 'Shunji Iwai ( 岩井 俊二 , Iwai Shunji , born 24 January 1963 ) is a Japanese film director , video artist , writer and documentary maker .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 22', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Feature competition -- World Cinema Dramatic', 'section_text': 'The following 14 films were selected from 1,073 submissions . [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_films_at_the_2011_Sundance_Film_Festival_3', 'intro': 'The following is a list of all films shown at the 27th Sundance Film Festival.'} | null | null | What year did the person who directed Lost Kisses earn the Nastro d'argento ? | 1997 |
0a4d0cd7c5eeec04 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)', 'title': 'Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)', 'header': ['No', 'Chief of Army Staff', 'Took office', 'Left office', 'Time in office', 'Unit of Commission'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khan , Tikka General Tikka Khan HJ , HQA , SPk ( 1915-2002 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tikka_Khan', 'summary': "General Tikka Khan ( Urdu : ٹِکّا خان ) , ( 10 February 1915 - 28 March 2002 ) HJ , S.Pk , was a four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army who served as the first chief of army staff from 3 March 1972 till retiring on 1 March 1976 . Gaining commission as an artillery officer in the British Indian Army to participate in World War II in 1940 , his military career commanded the infantry divisions in the war with India in 1965 . In 1969 , he was posted to command the IV Corps while acting as martial law administrator in West Pakistan under President Yahya Khan . In 1971 , he took over the command of army 's Eastern Command in East Pakistan and appointed as Governor of East Pakistan where he oversaw the planning and the military deployments to execute the military operations to quell the liberation war efforts by Awami League . His tough rhetoric to deal with political enemies earned him the notoriety and a nickname of Touka ( means cleaver ) [ self-published source ] and was soon relieved of his command by President Yahya Khan . After commanding the II Corps in the war with India in 1971 , Tikka Khan was promoted to four-star rank and appointed as the first chief of army staff of the Pakistan Army in 1972 . As an army chief , he provided his support to the clandestine nuclear weapons programme alongside with Ghulam Ishaq Khan - a bureaucrat . Upon retirement from the military in 1976 , he was subsequently appointed as National Security Advisor by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , only to be removed in 1977 as a result of enforced martial law . In the 1980s , he remained active as a political worker of the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) and emerged as its leader when appointed as Governor of Punjab after the general elections held in 1988 . After Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was dismissed by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan in 1990 , his tenure was terminated and was succeeded by Mian Muhammad Azhar . He retired from the politics in 1990 . He died on 28 March 2002 and was buried with full military honours in Westridge cemetery in Rawalpindi , Punjab , Pakistan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hilal-e-Jurat', 'summary': "The Hilal-i-Jur'at ( Urdu : ہلال جرات [ ɦəˈlaːl ə dʒʊˈraːt̪ ] , as if it were Halāl-e-Jurāt ; English : Crescent of Courage , sometimes spelled as Hilal-e-Jur'at , Hilal-e-Jurat , Hilal-i-Jurrat and Hilal-i-Juraat ) [ note 1 ] is the second-highest military award of Pakistan out of a total of four gallantry awards that were created in 1957 . In order of rank it comes after the Nishan-i-Haider ( the Sign of the Lion , which is the equivalent to the Victoria Cross and the Medal of Honor under the British Honours System and the United States Honors System , respectively ) coming before the Sitara-i-Ju'rat ( the Star of Courage , which is the equivalent of the Distinguished Service Cross and the Silver Star , respectively ) . It was created and declared for official use on 16 March 1957 by the President of Pakistan . The Hilal-i-Ju'rat is considered to be the equivalent of the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross and the Distinguished Service Cross . The medal is only conferable to those who are ranked at an Officer level only and it is only allowed to be given to the Army ( excluding paramilitary personnel ) , Navy and Air-force . The award after this honour is the Sitara-i-Ju'rat ( Star of Courage ) , and subsequent to this medal is the Tamgha-i-Ju'rat ( Medal of Courage ) . Unlike the Nishan-i-Haider , the Hilal-i-Ju'rat is the highest military award thus far that has been given to living Pakistanis to date . [ note 2 ] The medallion has been given to many famous Pakistani army personal , including many national heroes . Most notably , well known major generals , brigadiers and lieutenants of the Pakistan Armed Forces have all received the medal . [ note 3 ] The award holds significant benefits for the recipient including social , political and financial benefits . Land and pensions are awarded as recompense for serving in the Army of Pakistan on behalf of the State for acts of valour and courage during battle against the enemy . As of 2003 it was revealed that cash rewards have replaced land being given to the recipient under new defence housing schemes , which had taken place for the duration of the past twelve years perpetrated by the army , which was accounted to the Pakistan National Assembly as reported in the last decade ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sitara-e-Pakistan', 'summary': 'The Nishan-e-Pakistan ( Urdu : نشان پاکستان , English : Order of Pakistan ) is the highest of civil awards and decorations given by the Government of Pakistan for the highest degree of service to the country and nation of Pakistan . The award was established on 19 March 1957 . The Nishan-e-Pakistan , unlike other honours , is a highly restricted and most prestigious award and is only conferred for the merit and distinguished services to the country , international community , and foreign relations . This award , like other civilian awards , is announced on 14 August each year and its investiture takes place on following 23 March . Recipients are entitled to the post-nominal NPk .'}]}, {'value': '3 March 1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 March 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 years , 364 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 Fd Regt Arty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Regiment_of_Artillery', 'summary': "The Pakistan Army Regiment of Artillery is an arm of Pakistan Army tasked with Muzzle-projectile weapons . Despite its large size , the Regiment of Artillery comprises number of regiments stationed with corps and divisions . The Regiment of Artillery was initially part of the Regiment of Artillery of Indian Army , but linked itself with Royal Artillery and later integrated with Royal Indian Artillery . However , its modern history started in 1947 with the establishment of Pakistan . First founded as Royal Pakistan Artillery , it was re-designed on 23 March 1956 , and since then it is known as Corps of Artillery . In 1947 , the Corps inherited only eight gun regiments , one survey battery , an air observation post flight and two formation headquarters . Its earlier commanders were from British Army . However , in 1955 , with the help and assistance received by United States Army 's Field Artillery Branch through the U.S. aid , the corps completely abolished its British Army organisation , with many of its officers called British Army system , a Complex and Non-rationale . The regiments in the British system were equipped with 24 guns held in three batteries , further divided in two troops of 4 guns each . Pakistan adopted US system of 18 guns in each regiment , divided in three batteries of 6 guns each . Gun troop was done away with . The Corps first earned renown in Indo-Pakistani war of 1947 , and also actively participated in Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 with approximately 550 guns have participated ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zia-ul-Haq , Muhammad General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( 1924-1988 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq', 'summary': "Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( 12 August 1924 - 17 August 1988 ) was a four-star general who became the sixth President of Pakistan after declaring martial law in 1977 . He served as the head of state from 1978 until his death in 1988 . He remains the countrys longest-serving head of state . Educated at Delhi University , Zia saw action in World War II as a British Indian Army officer in Burma and Malaya , before opting for Pakistan in 1947 and fighting as a tank commander in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . In 1970 , he led a military training mission to Jordan , proving instrumental to defeating the Black September insurgency against King Hussein . In recognition , Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto appointed Zia Chief of Army Staff in 1976 . Following civil disorder , Zia deposed Bhutto in a military coup and declared martial law on 5 July 1977 . Bhutto was controversially tried by the Supreme Court and executed less than two years later , for allegedly authorising the murder of Nawab Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri , a political opponent . Assuming the presidency in 1978 , Zia played a major role in the Soviet-Afghan War . Backed by the United States and Saudi Arabia , Zia systematically coordinated the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet occupation throughout the 1980s . This culminated in the Soviet Union 's withdrawal in 1989 , but also led to the proliferation of millions of refugees , with heroin and weaponry into Pakistan 's frontier province . On the foreign front , Zia also bolstered ties with China and the United States , and emphasised Pakistan 's role in the Islamic world , while relations with India worsened amid the Siachen conflict and accusations that Pakistan was aiding the Khalistan movement ."}]}, {'value': '1 March 1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17 August 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 years , 169 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 Lancers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/13th_Lancers', 'summary': "The 13th Lancers is an armoured regiment of Pakistan Army . It was formed in 1923 as 13th Duke of Connaught 's Own Lancers by the amalgamation of 31st Duke of Connaught 's Own Lancers and 32nd Lancers . On Partition of India in 1947 , the regiment was allotted to Pakistan ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beg , Mirza General Mirza Aslam Beg NI ( M ) , SBt ( born 1931 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg', 'summary': "General Mirza Aslam Beg ( Urdu : مرزا اسلم بیگ ; born 2 August 1931 ) LOM , NI ( M ) , HI ( M ) ) , SBt , TeJ , also known as M. A. Beg , is a retired four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army , who served as its Chief of Army Staff from 1988 until his retirement in 1991 . His appointment as chief of army staff came when his predecessor , President General Zia-ul-Haq , died in an air crash on 17 August 1988 . Beg 's tenure witnessed Benazir Bhutto as being elected Prime Minister in November 1988 , and the restoration of democracy and the civilian control of the military in the country . Controversial accusations were leveled against him of financing the Islamic Democracy Alliance ( IDA ) , the conservative and right-wing opposition alliance against left-wing PPP , and rigging subsequent general elections in 1990 . As a result of general elections , Nawaz Sharif was elected Prime Minister in 1990 , but fell out with Beg when the latter recommended support for Iraq during the Gulf War . Beg was denied an extension from President Ghulam Ishaq Khan soon after in 1991 , and replaced by General Asif Nawaz as chief of army staff . Apart from his military career , Beg briefly tenured as professor of security studies at the National Defence University ( NDU ) and regularly writes columns in The Nation . Beg 's post-retirement has been characterized by controversies : first , Beg was accused of playing an internal role in the airplane crash that killed President Zia , and , second , he was summoned to the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2012 for his alleged role in releasing the financial funding to the conservative politicians as opposed to the Pakistan Peoples Party 's politicians during the general elections held in 1990 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nishan-i-Imtiaz', 'summary': 'The Nishaani Imtiyaaz [ note 1 ] ( Urdu : نشان امتیاز , English : Order of Excellence ) is one of the state organized civil decorations of State of Pakistan . It is awarded for achievements towards world recognition for Pakistan or an outstanding service for the country . However , The award is not limited to citizens of Pakistan and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . Nishan , translates as Decoration/Order , is a highly restricted and prestigious award roughly equivalent to Presidential Medal of Freedom ( United States ) and Order of the British Empire ( United Kingdom ) , and is the first category award of Order of Imtiaz . The other three descending categories are Hilal-i-Imtiaz , Sitara-i-Imtiaz and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz . Usually , it is regarded as the highest award one can achieve in Pakistan since the higher award Nishan-e-Pakistan is awarded only to foreign Heads of States . The Award was established in March 19 , 1957 , following the proclamation of State of Pakistan as a Parliamentary republic , by the 1956 Constitution . The award is the top decoration in the country , given to a person who has accomplished duty beyond what is assigned to him/her . The person has to show eminence and be outstanding in providing excellent service in a significant field of activity . It means that he/she has to prove that he/she has achieved distinction . The award may be awarded posthumously and may also be awarded to an individual more than once , though it has not been awarded twice since 1999 . Nishan-i-Imtiaz , is an honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces and civilians who have outstanding contributions that prompted world recognition of Pakistan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sitara-e-Basalat', 'summary': 'Sitara-e-Basalat ( Star of Good Conduct ) is a non-operational gallantry award of Pakistan Armed Forces given to individuals for distinguished acts of gallantry , valor or courage while performing their duty . It is given by President of Pakistan on the recommendation of service chief .'}]}, {'value': '17 August 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 August 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years , 364 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 Baloch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baloch_Regiment', 'summary': "The Baloch Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army . The modern regiment was formed in May 1956 by the merger of 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments with the Baluch Regiment . Since then , further raisings have brought the strength of the Regiment to 57 active battalions . The Baloch Regiment is descended from the infantry of the old British Indian Army and is named after the Pakistani province of Balochistan ( formerly Baluchistan ) . Before 1991 , it was called the Baluch Regiment but the spelling was changed to 'Baloch ' to better reflect the correct pronunciation . The Baloch Regiment is second in seniority after the Punjab Regiment . Its senior-most battalion was raised more than two hundred years ago , in 1798 . The regiment has a distinguished record of military service both before and after the independence of Pakistan . It has won numerous gallantry awards including 6 Victoria Cross , one George Cross , 6 Hilal-i-Jurat with one bar , 68 Sitara-i-Jurat with 4 bars , and 81 Tamgha-i-Jurat . The Regiments long list of battle honours dates from the Battle of Cochin in 1809 to the Battle of Qaisar-i-Hind in 1971 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nawaz , Asif General Asif Nawaz NI ( M ) , SBt ( 1937-1993 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asif_Nawaz', 'summary': 'General Asif Nawaz Janjua ( Urdu : آصف نواز جنجوعہ 3 January 1937 - 8 January 1993 ) .NI ( m ) , HI ( M ) , SBt , psc ) , was a four star rank army general in the Pakistan Army who served as the fourth Chief of Army Staff from 16 August 1991 until 8 January 1993 . His tenure is regarded of stabilizing the civilian control of the Pakistani military , and is one of two chief of staff who died in the office- the other being Adm. H.H . Ahmed in 1975 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nishan-i-Imtiaz', 'summary': 'The Nishaani Imtiyaaz [ note 1 ] ( Urdu : نشان امتیاز , English : Order of Excellence ) is one of the state organized civil decorations of State of Pakistan . It is awarded for achievements towards world recognition for Pakistan or an outstanding service for the country . However , The award is not limited to citizens of Pakistan and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . Nishan , translates as Decoration/Order , is a highly restricted and prestigious award roughly equivalent to Presidential Medal of Freedom ( United States ) and Order of the British Empire ( United Kingdom ) , and is the first category award of Order of Imtiaz . The other three descending categories are Hilal-i-Imtiaz , Sitara-i-Imtiaz and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz . Usually , it is regarded as the highest award one can achieve in Pakistan since the higher award Nishan-e-Pakistan is awarded only to foreign Heads of States . The Award was established in March 19 , 1957 , following the proclamation of State of Pakistan as a Parliamentary republic , by the 1956 Constitution . The award is the top decoration in the country , given to a person who has accomplished duty beyond what is assigned to him/her . The person has to show eminence and be outstanding in providing excellent service in a significant field of activity . It means that he/she has to prove that he/she has achieved distinction . The award may be awarded posthumously and may also be awarded to an individual more than once , though it has not been awarded twice since 1999 . Nishan-i-Imtiaz , is an honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces and civilians who have outstanding contributions that prompted world recognition of Pakistan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sitara-e-Basalat', 'summary': 'Sitara-e-Basalat ( Star of Good Conduct ) is a non-operational gallantry award of Pakistan Armed Forces given to individuals for distinguished acts of gallantry , valor or courage while performing their duty . It is given by President of Pakistan on the recommendation of service chief .'}]}, {'value': '16 August 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 January 1993 †', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year , 145 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 Punjab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punjab_Regiment_(Pakistan)', 'summary': "The Punjab Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army . The modern regiment was formed in 1956 from an amalgamation of the 1st Punjab Regiment , 14th Punjab Regiment , 15th Punjab Regiment and 16th Punjab Regiment . Since then the regiment has expanded in strength to now include 74 battalions . It is the senior-most regiment in the Army , tracing its lineage back over two hundred and fifty years to 1751 . The regiment 's battalions have a distinguished record of military service spanning the rise and decline of British power in South Asia , both World Wars and post independence Pakistan ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kakar , Abdul General Abdul Waheed Kakar NI ( M ) , SBt ( born 1937 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdul_Waheed_Kakar', 'summary': 'General Abdul Waheed Kakar ( Urdu : عبدالوحید کاکڑ ; b . 23 March 1937 ) , NI ( M ) , SBt , is a retired four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army who served as the Chief of Army Staff , appointed on 12 January 1993 until retiring on 12 January 1996 . His appointment came in response to the sudden death of tenuring army chief , General Asif Nawaz , and notably superseded five senior high ranking army generals with more years of seniority . General Kakar oversaw the national general elections , after he secured the resignations of President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to resolve the Constitutional crisis in 1993 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nishan-i-Imtiaz', 'summary': 'The Nishaani Imtiyaaz [ note 1 ] ( Urdu : نشان امتیاز , English : Order of Excellence ) is one of the state organized civil decorations of State of Pakistan . It is awarded for achievements towards world recognition for Pakistan or an outstanding service for the country . However , The award is not limited to citizens of Pakistan and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . Nishan , translates as Decoration/Order , is a highly restricted and prestigious award roughly equivalent to Presidential Medal of Freedom ( United States ) and Order of the British Empire ( United Kingdom ) , and is the first category award of Order of Imtiaz . The other three descending categories are Hilal-i-Imtiaz , Sitara-i-Imtiaz and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz . Usually , it is regarded as the highest award one can achieve in Pakistan since the higher award Nishan-e-Pakistan is awarded only to foreign Heads of States . The Award was established in March 19 , 1957 , following the proclamation of State of Pakistan as a Parliamentary republic , by the 1956 Constitution . The award is the top decoration in the country , given to a person who has accomplished duty beyond what is assigned to him/her . The person has to show eminence and be outstanding in providing excellent service in a significant field of activity . It means that he/she has to prove that he/she has achieved distinction . The award may be awarded posthumously and may also be awarded to an individual more than once , though it has not been awarded twice since 1999 . Nishan-i-Imtiaz , is an honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces and civilians who have outstanding contributions that prompted world recognition of Pakistan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sitara-e-Basalat', 'summary': 'Sitara-e-Basalat ( Star of Good Conduct ) is a non-operational gallantry award of Pakistan Armed Forces given to individuals for distinguished acts of gallantry , valor or courage while performing their duty . It is given by President of Pakistan on the recommendation of service chief .'}]}, {'value': '11 January 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 January 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 years , 1 day', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 FF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frontier_Force_Regiment', 'summary': 'The Frontier Force Regiment is one of six infantry regiments of the Pakistan Army . They are popularly known as the Piffers ( a reference to the former PIF ( Punjab Irregular Force ) or as the FF ( i.e . frontier force ) . The regiment takes its name from the historic North-West Frontier ( present day Pakhtunkhwa ) . Most ancestor units of the regiment are Punjabi or Pathan infantry regiments . However the oldest ancestor unit is the Scinde Camel Corps raised in 1843 . Another ancestor unit is the infantry component of the celebrated Corps of Guides of the British Indian Army ( which was partially a cavalry unit ) . Despite being a Pakistani regiment , the Frontier Force Regiment is also the successor to several Sikh regiments because Sikh units were used on the North-West Frontier during the British Raj . At present , the regiment consists of 67 battalions and has its regimental depot at Abbottabad in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa . For that reason Abbottabad is also known as the Home of Piffers . Currently the regiment includes both mechanised and motorised infantry battalions . There are also some armoured and artillery battalions which were raised from the strength of the Frontier Force or one of its predecessor regiments .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karamat , Jehangir General Jehangir Karamat NI ( M ) , TBt ( born 1941 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jehangir_Karamat', 'summary': "General Jehangir Karamat ( Urdu : جہانگیر کرامت ; born 20 February 1941 ) LOM , NI ( M ) , SBt , best known as JK , is a retired four-star rank army general , diplomat , public intellectual , and a former professor of political science at the National Defense University . Appointed first to be served as the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army in 1996 , he was elevated as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1997 until 1998 . After joining the Pakistan Army in 1958 , he entered in the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul , and passed out in 1961 to later serve in the combat in conflicts with India in 1965 and in 1971 . In 1995 , he came into national prominence after he notably exposed the attempted coup d'état against Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto , and eventually appointed as an army chief and later Chairman joint chiefs . His tenureship is regarded as his pivotal role in enhancing the democracy and the civilian control when he staunchly backed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif 's authorisation of atomic-testing programme in 1998 . On 6 October 1998 , Karamat was forced to relieved from his four-star commands by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif over a disagreement on national security and reforms of the intelligence community . He is also one of very few army generals in the military history of Pakistan to have resigned over a disagreement with the civilian authorities . After his resignation , he accepted the professorship at the Stanford University in California and appointed as to head Pakistan 's diplomatic mission as an Ambassador but was later removed . Karamat has been credited for foresight prediction of the dangers of unbalanced civil-military relations and the rise of foreign-supported homegrown terrorism in the country . Many of his recommendations on national security were eventually became part of counterterrorism policy by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nishan-i-Imtiaz', 'summary': 'The Nishaani Imtiyaaz [ note 1 ] ( Urdu : نشان امتیاز , English : Order of Excellence ) is one of the state organized civil decorations of State of Pakistan . It is awarded for achievements towards world recognition for Pakistan or an outstanding service for the country . However , The award is not limited to citizens of Pakistan and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . Nishan , translates as Decoration/Order , is a highly restricted and prestigious award roughly equivalent to Presidential Medal of Freedom ( United States ) and Order of the British Empire ( United Kingdom ) , and is the first category award of Order of Imtiaz . The other three descending categories are Hilal-i-Imtiaz , Sitara-i-Imtiaz and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz . Usually , it is regarded as the highest award one can achieve in Pakistan since the higher award Nishan-e-Pakistan is awarded only to foreign Heads of States . The Award was established in March 19 , 1957 , following the proclamation of State of Pakistan as a Parliamentary republic , by the 1956 Constitution . The award is the top decoration in the country , given to a person who has accomplished duty beyond what is assigned to him/her . The person has to show eminence and be outstanding in providing excellent service in a significant field of activity . It means that he/she has to prove that he/she has achieved distinction . The award may be awarded posthumously and may also be awarded to an individual more than once , though it has not been awarded twice since 1999 . Nishan-i-Imtiaz , is an honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces and civilians who have outstanding contributions that prompted world recognition of Pakistan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tamgha-e-Basalat', 'summary': 'Tamgha-e-Basalat ( Medal of Good Conduct ) is an award of Pakistan Armed Forces . It is an operational award given by President of Pakistan to military personnel for acts of valor , courage or devotion while performing their duty .'}]}, {'value': '12 January 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 October 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years , 267 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 Lancers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/13th_Lancers', 'summary': "The 13th Lancers is an armoured regiment of Pakistan Army . It was formed in 1923 as 13th Duke of Connaught 's Own Lancers by the amalgamation of 31st Duke of Connaught 's Own Lancers and 32nd Lancers . On Partition of India in 1947 , the regiment was allotted to Pakistan ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Musharraf , Pervez General Pervez Musharraf NI ( M ) , TBt ( born 1943 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf', 'summary': "Syed Pervez Musharraf ( Urdu : پرویز مشرف Parvez Muśarraf ; born 11 August 1943 ) is a Pakistani politician and retired four-star general of the Pakistan Army , who was the tenth president of Pakistan . He held the presidency from 2001 until 2008 , when he tendered his resignation to avoid impeachment . Born in Delhi during the British Raj , Musharraf was raised in Karachi and Istanbul . He studied mathematics at Forman Christian College in Lahore and was also educated at the Royal College of Defence Studies in the United Kingdom . Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy in 1961 and was commissioned to the Pakistan Army in 1964 , playing an active role in the Afghan civil war . Musharraf saw action during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 as a second lieutenant . By the 1980s , he was commanding an artillery brigade . In the 1990s , Musharraf was promoted to major general and assigned an infantry division , and later commanded the Special Services Group . Soon after , he also served as deputy military secretary and director general of military operations . Musharraf rose to national prominence when he was promoted to four-star general by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1998 , making Musharraf the head of the armed forces . He led the Kargil infiltration that almost brought India and Pakistan to a full-fledged war in 1999 . After months of contentious relations between Sharif and Musharraf , Sharif unsuccessfully attempted to remove Musharraf as the army 's leader ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nishan-i-Imtiaz', 'summary': 'The Nishaani Imtiyaaz [ note 1 ] ( Urdu : نشان امتیاز , English : Order of Excellence ) is one of the state organized civil decorations of State of Pakistan . It is awarded for achievements towards world recognition for Pakistan or an outstanding service for the country . However , The award is not limited to citizens of Pakistan and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . Nishan , translates as Decoration/Order , is a highly restricted and prestigious award roughly equivalent to Presidential Medal of Freedom ( United States ) and Order of the British Empire ( United Kingdom ) , and is the first category award of Order of Imtiaz . The other three descending categories are Hilal-i-Imtiaz , Sitara-i-Imtiaz and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz . Usually , it is regarded as the highest award one can achieve in Pakistan since the higher award Nishan-e-Pakistan is awarded only to foreign Heads of States . The Award was established in March 19 , 1957 , following the proclamation of State of Pakistan as a Parliamentary republic , by the 1956 Constitution . The award is the top decoration in the country , given to a person who has accomplished duty beyond what is assigned to him/her . The person has to show eminence and be outstanding in providing excellent service in a significant field of activity . It means that he/she has to prove that he/she has achieved distinction . The award may be awarded posthumously and may also be awarded to an individual more than once , though it has not been awarded twice since 1999 . Nishan-i-Imtiaz , is an honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces and civilians who have outstanding contributions that prompted world recognition of Pakistan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tamgha-e-Basalat', 'summary': 'Tamgha-e-Basalat ( Medal of Good Conduct ) is an award of Pakistan Armed Forces . It is an operational award given by President of Pakistan to military personnel for acts of valor , courage or devotion while performing their duty .'}]}, {'value': '6 October 1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28 November 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 years , 53 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 ( SP ) Medium Regt Arty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Regiment_of_Artillery', 'summary': "The Pakistan Army Regiment of Artillery is an arm of Pakistan Army tasked with Muzzle-projectile weapons . Despite its large size , the Regiment of Artillery comprises number of regiments stationed with corps and divisions . The Regiment of Artillery was initially part of the Regiment of Artillery of Indian Army , but linked itself with Royal Artillery and later integrated with Royal Indian Artillery . However , its modern history started in 1947 with the establishment of Pakistan . First founded as Royal Pakistan Artillery , it was re-designed on 23 March 1956 , and since then it is known as Corps of Artillery . In 1947 , the Corps inherited only eight gun regiments , one survey battery , an air observation post flight and two formation headquarters . Its earlier commanders were from British Army . However , in 1955 , with the help and assistance received by United States Army 's Field Artillery Branch through the U.S. aid , the corps completely abolished its British Army organisation , with many of its officers called British Army system , a Complex and Non-rationale . The regiments in the British system were equipped with 24 guns held in three batteries , further divided in two troops of 4 guns each . Pakistan adopted US system of 18 guns in each regiment , divided in three batteries of 6 guns each . Gun troop was done away with . The Corps first earned renown in Indo-Pakistani war of 1947 , and also actively participated in Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 with approximately 550 guns have participated ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kayani , Ashfaq Parvez General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani NI ( M ) , HI ( C ) ( born 1952 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani', 'summary': "General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani ( Urdu : اشفاق پرویز کیانی ; born 20 April 1952 ) , NI ( M ) , HI ( C ) , LOM , is a retired four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army who served as the Chief of Army Staff ( COAS ) , being appointed on 29 November 2007 until 29 November 2013 . Initially appointed as Vice Chief of Army Staff ( VCOAS ) under then-President Pervez Musharraf on 8 October 2007 , he formally took over the command of the army when President Pervez Musharraf retired from his military service on 29 November 2007 . In addition , General Kayani served as the Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) and as director of the Directorate-General of Military Operations ( DGMO ) , overseeing major war efforts in the war on terror . On 24 July 2010 , Kayani 's commission was renewed for three more years by Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani to continue the war efforts against the insurgent outfits . Forbes named him the world 's 34th most powerful person in 2011 and the world 's 28th most powerful person in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nishan-e-Imtiaz', 'summary': 'The Nishaani Imtiyaaz [ note 1 ] ( Urdu : نشان امتیاز , English : Order of Excellence ) is one of the state organized civil decorations of State of Pakistan . It is awarded for achievements towards world recognition for Pakistan or an outstanding service for the country . However , The award is not limited to citizens of Pakistan and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . Nishan , translates as Decoration/Order , is a highly restricted and prestigious award roughly equivalent to Presidential Medal of Freedom ( United States ) and Order of the British Empire ( United Kingdom ) , and is the first category award of Order of Imtiaz . The other three descending categories are Hilal-i-Imtiaz , Sitara-i-Imtiaz and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz . Usually , it is regarded as the highest award one can achieve in Pakistan since the higher award Nishan-e-Pakistan is awarded only to foreign Heads of States . The Award was established in March 19 , 1957 , following the proclamation of State of Pakistan as a Parliamentary republic , by the 1956 Constitution . The award is the top decoration in the country , given to a person who has accomplished duty beyond what is assigned to him/her . The person has to show eminence and be outstanding in providing excellent service in a significant field of activity . It means that he/she has to prove that he/she has achieved distinction . The award may be awarded posthumously and may also be awarded to an individual more than once , though it has not been awarded twice since 1999 . Nishan-i-Imtiaz , is an honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces and civilians who have outstanding contributions that prompted world recognition of Pakistan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz', 'summary': "The Hilaali Imtiyaaz ( Urdu : ہلالِ امتیاز , pronounced [ hɪ.lɑː.lɪ ɪm.t̪ɪ.jɑːz ] ) , also spelled and transliterated as Hilāli Imtiyāz ( Crescent of Excellence ) , is the second highest civilian award and honour given to both civilians and military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces by the Government of Pakistan . It recognises individuals who have made an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of Pakistan , world peace , cultural or other significant public endeavors . It is a civilian award , and not limited to the citizens of Pakistan . The honour is restricted to individuals who have made outstanding contributions in their fields that led to international recognition to the state . It is awarded in the fields of literature , arts , sports , medicine and science for civilians . It is announced every year on Independence Day ( 14ᵗʰ August ) , and given on Pakistan Day , 23ʳᵈ March , by the President of Pakistan . For officers in the military , it is given for distinguished service , and is also the highest medal awarded to those at the rank of Major General or Lieutenant General ( Army ) , Air Vice-Marshals or Air Marshals ( Air Force ) and Rear-Admiral or Vice-Admiral ( Navy , Coast Guard , and Marines ) . The Parliament 's committee for award and recognition services selects the names of individuals and sends their report to the prime minister ; on his advice , the president announces the awards in a ceremony that is broadcast by PTV . The award is usually given to individuals , not groups , because the purpose of the award is to recognise the recipients ' individual contributions . The award is a disc of golden jasminum between the five points of a pure gold star . The star has additional bright jasminum ; in its centre there is a green emerald with a golden crescent . A special grade of the medal has a larger execution of the same medal design worn as a star on the left of the chest ."}]}, {'value': '29 November 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 November 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 years , 0 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 Baloch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baloch_Regiment', 'summary': "The Baloch Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army . The modern regiment was formed in May 1956 by the merger of 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments with the Baluch Regiment . Since then , further raisings have brought the strength of the Regiment to 57 active battalions . The Baloch Regiment is descended from the infantry of the old British Indian Army and is named after the Pakistani province of Balochistan ( formerly Baluchistan ) . Before 1991 , it was called the Baluch Regiment but the spelling was changed to 'Baloch ' to better reflect the correct pronunciation . The Baloch Regiment is second in seniority after the Punjab Regiment . Its senior-most battalion was raised more than two hundred years ago , in 1798 . The regiment has a distinguished record of military service both before and after the independence of Pakistan . It has won numerous gallantry awards including 6 Victoria Cross , one George Cross , 6 Hilal-i-Jurat with one bar , 68 Sitara-i-Jurat with 4 bars , and 81 Tamgha-i-Jurat . The Regiments long list of battle honours dates from the Battle of Cochin in 1809 to the Battle of Qaisar-i-Hind in 1971 ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharif , Raheel General Raheel Sharif NI ( M ) , HI ( M ) ( born 1956 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raheel_Sharif', 'summary': "Raheel Sharif ( Urdu : راحیل شریف ; born 16 June 1956 ) , NI ( M ) , HI ( M ) , is a retired Pakistan Army four-star general who served as the 9th Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army . He is considered as one of the most popular army generals in the country 's history . After his retirement as Pakistan 's Army Chief , he was appointed as the Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition , a 39-nation alliance of Muslim countries headquartered in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . Under General Raheel Sharif 's command , the Pakistan Army carried out anti-terrorism operations in North Waziristan , namely Operation Zarb-e-Azb which stabilized the North-west of the country . He expanded the role of paramilitaries in Karachi which is widely credited with reducing the level of violence in Pakistan 's commercial capital . The Pakistani military under his command has also supported the democratically elected government on the federal level and the Baloch provincial and local government in ending the Balochistan insurgency by pursuing reconciliation and integration of former militants back into mainstream Pakistani society . General Sharif also developed a new brigade-level military unit to help protect and secure the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor which runs through Balochistan province . General Sharif helped to develop Pakistan 's indigenous defence industry which resulted in the savings of more than $ 1.14 billion of Pakistan 's forex , over a year and half time period . General Sharif achieved his objectives by strengthening the role of the military in affairs directly concerning national security and foreign policy , while leaving the civilian government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in control of social and economic policy . were reconciling Pakistan with America by striking against militant groups near the Afghan border , carrying out Pakistan 's first joint military exercises with Russia , and deepening relations with China . He became the first Pakistani general to retire on time and not seek an extension in over twenty years . General Sharif said that he was ready to serve Pakistan even after his retirement through helping military veterans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nishan-e-Imtiaz', 'summary': 'The Nishaani Imtiyaaz [ note 1 ] ( Urdu : نشان امتیاز , English : Order of Excellence ) is one of the state organized civil decorations of State of Pakistan . It is awarded for achievements towards world recognition for Pakistan or an outstanding service for the country . However , The award is not limited to citizens of Pakistan and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . Nishan , translates as Decoration/Order , is a highly restricted and prestigious award roughly equivalent to Presidential Medal of Freedom ( United States ) and Order of the British Empire ( United Kingdom ) , and is the first category award of Order of Imtiaz . The other three descending categories are Hilal-i-Imtiaz , Sitara-i-Imtiaz and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz . Usually , it is regarded as the highest award one can achieve in Pakistan since the higher award Nishan-e-Pakistan is awarded only to foreign Heads of States . The Award was established in March 19 , 1957 , following the proclamation of State of Pakistan as a Parliamentary republic , by the 1956 Constitution . The award is the top decoration in the country , given to a person who has accomplished duty beyond what is assigned to him/her . The person has to show eminence and be outstanding in providing excellent service in a significant field of activity . It means that he/she has to prove that he/she has achieved distinction . The award may be awarded posthumously and may also be awarded to an individual more than once , though it has not been awarded twice since 1999 . Nishan-i-Imtiaz , is an honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces and civilians who have outstanding contributions that prompted world recognition of Pakistan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz', 'summary': "The Hilaali Imtiyaaz ( Urdu : ہلالِ امتیاز , pronounced [ hɪ.lɑː.lɪ ɪm.t̪ɪ.jɑːz ] ) , also spelled and transliterated as Hilāli Imtiyāz ( Crescent of Excellence ) , is the second highest civilian award and honour given to both civilians and military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces by the Government of Pakistan . It recognises individuals who have made an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of Pakistan , world peace , cultural or other significant public endeavors . It is a civilian award , and not limited to the citizens of Pakistan . The honour is restricted to individuals who have made outstanding contributions in their fields that led to international recognition to the state . It is awarded in the fields of literature , arts , sports , medicine and science for civilians . It is announced every year on Independence Day ( 14ᵗʰ August ) , and given on Pakistan Day , 23ʳᵈ March , by the President of Pakistan . For officers in the military , it is given for distinguished service , and is also the highest medal awarded to those at the rank of Major General or Lieutenant General ( Army ) , Air Vice-Marshals or Air Marshals ( Air Force ) and Rear-Admiral or Vice-Admiral ( Navy , Coast Guard , and Marines ) . The Parliament 's committee for award and recognition services selects the names of individuals and sends their report to the prime minister ; on his advice , the president announces the awards in a ceremony that is broadcast by PTV . The award is usually given to individuals , not groups , because the purpose of the award is to recognise the recipients ' individual contributions . The award is a disc of golden jasminum between the five points of a pure gold star . The star has additional bright jasminum ; in its centre there is a green emerald with a golden crescent . A special grade of the medal has a larger execution of the same medal design worn as a star on the left of the chest ."}]}, {'value': '29 November 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 November 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 years , 0 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 FF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frontier_Force_Regiment', 'summary': 'The Frontier Force Regiment is one of six infantry regiments of the Pakistan Army . They are popularly known as the Piffers ( a reference to the former PIF ( Punjab Irregular Force ) or as the FF ( i.e . frontier force ) . The regiment takes its name from the historic North-West Frontier ( present day Pakhtunkhwa ) . Most ancestor units of the regiment are Punjabi or Pathan infantry regiments . However the oldest ancestor unit is the Scinde Camel Corps raised in 1843 . Another ancestor unit is the infantry component of the celebrated Corps of Guides of the British Indian Army ( which was partially a cavalry unit ) . Despite being a Pakistani regiment , the Frontier Force Regiment is also the successor to several Sikh regiments because Sikh units were used on the North-West Frontier during the British Raj . At present , the regiment consists of 67 battalions and has its regimental depot at Abbottabad in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa . For that reason Abbottabad is also known as the Home of Piffers . Currently the regiment includes both mechanised and motorised infantry battalions . There are also some armoured and artillery battalions which were raised from the strength of the Frontier Force or one of its predecessor regiments .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bajwa , Qamar General Qamar Javed Bajwa NI ( M ) , HI ( M ) ( born 1960 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qamar_Javed_Bajwa', 'summary': "General Qamar Javed Bajwa ( born 11 November 1960 ) , NI ( M ) , HI ( M ) , is a Pakistani general who is the 10th and current Chief of Army Staff ( COAS ; the army head ) of the Pakistan Army since 29 November 2016 . In 2018 , he was ranked as the 68th most influential person in the world by Forbes magazine . Born in Karachi , General Bajwa was educated at the Sir Syed College and Gordon College in Rawalpindi before joining the Pakistan Military Academy in 1978 . General Bajwa was commissioned in 1980 in the 16th Battalion of the Baloch Regiment . Prior to his appointment as the Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army , he served at the General Headquarters as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation from 22 September 2015 to 29 November 2016 and as field commander of the X Corps from 14 August 2013 to 22 September 2015 which is responsible for the area along the Line of Control at Kashmir . In addition , he served as a Brigadier in the UN mission in Congo and as a brigade commander in 2007 . General Bajwa was awarded with the position as Chief of Army Staff ( COAS ) till November 2019 . The tenure was further extended for 6 months by Supreme Court of Pakistan . . On 7th January 2020 , Pakistan 's National Assembly Of Pakistan passed bills to extend General Bajwa 's tenure upto three years till 29 November 2022 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nishan-e-Imtiaz', 'summary': 'The Nishaani Imtiyaaz [ note 1 ] ( Urdu : نشان امتیاز , English : Order of Excellence ) is one of the state organized civil decorations of State of Pakistan . It is awarded for achievements towards world recognition for Pakistan or an outstanding service for the country . However , The award is not limited to citizens of Pakistan and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . Nishan , translates as Decoration/Order , is a highly restricted and prestigious award roughly equivalent to Presidential Medal of Freedom ( United States ) and Order of the British Empire ( United Kingdom ) , and is the first category award of Order of Imtiaz . The other three descending categories are Hilal-i-Imtiaz , Sitara-i-Imtiaz and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz . Usually , it is regarded as the highest award one can achieve in Pakistan since the higher award Nishan-e-Pakistan is awarded only to foreign Heads of States . The Award was established in March 19 , 1957 , following the proclamation of State of Pakistan as a Parliamentary republic , by the 1956 Constitution . The award is the top decoration in the country , given to a person who has accomplished duty beyond what is assigned to him/her . The person has to show eminence and be outstanding in providing excellent service in a significant field of activity . It means that he/she has to prove that he/she has achieved distinction . The award may be awarded posthumously and may also be awarded to an individual more than once , though it has not been awarded twice since 1999 . Nishan-i-Imtiaz , is an honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces and civilians who have outstanding contributions that prompted world recognition of Pakistan .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz', 'summary': "The Hilaali Imtiyaaz ( Urdu : ہلالِ امتیاز , pronounced [ hɪ.lɑː.lɪ ɪm.t̪ɪ.jɑːz ] ) , also spelled and transliterated as Hilāli Imtiyāz ( Crescent of Excellence ) , is the second highest civilian award and honour given to both civilians and military officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces by the Government of Pakistan . It recognises individuals who have made an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of Pakistan , world peace , cultural or other significant public endeavors . It is a civilian award , and not limited to the citizens of Pakistan . The honour is restricted to individuals who have made outstanding contributions in their fields that led to international recognition to the state . It is awarded in the fields of literature , arts , sports , medicine and science for civilians . It is announced every year on Independence Day ( 14ᵗʰ August ) , and given on Pakistan Day , 23ʳᵈ March , by the President of Pakistan . For officers in the military , it is given for distinguished service , and is also the highest medal awarded to those at the rank of Major General or Lieutenant General ( Army ) , Air Vice-Marshals or Air Marshals ( Air Force ) and Rear-Admiral or Vice-Admiral ( Navy , Coast Guard , and Marines ) . The Parliament 's committee for award and recognition services selects the names of individuals and sends their report to the prime minister ; on his advice , the president announces the awards in a ceremony that is broadcast by PTV . The award is usually given to individuals , not groups , because the purpose of the award is to recognise the recipients ' individual contributions . The award is a disc of golden jasminum between the five points of a pure gold star . The star has additional bright jasminum ; in its centre there is a green emerald with a golden crescent . A special grade of the medal has a larger execution of the same medal design worn as a star on the left of the chest ."}]}, {'value': '29 November 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incumbent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 years , 70 days', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 Baloch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baloch_Regiment', 'summary': "The Baloch Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army . The modern regiment was formed in May 1956 by the merger of 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments with the Baluch Regiment . Since then , further raisings have brought the strength of the Regiment to 57 active battalions . The Baloch Regiment is descended from the infantry of the old British Indian Army and is named after the Pakistani province of Balochistan ( formerly Baluchistan ) . Before 1991 , it was called the Baluch Regiment but the spelling was changed to 'Baloch ' to better reflect the correct pronunciation . The Baloch Regiment is second in seniority after the Punjab Regiment . Its senior-most battalion was raised more than two hundred years ago , in 1798 . The regiment has a distinguished record of military service both before and after the independence of Pakistan . It has won numerous gallantry awards including 6 Victoria Cross , one George Cross , 6 Hilal-i-Jurat with one bar , 68 Sitara-i-Jurat with 4 bars , and 81 Tamgha-i-Jurat . The Regiments long list of battle honours dates from the Battle of Cochin in 1809 to the Battle of Qaisar-i-Hind in 1971 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of Chiefs of Army Staff', 'section_text': 'See also : Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army', 'uid': 'Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)_0', 'intro': 'The Chief of Army Staff (Urdu: سربراہ پاک فوج ) (reporting name: COAS), is a military appointment and statutory office held by a full general of Pakistan Army, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan and final confirmation by the President of Pakistan. The Chief of Army Staff is the senior most appointment in the Pakistani military who is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee in a separate capacity, usually consulting with the Chairman joint chiefs to act as a military adviser to the Prime Minister and its civilian government in the line of defending the land borders of the country. The Chief of Army Staff exercise its responsibility of command and control of the operational, combatant, logistics, and training commands within the army, in contrast to the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army. Due to its stature, the Chief of Army Staff have been instrumental in enforcing martial laws against the civilian government due to the meltdown of a civil-military relations in the past decades. :168\n The appointment, in principle, is constitutionally subjected to be for three years but extension may be granted from the approval and recommendations of the Prime Minister by the President. The Chief of Army Staff is based in the Army GHQ, and the current Chief of Army Staff is General Qamar Javed Bajwa, serving in this capacity since 29 November 2016'} | null | null | The person who was awarded the Crescent of Courage is buried in what cemetery ? | Westridge cemetery |
0a4f29c46882ad77 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(South_Korea)', 'title': 'List of Virtual Console games for Wii (South Korea)', 'header': ['Title', 'Publisher', 'Release Date', 'Language'], 'data': [{'value': 'Donkey Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(video_game)', 'summary': "Donkey Kong [ b ] is an arcade game released by Nintendo in 1981 . An early example of the platform game genre , the gameplay focuses on maneuvering the main character across a series of platforms while dodging and jumping over obstacles . In the game , Mario ( originally named Mr. Video and then Jumpman ) must rescue a damsel in distress named Pauline ( originally named Lady ) , from a giant ape named Donkey Kong . The hero and ape later became two of Nintendo 's most popular and recognizable characters . Donkey Kong is one of the most important games from the golden age of arcade video games as well as one of the most popular and greatest arcade games of all time . The game was the latest in a series of efforts by Nintendo to break into the North American market . Hiroshi Yamauchi , Nintendo 's president at the time , assigned the project to a first-time video game designer named Shigeru Miyamoto . Drawing from a wide range of inspirations , including Popeye , Beauty and the Beast , and King Kong , Miyamoto developed the scenario and designed the game alongside Nintendo 's chief engineer , Gunpei Yokoi . The two men broke new ground by using graphics as a means of characterization , including cutscenes to advance the game 's plot and integrating multiple stages into the gameplay . Although Nintendo 's American staff was initially apprehensive , Donkey Kong succeeded commercially and critically in North America and Japan . Nintendo licensed the game to Coleco , who developed home console versions for numerous platforms . Other companies cloned Nintendo 's hit and avoided royalties altogether ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kekkyoku Nankyoku Daibouken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antarctic_Adventure', 'summary': "Antarctic Adventure ( けっきょく南極大冒険 , Kekkyoku Nankyoku Daibōken , After all , Antarctic Great Adventure ) is a video game developed by Konami in 1983 for the MSX , and later for video game consoles , such as the Family Computer and the ColecoVision . The player takes the role of an Antarctic penguin , racing to disparate research stations owned by different countries in Antarctica ( excluding the USSR ) . The gameplay is similar to Sega 's Turbo , but plays at a much slower pace , and features platform game elements . The penguin , later named Penta , must reach the next station before time runs out while avoiding sea lions and breaks in the ice . Throughout the levels , fish jump out of ice holes and can be caught for bonus points . The game , like many early video games , has no ending - when the player reaches the last station , the game starts from the first level again , but with increased difficulty ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kirby 's Adventure", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kirby's_Adventure", 'summary': "Kirby 's Adventure [ a ] is a 1993 platform game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . It is the second game in the Kirby series after Kirby 's Dream Land ( 1992 ) on the Game Boy and the first to include the copy ability , which allows the main character Kirby to gain new powers by eating certain enemies . The game centers around Kirby traveling across Dream Land to repair the Star Rod after King Dedede breaks it apart and gives the pieces to his minions . Masahiro Sakurai returned as director after serving the same role for Kirby 's Dream Land . He conceived the copy ability to add more challenge and replay value after the last game received criticism for its simplicity . Because the NES hardware had greater graphical power than the Game Boy and programmers were skilled with the now antiquated hardware , HAL Laboratory was able to create impressive visuals . Kirby 's Adventure is the first game to depict Kirby in color . Sakurai had always planned him to be pink , much to the surprise of other staff . Kirby 's Adventure was well received and commended for its tight controls , level variety , and the new copy ability . It was remade in 2002 for the Game Boy Advance with enhanced graphics and multiplayer support , titled Kirby : Nightmare in Dream Land . The original NES version was rereleased later on Nintendo 's Virtual Console digital distribution services , Nintendo Switch Online , and with stereoscopic 3D for the 3D Classics product line for the Nintendo 3DS . In retrospect , journalists have ranked it among the best NES games ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario Bros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros.', 'summary': "Super Mario Bros. [ b ] is a platform game developed and published by Nintendo . The successor to the 1983 arcade game , Mario Bros. , it was released in Japan in 1985 for the Famicom , and in North America and Europe for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) in 1985 and 1987 respectively . Players control Mario , or his brother Luigi in the multiplayer mode , as they travel the Mushroom Kingdom to rescue Princess Toadstool from Bowser . They must traverse side-scrolling stages while avoiding hazards such as enemies and pits with the aid of power-ups such as the Super Mushroom , Fire Flower , and Starman . The game was designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka as a grand culmination of the Famicom team 's three years of game mechanics and programming . The design of the first level , World 1-1 , serves as a tutorial for first-time video gamers on the basic mechanics of platform gameplay . The aggressively size-optimized profile was intended as a farewell to the Famicom 's cartridge medium in favor of the forthcoming Famicom Disk System , whose floppy disks temporarily became the dominant distribution medium for a few years . Super Mario Bros. is frequently cited as one of the greatest video games of all time , with praise on its precise controls . It is one of the bestselling games of all time , with more than 40 million physical copies . It is credited alongside the NES as one of the key factors in reviving the video game industry after the 1983 crash , and helped popularize the side-scrolling platform game genre . Koji Kondo 's soundtrack is one of the earliest and most popular in video games , making music into a centerpiece of game design . The game inspired an expansive franchise including a long-running game series , an animated television series , and a feature film ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Downtown Nekketsu Monogatari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/River_City_Ransom', 'summary': "River City Ransom [ b ] , later released as Street Gangs in the PAL regions , is an open world action role-playing beat 'em up video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System . It was developed by Technōs Japan and originally released in Japan on April 25 , 1989 . It is the third game in Technos ' Kunio-kun series released for the console , preceded by Renegade and Super Dodge Ball . Like its predecessors , River City Ransom underwent great changes in its storyline and graphical presentation during its localization in order to make the game more palatable in the Western market . It was one of the first console games published by North American subsidiary American Technos . Remakes of the game have been released for the Sharp X68000 , PC-Engine Super CD-ROM² , and Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) . The NES version was re-released for the Nintendo Wii Virtual Console in 2007 as well as the Nintendo Wii U Virtual Console in October 2015 . It was also released on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in the PAL Regions in July 25 , 2013 and in North America in November 14 , 2013 . It was released again on the Nintendo Switch Online service on its launch day , September 18 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Windysoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario Bros. 3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._3', 'summary': "Super Mario Bros. 3 [ a ] is a platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . It was released in Japan on October 23 , 1988 , North America on February 12 , 1990 and Europe on August 29 , 1991 . It was developed by Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development , led by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka . Players control plumbers Mario or Luigi , who must save Princess Toadstool and the rulers of seven different kingdoms from the antagonist Bowser . As in previous Mario games , they defeat enemies by stomping them or using items that bestow magical powers ; they also have new abilities , including flight or sliding down slopes . Super Mario Bros. 3 introduces many elements that became Mario series staples , such as Bowser 's children ( the Koopalings ) and a world map to transition between levels . Super Mario Bros. 3 is acclaimed by critics as one of the greatest video games of all time . It is the third-best-selling NES game , with more than 17 million copies sold worldwide . It also inspired a short-lived animated television series called The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 . It was remade for the Super NES as a part of Super Mario All-Stars in 1993 and the Game Boy Advance as Super Mario Advance 4 : Super Mario Bros. 3 in 2003 . The game has been re-released on the Virtual Console . On September 19 , 2018 , it became a free game through the Nintendo Switch Online service with added netplay ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bubble Bobble', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bubble_Bobble', 'summary': "Bubble Bobble [ a ] is a platform game by Taito , first released in arcades in 1986 and later ported to home systems by Toei Company . The game , starring the twin Bubble Dragons Bub and Bob , tasks players with traveling through one hundred stages , blowing and bursting bubbles , jumping on and off blown bubbles to navigate level obstacles , dodging and eliminating enemies , and collecting a variety of items including some that carry power-ups and significant bonuses . For example , the red shoe allows Bub and Bob to move faster , while wrapped candies cause Bub and Bob to blow bubbles faster , and blow bubbles at greater distances . Other items , such as umbrellas , allow to skip numerous levels , moving closer to the final level . The game became popular and led to a long series of sequels and spin-offs . The main goal of the game is to rescue Bub and Bob 's girlfriends from the Cave of Monsters . The game has multiple endings , which depend on the player 's performance and discovery of secrets . The creator of Bubble Bobble , the late Fukio Mitsuji ( MTJ ) , went on to create other games such as Rainbow Islands , Syvalion , and Volfied ."}]}, {'value': 'Taito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taito', 'summary': 'Taito Corporation ( 株式会社タイトー , Kabushiki gaisha Taitō ) is a Japanese company that specializes in video games , toys , arcade cabinets and game centers , based out of Shinjuku , Tokyo . The company was founded by Michael Kogan in 1953 as the Taito Trading Company , importing vodka , vending machines and jukeboxes into Japan . It would begin production of video games in 1973 . In 2005 , Taito was purchased by Square Enix , becoming a wholly owned subsidiary by 2006 . Taito is recognized as an important player in the early days of video games , producing several hit games such as Space Invaders , Bubble Bobble , Arkanoid , and Darius . Alongside Konami , Namco and Sega , it is one of the most prominent video game companies from Japan and the first that exported its games into other countries . Several of its games have since been recognized as important and revolutionary for the industry - Space Invaders in particular was a major contributor to the growth of video games in the mid-1970s , and the aliens featured in the games are seen as iconic emblems within the video game industry . The company maintains a chain of arcade centers , known as Game Taito Stations , across Japan , alongside being a manufacturer of toys , plush dolls and UFO-catcher prizes . It is currently housed in Shinjuku Bunka Quint Building in Yoyogi , Shibuya , the same building as parent company Square Enix .'}]}, {'value': 'June 10 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galaga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galaga', 'summary': "Galaga [ a ] is a 1981 fixed shooter arcade game developed and published by Namco . In North America , it was released by Midway Games . Controlling a starship , the player is tasked with destroying the Galaga forces in each stage while avoiding enemies and projectiles . Some enemies can capture a player 's ship via a tractor beam , which can be rescued to transform the player into a dual fighter with additional firepower . It is the sequel to Galaxian ( 1979 ) , Namco 's first major hit in arcades . Development was led by Shigeru Yokoyama and a small team . Initial planning took about two months to finish . Originally developed for the Namco Galaxian arcade board , it was instead shifted to a new system as suggested by Namco 's Research and Development division . Inspiration for the dual fighter mechanic was taken from a film that Yokoyama had seen prior to development , where a ship was captured using a large circular beam . The project became immensely popular around the company , with Namco 's president Masaya Nakamura even taking interest . Although early location tests proved unsuccessful , Galaga received critical acclaim . It is widely regarded as a classic of the golden age of arcade video games and one of the greatest video games of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandai Namco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'July 15 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._2', 'summary': "Super Mario Bros. 2 [ a ] is a platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System . The game was first released in North America in October 1988 , and in the PAL region the following year . It has been remade or re-released for several video game consoles . The game is the product of a circle of influences following the breakthrough success of Super Mario Bros. ( 1985 ) . The sequel prototype is based on two cooperative players lifting and throwing each other , lifting and stacking objects , and scrolling the screen upward - a design too complex for the Famicom hardware and with dissatisfying gameplay . This ambitious concept was postponed in favor of a quicker upgrade to the original Super Mario Bros. engine , released in Japan as the notoriously challenging Super Mario Bros. 2 . The Mario team resumed development of the prototype for another interim game , Yume Kōjō : Doki Doki Panic ( 1987 ) . Instead of Mario graphics , this advergame was branded with the characters and themes of Fuji Television 's technology expo called Yume Kōjō '87 ( lit . Dream Factory ) . Nintendo of America decided Japan 's Super Mario Bros. 2 had gameplay too frustratingly difficult and too similar to Super Mario Bros. to be worth releasing into the recently crashed American market . Therefore , finally delivering upon the inspiration of the original prototype and creating a second official sequel , Nintendo cosmetically modified Yume Kōjō : Doki Doki Panic to become the international release of Super Mario Bros. 2 ( 1988 ) . :2 A commercial success , the international Super Mario Bros. 2 was re-released in Japan for the Famicom as Super Mario USA ( 1992 ) , as part of the Super Mario All-Stars ( 1993 ) collection for the Super NES ( including the Japanese Super Mario Bros. 2 as The Lost Levels ) , and as Super Mario Advance ( 2001 ) for the Game Boy Advance ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 15 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xevious', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xevious', 'summary': 'Xevious [ a ] is a 1983 vertical-scrolling shooter arcade game developed and published by Namco . In North America , it was published by Atari , Inc . Controlling the Solvalou starship , the player is tasked with wiping out the Xevious forces before they destroy all of mankind . The Solvalou has two weapons at its disposal : an air zapper to destroy flying enemies , and a blaster bomb to destroy ground-stationed enemies . It ran on the Namco Galaga arcade system . The game was designed by Masanobu Endō and a small team . Created to rival the success of Scramble , it was originally themed around the Vietnam War and titled Cheyenne in early versions . Endō wanted the game to have a detailed , integral storyline and a comprehensive world , and to be welcoming for newer players . Several enemies and characters were made to pay homage to other popular science fiction works , including Star Wars , UFO , Alien and Battlestar Galactica . It was originally named Zevious , the X being added to make it sound exotic and mysterious . Xevious was critically acclaimed , being praised for its detailed graphics , addictive nature , challenge and originality . It became an unprecedented success for Namco in Japan , selling as many arcade units as Space Invaders in its first few weeks of release .'}]}, {'value': 'Bandai Namco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'July 29 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoshi_(video_game)', 'summary': "Yoshi , known as Mario & Yoshi in PAL regions , and as Yoshi 's Egg ( ヨッシーのたまご , Yosshī no Tamago ) in Japan , is a puzzle video game developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo . The game was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy consoles . Both versions were first released simultaneously in Japan on December 14 , 1991 , and released in all other regions the following year . In Yoshi , the player is tasked with clearing monsters from the on-screen playing field . The monsters fall in from the top of the screen to build vertical stacks ; the player must prevent a stack from growing too high such that it exits the play field . In order to do so , the player swaps and moves the stacks about such that falling monsters collide with identical monsters stationed atop the stacks , causing them to be removed from play . Yoshi offers both a scoring-focused single-player mode and a competitive two-player mode ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 12 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NES Open Tournament Golf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NES_Open_Tournament_Golf', 'summary': "NES Open Tournament Golf , known in Japan as Mario Open Golf [ a ] , is a 1991 sports game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System . NES Open Tournament Golf is the second Nintendo published golf-based video game released for the NES , the first game being Golf . In addition to the Famicom version of Golf , there were two other Nintendo published golf-based video games released in Japan . These games were released in disk format on the Family Computer Disk System in 1987 . These two games were Family Computer Golf : Japan Course and Family Computer Golf : U.S . Course . Like most Mario games released around the time , the first player played as Mario , and the second player played as Luigi . At certain points during gameplay , the Mario Bros. are offered advice by their caddies , Princess Toadstool ( Peach ) and Princess Daisy . Another non-playable character was Mario 's old nemesis Donkey Kong , who now works as an accountant securing the prize money for Mario and Luigi . NES Open Tournament Golf is often thought to be nearly identical to the Famicom version Mario Open Golf based on the fact that they both feature identical graphics and gameplay . However , there are many differences between the two games . For starters , Mario Open Golf featured five playable courses whereas NES Open Tournament Golf only featured three ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pac-Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-Man', 'summary': "Pac-Man [ a ] is a maze arcade game developed and released by Namco in 1980 . The original Japanese title of Puck Man was changed to Pac-Man for international releases as a preventative measure against defacement of the arcade machines . Outside Japan , the game was published by Midway Games as part of its licensing agreement with Namco America . The player controls Pac-Man , who must eat all the dots inside an enclosed maze while avoiding four colored ghosts . Eating large flashing dots called power pellets causes the ghosts to turn blue , allowing Pac-Man to eat them for bonus points . The development of the game began in early 1979 , directed by Toru Iwatani with a nine-man team . Iwatani wanted to create a game that could appeal to women as well as men , because most video games of the time have themes of war or sports . Although the inspiration for the Pac-Man character was , reportedly , the image of a pizza with a slice removed , Iwatani has said he also rounded out the Japanese symbol kuchi , meaning mouth . The in-game characters were made to be cute and colorful to appeal to younger players . The original Japanese title of Puckman was derived from the titular character 's hockey-puck shape . Pac-Man was a widespread critical and commercial success , and has an enduring commercial and cultural legacy . The game is important and influential , and it is commonly listed as one of the greatest video games of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandai Namco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'August 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Hudson 's Adventure Island", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adventure_Island_(video_game)', 'summary': "Hudson 's Adventure Island [ a ] is a side-scrolling platform game produced by Hudson Soft that was released in Japan for the Famicom and MSX on September 12 , 1986 . Adventure Island was released in North America for the Nintendo Entertainment System in September of 1988 and in the PAL region in 1992 under the title of Adventure Island Classic . Adventure Island is an adaptation of the arcade game Wonder Boy , developed by Escape for Sega . Adventure Island was followed by a series of sequels with no connection to the Wonder Boy series ."}]}, {'value': 'Hudson Soft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hudson_Soft', 'summary': 'Hudson Soft Co. , Ltd ( 株式会社ハドソン , Kabushiki gaisha Hadoson ) was a Japanese video game company that released numerous games for video game consoles , home computers and mobile phones , mainly from the 1980s to the 2000s . It was headquartered in the Midtown Tower in Tokyo Midtown , Akasaka , Minato , Tokyo , Japan , with an additional office in the Hudson Building in Sapporo . Hudson Soft was founded on May 18 , 1973 . Initially , it dealt with personal computer products , but later expanded to the development and publishing of video games , mobile content , video game peripherals and music recording . Primarily a video game publisher , it internally developed many of the video games it released while outsourcing others to external companies . It is known for series such as Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bloody Roar , and Bonk . Hudson also developed video games released by other publishers such as the Mario Party series from Nintendo . Hudson Soft made the TurboGrafx-16 in association with NEC , to compete against Nintendo , Sega , and SNK , while continuing making games on other platforms , as a third-party developer . Hudson Soft ceased to exist as a company on March 1 , 2012 , and merged with Konami Digital Entertainment , which was the surviving entity . Konami owns the assets of Hudson and has since rereleased its video game back catalogue on different occasions .'}]}, {'value': 'September 16 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Urban Champion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Urban_Champion', 'summary': "Urban Champion ( アーバンチャンピオン ) is a 2-player fighting game produced by Nintendo in 1984 . It was inspired by the 1984 Game & Watch title Boxing ( also known as Punch-Out ! ! ) . It is also Nintendo 's first 2D fighting game , eventually followed in 1993 by Joy Mech Fight , released exclusively in Japan for the same platform ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 30 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Downtown Nekketsu Kōshinkyoku : Soreyuke Daiundōkai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kunio-kun', 'summary': "The Kunio-kun ( くにおくん ) series is a video game series started by Technōs Japan . The series is now handled by Arc System Works who purchased all of the intellectual property rights from Technōs ' spiritual successor , Million Corp . The first game in the series is fully titled Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun ( 熱血硬派くにおくん ) , which roughly translates to Hot Blood Tough Guy Kunio , with Nekketsu being the name of Kunio 's high school . The kun suffix after his name is an informal Japanese honorific usually applied to young males . The series originated in the arcades and the Famicom console ; its title and its protagonist , Kunio ( variously renamed Alex and Crash Cooney in the United States ) , were named after Technōs Japan 's former president , Kunio Taki . Along with that , Kunio also later became Technōs Japan 's main mascot , appearing on the company 's logo in several games and television commercials . Although the original game was created by Yoshihisa Kishimoto - who later designed Double Dragon - many of the later games ( particularly those under the Downtown Nekketsu moniker ) were the handiwork of two men : Mitsuhiro Yoshimitsu Yoshida and Hiroyuki Mokeke Sekimoto . A few of the early Kunio games for the NES were localized for the North American market . These include Renegade , River City Ransom , Super Dodge Ball , Crash ' n ' the Boys : Street Challenge and Nintendo World Cup , which were heavily Americanized versions of the Kunio-kun games . Technōs Japan has released over twenty Kunio-kun titles for the Famicom , Game Boy , and Super Famicom in Japan . In addition , licensed ports of the games were made for other platforms such as the PC-Engine ( through Naxat Soft ) , Mega Drive ( through Pal Soft ) and the Sharp X68000 ( through Sharp ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Windysoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 14 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kid Icarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kid_Icarus', 'summary': "Kid Icarus , known in Japan as Light Mythology : Palutena 's Mirror , [ a ] is an action platform video game for the Family Computer Disk System in Japan and the Nintendo Entertainment System in Europe and North America . It was released in Japan in December 1986 , in Europe in February 1987 , and in North America in July 1987 . The plot of Kid Icarus revolves around protagonist Pit 's quest for three sacred treasures , which he must equip to rescue the Greek-inspired fantasy world Angel Land and its ruler , the goddess Palutena . The player controls Pit through platform areas while fighting monsters and collecting items . Their objective is to reach the end of the levels , and to find and defeat boss monsters that guard the three treasures . The game was developed by Nintendo 's Research and Development 1 division , and co-developed with TOSE , who helped with additional programming . It was designed by Toru Osawa and Yoshio Sakamoto , directed by Satoru Okada , and produced by Gunpei Yokoi . Despite its mixed critical reception , Kid Icarus is a cult classic . Reviewers praised the game for its music and its mixture of gameplay elements from different genres , but criticized its graphics and high difficulty level . It was included in several lists of the best games compiled by IGN and Nintendo Power . It was later re-released for the Game Boy Advance in Japan in 2004 . The game was released on the Wii 's Virtual Console in 2007 and the Wii U 's Virtual Console in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 28 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Yoshi 's Cookie", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Yoshi's_Cookie", 'summary': "Yoshi 's Cookie [ a ] is a 1992 tile-matching puzzle video game developed by Tose and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy . The Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was developed and published by Bullet-Proof Software . Yoshi 's Cookie was remade and included in the compilation game Nintendo Puzzle Collection , released in 2003 for the GameCube in Japan . The NES version was re-released for the Wii Virtual Console in 2008 and available until October 18 , 2013 in North America and October 11 , 2013 in Japan and Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 11 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'English', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Bros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Bros.', 'summary': "Mario Bros. [ a ] is a platform game published and developed for arcades by Nintendo in 1983 . It was created by Shigeru Miyamoto . It has been featured as a minigame in all of the Super Mario Advance series and numerous other games . Mario Bros. has been re-released for the Wii 's , Nintendo 3DS 's , and Wii U 's Virtual Console services in Japan , North America , Europe and Australia . It has also been re-released through Nintendo Switch Online . In the game , Mario is portrayed as an Italian-American plumber who , along with his brother Luigi , has to defeat creatures that have been coming from the sewers . The gameplay focuses on Mario and Luigi exterminating the creatures by flipping them on their backs and kicking them away . The original versions of Mario Bros. - the arcade version and the Family Computer/Nintendo Entertainment System ( FC/NES ) version - were received positively by critics ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'December 30 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nekketsu Kōkō Dodgeball Bu : Soccer Hen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_World_Cup', 'summary': 'Nintendo World Cup is a soccer video game for the Family Computer/NES and Game Boy , developed by Technōs Japan and released in 1990 . It is a localization of Nekketsu High School Dodgeball Club : Soccer , [ a ] the fourth Kunio-kun game released for the Family Computer . Ports for the PC Engine and Mega Drive were also released in Japan . A Game Boy version was released in Japan , North America , and Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Windysoft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 28 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Available titles -- Nintendo Entertainment System', 'section_text': 'There were 23 games available .', 'uid': 'List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(South_Korea)_0', 'intro': 'New titles were released on the 2nd and 4th Tuesdays of a four-week month, or 3rd and 5th Tuesdays of a five-week month. If the Tuesday was a public holiday, the update will be on Wednesday instead. The games were announced by Nintendo of Korea one week prior to release. This service stopped getting new games in April 2009. Nintendo discontinued the Wii Shop Channel on January 31, 2019, with the purchase of Wii points for new games having ended on March 26, 2018.'} | null | null | A game by a company that has produced playing cards includes what offspring of the main antagonist ? | Koopalings |
0a4f338590a2a221 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Puerto_Rico_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'List of flag bearers for Puerto Rico at the Olympics', 'header': ['#', 'Event year', 'Season', 'Flag bearer', 'Sport'], 'data': [{'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2020', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2020 Summer Olympics ( Japanese : 2020年夏季オリンピック , Hepburn : Nisen Nijū-nen Kaki Orinpikku ) , officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第三十二回オリンピック競技大会 , Hepburn : Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) and commonly known as Tokyo 2020 ( tōkyō nisen-nijū ) or the Recovery Olympics ( Fukkō Gorin ( Japanese : 復興五輪 ) , in reference to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster recovery ) , is an upcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020 in Tokyo , Japan , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 22 July . Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires , Argentina on 7 September 2013 . This will be the second time that Japan and specifically Tokyo has hosted the Summer Olympic Games , the first being in 1964 , making it the first city in Asia to host the summer Games twice . Overall , these will be the fourth Olympic Games to be held in Japan , which also hosted the Winter Olympics in 1972 ( Sapporo ) and 1998 ( Nagano ) . The 2020 Games will be the second of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the first being the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County , South Korea , and the next being the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing , China . These Games will see the introduction of new and additional competitions at the Summer Olympics , including 3x3 basketball , freestyle BMX and Madison cycling , as well as further mixed events . Under new IOC policies that allow the host organizing committee to add sports to the Olympic programme to augment the permanent core Olympic events , these Games will see karate , sport climbing , surfing and skateboarding make their Olympic debuts , as well as the return of baseball and softball for the first time since 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Korean : 제23회 동계 올림픽 , romanized : Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This was the second time that South Korea had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , but it was only the first Winter Olympics to be held in the country . It was the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , the following two being Tokyo 2020 ( summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( winter ) . It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) , both of these cities in Japan . It was also the first Winter Olympics to be held in mainland Asia . The Games featured 102 events over 15 disciplines , a record number of events for the Winter Games . Four events made their Olympic debut in 2018 : big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing . A total of 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the national debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics , the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended , but selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the special IOC designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) . North Korea agreed to participate in the Games despite tense relations with South Korea ; the two nations paraded together at the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and fielded a unified team ( COR ) in the women 's ice hockey . Norway led the total medal tally with 39 , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Flaherty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Flaherty_(alpine_skier)', 'summary': 'Charles Flaherty ( born December 19 , 2000 ) is an American born alpine skier who competed for Puerto Rico in the 2018 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held from 12 to 24 February at Yongpyong Alpine Centre ( slalom and giant slalom ) at the Alpensia Sports Park in PyeongChang and at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre ( speed events ) in Jeongseon , South Korea . In June 2015 , the International Olympic Committee approved the addition of a mixed team event , bringing the total of medal events in alpine skiing to eleven . It was the last event on the schedule .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2016 Summer Olympics ( Portuguese : Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016 ) , [ a ] officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad ( Portuguese : Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada ) and commonly known as Rio 2016 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August . These were the first Olympic Games ever to be held in South America and the fourth to be held in a developing country , after the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico , the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union , and the 2008 Summer Olympics in China . More than 11,000 athletes from 205 National Olympic Committees took part , including first time entrants Kosovo , South Sudan , and the Refugee Olympic Team . With 306 sets of medals , the games featured 28 Olympic sports , including rugby sevens and golf , which were added to the Olympic program in 2009 . These sporting events took place at 33 venues in the host city and at five separate venues in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Salvador , Brasília , and Manaus . These were the first Summer Olympic Games to take place under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . The host city Rio de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 2 October 2009 . Rio became the first South American city ever to host the Olympic Games . These were the first games to be held in a Portuguese-speaking country , the first summer edition to be held entirely in the host country 's winter season , the first since 1968 to be held in Latin America , and the first since 2000 to be held in the Southern Hemisphere . The United States topped the medal table , winning the most gold and overall medals , 46 and 121 , as well as its 1,000th Summer Olympic gold medal overall . Great Britain finished second and became only the second country in modern Olympic history to increase its tally of medals in the Olympiad immediately after it had been host nation . China finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaime Espinal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaime_Espinal', 'summary': 'Jaime Yusept Espinal Fajardo ( born October 14 , 1984 ) is a Dominican-born Puerto Rican freestyle wrestler . In 2012 he became the first Olympic medalist in wrestling for Puerto Rico by winning a silver medal in the 84 kg division .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Wrestling at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place from 14 to 21 August at the Carioca Arena 2 in Barra da Tijuca . Wrestling had been split into two disciplines , freestyle and Greco-Roman , which were further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only participated in the freestyle events , with 18 gold medals awarded . Wrestling had been contested at every modern Summer Olympic Games , except Paris 1900 . Around 344 wrestlers competed in 18 events at the 2016 Summer Olympics . In September 2013 , a new change to the rules and guidelines of the sport had been instituted and overhauled by the International Olympic Committee and FILA ( now known as the United World Wrestling ) . A single Olympic weight class was removed each from the men 's freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling to add two more weights for the women . Other changes in wrestling at these Games also featured a single-round tournament within a six-minute limit , instead of two-round or tiebreaker ."}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times , having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and in 1948 . Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200-hectare ( 490-acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . The Games received general praise for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Culson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Culson', 'summary': "Javier Culson Pérez ( born July 25 , 1984 ) is a Puerto Rican athlete and Olympiad bronze medalist who specialises in the 400 metre hurdles . After becoming involved with the discipline in his late teen years , he entered the podium in some regional youth events , including the Pan American Junior Athletics Championships . Culson is a two-time silver medallist at the International Association of Athletics Federations 's ( IAAF ) World Championships and an elite contender in the Samsung Diamond League , where he finished second overall in 2011 . He has also garnished medals in events with lower profiles , including the Central American and Caribbean Games and the Ibero-American Championships . He currently holds the record as the world 's fastest man in that category . Culson also competed at the 2012 Olympics in London winning the bronze medal in the 400-metre hurdles race . In the 2016 Olympics in Rio , Culson made it all the way to the finals of the men 's 400m hurdles only to be disqualified by a false start ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The athletics competitions at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held during the last 10 days of the Games , on 3-12 August . Track and field events took place at the Olympic Stadium in east London . The road events , however , started and finished on The Mall in central London . Over 2,000 athletes from 201 nations competed in 47 events in total , with both men and women having a very similar schedule of events . Men competed in 24 events and women in 23 , of which 21 were the same for both . The women 's schedule lacked the 50 km race walk and included 100 m hurdles and heptathlon as opposed to the men 's 110 m hurdles and decathlon . The youngest participant in the athletics competition was Andorran 15-year-old Cristina Llovera while the oldest was 46-year-old Ukrainian Oleksandr Dryhol . South African Oscar Pistorius became the first amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2008 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad ( Chinese : 第二十九届夏季奥林匹克运动会 ; pinyin : Dì Èrshíjiǔ Jiè Xiàjì Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì ) and commonly known as Beijing 2008 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing , China . [ b ] A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) competed in 28 sports and 302 events ( one event more than those scheduled for the 2004 Summer Olympics ) . This was the first time that China had hosted the Summer Olympics , but the third time that the Games had been held in East Asia , following the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics . These were the second summer Olympic Games staged in a Communist country , after the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics and the third in a developing country after the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union and the first overall Olympics to be hosted by a Communist state since the former Yugoslavia hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . Beijing was awarded the 2008 Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001 , having won a majority of votes from members of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after two rounds of voting . The Government of the People 's Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transport systems . A total of 37 venues were used to host the events , including twelve constructed specifically for the 2008 Olympics . The equestrian events were held in Hong Kong , making this the third Olympics for which the events were held under the jurisdiction of two different NOCs . [ c ] The sailing events were contested in Qingdao , while the football events took place across several different cities . The official logo for the 2008 Games , titled Dancing Beijing , featured a stylised calligraphic character jīng ( 京 , means capital ) in reference to the host city . The Beijing Olympics was watched by 3,500,000,000 people worldwide and featured the longest distance for an Olympic Torch relay . The event sets numerous world and Olympics records in the history of sports , and is also the most expensive Summer Olympics of all time and second-most expensive overall , after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McWilliams Arroyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McWilliams_Arroyo', 'summary': 'McWilliams Arroyo Acevedo ( born December 5 , 1985 ) is a Puerto Rican professional boxer who has challenged twice for a world flyweight title , in 2014 and 2016 . As an amateur , Arroyo represented Puerto Rico in numerous international events .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The boxing programme of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China was held at the Workers Indoor Arena . Medals were awarded in eleven events , with each event corresponding to a recognized weight division of male boxers . The 2008 games were the last Olympic boxing competition to exclude women , as the International Olympic Committee approved the introduction of female boxing events for the 2012 London Olympics . Like other Olympic combat sports , two bronze medals are awarded ; in the case of boxing , both losing semi-finalists receive a bronze medal , with no further play-off . As a result , the quarter-final essentially equates to a bronze medal match , a semi-final to a silver medal match , and the final to a gold medal match . 44 medals are therefore available , 22 of which are bronze medals .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2004 Summer Olympics ( Greek : Θερινοί Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες 2004 , Therinoí Olympiakoí Agónes 2004 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad and commonly known as Athens 2004 , was a premier international multi-sport event held in Athens , Greece , from 13 to 29 August 2004 with the motto Welcome Home . The Games saw 10,625 athletes compete , some 600 more than expected , accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries . There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports . Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance . 2004 also marked the return of the Olympic Games to the city where they began . Having previously hosted the Olympics in 1896 , Athens became one of only four cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games on two separate occasions at the time ( together with Paris , London , and Los Angeles ) . A new medal obverse was introduced at these Games , replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games . This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue . The new design features the Panathenaic Stadium . The 2004 Summer Games were hailed as unforgettable , dream games by IOC President Jacques Rogge , and left Athens with a significantly improved infrastructure , including a new airport , ring road , and subway system . There have been arguments ( mostly in popular media ) regarding the cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games and their possible contribution to the 2010-2018 Greek government-debt crisis , however , there is little or no evidence for such a correlation . The 2004 Olympics were generally deemed to be a success , with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlos Arroyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Arroyo', 'summary': '@ 12'}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics was the sixteenth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . It took place at the Helliniko Olympic Indoor Arena , a part of the Hellinikon Olympic Complex , in Athens , for the preliminary rounds , with the later stages being held in the Olympic Indoor Hall at the Athens Olympic Sports Complex .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 , was a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated from 8 to 24 February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States . 2,399 athletes from 78 nations participated in 78 events in fifteen disciplines , held throughout 165 sporting sessions . The 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Paralympic Games were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee ( SLOC ) , the first time in Olympic and Paralympic history that both events were organized by a single committee . Utah became the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games , after Missouri , New York , California , and Georgia . These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . The opening ceremony was held on February 8 , 2002 , and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24 , 2002 . Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen , and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters . Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics , although the two subsequent host cities ' populations were larger . Following a trend , the 2002 Olympic Winter Games were also larger than all prior Winter Games , with 10 more events than the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Norway won the most gold medals while Germany won the most number of medals . The Salt Lake Games faced a bribery scandal and some local opposition during the bid . Nevertheless , from sporting and business standpoints , this was one of the most successful Winter Olympiads in history ; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuel Repollet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Three bobsleigh events were competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics , at Utah Olympic Park . The competition took place between February 16 and February 23 , 2002 . For the first time since 1932 , Olympic bobsleigh added a new event , with the first ever women 's competition , won by Jill Bakken and Vonetta Flowers of the United States . The men 's competitions comprised four heats . Teams raced in the first and third heats in the order of the draw . The second heat was raced in order of ranking after the first heat , and the fourth heat is raced in order of the ranking after the first three heats . Total time for the four heats determined the final rank . The two-woman competition utilized two heats , under the same format ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrique Figueroa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrique_Figueroa', 'summary': 'Enrique Figueroa Suárez [ note 1 ] ( born February 25 , 1964 ) , also known as Quique Figueroa , is a Puerto Rican sailor . Figueroa is the only sailor of Puerto Rico to win four gold medals in the Central American-Caribbean Games . He has also competed at four Olympic Games between 1988 and 2004 . In 1999 , Figueroa and his wife Malatrasi won a gold medal in sailing in the Pan Am Hobie competition celebrated in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . On March 3 , 2003 the Senate of Puerto Rico honored Enrique Figueroa and his wife Carla Malatrasi by recognizing their achievements .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney was held from 17-30 September 2000 at the Olympic Sailing Shore Base in the Sydney Harbour . The quota for sailing at the 2000 Summer Olympics was 400 , of which 124 positions were for men , 92 for women and 184 'open ' to men or women . The Sailing Program of 2000 consisted of a total of eleven sailing classes ( disciplines ) . For each class with the exception of the Soling and the 49er , eleven races were scheduled from 17-30 September 2000 . For the Soling six fleet races were scheduled followed by a series of match races for the top twelve boats of the fleet race result . The 49er had sixteen scheduled fleet races . The sailing was done on six course areas and several types of course configurations . The Sydney 2000 Games featured a name change for the sport , previously known as yachting ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1998 Winter Olympics , officially the XVIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Japanese : 第十八回オリンピック冬季競技大会 , Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Tōkikyōgi Taikai ) , and commonly known as Nagano 1998 , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 7 to 22 February 1998 that were centered in Nagano , Japan . The Games also took place in the nearby mountain communities of Hakuba , Karuizawa , Nozawa Onsen , and Yamanouuchi . The city of Nagano had previously been a candidate to host the 1940 Winter Olympics ( which were later cancelled ) , as well as the 1972 Winter Olympics , but each time Nagano was eliminated at the national level by Sapporo . The games hosted 2,176 athletes from 72 nations competing in 7 sports and 68 events . The number of athletes and participating nations were a record at the time . The Games saw the introduction of women 's ice hockey , curling and snowboarding . National Hockey League players were allowed to participate in the men 's ice hockey for the first time . Five countries , Azerbaijan , Kenya , Macedonia , Uruguay , and Venezuela made their debut at the Winter Olympics . The athlete who won the most medals at these games was the Russian cross-country skier Larisa Lazutina who won five medals , including three gold . The Norwegian cross-country skier Bjørn Dæhlie won four medals , including three gold , which took his total Olympic medal total to 12 , including eight gold , which is a record for Winter Olympics . In ice hockey , professionals from the North American National Hockey League participated for the first time . Despite their participation , the Czech men 's ice hockey team won the gold medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Ferrer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Ferrer_(bobsleigh)', 'summary': 'José Ferrer ( born 28 September 1965 ) is a Puerto Rican bobsledder . He competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics and the 1998 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Bobsleigh at the 1998 Winter Olympics consisted of two events at Spiral . The competition took place between February 16 and February 23 , 1998 .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivelisse Echevarría', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivelisse_Echevarría', 'summary': "Ivelisse Echevarría ( born November 4 , 1956 ) ) was inducted into the International Softball Federation Hall of Fame in 2003 and is one of Puerto Rico 's greatest softball pitcher 's ."}]}, {'value': 'Softball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Softball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Womens Softball made its first appearance as an official medal sport at the 1996 Summer Olympics . The competition was held at historic Golden Park in Columbus , Georgia , United States . Final results for the Softball competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics :'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1994 Winter Olympics ( Norwegian : Olympiske vinterleker 1994 ) , officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 12 to 27 February 1994 in and around Lillehammer , Norway . Lillehammer failed to win the bid for the 1992 event , losing to Albertville . Lillehammer was awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1988 , after beating Anchorage , United States ; Östersund , Sweden ; and Sofia , Bulgaria . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and the Olympic Games overall . The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics , the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games . The Games were the second Winter Olympics hosted in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , and the fourth Olympics in the Nordic countries , after the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . Although many events took place in Lillehammer , skating took place in Hamar , some ice hockey matches were placed in Gjøvik , while Alpine skiing was held in Øyer and Ringebu . Sixty-seven countries and 1,737 athletes participated in six sports and sixty-one events . Fourteen countries made their debut in the Winter Olympics , of which nine were former Soviet republics . The Games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules , reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries . New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials , while speed skating was moved indoors . Nearly two million people spectated the games , which were the first to have the Olympic truce in effect .'}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liston Bochette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liston_Bochette', 'summary': "Dr. Liston ( Lin ) D. Bochette III , born June 16 , 1957 , in Fort Myers , Florida , is an American athlete and artist , and an Olympian for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . Bochette attended the University of Florida on a Track and Field Scholarship offered to him by Olympic Coach Jimmy Carnes and was , later , inducted into the University 's Hall of Fame , as a Distinguished Letterwinner . He has also studied at Florida State University , the University of Puerto Rico , and was accepted at Stanford University . He collected a Bachelor 's degree in Fine Arts from the University of Florida ; a Master 's degree in Humanities from Inter American University ; and a Ph.D. in Education from Pacific Western University . [ citation needed ] Bochette competed internationally in the decathlon for Puerto Rico and won gold at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games . Beginning in the 1980s , he participated , in some capacity , in the Summer and Winter Olympic Games - as an advocate in Puerto Rico ; as an official in 1988 ; and as a bobsleigh athlete for Puerto Rico in 1992 , 1994 , and 1998 . In 2002 , he was elected as Secretary General of the International Olympic Committee 's Athletes ' Commission . In 1992 , he was awarded a Gold Medal for Art at the Cultural Arts Festival , during the Barcelona Olympic Games . [ citation needed ] In addition to the International Olympic Committee Athletes Commission , Dr. Bochette served on other international sports federation bodies , including the United States President 's Panel on Olympic Affairs . [ citation needed ] He is the founding President of the Puerto Rico National Olympians Association , and was elected to consecutive terms as its Secretary General . As the leader of this branch of the World Olympians Association ( WOA ) , he led a highly successful global campaign to unite active and alumni athletes under the Olympic banner . [ citation needed ] Dr. Bochette is an executive officer of the University of Florida Track and Field Alumni Association ( UFTFAA ) , and has also served on academic and civic boards [ citation needed ] as well as on the Board of Directors for the Art of the Olympians Al Oerter Center for Excellence ."}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The bobsleigh competitions of the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics were held at the Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track between 19 and 27 February 1994 .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luis Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Martínez_(judoka)', 'summary': "Luis Felipe Martínez Rosado ( born December 15 , 1965 ) is a retired male judoka from Puerto Rico . Martínez claimed the gold medal in the Men 's Flyweight ( - 56 kg ) division at the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana , Cuba . In the final he defeated USA 's Clifton Sunada . He twice ( 1988 and 1992 ) represented his native country at the Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Judo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The Judo competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics was contested in fourteen weight classes , seven each for men and women . The seven men 's weight classes continued to be those first used in 1980 . This was the first Olympic competition to award medals to women judoka ; women competed in 1988 as a demonstration sport ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , were a winter multi-sport event celebrated from 8 to 23 February 1992 in Albertville , France . They were the last Winter Olympics to be held the same year as the Summer Olympics , and the first where the Winter Paralympics were held at the same site . Albertville was selected as host in 1986 , beating Sofia , Falun , Lillehammer , Cortina d'Ampezzo , Anchorage and Berchtesgaden . The games were the third Winter Olympics held in France , after Chamonix in 1924 and Grenoble in 1968 , and the fifth Olympics overall in the country . Only some of the skating and the opening and closing ceremonies took place in Albertville , while the rest of the events took place in the villages of Courchevel , La Plagne , Les Arcs , Les Menuires , Les Saisies , Méribel , Pralognan-la-Vanoise , Tignes and Val d'Isère . Sixty-four nations with 1,801 athletes participated in the games , including the Unified Team which represented non-Baltic former Soviet republics . Germany participated as a unified team following reunification in 1990 , while five newly independent European countries debuted , as did six warm-weather countries . Short track speed skating , moguls and women 's biathlon made their debut as an Olympic sport . The games were the last Winter Games until 2014 to have demonstration sports , consisting of curling , aerials , ski ballet and speed skiing . It was the last Olympics to have an outdoor speed skating rink . The games were succeeded by the 1992 Winter Paralympics from 25 March to 1 April . Norwegians won every male cross-country skiing race , with Bjørn Dæhlie and Vegard Ulvang both collecting three gold ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jorge Bonnet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jorge_Bonnet', 'summary': 'Jorge L. Bonnet ( born 11 May 1965 ) is a Puerto Rican judoka and bobsledder who competed at five Olympic Games . He competed in judo at the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics , and in bobsleigh at the 1992 , 1994 , and 1998 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Bobsleigh at the 1992 Winter Olympics consisted of two events , at La Plagne . The competition took place between February 15 and February 22 , 1992 .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesús Feliciano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesús_Feliciano', 'summary': 'Jesús Feliciano ( born June 6 , 1979 ) is the Puerto Rican professional baseball former outfielder and current coach . He is the first base coach for the Los Angeles Angels of the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He played in MLB for the New York Mets .'}]}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Baseball at the 1988 Summer Olympics was a demonstration sport for the seventh time . Eight teams competed in Jamsil Baseball Stadium in the baseball tournament . The format used was the same as the tournament of four years earlier . Five teams that had competed in the 1984 tournament returned .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1988 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , was a multi-sport event celebrated in and around Calgary , Alberta , Canada , between February 13 and 28 , 1988 and were the first Winter Olympics to be held over a whole two week period . The host city was selected in 1981 over Falun , Sweden , and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy . Most events took place in Calgary while several skiing events were held in the mountain resorts of Nakiska and Canmore , west of the city . A then-record 57 nations competed and 1,423 athletes participated . As it had in Montreal in 1976 , Canada again failed to win a gold medal in an official medal event as the host nation . Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen and Dutch speed skater Yvonne van Gennip were individual medal leaders with each winning three gold medals . The games are also remembered for the heroic failure of British ski jumper Eddie The Eagle Edwards , and the Winter Olympic début of the Jamaica national bobsled team , both of which would be subjects of major feature films about their participation in the games . The Calgary games were at the time one of the most expensive Olympics ever held , but the organizing committee turned record television and sponsorship revenue into a net surplus that was used to maintain the facilities built for the Olympics and develop the Calgary region into the heart of Canada 's elite winter sports program . The five purpose-built venues continue to be used in their original functions , and have helped the country develop into one of the top nations in Winter Olympic competition ; Canada more than quintupled the five medals it won in Calgary at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Pat Wilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Pat_Wilson', 'summary': 'Mary Pat Wilson ( born 12 September 1963 ) is a Puerto Rican alpine skier . She competed in two events at the 1988 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1988_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Alpine Skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of ten alpine skiing events , held February 15-27 at Nakiska on Mount Allan , a new ski area west of Calgary . These Olympics featured the first change in the alpine skiing program in more than 30 years . The Super-G was added and the combined event returned ; it was last contested at the Winter Olympics in 1948 , prior to the addition of the giant slalom .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Cañales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Cañales', 'summary': "Fernando J. Canales ( born November 2 , 1959 in Guaynabo , Puerto Rico ) is a former freestyle swimmer from Puerto Rico and swimming coach . Up until the Beijing Olympics in 2008 , he was the head assistant coach for men 's swimming & diving at his alma mater , The University of Michigan , and also for the USA National Championship Team , Club Wolverine , home for numerous Olympic champions and medalists . He is a member of the USA Swimming 's International Relations Committee as well as the United States ' technical representative for the Amateur Swimming Union of the Americas ( ASUA/UANA ) . He is an assistant director of development for The University of Michigan Athletic Department . He then was the head coach at Colgate University . In his first season at Colgate , the women 's team took home the 2011 Patriot League Championship , and the men 's team finished the meet in fifth place . In 2016 he coached his home country Puerto Rico at the Olympics in Rio . Currently he is the head coach for Pitchfork Aquatics and Puerto Rico . His father is Francisco Canales Roman , from Toa Baja , Puerto Rico , and his mother is Carmen Alvarez Canales , from Mexico City D.F . Fernando has two brothers ( swimmer Francisco - Harvard '78 and Stanford '82 ; Harry Noel - Michigan '87 ) and one sister ( Sandra Lee - CMU '88 & Grand Valley State '89 ) . He graduated from Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola ( San Juan ) in 1977 and was honored for civic service and athletic achievements with the symbolic key to the City of Guaynabo , Puerto Rico , in 1978 . He graduated in 1982 with a Bachelor of Science in physiology of exercise and a Bachelor of Arts in history and English from the University of Michigan ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics , held at the McDonald 's Olympic Swim Stadium , located on the USC campus . There was a total of 494 participants from 67 countries competing . This was the first Olympic games at which only two swimmers per country , per event , were permitted . Previously , three swimmers were allowed and many countries would sweep the medal stand ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1984 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games ( French : XIVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Serbo-Croatian : XIV . zimske olimpijske igre / XIV Зимске олимпијске игре ; Macedonian : XIV Зимски олимписки игри ; Slovene : XIV olimpijske zimske igre ) , was a winter multi-sport event which took place from 8-19 February 1984 in Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , in what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina . Other candidate cities were Sapporo , Japan ; and Gothenburg , Sweden . It was the first Winter Olympic Games held in a socialist state and in a Slavic language-speaking country . It was also the second Olympics overall , as well as the second consecutive Olympics , to be held in a socialist and in a Slavic language-speaking country after the 1980 Summer Olympics were held in Moscow , Soviet Union . Furthermore , it was the first Olympics held in the Balkans after the first modern Games in Athens . The Sarajevo games have also been the only Olympics so far to be hosted by a Non-Aligned Movement member ."}]}, {'value': 'Winter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Tucker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Tucker_(luger)', 'summary': "George Franklin Tucker ( born December 15 , 1947 in San Juan , Puerto Rico ) is a Puerto Rican physicist and former Olympic luger . He represented Puerto Rico in the luge event at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo , and was the only Puerto Rican representative at the Games . He was also the country 's flagbearer . Tucker was , at the time , a doctoral student at Wesleyan University in the United States . He was later described by Sports Illustrated as overweight but quick-witted and as the press 's favorite loser . He finished last in his event , and reportedly got a lot more press in the States than Paul Hildgartner , the Italian who won the gold medal . He described himself as the luger who dripped blood , and Time reported that he shed alarming amounts of skin bouncing off the wall . Tucker represented Puerto Rico again at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , but was , this time , one of nine Puerto Rican competitors . Tucker competed in the luge with teammate Raul Muniz . This time , he did not finish last . According to Puerto Rican bobsled coach Rich Kolko , Tucker in 1984 set the standard for Caribbean nations competing in Winter sports - such as the Jamaican bobsled team ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_1984_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Luge at the 1984 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track . The competition took place between February 9 and February 12 , 1984 .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1980 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad ( Russian : И́гры XXII Олимпиа́ды , tr . Igry XXII Olimpiady ) , was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow , Soviet Union , in present-day Russia . The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe , and remain the only Summer Olympics held there , as well as the first Olympic Games to be held in a Slavic language-speaking country . They were also the only Olympic Games to be held in a communist country until 2008 in China . These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris , 3rd Baron Killanin . Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games - the smallest number since 1956 . Led by the United States , 66 countries boycotted the games entirely because of the Soviet-Afghan War . Some athletes from some of the boycotting countries ( they are not included in the list of 66 countries that boycotted the games entirely ) participated in the games under the Olympic Flag . The Soviet Union would later boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals , with the USSR and East Germany winning 127 out of 204 available golds .'}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto Mercado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Mercado', 'summary': 'Alberto Mercado Monserrate ( born January 2 , 1961 ) was a Jr. Featherweight boxer who was on the verge of fighting for a world title at least twice in his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Boxing at the 1980 Summer Olympics took place at the Indoor Stadium of the Olympiski Sports Complex in Moscow from 20 July to 2 August . Eleven boxing events ( all men 's individual ) were contested with the participation of 271 fighters from 51 countries ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1976 Summer Olympics , officially called the Games of the XXI Olympiad ( French : Les XXIes olympiques d'été ) , was an international multi-sport event in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , in 1976 , and the first Olympic Games held in Canada . Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games on May 12 , 1970 , at the 69th IOC Session in Amsterdam , over the bids of Moscow and Los Angeles . It was the first and , so far , only Summer Olympic Games to be held in Canada . Calgary and Vancouver later hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1988 and 2010 , respectively . Twenty-nine countries , mostly African , boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) refused to ban New Zealand , after the New Zealand national rugby union team had toured South Africa earlier in 1976 in defiance of the United Nations ' calls for a sporting embargo . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Téofilo Colón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Téofilo_Colón', 'summary': "Téofilo Colón ( 20 September 1914 - 31 January 2004 ) was a Puerto Rican hurdler . He competed in the men 's 110 metres hurdles at the 1952 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Summer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arnaldo Bristol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arnaldo_Bristol', 'summary': 'Arnaldo Bristol Sabater ( born 11 September 1945 ) is a Puerto Rican hurdler . He competed in the 110 metres hurdles at the 1964 , 1968 , 1972 and the 1976 Summer Olympics . He won a bronze medal in the 110 metres hurdles at the 1975 Pan American Games and a silver in the same event at the 1971 Pan American Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich , 38 events in athletics were contested , 24 for men and 14 for women . There were a total number of 1324 participating athletes from 104 countries .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Puerto Rico at theOlympicsIOC codePURNOCPuerto Rico Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.copur.pr ( in Spanish ) Medals Gold 1 Silver 2 Bronze 6 Total 9 Summer appearances1948195219561960196419681972197619801984198819921996200020042008201220162020Winter appearances1984198819921994199820022006–20142018 This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Puerto Rico at the Olympics . [ 1 ] Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games .', 'uid': 'List_of_flag_bearers_for_Puerto_Rico_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of flag bearers who have represented Puerto Rico at the Olympics. Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.'} | null | null | This wrestler carried the flag at the games that were held in a South American city ? | Jaime Espinal |
0a4feb0991c6f49f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history', 'title': 'Minnesota Vikings draft history', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick #', 'Overall', 'Name', 'Position', 'College'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthony Barr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Barr_(American_football)', 'summary': "Anthony Barr ( born March 18 , 1992 ) is an American football outside linebacker for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at UCLA from 2010 to 2013 , where he was a consensus All-American in 2013 . He was drafted by the Vikings in the first round , ninth overall of the 2014 NFL Draft . Barr was an offensive player his first two years at UCLA , playing running back , wide receiver and tight end . He struggled as a running back , and switched to linebacker during his junior year , at which position he was named a first team All-Pac-12 selection and to the CBSSports.com All-America second team . As a senior Barr received the Lott IMPACT Award after leading the team in sacks . In 2014 , Barr 's first season playing professional football in the NFL , he was named NFC Defensive Player of the Week for Week 8 and selected for the Pro Football Focus All-NFC North Team . His rookie season was cut short due to a knee injury . Barr has since made four consecutive Pro Bowl appearances ( 2015-2018 ) . In the spring of 2019 , he signed a five-year extension of his contract with the Vikings ."}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_football', 'summary': "The UCLA Bruins football program represents the University of California , Los Angeles , in college football as members of the Pac-12 Conference at the NCAA Division I FBS level . The Bruins have enjoyed several periods of success in their history , having been ranked in the top ten of the AP Poll at least once in every decade since the poll began in the 1930s . Their first major period of success came in the 1950s , under head coach Henry Russell Sanders . Sanders led the Bruins to the Coaches ' Poll national championship in 1954 , three conference championships , and an overall record of 66-19-1 in nine years . In the 1980s and 1990s , during the tenure of Terry Donahue , the Bruins compiled a 151-74-8 record , including 13 bowl games and an NCAA record eight straight bowl wins . The program has produced 28 first round picks in the NFL Draft , 30 consensus All-Americans , and multiple major award winners , including Heisman winner Gary Beban . The UCLA Bruins ' main rival is the USC Trojans . Chip Kelly became head coach in 2018 . The Bruins were the Pac-12 Conference South Division champions for two years in a row and played Pac-12 Football Championship Games in both 2011 and 2012 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teddy Bridgewater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teddy_Bridgewater', 'summary': 'Theodore Edmond Bridgewater Jr. ( born November 10 , 1992 ) is an American football quarterback for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at the University of Louisville , and was drafted in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings , with whom he made a Pro Bowl appearance .'}]}, {'value': 'Quarterback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_football', 'summary': 'The Louisville Cardinals football team represents the University of Louisville in the sport of American football . The Cardinals compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Crichton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Crichton_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Scott Crichton ( born October 30 , 1991 ) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Oregon State and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the third round , 72nd overall of the 2014 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive end', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Oregon State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers_football', 'summary': "The Oregon State Beavers football team represents Oregon State University in NCAA Division I FBS college football . The team first fielded an organized football team in 1893 and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference 's North Division . Jonathan Smith has been the head coach since November 29 , 2017 . Their home games are played at Reser Stadium in Corvallis , Oregon ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '96', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerick McKinnon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerick_McKinnon', 'summary': 'Jerick Deshun McKinnon ( born May 3 , 1992 ) is an American football running back for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Georgia Southern and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the third round of the 2014 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Running back', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Running_back', 'summary': "A running back ( RB ) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football . The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball , and block . There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play , depending on the offensive formation . A running back may be a halfback ( in certain contexts also referred to as a tailback ) , a wingback or a fullback . A running back will sometimes be called a feature back if he is the team 's starting running back ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia Southern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Southern_Eagles_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Southern Eagles football program represents Georgia Southern University in football as part of the Sun Belt Conference under head coach Chad Lunsford . The Eagles have won six FCS ( I-AA ) national championships and have produced two Walter Payton Award winners . The Eagles first continuously fielded a football team in 1924 ; however , play was suspended for World War II and revived in 1981 . The Eagles competed as an FCS independent from 1984 until 1992 as the Eagles ' main conference at the time , the Trans America Athletic Conference ( now known as the Atlantic Sun Conference ) , did not sponsor football , and as a member of the Southern Conference from 1993 until 2013 , winning 10 SoCon championships . Georgia Southern joined the Sun Belt Conference upon transitioning to the FBS level in 2014 . The Eagles won the Sun Belt Conference championship outright in its first year as an FBS member . Georgia Southern 's main Sun Belt rival is Appalachian State ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '145', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Yankey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Yankey', 'summary': 'David Famiyekyi Yankey ( born January 18 , 1992 ) is an American football offensive guard who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Stanford , where he was a two-time consensus All-American . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the fifth round , 145th overall of the 2014 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football', 'summary': "The Stanford Cardinal football program represents Stanford University in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference 's North Division . Stanford has a highly successful football tradition . The team is currently known as the Cardinal , adopted prior to the 1982 season . Stanford was known as the Indians from 1930 to January 1972 , and the Cardinals from 1972 through 1981 . A student vote in December 1975 to change the nickname to Robber Barons was not approved by administrators . Stanford has fielded football teams every year since 1892 with a few exceptions . Like a number of other teams from the era concerned with violence in the sport , the school dropped football in favor of rugby from 1906 to 1917 . The school also did not field a team in 1918 ( due to World War I ) or in 1943 , 1944 , and 1945 ( due to World War II ) . The school participated in the first-ever Rose Bowl against Michigan in 1902 , in which they were routed 49-0 . Its annual Big Game against California is the oldest and most storied rivalry in the Pac-12 and western United States . The Cardinal also compete for the Legends Trophy against independent rival Notre Dame . The program has an all-time record of 657-467-49 for a winning percentage of .581 and has winning series records against all of its Pac-12 North rivals , except for the Washington Huskies , against whom they are tied 43-43-4 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '182', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antone Exum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antone_Exum', 'summary': 'Antone Chavez Exum Jr. ( born February 27 , 1991 ) is an American football safety who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Virginia Tech , and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2014 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornerback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football', 'summary': "The Virginia Tech Hokies football team represents Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in the sport of American football . The Hokies compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference . They previously competed in the Big East . Their home games are played at Lane Stadium , located in Blacksburg , Virginia with a seating capacity of over 65,000 fans . Lane Stadium was [ when ? ] considered to be one of the loudest stadiums in the country , being voted number one in ESPN 's Top 20 Scariest Places to Play . Also , it was recognized in 2005 by Rivals.com as having the best home-field advantage in the country . It is currently the 31st largest stadium in college football . In 124 seasons , the Hokies have won over 700 games and appeared in 32 bowl games , including the 2000 BCS National Championship game . The Hokies currently rank 23rd among all Division I college football teams for most wins . With 25 consecutive bowl appearances , beginning in 1993 , the Hokies currently have the longest bowl game streak in the country recognized by the NCAA . The program has also claimed ten conference titles ( 2 South Atlantic , 1 Southern , 3 Big East & 4 ACC ) and produced eight All-Americans ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '184', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kendall James', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kendall_James', 'summary': 'Kendall James ( born June 29 , 1991 ) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2014 NFL Draft . He played college football at Maine .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornerback', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears_football', 'summary': "The Maine Black Bears football program is the intercollegiate American football team for the University of Maine located in the U.S. state of Maine . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Colonial Athletic Association . Maine 's first football team was fielded in 1892 . The team plays its home games at the 8,419 seat Alfond Stadium in Orono , Maine ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '220', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shamar Stephen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shamar_Stephen', 'summary': 'Shamar Irvin Stephen ( born February 25 , 1991 ) is an American football defensive tackle for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at Connecticut . He was drafted by the Vikings in the seventh round , 220th overall of the 2014 NFL Draft . He has also played for the Seattle Seahawks .'}]}, {'value': 'Defensive tackle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies_football', 'summary': "The UConn Huskies football team is a college football team that represents the University of Connecticut in the sport of American football . The team competes in NCAA Division I FBS as an Independent . Connecticut first fielded a team in 1896 , and participated in Division I-AA until 1999 . The Huskies began their two-year Division I-A transition period in 2000 , and became a full-fledged Division I-A team in 2002 . From 2000 to 2003 the team played as an independent . The school 's football team then joined the conference of its other sport teams , the Big East ( later named the American Athletic Conference ( the American ) in 2013 ) , taking effect in 2004 , through 2019 . In 2019 , UConn announced that the team would be leaving the American to play as an independent ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '223', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandon Watts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandon_Watts', 'summary': 'Brandon Watts ( born January 21 , 1991 ) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent . He played college football at Georgia Tech . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the seventh round , 223rd overall , of the 2014 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football', 'summary': "The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represents the Georgia Institute of Technology in the sport of American football . The Yellow Jackets team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . Georgia Tech has fielded a football team since 1892 and , as of 2017 , has an all-time record of 735-502-43 ( a .591 winning percentage ) . The Yellow Jackets play in Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field in Atlanta , which has a capacity of 55,000 . One of the most successful college football programs over a long history , the Yellow Jackets have won four national championships across four different decades ( 1917 , 1928 , 1952 , 1990 ) as well as sixteen conference titles . Among the team 's former coaches are John Heisman , for whom the Heisman Trophy is named , and Bobby Dodd , for whom the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award and the school 's stadium are named . Heisman led the team to the most lopsided game in football history , 222-0 , and both Heisman and Dodd led Tech 's football team to national championships . Dodd also led the Jackets on their longest winning streak - 8 straight games - against the University of Georgia in Tech 's most time-endured rivalry , called Clean , Old-Fashioned Hate . For his part , Heisman led Georgia Tech to an undefeated 12-0-1 record in the Georgia Tech-Clemson football rivalry and what made it sting even more was that Heisman had previously coached Clemson . A number of successful collegiate and professional football players have also played for Tech . The program has 48 first-team All-Americans and over 150 alumni who have played in the NFL . Among the most lauded and most notable players the school has produced are Maxie Baughan , Calvin Johnson , Demaryius Thomas , Keith Brooking , Joe Hamilton , Joe Guyon , Pat Swilling and Billy Shaw ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '225', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jabari Price', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jabari_Price', 'summary': 'Jabari Price ( born August 31 , 1992 ) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent . He played college football at North Carolina . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the seventh round , 225th overall of the 2014 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornerback', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football', 'summary': "The North Carolina Tar Heels football team represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the sport of American football . The Tar Heels play in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . North Carolina has played in 34 bowl games in its history and won three Southern Conference championships and five Atlantic Coast Conference titles . Thirty Tar Heel players have been honored as first-team All-Americas on 38 occasions . Carolina had 32 All-Southern Conference selections when it played in that league until 1952 and since joining the ACC in 1953 , has had 174 first-team All-ACC choices . Since joining the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1953 , the team has won five conference championships , with the most recent title coming in 1980 . One very important contribution to the game of football by Carolina is the modern use of the forward pass ; they were the first college team to use the play in 1895 . Bob Quincy notes in his 1973 book They Made the Bell Tower Chime : John Heisman , a noted historian , wrote 30 years later that , indeed , the Tar Heels had given birth to the forward pass against the Bulldogs ( UGA ) . It was conceived to break a scoreless deadlock and give UNC a 6-0 win . The Tar Heels were in a punting situation and a Georgia rush seemed destined to block the ball . The punter , with an impromptu dash to his right , tossed the ball and it was caught by George Stephens , who ran 70 yards for a touchdown . The program has long been overshadowed by the school 's powerhouse men 's basketball team ."}]}], 'section_title': '2014 NFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history_53', 'intro': 'This page is a list of the Minnesota Vikings NFL Draft selections. The first draft the Vikings participated in was the 1961 NFL Draft, in which they made Tommy Mason of Tulane their first ever selection.'} | null | null | What was the football team know as from 1930 to January 1972 where David Yankey went to college ? | the Indians |
0a50d9ad330d1017 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_New_Zealand', 'title': 'List of lakes of New Zealand', 'header': ['Lake', 'Location', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cosseys Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cosseys_Reservoir', 'summary': 'Cosseys Reservoir is a lake in the Auckland Region of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir in Hunua Ranges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunua_Ranges', 'summary': "The Hunua Ranges form a block of hilly country to the southeast of Auckland in New Zealand 's North Island . They cover some 250 square kilometres ( 97 sq mi ) , containing 178 km² of parkland , and rise to 688 metres ( 2255 ft ) at Kohukohunui . Auckland gets much of its water from reservoirs within the Hunua Ranges . The ranges contain many rivers and streams , including the Hunua Falls on the Wairoa River , which is a popular tourist and local spot in the Ranges . The ranges are located approximately 50 kilometres ( 30 mi ) southeast of Auckland , above the western shore of the Firth of Thames . They are sparsely populated , and mostly lie within the boundaries of the Waharau and Hunua Ranges Regional Parks . The settlement of Hunua lies on the foot of the Hunua Ranges . Maori made some use of the ranges and early European visitors found areas of clearing that had been used as gardens . Ngāi Tai are tangata whenua . Some Maori archaeological sites are known . The main part of the ranges was subject to confiscation after the New Zealand Wars . Early European use of the ranges was for timber extraction and for farming but low soil fertility limited success ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Karaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Karaka', 'summary': 'Lake Karaka is a lake in the Northland Region of New Zealand .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'On Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Te_Korowai-o-Te-Tonga_Peninsula', 'summary': "Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula , also known by its former name of the South Kaipara Peninsula , is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand , extending north along the western edge of the Kaipara Harbour for some 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) from near Helensville to the harbour 's mouth . The peninsula was officially renamed in 2013 as part of a Treaty of Waitangi settlement . The name , which is Māori for The cloak of the south , reflects the peninsula 's geographical role in guarding the southern half of the Kaipara Harbour from the Tasman Sea and prevailing westerly winds . The mouth of the Kaipara Harbour separates the peninsula from the larger Pouto Peninsula to the north . The Peninsula is mostly low-lying or gently undulating , rising to only some 191 metres ( 627 ft ) at its highest point . It is bounded in the west by the Tasman Sea , with the long beaches of Te Oneone Rangatira Beach and Muriwai Beach along its Tasman coast . The settlement of Muriwai lies immediately to the south of the peninsula . Inland from the Tasman Sea coast is the long strip of Woodhill Forest , which is bounded in the east by a string of low-lying lakes , of which the largest and northernmost is Lake Rototoa . To the peninsula 's east lie numerous small streams and inlets which feed Kaipara Harbour . The northern tip of the peninsula is dominated by a large area of sand and mud which is an important site for wading birds ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Kawaupaku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Kawaupaku', 'summary': 'Lake Kawaupaku ( sometimes spelled Kawaupaka ) is a small lake near Te Henga ( Bethells Beach ) in the Auckland Region of New Zealand . The lake is on private land , and is one of the few dune lakes in the region to be surrounded by native forest .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Dune lake southeast of Bethells Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dune', 'summary': 'Dunes are large masses of wind-blown sand , and are most common in deserted environments , such as the Sahara , and also near beaches . An area with dunes is called a dune system . In physical geography , a dune is a hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes ( wind ) or the flow of water . Dunes occur in different shapes and sizes , formed by interaction with the flow of air or water . Dunes can be natural , but also man-made ( artificial ) . Most kinds of dunes are longer on the stoss ( upflow ) side , where the sand is pushed up the dune , and have a shorter slip face in the lee side . The valley or trough between dunes is called a slack . An erg or sand sea is a large broad , flat area covered with wind-swept sand and/or dunes with little or no vegetation . Smaller areas are called dune fields . Dunes occur in some deserts , inland and along some coasts . Some coastal areas have one or more sets of dunes running parallel to the shoreline directly inland from the beach . In most cases , the dunes are important in protecting the land against potential ravages by storm waves from the sea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bethells_Beach', 'summary': 'Te Henga ( Bethells Beach ) is a coastal community of the Auckland Region in the north of the North Island , New Zealand . The Māori name for the area Te Henga is in reference to the long foredunes which run along the beach and look like the Henga or Gunwhale of an upturned waka hull . This name originally applied to a wide area of the lower Waitakere River valley , but during the early 1900s the area became popular with visiting European immigrants who began to refer to the area as Bethells Beach after the Bethells Family who live there and still own much of the area . In 1976 the New Zealand Geographic Board officially named the area Te Henga ( Bethells Beach ) . The beach is approximately 37 kilometres west of Auckland City , at the mouth of the Waitakere River where it flows into the Tasman Sea . One of several popular resorts in the area ( others include Muriwai , Piha and Karekare ) , it is rated the 4th most dangerous beach in New Zealand to swim at due to its strong rips and currents . There have been many fatalaties including in 2009 , Rugby League star Sonny Fai who was never located . It experiences a population explosion over summer with thousands of visitors . This has put a lot of pressure on the local infrastructure and environment with an increase in rubbish and parking issues .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Kereta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Kereta', 'summary': 'Lake Kereta lies at the South Head peninsula of the Kaipara Harbour , in the Rodney District , along the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand . The surface area of the lake is about 32 hectares ( 79 acres ) with a maximum depth of 1.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) and water temperature of about 21.1 °C ( 70.0 °F ) . The lake is shallow and less than 250 metres ( 820 ft ) wide , stretching slightly more than one kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) in a north-westerly direction ; there are no streams or rivers flowing into or out of it . It is primarily filled by underground water , and losses are due to evaporation from the surface of the lake .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'On Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Te_Korowai-o-Te-Tonga_Peninsula', 'summary': "Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula , also known by its former name of the South Kaipara Peninsula , is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand , extending north along the western edge of the Kaipara Harbour for some 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) from near Helensville to the harbour 's mouth . The peninsula was officially renamed in 2013 as part of a Treaty of Waitangi settlement . The name , which is Māori for The cloak of the south , reflects the peninsula 's geographical role in guarding the southern half of the Kaipara Harbour from the Tasman Sea and prevailing westerly winds . The mouth of the Kaipara Harbour separates the peninsula from the larger Pouto Peninsula to the north . The Peninsula is mostly low-lying or gently undulating , rising to only some 191 metres ( 627 ft ) at its highest point . It is bounded in the west by the Tasman Sea , with the long beaches of Te Oneone Rangatira Beach and Muriwai Beach along its Tasman coast . The settlement of Muriwai lies immediately to the south of the peninsula . Inland from the Tasman Sea coast is the long strip of Woodhill Forest , which is bounded in the east by a string of low-lying lakes , of which the largest and northernmost is Lake Rototoa . To the peninsula 's east lie numerous small streams and inlets which feed Kaipara Harbour . The northern tip of the peninsula is dominated by a large area of sand and mud which is an important site for wading birds ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Kuwakatai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Kuwakatai', 'summary': 'Lake Kuwakatai is a small dune lake located on the south head of Kaipara Harbour in New Zealand . It is located 0.5 kilometres ( 0.31 mi ) south of the larger Lake Rototoa It has a surface area of 0.36 square kilometres ( 89 acres )'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'On Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Te_Korowai-o-Te-Tonga_Peninsula', 'summary': "Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula , also known by its former name of the South Kaipara Peninsula , is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand , extending north along the western edge of the Kaipara Harbour for some 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) from near Helensville to the harbour 's mouth . The peninsula was officially renamed in 2013 as part of a Treaty of Waitangi settlement . The name , which is Māori for The cloak of the south , reflects the peninsula 's geographical role in guarding the southern half of the Kaipara Harbour from the Tasman Sea and prevailing westerly winds . The mouth of the Kaipara Harbour separates the peninsula from the larger Pouto Peninsula to the north . The Peninsula is mostly low-lying or gently undulating , rising to only some 191 metres ( 627 ft ) at its highest point . It is bounded in the west by the Tasman Sea , with the long beaches of Te Oneone Rangatira Beach and Muriwai Beach along its Tasman coast . The settlement of Muriwai lies immediately to the south of the peninsula . Inland from the Tasman Sea coast is the long strip of Woodhill Forest , which is bounded in the east by a string of low-lying lakes , of which the largest and northernmost is Lake Rototoa . To the peninsula 's east lie numerous small streams and inlets which feed Kaipara Harbour . The northern tip of the peninsula is dominated by a large area of sand and mud which is an important site for wading birds ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Ngakaru', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'On Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Te_Korowai-o-Te-Tonga_Peninsula', 'summary': "Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula , also known by its former name of the South Kaipara Peninsula , is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand , extending north along the western edge of the Kaipara Harbour for some 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) from near Helensville to the harbour 's mouth . The peninsula was officially renamed in 2013 as part of a Treaty of Waitangi settlement . The name , which is Māori for The cloak of the south , reflects the peninsula 's geographical role in guarding the southern half of the Kaipara Harbour from the Tasman Sea and prevailing westerly winds . The mouth of the Kaipara Harbour separates the peninsula from the larger Pouto Peninsula to the north . The Peninsula is mostly low-lying or gently undulating , rising to only some 191 metres ( 627 ft ) at its highest point . It is bounded in the west by the Tasman Sea , with the long beaches of Te Oneone Rangatira Beach and Muriwai Beach along its Tasman coast . The settlement of Muriwai lies immediately to the south of the peninsula . Inland from the Tasman Sea coast is the long strip of Woodhill Forest , which is bounded in the east by a string of low-lying lakes , of which the largest and northernmost is Lake Rototoa . To the peninsula 's east lie numerous small streams and inlets which feed Kaipara Harbour . The northern tip of the peninsula is dominated by a large area of sand and mud which is an important site for wading birds ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Okaihau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'North of Muriwai Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muriwai_Beach', 'summary': "Muriwai , also called Muriwai Beach , is a coastal community on the west coast of the Auckland Region in the North Island of New Zealand . The black-sand surf beach and surrounding area is a popular recreational area for Aucklanders . Gannets nest there in a large colony on the rocks . The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of water 's end for Muriwai ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Paekawau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'North of Muriwai Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muriwai_Beach', 'summary': "Muriwai , also called Muriwai Beach , is a coastal community on the west coast of the Auckland Region in the North Island of New Zealand . The black-sand surf beach and surrounding area is a popular recreational area for Aucklanders . Gannets nest there in a large colony on the rocks . The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of water 's end for Muriwai ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Piripoua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'On Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Te_Korowai-o-Te-Tonga_Peninsula', 'summary': "Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula , also known by its former name of the South Kaipara Peninsula , is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand , extending north along the western edge of the Kaipara Harbour for some 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) from near Helensville to the harbour 's mouth . The peninsula was officially renamed in 2013 as part of a Treaty of Waitangi settlement . The name , which is Māori for The cloak of the south , reflects the peninsula 's geographical role in guarding the southern half of the Kaipara Harbour from the Tasman Sea and prevailing westerly winds . The mouth of the Kaipara Harbour separates the peninsula from the larger Pouto Peninsula to the north . The Peninsula is mostly low-lying or gently undulating , rising to only some 191 metres ( 627 ft ) at its highest point . It is bounded in the west by the Tasman Sea , with the long beaches of Te Oneone Rangatira Beach and Muriwai Beach along its Tasman coast . The settlement of Muriwai lies immediately to the south of the peninsula . Inland from the Tasman Sea coast is the long strip of Woodhill Forest , which is bounded in the east by a string of low-lying lakes , of which the largest and northernmost is Lake Rototoa . To the peninsula 's east lie numerous small streams and inlets which feed Kaipara Harbour . The northern tip of the peninsula is dominated by a large area of sand and mud which is an important site for wading birds ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Pokorua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'On Awhitu Peninsula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awhitu_Peninsula', 'summary': "The Awhitu Peninsula is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand , extending north from the mouth of the Waikato River to the entrance to Manukau Harbour . The Peninsula is bounded in the west by rugged cliffs over the Tasman Sea , but it slopes gently to the west , with low-lying pastoral and swamp land along the edge of the Waiuku River and Manukau Harbour . At the northern tip , the Manukau Heads rises to a 285-metre ( 935 ft ) prominence above the entrance to the similarly-named harbour . The nearby historic Manukau Heads Lighthouse is one of the few in the country open to the public . The peninsula is relatively sparsely populated , despite its proximity to the centre of Auckland city ( which lies 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) to the northeast ) . The largest settlement on or near the peninsula is Waiuku , which lies at the peninsula 's isthmus ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Poutoa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'On Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Te_Korowai-o-Te-Tonga_Peninsula', 'summary': "Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula , also known by its former name of the South Kaipara Peninsula , is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand , extending north along the western edge of the Kaipara Harbour for some 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) from near Helensville to the harbour 's mouth . The peninsula was officially renamed in 2013 as part of a Treaty of Waitangi settlement . The name , which is Māori for The cloak of the south , reflects the peninsula 's geographical role in guarding the southern half of the Kaipara Harbour from the Tasman Sea and prevailing westerly winds . The mouth of the Kaipara Harbour separates the peninsula from the larger Pouto Peninsula to the north . The Peninsula is mostly low-lying or gently undulating , rising to only some 191 metres ( 627 ft ) at its highest point . It is bounded in the west by the Tasman Sea , with the long beaches of Te Oneone Rangatira Beach and Muriwai Beach along its Tasman coast . The settlement of Muriwai lies immediately to the south of the peninsula . Inland from the Tasman Sea coast is the long strip of Woodhill Forest , which is bounded in the east by a string of low-lying lakes , of which the largest and northernmost is Lake Rototoa . To the peninsula 's east lie numerous small streams and inlets which feed Kaipara Harbour . The northern tip of the peninsula is dominated by a large area of sand and mud which is an important site for wading birds ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Pupuke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Pupuke', 'summary': 'Lake Pupuke is a heart-shaped freshwater lake occupying a volcanic crater ( or maar ) between the suburbs of Takapuna and Milford on the North Shore of Auckland , New Zealand . The heart shape is a result of its formation by the linking of two circular craters - a larger one forming most of the lake and a smaller one forming the arm in the northeast . Separated from the sea by less than 200 m at one point , it has a circumference of about 4.5 km and reaches 57 m in depth . It is popular for recreational activities and the lakefront property around it .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Crater lake in Takapuna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake', 'summary': 'A volcanic crater lake is a lake in a crater that was formed from explosive activity or collapse during a volcanic eruption . Lakes in calderas fill large craters formed by the collapse of a volcano during an eruption . Lakes in maars fill medium-sized craters where an eruption deposited debris around a vent . Crater lakes form as the created depression , within the crater rim , is filled by water . The water may come from precipitation , groundwater circulation ( often hydrothermal fluids in the case of volcanic craters ) or melted ice . Its level rises until an equilibrium is reached between the rates of incoming and outgoing water . Sources of water loss singly or together may include evaporation , subsurface seepage , and , in places , surface leakage or overflow when the lake level reaches the lowest point on its rim . At such a saddle location , the upper portion of the lake is contained only by its adjacent natural volcanic dam ; continued leakage through or surface outflow across the dam can erode its included material , thus lowering lake level until a new equilibrium of water flow , erosion , and rock resistance is established . If the volcanic dam portion erodes rapidly or fails catastrophically , the occurrence produces a breakout or outburst flood . With changes in environmental conditions over time , the occurrence of such floods is common to all natural dam types . A well-known crater lake , which bears the same name as the geological feature , is Crater Lake in Oregon . It is located in the caldera of Mount Mazama .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Takapuna', 'summary': 'Takapuna is a central , coastal suburb of North Shore , Auckland , located in the northern North Island of New Zealand , at the beginning of a south-east-facing peninsula forming the northern side of the Waitematā Harbour . While very small in terms of population , it was the seat of the North Shore City Council before amalgamation into Auckland Council in 2010 and contains substantial shopping and entertainment areas , being considered the CBD of the North Shore . The population of the census area of Takapuna Central was 3,144 in the 2013 census , an increase of 330 from 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Rototoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Rototoa', 'summary': "Lake Rototoa is a lake located at the northern end of the south head of the Kaipara Harbour in the Rodney District of Auckland Region , New Zealand . With a surface area of 1.39 km2 and a maximum depth of 26 m , it is the largest and deepest of a series of sand-dune lakes found along the western coastline of the North Island . Previously known as Lake Ototoa , its name was changed in 2013 . Rototoa translates as 'Lake of the Warrior ' , and is part of a line of lakes known as 'the Footsteps of Kawharu ' after the warrior Kawharu who fought with the Ngati Whatua tribe against the resident Waiohua , Ngaririki and Kawerau tribes in the late 17th to early 18th centuries ."}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Dune lake on Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dune', 'summary': 'Dunes are large masses of wind-blown sand , and are most common in deserted environments , such as the Sahara , and also near beaches . An area with dunes is called a dune system . In physical geography , a dune is a hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes ( wind ) or the flow of water . Dunes occur in different shapes and sizes , formed by interaction with the flow of air or water . Dunes can be natural , but also man-made ( artificial ) . Most kinds of dunes are longer on the stoss ( upflow ) side , where the sand is pushed up the dune , and have a shorter slip face in the lee side . The valley or trough between dunes is called a slack . An erg or sand sea is a large broad , flat area covered with wind-swept sand and/or dunes with little or no vegetation . Smaller areas are called dune fields . Dunes occur in some deserts , inland and along some coasts . Some coastal areas have one or more sets of dunes running parallel to the shoreline directly inland from the beach . In most cases , the dunes are important in protecting the land against potential ravages by storm waves from the sea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Te_Korowai-o-Te-Tonga_Peninsula', 'summary': "Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula , also known by its former name of the South Kaipara Peninsula , is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand , extending north along the western edge of the Kaipara Harbour for some 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) from near Helensville to the harbour 's mouth . The peninsula was officially renamed in 2013 as part of a Treaty of Waitangi settlement . The name , which is Māori for The cloak of the south , reflects the peninsula 's geographical role in guarding the southern half of the Kaipara Harbour from the Tasman Sea and prevailing westerly winds . The mouth of the Kaipara Harbour separates the peninsula from the larger Pouto Peninsula to the north . The Peninsula is mostly low-lying or gently undulating , rising to only some 191 metres ( 627 ft ) at its highest point . It is bounded in the west by the Tasman Sea , with the long beaches of Te Oneone Rangatira Beach and Muriwai Beach along its Tasman coast . The settlement of Muriwai lies immediately to the south of the peninsula . Inland from the Tasman Sea coast is the long strip of Woodhill Forest , which is bounded in the east by a string of low-lying lakes , of which the largest and northernmost is Lake Rototoa . To the peninsula 's east lie numerous small streams and inlets which feed Kaipara Harbour . The northern tip of the peninsula is dominated by a large area of sand and mud which is an important site for wading birds ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Waiataru', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Dune lake south of Bethells Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dune', 'summary': 'Dunes are large masses of wind-blown sand , and are most common in deserted environments , such as the Sahara , and also near beaches . An area with dunes is called a dune system . In physical geography , a dune is a hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes ( wind ) or the flow of water . Dunes occur in different shapes and sizes , formed by interaction with the flow of air or water . Dunes can be natural , but also man-made ( artificial ) . Most kinds of dunes are longer on the stoss ( upflow ) side , where the sand is pushed up the dune , and have a shorter slip face in the lee side . The valley or trough between dunes is called a slack . An erg or sand sea is a large broad , flat area covered with wind-swept sand and/or dunes with little or no vegetation . Smaller areas are called dune fields . Dunes occur in some deserts , inland and along some coasts . Some coastal areas have one or more sets of dunes running parallel to the shoreline directly inland from the beach . In most cases , the dunes are important in protecting the land against potential ravages by storm waves from the sea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bethells_Beach', 'summary': 'Te Henga ( Bethells Beach ) is a coastal community of the Auckland Region in the north of the North Island , New Zealand . The Māori name for the area Te Henga is in reference to the long foredunes which run along the beach and look like the Henga or Gunwhale of an upturned waka hull . This name originally applied to a wide area of the lower Waitakere River valley , but during the early 1900s the area became popular with visiting European immigrants who began to refer to the area as Bethells Beach after the Bethells Family who live there and still own much of the area . In 1976 the New Zealand Geographic Board officially named the area Te Henga ( Bethells Beach ) . The beach is approximately 37 kilometres west of Auckland City , at the mouth of the Waitakere River where it flows into the Tasman Sea . One of several popular resorts in the area ( others include Muriwai , Piha and Karekare ) , it is rated the 4th most dangerous beach in New Zealand to swim at due to its strong rips and currents . There have been many fatalaties including in 2009 , Rugby League star Sonny Fai who was never located . It experiences a population explosion over summer with thousands of visitors . This has put a lot of pressure on the local infrastructure and environment with an increase in rubbish and parking issues .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Wainamu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Wainamu', 'summary': 'Te Henga ( Bethells Beach ) is a coastal community of the Auckland Region in the north of the North Island , New Zealand . The Māori name for the area Te Henga is in reference to the long foredunes which run along the beach and look like the Henga or Gunwhale of an upturned waka hull . This name originally applied to a wide area of the lower Waitakere River valley , but during the early 1900s the area became popular with visiting European immigrants who began to refer to the area as Bethells Beach after the Bethells Family who live there and still own much of the area . In 1976 the New Zealand Geographic Board officially named the area Te Henga ( Bethells Beach ) . The beach is approximately 37 kilometres west of Auckland City , at the mouth of the Waitakere River where it flows into the Tasman Sea . One of several popular resorts in the area ( others include Muriwai , Piha and Karekare ) , it is rated the 4th most dangerous beach in New Zealand to swim at due to its strong rips and currents . There have been many fatalaties including in 2009 , Rugby League star Sonny Fai who was never located . It experiences a population explosion over summer with thousands of visitors . This has put a lot of pressure on the local infrastructure and environment with an increase in rubbish and parking issues .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Dune lake east of Bethells Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dune', 'summary': 'Dunes are large masses of wind-blown sand , and are most common in deserted environments , such as the Sahara , and also near beaches . An area with dunes is called a dune system . In physical geography , a dune is a hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes ( wind ) or the flow of water . Dunes occur in different shapes and sizes , formed by interaction with the flow of air or water . Dunes can be natural , but also man-made ( artificial ) . Most kinds of dunes are longer on the stoss ( upflow ) side , where the sand is pushed up the dune , and have a shorter slip face in the lee side . The valley or trough between dunes is called a slack . An erg or sand sea is a large broad , flat area covered with wind-swept sand and/or dunes with little or no vegetation . Smaller areas are called dune fields . Dunes occur in some deserts , inland and along some coasts . Some coastal areas have one or more sets of dunes running parallel to the shoreline directly inland from the beach . In most cases , the dunes are important in protecting the land against potential ravages by storm waves from the sea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bethells_Beach', 'summary': 'Te Henga ( Bethells Beach ) is a coastal community of the Auckland Region in the north of the North Island , New Zealand . The Māori name for the area Te Henga is in reference to the long foredunes which run along the beach and look like the Henga or Gunwhale of an upturned waka hull . This name originally applied to a wide area of the lower Waitakere River valley , but during the early 1900s the area became popular with visiting European immigrants who began to refer to the area as Bethells Beach after the Bethells Family who live there and still own much of the area . In 1976 the New Zealand Geographic Board officially named the area Te Henga ( Bethells Beach ) . The beach is approximately 37 kilometres west of Auckland City , at the mouth of the Waitakere River where it flows into the Tasman Sea . One of several popular resorts in the area ( others include Muriwai , Piha and Karekare ) , it is rated the 4th most dangerous beach in New Zealand to swim at due to its strong rips and currents . There have been many fatalaties including in 2009 , Rugby League star Sonny Fai who was never located . It experiences a population explosion over summer with thousands of visitors . This has put a lot of pressure on the local infrastructure and environment with an increase in rubbish and parking issues .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Whatihua', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Dune lake east of Waiuku on Awhitu Peninsula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dune', 'summary': 'Dunes are large masses of wind-blown sand , and are most common in deserted environments , such as the Sahara , and also near beaches . An area with dunes is called a dune system . In physical geography , a dune is a hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes ( wind ) or the flow of water . Dunes occur in different shapes and sizes , formed by interaction with the flow of air or water . Dunes can be natural , but also man-made ( artificial ) . Most kinds of dunes are longer on the stoss ( upflow ) side , where the sand is pushed up the dune , and have a shorter slip face in the lee side . The valley or trough between dunes is called a slack . An erg or sand sea is a large broad , flat area covered with wind-swept sand and/or dunes with little or no vegetation . Smaller areas are called dune fields . Dunes occur in some deserts , inland and along some coasts . Some coastal areas have one or more sets of dunes running parallel to the shoreline directly inland from the beach . In most cases , the dunes are important in protecting the land against potential ravages by storm waves from the sea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Waiuku', 'summary': 'Waiuku is a country town in the Auckland Region in the North Island of New Zealand . It is located at the southern end of the Waiuku River , which is an estuarial arm of the Manukau Harbour , and lies on the isthmus of the Awhitu Peninsula , which extends to the northeast . It is 40 kilometres southwest of Auckland city centre , and 12 kilometres north of the mouth of the Waikato River . The town serves to support local farming , and is the residence of many employees of New Zealand Steel at Glenbrook , which is four kilometres to the northeast . It was part of the Franklin District prior to it being abolished in 2010 . Most of the town is now within the boundaries of Auckland Council , with the balance in the area of Waikato District Council .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Awhitu_Peninsula', 'summary': "The Awhitu Peninsula is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand , extending north from the mouth of the Waikato River to the entrance to Manukau Harbour . The Peninsula is bounded in the west by rugged cliffs over the Tasman Sea , but it slopes gently to the west , with low-lying pastoral and swamp land along the edge of the Waiuku River and Manukau Harbour . At the northern tip , the Manukau Heads rises to a 285-metre ( 935 ft ) prominence above the entrance to the similarly-named harbour . The nearby historic Manukau Heads Lighthouse is one of the few in the country open to the public . The peninsula is relatively sparsely populated , despite its proximity to the centre of Auckland city ( which lies 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) to the northeast ) . The largest settlement on or near the peninsula is Waiuku , which lies at the peninsula 's isthmus ."}]}, {'value': 'Lower Huia Reservoir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir in southern Waitakere Ranges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waitakere_Ranges', 'summary': 'The Waitakere Ranges are a chain of hills in the Auckland Region , generally running approximately 25 km ( 15.5 mi ) from north to south , 25 km west of central Auckland , New Zealand . The ranges and surrounding areas were traditionally known to local Māori as Te Wao Nui o Tiriwa ( The Great Forest of Tiriwa ) . It is under the jurisdiction of the Auckland Council . From 1 May 2018 the forested areas of the Waitakere Ranges Regional Park were closed , with some exceptions . This is to prevent the spread of , and protect against , kauri dieback disease .'}]}, {'value': 'Lower Nihotupu Reservoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lower_Nihotupu_Reservoir', 'summary': 'The Lower Nihotupu Reservoir ( or Lower Nihotupu Dam ) is one of five reservoirs in the Waitakere Ranges that supply water to Auckland . Built between 1945 and 1948 , the reservoir covers an area of 52.9 hectares and has a capacity of 4.6 million cubic metres . The reservoir is managed by Water Care Services Limited , a council-owned company . The dam is credited as one of the first applied examples of the soil mechanics science in New Zealand , and was soon followed by the creating of engineering geology as a major subject at the School of Engineering , Auckland .'}]}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir in southern Waitakere Ranges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waitakere_Ranges', 'summary': 'The Waitakere Ranges are a chain of hills in the Auckland Region , generally running approximately 25 km ( 15.5 mi ) from north to south , 25 km west of central Auckland , New Zealand . The ranges and surrounding areas were traditionally known to local Māori as Te Wao Nui o Tiriwa ( The Great Forest of Tiriwa ) . It is under the jurisdiction of the Auckland Council . From 1 May 2018 the forested areas of the Waitakere Ranges Regional Park were closed , with some exceptions . This is to prevent the spread of , and protect against , kauri dieback disease .'}]}, {'value': 'Mangatangi Reservoir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'Reservoir in Hunua Ranges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunua_Ranges', 'summary': "The Hunua Ranges form a block of hilly country to the southeast of Auckland in New Zealand 's North Island . They cover some 250 square kilometres ( 97 sq mi ) , containing 178 km² of parkland , and rise to 688 metres ( 2255 ft ) at Kohukohunui . Auckland gets much of its water from reservoirs within the Hunua Ranges . The ranges contain many rivers and streams , including the Hunua Falls on the Wairoa River , which is a popular tourist and local spot in the Ranges . The ranges are located approximately 50 kilometres ( 30 mi ) southeast of Auckland , above the western shore of the Firth of Thames . They are sparsely populated , and mostly lie within the boundaries of the Waharau and Hunua Ranges Regional Parks . The settlement of Hunua lies on the foot of the Hunua Ranges . Maori made some use of the ranges and early European visitors found areas of clearing that had been used as gardens . Ngāi Tai are tangata whenua . Some Maori archaeological sites are known . The main part of the ranges was subject to confiscation after the New Zealand Wars . Early European use of the ranges was for timber extraction and for farming but low soil fertility limited success ."}]}, {'value': 'Pehiakura Lakes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Auckland Region', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Auckland_Region', 'summary': "The Auckland Region ( Māori : Tāmaki Makaurau ) is one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand , named for the city of Auckland , the country 's largest urban area . The region encompasses the Auckland metropolitan area , smaller towns , rural areas , and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf . Containing 33 percent of the nation 's residents , it has by far the largest population and economy of any region of New Zealand , but the second-smallest land area . On 1 November 2010 , the Auckland Region became a unitary authority administered by the Auckland Council , replacing the previous regional council and seven local councils . In the process , an area in its southeastern corner was transferred to the neighbouring Waikato Region ."}]}, {'value': 'On Awhitu Peninsula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awhitu_Peninsula', 'summary': "The Awhitu Peninsula is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand , extending north from the mouth of the Waikato River to the entrance to Manukau Harbour . The Peninsula is bounded in the west by rugged cliffs over the Tasman Sea , but it slopes gently to the west , with low-lying pastoral and swamp land along the edge of the Waiuku River and Manukau Harbour . At the northern tip , the Manukau Heads rises to a 285-metre ( 935 ft ) prominence above the entrance to the similarly-named harbour . The nearby historic Manukau Heads Lighthouse is one of the few in the country open to the public . The peninsula is relatively sparsely populated , despite its proximity to the centre of Auckland city ( which lies 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) to the northeast ) . The largest settlement on or near the peninsula is Waiuku , which lies at the peninsula 's isthmus ."}]}], 'section_title': 'North Island -- Auckland', 'section_text': 'The following lakes are located in the Auckland Region . Many of the lakes in the Auckland Region are man made reservoirs , constructed in the hilly catchment areas of the Waitakere and Hunua ranges in order to provide a water supply for the Auckland urban area .', 'uid': 'List_of_lakes_in_New_Zealand_2', 'intro': "This is a list of lakes in New Zealand. A lake's location is identified by the region and either the territorial authority or national park (N.P.). There are:"} | null | null | What Lake is in the region that covers 250 square kilometres ( 97 sq mi ) ? | Cosseys Reservoir |
0a51c26d768cef4c | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'title': "SEC Men's Basketball Tournament", 'header': ['Venue', 'City', 'State', 'Appearances', 'Last', 'Years'], 'data': [{'value': 'Georgia Dome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Dome', 'summary': 'The Georgia Dome was a domed stadium in the Southeastern United States . Located in Atlanta between downtown to the east and Vine City to the west , it was owned and operated by the State of Georgia as part of the Georgia World Congress Center Authority . Its successor , Mercedes-Benz Stadium , was built adjacent to the south and opened on August 26 , 2017 . The Georgia Dome was demolished on November 20 , 2017 . The Georgia Dome was the home stadium for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Georgia State University Panthers football team . It hosted two Super Bowls ( XXVIII and XXXIV ) , 25 editions of the Peach Bowl ( January 1993 through December 2016 ) and 23 SEC Championship Games ( 1994−2016 ) . In addition , the Georgia Dome also hosted several soccer matches since 2009 with attendances over 50,000 . In its 25 years of operation , the Georgia Dome hosted over 1,400 events attended by over 37 million people . The Georgia Dome was the only stadium in the United States to host the Olympics , Super Bowl and Final Four . At its debut in 1992 , the Georgia Dome was the second-largest covered stadium in the world by capacity , behind the Pontiac Silverdome ; it was also surpassed by AT & T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , and Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995 , 1998-2000 , 2002 , 2004-05 , 2007-08 , 2011 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louisville Gardens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville_Gardens', 'summary': "Louisville Gardens is a multi-purpose , 6,000-seat arena , in Louisville , Kentucky , that opened in 1905 , as the Jefferson County Armory . It celebrated its 100th anniversary as former city mayor Jerry Abramson 's official Family-Friendly New Years Eve celebration location . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Louisville ( US : /ˈluːəvəl/ ( listen ) LOO-ə-vəl , /ˈluːivɪl/ ( listen ) LOO-ee-vil , /ˈlʊvəl/ ( listen ) LUUV-əl , UK : /ˈluːivɪl/ ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 29th most-populous city in the United States . [ d ] It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class , the other being Lexington , the state 's second-largest city . [ e ] Louisville is the historical seat and , since 2003 , the nominal seat of Jefferson County , on the Indiana border . Named after King Louis XVI of France , Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark , making it one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachians . With nearby Falls of the Ohio as the only major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico , the settlement first grew as a portage site . It was the founding city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad , which grew into a 6,000-mile ( 9,700 km ) system across 13 states . Today , the city is known as the home of legendary boxer Muhammad Ali , the Kentucky Derby , Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) , the University of Louisville and its Cardinals , Louisville Slugger baseball bats , and three of Kentucky 's six Fortune 500 companies : Humana , Kindred Healthcare , and Yum ! Brands . Muhammad Ali International Airport , Louisville 's main commercial airport , hosts UPS 's worldwide hub . Since 2003 , Louisville 's borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County , after a city-county merger . The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government , abbreviated to Louisville Metro . Despite the merger and renaming , the term Jefferson County continues to be used in some contexts in reference to Louisville Metro , particularly including the incorporated cities outside the balance which make up Louisville proper ."}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky', 'summary': "Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941-52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridgestone Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgestone_Arena', 'summary': 'Bridgestone Arena ( originally Nashville Arena , and formerly Gaylord Entertainment Center and Sommet Center ) is a multi-purpose venue in downtown Nashville , Tennessee , that was completed in 1996 , and is the home of the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': 'Nashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee . The city is the county seat of Davidson County and is located on the Cumberland River . The city 's population ranks 24th in the U.S. Named for Francis Nash , a general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , the city was founded in 1779 . The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and , in the 19th century , a railroad center . Nashville seceded with Tennessee during the American Civil War ; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to fall to Union troops . After the war , the city reclaimed its position and developed a manufacturing base . Since 1963 , Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government , which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system . The city is governed by a mayor , a vice-mayor , and a 40-member metropolitan council ; 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts , while the other five are elected at-large . Reflecting the city 's position in state government , Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for Middle Tennessee , one of the three divisions . Nashville is a center for the music , healthcare , publishing , private prison , banking , and transportation industries . It is home to numerous colleges and universities , such as Tennessee State University , Vanderbilt University , Belmont University , Fisk University , Trevecca Nazarene University , and Lipscomb University . Entities with headquarters in the city include Asurion , Bridgestone Americas , Captain D 's , CoreCivic , Dollar General , Hospital Corporation of America , LifeWay Christian Resources , Logan 's Roadhouse , and Ryman Hospitality Properties ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015-17 , 2019-21 , 2023-30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legacy Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legacy_Arena', 'summary': 'Legacy Arena ( formerly known as the BJCC Coliseum and the BJCC Arena ) is an arena located at the Birmingham-Jefferson Convention Complex in Birmingham , Alabama . The arena seats 17,654 for sporting events , 19,000 for concerts and 8,000 in a theater setting . When the arena is converted to theater seating , the arena serves under the name Magic City Theatre .'}]}, {'value': 'Birmingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14"}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama', 'summary': "Alabama ( /ˌæləˈbæmə/ ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state . Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . The Greater Birmingham metropolitan area is Alabama 's most populous urban area . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979-81 , 1983 , 1985 , 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alumni Memorial Gym', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alumni_Memorial_Gym_(Knoxville)', 'summary': "The University of Tennessee ( The University of Tennessee , Knoxville ; UT Knoxville ; UTK ; or UT ) is a public research university in Knoxville , Tennessee . Founded in 1794 , two years before Tennessee became the 16th state , it is the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee system , with ten undergraduate colleges and eleven graduate colleges . It hosts almost 28,000 students from all 50 states and more than 100 foreign countries . In its 2020 universities ranking , U.S. News & World Report ranked UT 104th among all national universities and 44th among public institutions of higher learning . Seven of its alumni have been selected as Rhodes Scholars . James M. Buchanan , M.S . '41 , received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Economics . UT 's ties to nearby Oak Ridge National Laboratory , established under UT President Andrew Holt and continued under the UT-Battelle partnership , allow for considerable research opportunities for faculty and students . Also affiliated with the university are the Howard H. Baker Jr. Center for Public Policy , the University of Tennessee Anthropological Research Facility , and the University of Tennessee Arboretum , which occupies 250 acres ( 100 ha ) of nearby Oak Ridge and features hundreds of species of plants indigenous to the region . The university is a direct partner of the University of Tennessee Medical Center , which is one of two Level I trauma centers in East Tennessee . The University of Tennessee is the only university in the nation to have three presidential papers editing projects . The university holds collections of the papers of all three U.S. presidents from Tennessee - Andrew Jackson , James K. Polk , and Andrew Johnson ."}]}, {'value': 'Knoxville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1936-37 , 1939-40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rupp Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rupp_Arena', 'summary': "Rupp Arena at Central Bank Center is an arena located in downtown Lexington , Kentucky , U.S . Since its opening in 1976 , it has been the centerpiece of Central Bank Center ( formerly Lexington Center ) , a convention and shopping facility owned by an arm of the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government , which is located next to the Lexington Hyatt and Hilton hotels . Rupp Arena also serves as home court to the University of Kentucky men 's basketball program , and is named after legendary former Kentucky coach Adolph Rupp with an official capacity of 20,500 . In Rupp Arena , the Kentucky Wildcats men 's basketball team is second in the nation in college basketball home attendance . Rupp Arena also regularly hosts concerts , conventions and shows ."}]}, {'value': 'Lexington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Lexington is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 60th-largest city in the United States . Known as the Horse Capital of the World , it is the heart of the state 's Bluegrass region . Notable locations in the city include the Kentucky Horse Park , The Red Mile and Keeneland race courses , Rupp Arena , Transylvania University , the University of Kentucky , and Bluegrass Community and Technical College . Lexington ranks 10th among US cities in college education rate , with 39.5% of residents having at least a bachelor 's degree . In the 2018 U.S. Census Estimate , the city 's population was 323,780 anchoring a metropolitan area of 516,697 people and a combined statistical area of 760,528 people . By land area , Lexington is the 28th largest city in the United States . The city is consolidated entirely within Fayette County , and vice versa . It has a nonpartisan mayor-council form of government , with 12 council districts and three members elected at large , with the highest vote-getter designated vice mayor ."}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky', 'summary': "Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982 , 1986 , 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta Athletic Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Athletic_Club', 'summary': "Atlanta Athletic Club ( AAC ) , founded in 1898 , is a private athletic club in Johns Creek , Georgia , a suburb 23 miles north of Atlanta . The original home of the club was a 10-story building located on Carnegie Way , and in 1904 a golf course was built on Atlanta 's East Lake property . In 1908 , John Heisman ( the Georgia Tech football coach for whom the Heisman Trophy was named ) was hired as the AAC athletic director . While it was downtown , its team placed third in the 1921 Amateur Athletic Union National Basketball Championship defeating Lowe and Campbell Athletic Goods 36-31 in the third place game . At the time colleges , athletic clubs and factory-sponsored clubs all competed in the same league . In 1967 the AAC sold both properties and moved to a big site in a then-unincorporated area of Fulton County that had a Duluth mailing address and would eventually become Johns Creek in 2006 . The vacated East Lake site became East Lake Golf Club and was refurbished during the 1990s . It is now the home of The Tour Championship , currently the final event of the PGA Tour golf season . AAC hosted the 1950 U.S. Women 's Amateur and 1963 Ryder Cup at East Lake , the 1976 U.S. Open , the 1981 , 2001 , and 2011 PGA Championships on its Highlands Course , and the 1990 U.S. Women 's Open on its Riverside Course . The AAC used both of its current regulation courses to host the 2014 U.S . Amateur , with stroke-play qualifying on the Riverside Course and match play on the Highlands Course . The Riverside course , renovated by Rees Jones in 2002 , was recognized among the top 10 new private courses in 2004 by Golf Digest ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1933-34', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Memorial Gymnasium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memorial_Gymnasium_(Vanderbilt_University)', 'summary': "Memorial Gymnasium is a multi-purpose facility located in Nashville , Tennessee . Usually called Memorial Gym or simply Memorial , the building is located on the western end of the Vanderbilt University campus . It was built in 1952 and currently has a seating capacity of 14,326 . It serves as home court for the school 's men 's and women 's basketball programs ."}]}, {'value': 'Nashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee . The city is the county seat of Davidson County and is located on the Cumberland River . The city 's population ranks 24th in the U.S. Named for Francis Nash , a general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , the city was founded in 1779 . The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and , in the 19th century , a railroad center . Nashville seceded with Tennessee during the American Civil War ; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to fall to Union troops . After the war , the city reclaimed its position and developed a manufacturing base . Since 1963 , Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government , which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system . The city is governed by a mayor , a vice-mayor , and a 40-member metropolitan council ; 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts , while the other five are elected at-large . Reflecting the city 's position in state government , Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for Middle Tennessee , one of the three divisions . Nashville is a center for the music , healthcare , publishing , private prison , banking , and transportation industries . It is home to numerous colleges and universities , such as Tennessee State University , Vanderbilt University , Belmont University , Fisk University , Trevecca Nazarene University , and Lipscomb University . Entities with headquarters in the city include Asurion , Bridgestone Americas , Captain D 's , CoreCivic , Dollar General , Hospital Corporation of America , LifeWay Christian Resources , Logan 's Roadhouse , and Ryman Hospitality Properties ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 , 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mercedes-Benz Superdome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Superdome', 'summary': "The Mercedes-Benz Superdome , often referred to simply as the Superdome , is a domed sports and exhibition stadium located in the Central Business District of New Orleans , Louisiana , United States . It primarily serves as the home venue for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the home stadium for the Sugar Bowl , New Orleans Bowl in college football and the longtime rivalry football game of the SWAC Conferences Southern University and Grambling State University , known as the Bayou Classic ( held yearly , every Thanksgiving Weekend ) . It also houses their schools Battle of the Bands between The Southern University The Human Jukebox and Grambling States Tiger Marching Band . Plans were drawn up in 1967 by the New Orleans modernist architectural firm of Curtis and Davis and the building opened as the Louisiana Superdome in 1975 . Its steel frame covers a 13-acre ( 5.3 ha ) expanse and the 273-foot ( 83 m ) dome is made of a lamellar multi-ringed frame and has a diameter of 680 feet ( 210 m ) , making it the largest fixed domed structure in the world . It is adjacent to the Smoothie King Center . Because of the building 's size and location in one of the major tourist destinations of the United States , the Superdome routinely hosts major sporting events , including the Super Bowl , College Football Championship Game , and the Final Four in college basketball . The stadium was also the long-time home of the Tulane Green Wave football team of Tulane University until 2014 ( when they returned on-campus at Yulman Stadium ) and was the home venue of the New Orleans Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1975 until 1979 . The Superdome gained international attention of a different type in 2005 when it housed thousands of people seeking shelter from Hurricane Katrina . The building suffered extensive damage as a result of the storm , and was closed for many months afterward . It was eventually decided the building would be fully refurbished and reopened in time for the Saints ' 2006 home opener on September 25 . On October 3 , 2011 , it was announced that German automaker Mercedes-Benz purchased naming rights to the stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana', 'summary': "Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996 , 2003 ,', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Pyramid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memphis_Pyramid', 'summary': "The Memphis Pyramid , initially known as the Great American Pyramid , formerly referred to as the Pyramid Arena and locally referred to as The Pyramid , was originally built as a 20,142-seat arena located in downtown Memphis , in the U.S. state of Tennessee , at the banks of the Mississippi River . The facility was built in 1991 and was originally owned and operated jointly by the city of Memphis and Shelby County ; Shelby County sold its share to Memphis in April 2009 . Its structure plays on the city 's namesake in Egypt , known for its ancient pyramids . It is 321 feet ( 98 m ) ( about 32 stories ) tall and has base sides of 591 feet ( 180 m ) ; it is by some measures the tenth-tallest pyramid in the world . The Memphis Pyramid has not been regularly used as a sports or entertainment venue since 2004 . In 2015 , the Pyramid re-opened as a Bass Pro Shops megastore , which includes shopping , a hotel , restaurants , a bowling alley , and an archery range , with an outdoor observation deck adjacent to its apex ."}]}, {'value': 'Memphis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Memphis is a city located along the Mississippi River in southwestern Shelby County , Tennessee , United States . The 2018 city population was 650,618 , making Memphis the largest city on the Mississippi River , the second most populous city in Tennessee , as well as the 26th largest city in the United States . Greater Memphis is the 42nd largest metropolitan area in the United States , with a population of 1,348,260 in 2017 . The city is the anchor of West Tennessee and the greater Mid-South region , which includes portions of neighboring Arkansas and Mississippi . Memphis is the seat of Shelby County , the most populous county in Tennessee . As one of the more historic and culturally significant cities of the southern United States , the city features a wide variety of landscapes and distinct neighborhoods . The first European explorer to visit the area of present-day Memphis was Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto in 1541 with his expedition into the New World . The high Chickasaw Bluffs protecting the location from the waters of the Mississippi would then be contested between the Spanish , French , and the English as Memphis took shape . Modern Memphis was founded in 1819 by three prominent Americans : John Overton , James Winchester , and future president Andrew Jackson . Memphis grew into one of the largest cities of the Antebellum South as a market for agricultural goods , natural resources like lumber , and the American slave trade . After the American Civil War and the end of slavery , the city experienced even faster growth into the 20th century as it became among the largest world markets for cotton and lumber . Home to Tennessee 's largest African-American population , Memphis played a prominent role in the American civil rights movement and was the site of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. 's 1968 assassination ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994 , 1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McCamish Pavilion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McCamish_Pavilion', 'summary': "Hank McCamish Pavilion , nicknamed The Thrillerdome and originally known as Alexander Memorial Coliseum , is an indoor arena located on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta , Georgia . It is the home of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men 's basketball and Yellow Jackets women 's basketball teams . The venue previously hosted the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) from 1968 to 1972 and again from 1997 to 1999 . Tech 's women 's volleyball team occasionally uses the facility as well , primarily for NCAA tournament games and other matches that draw crowds that would overflow the O'Keefe Gymnasium ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amalie Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amalie_Arena', 'summary': "Amalie Arena is an arena in Tampa , Florida that has been used for ice hockey , basketball , arena football games , and concerts . It is home to the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League . The building was originally known as the Ice Palace . In August 2002 , the building 's naming rights were sold to the St. Petersburg Times , which became the Tampa Bay Times in January 2012 ; accordingly , the arena was known as the St. Pete Times Forum from 2002 to 2012 and Tampa Bay Times Forum ( 2012-2014 ) . In September 2014 , the arena was renamed Amalie Arena when the naming rights were transferred to Amalie Oil Company ."}]}, {'value': 'Tampa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa,_Florida', 'summary': "Tampa is a major city in , and the county seat of , Hillsborough County , Florida , United States . It is on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay , near the Gulf of Mexico . Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay Area . With a population of 392,890 in 2018 , Tampa is the third-largest city in Florida , after Miami and Jacksonville . The bay 's port is the largest in the state , near downtown 's Channel District . Bayshore Boulevard runs along the bay , and is east of the historic Hyde Park neighborhood . Today , Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area . For U.S. Census purposes , Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater , Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . The four-county area is composed of roughly 3.1 million residents , making it the second largest metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) in the state , and the fourth largest in the Southeastern United States , behind Washington , D.C. ; Miami ; and Atlanta . The Greater Tampa Bay area , has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas . The city had a population of 335,709 at the 2010 census , and an estimated population of 392,890 in 2018 . As of 2018 , Tampa 's annual growth rate is 1.63% ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009 , 2022', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huey Long Field House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huey_Long_Field_House', 'summary': "Huey P. Long Field House , on the campus of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge , Louisiana , was constructed in 1932 . It was named for notable U.S . Senator and state governor Huey Long . The field house is considered the original student union and included a post office , ballroom , gymnasium and also featured the largest swimming pool in the United States at the time . The field house was home to the LSU Tigers and LSU Lady Tigers swimming and diving teams until the LSU Natatorium was built in 1985 . The former LSU varsity hockey team used the field house as their home venue and the former LSU Tigers boxing team also held matches at the field house in addition to Parker Coliseum . The building is currently the home of LSU 's Department of Kinesiology and School of Social Work ."}]}, {'value': 'Baton Rouge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Baton Rouge ( /ˌbætən ˈruːʒ/ BAT-ən ROOZH ; from French , meaning 'red stick ' ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Louisiana . Located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River , it is the parish seat of East Baton Rouge Parish , the most populous parish in Louisiana . It is the 99th most populous city in the United States , and second-largest city in Louisiana after New Orleans . It is also the 16th most populous state capital . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 2018 estimate , Baton Rouge had a population of 221,599 , down from 229,493 at the 2010 census . Baton Rouge is the center of Greater Baton Rouge , the second-largest metropolitan area in Louisiana , with a population of 834,159 as of 2017 , up from 802,484 in 2010 and 829,719 in 2015 . The city of Baton Rouge is a major industrial , petrochemical , medical , research , motion picture , and growing technology center of the American South . It is the location of Louisiana State University , the LSU System 's flagship university and the largest institution of higher education in the state . It is also the location of Southern University , the flagship institution of the Southern University System , the only historically black college system in the nation . The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the 10th-largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped , and is the farthest upstream Mississippi River port capable of handling Panamax ships . This , as well as its status as a major port city , is largely due to the Huey P. Long - O.K . Allen Bridge , which was intentionally constructed under the governorship of Huey Long at a low height , preventing big tankers from making their way up-river , past Baton Rouge ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana', 'summary': "Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Smoothie King Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Smoothie_King_Center', 'summary': "The Smoothie King Center is a multi-purpose indoor arena in New Orleans , Louisiana . It is located in the city 's Central Business District , adjacent to the Mercedes-Benz Superdome . The arena opened in 1999 as New Orleans Arena and has been home to the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) since 2002 . The New Orleans VooDoo of the Arena Football League played their home games in the arena from 2004 until the team disbanded in 2008 . The VooDoo resumed play at the arena in March 2011 , until after the 2015 AFL season when the franchise folded ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana', 'summary': "Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando_Arena', 'summary': 'Amway Arena ( originally known as Orlando Arena ) was an indoor arena located in Orlando , Florida . It was part of the Orlando Centroplex , a sports and entertainment complex located in Downtown Orlando . The arena was the former home of the Orlando Magic of the NBA and the Orlando Titans of the NLL . It was also the home of the Orlando Solar Bears of the International Hockey League , and the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League . It also hosted many other minor league sports teams , as well as various concerts and other events such as the PlayStation Pro event on the Dew Action Sports Tour and the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus annually . The Amway Arena closed in 2010 and was imploded in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Orlando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pete Maravich Assembly Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pete_Maravich_Assembly_Center', 'summary': "The Pete Maravich Assembly Center is a 13,215-seat multi-purpose arena in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The arena opened in 1972 . It is home to the Louisiana State University Tigers and Lady Tigers basketball teams , the LSU Tigers women 's gymnastics team and the LSU Tigers women 's volleyball team . It was originally known as the LSU Assembly Center , but was renamed in honor of Pete Maravich , a Tiger basketball legend , shortly after his death in 1988 . Louisiana Governor Buddy Roemer signed an act to rename the building in Maravich 's honor ( under Louisiana law , no LSU or state owned building may be named after a living person ) . Maravich never played in the arena as a collegian but played in it as a member of the Atlanta Hawks in a preseason game . But his exploits while at LSU led the University to build a larger home for the basketball team , which languished for decades in the shadow of the school 's football program . The Maravich Center is known to locals as The PMAC or Pete 's Palace , or by its more nationally known nickname , The Deaf Dome , coined by Dick Vitale . The Maravich Center 's neighbor , Tiger Stadium is known as Death Valley . The slightly oval building is located directly to the north of Tiger Stadium , and its bright-white roof can be seen in many telecasts of that stadium . The arena concourse is divided into four quadrants : Pete Maravich Pass , The Walk of Champions , Heroes Hall and Midway of Memories . The quadrants highlight former LSU Tiger athletes , individual and team awards and memorabilia pertaining to the history of LSU basketball , gymnastics and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': 'Baton Rouge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana', 'summary': "Baton Rouge ( /ˌbætən ˈruːʒ/ BAT-ən ROOZH ; from French , meaning 'red stick ' ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Louisiana . Located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River , it is the parish seat of East Baton Rouge Parish , the most populous parish in Louisiana . It is the 99th most populous city in the United States , and second-largest city in Louisiana after New Orleans . It is also the 16th most populous state capital . As of the U.S. Census Bureau 's July 2018 estimate , Baton Rouge had a population of 221,599 , down from 229,493 at the 2010 census . Baton Rouge is the center of Greater Baton Rouge , the second-largest metropolitan area in Louisiana , with a population of 834,159 as of 2017 , up from 802,484 in 2010 and 829,719 in 2015 . The city of Baton Rouge is a major industrial , petrochemical , medical , research , motion picture , and growing technology center of the American South . It is the location of Louisiana State University , the LSU System 's flagship university and the largest institution of higher education in the state . It is also the location of Southern University , the flagship institution of the Southern University System , the only historically black college system in the nation . The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the 10th-largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped , and is the farthest upstream Mississippi River port capable of handling Panamax ships . This , as well as its status as a major port city , is largely due to the Huey P. Long - O.K . Allen Bridge , which was intentionally constructed under the governorship of Huey Long at a low height , preventing big tankers from making their way up-river , past Baton Rouge ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana', 'summary': "Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thompson-Boling Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thompson–Boling_Arena', 'summary': 'Thompson-Boling Arena is a multi-purpose arena on the campus of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville , Tennessee . The arena opened in 1987 . It is home to the Tennessee Volunteers ( men ) and Lady Vols ( women ) basketball teams . Since 2008 , it has been home to the Lady Vols volleyball team . It is named after B. Ray Thompson and former university president Dr. Edward J. Boling . The basketball court is named The Summitt after the late Lady Vols basketball coach Pat Summitt . It replaced the Stokely Athletic Center . The mammoth octagonal building lies just northwest of the Tennessee River , and just southwest of Neyland Stadium . As an echo of its neighbor and a tribute to the brick-and-mortar pattern atop Ayres Hall , the baselines of the court are painted in the familiar orange-and-white checkerboard pattern .'}]}, {'value': 'Knoxville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Knoxville is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee , and the county seat of Knox County . As of the 2010 census , the city has a population of 178,874 , and is Tennessee 's third largest city after Nashville and Memphis . Knoxville is the principal city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was 868,546 in 2015 . First settled in 1786 , Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee . The city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century . The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom . During the Civil War , the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue , and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies . Following the war , Knoxville grew rapidly as a major wholesaling and manufacturing center . The city 's economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed , the downtown area declined and city leaders became entrenched in highly partisan political fights . Hosting the 1982 World 's Fair helped reinvigorate the city , and revitalization initiatives by city leaders and private developers have had major successes in spurring growth in the city , especially the downtown area . Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee , whose sports teams , the Tennessee Volunteers , are popular in the surrounding area . Knoxville is also home to the headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority , the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for East Tennessee , and the corporate headquarters of several national and regional companies ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enterprise Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enterprise_Center', 'summary': "Enterprise Center is an 18,096-seat arena located in downtown St. Louis , Missouri , United States . Its primary tenant is the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League , but it is also used for other functions , such as NCAA basketball , NCAA hockey , concerts , professional wrestling and more . In a typical year , the facility hosts about 175 events . Industry trade publication Pollstar has previously ranked Enterprise Center among the top ten arenas worldwide in tickets sold to non-team events , but the facility has since fallen into the upper sixties , as of 2017 . The arena opened in 1994 and was known as Kiel Center until 2000 , Savvis Center from 2000 to 2006 , and Scottrade Center from 2006 to 2018 . On May 21 , 2018 , the St. Louis Blues and representatives of Enterprise Holdings , based in St. Louis , announced that the naming rights had been acquired by Enterprise and that the facility 's name would change to Enterprise Center , effective July 1 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'History -- Venues', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "SEC_Men's_Basketball_Tournament_2", 'intro': "The SEC Men's Basketball Tournament is the conference tournament in basketball for the Southeastern Conference (SEC). It is a single-elimination tournament that involves all league schools (currently 14). Its seeding is based on regular season records. The winner receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA men's basketball tournament, however the official conference championship is awarded to the team or teams with the best regular season record."} | null | null | What is the venue whose state is known as the Bluegrass State ? | Rupp Arena |
0a52fa1c650c6c3d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(North_America)', 'title': 'List of Virtual Console games for Wii (North America)', 'header': ['Title', 'Developer ( s )', 'Publisher ( s )', 'Release Date', 'ESRB'], 'data': [{'value': 'Art of Fighting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_of_Fighting', 'summary': 'Art of Fighting ( Japanese : 龍虎の拳 , Hepburn : Ryūko no Ken , lit . Fist of Dragon and Tiger ) is a fighting video game trilogy that were released for the Neo Geo platform in the early 1990s . It was the second fighting game franchise created by SNK , following the Fatal Fury series and is set in the same fictional universe as a prequel to the Fatal Fury series . The original Art of Fighting was released in 1992 , followed by two sequels : Art of Fighting 2 ( 龍虎の拳2 , Ryūko no Ken 2 ) in 1994 and Art of Fighting 3 : The Path of the Warrior ( ART OF FIGHTING 龍虎の拳 外伝 , Art of Fighting : Ryūko no Ken Gaiden ) in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'October 8 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fatal Fury : King of Fighters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatal_Fury:_King_of_Fighters', 'summary': "Fatal Fury : King of Fighters [ a ] is a 1991 head-to-head fighting game released by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home platforms . Fatal Fury was SNK 's first fighting game for the Neo Geo system and served as the inaugural game in their Fatal Fury series , as well as the first game to depict the fictional King of Fighters tournament ( which became the basis for the later The King of Fighters games ) . Many of SNK 's mainstay characters , including the Bogard brothers Terry and Andy , friend Joe Higashi , and their nemesis Geese Howard , made their debut in this game ."}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'October 8 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heroes_(video_game)', 'summary': "World Heroes [ b ] is a 1992 fighting arcade game developed and published by Alpha Denshi ( later known as ADK ) with the assistance of SNK . It was originally released for the Neo Geo MVS arcade cabinet on July 28 , 1992 . It is ADK 's first game in the fighting game genre , as well as their earliest attempt in the fighting game trend of the '90s that was popularized by Capcom 's 1991 arcade-hit Street Fighter II . It was even the last game with the Alpha logo labeled within the game before the developer became ADK ; however , the Alpha logo was last used on one of the arcade flyers of its sequel . Due to its success in the market , World Heroes was followed by a sequel released less than a year later titled World Heroes 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Denshi , SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ADK_(company)', 'summary': 'ADK Corporation ( Japanese : 株式会社エーディーケイ , Hepburn : Kabushiki Kaisha ADK ) , formerly known as Alpha Denshi Corporation ( アルファ電子株式会社 ) , was a Japanese video game developer founded in 1980 . ADK began as a developer of arcade games and is best known for their library of SNK Neo Geo titles , including for its home consoles , produced in partnership with SNK . Most notable among these are their fighting games and in particular , the World Heroes series . The company closed with properties sold to SNK Playmore in 2003 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'October 8 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magician Lord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magician_Lord', 'summary': 'Magician Lord [ a ] is a side-scrolling action-platform arcade video game developed by Alpha Denshi and originally published by SNK on April 26 , 1990 . It was one of the launch titles for both the Neo Geo MVS ( arcade ) and Neo Geo AES ( home ) platforms , in addition of also being one of the pack-in games for the AES . When the evil sorcerer Gal Agiese breaks free from his imprisonment and steals the magic tomes that were used against him centuries ago , the magician Elta embarks on a journey to recover the stolen magic tomes from the hands of Gal and his followers before the god of destruction , Az Atorse , is revived and destroys both the land of Cadacis and the world . Though it was initially launched for the Neo Geo MVS , Magician Lord was later released for both Neo Geo AES and Neo Geo CD in 1991 and 1994 respectively , and has since been re-released on compilations and through download services for various consoles , among other ways to play it . Upon its original release , Magician Lord received praise for its colorful and detailed graphics , sound department , gameplay and for being a showcase of the capabilities of the Neo Geo , though critics felt divided in regards to the difficulty and was considered a financial flop in arcades , despite the positive reception it garnered . Retrospective reviews for the title have been mixed in recent years , with reviewers praising the graphics and sound but criticizing its challenging difficulty . A sequel was in development but was never released .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Denshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ADK_(company)', 'summary': 'ADK Corporation ( Japanese : 株式会社エーディーケイ , Hepburn : Kabushiki Kaisha ADK ) , formerly known as Alpha Denshi Corporation ( アルファ電子株式会社 ) , was a Japanese video game developer founded in 1980 . ADK began as a developer of arcade games and is best known for their library of SNK Neo Geo titles , including for its home consoles , produced in partnership with SNK . Most notable among these are their fighting games and in particular , the World Heroes series . The company closed with properties sold to SNK Playmore in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'October 29 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Blue 's Journey", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Blue's_Journey", 'summary': "Blue 's Journey [ a ] is a side scrolling platform game originally released by Alpha Denshi in Summer 1991 on SNK 's Neo Geo MVS arcade system and their AES home system . It was later ported to the Neo Geo CD in 1994 . It was more recently released on the Wii 's Virtual Console in Europe on November 9 , 2007 , followed by North America on November 12 , 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Denshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ADK_(company)', 'summary': 'ADK Corporation ( Japanese : 株式会社エーディーケイ , Hepburn : Kabushiki Kaisha ADK ) , formerly known as Alpha Denshi Corporation ( アルファ電子株式会社 ) , was a Japanese video game developer founded in 1980 . ADK began as a developer of arcade games and is best known for their library of SNK Neo Geo titles , including for its home consoles , produced in partnership with SNK . Most notable among these are their fighting games and in particular , the World Heroes series . The company closed with properties sold to SNK Playmore in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'November 12 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baseball Stars 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball_Stars_2', 'summary': 'Baseball Stars 2 [ a ] is a 2-player baseball sports arcade game released by SNK in 1992 for the Neo-Geo console . A less detailed console version was released for the NES by Romstar the same year .'}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'December 10 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Top Hunter : Roddy & Cathy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Top_Hunter:_Roddy_&_Cathy', 'summary': 'Top Hunter : Roddy & Cathy [ a ] is a side scrolling arcade platform game developed by SNK for the Neo Geo in 1994 . It was also released on the Neo Geo CD , and the Wii Virtual Console . The game has been re-released as part of SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 , on May 1 , 2008 , and in the ACA Neo Geo series on PlayStation 4 on January 10 , 2018 . Its development team consisted of former Irem staff members . It was one of the few Neo Geo Games to be dubbed 100 Megashock due to the large , for the time 100+ megabit cartridge . This was over twice the size of the largest SNES cartridge ( Star Ocean has 48Mbits ) . Later cartridges would routinely top 100 megabits so the branding was dropped . [ citation needed ] This was also referred to as a precursor to Metal Slug because of the use of the robotic vehicles , which are very similar to the Slugs . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'December 31 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E10+', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The King of Fighters '94", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_'94", 'summary': "The King of Fighters '94 ( KOF '94 ) is a fighting game released by SNK for the Neo Geo-based arcade system in 1994 , as the first in The King of Fighters series . The game was also released for the Neo Geo home console systems , including a Neo Geo CD version . In 2008 , KOF '94 was one of sixteen games included in SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable and Wii . KOF '94 is a crossover featuring characters from SNK 's fighting game properties Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting . It also includes revised versions of characters from their pre-Neo Geo games Ikari Warriors and Psycho Soldier , as well as original characters created specifically for the game . The plot features the creation of a new King of Fighters tournament created by the criminal Rugal Bernstein . SNK developed KOF '94 with the initial idea of using several games from the company in order to attract gamers who played these games . The characters ' designs , as well as its innovative gameplay system based on using teams of three members , were both well received . The success of the game allowed SNK to produce a series of sequels in The King of Fighters series . In 2004 , to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the series , SNK released a remake titled The King of Fighters '94 Re-Bout . It features the original game and a new version with higher resolution graphics ."}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'January 7 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metal Slug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metal_Slug', 'summary': 'Metal Slug ( Japanese : メタルスラッグ , Hepburn : Metaru Suraggu ) is a series of run and gun video games originally created by Nazca Corporation before merging with SNK in 1996 after the completion of the first game in the series . Spin-off games include a third-person shooter to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the series and a tower defense game for the mobile platform . Originally created for Neo-Geo arcade machines hardware ( MVS ) and the Neo-Geo home game consoles ( AES ) hardware , the original games have also been ported to other consoles and mobile platforms throughout the years , with several later games created for various other platforms . The games focus on the Peregrine Falcon Squad , a small group of soldiers who fight against a rebel army , aliens and various other forces intent on world domination .'}]}, {'value': 'Nazca Corporation , SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nazca_Corporation', 'summary': "Nazca Corporation ( 株式会社ナスカ ) was a Japanese video game company that developed video games for the Neo Geo . The company was formed in 1994 by a group of employees from Irem who were tired of the company 's inactivity . In 1996 , the company was acquired by SNK . R-Type II 's graphical style bears great similarity to what this team is known for . However , it is generally thought their first game was Air Duel ; they would later make games such as Armed Police Unit Gallop , Undercover Cops , Pound For Pound , Ken-Go , and Kaitei Daisensou . Their final game for Irem was GunForce II , after which they left and created Nazca , creating Neo Turf Masters and Metal Slug ; the latter shares many stylistic similarities to the previous Irem works and both titles were made with the same development kits used for several Irem arcade games . They were seemingly absorbed by SNK thereafter , and would make the second and third Metal Slug games . The team disbanded after SNK filed for bankruptcy in 2001 . Nine of the original Nazca staff ( including planner Meeher , designers Akio and Susumu , and development manager Kawai ) answered questions from an undated text interview that was translated and included in Metal Slug Anthology . Because the common use of pseudonyms in arcade titles to hide identities , details of its staff remains scarce . One known key member is composer Takushi Hiyamuta ( credited with names such as HIYA ! and HIYA-UNIT ) , responsible for composing nearly every game listed here , in whole or part ( he did not compose for Kaitei Daisensou ; also , although he did not compose for R-Type II , he did for Super R-Type ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'May 26 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninja Combat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninja_Combat', 'summary': "Ninja Combat [ a ] is a 1990 side-scrolling beat 'em up video game developed by Alpha Denshi and published by SNK . It was one of the launch titles for both the Neo Geo MVS ( arcade ) and AES ( home ) systems . It is notorious for its unbalanced difficulty and odd design and gameplay ideas ."}]}, {'value': 'SNK , Alpha Denshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ADK_(company)', 'summary': 'ADK Corporation ( Japanese : 株式会社エーディーケイ , Hepburn : Kabushiki Kaisha ADK ) , formerly known as Alpha Denshi Corporation ( アルファ電子株式会社 ) , was a Japanese video game developer founded in 1980 . ADK began as a developer of arcade games and is best known for their library of SNK Neo Geo titles , including for its home consoles , produced in partnership with SNK . Most notable among these are their fighting games and in particular , the World Heroes series . The company closed with properties sold to SNK Playmore in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'June 2 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E10+', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samurai Shodown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samurai_Shodown', 'summary': "Samurai Shodown ( Samurai Spirits in Japan ) is a fighting game series by SNK . In Japan , the name of the series is officially in katakana , but is often written in kanji ( 侍魂 , samurai tamashii ) , with the second character pronounced supirittsu , spirits , to better reflect the game 's setting ."}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'June 16 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burning Fight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burning_Fight', 'summary': "Burning Fight [ a ] is a beat 'em up arcade game released by SNK in 1991 for the Neo Geo MVS system . Introduced to capture a share in the then-popular beat 'em ups market , it was meant to compete with Technōs ' Double Dragon , the leader of the genre at the time . Three years after its release in the arcades and on the Neo Geo AES , it was released on Neo Geo CD as the only other home version . The game is produced by Eikichi Kawasaki , one of SNK 's founders and the man behind various well-known SNK titles , such as Fatal Fury and Samurai Shodown series . A re-released version of Burning Fight is included in SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 , which was released for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable and Wii in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'June 23 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E10+', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fatal Fury 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatal_Fury_2', 'summary': 'Fatal Fury 2 [ a ] is a 1992 fighting video game released by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home platforms , and later ported to several other home systems . It is a sequel to Fatal Fury : King of Fighters and the second game in the Fatal Fury franchise . Its updated version , Fatal Fury Special , was released in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King of the Monsters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_of_the_Monsters_(video_game)', 'summary': 'King of the Monsters [ a ] is a fighting game developed by SNK , released for arcades in Japan in 1991 , and ported to the Neo Geo AES later that same year . The game features playable giant monsters that are reminiscent of characters from kaiju and tokusatsu films . In 1992 , a sequel titled King of the Monsters 2 was released for arcades . Months later , King of the Monsters was ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . It would then be ported to the Sega Genesis in 1993 . It was included in the video game SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 , which was released for the Wii , PlayStation 2 and PSP in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'July 7 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E10+', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninja Commando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninja_Commando', 'summary': 'Ninja Commando [ a ] is a top-down , vertically scrolling run and gun video game developed by Alpha Denshi and published by SNK . It was first released for the Neo Geo in 1992 in cartridge format , and in 1994 for the Neo Geo CD .'}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'July 14 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E10+', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Art of Fighting 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_of_Fighting', 'summary': 'Art of Fighting ( Japanese : 龍虎の拳 , Hepburn : Ryūko no Ken , lit . Fist of Dragon and Tiger ) is a fighting video game trilogy that were released for the Neo Geo platform in the early 1990s . It was the second fighting game franchise created by SNK , following the Fatal Fury series and is set in the same fictional universe as a prequel to the Fatal Fury series . The original Art of Fighting was released in 1992 , followed by two sequels : Art of Fighting 2 ( 龍虎の拳2 , Ryūko no Ken 2 ) in 1994 and Art of Fighting 3 : The Path of the Warrior ( ART OF FIGHTING 龍虎の拳 外伝 , Art of Fighting : Ryūko no Ken Gaiden ) in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'July 28 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neo Turf Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Turf_Masters', 'summary': 'Neo Turf Masters [ a ] is a golf video game by Nazca for the Neo Geo , released in 1996 . This is also one of the first two titles by Nazca , the other being the popular Metal Slug before & between being acquired by SNK . The game was released as an arcade cartridge ( MVS ) and as home cartridge ( AES ) , as well as for the Neo Geo CD console . The Neo Geo version was later re-released as part of the SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 compilation for the PS2 , Wii and PSP , as well as for the Wii Virtual Console . The game has also been ported to the PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch by Hamster as part of their Arcade Archives series . A version for the Neo Geo Pocket Color was later released in North America in 1999 . The NGPC version features cartoonish , less detailed graphics compared to the Neo Geo version which had partially digitized sprites and realistic art .'}]}, {'value': 'Nazca Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nazca_Corporation', 'summary': "Nazca Corporation ( 株式会社ナスカ ) was a Japanese video game company that developed video games for the Neo Geo . The company was formed in 1994 by a group of employees from Irem who were tired of the company 's inactivity . In 1996 , the company was acquired by SNK . R-Type II 's graphical style bears great similarity to what this team is known for . However , it is generally thought their first game was Air Duel ; they would later make games such as Armed Police Unit Gallop , Undercover Cops , Pound For Pound , Ken-Go , and Kaitei Daisensou . Their final game for Irem was GunForce II , after which they left and created Nazca , creating Neo Turf Masters and Metal Slug ; the latter shares many stylistic similarities to the previous Irem works and both titles were made with the same development kits used for several Irem arcade games . They were seemingly absorbed by SNK thereafter , and would make the second and third Metal Slug games . The team disbanded after SNK filed for bankruptcy in 2001 . Nine of the original Nazca staff ( including planner Meeher , designers Akio and Susumu , and development manager Kawai ) answered questions from an undated text interview that was translated and included in Metal Slug Anthology . Because the common use of pseudonyms in arcade titles to hide identities , details of its staff remains scarce . One known key member is composer Takushi Hiyamuta ( credited with names such as HIYA ! and HIYA-UNIT ) , responsible for composing nearly every game listed here , in whole or part ( he did not compose for Kaitei Daisensou ; also , although he did not compose for R-Type II , he did for Super R-Type ) ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'August 18 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samurai Shodown II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samurai_Shodown_II', 'summary': "Samurai Shodown II [ b ] is a 1994 fighting game released as the second entry in SNK 's Samurai Shodown series ."}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'August 25 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metal Slug 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metal_Slug_2', 'summary': 'Metal Slug 2 [ a ] is a run and gun video game developed by SNK . It was originally released in 1998 for the Neo-Geo MVS arcade platform as the sequel to the popular 1996 game Metal Slug . It was re-released in 1999 in a slightly modified form as Metal Slug X : Super Vehicle-001 ( メタルスラッグX ) . It has been ported to the Neo Geo CD , PlayStation , Virtual Console , iOS and Android , and to the Wii , PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2 ( as part of the Metal Slug Anthology ) . The game added several new features to the gameplay of the original Metal Slug , such as new weapons , vehicles and the ability to transform the character . It received generally positive reviews .'}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'December 1 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fatal Fury Special', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatal_Fury_Special', 'summary': "Fatal Fury Special [ a ] is a 1993 fighting game developed and published by SNK and originally released for the Neo Geo arcade and home platforms . It is an updated version of 1992 's Fatal Fury 2 , introducing several changes to the gameplay system while expanding the available character roster ."}]}, {'value': 'SNK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SNK', 'summary': "SNK Corporation ( 株式会社SNK , Kabushiki-gaisha Esu Enu Kē ) is a Japanese video game hardware and software company . It is the successor to the company Shin Nihon Kikaku and presently owns the SNK video game brand and the Neo Geo video game platform . SNK 's predecessor Shin Nihon Kikaku was founded in 1978 by Eikichi Kawasaki . The corporation was initially named Shin Nihon Kikaku ( 新日本企画 , lit . New Japan Project ) . The name was then informally shortened to SNK Corporation in 1981 before becoming the company 's official name in 1986 . SNK is known for its creation of the Neo Geo family of arcade , home , and handheld game consoles in 1990 . The Neo Geo line was halted in 2001 because financial troubles forced SNK Corporation to close in the same year . Anticipating the end of the company , Kawasaki founded Playmore Corporation in 2001 , which acquired all of the intellectual property of the former SNK Corporation . In 2003 , Playmore Corporation was renamed to SNK Playmore Corporation . In 2016 , SNK dropped the name Playmore from its logo and reintroduced its old slogan , The Future Is Now , officially changing its corporate name back to SNK . Traditionally , SNK operated primarily as a video game developer , publisher , and hardware manufacturer with a focus on arcade games ; however , it has ventured into developing console and PC games ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'March 1 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Titles -- Neo Geo', 'section_text': 'There were 54 titles available from the Neo Geo , which was launched in 1990 .', 'uid': 'List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(North_America)_6', 'intro': 'The following is a list of the 427 games that were available on the Virtual Console for the Wii in North America. These games could also be played on the Wii U through Wii Mode, but lack the additional features found in Wii U Virtual Console releases. The games are sorted by system and in the order they were added in the Wii Shop Channel. To sort by other columns, click the corresponding icon in the header row. Nintendo discontinued the Wii Shop Channel on January 31, 2019, with the purchase of Wii Points for new games having ended on March 26, 2018. But Wii Shop Channel users can still continue to redownload previously purchased content as of February 1, 2019.'} | null | null | A company that dropped the name Playmore from its logo , released a game in 2004 before transitioning it to the Wii Virtual Console and re-released it in 2018 for PS4 , after releasing as part of arcade classics in what year ? | 2008 |
0a5356b091b36874 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_sports', 'title': '2015 in sports', 'header': ['Date', 'Sport', 'Venue/Event', 'Status', 'Winner/s'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formula One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Formula_One', 'summary': "Formula One ( also known as Formula 1 or F1 ) is the highest class of single-seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) and owned by the Formula One Group . The World Drivers ' Championship , which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981 , has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950 . The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants ' cars must conform . A Formula One season consists of a series of races , known as Grands Prix ( French for 'grand prizes ' or 'great prizes ' ) , which take place worldwide on purpose-built circuits and on public roads . The results of each race are evaluated using a points system to determine two annual World Championships : one for drivers , the other for constructors . Drivers must hold valid Super Licences , the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA . The races must run on tracks graded 1 ( formerly A ) , the highest grade-rating issued by the FIA . Most events occur in rural locations on purpose-built tracks , but several events take place on city streets . Formula One cars are the fastest regulated road-course racing cars in the world , owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic downforce . The cars underwent major changes in 2017 , allowing wider front and rear wings , and wider tyres , resulting in peak cornering forces near 6.5 lateral g and top speeds of up to approximately 350 km/h ( 215 mph ) . As of 2019 [ update ] the hybrid engines are limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 rpm , the cars are very dependent on electronics and aerodynamics , suspension and tyres . Traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '2015 Mexican Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Mexican_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "The 2015 Mexican Grand Prix ( formally known as the Formula 1 Gran Premio de México 2015 ) was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City on 1 November 2015 . The race , which was contested over seventy-one laps , was the seventeenth race of the 2015 Formula One season . It marked the seventeenth time that the Mexican Grand Prix had been run as a round of the Formula One World Championship since its inception in 1950 , and the first time that the race had been run since 1992 . Nico Rosberg qualified in pole position , having already been fastest in two of the three free practice sessions . He won the race for Mercedes , followed by his teammate Lewis Hamilton , who had secured the Drivers ' Championship at the previous event in the United States . Valtteri Bottas completed the podium in third , driving for Williams . Both Ferrari drivers - Sebastian Vettel and Kimi Räikkönen - retired after crashes , with both losing one position in the Championship to Rosberg and Bottas respectively . It was the first time since the 2006 Australian Grand Prix that neither Ferrari was classified ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nico Rosberg ( Mercedes )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nico_Rosberg', 'summary': "Nico Erik Rosberg ( born 27 June 1985 ) is a German-Finnish former racing driver who won the 2016 Formula One World Championship driving for Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport . The only child of Keke Rosberg ( the 1982 Formula One World Champion ) and his German wife Sina Rosberg , he was raised primarily in the principality of Monaco . Rosberg began competitive go-kart racing at the age of six and began aiming for a career in Formula One four years later . He achieved early success , winning regional and national French championships , before moving to European-based series and world championships . At the age of sixteen , he progressed to car racing , winning the Formula BMW ADAC Championship with VIVA Racing in 2002 and claiming nine victories . He subsequently moved to the higher-tier Formula 3 Euro Series with Team Rosberg in 2003 and 2004 before winning the inaugural GP2 Series championship with ART Grand Prix in 2005 . Rosberg first drove in Formula One with Williams from 2006 to 2009 and achieved two podium finishes for the team in 2008 . For 2010 , he moved to Mercedes , partnering fellow German and seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher . Rosberg took his first career win at the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix . He was the teammate of former karting friend and eventual six-time World Drivers ' Champion , Lewis Hamilton , from 2013 to 2016 , twice finishing as runner-up to his teammate before winning the title in 2016 . Rosberg announced his retirement from motor racing five days after clinching his maiden title , citing wanting to spend more time with his family and not wanting his driving ability to atrophy as the main factors behind his surprise decision . Overall he competed in 206 Grands Prix , winning 23 , securing 57 podium finishes , 30 pole positions , and amassing 1594.5 championship points ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Mercedes-Benz , through its subsidiary Mercedes-Benz Grand Prix Limited , is currently involved in Formula One as a constructor under the name of Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team . The team is based in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom , using a German licence . Mercedes-Benz competed in the pre-war European Championship winning three titles and debuted in Formula One in 1954 , running a team for two years . The team is also known by their nickname , the Silver Arrows . After winning their first race at the 1954 French Grand Prix , driver Juan Manuel Fangio won another three Grands Prix to win the 1954 Drivers ' Championship and repeated this success in 1955 . Despite winning two Drivers ' Championships , Mercedes-Benz withdrew from motor racing in response to the 1955 Le Mans disaster and did not return to Formula One until rejoining as an engine supplier in association with Ilmor , a British independent high-performance autosport engineering company later acquired by Mercedes , in 1994 . In addition to its factory team , Mercedes currently supplies engines to Racing Point and Williams . The manufacturer has collected more than 180 wins as an engine supplier and is ranked second in Formula One history . Seven Constructors ' and 11 Drivers ' Championships have been won with Mercedes-Benz engines . Mercedes has become one of the most successful teams in recent Formula One history , having achieved consecutive Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships from 2014 to 2019 . In 2014 , Mercedes managed 11 one-two finishes beating McLaren 's 1988 record of 10 . The record was extended the following year with 12 one-two finishes ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marathon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathon', 'summary': 'The marathon is a long-distance race with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres ( approximately 26 miles 385 yards ) , usually run as a road race . The event was instituted in commemoration of the fabled run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides , a messenger from the Battle of Marathon to Athens , who reported the victory . The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy . There are also wheelchair divisions . The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896 , though the distance did not become standardized until 1921 . More than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year , with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes , as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants .'}]}, {'value': '2015 New York City Marathon ( WMM # 6 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_New_York_City_Marathon', 'summary': "The 45th New York City Marathon took place on November 1 , 2015 . The event was organised by the New York Road Runners and sponsored by Tata Consultancy Services ( TCS ) . A total of 50,229 runners were registered to take part in the event . The main race saw the third successive set of Kenyans taking first place . Stanley Biwott won the men 's division with a time of 2:10:34 . His compatriot Mary Keitany claimed the women 's division with a time of 2:24:25 , her second consecutive win in New York . In the wheelchair divisions , South African Ernst van Dyk won the men 's division with a time of 1:30:54 and American Tatyana McFadden won the women 's division with a new record of 1:43:04 ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men : Stanley Biwott Women : Mary Jepkosgei Keitany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanley_Biwott', 'summary': 'Stanley Kipleting Biwott ( born 21 April 1986 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in half marathon and marathon races . He won the 2012 Paris Marathon in a course record time of 2:05:11 hours and the 2015 New York City Marathon . His half marathon best is 58:56 minutes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mary_Jepkosgei_Keitany', 'summary': "Mary Jepkosgei Keitany ( born 18 January 1982 ) is a Kenyan long distance runner . She is the world record holder in a women-only marathon , having won the 2017 London Marathon in a time of 2:17:01 . As of November 2019 , she sits third all-time at both the marathon and half marathon . Her former half marathon best of 1:05:50 ( 2011 ) lived three years as the women 's world record . She also has held the world record at 10 miles ( 50:05 minutes ) , 20 kilometres ( 1:02:36 ) , and 25 kilometres ( 1:19:53 ) , all of which were set in road races . In August 2018 she was honored by the Shoe4Africa foundation who funded and built the Mary Keitany Shoe4Africa school in Torokwonin , Baringo County , Kenya . She and her husband Charles sit on the Shoe4Africa school board ."}]}, {'value': '2-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis', 'summary': "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye ."}]}, {'value': '2015 WTA Elite Trophy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_WTA_Elite_Trophy', 'summary': "The 2015 WTA Elite Trophy was a women 's tennis tournament played at the Hengqin International Tennis Center in Zhuhai , China . It was the 1st edition of the singles event and doubles competition . The tournament was contested by twelve singles players and six doubles teams . The event replaced the WTA Tournament of Champions ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singles : Venus Williams Doubles : Liang Chen / Wang Yafan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venus_Williams', 'summary': "Venus Ebony Starr Williams ( born June 17 , 1980 ) is an American professional tennis player . A former world No . 1 , Williams is generally credited with ushering in a new era of power on the women 's professional tennis tour . Williams has been ranked world No . 1 by the Women 's Tennis Association on three occasions , for a total of 11 weeks . She first reached the No . 1 ranking on February 25 , 2002 , the first African American woman to do so in the Open Era , and the second all time since Althea Gibson . Williams ' seven Grand Slam singles titles are tied for 12th on the all-time list , and 8th on the Open Era list , more than any other active female player except her sister . She has reached 16 Grand Slam finals , most recently at Wimbledon in 2017 . She has also won 14 Grand Slam Women 's doubles titles , all with Serena Williams ; the pair is unbeaten in Grand Slam doubles finals . Williams also has two Mixed Doubles titles . Her five Wimbledon singles titles tie her with two other women for eighth place on the all-time list , but gives her sole possession of No ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Liang_Chen', 'summary': "Liang Chen ( Chinese : 梁辰 ; pinyin : Liáng Chén ; born 25 February 1989 ) is a Chinese tennis player . Liang has a singles career-high ranking of No . 342 , achieved on 21 September 2009 . Her WTA doubles career-high ranking of No . 35 she achieved on 26 October 2015 . Liang made her WTA Tour main-draw doubles debut , partnering Zhou Yimiao at the 2009 Guangzhou International Women 's Open . They lost in the first round to Peng Shuai and Xu Yifan . At the 2011 Guangzhou International Women 's Open , partnering Tian Ran , they defeated Alona Bondarenko and Mariya Koryttseva 4-6 , 6-3 , [ 12-10 ] in the first round before losing to the 2nd seeds Alberta Brianti and Petra Martić in the quarterfinals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wang_Yafan', 'summary': "Wang Yafan ( Chinese : 王雅繁 ; pinyin : Wáng Yǎfán ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ wǎŋ jà fǎn ] ; born 30 April 1994 ) is a Chinese tennis player . She has won one singles title and three doubles titles on the WTA Tour , as well as four doubles titles on tournaments of the WTA 125K series , plus ten singles and six doubles titles on the ITF Women 's Circuit so far . On 7 October 2019 , she reached her best singles ranking of world No . 47 . She peaked at No . 49 in the doubles rankings on 15 February 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '4-15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Association football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': "2015 AFC U-16 Women 's Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2015_AFC_U-16_Women's_Championship", 'summary': "The 2015 AFC U-16 Women 's Championship was the 6th edition of the AFC U-16 Women 's Championship , the biennial international youth football championship organised by the Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) for the women 's under-16 national teams of Asia . The tournament was held in China between 4-15 November 2015 . A total of eight teams played in the tournament . Same as previous editions , the tournament acted as the AFC qualifiers for the FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup . The top two teams of the tournament qualified for the 2016 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup in Jordan as the AFC representatives , besides Jordan who qualified automatically as hosts . North Korea won their second title with a 1-0 final victory over Japan . Both finalists qualified for the World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Korea', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/North_Korea_women's_national_under-17_football_team", 'summary': "Democratic People 's Republic of Korea women 's national under-17 football team represents North Korea in international youth football competitions ."}]}, {'value': '5-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golf', 'summary': "Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible . Golf , unlike most ball games , can not and does not utilize a standardized playing area , and coping with the varied terrains encountered on different courses is a key part of the game . The game at the usual level is played on a course with an arranged progression of 18 holes , though recreational courses can be smaller , often having nine holes . Each hole on the course must contain a tee box to start from , and a putting green containing the actual hole or cup 4 1⁄4 inches ( 11 cm ) in diameter . There are other standard forms of terrain in between , such as the fairway , rough ( long grass ) , bunkers ( or sand traps ) , and various hazards ( water , rocks ) but each hole on a course is unique in its specific layout and arrangement . Golf is played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual , known as stroke play , or the lowest score on the most individual holes in a complete round by an individual or team , known as match play . Stroke play is the most commonly seen format at all levels , but most especially at the elite level . The modern game of golf originated in 15th century Scotland . The 18-hole round was created at the Old Course at St Andrews in 1764 . Golf 's first major , and the world 's oldest tournament in existence , is The Open Championship , also known as the British Open , which was first played in 1860 in Ayrshire , Scotland . This is one of the four major championships in men 's professional golf , the other three being played in the United States : The Masters , the U.S. Open , and the PGA Championship ."}]}, {'value': '2015 WGC-HSBC Champions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_WGC-HSBC_Champions', 'summary': 'The 2015 WGC-HSBC Champions was a golf tournament played from 5-8 November 2015 at the Sheshan Golf Club in Shanghai , China . It was the seventh WGC-HSBC Champions tournament , and the fourth of four World Golf Championships events held in 2015 . Russell Knox won by 2 strokes from Kevin Kisner . Danny Willett had a last round 62 to finish joint third with Ross Fisher , a further stroke behind . Knox was playing in his first WGC event and became the first Scot to win a World Golf Championship . Knox had only earned entry as third alternate .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russell Knox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russell_Knox', 'summary': "Russell Knox ( born 21 June 1985 ) is a Scottish professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour . He had considerable success from 2014 to 2016 during which time he won the 2015 WGC-HSBC Champions and the 2016 Travelers Championship . Together with three runner-up finishes and three third-places on the PGA Tour , he was a runner-up in the 2016 Dubai Duty Free Irish Open and reached a career-high 18 in the world rankings at the end of 2016 . Knox joined the European Tour at the start of 2016 but just failed to gain an automatic place on the 2016 Ryder Cup team and was not chosen as one of the captain 's picks ."}]}, {'value': '6-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roller derby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roller_derby', 'summary': 'Roller derby is a contact sport played by two teams of five members roller skating counter-clockwise around a track . Roller derby is played by approximately 1,250 amateur leagues worldwide , mostly inside the United States . Game play consists of a series of short scrimmages ( jams ) in which both teams designate a jammer ( who wears a unique designation on the helmet ; currently a star ) . The jammer scores points by lapping members of the opposing team . The teams attempt to hinder the opposing jammer while assisting their own jammer - in effect , playing both offense and defense simultaneously .'}]}, {'value': '2015 WFTDA International Championships', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Women's_Flat_Track_Derby_Association", 'summary': "The Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) is the international governing body for the sport of women 's flat track roller derby , and association of leagues around the world . The organization was founded in April 2004 as the United Leagues Coalition ( ULC ) , but was renamed in November 2005 . It is registered in Raleigh , North Carolina as a 501 ( c ) ( 6 ) business league organization , a type of nonprofit organization . According to its mission statement , the WFTDA promotes and fosters the sport of women 's flat track roller derby by facilitating the development of athletic ability , sportsmanship , and goodwill among member leagues , and its governing philosophy is by the skaters , for the skaters - the primary owners , managers , and operators of each member league and of the association are women skaters , although this does not preclude any particular business structure ( leagues do n't have to be legally incorporated or internally egalitarian ) . The mission statement also says WFTDA sets standards for rules , seasons , and safety , and determining guidelines for the national and international athletic competitions of member leagues , and says all member leagues have a voice in the decision-making process , and agree to comply with WFTDA policies ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Division 1 : Rose City Rollers Wheels of Justice ( Portland , Oregon ) ( MVP : Scald Eagle ) Division 2 : Sacred City Sacrificers ( Sacramento , California )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rose_City_Rollers', 'summary': "The Rose City Rollers is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Portland , Oregon , operating as a 501 ( c ) 3 non-profit organization , and is a founding member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) . Established in 2004 , the Rose City Rollers consists of a recreational program , four adult local home teams , and two all-star travel teams that represent the league in competition with others as well as junior skaters on six home teams with a travel team for Rose Petals ( 7-12 ) and a travel team for Rosebuds ( 12-17 ) . Rose City 's all-star travel team Wheels of Justice won the WFTDA Championships in 2015 , 2016 , 2018 and 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scald_Eagle', 'summary': 'Hillary Buscovick , known as Scald Eagle , is an American roller derby skater . She is a star jammer and one of the top scorers of all time for WFTDA Division 1 Playoffs and WFTDA Championships . Notably , Buscovick scored 133 points in the 2015 championship final that saw the Rose City Rollers defeat the five-time defending champion Gotham Girls Roller Derby . Buscovick is also known for her jukey jamming technique as well as her signature face paint .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sacred_City_Derby_Girls', 'summary': "Sacramento Roller Derby is a women 's flat track roller derby league based in Sacramento , California . Originally two separate leagues founded in 2006 , Sac City Rollers and Sacred City Derby Girls , who mutually announced a pending merger in late 2017 , and then on January 1 , 2018 , announced a rebrand of the merged organization as Sacramento Roller Derby . Sacramento is a member of the Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) ."}]}, {'value': '7-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling', 'summary': 'Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice toward a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles . It is related to bowls , boules and shuffleboard . Two teams , each with four players , take turns sliding heavy , polished granite stones , also called rocks , across the ice curling sheet toward the house , a circular target marked on the ice . Each team has eight stones , with each player throwing two . The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a game ; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each end , which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones . A game usually consists of eight or ten ends . The player can induce a curved path , described as curl , by causing the stone to slowly turn as it slides . The path of the rock may be further influenced by two sweepers with brooms or brushes , who accompany it as it slides down the sheet and sweep the ice in front of the stone . Sweeping a rock decreases the friction , which makes the stone travel a straighter path ( with less curl ) and a longer distance . A great deal of strategy and teamwork go into choosing the ideal path and placement of a stone for each situation , and the skills of the curlers determine the degree to which the stone will achieve the desired result . This gives curling its nickname of chess on ice .'}]}, {'value': '2015 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Pacific-Asia_Curling_Championships', 'summary': "The 2015 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships were held from November 7 to 14 at the Baluan Sholak Sports Palace in Almaty , Kazakhstan . The top two teams from the men 's and women 's tournaments qualified for the 2016 World Men 's Curling Championship and the 2016 Ford World Women 's Curling Championship , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men : South Korea ( Skip : Kim Soo-hyuk ) Women : Japan ( Skip : Satsuki Fujisawa )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kim_Soo-hyuk', 'summary': 'Kim Soo-hyuk ( born May 5 , 1985 ) is a Korean curler from Gyeongi-do .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Satsuki_Fujisawa', 'summary': 'Satsuki Fujisawa ( 藤澤 五月 , Fujisawa Satsuki , born 24 May 1991 ) is a Japanese curler from Kitami , Hokkaido . As a skip , she has won the Japanese national championship five times . Fujisawa skipped the bronze medal-winning Japanese team at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games . She is currently the skip of the Loco Solare curling team .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorcycle racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorcycle_racing', 'summary': 'Motorcycle racing ( also called moto racing and motorbike racing ) is the motorcycle sport of racing motorcycles . Major varieties include motorcycle road racing and off-road racing , both either on circuits or open courses , and track racing . Other categories include hill climbs , drag racing and land speed record trials .'}]}, {'value': '2015 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Valencian_Community_motorcycle_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'The 2015 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix was the eighteenth and final round of the 2015 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season . It was held at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo in Valencia on 8 November 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MotoGP : Jorge Lorenzo ( Movistar Yamaha MotoGP ) Moto2 : Esteve Rabat ( EG 0,0 Marc VDS ) Moto3 : Miguel Oliveira ( Red Bull KTM Ajo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jorge_Lorenzo', 'summary': "Jorge Lorenzo Guerrero ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxoɾxe loˈɾenθo ɣeˈreɾo ] ; born 4 May 1987 ) is a retired Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle road racer . In January 2020 , he was confirmed to be contracted as number 1 test rider to the Yamaha Factory Racing Test Team headed by Silvano Galbusera , former racing crew chief to Valentino Rossi . He won the 2006 and 2007 250 cc World Championship , and the 2010 , 2012 and 2015 MotoGP World Championship . He rode for Yamaha from 2008 to 2016 and Ducati from 2017 to 2018 . On 6 June 2018 it was announced Lorenzo would join Repsol Honda for the 2019 and 2020 MotoGP seasons . During 2019 he announced that he would be retiring at the end of the 2019 season after only one year at Repsol Honda . In 2012 , Lorenzo became the first Spanish rider to win multiple premier class titles , and with 68 career wins , he is sixth on the all-time wins list . After graduating from the 250cc class with two world titles , Lorenzo signed for Yamaha 's factory team , with whom he spent nine seasons , starting in 2008 . As a rookie , he won on his third start in Portugal . Injuries and inconsistency meant he was some way off team mate Valentino Rossi who won the championship that year , although Lorenzo ran him closer in 2009 , winning four races . In 2010 , Lorenzo won his first premier class title after a season that saw him not finish lower than fourth in a single race all year . He added nine race wins to his tally and beat compatriot Dani Pedrosa to be the first Spanish champion in the four-stroke era ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Racing', 'summary': 'Yamaha Motor Racing or Yamaha Factory Racing is the official Italian-Japanese factory team of Yamaha in MotoGP . The team was founded in 1999 following the retirement of Wayne Rainey , who had run a factory-supported team in the 500 cc class for the previous two years , with Kenny Roberts and Giacomo Agostini having run their own works supported teams before him . The team was originally based in the Netherlands but was relocated in Italy in 2002 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Esteve_Rabat', 'summary': "Esteve Tito Rabat Bergada ( born 25 May 1989 ) is a Spanish motorcycle racer who currently competes in the MotoGP class in the motorcycle World Championship . He is best known for winning the 2014 Moto2 World Championship with a record points total for the intermediate class . Rabat suffered serious leg injuries in August 2018 after falling in heavy rain during practice for the British round at Silverstone . He was hit by a closely following out-of-control machine . He started racing professionally in 2005 , and made his Grand Prix début at that season 's Valencian Grand Prix ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marc_VDS_Racing_Team', 'summary': 'Marc VDS Racing Team is a motorcycle racing team founded by Belgian owner Marc-Oswald van der Straten-Ponthoz , descendant of the founder of the Stella Artois brewery . The team currently competes in motorcycle racing in the Moto2 World Championship and the MotoE World Cup under the name Team Estrella Galicia 0,0 Marc VDS . It also previously competed in many auto racing championships , particularly in grand touring classes - namely the FIA GT1 World Championship , the Blancpain Endurance Series , and the European Le Mans Series - as well as the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series . They have also previously contested in rallying at various rally raid events , such as the Dakar Rally .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Oliveira_(motorcycle_racer)', 'summary': "Miguel Ângelo Falcão de Oliveira ( born 4 January 1995 ) is a Portuguese motorcycle racer , competing in the MotoGP World Championship for KTM Tech3 , a satellite-team to KTM Factory Racing . He finished as runner-up in the 2018 Moto2 World Championship . At the 2015 Italian Grand Prix , Oliveira achieved the first World Championship victory for a Portuguese rider . He gained extensive experience in Moto3 , having competed for the Estrella Galicia 0,0 team in 2012 , the Mahindra Racing team in 2013 and 2014 and finishing runner-up with the Red Bull KTM Ajo team in 2015 . Oliveira 's father , a former motorcycle racer , always supported his son 's love of racing and gave him his first quad-bike when he was four years old . He started racing in the national championship at nine years old , in the Portuguese MiniGP Championship in 2004 , winning the Young Promise of the Year award in Portugal . His first successes came in 2005 when he won the Portuguese MiniGP championship and Metrakit World Festival in Spain . In 2006 he repeated his earlier success and in 2007 he won the Mediterranean PreGP 125 Trophy . In 2009 he was third in the Spanish championship , and in 2010 battled Maverick Viñales for the title , eventually finishing runner-up by just two points and progressed to become the first full-time Portuguese rider to reach the world championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ajo_Motorsport', 'summary': "Ajo Motorsport is a Finnish team competing in the Moto2 and Moto3 classes of Grand Prix motorcycle racing , in the road racing World Championship and in the Spanish and European championships . The team 's leader is former racer Aki Ajo . His son is racer Niki Ajo . The team debuted in 2001 and took its first win in 2003 . Ajo Motorsport has won six world championship titles ; the 125cc championship with Mike Di Meglio in 2008 and Marc Márquez in 2010 , the Moto3 championship in 2012 with Sandro Cortese and 2016 with Brad Binder , and the Moto2 championship in 2015 and 2016 , both with Johann Zarco ."}]}, {'value': '8-21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': '/ 2015 WBSC Premier12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_WBSC_Premier12', 'summary': "The 2015 WBSC Premier12 was an international baseball championship sponsored by the World Baseball Softball Confederation ( WBSC ) , the inaugural event of the WBSC Premier12 . It was held from November 8 to 21 in Taiwan and Japan . The South Korean national team won the championship , and split a US $ 1 million prize . The top twelve teams in the WBSC World Rankings qualified to participate in the tournament , which began with two groups of six teams playing in a round-robin format for the first round . The tournament then continued with the top four teams in each group playing in the knockout stage , leading to the championship game . In the final , South Korea defeated United States 8-0 to win their first WBSC Premier12 title , and became the first nation to win the championship . Japan finished in third place , while Mexico finished in fourth place . South Korea 's Hyun-soo Kim won the Most Valuable Player Award . Shohei Otani of Japan had the lowest earned run average of the tournament , and Hayato Sakamoto , also of Japan , was named the tournament 's most outstanding defensive player . The next edition 2019 WBSC Premier12 will be hosted in Japan"}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea_national_baseball_team', 'summary': "The South Korean national baseball team ( Korean : 대한민국 야구 국가대표팀 , 大韓民國野球國家代表팀 ) is the national baseball team of South Korea . It won the Baseball World Cup in 1982 , and participated in the Summer Olympic Games of 1984 , 1988 , 1996 , and 2000 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , it won the gold medal in a final victory against Cuba . Currently , the South Korean men 's baseball team is ranked third in the WBSC World Rankings . Team South Korea came in second in the 12-team 2019 WBSC Premier12 Tournament , in November 2019 , where it qualified for baseball at the 2020 Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '14-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fistball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fistball', 'summary': "Fistball is a sport of European origin . It is similar to volleyball in that players try to hit a ball over a net . The current men 's fistball World Champions are Germany , winners of both the 2015 Men 's World Championships and the fistball category at the 2017 World Games , while the current women 's fistball World Champions are also Germany , after winning the 2016 Women 's World Championships ."}]}, {'value': "2015 Men 's Fistball World Championships", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2015_Men's_Fistball_World_Championships", 'summary': "The 14th Mens World Fistball Championships was held from the 14th to 22 November 2015 in Calamuchita , Córdoba in Argentina . It was the second time the Men 's Fistball World Championships have been held in Argentina , having also previously been held in Buenos Aires in 1986 . The tournament was held in four settlements in Córdoba Province , three of them are located in Calamuchita : Villa General Belgrano , Santa Rosa de Calamuchita and Embalse . The fourth venue was La Cumbrecita , in Santa María Department ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Formula One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Formula_One', 'summary': "Formula One ( also known as Formula 1 or F1 ) is the highest class of single-seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) and owned by the Formula One Group . The World Drivers ' Championship , which became the FIA Formula One World Championship in 1981 , has been one of the premier forms of racing around the world since its inaugural season in 1950 . The word formula in the name refers to the set of rules to which all participants ' cars must conform . A Formula One season consists of a series of races , known as Grands Prix ( French for 'grand prizes ' or 'great prizes ' ) , which take place worldwide on purpose-built circuits and on public roads . The results of each race are evaluated using a points system to determine two annual World Championships : one for drivers , the other for constructors . Drivers must hold valid Super Licences , the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA . The races must run on tracks graded 1 ( formerly A ) , the highest grade-rating issued by the FIA . Most events occur in rural locations on purpose-built tracks , but several events take place on city streets . Formula One cars are the fastest regulated road-course racing cars in the world , owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic downforce . The cars underwent major changes in 2017 , allowing wider front and rear wings , and wider tyres , resulting in peak cornering forces near 6.5 lateral g and top speeds of up to approximately 350 km/h ( 215 mph ) . As of 2019 [ update ] the hybrid engines are limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 rpm , the cars are very dependent on electronics and aerodynamics , suspension and tyres . Traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': '2015 Brazilian Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Brazilian_Grand_Prix', 'summary': "The 2015 Brazilian Grand Prix ( formally known as the Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Petrobras do Brasil 2015 ) was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace in São Paulo , Brazil on 15 November 2015 . It was the eighteenth race of the 2015 FIA Formula One World Championship , and marked the 44th running of the Brazilian Grand Prix as a round of the World Championship since its inception in 1950 . Nico Rosberg , driving for Mercedes , was the defending race winner . His teammate Lewis Hamilton entered the race as World Drivers ' Champion , having secured the title two races earlier in the United States . Mercedes had also already clinched the Constructors ' title , having done so at the 2015 Russian Grand Prix . Rosberg took pole position in Saturday 's qualifying session , the 21st of his career . He would go on to win the race from his teammate , in what many commentators perceived as a boring race . Sebastian Vettel completed the podium for Scuderia Ferrari ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nico Rosberg ( Mercedes )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nico_Rosberg', 'summary': "Nico Erik Rosberg ( born 27 June 1985 ) is a German-Finnish former racing driver who won the 2016 Formula One World Championship driving for Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport . The only child of Keke Rosberg ( the 1982 Formula One World Champion ) and his German wife Sina Rosberg , he was raised primarily in the principality of Monaco . Rosberg began competitive go-kart racing at the age of six and began aiming for a career in Formula One four years later . He achieved early success , winning regional and national French championships , before moving to European-based series and world championships . At the age of sixteen , he progressed to car racing , winning the Formula BMW ADAC Championship with VIVA Racing in 2002 and claiming nine victories . He subsequently moved to the higher-tier Formula 3 Euro Series with Team Rosberg in 2003 and 2004 before winning the inaugural GP2 Series championship with ART Grand Prix in 2005 . Rosberg first drove in Formula One with Williams from 2006 to 2009 and achieved two podium finishes for the team in 2008 . For 2010 , he moved to Mercedes , partnering fellow German and seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher . Rosberg took his first career win at the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix . He was the teammate of former karting friend and eventual six-time World Drivers ' Champion , Lewis Hamilton , from 2013 to 2016 , twice finishing as runner-up to his teammate before winning the title in 2016 . Rosberg announced his retirement from motor racing five days after clinching his maiden title , citing wanting to spend more time with his family and not wanting his driving ability to atrophy as the main factors behind his surprise decision . Overall he competed in 206 Grands Prix , winning 23 , securing 57 podium finishes , 30 pole positions , and amassing 1594.5 championship points ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One', 'summary': "Mercedes-Benz , through its subsidiary Mercedes-Benz Grand Prix Limited , is currently involved in Formula One as a constructor under the name of Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team . The team is based in Brackley , Northamptonshire , United Kingdom , using a German licence . Mercedes-Benz competed in the pre-war European Championship winning three titles and debuted in Formula One in 1954 , running a team for two years . The team is also known by their nickname , the Silver Arrows . After winning their first race at the 1954 French Grand Prix , driver Juan Manuel Fangio won another three Grands Prix to win the 1954 Drivers ' Championship and repeated this success in 1955 . Despite winning two Drivers ' Championships , Mercedes-Benz withdrew from motor racing in response to the 1955 Le Mans disaster and did not return to Formula One until rejoining as an engine supplier in association with Ilmor , a British independent high-performance autosport engineering company later acquired by Mercedes , in 1994 . In addition to its factory team , Mercedes currently supplies engines to Racing Point and Williams . The manufacturer has collected more than 180 wins as an engine supplier and is ranked second in Formula One history . Seven Constructors ' and 11 Drivers ' Championships have been won with Mercedes-Benz engines . Mercedes has become one of the most successful teams in recent Formula One history , having achieved consecutive Drivers ' and Constructors ' Championships from 2014 to 2019 . In 2014 , Mercedes managed 11 one-two finishes beating McLaren 's 1988 record of 10 . The record was extended the following year with 12 one-two finishes ."}]}, {'value': '15-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Squash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Squash_(sport)', 'summary': 'Squash is a racket and ball sport played by two ( singles ) or four players ( doubles squash ) in a four-walled court with a small , hollow rubber ball . The players alternate in striking the ball with their racquets onto the playable surfaces of the four walls of the court . The objective of the game is to hit the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . About 20 million people play squash regularly world-wide in over 185 countries . The governing body of Squash , the World Squash Federation ( WSF ) , is recognized by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , but the sport is not part of the Olympic Games , despite a number of applications . Supporters continue to lobby for its incorporation in a future Olympic program .'}]}, {'value': "2015 Men 's World Open Squash Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2015_Men's_World_Open_Squash_Championship", 'summary': "The 2015 PSA Men 's World Squash Championship is the men 's edition of the 2015 World Championship , which serves as the individual world championship for squash players . The event took place in Bellevue , Washington in the United States from 15 to 22 November 2015 . Grégory Gaultier won his first World Championship title , defeating Omar Mosaad in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grégory Gaultier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grégory_Gaultier', 'summary': 'Grégory Gaultier ( born 23 December 1982 , in Épinal , France ) is a professional squash player from France . He has won the 2015 World Open Squash Championship , the British Open three times , in 2007 , 2014 and 2017 , the Qatar Classic in 2011 , the US Open twice , in 2006 and 2013 , the Tournament of Champions in 2009 , and the PSA World Series Finals thrice , in 2008 , 2009 and 2016 . He reached the final of the World Open in 2006 , 2007 , 2011 and 2013 , and the World No . 1 ranking in 2009 . Gaultier is affectionately known to his friends as The General .'}]}, {'value': '15-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis', 'summary': "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye ."}]}, {'value': '2015 ATP World Tour Finals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_ATP_World_Tour_Finals', 'summary': "The 2015 ATP World Tour Finals ( also known as the 2015 Barclays ATP World Tour Finals for sponsorship reasons ) was a men 's tennis tournament that was played at the O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom , between 15 and 22 November 2015 . It was the season-ending event for the best singles players and doubles teams on the 2015 ATP World Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singles : Novak Djokovic Doubles : Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Novak_Djokovic', 'summary': "Novak Djokovic ( Serbian : Новак Ђоковић , romanized : Novak Đoković , pronounced [ nôʋaːk dʑôːkoʋitɕ ] ( listen ) ; born 22 May 1987 ) is a Serbian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No . 1 in men 's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . Djokovic has won 17 Grand Slam singles titles , the third-most in history for a male player , five ATP Finals titles , 34 ATP Tour Masters 1000 titles , 13 ATP Tour 500 titles , and has held the No . 1 spot in the ATP rankings for over 275 weeks . In majors , he has won a record eight Australian Open titles , five Wimbledon titles , three US Open titles , and one French Open title . By winning the 2016 French Open , he became the eighth player in history to achieve the Career Grand Slam and the third man to hold all four major titles at once , the first since Rod Laver in 1969 and the first ever to do so on three different surfaces . He is the only male player to have won all nine of the Masters 1000 tournaments . Djokovic was also a member of Serbia 's winning Davis Cup team in 2010 and in the 2020 ATP Cup . Djokovic is the first Serbian player to be ranked No . 1 by the ATP and the first male player representing Serbia to win a Grand Slam singles title . He is a six-time ITF World Champion and a five-time ATP year-end No . 1 ranked player ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean-Julien_Rojer', 'summary': "Jean-Julien Rojer ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌʒɑ̃ːʒyˌljɛ̃ː ˈroːjɛr ] ; born 25 August 1981 ) is a Dutch professional tennis player from Curaçao . His highest ATP singles ranking is 218th , which he achieved on 15 August 2005 . A doubles specialist , his career-high in doubles is World No . 3 , which he reached in November 2015 . His former doubles partners include Eric Butorac and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi . He currently plays with Horia Tecău of Romania , with whom he won the men 's double titles in the 2015 Wimbledon and 2017 US Open championships . With Anna-Lena Grönefeld , he also won the mixed doubles ' title at the 2014 French Open . He attended UCLA where he competed for the UCLA Bruins men 's tennis team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Horia_Tecău', 'summary': "Horia Tecău ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈhori.a teˈkəw ] ; born January 19 , 1985 ) is a Romanian tennis player currently ranked World No . 11 in doubles . He turned pro in 2003 and reached the men 's doubles finals of the 2010 , 2011 and 2012 Wimbledon Championships with Robert Lindstedt before winning it in 2015 with Jean-Julien Rojer , with whom he also won the 2017 US Open . Tecău also won the 2012 Australian Open mixed doubles title with Bethanie Mattek-Sands and the 2015 ATP World Tour Finals with Rojer ."}]}, {'value': '20-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling', 'summary': 'Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice toward a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles . It is related to bowls , boules and shuffleboard . Two teams , each with four players , take turns sliding heavy , polished granite stones , also called rocks , across the ice curling sheet toward the house , a circular target marked on the ice . Each team has eight stones , with each player throwing two . The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a game ; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each end , which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones . A game usually consists of eight or ten ends . The player can induce a curved path , described as curl , by causing the stone to slowly turn as it slides . The path of the rock may be further influenced by two sweepers with brooms or brushes , who accompany it as it slides down the sheet and sweep the ice in front of the stone . Sweeping a rock decreases the friction , which makes the stone travel a straighter path ( with less curl ) and a longer distance . A great deal of strategy and teamwork go into choosing the ideal path and placement of a stone for each situation , and the skills of the curlers determine the degree to which the stone will achieve the desired result . This gives curling its nickname of chess on ice .'}]}, {'value': '2015 European Curling Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_European_Curling_Championships', 'summary': "The 2015 European Curling Championships were held from November 20 to 28 in Esbjerg , Denmark . Denmark last hosted the European Curling Championships in 1996 in Copenhagen . The Group C competitions were held during October in Champéry , Switzerland . At the conclusion of the championships , the top eight women 's teams went to the 2016 Ford World Women 's Curling Championship in Swift Current , and the top seven men 's teams to the 2016 World Men 's Curling Championship in Basel ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men : Sweden ( Skip : Niklas Edin ) Women : Russia ( Skip : Anna Sidorova )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Niklas_Edin', 'summary': 'Johan Niklas Edin ( born 6 July 1985 ) is a Swedish curler from Örnsköldsvik , Sweden . He currently resides in Karlstad , which has been his curling home base since 2008 . He is a two-time medal winner in the Olympics , winning a silver medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics and the bronze medal the 2014 Winter Olympics . He is a four-time World champion ( 2013 , 2015 , 2018 , 2019 ) , seven-time European champion ( 2009 , 2012 , 2014-2017 , 2019 ) , and has won three Grand Slam events . He has played exclusively in the position of skip since 2007 . The team bearing his name has been ranked on the World Curling Tour as high as No . 1 , holding that ranking for most of the 2017-18 season . Under the current World Curling Federation rankings , Team Edin is ranked among the Top 10 teams in the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Sidorova', 'summary': 'Anna Vladimirovna Sidorova ( Russian : А́нна Влади́мировна Си́дорова ; born 6 February 1991 in Moscow ) is a Russian curler .'}]}, {'value': '20-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting', 'summary': 'Olympic weightlifting , or Olympic-style weightlifting , often simply referred to as weightlifting , is a sport in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates . The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk . The snatch is a wide-grip , one-move lift . The clean and jerk is a close-grip , two-move lift . Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each , and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category . Bodyweight categories are different for male and female competitors . A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total , and therefore receives an incomplete entry for the competition . The clean and press was once a competition lift , but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form . In comparison with other strength sports , which test limit strength ( with or without lifting aids ) , weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits ( explosive strength ) ; the lifts are therefore executed faster - and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other strength movements . The lifts performed in the sport of weightlifting , and in particular their component lifts ( e.g . squats , deadlifts , cleans ) , are commonly used by elite athletes in other sports to train for both explosive and functional strength .'}]}, {'value': '2015 World Weightlifting Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_World_Weightlifting_Championships', 'summary': "The 2015 World Weightlifting Championships were held in Houston , United States . The event took place from November 19 to 28 , 2015 . This event was , together with the 2014 World Weightlifting Championships , the first stage of the Qualification Process for the 2016 Summer Olympics . In September 2016 the championships won the 2016 SportsTravel Best Amateur Single-Sport Event of the Year , awarded for what SportsTravel Magazine described as its superior organisation and spectator attendance , [ and ] for creating superior experience for competitors and spectators . Despite this accolade , ESPN would later speculate that these championships may have been the public bottoming out for weightlifting . Before the event , the International Weightlifting Federation and the United States Anti-Doping Agency had a public conflict over which entity would perform drug testing . After an agreement was reached , the USADA , according to ESPN , aggressively target-tested athletes from teams at high risk for doping and asked hotel security and cleaning staff to report when they found syringes and vials in wastebaskets . A total of 24 samples from the competition came back positive . With the sport 's doping issues now laid bare , the IWF responded by banning Russia and Bulgaria from the 2016 Olympics , and later imposed a one-year suspension on nine nations , including Russia but not Bulgaria ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '20-29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amateur boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amateur_boxing', 'summary': 'Amateur boxing is a variant of boxing practised at the collegiate level , at the Olympic Games , Pan American Games and Commonwealth Games , as well as many associations .'}]}, {'value': '2015 EUBC European Confederation Youth Boxing Championships', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '24-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Powerlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paralympic_powerlifting', 'summary': 'Paralympic powerlifting is an adaptation of the sport of powerlifting for athletes with disabilities . The only discipline in Paralympic powerlifting is the bench press . The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee and is open to anyone with a minimum level of disability who can extend their arms within 20° of full extension during a lift . Powerlifting has been competed at the Summer Paralympics since 1984 .'}]}, {'value': '2015 IPC Powerlifting European Open Championships', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '25-29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trampolining', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trampolining', 'summary': 'Trampolining or trampoline gymnastics is a recreational activity , acrobatic training tool as well as a competitive Olympic sport in which athletes perform acrobatics while bouncing on a trampoline . In competition , these can include simple jumps in the straight , pike , tuck , or straddle position to more complex combinations of forward or backward somersaults and twists . Scoring is based on the difficulty and on the total seconds spent in the air . Points are deducted for bad form and horizontal displacement from the center of the bed . Outside of the Olympics , competitions are referred to as GymSport , Trampoline Gymnastics ( TG ) , or Gymnastics , which includes the events of Trampoline , Synchronized Trampoline , Double Mini-Trampoline & Tumbling .'}]}, {'value': '2015 Trampoline World Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_Trampoline_World_Championships', 'summary': 'The 31st Trampoline Gymnastics World Championships was held at the Stadium Arena Fyn in Odense , Denmark , from November 25-28 , 2015 . This event was the first qualifying round for the 2016 Olympics which was held in Rio de Janeiro . The top 8 men and women automatically earned their nation quota places for the Olympics , subject to a maximum of two quota places per nation . A further 16 of each sex will get a second chance to earn a quota place at the Rio de Janeiro test event in April 2016 for a further five spots .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '28-6 December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Field hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey', 'summary': "Field hockey is a widely played team sport of the hockey family . The game can be played on grass , watered turf , artificial turf or synthetic field , as well as an indoor boarded surface . Each team plays with ten field players and a goalkeeper . Players commonly use sticks made out of wood , carbon fibre , fibre glass or a combination of carbon fibre and fibre glass in different quantities ( with the higher carbon fibre stick being more expensive and less likely to break ) to hit a round , hard , plastic hockey ball . The length of the hockey stick is based on the player 's individual height , the top of the stick usually comes to the players hip , taller players typically have taller sticks . The sticks have a round side and a flat side only the flat face of the stick is allowed to be used , if the other side is used it results in a foul . Goalies often have a different kind of stick , however they can also use an ordinary field hockey stick . The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the end of the stick , this is to give them more surface area to save the ball . The uniform consists of shin guards , shoes , shorts or a skirt , a mouthguard and a jersey . Today , the game is played globally , mainly in parts of Western Europe , South Asia , Southern Africa , Australia , New Zealand , Argentina , and parts of the United States ( primarily New England and the Mid-Atlantic states ) . Known simply as hockey in many territories , the term field hockey is used primarily in Canada and the United States where ice hockey is more popular . In Sweden , the term landhockey is used and to some degree also in Norway where it is governed by Norway 's Bandy Association ."}]}, {'value': "2014-15 Men 's FIH Hockey World League Final", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2014–15_Men's_FIH_Hockey_World_League_Final", 'summary': "The 2014-15 Men 's FIH Hockey World League Final took place from 27 November to 6 December 2015 in Raipur , India . A total of 8 teams competed for the title . Australia won the tournament for the first time after defeating Belgium 2-1 in the final match . Host nation India won the third place match by defeating the Netherlands 3-2 on a penalty shootout after a 5-5 draw ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Australia_men's_national_field_hockey_team", 'summary': "The Australia men 's national field hockey team ( nicknamed the Kookaburras ) is one of the nation 's most successful top-level sporting teams . They are the only Australian team in any sport to receive medals at the last six Summer Olympic Games ( 1992-2012 ) . The Kookaburras placed in the top four in every Olympics between 1980 and 2012 ; in 2016 , the Kookaburras placed sixth . They also won the Hockey World Cup in 1986 , 2010 and 2014 . The Kookaburras ' inability to win an Olympic gold medal despite their perennial competitiveness , led many in the Australian hockey community to speak of a curse afflicting the team , finally broken in 2004 with the win in Athens ."}]}, {'value': '28-12 December', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Association football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': '2015 U-23 Africa Cup of Nations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015_U-23_Africa_Cup_of_Nations', 'summary': "The 2015 Africa U-23 Cup of Nations was the 2nd edition of the Africa U-23 Cup of Nations , the quadrennial international age-restricted football championship organised by the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) for the men 's under-23 national teams of Africa . The tournament started on 28 November and finished on 12 December 2015 . A total of eight teams are playing in the tournament . The tournament was initially scheduled to take place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 5-19 December 2015 . However , CAF changed the hosts and requested Senegal to host the tournament instead , and the tournament dates were also changed . On 6 August 2015 , the CAF Executive Committee decided to change the name of the tournament from the CAF U-23 Championship to the Africa U-23 Cup of Nations , similar to the senior 's version , Africa Cup of Nations . Same as the previous edition , the tournament acted as the CAF qualifiers for the Olympic football tournament . The top three teams of the tournament qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics men 's football tournament in Brazil as the CAF representatives . Nigeria won the tournament with a 1-0 final win over Algeria . Both finalists and third-placed South Africa qualified for the Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nigeria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria_national_under-23_football_team', 'summary': 'Nigeria Olympic football team represents Nigeria in international football competitions in Olympic Games . The selection is limited to male players under the age of 23 , except during the Olympic Games where the use of three overage players is allowed . The team is controlled by the Nigeria Football Federation . In four participations at the Olympic games , the team won gold in 1996 , silver in 2008 and bronze in 2016 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Calendar by month -- November', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2015_in_sports_10', 'intro': "2015 in sports describes the year's events in world sport. This year, some sporting events listed below are qualifying ones, for athletes, to compete at the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro. From July 2015 to May 2016, the venues for the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics will be tested, by hosting various events in them."} | null | null | What was the status of the indoor tournament where two teams of five members compete against each other ? | International |
0a539713d5ae5423 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_A_Lyga', 'title': '2012 A Lyga', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Stadium', '2011 season'], 'data': [{'value': 'Atlantas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Atlantas', 'summary': "FK Atlantas is a Lithuanian football team from the port city of Klaipėda . The team currently plays in A Lyga , the first level of the Lithuanian football league pyramid . The club 's name has changed several times . It was established in 1962 as Granitas , and became PSK Aras in 1993 . Since 1996 , when FK Sirijus Klaipėda was absorbed into the club , it has had the name Atlantas , which in Lithuanian language means Atlantic Ocean . Atlantas were Lithuanian champions in 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , and 1984 ."}]}, {'value': 'Klaipėda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klaipėda', 'summary': 'Klaipėda ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ ˈkɫɐɪˑpʲeːdɐ ] , listen ( help·info ) ; German : Memel , Samogitian : Klaipieda , is a city in Lithuania on the Baltic Sea coast . It is the third largest city in Lithuania and the capital of Klaipėda County . The city has a complex recorded history , partially due to the combined regional importance of the usually ice-free Port of Klaipėda at the mouth of the Akmena-Danė River . It was controlled by successive German states until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles . As a result of the 1923 Klaipėda Revolt it was annexed by Lithuania and has remained with Lithuania to this day , except between 1939 and 1945 when it returned to Germany following the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania and Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact ( between Germany and the Soviet Union ) . The population has shrunk from the city to its suburbs and the hinterland . The number of inhabitants of Klaipėda city shrank from 207,100 in 1992 to 157,350 in 2014 , but the urban zone of Klaipėda expanded well into the suburbs , which sprang around the city and surrounded it from three sides . These are well integrated with the city ( city bus lines , city water supply , etc . ) and the majority of inhabitants of these suburbs work in Klaipėda . According to statistics of Klaipėda territorial health insurance fund , there are 233,311 permanent inhabitants ( as of 2019 ) in Klaipėda city and Klaipėda district municipalities combined . Popular seaside resorts found close to Klaipėda are Nida to the south on the Curonian Spit and Palanga to the north .'}]}, {'value': 'Žalgiris Stadium ( Klaipėda )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Žalgiris_Stadium_(Klaipėda)', 'summary': 'Klaipėdos centrinis stadionas is a football stadium in Klaipėda , Lithuania . It is the home ground of FK Atlantas , and has a capacity of 4,428 .'}]}, {'value': '11th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Banga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Banga_Gargždai', 'summary': 'FK Banga Gargždai is a Lithuanian football club from the city of Gargždai .'}]}, {'value': 'Gargždai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gargždai', 'summary': 'Gargždai ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a city in western Lithuania located in Klaipėda County . The Minija River flows through the city . Gargždai Stadium is its main sports venue . Gargždai is the Lithuanian name of the city . Versions of the name in other languages include Polish : Gorżdy , Russian : Горжды Gorzhdy , Belarusian : Го́ржды Horzhdy , Yiddish : גורזד Gorzhd , German : Garsden , Latvian : Gargždi .'}]}, {'value': 'Gargždai Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gargždai_Stadium', 'summary': 'Gargždai Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Gargždai , Lithuania . It is mostly used for football matches and hosts the home games of the team , FK Banga Gargždai , of the A Lyga . The capacity of the stadium is 2,323 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dainava', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Dainava_Alytus', 'summary': 'FK Dainava was a Lithuanian football club from Alytus . The club was established in 1935 as FK Alytis , before being renamed FK Dainava after a merger with FK Vidzgiris Alytus in December 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alytus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alytus', 'summary': 'Alytus is a city with municipal rights in southern Lithuania . It is the capital of Alytus County . Its population in 2013 was 57,281 . Alytus is the historical centre of the Dzūkija region . The city lies on the banks of the Nemunas River . The major roads linking Vilnius , Kaunas , Lazdijai ( border with Poland ) , and Hrodna in Belarus pass through Alytus . Divided onto two separate entities for centuries , it consists of two parts still frequently referred to as Alytus I and Alytus II , the earlier being a smaller town and the latter forming the city centre with parks , microdistricts and industrial areas .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekranas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Ekranas', 'summary': "Futbolo Klubas Ekranas was a Lithuanian football club , from the city of Panevėžys . It won 7 top-tier champion and 5 national cup titles throughout its existence . The club was founded in 1964 and for 44 years competed in the top tier of Lithuanian football . However , at the end of 2014 season the club ran into financial difficulties , failed to meet admission criteria to A Lyga for the 2015 season , and was subsequently declared bankrupt . A new club FK Panevėžys was formed to represent the city of Panevėžys , which managed to pass licensing criteria for the 2015 I Lyga season . FK Ekranas was declared bankrupt in 2016 . FK Ekranas won Lithuanian championships in 1985 ( Soviet Lithuania ) , 1993 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 , the Lithuanian Cup in 1985 ( Soviet Lithuania ) , 1998 , 2000 , 2010 and 2011 and the Lithuanian Super Cup in 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . On 5 November 2004 , before the A Lyga champion-deciding match against FBK Kaunas , the club was controversially expelled from the top division by the National Football Club Association ( NFKA ) for alleged match fixing , but reinstated a day later . In August 2006 FK Ekranas won the first Baltic Champion 's Cup tournament in Liepāja after beating Estonian champions TVMK Tallinn 6-4 and drawing with the home side Liepājas Metalurgs 1-1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Panevėžys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panevėžys', 'summary': 'Panevėžys ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ pɐnʲɛvʲeːˈʑiːs ] ( listen ) , Latin : Panevezen , Polish : Poniewież , Yiddish : פּאָנעװעזש Ponevezh ) see also other names , is the fifth largest city in Lithuania . As of 2011 , it occupied 52 square kilometres ( 20 sq mi ) with 113,653 inhabitants . As defined by Eurostat , the population of Panevėžys functional urban area , that stretches beyond the city limits , is estimated at 127,471 ( as of 2017 ) The largest multifunctional arena in Panevėžys , Cido Arena , hosted the Eurobasket 2011 group matches . The town is still widely known , if indirectly , in the Jewish world , for the eponymous Ponevezh Yeshiva .'}]}, {'value': 'Aukštaitija Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aukštaitija_Stadium', 'summary': 'Aukštaitija Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Panevėžys , Lithuania . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FK Panevėžys and earlier of FK Ekranas Panevėžys . It is named Aukštaitija , one of the five regions of Lithuania .'}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kruoja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Kruoja_Pakruojis', 'summary': "FK Kruoja Pakruojis was a Lithuanian football club from the city of Pakruojis . The team first played in the A Lyga , Lithuania 's top football division , in 2009 . They were promoted after FBK Kaunas and Atlantas Klaipėda voluntarily withdrew . The team 's colours are yellow and blue . The club plays at Pakruojis stadium ( capacity 2000 ) . In August 2015 , Kruoja withdrew from A Lyga ."}]}, {'value': 'Pakruojis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakruojis', 'summary': 'Pakruojis ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a city in Lithuania . It is situated on the Kruoja River , which has a dam above the city . Forty three buildings of the manor , mentioned in 1531 still survive .'}]}, {'value': 'Pakruojis Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakruojis_Stadium', 'summary': 'Pakruojis City Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Pakruojis , Lithuania . It opened in 1989 and is used mostly for football matches . It is the home arena for FC Pakruojis and former A Lyga club FK Kruoja . In 2010 stadium was renovated . Capacity was increased to 2,000 seats , new technical area added . It currently holds 1st UEFA stadiums category .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'REO', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_REO_Vilnius', 'summary': 'FK REO Vilnius was a Lithuanian football team , based in the town of Vilnius .'}]}, {'value': 'Vilnius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vilnius', 'summary': 'Vilnius ( Lithuanian pronunciation : [ ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs ] ( listen ) , see also other names ) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city , with a population of 580,020 as of 2020 [ update ] . The population of Vilnius functional urban area , that stretches beyond the city limits , is estimated at 697,691 ( as of 2017 ) , while according to statistics of Vilnius territorial health insurance fund , there are 728,032 permanent inhabitants ( as of December 2019 ) in Vilnius city and Vilnius district municipalities combined . Vilnius is in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second largest city in the Baltic states . Vilnius is the seat of the national government of Lithuania and the Vilnius District Municipality . Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies , and is known for the architecture in its Old Town , declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 . Before World War II , Vilnius was one of the largest Jewish centres in Europe . Its Jewish influence has led to it being described as the Jerusalem of Lithuania and Napoleon named it the Jerusalem of the North as he was passing through in 1812 . In 2009 , Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture , together with the Austrian city of Linz .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I Lyga , 1st', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Lyga', 'summary': 'The I Lyga , LFF I Lyga , Pirma Lyga , is the second level of professional Lithuanian football championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Sūduva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Sūduva_Marijampolė', 'summary': "FK Sūduva is a professional football club based in the city of Marijampolė , Lithuania . Founded in 1968 . The club are the defending football champions of Lithuania . The club have been playing in the A Lyga since 2002 . In 2006 the team won its first trophy - the Lithuanian Cup , a feat they repeated in 2009 . In 2017 Sūduva won the A Lyga for the first time in its history , and repeated the triumph in 2018 and 2019 . The team 's colours are white and red . The club plays at Hikvision futbolo arena in Marijampolė ( capacity 6,250 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Marijampolė', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marijampolė', 'summary': 'Marijampolė ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; also known by several other names ) is a cultural and industrial city and the capital of the Marijampolė County in the south of Lithuania , bordering Poland and Russian Kaliningrad Oblast , and Lake Vištytis . The population of Marijampolė is 48,700 ( 2003 ) . It is the Lithuanian center of the Suvalkija region . Marijampolė is the seventh-largest city in Lithuania , and has been its regional center since 1994 . The city covers an area equal to 205.07 square kilometres ( 79.18 sq mi ) . The Šešupė River divides the city into two parts which are connected by six bridges .'}]}, {'value': 'Sūduva Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sūduva_stadium', 'summary': 'Marijampolė Football Arena , also referred to as Sūduva Stadium , is a multi-purpose stadium in Marijampolė , Lithuania . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Sūduva . Between the 2011 and 2019 seasons the stadium was named ARVI Football Arena after the sponsoring rights were bought by ARVI Enterprises Group . The stadium was built using funds from the European Union and opened on July 6 , 2008 . Its original capacity increased from 4,200 to 6,500 spectators after additional seats were installed in May-June 2009 before a match between Lithuania national team and Romania . 11 December 2019 reports that ARVI Group will no longer support Sūduva club . There were notes and signboards bearing the name of a former sponsor . The ARVi Arena has been renamed the Marijampolė Football Arena ( at least temporarily until another sponsor appears ) .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šiauliai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Šiauliai', 'summary': 'FC Šiauliai is a Lithuanian football team from the city of Šiauliai . The team is referred to as Šiauliai .'}]}, {'value': 'Šiauliai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šiauliai', 'summary': 'Šiauliai ( [ ɕɛʊ̯ˈlʲɛɪ̯ˑ ] ( listen ) ; Samogitian : Šiaulē ) is the fourth largest city in Lithuania , with a population of 107,086 . From 1994 to 2010 it was the capital of Šiauliai County .'}]}, {'value': 'Savivaldybė Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savivaldybė_Stadium', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tauras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Tauras_Tauragė', 'summary': 'FK Tauras is a Lithuanian football team from the city of Tauragė .'}]}, {'value': 'Tauragė', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tauragė', 'summary': 'Tauragė ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; see other names ) is an industrial city in Lithuania , and the capital of Tauragė County . In 2011 , its population was 26,444 . Tauragė is situated on the Jūra River , close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast , and not far from the Baltic Sea coast . Although first mentioned in 1507 , Tauragė received its city charter only in 1924 and its coat of arms ( a silver hunting horn in a red field ) in 1997. Notable buildings in the city include the castle ( 19th c. Russian Empire Customs ) ( currently housing Tauragė Region Museum , Tourism Information Centre ) , 19th c. Post office , beautiful buildings from the 20th c. inter-war period , several churches : the Lutheran ( built in 1843 ) , the Catholic ( 1904 ) and Orthodox ( 1933 ) . Lithuanian , Swedish and Danish factories operate in the city . Nowadays Tauragė is famous for its car markets and adventure parks .'}]}, {'value': 'Vytauto Stadium', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Žalgiris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Žalgiris_Vilnius', 'summary': "Futbolo klubas Žalgiris , commonly known as FK Žalgiris , Žalgiris Vilnius or simply Žalgiris is a Lithuanian professional football club based in Vilnius . The club competes in the A Lyga , the top flight of Lithuanian football . The club was founded as Dinamo in 1947 . The club 's name commemorates the victorious Battle of Žalgiris ( Battle of Grunwald ) ( both names : Žalgiris and Grunwald are translated as green grove ) . Žalgiris has featured many Lithuanian football legends during their history , including Arminas Narbekovas , Valdas Ivanauskas , Edgaras Jankauskas and Deividas Šemberas . They have won the Lithuanian Championship 7 times , the Lithuanian Football Cup 12 times and the Lithuanian Supercup 6 times . The team 's colours are green and white . The club plays at LFF stadium in Vilnius which has a capacity of 5,067 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vilnius', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LFF Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LFF_Stadium', 'summary': 'LFF Stadium ( Lithuanian Football Federation stadium , Lithuanian : LFF stadionas ) , formerly known as Vėtra Stadium , is a football stadium in Vilnius , Lithuania .'}]}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Stadiums and locations', 'section_text': 'AtlantasBangaDainavaEkranasKruojaREOŽalgirisŠiauliaiSūduvaTauras Location of teams in the 2012 A Lyga', 'uid': '2012_A_Lyga_0', 'intro': 'The 2012 A Lyga, also known as General Financing A Lyga for sponsoring purposes,[citation needed] was the 23rd season of the A Lyga, the top-tier football league of Lithuania. The season started on 10 March 2012 and ended on 11 November 2012. Ekranas were the defending champions.'} | null | null | What is the capacity of a stadium that is located in city which Minija River flows through ? | 2,323 spectators |
0a54870fafc2937a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematicians,_physicians,_and_scientists_educated_at_Jesus_College,_Oxford', 'title': 'List of mathematicians, physicians, and scientists educated at Jesus College, Oxford', 'header': ['Name', 'M', 'G', 'Degree', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jonathan Borwein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Borwein', 'summary': 'Jonathan Michael Borwein ( 20 May 1951 - 2 August 2016 ) was a Scottish mathematician who held an appointment as Laureate Professor of mathematics at the University of Newcastle , Australia . He was a close associate of David H. Bailey , and they have been prominent public advocates of experimental mathematics . Indeed , Borwein is arguably the father of the field known as experimental mathematics . [ according to whom ? ]'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MSc ( 1972 ) , DPhil Mathematics ( 1974 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Rhodes Scholar and mathematician ; a professor at the University of Newcastle , Australia , since 2009 ; formerly a professor at Dalhousie University and Simon Fraser University , Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar', 'summary': "The Rhodes Scholarship is an international postgraduate award for students to study at the University of Oxford . It was established in 1902 , making it the first large-scale programme of international scholarship . The Rhodes Scholarship was founded by English businessman and politician Cecil John Rhodes , to promote unity between English-speaking nations and instill a sense of civic-minded leadership and moral fortitude in future leaders irrespective of their chosen career paths . Although initially restricted to male applicants from countries which are today within the British Commonwealth , as well as Germany and the United States , today the scholarship is open to applicants from all backgrounds and from across the globe . Since its creation , controversy has surrounded both its former exclusion of women ( thus leading to the establishment of the co-educational Marshall Scholarship ) , and Rhodes ' white supremacist beliefs and legacy of colonialism . Prominent recipients of the Rhodes Scholarship include politicians , academics , scientists , authors and entrepreneurs . Notable American politicians include former president of the United States Bill Clinton , former United States national security advisor and United States ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice , former governor of Louisiana Piyush Bobby Jindal , former United States secretary of the Air Force and former congresswoman Heather Wilson , and former United States secretary of health and human services Sylvia Matthews Burwell . President of Pakistan Wasim Sajjad ; former prime minister of Malta Dom Mintoff ; former Australian prime ministers Tony Abbott , Bob Hawke and Malcolm Turnbull ; and the current deputy prime minister of Canada , Chrystia Freeland are also Rhodes Scholars . Other notable Rhodes Scholars include journalist and American television host Rachel Maddow , author Naomi Wolf , former 2020 presidential candidate and New Jersey senator Cory Booker , 2020 presidential candidate and former mayor of South Bend Pete Buttigieg , former president of Planned Parenthood Leana Wen , Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Ronan Farrow , and president of the Walmart Foundation Kathleen McLaughlin . The current Warden and CEO of the Rhodes Trust , Elizabeth Kiss , is also a Rhodes Scholar . Some people offered this scholarship have not accepted it , including Sir Alimuddin Zumla , who declined the scholarship as a teenager to study medicine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Newcastle_(Australia)', 'summary': 'The University of Newcastle ( UON ) , informally known as Newcastle University , is an Australian public university established in 1965 . It has a primary campus in Callaghan , a suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales . The university also operates campuses in Ourimbah , Port Macquarie , Singapore , Newcastle CBD and Sydney CBD . Historically , the University of Newcastle Medical School has implemented the problem-based learning system for its undergraduate Bachelor of Medicine program - a system later mandated for use by the Australian Medical Council throughout Australia . It pioneered use of the Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test ( UMAT ) in the early 1990s . UMAT has since been accepted widely by different medical schools across Australia as an additional selection criteria . The University of Newcastle is a member of Universities Australia and the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dalhousie_University', 'summary': "Dalhousie University ( commonly known as Dal ) is a public research university in Nova Scotia , Canada , with three campuses in Halifax , a fourth in Bible Hill , and medical teaching facilities in Saint John , New Brunswick . Dalhousie offers more than 4,000 courses , and 180 degree programs in twelve undergraduate , graduate , and professional faculties . The university is a member of the U15 , a group of research-intensive universities in Canada . Dalhousie was established as a nonsectarian college in 1818 by the eponymous Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia , George Ramsay , 9th Earl of Dalhousie . The college did not hold its first class until 1838 , until then operating sporadically due to financial difficulties . It reopened for a third time in 1863 following a reorganization that brought a change of name to The Governors of Dalhousie College and University . The university formally changed its name to Dalhousie University in 1997 through the same provincial legislation that merged the institution with the Technical University of Nova Scotia . There are currently two student unions that represent student interests at the university : the Dalhousie Student Union and the Dalhousie Association for Graduate Students . Dalhousie 's varsity teams , the Tigers , compete in the Atlantic University Sport conference of Canadian Interuniversity Sport . Dalhousie 's Faculty of Agriculture varsity teams are called the Dalhousie Rams , and compete in the ACAA and CCAA . Dalhousie is a coeducational university with more than 18,000 students and 130,000 alumni around the world . The university 's notable alumni include a Nobel Prize winner , 91 Rhodes Scholars , and a range of other top government officials , academics , and business leaders ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University', 'summary': 'Simon Fraser University ( SFU ) is a public research university in British Columbia , Canada , with three campuses : Burnaby ( main campus ) , Surrey , and Vancouver . The 170-hectare ( 420-acre ) main Burnaby campus on Burnaby Mountain , located 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from downtown Vancouver , was established in 1965 and comprises more than 30,000 students and approximately 950 faculty members . Undergraduate and graduate programs at SFU operate on a year-round , three-semester schedule , and it is the only Canadian university which competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . In 2015 , SFU became the second Canadian university to receive accreditation from the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities . SFU faculty and alumni have won 43 fellowships to the Royal Society of Canada , three Rhodes Scholarships and one Pulitzer Prize .'}]}, {'value': 'S. Barry Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S._Barry_Cooper', 'summary': 'S. Barry Cooper ( 9 October 1943 - 26 October 2015 ) was a British mathematician and computability theorist . He was a professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Leeds .'}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of Mathematical Logic at the University of Leeds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Leeds', 'summary': "The University of Leeds is a public research university in Leeds , West Yorkshire , England . It was established in 1874 as the Yorkshire College of Science . In 1884 it merged with the Leeds School of Medicine ( established 1831 ) and was renamed Yorkshire College . It became part of the federal Victoria University in 1887 , joining Owens College ( which became the University of Manchester ) and University College Liverpool ( which became the University of Liverpool ) . In 1904 a royal charter was granted to the University of Leeds by King Edward VII . For 2017-18 Leeds is ranked nationally between 10th ( Times and Sunday Times ) and 14th ( The Guardian ; The Complete University Guide ) . The university is ranked as the 31st best in Europe and was ranked 93rd in the QS World University Rankings for 2019 . Leeds was ranked in the top three in the UK and the top 20 in the world for graduate employability ( QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2016 ) , and it was also ranked as the fifth most targeted British university by the UK 's top graduate employers in 2016-17 . Leeds was ranked 10th in the UK for research power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework , the best result in the Yorkshire and the Humber region . The university was named the 2017 Sunday Times University of the Year , having been runner-up in 2016 . The university has 33,300 students , the fifth largest university in the UK ( out of 167 ) . From 2006 to present , the university has consistently been ranked within the top 5 ( alongside the University of Manchester , Manchester Metropolitan University , the University of Nottingham and the University of Edinburgh ) in the United Kingdom for the number of applications received ."}]}, {'value': 'David E. Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_E._Evans', 'summary': 'David E. Evans is a professor of mathematics at Cardiff University , specialising in knot theory . He has published a number of books , many in collaboration with Yasuyuki Kawahigashi . He studied at New College , Oxford and Jesus College , Oxford . In 1989 , Evans won the London Mathematical Society Whitehead Prize .'}]}, {'value': '1972 -', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MSc ( 1973 ) , DPhil Mathematics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cardiff ; studied as an undergraduate at New College and moved to Jesus College in 1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Cardiff', 'summary': "Cardiff University ( Welsh : Prifysgol Caerdydd ) is a public research university in Cardiff , Wales . Founded in 1883 as the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire , it became a founding college of the University of Wales in 1893 , and in 1997 received its own degree-awarding powers , although it held them in abeyance . It merged with the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology ( UWIST ) in 1988 . The college adopted the public name of Cardiff University in 1999 ; in 2005 this became its legal name , as an independent university awarding its own degrees . The third oldest university institution in Wales , it contains three colleges : Arts , Humanities and Social Sciences ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; and Physical Sciences and Engineering . Cardiff is the only Welsh member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities . It is recognised as providing high-quality , research-based university education , and placed between 100th and 200th in the world by the four major international rankings , and in the top 40 in all three UK achievement tables . It ranked 5th in the UK among multi-faculty institutions for the quality ( GPA ) of its research and 17th for its Research Power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework . For 2018-2019 , Cardiff had a turnover of £537.1 million , including £116.0 million in research grants and contracts . The university has an undergraduate enrolment of 23,085 and a total enrolment of 31,595 ( according to HESA data for 2016/17 ) making it one of the ten largest universities in the UK . The Cardiff University Students ' Union works to promote the interests of the student body within the University and further afield . The university 's sports teams compete in the British Universities and Colleges Sport ( BUCS ) leagues ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "New College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom . Founded in 1379 by William of Wykeham , the full name of the college is St Mary 's College of Winchester in Oxford . The name New College , however , soon came to be used following its completion in 1386 to distinguish it from the older existing college of St Mary , now known as Oriel College . In 2017 , the college ranked first in the Norrington Table , a table assessing the relative performance of Oxford 's undergraduates in final examinations . Historically , it has been ranked highly . It has the 3rd highest average Norrington Table ranking over the previous decade . The college is between Holywell Street and New College Lane ( known for Oxford 's Bridge of Sighs ) , next to All Souls College , Harris Manchester College , Hertford College , The Queen 's College and St Edmund Hall . The college 's sister college is King 's College , Cambridge . The college is one of the main choral foundations of the University of Oxford . The college choir is regarded as one of the leading choirs of the world , and has recorded over one hundred albums ; it has been awarded two Gramophone Awards . Like many of Oxford 's colleges , New College admitted its first mixed-sex cohort in 1979 , after six centuries as an institution for men only ."}]}, {'value': 'John Griffiths ( F )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Griffiths_(mathematician)', 'summary': 'John Griffiths ( 1837 - May 1916 ) was a Welsh mathematician and academic associated with Jesus College , Oxford , for nearly 60 years .'}]}, {'value': '1856', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics ( 1st , 1860 ) , MA ( 1862 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fellow and Tutor in Mathematics , with a particular interest in analytical geometry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Analytical_geometry', 'summary': "In classical mathematics , analytic geometry , also known as coordinate geometry or Cartesian geometry , is the study of geometry using a coordinate system . This contrasts with synthetic geometry . Analytic geometry is widely used in physics and engineering , and also in aviation , rocketry , space science , and spaceflight . It is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry , including algebraic , differential , discrete and computational geometry . Usually the Cartesian coordinate system is applied to manipulate equations for planes , straight lines , and squares , often in two and sometimes in three dimensions . Geometrically , one studies the Euclidean plane ( two dimensions ) and Euclidean space ( three dimensions ) . As taught in school books , analytic geometry can be explained more simply : it is concerned with defining and representing geometrical shapes in a numerical way and extracting numerical information from shapes ' numerical definitions and representations . That the algebra of the real numbers can be employed to yield results about the linear continuum of geometry relies on the Cantor-Dedekind axiom ."}]}, {'value': 'Nigel Hitchin ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigel_Hitchin', 'summary': 'Nigel James Hitchin FRS ( born 2 August 1946 ) is a British mathematician working in the fields of differential geometry , algebraic geometry , and mathematical physics . He is a Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the University of Oxford .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mathematician working in the field of differential geometry and algebraic geometry ; Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford ( 1997-2016 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathematician', 'summary': 'A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work , typically to solve mathematical problems . Mathematics is concerned with numbers , data , quantity , structure , space , models , and change .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Differential_geometry', 'summary': 'Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that uses the techniques of differential calculus , integral calculus , linear algebra and multilinear algebra to study problems in geometry . The theory of plane and space curves and surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space formed the basis for development of differential geometry during the 18th century and the 19th century . Since the late 19th century , differential geometry has grown into a field concerned more generally with the geometric structures on differentiable manifolds . Differential geometry is closely related to differential topology and the geometric aspects of the theory of differential equations . The differential geometry of surfaces captures many of the key ideas and techniques endemic to this field .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Algebraic_geometry', 'summary': 'Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics , classically studying zeros of multivariate polynomials . Modern algebraic geometry is based on the use of abstract algebraic techniques , mainly from commutative algebra , for solving geometrical problems about these sets of zeros . The fundamental objects of study in algebraic geometry are algebraic varieties , which are geometric manifestations of solutions of systems of polynomial equations . Examples of the most studied classes of algebraic varieties are : plane algebraic curves , which include lines , circles , parabolas , ellipses , hyperbolas , cubic curves like elliptic curves , and quartic curves like lemniscates and Cassini ovals . A point of the plane belongs to an algebraic curve if its coordinates satisfy a given polynomial equation . Basic questions involve the study of the points of special interest like the singular points , the inflection points and the points at infinity . More advanced questions involve the topology of the curve and relations between the curves given by different equations . Algebraic geometry occupies a central place in modern mathematics and has multiple conceptual connections with such diverse fields as complex analysis , topology and number theory . Initially a study of systems of polynomial equations in several variables , the subject of algebraic geometry starts where equation solving leaves off , and it becomes even more important to understand the intrinsic properties of the totality of solutions of a system of equations , than to find a specific solution ; this leads into some of the deepest areas in all of mathematics , both conceptually and in terms of technique . In the 20th century , algebraic geometry split into several subareas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Savilian_Professor_of_Geometry', 'summary': 'The position of Savilian Professor of Geometry was established at the University of Oxford in 1619 . It was founded ( at the same time as the Savilian Professorship of Astronomy ) by Sir Henry Savile , a mathematician and classical scholar who was Warden of Merton College , Oxford , and Provost of Eton College , reacting to what has been described by one 20th-century mathematician as the wretched state of mathematical studies in England at that time . He appointed Henry Briggs as the first professor . Edward Titchmarsh ( professor 1931-63 ) said when applying that he was not prepared to lecture on geometry , and the requirement was removed from the duties of the post to enable his appointment , although the title of the chair was not changed . The two Savilian chairs have been linked with professorial fellowships at New College , Oxford since the late 19th century . Before then , for over 175 years until the middle of the 19th century , the geometry professors had an official residence adjoining the college in New College Lane . There have been 20 professors ; Frances Kirwan , the current ( as of 2019 [ update ] ) and first female holder of the chair , was appointed in 2017 . The post has been held by a number of distinguished mathematicians . Briggs helped to develop the common logarithm , described as one of the most useful systems for mathematics . The third professor , John Wallis , introduced the use of ∞ { \\displaystyle \\infty } for infinity , and was regarded as one of the leading mathematicians of his time . Both Edmond Halley , who successfully predicted the return of the comet named in his honour , and his successor Nathaniel Bliss held the post of Astronomer Royal in addition to the professorship . Stephen Rigaud ( professor 1810-27 ) has been called the foremost historian of astronomy and mathematics in his generation .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Jones_(professor)', 'summary': 'The Reverend Hugh Jones ( 1691-1760 ) is the most famous and accomplished of a sometimes confusing array of Anglican clergymen of the same name from the American colonies of Virginia and Maryland . Jones is best known for his authorship of The Present State of Virginia , and a short view of Maryland and North Carolina ( London , 1724 ) . For several years he taught mathematics at The College of William and Mary , in Williamsburg , Virginia , where Jones Hall is named for him .'}]}, {'value': '1708', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1716', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA 1712 MA 1716', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Professor of Mathematics at The College of William and Mary , Virginia ( 1717-1721 ) ; Lord Baltimore 's Mathematician", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/College_of_William_&_Mary', 'summary': "The College of William & Mary ( also known as William & Mary , W & M , and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia ) is a public research university in Williamsburg , Virginia . Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II , it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States , after Harvard University . William & Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson ( third ) , James Monroe ( fifth ) , and John Tyler ( tenth ) as well as other key figures pivotal to the development of the nation , including the first President of the Continental Congress Peyton Randolph of Virginia , the first United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph of Virginia , the fourth U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia , Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky , sixteen members of the Continental Congress , and four signers of the Declaration of Independence , earning it the nickname the Alma Mater of the Nation . A young George Washington ( 1732-1799 ) also received his surveyor 's license at the college , and he would become the college 's first American chancellor in 1788 . The F.H.C . Society , founded in 1750 , was the first collegiate fraternity in the United States , and W & M students founded the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society in 1776 , the first Greek-letter fraternity . W & M was also the first school of higher education in the United States to install an honor code of conduct for students , dating back to 1736 . The establishment of graduate programs in law and medicine in 1779 makes it one of the earliest higher level universities in the United States . In addition to its undergraduate program , W & M is home to several graduate programs and four professional schools . The Marshall-Wythe School of Law is the oldest law school in the United States . In his 1985 book Public Ivies : A Guide to America 's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities , Richard Moll included William & Mary as one of the original eight Public Ivies ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore', 'summary': "Charles Calvert , 5th Baron Baltimore , FRS ( 29 September 1699 - 24 April 1751 ) was a British nobleman and Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland . He inherited the title to Maryland aged just fifteen , on the death of his father and grandfather , when the colony was restored by the British Monarchy to the Calvert family 's control , following its seizure in 1688 . In 1721 Charles came of age and assumed personal control of Maryland , travelling there briefly in 1732 . For most of his life he remained in England , where he pursued an active career in politics , rising to become Lord of the Admiralty from 1742 to 1744 . He died in 1751 in England , aged 52 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Mauldon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Mauldon', 'summary': 'James Grenfell Mauldon MC ( 1920 - 21 May 2002 ) was a British mathematician who taught at the University of Oxford and in the United States at Amherst College .'}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics ( 1st )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Studies interrupted by military service during the Second World War , during which he won the Military Cross ; a Fellow of Corpus Christi College , Oxford before becoming a professor at Amherst College in the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Military_Cross', 'summary': 'The Military Cross ( MC ) is the third-level military decoration awarded to officers and ( since 1993 ) other ranks of the British Armed Forces , and formerly awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries . The MC is granted in recognition of an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land to all members of the British Armed Forces of any rank . In 1979 , the Queen approved a proposal that a number of awards , including the Military Cross , could be recommended posthumously .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford', 'summary': "Corpus Christi College ( formally , Corpus Christi College in the University of Oxford , informally abbreviated as Corpus or CCC ) , is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom . Founded in 1517 , it is the 12th oldest college in Oxford . The college , situated on Merton Street between Merton College and Christ Church , is one of the smallest in Oxford by student population , having around 250 undergraduates and 90 graduates . It is academic by Oxford standards , averaging in the top half of the university 's informal ranking system , the Norrington Table , in recent years , and coming second in 2009-10 . The college 's role in the translation of the King James Bible is historically significant . The college is also noted for the pillar sundial in the main quadrangle , known as the Pelican Sundial , which was erected in 1581 . Corpus achieved notability in more recent years by winning University Challenge on 9 May 2005 and once again on 23 February 2009 , although the latter win was later disqualified . The Visitor of the college is ex officio the Bishop of Winchester , currently Tim Dakin ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Amherst_College', 'summary': "Amherst College ( /ˈæmərst/ ( listen ) AM-ərst ) is a private liberal arts college in Amherst , Massachusetts . Founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College by its then-president Zephaniah Swift Moore , Amherst is the third oldest institution of higher education in Massachusetts . The institution was named after the town , which in turn had been named after Jeffery , Lord Amherst , Commander-in-Chief of British forces of North America during the French and Indian War . Originally established as a men 's college , Amherst became coeducational in 1975 . Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution ; the school enrolled 1,855 students in fall 2018 . Students choose courses from 38 major programs in an open curriculum and are not required to study a core curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements ; students may also design their own interdisciplinary major . For the class of 2023 , Amherst received 10,567 applications and accepted 1,144 , yielding a 10.8% acceptance rate . Amherst was ranked as the best liberal arts college in the country for 2018-19 by The Wall Street Journal , the second best liberal arts college in the country by U.S. News & World Report , and 16th out of all U.S. colleges and universities by Forbes in their 2018 rankings . Amherst competes in the New England Small College Athletic Conference . Amherst has historically had close relationships and rivalries with Williams College and Wesleyan University , which form the Little Three colleges . The college is a member of the Five College Consortium , which allows its students to attend classes at four other Pioneer Valley institutions : Mount Holyoke College , Smith College , Hampshire College , and the University of Massachusetts Amherst ."}]}, {'value': 'H. W. Lloyd Tanner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/H._W._Lloyd_Tanner', 'summary': 'Henry William Lloyd Tanner ( generally known as H. W. Lloyd Tanner ) ( 17 January 1851 - 6 March 1915 ) was Professor of Mathematics at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire from 1883 to 1909 .'}]}, {'value': '1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics ( 1st , 1872 ) , BA Natural Science ( 1st , 1873 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire ( 1883-1909 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_College_of_South_Wales_and_Monmouthshire', 'summary': "Cardiff University ( Welsh : Prifysgol Caerdydd ) is a public research university in Cardiff , Wales . Founded in 1883 as the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire , it became a founding college of the University of Wales in 1893 , and in 1997 received its own degree-awarding powers , although it held them in abeyance . It merged with the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology ( UWIST ) in 1988 . The college adopted the public name of Cardiff University in 1999 ; in 2005 this became its legal name , as an independent university awarding its own degrees . The third oldest university institution in Wales , it contains three colleges : Arts , Humanities and Social Sciences ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; and Physical Sciences and Engineering . Cardiff is the only Welsh member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities . It is recognised as providing high-quality , research-based university education , and placed between 100th and 200th in the world by the four major international rankings , and in the top 40 in all three UK achievement tables . It ranked 5th in the UK among multi-faculty institutions for the quality ( GPA ) of its research and 17th for its Research Power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework . For 2018-2019 , Cardiff had a turnover of £537.1 million , including £116.0 million in research grants and contracts . The university has an undergraduate enrolment of 23,085 and a total enrolment of 31,595 ( according to HESA data for 2016/17 ) making it one of the ten largest universities in the UK . The Cardiff University Students ' Union works to promote the interests of the student body within the University and further afield . The university 's sports teams compete in the British Universities and Colleges Sport ( BUCS ) leagues ."}]}, {'value': 'Gareth Roberts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gareth_Roberts_(statistician)', 'summary': 'Gareth Owen Roberts FRS ( born 1964 ) is a statistician and applied probabilist . He is Professor of Statistics in the Department of Statistics and Director of the Centre for Research in Statistical Methodology ( CRiSM ) at the University of Warwick . He is an established authority on the stability of Markov chains , especially applied to Markov chain Monte Carlo ( MCMC ) theory methodology for a wide range of latent statistical models with applications in spatial statistics , infectious disease epidemiology and finance .'}]}, {'value': '1982 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of Statistics at the University of Warwick since 2007 ; has a particular research interest in Markov chains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Warwick', 'summary': "The University of Warwick ( /ˈwɒrɪk/ ) ( abbreviated as Warw . in post-nominal letters ) is a public research university on the outskirts of Coventry between the West Midlands and Warwickshire , England . It was founded in 1965 as part of a government initiative to expand higher education . Within the University , Warwick Business School was established in 1967 , Warwick Law School was established in 1968 , Warwick Manufacturing Group ( now WMG ) was established in 1980 and Warwick Medical School was opened in 2000 . Warwick incorporated Coventry College of Education in 1979 and Horticulture Research International in 2004 . Warwick is primarily based on a 290 ha ( 720 acres ) campus on the outskirts of Coventry , with a satellite campus in Wellesbourne and a central London base at the Shard . It is organised into three faculties - Arts , Science Engineering and Medicine , and Social Sciences - within which there are 32 departments . As of 2019 , Warwick has around 26,531 full-time students and 2,492 academic and research staff . It had a consolidated income of £631.5 million in 2017/18 , of which £126.5 million was from research grants and contracts . Warwick Arts Centre , a multi-venue arts complex in the university 's main campus , is the largest venue of its kind in the UK outside London . Warwick consistently ranks in the top ten of all major domestic rankings of British universities . Warwick is ranked 7th in the UK for its research , according to the Research Excellence Framework ( REF ) 2014 by GPA ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Markov_chain', 'summary': 'A Markov chain is a stochastic model describing a sequence of possible events in which the probability of each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event . In continuous-time , it is known as a Markov process . It is named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov . Markov chains have many applications as statistical models of real-world processes , such as studying cruise control systems in motor vehicles , queues or lines of customers arriving at an airport , currency exchange rates and animal population dynamics . Markov processes are the basis for general stochastic simulation methods known as Markov chain Monte Carlo , which are used for simulating sampling from complex probability distributions , and have found application in Bayesian statistics and artificial intelligence . The adjective Markovian is used to describe something that is related to a Markov process .'}]}, {'value': 'David Williams ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Williams_(mathematician)', 'summary': 'David Williams FRS is a Welsh mathematician who works in probability theory .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics ( 1st ) , DPhil Mathematics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fellow of the Royal Society and specialist in probability', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society', 'summary': "Fellowship of the Royal Society ( FRS , ForMemRS and HonFRS ) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of London judges to have made a 'substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge , including mathematics , engineering science , and medical science ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Sir Edward Wright ( HF )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E._M._Wright', 'summary': 'Sir Edward Maitland Wright FRSE ( 13 February 1906 , Farnley - 2 February 2005 , Reading ) was an English mathematician , best known for co-authoring An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers Hardy & Wright ( 1938 ) with G. H. Hardy .'}]}, {'value': '1926', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BA Mathematics ( 1st )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professor of Mathematics at Aberdeen University , having earlier been the first Junior Research Fellow at Christ Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberdeen_University', 'summary': "The University of Aberdeen ( abbreviated as Aberd . in post-nominals ) is a public research university in Aberdeen , Scotland . It is an ancient university founded in 1495 when William Elphinstone , Bishop of Aberdeen and Chancellor of Scotland , petitioned Pope Alexander VI on behalf of James IV , King of Scots to establish King 's College , making it Scotland 's third-oldest university and the fifth-oldest in the English-speaking world . Today , Aberdeen is consistently ranked among the top 200 universities in the world and is ranked within the top 30 universities in the United Kingdom . In 2019 , Aberdeen was ranked 31st in the world for impact on society according toTimes Higher Education University Impact Rankings . Aberdeen was also named the 2019 Scottish University of the Year by The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide . The university as it is currently comprised was formed in 1860 by a merger between King 's College and Marischal College , a second university founded in 1593 as a Protestant alternative to the former . The university 's iconic buildings act as symbols of wider Aberdeen , particularly Marischal College in the city centre and the crown steeple of King 's College in Old Aberdeen . There are two campuses ; the predominantly utilised King 's College campus dominates the section of the city known as Old Aberdeen , which is approximately two miles north of the city centre . Although the original site of the university 's foundation , most academic buildings apart from the King 's College Chapel and Quadrangle were constructed in the 20th century during a period of significant expansion . The university 's Foresterhill campus is next to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and houses the School of Medicine and Dentistry as well as the School of Medical Sciences . Together these buildings comprise one of Europe 's largest health campuses ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford', 'summary': "Christ Church ( Latin : Ædes Christi , the temple or house , ædēs , of Christ , and thus sometimes known as The House ) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England . Christ Church is a joint foundation of the college and the cathedral of the Oxford diocese ( Christ Church Cathedral and its cathedral school ) , which serves as the college chapel and whose dean is ex officio the college head . Founded in 1546 by King Henry VIII , it is one of the larger colleges of the University of Oxford with 629 students in 2016 . It is also the second wealthiest college ( after St John 's ) with an endowment of £550.3m as of 2018 [ update ] . Christ Church has a number of architecturally significant buildings including Tom Tower ( designed by Sir Christopher Wren ) , Tom Quad ( the largest quadrangle in Oxford ) , and the Great Dining Hall which was also the seat of the parliament assembled by King Charles I during the English Civil War . The buildings have inspired replicas throughout the world in addition to being featured in films such as Harry Potter and The Golden Compass . This has helped Christ Church become the most popular Oxford college for tourists with almost half a million visitors annually . Christ Church has many notable alumni including thirteen British prime ministers ( more than any other Oxbridge college ) , King Edward VII , King William II of the Netherlands , seventeen Archbishops , writers Lewis Carroll ( Alice in Wonderland ) and W. H. Auden , philosopher John Locke , and scientist Robert Hooke . Christ Church is also partly responsible for the creation of University College Reading , which later gained its own Royal Charter and became the University of Reading . The first female undergraduates matriculated at Christ Church in 1980 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Alumni -- Mathematicians', 'section_text': 'Nigel Hitchin David Williams', 'uid': 'List_of_mathematicians,_physicians,_and_scientists_educated_at_Jesus_College,_Oxford_0', 'intro': "Jesus College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I at the request of Hugh Price, a Welsh clergyman, who was Treasurer of St David's Cathedral in Pembrokeshire. The college still has strong links with Wales, and about 15% of students are Welsh. There are 340 undergraduates and 190 students carrying out postgraduate studies. Women have been admitted since 1974, when the college was one of the first five men's colleges to become co-educational. Old members of Jesus College are sometimes known as Jesubites. Mathematicians who have studied at Jesus College include Nigel Hitchin (Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford 1997-2016), Jonathan Borwein (a former Rhodes Scholar who has held professorial appointments in Canada and Australia), and Jim Mauldon (who taught at Oxford before moving to the United States to teach at Amherst College in Massachusetts). David E. Evans is Professor of Mathematics at Cardiff University, and H. W. Lloyd Tanner was Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at one of its predecessor institutions, the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire. Several noted individuals from biology, botany and zoology were educated at the college, including the Welsh clergyman Hugh Davies (whose Welsh Botanology of 1813 was the first publication to cross-reference the Welsh-language and the scientific names of plants), Edward Bagnall Poulton (Professor of Zoology at Oxford) and James Brontë Gatenby (Professor of Zoology at Trinity College, Dublin). Frank Greenaway was Keeper of the Department of Chemistry at the Science Museum in London for over 20 years, and the physicist Chris Rapley was director of the museum 2007-2010. Other physicists who are Old Members of the college include Michael Woolfson (a former Professor of Physics at the University of York) and Edward Hinds (whose work on ultra-cold matter won him the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society in 2008). Edwin Stevens, who studied Natural Science at the college, designed the world's first wearable hearing aid, and Sir Graham Sutton became director-general of the Meteorological Office ('Met Office')."} | null | null | What nationality is the person known for differential geometry ? | British |
0a55004c72279370 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_dams', 'title': 'List of tallest dams', 'header': ['Name', 'Height', 'Type', 'Country', 'River'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rogun Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogun_Dam', 'summary': "Rogun Dam is an embankment dam under construction on the Vakhsh River in southern Tajikistan . The dam is situated 110 km from Dushanbe . It is one of the planned hydroelectric power plants of Vakhsh Cascade . Construction of the dam began in the Soviet era , in 1976 , but was abandoned after the collapse of the Soviet Union . Over three decades only preliminary construction has been carried out on the dam . Due to its controversial state , construction was suspended in August 2012 pending World Bank reports . The project was restarted by the Tajik government with Chinese help in 2017 . The power plant 's first unit was commissioned in November 2018 . The dam has drawn complaints from neighboring Uzbekistan , which fears it will negatively impact its lucrative cotton crops . The dispute over the project has contributed significantly to bitter relations between the two former Soviet republics ."}]}, {'value': '335 m ( 1,099 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embankment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tajikistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tajikistan', 'summary': "Tajikistan ( /tɑːˈdʒiːkɪstɑːn/ ( listen ) , /tə- , tæ-/ ; Tajik : Тоҷикистон [ tɔdʒikisˈtɔn ] ) , officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( Tajik : Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон , Jumhurii Tojikiston ) is a mountainous , landlocked country in Central Asia with an area of 143,100 km2 ( 55,300 sq mi ) and an estimated population of 9,275,828 people . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south , Uzbekistan to the west , Kyrgyzstan to the north , and China to the east . The traditional homelands of the Tajik people include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan . The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the Oxus civilisation , Andronovo culture , Buddhism , Nestorian Christianity , Zoroastrianism , Manichaeism and Islam . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Achaemenid Empire , Sasanian Empire , Hephthalite Empire , Samanid Empire , Mongol Empire , Timurid dynasty , the Khanate of Bukhara , the Russian Empire , and subsequently the Soviet Union . Within the Soviet Union , the country 's modern borders were drawn when it was part of Uzbekistan as an autonomous republic before becoming a full-fledged Soviet republic in 1929 . On 9 September 1991 , Tajikistan became an independent sovereign nation when the Soviet Union disintegrated . A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 . Since the end of the war , newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country 's economy to grow . Like all other Central Asian neighbouring states , the country , led by President Emomali Rahmon since 1994 , has been criticised by a number of non-governmental organizations for authoritarian leadership , lack of religious freedom , corruption and widespread violations of human rights . Tajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces . Most of Tajikistan 's population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group , who speak Tajik ( a dialect of Persian ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Vakhsh River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vakhsh_River', 'summary': 'The Vakhsh ( River ) ( Tajik : Вахш , romanized : Vaxsh , Persian : وخش ) , also known as the Surkhob ( Сурхоб , سرخاب ) , in north-central Tajikistan , and the Kyzyl-Suu ( Kyrgyz : Кызылсуу , romanized : Qızılsuu ) , in Kyrgyzstan , is a Central Asian river , and one of the main rivers of Tajikistan . It is a tributary of the Amu Darya river .'}]}, {'value': 'Bakhtiari Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakhtiari_Dam', 'summary': "The Bakhtiari Dam is an arch dam currently under construction on the Bakhtiari River within the Zagros Mountains on the border of Lorestan and Khuzestan Provinces , Iran . At a planned height of 325 metres ( 1,066 ft ) , it will be the world 's tallest dam once completed and withhold the second largest reservoir in Iran after the Karkheh reservoir . The main purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power production and it will support a 1,500 MW power station . By trapping sediment , the dam is also expected to extend the life of the Dez Dam 50 km ( 31 mi ) downstream ."}]}, {'value': '325 m ( 1,066 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concrete arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': 'Bakhtiari River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakhtiari_River', 'summary': 'The Bakhtiari River is a river in Iran and a tributary of the Dez River in southwestern Iran . Before forming the Dez , the Bakhtiari has a confluence with the Sezar River .'}]}, {'value': 'Shuangjiangkou Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shuangjiangkou_Dam', 'summary': "The Shuangjiangkou Dam ( Chinese : 双江口大坝/双江口水电站 ) , also referred to as Shuang Jiang Kou ( Chinese : 双江口 ) , is an embankment dam currently being constructed on the Dadu River in Sichuan Province , China . When completed , the 312-metre-tall ( 1,024 ft ) dam will be the tallest dam in the world . Preliminary construction began in 2008 and the entire project was expected to be complete in 2018 . By April 2011 , over 200,000,000 m3 ( 261,590,124 cu yd ) of material had been excavated from the construction site . In March 2013 , China 's Ministry of Environmental Protection approved construction on the dam 's superstructure and associated facilities . The government acknowledged that the dam would have negative impacts on the environment but that developers were working to mitigate them . The dam is being built by the Guodian Group at a cost of US $ 4.02 billion . The entire construction period is expected to last 10 years . All turbines are expected to be commissioned by 2023 ."}]}, {'value': '312 m ( 1,024 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embankment , rock-fill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Dadu River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dadu_River_(Sichuan)', 'summary': 'The Dadu River ( Chinese : 大渡河 ; pinyin : Dàdù Hé ; Wade-Giles : Tatu Ho ) , known in Tibetan as the Gyelmo Ngul Chu , is a major river located primarily in Sichuan province , southwestern China . The Dadu flows from the eastern Tibetan Plateau into the Sichuan Basin where it joins with the Min River , a tributary of the Yangtze River . Measured from its geographic source , the Dadu is actually longer than the Min and thus forms the main stem of the Min River system . Shuangjiangkou Dam , expected to be the tallest dam in the world , is being built on the Dadu River .'}]}, {'value': 'Lianghekou Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lianghekou_Dam', 'summary': "The Lianghekou Dam ( meaning : mouth of two rivers ) is a concrete-face rock-fill dam currently under construction on the Yalong River in Yajiang County , Sichuan Province , China . The dam is located at the confluence of the Yalong , Xianshui and Qingda Rivers . The 295 m ( 968 ft ) tall dam will be the highest embankment dam in the country and support a 3,000 MW power station . Studies for the dam were completed between 2005 and 2009 with preliminary construction beginning that year . Major works on the dam officially began in October 2014 . The first generator is expected to be commissioned in 2021 and the project complete in 2023 . When the dam 's reservoir fills , it will force the relocation of over 4,900 people ."}]}, {'value': '295 m ( 968 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embankment , concrete-face rock-fill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Yalong , Qingda and Xianshui River confluence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yalong_River', 'summary': 'The Yalong River ( Chinese : 雅砻江 , p Yǎlóngjiāng , w Ya-lung Chiang , IPA [ jàlʊ̌ŋ tɕjàŋ ] ) or Nyag Chu ( Tibetan : ཉག་ཆུ་ , z Nyag Qu ) is an 822-mile ( 1,323 km ) long river in Sichuan province in southwestern China . It is a tributary of the Yangtze River . Its source is on the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau in southeast Qinghai , and its confluence with the Yangtze is in Panzhihua in southwestern Sichuan . Along its route , the Yalong travels between the Shaluli Mountains to the west and the Daxue Mountains to the east . In Liangshan Prefecture , the river wraps 150 km ( 93 mi ) around the Jinping Mountains creating the Jinping Bend . Here , water from the Yalong River has been diverted under the mountains as part of the Jinping-II Dam hydroelectric project .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Xianshui_River', 'summary': 'Xianshui River ( Chinese : 鲜水河 ; pinyin : Xiānshuǐ Hé ) - a river in Sichuan province , southern China .'}]}, {'value': 'Brushy Fork Tailings Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brushy_Fork_Tailings_Dam', 'summary': 'The Brushy Fork Coal Impoundment , also known as the Brushy Fork Coal Sludge Dam , is a large tailings dam on the Brushy Fork near Marfork in western Raleigh County of West Virginia , United States . It is located 18 mi ( 29 km ) northwest of Beckley , the seat of Raleigh County . Brushy Fork flows into Little Marsh Fork , which then enters Marsh Fork , which is a tributary of the Coal River . The purpose of the dam is to store a sludge consisting of tailings and waste from a nearby coal mine . In 1995 Massey Energy received a permit to construct the dam . Over the years additional permits to increase the size and storage volume of the dam have been issued in the midst of local and regional opposition to its structural integrity . Currently at approximately 900 ft ( 270 m ) in height , it is the tallest dam in the Western Hemisphere . When complete its designed height will be 954 ft ( 291 m ) . Wasted rock from the coal mining process is used as the dam filler . The dam currently withholds about 25,100 acre⋅ft ( 31,000,000 m3 ) of waste . This capacity will be increased to 30,075 acre⋅ft ( 37,097,000 m3 ) upon completion .'}]}, {'value': '290.8 m ( 954 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embankment', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Brushy Fork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brushy_Fork', 'summary': 'Brushy Fork is a stream in Miller County in the U.S. state of Missouri . It is a tributary of Tavern Creek . The stream headwaters arise just north of Missouri Route 42 about two miles northeast of Brumley at 38°05′54″N 92°27′16″W / 38.09833°N 92.45444°W / 38.09833 ; -92.45444 and an elevation of about 950 feet . The stream flows to the northeast passing between the communities of Ulman and Watkins and under Missouri Route 17 to its confluence with Tavern Creek at 38°10′03″N 92°19′37″W / 38.16750°N 92.32694°W / 38.16750 ; -92.32694Coordinates : 38°10′03″N 92°19′37″W / 38.16750°N 92.32694°W / 38.16750 ; -92.32694 . Brushy Fork was so named due to the abundance of brush along its course .'}]}, {'value': 'Baihetan Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baihetan_Dam', 'summary': 'The Baihetan Dam ( simplified Chinese : 白鹤滩大坝 ; traditional Chinese : 白鶴灘大壩 ; pinyin : Báihètān Dàbà ) is a large hydroelectric dam under construction on the Jinsha River , a tributary of the Yangtze River in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces , in the southwest of China . The dam is a 277 m tall double-curvature arch dam with a crest elevation of 827 m. Its width will be 72 m at the base and 13 m at the crest . The facility will generate power by utilizing 16 turbines , each with a generating capacity of 1,000 MW , taking the generating capacity to 16,000 MW . In terms of generating capacity , it will be the second largest hydroelectric power plant in the world , after the Three Gorges Dam . When finished , it will be the third largest dam in China and the fourth in the world , in terms of dam volume . Construction on the dam began in 2008 and is expected to be complete in 2021 .'}]}, {'value': '277 m ( 909 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concrete arch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Jinsha River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jinsha_River', 'summary': 'The Jinsha River ( Chinese : 金沙江 , p Jīnshājiāng , Gold Sand River ) is the Chinese name for the upper stretches of the Yangtze River . It flows through the provinces of Qinghai , Sichuan , and Yunnan in western China . The river passes through Tiger Leaping Gorge . It is sometimes grouped together with the Lancang ( upper Mekong ) and Nu ( upper Salween ) as the Sanjiang ( Three Rivers ) area , part of which makes up the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Diamer-Bhasha Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diamer-Bhasha_Dam', 'summary': 'Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and some part in Diamer , Gilgit Baltistan , Pakistan . Its foundation stone was laid by the then Prime Minister of Pakistan on 1998 . Upon completion , Diamer-Bhasha Dam would be the highest dam in the world . The dam site is situated near a place called Bhasha in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit Baltistan , hence the name . Upon completion , Diamer-Bhasha Dam would ( i ) produce 4800 megawatts of electricity through hydro-power generation ; ( ii ) store an extra 10.5 cubic kilometres ( 8,500,000 acre⋅ft ) of water for Pakistan that would be used for irrigation and drinking ; ( iii ) extend the life of Tarbela Dam located downstream by 35 years ; and ( iv ) control flood damage by the River Indus downstream during high floods . However , in response to using Basha Dam to sideline the Kalabagh Dam , Engineer Anwer Khurshid has stated that Bhasha dam is no substitute for Kalabagh dam not because of its altitude which is high enough , but because no irrigation canals can be taken out from it because of the hilly terrain . No canals can be taken out from any dam on the Indus except from Kalabagh Dam . It is planned to have a height of 272 meters spillway with fourteen gates each 11.5 m × 16.24 m. The gross capacity of the reservoir will be 10 cubic kilometres ( 8,100,000 acre⋅ft ) , with a live storage of 7.9 cubic kilometres ( 6,400,000 acre⋅ft ) . Two underground powerhouses are being proposed , one on each side of the main dam having six turbines on each side with a total installed capacity of 4500 MW .'}]}, {'value': '272 m ( 892 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concrete gravity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pakistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan', 'summary': "Pakistan , [ b ] officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , [ c ] is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 207.8 million . In area , it is the 33rd-largest country , spanning 881,913 square kilometres ( 340,509 square miles ) . Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre ( 650-mile ) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest , and China in the northeast . It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest , and also shares a maritime border with Oman . The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures and intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent . The ancient history involves the Neolithic site of Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including Hindus , Indo-Greeks , Muslims , Turco-Mongols , Afghans and Sikhs . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Alexander III of Macedon , the Seleucid Empire , the Indian Maurya Empire , the Gupta Empire , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , the Delhi Sultanate , the Mongol Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Afghan Durrani Empire , the Sikh Empire ( partially ) and , most recently , the British Indian Empire . Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam . It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country , with similarly diverse geography and wildlife . Initially a dominion , Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956 , becoming an Islamic republic . An ethnic civil war and Indian military intervention in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh ."}]}, {'value': 'River Indus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/River_Indus', 'summary': 'The Indus River ( locally called Sindhu ) is one of the longest rivers in Asia , originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar , the river runs a course through Ladakh towards the Gilgit-Baltistan region Hindukush ranges , and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh . It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan . The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 ( 450,000 sq mi ) . Its estimated annual flow stands at around 243 km3 ( 58 cu mi ) , twice that of the Nile River and three times that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers combined , making it one of the largest rivers in the world in terms of annual flow . The Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh . In the plains , its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries , namely , the Chenab , Jhelum , the Ravi , the Beas , and the Sutlej . Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok , the Gilgit , the Kabul , the Gomal , and the Kurram . Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayan , Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges , the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests , plains and arid countryside . The northern part of the Indus Valley , with its tributaries , forms the Punjab region , while the lower course of the river is known as Sindh and ends in a large delta . The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region . The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of a major urban civilization of the Bronze Age . During the 2nd millennium BC , the Punjab region was mentioned in the hymns of the Hindu Rigveda as Sapta Sindhu and the Zoroastrian Avesta as Hapta Hindu ( both terms meaning seven rivers ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Dasu Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dasu_Dam', 'summary': "The Dasu Dam is a gravity dam currently being constructed on the Indus River near Dasu in Kohistan District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province , Pakistan . The 242 m ( 794 ft ) tall dam will support a 4,320 MW hydroelectric power station which will be built in two 2,160 MW stages . Water from the reservoir will be diverted to the power station located about 3.5 km ( 2.2 mi ) downstream . The first stage was approved by the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council on 29 March 2014 . That stage will cost an estimated US $ 4.278 billion . Funding is being provided by the World Bank ( US $ 700 million ) , the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China ( US $ 1.5 billion ) , Deutsche Bank ( US $ 1 billion ) and Aga Khan Development Network ( US $ 500 Million ) . Completion of stage one is expected in February 2023 . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif attended the dam 's groundbreaking ceremony on 25 June 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '242 m ( 794 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concrete gravity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pakistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pakistan', 'summary': "Pakistan , [ b ] officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , [ c ] is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 207.8 million . In area , it is the 33rd-largest country , spanning 881,913 square kilometres ( 340,509 square miles ) . Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre ( 650-mile ) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest , and China in the northeast . It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest , and also shares a maritime border with Oman . The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures and intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent . The ancient history involves the Neolithic site of Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including Hindus , Indo-Greeks , Muslims , Turco-Mongols , Afghans and Sikhs . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Alexander III of Macedon , the Seleucid Empire , the Indian Maurya Empire , the Gupta Empire , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , the Delhi Sultanate , the Mongol Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Afghan Durrani Empire , the Sikh Empire ( partially ) and , most recently , the British Indian Empire . Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam . It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country , with similarly diverse geography and wildlife . Initially a dominion , Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956 , becoming an Islamic republic . An ethnic civil war and Indian military intervention in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh ."}]}, {'value': 'River Indus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/River_Indus', 'summary': 'The Indus River ( locally called Sindhu ) is one of the longest rivers in Asia , originating in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar , the river runs a course through Ladakh towards the Gilgit-Baltistan region Hindukush ranges , and then flows in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh . It is the longest river and national river of Pakistan . The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 ( 450,000 sq mi ) . Its estimated annual flow stands at around 243 km3 ( 58 cu mi ) , twice that of the Nile River and three times that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers combined , making it one of the largest rivers in the world in terms of annual flow . The Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh . In the plains , its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries , namely , the Chenab , Jhelum , the Ravi , the Beas , and the Sutlej . Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok , the Gilgit , the Kabul , the Gomal , and the Kurram . Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayan , Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges , the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests , plains and arid countryside . The northern part of the Indus Valley , with its tributaries , forms the Punjab region , while the lower course of the river is known as Sindh and ends in a large delta . The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region . The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of a major urban civilization of the Bronze Age . During the 2nd millennium BC , the Punjab region was mentioned in the hymns of the Hindu Rigveda as Sapta Sindhu and the Zoroastrian Avesta as Hapta Hindu ( both terms meaning seven rivers ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Antamina Tailings Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antamina_Tailings_Dam', 'summary': 'The Antamina Tailings Dam , also known as the Antamina Tailings Impoundment Facility , is a tailings dam located in the Huincush Ravine 55 km ( 34 mi ) east of Huaraz in the Ancash Region of Peru . The purpose of the dam is to store tailings processed at the nearby Antamina mine . In 2003 , Golder Associates , Burnaby , B.C . was awarded the 2002 Canadian Consulting Engineering Award for its innovative design of the dam .'}]}, {'value': '240 m ( 790 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embankment , concrete-face rock-fill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayash River', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wudongde Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wudongde_Dam', 'summary': 'The Wudongde Dam ( simplified Chinese : 乌东德坝 ; traditional Chinese : 烏東德壩 ; pinyin : Wūdōngdé Bà ) is a large hydroelectric dam currently under construction on the Jinsha River , a tributary of the Yangtze River in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces , southwest China . The design is one of the tallest in the world at 240 m ( 787 ft ) , and will generate power by utilizing 12 turbines , each with a generating capacity of 850 MW , totalling the generating capacity to 10,200 MW . Construction began in 2014 , the first generator is scheduled to be commissioned in 2018 and the entire project completed in 2020 .'}]}, {'value': '240 m ( 790 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concrete gravity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Jinsha River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jinsha_River', 'summary': 'The Jinsha River ( Chinese : 金沙江 , p Jīnshājiāng , Gold Sand River ) is the Chinese name for the upper stretches of the Yangtze River . It flows through the provinces of Qinghai , Sichuan , and Yunnan in western China . The river passes through Tiger Leaping Gorge . It is sometimes grouped together with the Lancang ( upper Mekong ) and Nu ( upper Salween ) as the Sanjiang ( Three Rivers ) area , part of which makes up the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Kishau Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kishau_Dam', 'summary': 'The Kishau Dam is a proposed gravity dam on the Tons River which will straddle the border between the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand . The project site is located about 39 km ( 24 mi ) north of Dakpathar and upstream of the Ichari Dam . The primary purpose of the dam is power generation and downstream water supply . It will support a 660 MW power station and provide water for the irrigation of 97,076 ha ( 239,880 acres ) of crops . After years of negotiations over water-sharing between the two states , the dam is currently awaiting clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forests . Construction was originally expected to begin in 2015 . Approval was granted in 2018 . Completion is slated for 2023 .'}]}, {'value': '236 m ( 774 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concrete gravity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Tons River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tons_River', 'summary': 'The Tons ( टौंस नदी ) is the largest tributary [ citation needed ] of the Yamuna and flows through Garhwal region in Uttarakhand , touching Himachal Pradesh . The Tons thrust is named after this river . the main source is Ruinsara snout , located below Dhum Dhar kandi ridge which leads to Kalanag and Banderpoonch and is one of the most major perennial Indian Himalayan rivers . In fact , it carries more water than the Yamuna itself , which it meets below Kalsi near Dehradun , Uttarakhand .'}]}, {'value': 'Tasang Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasang_Dam', 'summary': "The Tasang Dam ( Burmese : တာဆန်းဆည် ) , also known as the Mong Ton Dam , is a planned multi-purpose dam on the Salween River in the Shan State , Myanmar . The Tasang dam 's location will be 480 km ( 300 mi ) northeast of Rangoon and 52.8 km ( 32.8 mi ) west of Mongtong . The Tasang Dam will be the first dam on the Salween River and will be the largest hydroelectric dam in Myanmar and the tallest dam in Southeast Asia if completed . The Tasang will cost more than US $ 6 billion and is planned for completion in 2022 . The groundbreaking ceremony was in March 2007 , but construction has been stalled , and there has been little activity at the dam site as of 2008 . Substantial domestic and international controversy surrounds the Tasang Dam project . The Tasang dam is one of five dams the Myanmar Government plans to build on the Salween River ."}]}, {'value': '228 m ( 748 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embankment , concrete-face rock-fill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Myanmar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myanmar', 'summary': 'Myanmar ( English pronunciation below ; Burmese : မြန်မာ , [ mjəmà ] ) [ nb 1 ] or Burma ( see §Etymology ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar [ nb 2 ] , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . With a size of 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,228 square miles ) , Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area . As of 2017 , the population is about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony .'}]}, {'value': 'Salween River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Salween_River', 'summary': "The Salween , known in China as the Nu River , is a river about 2,815 kilometres ( 1,749 mi ) long that flows from the Tibetan Plateau into the Andaman Sea in Southeast Asia . It drains a narrow and mountainous watershed of 324,000 square kilometres ( 125,000 sq mi ) that extends into the countries of China , Burma and Thailand . Steep canyon walls line the swift and powerful Salween . Its extensive drainage basin supports a biodiversity comparable with the Mekong and is home to about 7 million people . In 2003 , key parts of the mid-region watershed of the river were included within the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The people who live on the Salween are relatively isolated from the rest of the world . The river is only navigable up to 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) from the mouth , and only in the rainy season . The Burma Road was constructed between 1937 and 1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War and crossed the river at the Huitong bridge . The Huitong bridge was blown by the retreating Chinese army and the river became the frontline from 1942 to 1944 . The Salween Campaign of World War II , was launched in order to liberate occupied China and open the Burma Road again and connect it to the Ledo Road . Logging began on the mountains surrounding the Salween in the late 20th century , and has damaged the river 's ecology . In recent years , there have been a number of proposals to dam the Salween River , both upstream in China and downstream in Myanmar , which have prompted social and environmental concerns as well as widespread opposition ."}]}, {'value': 'Ituango Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ituango_Dam', 'summary': "The Ituango Dam , also referred to as the Pescadero-Ituango Dam , is an embankment dam currently under construction on the Cauca River near Ituango in Antioquia Department , Colombia . The primary purpose of the project is hydroelectric power generation and its power plant will have an installed capacity of 2,456 megawatts ( 3,294,000 hp ) when completed . Preliminary construction on the dam began in September 2011 and the power plant was expected to begin operations in late 2018 , but will not after heavy rainfall and landslides in April/May 2018 blocked river 's diversion tunnel , threatening a breach of the dam . When completed , it will be the largest power station in Colombia ."}]}, {'value': '225 m ( 738 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embankment , earth-fill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': 'Cauca River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cauca_River', 'summary': 'The Cauca River ( Spanish : Río Cauca ) is a river in Colombia that lies between the Occidental and Central cordilleras . From its headwaters in southwestern Colombia near the city of Popayán , it joins the Magdalena River near Magangué in Bolívar Department , and the combined river eventually flows out into the Caribbean Sea . It has a length of 965 km ( 600 mi ) to its junction with the Magdalena , for a total length of 1,350 km ( 840 mi ) . from origin to seamouth . The river is under the supervision of the Corporación Regional del Cauca and the Corporación Autonoma Regional del Valle del Cauca , and is navigable for 640 km ( 400 mi ) above its junction with the Magdalena .'}]}, {'value': 'Houziyan Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houziyan_Dam', 'summary': 'The Houziyan Dam ( Chinese : 猴子岩水电站 ) is an under construction embankment dam on the Dadu River in Danba County , Sichuan province , China . When completed , the dam will be 223.5 m ( 733 ft ) tall and withhold a reservoir with a normal capacity of 662,000,000 m3 ( 536,692 acre⋅ft ) . It will also support a power station with a 1,700 MW capacity ; containing 4 x 425 MW generators .'}]}, {'value': '223.5 m ( 733 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embankment , concrete-face rock-fill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Dadu River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dadu_River_(Sichuan)', 'summary': 'The Dadu River ( Chinese : 大渡河 ; pinyin : Dàdù Hé ; Wade-Giles : Tatu Ho ) , known in Tibetan as the Gyelmo Ngul Chu , is a major river located primarily in Sichuan province , southwestern China . The Dadu flows from the eastern Tibetan Plateau into the Sichuan Basin where it joins with the Min River , a tributary of the Yangtze River . Measured from its geographic source , the Dadu is actually longer than the Min and thus forms the main stem of the Min River system . Shuangjiangkou Dam , expected to be the tallest dam in the world , is being built on the Dadu River .'}]}, {'value': 'Maerdang Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maerdang_Dam', 'summary': 'The Maerdang Dam is a concrete-face rock-fill dam currently under construction on the Yellow River in Maqên County , Qinghai Province , China . Construction on the dam began in 2011 and its 2,200 MW power station is expected to be operational in 2018 . On 13 November 2013 , the river was successfully diverted around the construction site .'}]}, {'value': '211 m ( 692 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embankment , concrete-face rock-fill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Yellow River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yellow_River', 'summary': 'The Yellow River or Huang He ( listen ( help·info ) ) is the second longest river in China , after the Yangtze River , and the sixth longest river system in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 km ( 3,395 mi ) . Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province of Western China , it flows through nine provinces , and it empties into the Bohai Sea near the city of Dongying in Shandong province . The Yellow River basin has an east-west extent of about 1,900 kilometers ( 1,180 mi ) and a north-south extent of about 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) . Its total drainage area is about 795,000 square kilometers ( 307,000 sq mi ) . Its basin was the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilization , and it was the most prosperous region in early Chinese history . There are frequent devastating floods and course changes produced by the continual elevation of the river bed , sometimes above the level of its surrounding farm fields .'}]}, {'value': 'Lakhwar Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakhwar_Dam', 'summary': 'Lakhwar-Vyasi Dam project on Yamuna River , includes under-construction Lakhwar Dam and Power Station , Vyasi Dam , Hathiari Power Station and Katapathar Barrage , near the Lakhwar town in Kalsi block of Dehradun district of Uttarakhand in India , for the purpose of irrigation of 40,000 hectare land and total 927 MW hydroelectric power generation . Lakhwar Dam is a gravity dam near the Lohari village with 300MW power generation capacity . Vyasi Dam will be built 5 km downstream along with 120 MW Hathiari Power Station further 0.5 km downstream . Katapathar Barrage , with the maximum ponding water level at 514.5m elevation , will be built further 2.75 km downstream of the Hathiari Power Station to supply the water to stakeholder states . Project will hold 580 million cubic metres water during monsoon and release into Yamuna during dry months . Construction of Lakhwar dam commenced in early 2018 with the 4 year target completion date of December 2022 . Vyasi dam has already been under construction since 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '204 m ( 669 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concrete gravity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': 'Yamuna River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yamuna_River', 'summary': "The Yamuna ( Hindustani : pronounced [ jəmʊnaː ] ) , also known as the Jumna or Jamna , is the second largest tributary river of the Ganges ( Ganga ) and the longest tributary in India . Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of 6,387 metres ( 20,955 ft ) on the southwestern slopes of Banderpooch peaks of the Lower Himalaya in Uttarakhand , it travels a total length of 1,376 kilometres ( 855 mi ) and has a drainage system of 366,223 square kilometres ( 141,399 sq mi ) , 40.2% of the entire Ganges Basin . It merges with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam , Prayagraj , which is a site of the Kumbh Mela , a Hindu festival held every 12 years . It crosses several states : Haryana and Uttar Pradesh , passing by Uttarakhand and later Delhi , and meeting its tributaries on the way , including Tons , Chambal , its longest tributary which has its own large basin , followed by Sindh , the Betwa , and Ken . From Uttarakhand , the river flows into the state of Himachal Pradesh . After passing Paonta Sahib , Yamuna flows along the boundary of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and after exiting Haryana it continues to flow till it merges with the river Ganga ( Ganges ) at Sangam or Prayag in Allahbad ( Uttar Pradesh ) . It helps create the highly fertile alluvial Yamuna-Ganges Doab region between itself and the Ganges in the Indo-Gangetic plain . Nearly 57 million people depend on the Yamuna 's waters . With an annual flow of about 10,000 cubic billion metres ( cbm ; 8.1 billion acre⋅ft ) and usage of 4,400 cbm ( of which irrigation constitutes 96 percent ) , the river accounts for more than 70 percent of Delhi 's water supply . Like the Ganges , the Yamuna is highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as the goddess Yamuna . In Hindu mythology she is the daughter of the Sun Deva , Surya , and the sister of Yama , the Deva of Death , hence also known as Yami . According to popular legends , bathing in its sacred waters frees one from the torments of death ."}]}, {'value': 'Huangdeng Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huangdeng_Dam', 'summary': 'The Huangdeng Dam is a gravity dam recently completed on the Lancang ( Mekong ) River in Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County of Yunnan Province , China . The fact that work on the dam was begun without formal approval from the central government was a subject of some controversy . Construction on the dam began in 2010 and its 1,900 MW hydroelectric power station was initially planned to be operational in 2016 , with the entire project complete in 2018 . The first unit was put into operation in July 2018 and the dam was fully commissioned in January 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '203 m ( 666 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concrete gravity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Lancang River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancang_River', 'summary': "The Mekong , or Mekong River , is a trans-boundary river in Southeast Asia . It is the world 's twelfth longest river and the seventh longest in Asia . Its estimated length is 4,350 km ( 2,703 mi ) , and it drains an area of 795,000 km2 ( 307,000 sq mi ) , discharging 475 km3 ( 114 cu mi ) of water annually . From the Tibetan Plateau the river runs through China , Myanmar , Laos , Thailand , Cambodia , and Vietnam . The extreme seasonal variations in flow and the presence of rapids and waterfalls in the Mekong make navigation difficult . Even so , the river is a major trade route between western China and Southeast Asia ."}]}, {'value': 'Khersan-3 Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khersan-3_Dam', 'summary': 'Khersan-3 dam is an arch dam currently under construction on the Khersan River , a tributary of the Karun River , in Iran . When complete it will have an installed capacity of 400 MW . It is situated near Atashgah in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province and is a complementary dam to Khersan project along with the proposed Khersan-1 and Khersan-2 Dams . Construction began in 2007 and it is expected to become operational in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '195 m ( 640 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concrete arch , variable-radius', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': 'Khersan River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khersan_River', 'summary': 'The Khersan River ( Persian خرسان ) is a 180km long tributary of the Karun River in Iran ( the river with the largest flows in Iran ) , flowing into an arm of the reservoir formed by the Karun-3 Dam . The Khersan-3 Dam is under construction , proposed to be the most upstream of a cascade of three dams . The region is mountainous , part of the Zagros Mountains . The river lies partly in Lordegan County ( Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province ) , Semirom County ( Isfahan Province ) , Boyer-Ahmad County and Dana County ( Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province ) . As the site of a major dam , the area is a common research area , for example in terms of geology , archaeological value , and management conditions under climate change'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam', 'summary': 'The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ( GERD or TaIHiGe ; Amharic : ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ሕዳሴ ግድብ , romanized : Tālāqu ye-Ītyōppyā Hidāsē Gidib ) , formerly known as the Millennium Dam and sometimes referred to as Hidase Dam ( Amharic : ሕዳሴ ግድብ , romanized : Hidāsē Gidib ) , is a gravity dam on the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia that has been under construction since 2011 . It is in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia , about 15 km ( 9 mi ) east of the border with Sudan . At 6.45 gigawatts , the dam will be the largest hydroelectric power plant in Africa when completed , as well as the seventh largest in the world . As of October 2019 [ update ] , the work stood at approximately 70% completion . Once completed , the reservoir could take anywhere between 5 and 15 years to fill with water , depending on hydrologic conditions during the filling period and agreements reached between Ethiopia , Sudan , and Egypt .'}]}, {'value': '175 m ( 574 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Concrete gravity', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Nile River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Nile_River', 'summary': "The Blue Nile ( Ge'ez : ጥቁር ዓባይ Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy ( Black Abay ) to Ethiopians ; Arabic : النيل الأزرق ; transliterated : an-Nīl al-Azraq ) is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia . With the White Nile , it is one of the two major tributaries of the Nile . The Blue Nile supplies about 80% of the water in the Nile during the rainy season ."}]}, {'value': 'Sykia Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sykia_Dam', 'summary': "The Sykia Dam is a mostly constructed but unused earth-filled embankment dam on the Acheloos River along the border of Karditsa and Arta , Greece . The 170 m ( 560 ft ) tall dam is part of the Acheloos River Diversion which is intended to divert a portion of the Acheloos west to irrigate 240,000-380,000 ha ( 590,000-940,000 acres ) in the Thessaly plains . The project includes the Sykia , Messochora , Mouzaki and Pyli Dams along with a 17.4 km ( 10.8 mi ) long channel . The idea for the Sykia Dam and overall diversion project was first envisioned in the 1930s but a lack of funding precluded construction . Interest in the project was revived in 1984 and construction on the dam began in 1996 . Over the next several years there was a series of legal battles that led to final construction stalling , most recently in 2005 . Opponents of the scheme cite significant changes to the environment , flooding of villages and that the scheme will divert 600,000,000 m3 ( 490,000 acre⋅ft ) of water annually from the Acheloss . Supporters call on the benefit to the lucrative cotton crops it will help irrigate and the dam 's planned 120 MW hydroelectric power plant ."}]}, {'value': '170 m ( 560 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Embankment , earth-fill', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Achelous River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Achelous_River', 'summary': 'The Achelous ( Greek : Αχελώος , Ancient Greek : Ἀχελῷος Akhelôios ) , also Acheloos , is a river in western Greece . It is 220 km ( 137 mi ) long . It formed the boundary between Acarnania and Aetolia of antiquity . It empties into the Ionian Sea . In ancient times its spirit was venerated as the river god Achelous . Herodotus , taking notice of the shoreline-transforming power of the Acheloos River , even compared it to the Nile in this respect :'}]}], 'section_title': 'Under construction', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_tallest_dams_in_the_world_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of the tallest dams in the world over 135 m (443 ft) in height. The tallest dam in the world is the Jinping-I Dam, an arch dam in China at 305 m (1,001 ft). The tallest embankment dam and second tallest dam in the world is the 300 m (984 ft) Nurek Dam in Tajikistan. The tallest gravity dam is the 285 m (935 ft) high Grande Dixence Dam in Switzerland. The highest natural dam, Sarez Dam 567 m (1,860 ft) in Tajikistan is higher than the highest existing man-made one.'} | null | null | What is the name for the dam on the river whose headwaters begin near the city of Popayán ? | Ituango Dam |
0a55469302f7c94b | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Rankings", 'title': "2008 UCI Women's Road World Rankings", 'header': ['', 'Cyclists', 'Nation', 'Team', 'Age', 'Points'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marianne Vos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marianne_Vos', 'summary': "Marianne Vos ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Dutch cyclo-cross , road bicycle racer , mountain bike racer and track racer , who currently rides for UCI Women 's WorldTeam CCC Liv . Vos has drawn comparison to Eddy Merckx as being the finest cyclist of [ her ] generation . After winning a junior European and world championship in road racing , she continued her success in senior cycling by becoming world champion in cyclo-cross and road racing at the age of 19 . Vos added track racing world championships when she won the points race in 2008 and the scratch race in 2011 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , she won the gold medal in the points race ; at the 2012 Summer Olympics , gold in the women 's road race . She is a 3 times World Road Race Champion - in 2006 , 2012 and 2013 - and 7 times World Cyclocross Champion - in 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'NED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'DSB', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1229', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judith Arndt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Arndt', 'summary': 'Judith Arndt ( born 23 July 1976 ) is a retired German professional cyclist , who last rode for the GreenEDGE-AIS cycling team . She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m pursuit event at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she was 20 . In 2004 , she won the world road race championship and came second in the Olympic road race .'}]}, {'value': 'GER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'TMP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1206.66', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ina Teutenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ina_Teutenberg', 'summary': "Ina-Yoko Teutenberg ( born 28 October 1974 ) is a German former road bicycle racer , who competed professionally between 2000 and 2013 for the Red Bull Frankfurt , Saturn Cycling Team and Specialized-lululemon teams . She took over 200 wins during her career , including 11 stages of the Giro Rosa , the 2009 Tour of Flanders , and being part of the Team Specialized-lululemon team that won the World Team Time Trial Championship in 2012 . She now works as a directeur sportif for UCI Women 's Team Trek-Segafredo ."}]}, {'value': 'GER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'TMP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '616.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicole Cooke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicole_Cooke', 'summary': 'Nicole Denise Cooke , MBE ( born 13 April 1983 ) is a Welsh former professional road bicycle racer and Commonwealth , Olympic and World road race champion . Cooke announced her retirement from the sport on 14 January 2013 at the age of 29 .'}]}, {'value': 'GBR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'HBH', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '536', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabiana Luperini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabiana_Luperini', 'summary': "Fabiana Luperini ( born 14 January 1974 in Pontedera ) is an Italian professional cyclist . Luperini has won the Giro d'Italia Femminile a record five times , with four consecutive victories in 1995-1998 and a fifth ten years later , in 2008 . She has won the Grande Boucle Féminine three times consecutively , from 1995 to 1997 . In 1998 she won the Tour de l'Aude , and in 2006 she won the Iurreta-Emakumeen Bira ."}]}, {'value': 'ITA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'MSI', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39', 'urls': []}, {'value': '530', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emma Johansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emma_Johansson', 'summary': "Emma Johansson ( born 23 September 1983 ) is a Swedish retired professional racing cyclist . Nicknamed Silver Emma , Johansson accumulated many second and third places at major championships and one-day classics . In 2013 she finished the year as number one on the UCI Women 's World Ranking . She won the silver medal in the women 's road race at both the 2008 and 2016 Summer Olympics , as well as one silver and two bronze medals at the Road World championships . She also holds a record four podium finishes at the women 's Tour of Flanders , with one second and three third places . Despite her amassment of podium places , she won several one-day races , including Omloop Het Nieuwsblad , Ronde van Drenthe , Trofeo Alfredo Binda , Omloop van het Hageland , Le Samyn and the Holland Hills Classic . Johansson was also successful in stage races . She won the Thüringen Rundfahrt three times , the Emakumeen Euskal Bira twice and the Belgium Tour once . In addition , she won one stage in the 2012 Giro Rosa and finished in the top ten in all three of her Giro Rosa participations ."}]}, {'value': 'SWE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'AAD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '529', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trixi Worrack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trixi_Worrack', 'summary': "Beatrix Trixi Worrack ( born 28 September 1981 in Cottbus ) is a German professional road racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI Women 's WorldTeam Trek-Segafredo . The 2003 German national road race champion , Worrack 's career highlights include winning the 2005 Primavera Rosa ( the women 's Milan-San Remo ) , capturing the overall title at the 2004 Tour de l'Aude Cycliste Féminin and competing in the women 's road race and time trial at the 2004 Summer Olympics and in the road race and the Women 's time trial at the 2012 Summer Olympics . In November 2015 she was announced as part of the Canyon-SRAM team 's inaugural squad for the 2016 season ."}]}, {'value': 'GER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'NUR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '501.66', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christiane Soeder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christiane_Soeder', 'summary': 'Christiane Soeder ( born January 15 , 1975 in Remscheid , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a German-born Austrian road racing cyclist and former duathlete who now lives in Vienna . She won the Austrian National Road Race Championships in 2004 , 2006 and 2009 . She finished fourth in the 2008 Olympic road race with a time of 3h 32′ 28 . She rides professionally for Garmin-Cervélo .'}]}, {'value': 'AUT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': 'RLT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '495', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kristin Armstrong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kristin_Armstrong', 'summary': "Kristin Armstrong ( born August 11 , 1973 ) is a former professional road bicycle racer and three-time Olympic gold medalist , the winner of the women 's individual time trial in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 . Before temporarily retiring to start a family in 2009 , she rode for Cervélo TestTeam in women 's elite professional events on the National Racing Calendar ( NRC ) and UCI Women 's World Cup . She announced a return to competitive cycling beginning in the 2011 season , competing for Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 at the Redlands Classic ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RLT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '488', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suzanne de Goede', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suzanne_de_Goede', 'summary': 'Suzanne de Goede ( born 16 April 1984 ) is a former Dutch professional racing cyclist .'}]}, {'value': 'NED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'NUR', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '436', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirsten Wild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirsten_Wild', 'summary': "Kirsten Carlijn Wild ( born 15 October 1982 ) is a Dutch professional racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI Women 's Continental Team Ceratizit-WNT Pro Cycling . Wild competed in two track cycling events at the 2012 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'NED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'AAD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '423', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susanne Ljungskog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susanne_Ljungskog', 'summary': 'Susanne Ljungskog ( born 16 March 1976 in Halmstad ) is a Swedish cyclist . A four-time Olympian ( 1996 , 2000 , 2004 and 2008 ) , she won the world road race championship in 2002 and 2003 . The same years , she was UCI points champion . She has also won two World Cup races . Ljungskog received the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'SWE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'FLX', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '397', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amber Neben', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amber_Neben', 'summary': "Amber Leone Neben ( born February 18 , 1975 ) is an American racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI Women 's Continental Team Cogeas-Mettler-Look . Neben won the UCI world time trial championship in 2008 and 2016 as well as the U.S. national road race championship in 2003 and 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FLX', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '393', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karin Thürig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karin_Thürig', 'summary': "Karin Thürig ( born 4 July 1972 in Rothenburg ) is a Swiss professional racing cyclist and triathlete . She is the winner of the 2004 and 2005 UCI Road World Championships - Women 's time trial . In 2011 , she took second at the Ironman 70.3 World Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'SUI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'RLT', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}, {'value': '368', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emma Pooley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emma_Pooley', 'summary': "Emma Jane Pooley ( born 3 October 1982 ) is an English sportswoman and former presenter on the Global Cycling Network . A former professional cyclist who specialised in time trials and hilly races , she later transferred to endurance running , duathlon and triathlon , and is currently a professional triathlete and duathlete , and the reigning quadruple world champion in long distance duathlon . She won an Olympic silver medal in the time trial in 2008 and was world time trial champion in 2010 . She has won six UCI Women 's Road World Cup one-day races , as well as several stage races including the ten-day Tour de l'Aude . She is three-times a British time trial champion and in 2010 also won the British road race championships . Pooley retired from professional cycling after the 2014 Commonwealth Games to concentrate on triathlon , duathlon and long-distance running , having won the Lausanne Marathon and the Swissman triathlon the previous year . She went on to win the ITU Powerman Duathlon World Championships at Poweran Zofingen in September 2014 and again in 2015 . On 16 December 2015 , Pooley announced that she would be returning temporarily to cycling , seeking to qualify to represent Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio , as she felt the unusually mountainous time trial course on offer played to her strengths . [ citation needed ] In June 2016 , Pooley came out of retirement and re-signed for her former team , Lotto-Soudal Ladies , in time for the 2016 Giro Rosa . After racing in the Olympic time trial and road race she returned to duathlon with two further world championship titles at ITU Powerman Duathlon World Championships at Poweran Zofingen in September 2016 and 2017 as well as a European middle distance duathlon title in 2017 . Between February 2018 and March 2019 Pooley worked at Global Cycling Network as a presenter ."}]}, {'value': 'GBR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'TSW', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '367', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tatiana Guderzo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tatiana_Guderzo', 'summary': "Tatiana Guderzo ( born 22 August 1984 ) is an Italian professional cyclist , who currently rides for UCI Women 's WorldTeam Alé BTC Ljubljana . She won the world road race championship on 26 September 2009 at Mendrisio , Switzerland and a bronze medal in the road race at the 2008 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'ITA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'GAU', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '360', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luise Keller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luise_Keller', 'summary': 'Luise Keller ( born 8 March 1984 ) is a road cyclist from Germany . She represented her nation at the 2005 , 2007 , 2008 and 2010 UCI Road World Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'GER', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'TMP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '357.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giorgia Bronzini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giorgia_Bronzini', 'summary': "Giorgia Bronzini ( born 3 August 1983 ) is an Italian professional racing cyclist . She was born in Piacenza . She won the women 's road race in the UCI Road World Championships in both 2010 and 2011 and the women 's points race in the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 2009 . She has taken a total of 80 victories on the road and the track , including stages of the Giro Rosa , the Route de France Féminine , the Tour of Qatar , the Tour of California , and the Tour of Chongming Island . After a 16-year career , in August 2018 Bronzini announced that she would retire at the end of the season and become a directeur sportif with Trek Bicycle Corporation 's new women 's team in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'ITA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'TFA', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '296', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chantal Beltman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chantal_Beltman', 'summary': 'Chantal Beltman ( born 25 August 1976 in Slagharen , Overijssel ) is a former Dutch professional cyclist . She was part of the 2008 Team High Road Women team . In 2007 this was called the T-Mobile Women cycling team . In 2006 , Beltman raced for Vrienden van het Platteland team . She is the older sister of Ghita Beltman , who is a former cyclist .'}]}, {'value': 'NED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'TMP', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '291', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochelle Gilmore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rochelle_Gilmore', 'summary': "Rochelle Gilmore ( born 14 December 1981 in Sutherland , New South Wales ) is an Australian former racing cyclist currently living in Italy . She is the owner and manager of Wiggle High5 . Gilmore previously rode for G.S . Safi-Pasta Zara-Manhattan . She splits her time between the road circuit and the track World Cup . In 2006 , she won a stage at the Geelong Women 's Tour , took second in the Commonwealth Games points race ( behind teammate Kate Bates ) , and earned top five finishes in a Giro d'Italia Femminile stage , the Geelong World Cup , and the Liberty Classic . Gilmore is often referred to in the media as the 'bridesmaid ' , as she constantly finished runner-up in many events . In the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi , she broke the jinx and won the gold medal in the 112 km road bicycle racing event . After her retirement she said she felt she achieved her maximum potential during her career through hard work and extensive preparation . In her teens she competed in track cycling ( velodrome ) but specialised in road racing for more than 10 years . In addition to founding Wiggle-Honda , in January 2015 Gilmore announced the launch of the High5 Dream Team , an Australian women 's team competing in Australia 's National Road Series aiming to help riders progress to road racing in Europe and to fill a gap created by Cycling Australia suspending its women 's development programme due to financial problems . In a blogpost for cyclingnews.com in November 2015 Gilmore announced that she had retired from competition ."}]}, {'value': 'AUS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '267', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Individual World Ranking ( top 100 )', 'section_text': 'Final result . [ 1 ]', 'uid': "2008_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Rankings_0", 'intro': "The 2008 UCI Women's Road Rankings is an overview of the UCI Women's Road Rankings, based upon the results in all UCI-sanctioned races of the 2008 women's road cycling season."} | null | null | What is the royal title of Elizabeth II in the home country of Nicole Cooke ? | Queen |
0a5ab0b7afca9a94 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '1999 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Gymnast', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexei Nemov ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexei_Nemov', 'summary': 'Alexei Yurievich Nemov ( Russian : Алексей Юрьевич Немов ; born 28 May 1976 in Barashevo , Mordovia ) is a former artistic gymnast from Russia and one of the most celebrated gymnasts of all time . During his career , he won five world championships , three European championships and twelve Olympic medals .'}]}, {'value': '9.775', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marius Urzica ( ROU )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marius_Urzica', 'summary': 'Marius Daniel Urzică ( born September 30 , 1975 , in Topliţa , Romania ) is a Romanian gymnast . Urzică is an Olympic champion , a three-time world champion and a three-time European champion on pommel horse . He competed at three Olympic games , medaling each time on pommel horse ( gold Sydney 2000 , silver Atlanta 1996 and silver Athena 2004 ) and contributed to the team bronze in Athens 2004 . His unique technique and style of performance have won him the recognition as one of the greatest masters on this piece of apparatus ever , together with Miroslav Cerar and Zoltán Magyar . Known as The King of the Pommels in 2001 he achieved the maximum score of 10.00 on this piece of apparatus at the Glasgow Grand Prix . Two elements in artistic gymnastics , one on pommel horse and one on parallel bars are named after him . He was the founder of Romanian Golden Team'}]}, {'value': '9.762', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nikolai Kryukov ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikolai_Kryukov_(gymnast)', 'summary': 'Nikolai Vyacheslavovich Kryukov ( Russian : Николай Вячеславович Крюков ; born November 11 , 1978 in Voronezh ) is a Russian artistic gymnast . A three-time Olympian , he was also the World Artistic Gymnastics All-Around Champion at the 1999 World Gymnastics Championships in Tianjin , China .'}]}, {'value': '9.750', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexander Beresch ( UKR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Beresch', 'summary': "Oleksandr Beresch ( Ukrainian : Олександр Береш ) ( October 12 , 1977 , Pervomaisk - February 29 , 2004 , Kiev ) , was a gymnast from Ukraine and Olympic medallist at the 2000 Sydney Games . Coached by former Soviet World Champion Igor Korobchinsky , Beresch began competing internationally for Ukraine in 1997 , winning a bronze medal on the high bar at his first World Championships . Over the next several years he became the preeminent male gymnast on the Ukrainian team , medalling at the World Cup several times . Beresch 's breakout year was 2000 ; in this year he was the European all-around and high bar champion , as well as the bronze all-around medalist at the 2000 Olympics . His contributions to the Ukrainian team helped them win their first team medal , a silver , in Sydney . He continued to turn in strong performances after the Olympics , winning three medals at the 2001 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships and winning the high bar gold at the 2000 World finals in Paris ."}]}, {'value': '9.725', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Wecker ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Wecker', 'summary': 'Andreas Wecker ( born 2 January 1970 in Staßfurt ) is a former German gymnast who had a long and successful career . He was European , World and Olympic champion . His greatest achievement was the gold medal on high bar at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . There , he beat gymnasts of such quality as Vitaly Scherbo and Alexei Nemov . In 1989 Wecker was named the last East German Sportsman of the Year . He competed for the SC Dynamo Berlin / Sportvereinigung ( SV ) Dynamo . Wecker qualified for the German team for the Sydney Olympics in 2000 . Just days before his events , he suffered a serious shoulder injury where he tore a bicep muscle in his shoulder , ending his career . Today , Wecker is the chairman and founder of Andreas Seed Oils , headquartered in Bend , Oregon and distributed through his office in Germany .'}]}, {'value': '9.712', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valeri Belenki ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valeri_Belenki', 'summary': 'Valery Vladimirovich Belenky ( Russian : Валерий Владимирович Беленький , German : Valeri Belenki ; born 5 September 1969 ) is a retired Azerbaijani-German artistic gymnast who competed in the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '9.700', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xing Aowei ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xing_Aowei', 'summary': 'Xing Aowei ( simplified Chinese : 邢傲伟 ; traditional Chinese : 邢傲偉 ; pinyin : Xíng Àowěi ; born February 15 , 1982 in Yantai , Shandong ) is a Male Chinese gymnast . Xing was part of the Chinese team that won the gold medal in the team event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . He was also a part of the 2004 Olympic team in Athens , but placed fifth after his mistake on floor plus two falls ( and another major mistake ) from his teammate Teng Haibin .'}]}, {'value': '9.662', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lee Joo-Hyung ( KOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Joo-Hyung', 'summary': 'Lee Joo-hyung ( born 5 March 1973 ) is a Korean former gymnast who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics , in the 1996 Summer Olympics , and in the 2000 Summer Olympics . His brother Lee Jang-hyung is also an artistic gymnast .'}]}, {'value': '9.650', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Men -- Pommel Horse', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1999_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_2', 'intro': 'The 34th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held at Tianjin Arena in Tianjin, China in 1999.'} | null | null | Which Olympics did the gymnast ranked 6 at the 1999 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships compete in ? | 1992 and 1996 |
0a5bc259a7aa15ea | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League_Impact_Player_of_the_Year_Award', 'title': 'NBA Development League Impact Player of the Year Award', 'header': ['Season', 'Player', 'Position', 'Nationality', 'Team'], 'data': [{'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–08_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Morris Almond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morris_Almond', 'summary': 'Morris Almond ( born February 2 , 1985 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Almond is the founder of Almond Athletics . His last professional appearance would be for the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA Development League ( D-League ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Utah Flash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utah_Flash', 'summary': 'The Delaware Blue Coats are an American professional basketball team of the NBA G League . The team is an affiliate of the Philadelphia 76ers in the National Basketball Association . The home games were most recently played at the Bob Carpenter Center on the campus of University of Delaware in Newark , Delaware . The team was founded in 2007 as the Utah Flash and served as an affiliate to the Utah Jazz . In April 2013 , the 76ers acquired the team and relocated it to Delaware , where it played as the Delaware 87ers ( nicknamed the Sevens ) until 2018 . The 87ers moved to the 76ers Fieldhouse in Wilmington , Delaware , for the 2018-19 season and were rebranded as the Delaware Blue Coats .'}]}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Eddie Gill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddie_Gill', 'summary': 'Edward Gill III ( born August 16 , 1978 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Gill grew up in Aurora , Colorado and played college basketball at the College of Eastern Utah , Salt Lake Community College , and Weber State University . With the Weber State Wildcats , Gill was MVP of the 1999 Big Sky Conference Tournament . Not selected in the 2000 NBA Draft , Gill began his professional career with the Las Vegas Silver Bandits of the IBL and debuted with the New Jersey Nets of the NBA late in the 2000-01 season . Gill has had a journeyman career in basketball and has played in various teams in the NBA , NBA Development League , minor leagues , and overseas . In the NBA , Gill has played for the New Jersey Nets , Memphis Grizzlies , Portland Trail Blazers , Indiana Pacers , Seattle SuperSonics , and Milwaukee Bucks all usually in reserve roles . However , Gill has been a starter and high scorer for much of his non-NBA career . Professionally , Gill has been an All-Star selection in the CBA ( 2004 ) and NBA Development League ( 2008 ) and won championships with the D-League ( 2009 with the Colorado 14ers ) and Belgian Cup ( 2010 with BC Oostende ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado 14ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_14ers', 'summary': 'The Texas Legends are an NBA G League team based in Frisco , Texas , and the minor league affiliate of the Dallas Mavericks . The franchise began as the Colorado 14ers in 2006 , before relocating to Frisco in 2009 and becoming the Texas Legends for the 2010-11 season . The Legends play their home games at the Comerica Center .'}]}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian Butch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Butch', 'summary': "Brian Butch ( born December 22 , 1984 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He is currently working as a radio color commentator for the Wisconsin Herd of the NBA G League . He was a center on the 2003 McDonald 's All-American basketball team and later attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison on a basketball scholarship . He was briefly a member of the Denver Nuggets of the NBA , although he never played any games for them ."}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(basketball)', 'summary': 'The center ( C ) , also known as the five position , or the big man , is one of the five positions in a basketball game . The center is normally the tallest player on the team , and often has a great deal of strength and body mass as well . In the NBA , the center is usually 6 feet 10 inches ( 2.08 m ) or taller and usually weighs 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) or more . They traditionally have played close to the basket in the low post . Centers are valued for their ability to protect their own goal while scoring with high efficiency . In the 1950s and 1960s , George Mikan and Bill Russell were centerpieces of championship dynasties and defined early prototypical centers . With the addition of a three-point field goal for the 1979-80 season , however , NBA basketball gradually became more perimeter-oriented and saw the importance of the center position diminished . A center with the ability to shoot outside from three-point range is known as stretch five .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Bakersfield Jam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakersfield_Jam', 'summary': 'The Northern Arizona Suns are an NBA G League team based in Prescott Valley , Arizona and the minor league affiliate of the Phoenix Suns . The franchise began as the Long Beach Jam in 2003 under the revived American Basketball Association and moved to Bakersfield in the D-League in 2006 as the Bakersfield Jam ; after 10 years in Bakersfield , California , the franchise was moved to Prescott Valley in 2016 by the Phoenix Suns and were subsequently renamed the Northern Arizona Suns .'}]}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 NBA Development League season is the tenth season of the NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) . The NBA D-League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league adopted its current name in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . One expansion franchise , the Texas Legends , joined the 15 returning teams from the previous season . The season started with the 2010 NBA Development League Draft , which was held on November 1 , 2010 . Former NBA second-round draft pick Nick Fazekas was selected first overall by the Reno Bighorns . The regular season began on November 18 , 2010 , and ended on April 4 , 2011 . The Iowa Energy had the best regular season record with 37 wins and 13 losses . They also won the Eastern Conference , while the Reno Bighorns won the Western Conference with the second-best regular season record with 34 wins and 16 losses . The regular season set a new record on total attendance of 1,125,583 , a 7.9% increase from the previous season . The playoffs started on April 6 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Adrien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Adrien', 'summary': 'Jeffrey Adrien ( born February 10 , 1986 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Ironi Nahariya of the Israeli Premier League . He formerly served as captain for the University of Connecticut Huskies where he played as a power forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Rio Grande Valley Vipers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_Vipers', 'summary': 'The Rio Grande Valley Vipers are an American professional basketball team based in Edinburg , Texas . The Vipers compete in the NBA G League , and play their home games at the Bert Ogden Arena . The Vipers have won three league titles in 2010 , 2013 , and 2019 , most for any club in league history . The Vipers entered a single-partnership affiliation agreement with the Houston Rockets during the 2009-10 season . Previously , they were also affiliated with the Cleveland Cavaliers for 2007-08 and the New Orleans Hornets from 2007 to 2009 .'}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'The 2011-12 NBA Development League season is the 11th season of the NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) . The NBA D-League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league adopted its current name in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . The 2011-12 season will be competed by 16 teams . The Los Angeles D-Fenders , after spending one season inactive , joined the 15 returning teams from the previous season . The Utah Flash ceased operation at the end of the previous season and would not be playing in the 2011-12 season . The New Mexico Thunderbirds relocated to Canton , Ohio and were renamed as the Canton Charge . This season , an all-time high nine teams will have single-affiliation partnerships with NBA teams , up from four in the previous season . Five of them , the Austin Toros , the Canton Charge , the Dakota Wizards , the Los Angeles D-Fenders and the Tulsa 66ers , are owned by their NBA affiliates . Four teams , the Erie BayHawks , the Rio Grande Valley Vipers , the Springfield Armor and the Texas Legends , have a hybrid single-affiliation partnership with NBA teams , where their basketball operations are controlled by their NBA affiliates . The other seven teams are affiliated with three NBA teams each .'}]}, {'value': 'Eric Dawson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Dawson', 'summary': 'Eric Lamont Dawson ( born July 7 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for Cariduros de Fajardo of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional ( BSN ) . He played college basketball for McLennan CC and Midwestern State .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Austin Toros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin_Toros', 'summary': 'The Austin Spurs are an American basketball team of the NBA G League based in Cedar Park , Texas . The team plays their home games at H-E-B Center at Cedar Park . The team has made the postseason in 8 out of their 14 seasons in the NBA Development League . On October 15 , 2014 , after the San Antonio Spurs purchased the franchise , the team colors and logo were changed to reflect the silver and black motif used by the Spurs .'}]}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Rasual Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rasual_Butler', 'summary': 'Rasual Butler ( May 23 , 1979 - January 31 , 2018 ) was an American professional basketball player . In his 14-year National Basketball Association ( NBA ) career , he played for the Miami Heat , New Orleans Hornets , Los Angeles Clippers , Chicago Bulls , Toronto Raptors , Indiana Pacers , Washington Wizards and San Antonio Spurs . He was born in Philadelphia , and raised in the Point Breeze area of South Philadelphia . After playing college basketball at La Salle , he was drafted in second round of the 2002 NBA draft by the Heat .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Tulsa 66ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tulsa_66ers', 'summary': 'The Oklahoma City Blue are an NBA G League team based in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , and the minor league affiliate of the Oklahoma City Thunder . The franchise began as the Asheville Altitude in 2001 , before moving to Tulsa , Oklahoma , in 2005 and becoming the Tulsa 66ers . After nine seasons in Tulsa , the franchise moved to Oklahoma City in 2014 and were subsequently renamed the Oklahoma City Blue .'}]}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'These are regular season standings and playoff results for the NBA G League . The NBA G League is the official minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The league was formed in 2001 as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) . The league was renamed to NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) in 2005 to reflect its close affiliation with the NBA . In 2017 , it was renamed NBA G League , as part of a sponsorship deal with Gatorade .'}]}, {'value': 'Ike Diogu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ike_Diogu', 'summary': 'Ikechukwu Somtochukwu Diogu ( born September 11 , 1983 ) is a Nigerian-American professional basketball player for the Shimane Susanoo Magic of the B.League .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'Nigeria / United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Bakersfield Jam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakersfield_Jam', 'summary': 'The Northern Arizona Suns are an NBA G League team based in Prescott Valley , Arizona and the minor league affiliate of the Phoenix Suns . The franchise began as the Long Beach Jam in 2003 under the revived American Basketball Association and moved to Bakersfield in the D-League in 2006 as the Bakersfield Jam ; after 10 years in Bakersfield , California , the franchise was moved to Prescott Valley in 2016 by the Phoenix Suns and were subsequently renamed the Northern Arizona Suns .'}]}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'The 2014-15 NBA Development League season was the 14th season of the NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) . The NBA D-League is the official minor league basketball organization owned by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The NBA D-League will expand to a record 18 teams for the 2014-15 season . For the first time in league history the NBA D-League was aligned into two conferences with two divisions each , two with five and two with four . One expansion team , the Westchester Knicks , joined the 17 teams from the previous season . The Springfield Armor relocated to Grand Rapids , and were renamed the Grand Rapids Drive , and the Tulsa 66ers relocated to Oklahoma City , and were renamed to Oklahoma City Blue .'}]}, {'value': 'Jerel McNeal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerel_McNeal', 'summary': 'Jerel McNeal ( born June 1 , 1987 ) is an American professional basketball player for Ironi Nahariya of the Israeli Premier League . He played college basketball for Marquette University before playing professionally in Belgium , the NBA D-League , Italy , China , Greece , Germany and Israel , including a short stint in the NBA with the Phoenix Suns in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Bakersfield Jam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakersfield_Jam', 'summary': 'The Northern Arizona Suns are an NBA G League team based in Prescott Valley , Arizona and the minor league affiliate of the Phoenix Suns . The franchise began as the Long Beach Jam in 2003 under the revived American Basketball Association and moved to Bakersfield in the D-League in 2006 as the Bakersfield Jam ; after 10 years in Bakersfield , California , the franchise was moved to Prescott Valley in 2016 by the Phoenix Suns and were subsequently renamed the Northern Arizona Suns .'}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'The 2015-16 NBA Development League season was the 15th season of the NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) . The NBA D-League is the official minor league basketball organization owned by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The League expanded to a record 19 teams for the 2015-16 season . An expansion team , Raptors 905 , joined the 18 teams from the previous season , while the Fort Wayne Mad Ants were purchased by the Indiana Pacers , leaving just 11 NBA teams without a D-League affiliate for this season ( in the 2016-17 season the number of NBA teams without a D-League affiliate will reduce to 8 with the debuts of franchises owned by the Brooklyn Nets , Charlotte Hornets , and Chicago Bulls ) . The league consisted of two conferences with two divisions each , three with five and one with four . To even out the divisions , the Canton Charge were moved from the East Division to the Central Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Gomes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Gomes', 'summary': 'Ryan Anthony Gomes ( born September 1 , 1982 ) is an American former professional basketball player and former assistant coach for the Long Island Nets of the NBA G League . He was named a First Team All-American power forward at Providence College before being selected with the 50th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft by the Boston Celtics .'}]}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Los Angeles D-Fenders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_D-Fenders', 'summary': "The South Bay Lakers are an American professional basketball team of the NBA G League , based in Los Angeles . Founded in 2006 as the Los Angeles D-Fenders , the team is owned by the Los Angeles Lakers , who were the first National Basketball Association ( NBA ) franchise to own a D-League team . At the conclusion of the 2016-17 D-League season , the D-Fenders re-branded as the South Bay Lakers for the G League . They also moved their home games from the Toyota Sports Center into the UCLA Health Training Center , a new practice facility for the Los Angeles Lakers in El Segundo . All games are broadcast in streaming audio from the team 's official website and on the NBA 's Futurecast web channel . On December 21 , 2012 , the D-Fenders announced a telecast agreement with TWC SportsNet Channel ( now Spectrum SportsNet ) ."}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_NBA_Development_League_season', 'summary': 'The 2016-17 NBA Development League season was the 16th season of the NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) . The NBA D-League is the official minor league basketball organization owned by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The following season , the league was rebranded to NBA G League as part of multi-year partnership with Gatorade and its parent company , PepsiCo .'}]}, {'value': 'John Holland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Holland_(basketball)', 'summary': 'John Michael Joseph Holland ( born November 6 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player of Puerto Rican descent for Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Premier League and the FIBA Champions League . A small forward , he played college basketball for the Boston Terriers and represents the Puerto Rican national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(basketball)', 'summary': "There are five position in basketball . These positions are employed by all organized/unorganized basketball teams . They are defined as the point guard ( PG ) , the shooting guard ( SG ) , the small forward ( SF ) , the power forward ( PF ) , and the center ( C ) . The point guard is the de facto leader of the team on the court . This position requires substantial ball-handling skills and the ability to facilitate the team during a play . The shooting guard , as the name implies , is often the best shooter . As well as being capable of shooting accurately from longer distances , this position tends to also be the best defender on the team . The small forward often has an aggressive approach to the basket when handling the ball . The small forward is also known to make cuts to the basket in efforts to get open for shots . The power forward and the center are usually called the front-court , often acting as their team 's primary rebounders or shot blockers , or receiving passes to take inside shots . The center is typically the larger of the two ."}]}, {'value': 'United States / Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': 'Canton Charge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canton_Charge', 'summary': 'The Canton Charge are an American professional basketball team based in Canton , Ohio , that competes in the NBA G League . The Charge are owned by and are also the minor league affiliate of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Its home games are held at the Canton Memorial Civic Center . The franchise was founded in 2001 as the Huntsville Flight , based in Huntsville , Alabama , before moving to Albuquerque , New Mexico in 2005 , where they were known as the Albuquerque Thunderbirds until 2010 . After playing the 2010-11 season in suburban Rio Rancho as the New Mexico Thunderbirds , the franchise was purchased by the Cavaliers and moved to Canton . The team won the 2006 NBA D-League championship while playing in Albuquerque . The team lost the 2003-04 NBA D-League Finals , and reached the semifinals in 2004-05 , 2006-07 , 2011-12 , 2014-15 and 2015-16 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'NBA_Development_League_Impact_Player_of_the_Year_Award_0', 'intro': "The NBA Development League Impact Player of the Year was an annual NBA Development League (D-League) award given between the 2007-08 and 2016-17 seasons to the player who joined the D-League mid-season and made the greatest contribution to his team's success following that acquisition. The league's head coaches determined the award by voting and it was usually presented to the honoree during the D-League playoffs. While no player won Impact Player of the Year more than once, two international players won the award: Ike Diogu of Nigeria in 2014, and John Holland of Puerto Rico in 2017. Morris Almond was the inaugural winner while playing for the Utah Flash. By position, forwards have won the award five times, followed by guards with four. Only one center won, Brian Butch in 2009-10."} | null | null | What is the current name of the team that Eddie Gill played for when he won this award ? | Texas Legends |
0a5cfbbb73c08661 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Veikkausliiga', 'title': '2010 Veikkausliiga', 'header': ['Club', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Capacity', 'Manager', 'Kitmaker'], 'data': [{'value': 'AC Oulu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AC_Oulu', 'summary': "AC Oulu ( ACO ) is a Finnish football club based in Oulu . Formed in 2002 , the club have played two seasons in Finland 's highest football league Veikkausliiga and seven seasons in the second highest league Ykkönen . The club are currently playing in Ykkönen . They play their home games at Raatti Stadium , and the club colours are navy blue and white ."}]}, {'value': 'Oulu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oulu', 'summary': "Oulu ( /ˈoʊluː/ OH-loo , Finnish : [ ˈou̯lu ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Uleåborg [ ʉːlɛɔˈbɔrj ] ( listen ) ) is a city and municipality of 203,750 inhabitants ( 31 January 2019 ) in the region of North Ostrobothnia , Finland . It is the most populous city in Northern Finland , and the fifth most populous in the country . Only the city of Murmansk , Russia , has more people and is further north . Oulu is considered one of Europe 's living labs , where residents experiment with new technology ( such as NFC tags and ubi-screens ) on a community-wide scale ."}]}, {'value': 'Castrén', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castrén_(Stadion)', 'summary': 'Castrén is a football stadium in the Välivainio neighbourhood of Oulu , Finland . The stadium holds 4 000 spectators . It is the home ground of sports clubs Oulun Luistinseura , JS Hercules and Oulun Palloseura .'}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juha Malinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juha_Malinen', 'summary': 'Juha Malinen ( born 16 July 1958 in Oulu ) is a Finnish football coach with a total of 15 seasons at the highest level . Malinen is currently managing the Finnish under-21 national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'FC Honka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Honka', 'summary': "FC Honka ( also known as Esport Honka ) is a Finnish football club , based in Espoo . It was promoted into the Finnish premier division ( Veikkausliiga ) , for the first time in its history , at the end of the 2005 season . The club 's manager is Vesa Vasara and it plays its home matches at Tapiolan urheilupuisto . It was founded in 1957 as Tapion Honka , and changed its name to FC Honka in 1975 . FC Honka is largely renowned in Finland for its extensive youth scheme with over 1000 youth players playing in various age groups . It also has women 's football team in the Naisten Liiga . Until 2005 FC Honka was thought of as a nearly , but not quite team , always underachieving in the Finnish First Division ( Ykkönen ) . In the late 1990s the objective was promotion but year after year they failed . In the beginning of the 21st century FC Honka almost went bankrupt but was saved at the last moment . In early 2005 the club was taken over by Jouko Pakarinen and Jouko Harjunpää , who had a plan to turn FC Honka from underachievers to a UEFA Champions League candidate . In the first year of their take-over of FC Honka , the management succeeded in assembling a squad which won the First Division ( Ykkönen ) with ease and also made the semi-finals of the Finnish Cup where they eventually lost 1-0 to FC Haka . FC Honka was able to fight for top positions instantly , but narrowly missed the top three in their first two seasons ."}]}, {'value': 'Espoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Espoo', 'summary': 'Espoo ( Finnish : [ ˈespoː ] ; Swedish : Esbo [ ˈɛ̌sːbɔ ] , [ check IPA ] Finland Swedish : [ ˈesːbo ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest city and municipality in Finland . It is part of the Finnish Capital Region , along with the cities of Helsinki , Vantaa , and Kauniainen , and most of its population lives in the inner urban core of the Helsinki metropolitan area . Espoo shares its eastern border with Helsinki and Vantaa , while enclosing Kauniainen . Other bordering municipalities of Espoo are Nurmijärvi and Vihti in the north , and Kirkkonummi in the west . The city is located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland , in the region of Uusimaa , and has a population of 284,444 . Espoo encompasses 528 square kilometres ( 204 sq mi ) , of which 312 km2 ( 120 sq mi ) is land . The national park of Nuuksio is situated in northwestern Espoo . Espoo does not have a traditional city center , having instead several local regional centers . Espoo is thus divided into seven major areas ( Finnish : suuralueet , Swedish : storområden ) : Vanha-Espoo ( with administrative center ) , Suur-Espoonlahti , Pohjois-Espoo , Suur-Kauklahti , Suur-Leppävaara , Suur-Matinkylä , and Suur-Tapiola . Aalto University is based in Otaniemi , Espoo , along with a thriving science community that includes numerous startups and organizations such as VTT - the Technical Research Center of Finland . Several major companies are based in Espoo , including Nokia , HMD Global , Tieto , KONE , Neste , Fortum , Orion Corporation , Outokumpu , and Foreca , as well as video game developers Rovio and Remedy Entertainment . The city of Espoo is officially bilingual .'}]}, {'value': 'Tapiolan Urheilupuisto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tapiolan_Urheilupuisto', 'summary': 'Tapiolan urheilupuisto ( Swedish : Hagalunds idrottspark ; English : Tapiola Sports Park ) is a sports park in the Tapiola District of Espoo , Finland . The park includes several sports halls and football pitches as well as the multipurpose Espoo Metro Areena . The Urheilupuisto metro station , which connects the park to the Länsimetro , was opened in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mika Lehkosuo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mika_Lehkosuo', 'summary': 'Mika Bana Lehkosuo ( born 8 January 1970 in Helsinki ) is a Finnish football manager and former midfielder , managing Kongsvinger in the Norwegian OBOS-ligaen and working as a coach for Finland national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kappa_(company)', 'summary': "Kappa is an Italian sportswear brand founded in Turin , Piedmont , Italy . Kappa was founded as a sock firm in Turin , Italy , in 1916 but did n't become Kappa until 1967 ."}]}, {'value': 'FC Inter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Inter_Turku', 'summary': 'Football Club International Turku , commonly referred to as Inter Turku and colloquially known as Inter , is a professional football club based in Turku , Finland , that competes in the Veikkausliiga , the top flight of Finnish Football . Founded in 1990 by Stefan Håkans , the club has a rivalry with Turun Palloseura . Inter have won one League title , two Finnish Cups , and one League Cup . They play their home league matches at Veritas Stadion , with a capacity of 9,372 seats for most matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Turku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turku', 'summary': 'Turku ( /ˈtʊərkuː/ TOOR-koo , Finnish : [ ˈturku ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Åbo [ ˈǒːbʊ ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈoːbu ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River , in the region of Finland Proper ( Varsinais-Suomi ) . The region was originally called Suomi ( Finland ) , which later became the name for the whole country . Turku , as a town , was never founded . The Pope first mentioned the town Aboa in his Bulla in 1229 and the year is now used as the foundation year of the city . As the oldest town in the country Turku was the most important city in Finland , a status it retained for hundreds of years throughout the centuries under the rule of the Kingdom of Sweden . After the war Finland became an autonomous grand duchy of the Russian Empire ( 1809 ) under the direct rule of the Czar and the capital of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland was moved to Helsinki ( 1812 ) . It was only after the last great fire in 1827 that most governmental institutions were moved to Helsinki along with the Academy of Turku ( Turun Akatemia ) founded in 1640 , which then became the University of Helsinki . Turku continued to be the most populous city in Finland until the end of the 1840s , and it remains the regional capital and an important business and cultural center and port . Because of its long history , it has been the site of many important events , and has extensively influenced Finnish history . The history of the country is closely linked to Turku , the former capital . Along with Tallinn , the capital city of Estonia , Turku was designated the European Capital of Culture for 2011 . In 1996 , it was declared the official Christmas City of Finland .'}]}, {'value': 'Veritas Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veritas_Stadion', 'summary': "Veritas Stadion is an association football stadium in Turku , Finland . It is situated in the district of Kupittaa , in an area dedicated to sporting venues . The stadium serves as the home venue for FC Inter Turku and Turun Palloseura playing in Finland 's premier football league , the Veikkausliiga . The stadium underwent an expansion in 2009 , when a stand with 1,644 seats was built to meet the demands for the UEFA Women 's Euro 2009 . The stadium has a capacity of 9,372 spectators , with 8,072 seats and 1,300 standing places . In Veritas Stadion there are two stands opposite to each other . The old Olympic stand ( Olympiakatsomo ) was built for the 1952 Summer Olympics and the new , modern main stand was ready in 2003 . After that the name of the stadium was changed to Veritas Stadion , having formerly been known simply as the Kupittaa football stadium ( Kupittaan jalkapallostadion ) . The old Kupittaa Stadium 's record attendance was approximately 15,000 spectators for the 1987-88 UEFA Cup match between Turun Palloseura and Italian giants Inter Milan . The Veritas Stadion 's attendance record of 9,089 spectators was set at the local derby between Turun Palloseura and Inter Turku in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '9,372', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Job Dragtsma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Job_Dragtsma', 'summary': 'Job Dragtsma ( born 23 October 1955 , in Alkmaar , Netherlands ) is a Dutch football manager , who was the coach of FC Volendam for around a year ( 2004-2005 ) . He also managed FC Inter Turku in Finland , with whom he won the national title in 2008 , Finnish League Cup in 2008 and the Finnish Cup in 2009 . He resigned from FC Inter in May 2016 . In August 2010 he was linked in the Finnish press to the Finland national football team as a possible replacement for Stuart Baxter . Dragtsma is fluent in Dutch , English , Finnish and Swedish .'}]}, {'value': 'Nike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike,_Inc.', 'summary': "Nike , Inc. ( /ˈnaɪki/ ) [ note 1 ] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $ 29.6 billion . Nike ranked No . 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 to 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro ."}]}, {'value': 'FC Lahti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Lahti', 'summary': 'FC Lahti is a Finnish football club based in the city of Lahti . It currently plays in the Finnish Premier League ( Veikkausliiga ) after placing first in the Finnish First Division ( Ykkönen ) during season 2011 . The homeground of FC Lahti is Lahden Stadion . FC Lahti is famous of being the local team of the most successful Finnish player , Jari Litmanen , who played for the club in two stints in 2004 and 2009-10 . In his youth years and the start of his career , he played in Reipas Lahti .'}]}, {'value': 'Lahti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lahti', 'summary': 'Lahti ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈlɑhti ] ; Swedish : Lahtis ) is a city and municipality in Finland . Lahti is the capital of the region of Päijänne Tavastia ( Päijät-Häme ) . It is situated on a bay at the southern end of lake Vesijärvi about 100 kilometres ( 60 mi ) north-east of the capital Helsinki . In English , the Finnish word Lahti literally means bay . The Lahti region is growing and is one of the main economic hubs of Finland . The coat of arms of the city depicts a train wheel surrounded by flames .'}]}, {'value': 'Lahden Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lahden_Stadion', 'summary': 'Lahti Stadium ( Finnish : Lahden stadion ) is a multi-use stadium in Lahti , Finland . In Winter the stadium is used in cross-country skiing and biathlon . In summer it is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Lahti . The stadium holds 14,500 and was built in 1981 . Stadium is also a well-known venue for cross-country skiing and biathlon . It , along with neighboring ski jumping hills , has hosted three FIS Nordic World Ski Championships ( 1989 , 2001 and 2017 ) and numerous FIS World Cup events . In biathlon , the stadium has been the venue for three World Championships ( 1981 , 1991 and 2000 ) and also the World Cup for many years .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilkka Mäkelä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilkka_Mäkelä', 'summary': "Ilkka Mäkelä ( born 25 June 1963 , in Elimäki ) is a Finnish football manager , former player , and current head coach of Finland 's youth teams . He was sacked after the 2010 season as FC Lahti were relegated to Ykkönen . On 20 December 2010 he signed a three-year contract with Finnish FA , taking the Finland 's U15 , U16 and U17 teams under his management ."}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'FF Jaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FF_Jaro', 'summary': 'FF Jaro is a Finnish football club , based in the bilingual town of Jakobstad . It currently plays in Ykkönen . Home matches are played at the Jakobstads Centralplan .'}]}, {'value': 'Jakobstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jakobstad', 'summary': 'Jakobstad ( Finnish : Pietarsaari ) is a town and municipality in Ostrobothnia , Finland . The town has a population of 19,287 ( 31 January 2019 ) and covers a land area of 88.31 square kilometres ( 34.10 sq mi ) . The population density is 218.4 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 566/sq mi ) . Neighbour municipalities are Larsmo , Pedersöre , and Nykarleby .'}]}, {'value': 'Jakobstads Centralplan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jakobstads_Centralplan', 'summary': 'Jakobstads Centralplan is a multi-use stadium in Jakobstad , Finland . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FF Jaro . The stadium holds 5,000 .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '/ Alexei Eremenko Sr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aleksei_Borisovich_Yeryomenko', 'summary': 'Aleksei Borisovich Yeryomenko ( Russian : Алексей Борисович Ерёменко ; born 17 January 1964 ) , also known as Alexei Eremenko Sr. is a Russian professional football manager and a former player who also holds Finnish citizenship . He most lately was the manager of the Veikkausliiga side SJK .'}]}, {'value': 'Errea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Errea', 'summary': 'Erreà ( pronounced [ ɛr.re.ˈa ] ) is an Italian sports equipment company supplier . Erreà was the first Italian sportswear company to be accredited with the Oeko-tex standard certification , which assures that garments textiles are free from harmful chemicals . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Haka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Haka', 'summary': "FC Haka is a Finnish football club based in the industry town of Valkeakoski . It is currently competing in Finland 's premier division of football , Veikkausliiga . It is one of the most successful clubs in Finland , with nine Finnish championships and 12 Finnish Cup wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Valkeakoski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valkeakoski', 'summary': 'Valkeakoski ( lit . white rapids ) is a small city and municipality in Finland . Valkeakoski is located 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) south of Tampere and 150 km ( 93 mi ) north of Helsinki in the Pirkanmaa region . The municipality has a population of 21,135 ( 31 January 2019 ) and covers an area of 372.03 square kilometres ( 143.64 sq mi ) of which 100.06 km2 ( 38.63 sq mi ) is water . The population density is 77.71 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 201.3/sq mi ) . The municipality is unilingually Finnish . Valkeakoski is best known for its paper industry and domestically highly successful football team , FC Haka . The town and the paper industry have both grown by the Valkeakoski rapids between the lake Mallasvesi in the north and the lake Vanajavesi in the south .'}]}, {'value': 'Tehtaan kenttä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tehtaan_kenttä', 'summary': "Tehtaan kenttä ( Swedish : Fabriksplan ) is a 1934 opened football ( soccer ) stadium in the 1st district of Valkeakoski , Finland , and the home of FC Haka . The stadium holds an attendance capacity of 3,516 . The record for attendance is 6,401 and was set in a game against rival team HJK Helsinki in 1999 . In addition to its history , the stadium is noted especially for its surroundings , while located in a big park and having the nearby UPM-Kymmene paper mill lay at the southwestern end of the pitch . The name ( lit . the factory pitch ) derives from UPM 's ownership of the stadium ( until being sold in 2014 ) as well as the stadium 's proximity to and open view of the paper mill characteristic to the town of Valkeakoski . Amongst others , these features contribute to considerations and references to the stadium as one of the most unique and beautiful ones in Finland ."}]}, {'value': '3,516', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sami Ristilä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sami_Ristilä', 'summary': 'Sami Ristilä ( born 15 August 1974 ) is a Finnish football manager and former player who is currently part of the Shamrock Rovers coaching team .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'HJK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HJK_Helsinki', 'summary': "Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi ( literally The Football Club of Helsinki ) , commonly known as HJK Helsinki , or simply as HJK , is a professional football club based in Helsinki , Finland . The club competes in the Finnish Veikkausliiga . Founded in 1907 , the club has spent most of its history in the top tier of Finnish football . The club 's home ground is the 10,770-seat Telia 5G -areena , where they have played since 2000 . Generally considered Finland 's biggest club , HJK is the most successful Finnish club in terms of championship titles with 29 . The club has also won 13 Finnish Cups and 5 Finnish League Cups . Many of Finland 's most successful players have played for HJK before moving abroad . The club has also similar success with women 's Naisten Liiga . HJK is the only Finnish club that has participated in the UEFA Champions League group stage . In 1998 , they beat Metz in the play-off round to clinch their place in the competition for the following season . HJK has also participated in the UEFA Europa League , in 2014-15 , defeating Rapid Wien in the play-off round . The club 's highest score in a European competition came during the 2011-12 season , with a 13-0 aggregate victory over Welsh champions Bangor City , which included a 10-0 home win ."}]}, {'value': 'Helsinki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helsinki', 'summary': "Helsinki ( /ˈhɛlsɪŋki/ HEL-sink-ee or /hɛlˈsɪŋki/ ( listen ) hel-SINK-ee , Finnish : [ ˈhelsiŋki ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Helsingfors [ hɛlsɪŋˈfɔʂː ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ helsiŋˈforsː ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Finland . Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland , it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland , and has a population of 650,058 . The city 's urban area has a population of 1,268,296 , making it by far the most populous urban area in Finland as well as the country 's most important center for politics , education , finance , culture , and research . Helsinki is located 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) north of Tallinn , Estonia , 400 km ( 250 mi ) east of Stockholm , Sweden , and 300 km ( 190 mi ) west of Saint Petersburg , Russia . It has close historical ties with these three cities . Together with the cities of Espoo , Vantaa , and Kauniainen , and surrounding commuter towns , Helsinki forms the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which has a population of nearly 1.5 million . Often considered to be Finland 's only metropolis , it is the world 's northernmost metro area with over one million people as well as the northernmost capital of an EU member state . After Stockholm and Oslo , Helsinki is the third largest municipality in the Nordic countries . Swedish and Finnish are both official languages . The city is served by the international Helsinki Airport , located in the neighboring city of Vantaa , with frequent service to many destinations in Europe and Asia . Helsinki was the World Design Capital for 2012 , the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics , and the host of the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 . Helsinki has one of the highest urban standards of living in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Sonera Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonera_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Bolt Arena ( named Telia 5G -areena until January 2020 , named Sonera Stadium until April 2017 , and Finnair Stadium until August 2010 ; also known as Töölön jalkapallostadion , Töölö football stadium ) is a football stadium in Helsinki , Finland . It is named after the Telia Company .'}]}, {'value': '10,770', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antti Muurinen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antti_Muurinen', 'summary': "Antti Muurinen ( born March 4 , 1954 in Valkeakoski ) is a Finnish football coach . Muurinen is probably best known as the head coach of the Finnish national team . He led Finland in qualifying campaigns for the 2002 World Cup , Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup , failing to reach the finals each time . In June 2005 Finnish football fans held a protest against Muurinen , and after a 4-0 defeat against Netherlands , the Finnish FA sacked him . In 2006 , Muurinen was hired as the manager of FC Lahti in Finland 's Veikkausliiga . Before the end of the 2007 season he returned to HJK Helsinki , where he managed them from the 1997 to 1999 season . Muurinen is also known for leading HJK Helsinki into the UEFA Champions League group stage in the 1998-99 season , the only time a Finnish club has managed this feat . He has also won the Finnish championship with HJK Helsinki in 1997 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 as well as with FC Kuusysi in 1989 and 1991 , the Finnish Cup with HJK Helsinki in 1998 and 2008 , and the Finnish League Cup with FC Lahti in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Adidas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adidas', 'summary': "Adidas AG ( German : [ ˈʔadiˌdas ] AH-dee-DAHS ; stylized as ɑdidɑs since 1949 ) is a multinational corporation , founded and headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Germany , that designs and manufactures shoes , clothing and accessories . It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe , and the second largest in the world , after Nike . It is the holding company for the Adidas Group , which consists of the Reebok sportswear company , 8.33% of the German football club Bayern Munich , and Runtastic , an Austrian fitness technology company . Adidas ' revenue for 2018 was listed at €21.915 billion . The company was started by Adolf Dassler in his mother 's house ; he was joined by his elder brother Rudolf in 1924 under the name Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory . Dassler assisted in the development of spiked running shoes ( spikes ) for multiple athletic events . To enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear , he transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to utilising canvas and rubber . Dassler persuaded U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens to use his handmade spikes at the 1936 Summer Olympics . In 1949 , following a breakdown in the relationship between the brothers , Adolf created Adidas , and Rudolf established Puma , which became Adidas ' business rival . Adidas ' logo is three stripes , which is used on the company 's clothing and shoe designs as a marketing aid . The branding , which Adidas bought in 1952 from Finnish sports company Karhu Sports , became so successful that Dassler described Adidas as The three stripes company ."}]}, {'value': 'IFK Mariehamn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/IFK_Mariehamn', 'summary': 'IFK Mariehamn is an Ålandic football club based in Mariehamn , the capital of the Åland Islands . It plays in the Finnish Premier Division ( Veikkausliiga ) . The club is managed by Peter Lundberg , and it plays its home matches at Wiklöf Holding Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Mariehamn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariehamn', 'summary': 'Mariehamn ( Swedish pronunciation ; Finnish : Maarianhamina ) is the capital of the Åland Islands , an autonomous territory under Finnish sovereignty . Mariehamn is the seat of the Government and Parliament of Åland , and 40% of the population of Åland live in the city . Like all of Åland , Mariehamn is unilingually Swedish-speaking and around 88% of the inhabitants speak it as their native language .'}]}, {'value': 'Wiklöf Holding Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wiklöf_Holding_Arena', 'summary': 'Wiklöf Holding Arena ( formerly Idrottsparken ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Mariehamn , Finland . It is used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of IFK Mariehamn . The stadium has a capacity 1 635 people and was built in 1932 .'}]}, {'value': '4,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pekka Lyyski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pekka_Lyyski', 'summary': 'Pekka Lyyski ( born July 26 , 1953 ) is a Finnish former football coach . In 2003 Lyyski took charge of the IFK Mariehamn and brought the team in two years from Kakkonen to Veikkausliiga for the 2005 season for the first time in club history . He served as the coach of Mariehamn for 12 years before retiring in 2015 . His son Jani played for IFK Mariehamn .'}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puma_AG', 'summary': "Puma SE , branded as Puma , is a German multinational company that designs and manufactures athletic and casual footwear , apparel and accessories , which is headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Bavaria , Germany . Puma is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world . The company was founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler . In 1924 , Rudolf and his brother Adolf Dassler had jointly formed the company Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ( Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory ) . The relationship between the two brothers deteriorated until the two agreed to split in 1948 , forming two separate entities , Adidas and Puma . Both companies are currently based in Herzogenaurach , Germany . Puma has been a public company since 1986 , listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . French luxury group Kering ( formerly known as Pinault-Printemps-Redoute or PPR ) holds 16% , Kering 's largest shareholder Artemis SA owns 29% of the share capital . Since 1 July 2013 , the company has been led by former football professional Bjørn Gulden ( CEO ) . As of 2017 , Puma SE employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries . Following the split from his brother , Rudolf Dassler originally registered the new-established company as Ruda , but later changed the name to Puma . Puma 's earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D , which was registered , along with the company 's name , in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'JJK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jyväskylän_Jalkapalloklubi', 'summary': 'JJK Jyväskylä ( JJK ; full name Jyväskylän Jalkapalloklubi ) is a Finnish football club , based in Jyväskylä . It currently plays in the Finnish second highest league Ykkönen . The club has two managers , Mikko Manninen and Janne Korhonen . JJK plays its home matches at Harjun Stadion .'}]}, {'value': 'Jyväskylä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jyväskylä', 'summary': 'Jyväskylä ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈjyʋæsˌkylæ ] ) is a city and municipality in Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland , some 130 km north-east from Tampere . It is the largest city in the region of Central Finland and on the Finnish Lakeland . Elias Lönnrot , the compiler of the Finnish national epic , the Kalevala , gave the city the nickname Athens of Finland . This nickname refers to the major role of Jyväskylä as an educational centre . The works of the most famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto can be seen throughout the city . The city hosts the Neste Oil Rally Finland , which is part of the World Rally Championship . It is also home of the annual Jyväskylä Arts Festival . As of 31 January 2019 , Jyväskylä had a population of 141,374 . The city has been one of the fastest growing cities in Finland during the 20th century . In 1940 , there were only 8,000 inhabitants in Jyväskylä . The Jyväskylä sub-region includes Jyväskylä , Hankasalmi , Laukaa , Muurame , Petäjävesi , Toivakka , and Uurainen .'}]}, {'value': 'Harjun stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harjun_stadion', 'summary': 'Harjun stadion is an athletics and football stadium in Jyväskylä , Finland . It is the home stadium of a local football club JJK that currently plays in Ykkönen . The stadium holds 5,000 spectators and was opened in 1926 .'}]}, {'value': '3,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kari Martonen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kari_Martonen', 'summary': 'Kari Martonen ( born 13 March 1963 in Valkeakoski ) is a Finnish football manager and former player . He also works as an assistant manager of the Finland U21 squad . As a player , he played in total of 248 matches and scored 22 goals for HJK and FC Haka . After retiring as a player , he started working as a youth coach at his former club Haka and soon became the assistant manager under Olli Huttunen . In 2006 , he became the assistant manager under Mika Lehkosuo at FC Honka . In November 2009 as Ville Priha was sacked from JJK , Martonen took over as a head coach , signing a three-year contract with JJK .'}]}, {'value': 'Legea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legea', 'summary': "LEGEA is a sportswear company founded in 1993 by Giovanni Acanfora , Emilia Acanfora , Luigi Acanfora . It is one of the most popular brands among Italian amateur football teams , now expanding to top division professional clubs . [ citation needed ] LEGEA is technical sponsor of the national team of Montenegro and Gibraltar but is also sponsor of top teams such as Palermo , Cosenza calcio , Reggina calcio and Livorno calcio in Italy , Nac Breda and N.E.C . in the Netherlands , TNS and CARMARTHEN TOWN FC in Wales , CD Feirense in Portugal , Lommel United in Belgium , FC CHERNOMORETS and Futbol'nyj Klub L'vivin in Ukrain , Spatak subotika in Serbia , NK Celje in Slovenia , LEVADIAKOS and Athlītikī Enōsī Larisas 1964 in Greece , ERMIS ARADIPPOU in Cyprus and many others all around Europe LEGEA was the only Italian brand to sponsor a national team in occasion of the World Cup 2010 , the national team of North Korea Legea has a main office in Pompei and many Legea Points ( shops ) throughout Italy . They also have distributors in countries throughout Europe , Canada , the United States , and Australia ."}]}, {'value': 'KuPS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KuPS', 'summary': "Kuopion Palloseura ( or KuPS ) is a Finnish football club , based in the 9th most populated city of Finland , Kuopio . KuPS plays in Finland 's Premier League , Veikkausliiga . The team plays its home matches at Savon Sanomat Areena . Until June 2005 , KuPS used to play at an aged track and field stadium in Väinölänniemi , which is said to be one of the most beautiful sporting places in Finland . Väinölänniemi is a cape surrounded by a local lake , Kallavesi . KuPS has won the Finnish championship 5 times , the Finnish Cup 2 times and the Finnish League Cup once . KuPS also holds the Finnish club record of the most consecutive seasons in the top flight , from 1949 to 1992 . The team is placed fourth in the all-time Finnish premier league honour table ."}]}, {'value': 'Kuopio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuopio', 'summary': "Kuopio ( Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈkuo̯pio ] ) is a Finnish city and municipality located in the region of Northern Savonia ( Pohjois-Savo ) . It has a population of 118,667 , which makes it the ninth-most populous city in Finland and the most populous city in Eastern Finland Province . Kuopio has a total area of 4,326.35 square kilometres ( 1,670.41 sq mi ) , of which 719.85 km2 ( 277.94 sq mi ) is water and half is forest . Though the city 's population is a spread-out 74/km2 ( 190/sq mi ) , the city 's urban areas are populated comparably densely ( urban area : 1,618 /km² ) , making Kuopio Finland 's second-most densely populated city . Since 1969 Kuopio has grown extensively through municipality mergers . Kuopio 's population surpassed 100,000 when the town of Nilsiä joined the city at the beginning of 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kuopion keskuskenttä', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuopion_keskuskenttä', 'summary': 'Kuopio Football Stadium ( Finnish : Kuopion keskuskenttä ) , also known as Savon Sanomat Areena ( formerly Magnum Areena ) is a multi-use stadium in Kuopio , Finland . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of KuPS and Pallokissat . The stadium holds 5,000 and was built in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Esa Pekonen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esa_Pekonen', 'summary': 'Esa Pekonen ( born 4 November 1961 ) is a Finnish former footballer and manager .'}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puma_AG', 'summary': "Puma SE , branded as Puma , is a German multinational company that designs and manufactures athletic and casual footwear , apparel and accessories , which is headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Bavaria , Germany . Puma is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world . The company was founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler . In 1924 , Rudolf and his brother Adolf Dassler had jointly formed the company Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ( Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory ) . The relationship between the two brothers deteriorated until the two agreed to split in 1948 , forming two separate entities , Adidas and Puma . Both companies are currently based in Herzogenaurach , Germany . Puma has been a public company since 1986 , listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . French luxury group Kering ( formerly known as Pinault-Printemps-Redoute or PPR ) holds 16% , Kering 's largest shareholder Artemis SA owns 29% of the share capital . Since 1 July 2013 , the company has been led by former football professional Bjørn Gulden ( CEO ) . As of 2017 , Puma SE employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries . Following the split from his brother , Rudolf Dassler originally registered the new-established company as Ruda , but later changed the name to Puma . Puma 's earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D , which was registered , along with the company 's name , in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'MYPA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MYPA', 'summary': 'Myllykosken Pallo -47 ( or MYPA , formerly MyPa ) is a Finnish football club , based in the industrial village of Myllykoski , part of the city of Kouvola . The club temporarily shut down after having ceased operations in 2015 due to financial difficulties , but returned in 2017 earning a place in the fourth tier and won back-to-back promotions to reach the second division in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Anjalankoski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anjalankoski', 'summary': "Anjalankoski is a former town and municipality of Finland . It had 16379 inhabitants ( 2008 estimate ) . About 4/5 of the people live in the vicinity of the Kymi River . The most densely populated communities are Myllykoski and Inkeroinen . In addition , there is plenty of countryside . The town 's major industry is forestry along the Kymi Riverside . The paper factories Stora Enso Oyj and Myllykoski Paper Oy are the main employers together with the town itself . Anjalankoski offered plenty of cultural and sport activities , including a football team , MyPa . The Anjala Manor Museum and surroundings is an interesting cultural site . The municipality was unilingually Finnish . Anjalankoski was formed in 1975 from the merging of the municipalities of Anjala and Sippola . As of 2009 , six municipalities - Kouvola , Kuusankoski , Elimäki , Anjalankoski , Valkeala and Jaala - were consolidated , accounting for the new municipality of Kouvola with a population of over 80,000 , being the 10th largest city in Finland ."}]}, {'value': 'Saviniemi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saviniemi', 'summary': 'Kymenlaakson Sähkö Stadion ( formerly Saviniemen Jalkapallostadion and Anjalankosken Jalkapallostadion ) is a multi-use stadium in Kouvola , Finland . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of MYPA . The stadium holds 4,167 and was built in 1995 . The stadium has hosted several Europa League qualifying matches , including three in the 2010-11 tournament when MYPA were eliminated in the 3rd qualifying round by Romanian Club Timișoara .'}]}, {'value': '4,167', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Janne Lindberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janne_Lindberg', 'summary': "Janne Lindberg ( born 24 May 1966 in Kuusankoski ) is a Finnish former professional footballer managing Finnish fourth-tier side Sudet . Lindberg joined his local club Kumu as a six-year-old boy where he stayed for 18 years . In 1990 , at the age of 24 , he moved onto FC Haka and after two years at Haka he transferred to MyPa . At MyPa Lindberg established himself as a Finnish International , gaining the first of his 34 caps in 1992 . He also experienced European football in the UEFA Cup . In 1994 , ex-Morton player Jimmy Pearson recommended Lindberg to then Greenock Morton manager Allan McGraw . As a result , Morton signed Lindberg at a cost of £250,000 ; a deal that included Lindberg 's MyPa teammate and compatriot Marko Rajamäki . Lindberg ( and Rajamäki ) made their débuts on the 22 October 1994 against Berwick Rangers , a match Morton lost 2-1 . However , both players went on to have impressive careers at Morton . Lindberg made approximately 88 appearances , scoring five goals . In 1997 Lindberg 's contract at Morton was not renewed and he signed for German side 1 . FC Saarbrücken ."}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puma_AG', 'summary': "Puma SE , branded as Puma , is a German multinational company that designs and manufactures athletic and casual footwear , apparel and accessories , which is headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Bavaria , Germany . Puma is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world . The company was founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler . In 1924 , Rudolf and his brother Adolf Dassler had jointly formed the company Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ( Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory ) . The relationship between the two brothers deteriorated until the two agreed to split in 1948 , forming two separate entities , Adidas and Puma . Both companies are currently based in Herzogenaurach , Germany . Puma has been a public company since 1986 , listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . French luxury group Kering ( formerly known as Pinault-Printemps-Redoute or PPR ) holds 16% , Kering 's largest shareholder Artemis SA owns 29% of the share capital . Since 1 July 2013 , the company has been led by former football professional Bjørn Gulden ( CEO ) . As of 2017 , Puma SE employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries . Following the split from his brother , Rudolf Dassler originally registered the new-established company as Ruda , but later changed the name to Puma . Puma 's earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D , which was registered , along with the company 's name , in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tampere United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampere_United', 'summary': 'Tampere United is a Finnish football club from the city of Tampere . The club plays in Kakkonen , the third highest level of football in Finland . The club had a team in Veikkausliiga , the premier football league in Finland , until the end of the 2010 season . It was excluded from participating in Finnish football during the 2011 season amidst suspicions of money laundering . The club was kept alive by its supporters , who entered a team called TamU-K in Kutonen , the lowest level of football in Finland , in 2012 . The club earned three promotions in four years , and all its teams were taken over by Tampere United in the lead up to the 2016 season . Tampere United is now a fan-owned club and controlled by the same supporters who ran TamU-K .'}]}, {'value': 'Tampere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampere', 'summary': "Tampere ( /ˈtæmpəreɪ/ , also US : /ˈtɑːm-/ , Finnish : [ ˈtɑmpere ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Tammerfors [ tɑmːærˈforsː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Pirkanmaa , southern Finland . It is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries . Tampere has a population of 235,615 with the urban area holding 334,112 people and the metropolitan area , also known as the Tampere sub-region , holding 385,301 inhabitants in an area of 4,970 km2 . Tampere is the second-largest urban area and third most-populous individual municipality in Finland , after the cities of Helsinki and Espoo and the most populous Finnish city outside the Greater Helsinki area , within which both Helsenki and Espoo are both located . Tampere is the major urban , economic , and cultural hub for central Finland . [ citation needed ] Tampere is wedged between two lakes , Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi . Since the two lakes differ in level by 18 metres ( 59 ft ) , the rapids linking them , Tammerkoski , have been an important power source throughout history , most recently for generating electricity . Tampere is dubbed the Manchester of Finland for its industrial past as the former center of Finnish industry , and this has given rise to its Finnish nickname Manse and terms such as Manserock . Helsinki is approximately 160 kilometres ( 100 mi ) south of Tampere , and can be reached in 1h 31m by Pendolino high-speed rail service and 2 hours by car . The distance to Turku is roughly the same . Tampere-Pirkkala Airport is Finland 's eighth-busiest airport , with over 230,000 passengers in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ratina Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ratina_Stadion', 'summary': 'Tampere Stadium ( Finnish : Tampereen stadion ) , also known as Ratina Stadium ( Finnish : Ratinan stadion ) , designed by architect Timo Penttilä and completed in 1965 , is a multi-purpose stadium in Tampere , Finland , with a seating capacity of 16,800 people , and up to 32,000 people for concerts . In 2018 , the stadium hosted the IAAF World U20 Championships .'}]}, {'value': '17,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ari Hjelm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ari_Hjelm', 'summary': "Ari-Juhani Hjelm ( born 24 February 1962 ) is a Finnish football coach and former player . He was the head coach of home-town club Tampere United in Finland 's Veikkausliiga . A forward , Hjelm played in the German Bundesliga for Stuttgarter Kickers in the 1988-89 season . He also played in the 2 . Bundesliga for Kickers ( 1989-90 ) and FC St. Pauli ( 1992-94 ) . In Finland , Hjelm represented FC Ilves ( 1981-88 and 1990-94 ) and HJK Helsinki ( 1995-96 ) . Hjelm earned 100 caps for the Finnish national team . He held the record for most caps for Finland a decade , before being overtaken by Jari Litmanen in 2006 . He is also the fourth highest scorer for Finland with 20 goals . Hjelm is an honorary captain of the Finnish national team . His son Jonne Hjelm is a player for FC Ilves ."}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puma_AG', 'summary': "Puma SE , branded as Puma , is a German multinational company that designs and manufactures athletic and casual footwear , apparel and accessories , which is headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Bavaria , Germany . Puma is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world . The company was founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler . In 1924 , Rudolf and his brother Adolf Dassler had jointly formed the company Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ( Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory ) . The relationship between the two brothers deteriorated until the two agreed to split in 1948 , forming two separate entities , Adidas and Puma . Both companies are currently based in Herzogenaurach , Germany . Puma has been a public company since 1986 , listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . French luxury group Kering ( formerly known as Pinault-Printemps-Redoute or PPR ) holds 16% , Kering 's largest shareholder Artemis SA owns 29% of the share capital . Since 1 July 2013 , the company has been led by former football professional Bjørn Gulden ( CEO ) . As of 2017 , Puma SE employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries . Following the split from his brother , Rudolf Dassler originally registered the new-established company as Ruda , but later changed the name to Puma . Puma 's earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D , which was registered , along with the company 's name , in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'TPS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turun_Palloseura', 'summary': 'Turun Palloseura , commonly known as TPS , is a professional football club based in Turku , Finland . During the 2019 season , the mens first team of the club competes in Ykkönen , the second highest tier of mens football , and the womens first team in Naisten Liiga , the highest level of womens football in Finland . Nicknamed Tepsi , the club was founded in 1922 . TPS have won 8 League titles and 3 Finnish Cups . They play their home league matches at Veritas Stadion , with a capacity of 9,372 seats for most matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Turku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turku', 'summary': 'Turku ( /ˈtʊərkuː/ TOOR-koo , Finnish : [ ˈturku ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Åbo [ ˈǒːbʊ ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈoːbu ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River , in the region of Finland Proper ( Varsinais-Suomi ) . The region was originally called Suomi ( Finland ) , which later became the name for the whole country . Turku , as a town , was never founded . The Pope first mentioned the town Aboa in his Bulla in 1229 and the year is now used as the foundation year of the city . As the oldest town in the country Turku was the most important city in Finland , a status it retained for hundreds of years throughout the centuries under the rule of the Kingdom of Sweden . After the war Finland became an autonomous grand duchy of the Russian Empire ( 1809 ) under the direct rule of the Czar and the capital of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland was moved to Helsinki ( 1812 ) . It was only after the last great fire in 1827 that most governmental institutions were moved to Helsinki along with the Academy of Turku ( Turun Akatemia ) founded in 1640 , which then became the University of Helsinki . Turku continued to be the most populous city in Finland until the end of the 1840s , and it remains the regional capital and an important business and cultural center and port . Because of its long history , it has been the site of many important events , and has extensively influenced Finnish history . The history of the country is closely linked to Turku , the former capital . Along with Tallinn , the capital city of Estonia , Turku was designated the European Capital of Culture for 2011 . In 1996 , it was declared the official Christmas City of Finland .'}]}, {'value': 'Veritas Stadion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Veritas_Stadion', 'summary': "Veritas Stadion is an association football stadium in Turku , Finland . It is situated in the district of Kupittaa , in an area dedicated to sporting venues . The stadium serves as the home venue for FC Inter Turku and Turun Palloseura playing in Finland 's premier football league , the Veikkausliiga . The stadium underwent an expansion in 2009 , when a stand with 1,644 seats was built to meet the demands for the UEFA Women 's Euro 2009 . The stadium has a capacity of 9,372 spectators , with 8,072 seats and 1,300 standing places . In Veritas Stadion there are two stands opposite to each other . The old Olympic stand ( Olympiakatsomo ) was built for the 1952 Summer Olympics and the new , modern main stand was ready in 2003 . After that the name of the stadium was changed to Veritas Stadion , having formerly been known simply as the Kupittaa football stadium ( Kupittaan jalkapallostadion ) . The old Kupittaa Stadium 's record attendance was approximately 15,000 spectators for the 1987-88 UEFA Cup match between Turun Palloseura and Italian giants Inter Milan . The Veritas Stadion 's attendance record of 9,089 spectators was set at the local derby between Turun Palloseura and Inter Turku in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '9,372', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marko Rajamäki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marko_Rajamäki', 'summary': "Marko Rajamäki ( born 3 October 1968 ) is a Finnish football manager , who has been managing Turun Palloseura since January 2010 . Previously he managed the club 's under-18 team ( since 2002 ) and was also the assistant manager of the senior team in 2009 . Rajamäki is himself a former Finnish international footballer . He played for several years in the Finnish league and is the league 's 23rd all-time top-scorer with 98 goals . In his time in the Scottish league , Rajamäki played for Greenock Morton ( 94 league games ) in the 1990s . He also played for Hamilton Academical ( eight league games ) and Livingston ( five league games ) . Rajamäki made his debut for Morton , on 22 October 1994 along with fellow Finn Janne Lindberg , at Shielfield Park in a 2-1 defeat against Berwick Rangers ."}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puma_AG', 'summary': "Puma SE , branded as Puma , is a German multinational company that designs and manufactures athletic and casual footwear , apparel and accessories , which is headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Bavaria , Germany . Puma is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world . The company was founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler . In 1924 , Rudolf and his brother Adolf Dassler had jointly formed the company Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ( Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory ) . The relationship between the two brothers deteriorated until the two agreed to split in 1948 , forming two separate entities , Adidas and Puma . Both companies are currently based in Herzogenaurach , Germany . Puma has been a public company since 1986 , listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . French luxury group Kering ( formerly known as Pinault-Printemps-Redoute or PPR ) holds 16% , Kering 's largest shareholder Artemis SA owns 29% of the share capital . Since 1 July 2013 , the company has been led by former football professional Bjørn Gulden ( CEO ) . As of 2017 , Puma SE employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries . Following the split from his brother , Rudolf Dassler originally registered the new-established company as Ruda , but later changed the name to Puma . Puma 's earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D , which was registered , along with the company 's name , in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'VPS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaasan_Palloseura', 'summary': "Vaasan Palloseura ( or VPS ) is a Finnish football club , based in Vaasa . It currently plays in the Finnish Premier Division ( Veikkausliiga ) . The club 's current manager is Petri Vuorinen . The club plays its home matches at Hietalahti . VPS played twice in the UEFA Cup in 1998-99 and in 1999-00 , but were knocked out in the 2nd Qualifying Round by Grazer AK of Austria and in the 1st Qualifying Round by St Johnstone of Scotland . In spring of 2015 it was announced that the construction of VPS 's new stadium would start soon . The construction of the new stadium began in the summer of 2015 and was completed in August 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vaasa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vaasa', 'summary': 'Vaasa ( Finnish : [ ˈʋɑːsɑ ] ; Swedish : Vasa [ ˈvɑ̂ːsa ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈvɑːsɑ ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the west coast of Finland . It received its charter in 1606 , during the reign of Charles IX of Sweden and is named after the Royal House of Vasa . Vaasa has a population of 67,588 ( 31 January 2019 ) ( approximately 120,000 in the Vaasa sub-region ) , and is the regional capital of Ostrobothnia ( Swedish : Österbotten ; Finnish : Pohjanmaa ) . The city is bilingual with 69.8% of the population speaking Finnish as their first language and 24.8% speaking Swedish . The surrounding Ostrobothnian municipalities have a clear Swedish-speaking majority , which is why the Swedish language maintains a strong position in the city .'}]}, {'value': 'Hietalahti Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hietalahti_Stadium', 'summary': 'Hietalahti Stadium ( Finnish : Hietalahden jalkapallostadion ) , also known as Elisa Stadion for sponsorship reasons , is a multi-purpose stadium in Vaasa , Finland . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Vaasan Palloseura . The stadium has a capacity of 6,009 spectators . The stadium was originally built in 1935 . It was expanded to its current capacity in 2015-2016 . The name sponsor of the stadium is the Finnish telecommunications company Elisa . Hietalahti Stadium co-hosted the 2018 UEFA European Under-19 Championship in July 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '4,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tommi Pikkarainen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tommi_Pikkarainen', 'summary': 'Tommi Pikkarainen ( born 6 December 1969 ) is a Finnish football manager and former player , currently managing TPS in Finnish Ykkönen .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Team summaries', 'section_text': 'MYPAHonkaHJKJaroJJKKuPSLahtiMariehamnOuluTampere UnitedInterTPSVPSHaka Location of teams in 2010 Veikkausliiga', 'uid': '2010_Veikkausliiga_0', 'intro': 'The 2010 Veikkausliiga was the eightieth season of top-tier football in Finland. It began on 16 April 2010 and ended on 23 October 2010.'} | null | null | Who is the manager of the club based in 9th most populated city of Finland ? | Esa Pekonen |
0a5dbc829cef2303 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'title': 'List of schools in the Australian Capital Territory', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'District', 'Category', 'Opened', 'Closed'], 'data': [{'value': 'AME School , Duntroon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AME_School', 'summary': 'The Association of Modern Education School ( or AME School ) was opened in early 1972 and ran as an independent community based school in Canberra until late 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbell,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Campbell ( postcode : 2612 ) is a suburb of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia . Covering an area to the South East of the central business district , Campbell sits at the base of Mount Ainslie and is bounded to the south east by the Mount Pleasant Nature Reserve . At the 2016 census , Campbell had a population of 4,997 people .'}]}, {'value': 'North Canberra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independent_school', 'summary': "An independent school is independent in its finances and governance . Also known as private schools , non-governmental , privately funded , or non-state schools , they are not administered by local , state or national governments . They are usually not dependent upon national or local government to finance their financial endowment . They are typically governed by a board of governors which is elected independently of government , and has a system of governance that ensures its independent operation . Children who attend private schools may be there because they are dissatisfied with public schools in their area . They may be selected for their academic prowess , or prowess in other fields , or sometimes their religious background . Private schools retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students for tuition , rather than relying on taxation through public ( government ) funding ; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship , lowering this tuition fee , dependent on a student 's talents or abilities ( e.g . sport scholarship , art scholarship , academic scholarship ) , need for financial aid , or tax credit scholarships that might be available . Some private schools are associated with a particular religion , such as Judaism , Roman Catholicism , or Lutheranism . For the past century , roughly one in 10 U.S. families has chosen to enroll their children in private school . Independent schools may have a religious affiliation , but the precise usage of the term excludes parochial ( and other ) schools if there is a financial dependence upon , or governance subordinate to , outside organizations . These definitions generally apply equally to both primary and secondary education ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'AME School , Weston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weston,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Weston ( postcode : 2611 ) is a suburb of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia . At the 2016 census , Weston had a population of 3,576 people . Weston was named after a former homestead built in the area sometime around 1835 . The Weston Creek grant was once held by Captain Edward Weston the Superintendent of the Hyde Park Barracks , Sydney . Streets in Weston are named after artists .'}]}, {'value': 'Weston Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independent_school', 'summary': "An independent school is independent in its finances and governance . Also known as private schools , non-governmental , privately funded , or non-state schools , they are not administered by local , state or national governments . They are usually not dependent upon national or local government to finance their financial endowment . They are typically governed by a board of governors which is elected independently of government , and has a system of governance that ensures its independent operation . Children who attend private schools may be there because they are dissatisfied with public schools in their area . They may be selected for their academic prowess , or prowess in other fields , or sometimes their religious background . Private schools retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students for tuition , rather than relying on taxation through public ( government ) funding ; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship , lowering this tuition fee , dependent on a student 's talents or abilities ( e.g . sport scholarship , art scholarship , academic scholarship ) , need for financial aid , or tax credit scholarships that might be available . Some private schools are associated with a particular religion , such as Judaism , Roman Catholicism , or Lutheranism . For the past century , roughly one in 10 U.S. families has chosen to enroll their children in private school . Independent schools may have a religious affiliation , but the precise usage of the term excludes parochial ( and other ) schools if there is a financial dependence upon , or governance subordinate to , outside organizations . These definitions generally apply equally to both primary and secondary education ."}]}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of Mercy Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Braddon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Braddon,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': "Braddon ( postcode : 2612 ) is an inner north suburb of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia located adjacent to the Canberra CBD . The suburb is one of the oldest suburbs in Canberra , a relatively young city , settled in 1922 and gazetted as a division name in September 1928 . It contained Canberra 's first light-industrial area . In recent years this area has begun to be redeveloped as an entertainment and residential precinct . Other areas have been redeveloped with flats . It is now Canberra 's most densely populated suburb ."}]}, {'value': 'North Canberra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catholic_education_in_Australia', 'summary': 'Catholic education in Australia refers to the education services provided by the Roman Catholic Church in Australia within the Australian education system . From 18th century foundations , the Catholic education system has grown to be the second biggest provider of school-based education in Australia , after government schools . The Catholic Church has established primary , secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Australia . As of 2018 [ update ] , one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools . There are over 1,700 Catholic schools in Australia with more than 750,000 students enrolled , employing almost 60,000 teachers . Administrative oversight of Catholic education providers varies depending on the origins , ethos , and purpose of each education provider . Oversight of Catholic systemic schools may rest with a Catholic parish , diocese , or archdiocese ; while religious institutes have oversight of Catholic independent schools ; and Catholic universities are administered through an academic senate .'}]}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Padua Catholic High School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wanniassa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wanniassa,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': "Wanniassa ( postcode 2903 ) is a suburb in Australia 's capital , Canberra : more specifically , in the city 's southern district of Tuggeranong . The suburb takes its name from a pastoral property granted to Thomas McQuoid in 1835 , which he named after Wanayasa in West Java , Indonesia , where McQuoid had previously owned property . Streets are named after Victorian state politicians and the suburb was gazetted on 21 May 1974 . It is next to the suburbs of Kambah , Greenway , Oxley , Monash , Gowrie and Fadden . It is bounded by Athllon Drive , Sulwood Drive , Erindale Drive and Taverner Street ."}]}, {'value': 'Tuggeranong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catholic_education_in_Australia', 'summary': 'Catholic education in Australia refers to the education services provided by the Roman Catholic Church in Australia within the Australian education system . From 18th century foundations , the Catholic education system has grown to be the second biggest provider of school-based education in Australia , after government schools . The Catholic Church has established primary , secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Australia . As of 2018 [ update ] , one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools . There are over 1,700 Catholic schools in Australia with more than 750,000 students enrolled , employing almost 60,000 teachers . Administrative oversight of Catholic education providers varies depending on the origins , ethos , and purpose of each education provider . Oversight of Catholic systemic schools may rest with a Catholic parish , diocese , or archdiocese ; while religious institutes have oversight of Catholic independent schools ; and Catholic universities are administered through an academic senate .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Brigid 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dickson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dickson,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Dickson ( postcode : 2602 ) is a suburb in the Inner North of Canberra , Australia . It is named after Sir James Dickson ( 1832-1901 ) who was a Queensland advocate of Australian Federation and one of the founders of the Australian Constitution . There is no specific theme for street names .'}]}, {'value': 'North Canberra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catholic_education_in_Australia', 'summary': 'Catholic education in Australia refers to the education services provided by the Roman Catholic Church in Australia within the Australian education system . From 18th century foundations , the Catholic education system has grown to be the second biggest provider of school-based education in Australia , after government schools . The Catholic Church has established primary , secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Australia . As of 2018 [ update ] , one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools . There are over 1,700 Catholic schools in Australia with more than 750,000 students enrolled , employing almost 60,000 teachers . Administrative oversight of Catholic education providers varies depending on the origins , ethos , and purpose of each education provider . Oversight of Catholic systemic schools may rest with a Catholic parish , diocese , or archdiocese ; while religious institutes have oversight of Catholic independent schools ; and Catholic universities are administered through an academic senate .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Christopher 's School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forrest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forrest,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Forrest ( postcode : 2603 ) is an affluent suburb of Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia . Forrest is named after Sir John Forrest , an explorer , legislator , federalist , premier of Western Australia , and one of the fathers of the Australian Constitution . Streets in Forrest are named after explorers and governors . According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics Forrest is the second most Socio-Economic advantaged location in Australia after the neighbouring suburb of Barton . Forrest is one of the few suburbs in Canberra built to the original Canberra plans . It contains many circular and geometric patterns in its streets and can be quite confusing to drive in . Forrest was renamed from the earlier suburb Blandfordia ( the name of the Christmas Bell ) and gazetted as a suburb in 1928 . South Blandfordia became part of the new suburb of Griffith at the same time . The original residents of Forrest were mostly senior public servants who were moved from Melbourne .'}]}, {'value': 'South Canberra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catholic_education_in_Australia', 'summary': 'Catholic education in Australia refers to the education services provided by the Roman Catholic Church in Australia within the Australian education system . From 18th century foundations , the Catholic education system has grown to be the second biggest provider of school-based education in Australia , after government schools . The Catholic Church has established primary , secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Australia . As of 2018 [ update ] , one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools . There are over 1,700 Catholic schools in Australia with more than 750,000 students enrolled , employing almost 60,000 teachers . Administrative oversight of Catholic education providers varies depending on the origins , ethos , and purpose of each education provider . Oversight of Catholic systemic schools may rest with a Catholic parish , diocese , or archdiocese ; while religious institutes have oversight of Catholic independent schools ; and Catholic universities are administered through an academic senate .'}]}, {'value': '1928', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Michael 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyneham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyneham,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': 'Lyneham is a suburb of Canberra , Australia in the North Canberra district . It is named after Sir William Lyne , premier of the Australian state of New South Wales from 1899 to 1901 . The suburb name was gazetted in 1928 , but development did not commence until 1958 . The streets of Lyneham are named after artists and people associated with the development of early Canberra .'}]}, {'value': 'North Canberra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catholic_education_in_Australia', 'summary': 'Catholic education in Australia refers to the education services provided by the Roman Catholic Church in Australia within the Australian education system . From 18th century foundations , the Catholic education system has grown to be the second biggest provider of school-based education in Australia , after government schools . The Catholic Church has established primary , secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Australia . As of 2018 [ update ] , one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools . There are over 1,700 Catholic schools in Australia with more than 750,000 students enrolled , employing almost 60,000 teachers . Administrative oversight of Catholic education providers varies depending on the origins , ethos , and purpose of each education provider . Oversight of Catholic systemic schools may rest with a Catholic parish , diocese , or archdiocese ; while religious institutes have oversight of Catholic independent schools ; and Catholic universities are administered through an academic senate .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Peter Chanel 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yarralumla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yarralumla,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': "Yarralumla is a large inner south suburb of Canberra , the capital city of Australia . Located approximately 3.5 kilometres ( 2.2 mi ) south-west of the city , Yarralumla extends along the south-west bank of Lake Burley Griffin . ( The lake was created after the Second World War through the blocking , with a dam , of the Molonglo River . ) In 1828 , Henry Donnison , a Sydney merchant , was granted a lease on the western side of Stirling Ridge . Donnison 's land was named Yarralumla in a survey of the area conducted in 1834 , apparently after the indigenous people 's term for the area . It was also spelt Yarrolumla in other documents . In 1881 , the estate was bought by Frederick Campbell , grandson of Robert Campbell who built nearby Duntroon . He completed the construction of a large , gabled , brick house on his property in 1891 that now serves as the site of Government House , the official residence of the Governor-General of Australia . Campbell 's house replaced an elegant , Georgian-style homestead , the main portions of which were erected from local stone in the 1830s . Among the old Yarralumla homestead 's most notable occupants were Sir Terence Aubrey Murray , who owned Yarralumla sheep station from 1837 to 1859 , Augustus Onslow Manby Gibbes , who owned the property from 1859 to 1881 , and Augustus ' father Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes ( 1787-1873 ) . ( Augustus Gussie Gibbes was Murray 's brother-in-law ; he also advanced money to Frederick Campbell to assist with the construction , in 1890-1891 , of Campbell 's grand new family house at Yarralumla . ) The modern suburb of Yarralumla was gazetted by the government in 1928 and as of 2011 [ update ] was home to approximately 3,000 people and many diplomatic missions ."}]}, {'value': 'South Canberra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catholic_education_in_Australia', 'summary': 'Catholic education in Australia refers to the education services provided by the Roman Catholic Church in Australia within the Australian education system . From 18th century foundations , the Catholic education system has grown to be the second biggest provider of school-based education in Australia , after government schools . The Catholic Church has established primary , secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Australia . As of 2018 [ update ] , one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools . There are over 1,700 Catholic schools in Australia with more than 750,000 students enrolled , employing almost 60,000 teachers . Administrative oversight of Catholic education providers varies depending on the origins , ethos , and purpose of each education provider . Oversight of Catholic systemic schools may rest with a Catholic parish , diocese , or archdiocese ; while religious institutes have oversight of Catholic independent schools ; and Catholic universities are administered through an academic senate .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Peter 's Catholic College", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isabella Plains', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isabella_Plains,_Australian_Capital_Territory', 'summary': "Isabella Plains is a suburb in the Canberra , Australia district of Tuggeranong . The postcode is 2905 . The suburb is indirectly named after Isabella Maria Brisbane ( 1821-1849 ) , who was the daughter of Sir Thomas Brisbane , the colonial Governor of New South Wales when the area was first explored by white settlers in 1823 . Joseph Wild was employed by Brigade Major John Ovens and Captain Mark Currie to guide them to the Murrumbidgee River . They travelled south along the river and named the area now known as Tuggeranong Isabella 's Plain . This name was adopted , with a slight change of spelling , for the name of the new suburb . It was gazetted on 5 August 1975 . Streets are named after New South Wales parish names . It is next to the suburbs of Monash , Bonython , Richardson and Calwell . It is bounded by Isabella Drive , Drakeford Drive , Johnson Drive and Ashley Drive . Located in the suburb are a small group of shops , the senior campus of St Mary MacKillop College , Isabella Plains Primary School , the Tuggeranong automatic weather station and Isabella Plains neighbourhood oval ."}]}, {'value': 'Tuggeranong', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catholic_education_in_Australia', 'summary': 'Catholic education in Australia refers to the education services provided by the Roman Catholic Church in Australia within the Australian education system . From 18th century foundations , the Catholic education system has grown to be the second biggest provider of school-based education in Australia , after government schools . The Catholic Church has established primary , secondary and tertiary educational institutions in Australia . As of 2018 [ update ] , one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools . There are over 1,700 Catholic schools in Australia with more than 750,000 students enrolled , employing almost 60,000 teachers . Administrative oversight of Catholic education providers varies depending on the origins , ethos , and purpose of each education provider . Oversight of Catholic systemic schools may rest with a Catholic parish , diocese , or archdiocese ; while religious institutes have oversight of Catholic independent schools ; and Catholic universities are administered through an academic senate .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Private and Independent schools -- Closed private schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory_7', 'intro': "This is a list of schools in the Australian Capital Territory, which houses Australia's capital city, Canberra. The Territory's education system consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6, high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 10, and secondary colleges, which are specialist Year 11-12 institutions. As a result of development in newer areas and mergers in existing areas, some schools accommodate more than one of the above year ranges. Certificates are awarded on the basis of continuous assessment of students' progress at the end of years 10 and 12 by the ACT Department of Education and Training."} | null | null | What category of school is in the suburb with postcode 2905 ? | Catholic |
0a5ef705cd939133 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_spaceflight', 'title': '2011 in spaceflight', 'header': ['Family', 'Country', 'Launches', 'Successes', 'Failures', 'Partial failures'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ariane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "Ariane is a series of a European civilian expendable launch vehicles for space launch use . The name comes from the French spelling of the mythological character Ariadne . France first proposed the Ariane project and it was officially agreed upon at the end of 1973 after discussions between France , Germany and the UK . The project was Western Europe 's second attempt to develop its own launcher following the unsuccessful Europa project . The Ariane project was code-named L3S ( the French abbreviation for third-generation substitution launcher ) . The European Space Agency ( ESA ) charged Airbus Defence and Space , with the development of all Ariane launchers and of the testing facilities , while Arianespace , a 32.5% CNES ( French government space agency ) commercial subsidiary created in 1980 , handles production , operations and marketing . Arianespace launches Ariane rockets from the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou in French Guiana ."}]}, {'value': 'Europe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Europe', 'summary': "Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "Atlas is a family of US missiles and space launch vehicles that originated with the SM-65 Atlas . The Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) program was initiated in the late 1950s under the Convair Division of General Dynamics . Atlas was a liquid propellant rocket burning RP-1 fuel with liquid oxygen in three engines configured in an unusual stage-and-a-half or parallel staging design : two outboard booster engines were jettisoned along with supporting structures during ascent , while the center sustainer engine , propellant tanks and other structural elements remained connected through propellant depletion and engine shutdown . The Atlas name was originally proposed by Karel Bossart and his design team working at Convair on project MX-1593 . Using the name of a mighty titan from Greek mythology reflected the missile 's place as the biggest and most powerful at the time . It also reflected the parent company of Convair , the Atlas Corporation . The missiles saw only brief ICBM service , and the last squadron was taken off operational alert in 1965 . However , from 1962 to 1963 Atlas boosters launched the first four US astronauts to orbit the Earth ( in contrast to the preceding two Redstone suborbital launches ) . The Atlas-Agena and Atlas-Centaur satellite launch vehicles were also derived directly from the original Atlas . The Atlas-Centaur was evolved into the Atlas II , various models of which were launched 63 times between 1991 and 2004 . There were only six launches of the succeeding Atlas III , all between 2000 and 2005 . The Atlas V is still in service , with launches planned into the 2020s ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)', 'summary': 'Delta is an American versatile family of expendable launch systems that has provided space launch capability in the United States since 1960 . More than 300 Delta rockets have been launched with a 95% success rate . Only the Delta IV Heavy rocket remains in use as of August 22 , 2019 . Delta rockets are currently manufactured and launched by the United Launch Alliance .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'H-II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/H-II_(rocket_family)', 'summary': 'This is a list of launches made by JAXA using H-II , H-IIA , H-IIB and H3 rockets .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long March', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "A Long March rocket is any rocket in a family of expendable launch systems operated by the People 's Republic of China . Development and design falls under the auspices of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology . In English , the rockets are abbreviated as LM- for export and CZ- within China , as Chang Zheng means Long March in Chinese pinyin . The rockets are named after the Long March of Chinese communist history . ( In simplified Chinese : 长征系列运载火箭 ; traditional Chinese : 長征系列運載火箭 ; pinyin : Chángzhēng xìliè yùnzài huǒjiàn or Changzheng rocket . )"}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minotaur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "The Minotaur is a family of American solid fuel rockets derived from converted Minuteman and Peacekeeper intercontinental ballistic missiles . They are built by Northrop Grumman via contract with the Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center 's Space Development and Test Directorate ( SMC/SD ) as part of the Air Force 's Rocket Systems Launch Program which converts retired Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles ( ICBMs ) into space and test launch systems for US Government Agencies . Three variants of the Minotaur are currently in service . The Minotaur I is an orbital launch system used to launch small satellites into low Earth orbit ( LEO ) . The Minotaur II is a target launch vehicle ( TLV ) , also known as Chimera , used for suborbital flights , often as a target for tracking and anti-ballistic missile tests . The Minotaur IV is a more capable LEO launch system . The Minotaur V is designed to reach higher orbits , including geosynchronous transfer orbit ( GTO ) and trans-lunar trajectories . The Minotaur III is a version under development , which will be used for suborbital flights . The Minotaur I and II are derived from the Minuteman missile , while the Minotaur III , IV and V are derived from the Peacekeeper ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R-7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "The R-7 family of rockets ( Russian : Р-7 ) is a series of rockets , derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka , the world 's first ICBM . More R-7 rockets have been launched than any other family of large rockets . When Soviet nuclear warheads became lighter , the R-7 turned out to be impractical as a ballistic missile . It was not necessary to launch such heavy payloads in a military application . The rockets became useful in the Soviet , and later , Russian space programmes with long-term development . Their purpose shifted primarily to launching satellites , probes , manned and unmanned spacecraft , and other non-threatening payloads . The R-7 family consists of both missiles and orbital carrier rockets . Derivatives include the Vostok , Voskhod and Soyuz rockets , which as of 2019 have been used for all Soviet , and later Russian human spaceflights . The type has a unique configuration where four break-away liquid-fueled engines surround a central core . The core acts as , in effect , a second stage after the other four engines are jettisoned . These rockets are expendable . Later modifications were standardised around the Soyuz design ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R-36', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R-36_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "The R-36 ( Russian : Р-36 ) is a family of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) and space launch vehicles ( Tsyklon ) designed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War . The original R-36 was deployed under the GRAU index 8K67 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-9 Scarp . It was able to carry three warheads and was the first Soviet MIRV ( multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle ) missile . The later version , the R-36M was produced under the GRAU designations 15A14 and 15A18 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-18 Satan . This missile was viewed by certain United States analysts as giving the Soviet Union first strike advantage over the U.S. , particularly because of its rapid silo-reload ability , very heavy throw weight and extremely large number of re-entry vehicles . Some versions of the R-36M were deployed with 10 warheads and up to 40 penetration aids and the missile 's high throw-weight made it theoretically capable of carrying more warheads or penetration aids . Contemporary U.S. missiles , such as the Minuteman III , carried up to three warheads at most . The R-36 became the base for the Tsyklon launch vehicles family . As of early 2018 , Cyclone-4M , the last modification of it , is developed and planned for launch in 2020 . Russia intends to replace the R-36M with a new heavy ICBM , the RS-28 Sarmat ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Safir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safir_(rocket)', 'summary': 'The Safir ( Persian : سفیر , meaning ambassador ) is the first Iranian expendable launch vehicle that is able to place a satellite in orbit . The first successful orbital launch using the Safir launch system took place on 2 February 2009 when a Safir carrier rocket placed the Omid satellite into an orbit with a 245.2 km ( 152.4 mi ) apogee . The Simorgh is a larger launcher based on Safir technology , and sometimes called the Safir-2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PSLV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle', 'summary': "The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle ( PSLV ) is an expendable medium-lift launch vehicle designed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) . It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing ( IRS ) satellites into sun-synchronous orbits , a service that was , until the advent of the PSLV in 1993 , commercially available only from Russia . PSLV can also launch small size satellites into Geostationary Transfer Orbit ( GTO ) . Some notable payloads launched by PSLV include India 's first lunar probe Chandrayaan-1 , India 's first interplanetary mission , Mars Orbiter Mission ( Mangalyaan ) and India 's first space observatory , Astrosat . PSLV has gained credence as a leading provider of rideshare services for smallsats , due its numerous multi-satellite deployment campaigns with auxiliary payloads usually ride sharing along an Indian primary payload . As of December 2019 , PSLV has launched 319 foreign satellites from 33 countries . Most notable among these was the launch of PSLV C37 on 15 February 2017 successfully deploying 104 satellites in sun-synchronous orbit , tripling the previous record held by Russia for the highest number of satellites sent to space on a single launch . Payloads can be integrated in tandem configuration employing a Dual Launch Adapter . Smaller payloads are also placed on equipment deck and customized payload adapters ."}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Space Shuttle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Space_Shuttle', 'summary': "The Space Shuttle is a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system that was operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) as part of the Space Shuttle program . Its official program name was Space Transportation System ( STS ) , taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development . The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 , leading to operational flights beginning in 1982 . In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled , five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011 , launched from the Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) in Florida . Operational missions launched numerous satellites , interplanetary probes , and the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) ; conducted science experiments in orbit ; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station . The Shuttle fleet 's total mission time was 1322 days , 19 hours , 21 minutes and 23 seconds . Shuttle components include the Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) with three clustered Rocketdyne RS-25 main engines , a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters ( SRBs ) , and the expendable external tank ( ET ) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen . The Space Shuttle was launched vertically , like a conventional rocket , with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV 's three main engines , which were fueled from the ET . The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit , and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion , which used the orbiter 's two Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) engines . At the conclusion of the mission , the orbiter fired its OMS to deorbit and reenter the atmosphere . The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing , usually to the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center , Florida or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base , California . After landing at Edwards , the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft , a specially modified Boeing 747 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pegasus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)', 'summary': 'The Pegasus is an air-launched rocket developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation ( now part of Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems after Northrop Grumman acquired Orbital ATK ) . Capable of carrying small payloads of up to 443 kilograms ( 977 lb ) into low Earth orbit , Pegasus first flew in 1990 and remains active as of 2019 [ update ] . The vehicle consists of three solid propellant stages and an optional monopropellant fourth stage . Pegasus is released from its carrier aircraft at approximately 40,000 ft ( 12,000 m ) , and its first stage has a wing and a tail to provide lift and attitude control while in the atmosphere . Notably , the first stage does not have a Thrust Vector Control ( TVC ) system .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universal Rocket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Universal_Rocket', 'summary': 'The Universal Rocket or UR family of missiles and carrier rockets is a Russian , previously Soviet rocket family . Intended to allow the same technology to be used in all Soviet rockets , the UR is produced by the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center . Several variants were originally planned , of which only three flew , and only two of which entered service . In addition , the cancelled UR-500 ICBM formed the basis for the Proton carrier rocket .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zenit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)', 'summary': "Zenit ( Ukrainian : Зеніт , Russian : Зени́т ; meaning Zenith ) is a family of space launch vehicles designed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnipro , Ukraine , which was then part of the Soviet Union . Zenit was originally built in the 1980s for two purposes : as a liquid rocket booster for the Energia rocket and , equipped with a second stage , as a stand-alone middle-weight launcher with a payload greater than the 7 tonnes of the Soyuz but smaller than the 20 tonnes payload of the Proton . The last rocket family developed in the USSR , the Zenit was intended as an eventual replacement for the dated R-7 and Proton families , and it would employ propellants which were safer and less toxic than the Proton 's nitrogen tetroxide/UDMH mix . Zenit was planned to take over crewed spaceship launches from Soyuz , but these plans were abandoned after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Zenit-3SL is launched by the Sea Launch consortium 's floating launch platform in the Pacific Ocean and Zenit-2 is launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . The engines of the Zenit 's first and second stages as well as the upper stage of the Zenit-3SL rocket are supplied by Russia . There are plans to use an improved Zenit-3SLB rocket for commercial launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome beginning in April 2008 . This service is marketed as Land Launch . Zenit-3SL has launched 36 times with 32 successes , one partial success , and three failures . The first failure , the launch of a Hughes-built communications satellite owned by ICO Global Communications , occurred during the second commercial launch on March 12 , 2000 and was blamed on a software error that failed to close a valve in the second stage of the rocket . The second failure occurred on January 30 , 2007 when the rocket exploded on the Odyssey launch platform , seconds after engine ignition . The NSS-8 communication satellite on board was destroyed ."}]}, {'value': 'Ukraine / Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Orbital launch statistics -- By rocket', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2011_in_spaceflight_1', 'intro': "The year 2011 saw a number of significant events in spaceflight, including the retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle after its final flight in July 2011, and the launch of China's first space station module, Tiangong-1, in September. A total of 84 orbital launches were conducted over the course of the year, of which 78 were successful. Russia, China and the United States conducted the majority of the year's orbital launches, with 35, 19 and 18 launches respectively; 2011 marked the first year that China conducted more successful launches than the United States. Seven crewed missions were launched into orbit during 2011, carrying a total of 28 astronauts to the International Space Station. Additionally, the Zenit-3F and Long March 2F/G carrier rockets made their maiden flights in 2011, while the Delta II Heavy made its last."} | null | null | What is the family whose country covers 2 % of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8 % of land area ) ? | Ariane |
0a605b03b6e265c6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Thompson', 'title': 'Brian Thompson', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hardcastle and McCormick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hardcastle_and_McCormick', 'summary': "Hardcastle and McCormick is an American action/drama television series that aired on ABC from September 18 , 1983 , through May 5 , 1986 . The series stars Brian Keith as Judge Milton C. Hardcastle and Daniel Hugh Kelly as ex-con and race car driver Mark Skid McCormick . During an interview in the 1980s , producer Stephen J. Cannell referred to the upcoming series as Rolling Thunder , which was probably the show 's pre-production title before airing ."}]}, {'value': 'Police Officer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Ties My Father Sold Me', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knight Rider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knight_Rider_(1982_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Knight Rider is an American action crime drama television series created and produced by Glen A. Larson . The series was originally broadcast on NBC from 1982 to 1986 . The show stars David Hasselhoff as Michael Knight , a high-tech modern crime fighter assisted by KITT , an advanced artificially intelligent , self-aware and nearly indestructible car . This was the last series Larson devised at Universal Television before he moved to 20th Century Fox .'}]}, {'value': 'Kurt', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Sky Knight', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Favorite Son', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Favorite_Son_(miniseries)', 'summary': "Favorite Son is a miniseries about political intrigue that aired on NBC ( in three parts ) in 1988 a week before that year 's presidential election . It starred Harry Hamlin , Linda Kozlowski , James Whitmore , Robert Loggia , John Mahoney , Ronny Cox , and Jason Alexander . The miniseries was adapted from the 1987 novel of the same written by Steve Sohmer , who also wrote the teleplay ."}]}, {'value': 'Rolf Petersen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Werewolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werewolf_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Werewolf is an American horror series , and one of the original shows in the Fox network 's broadcast line-up during its inaugural season of 1987-1988 . The show follows the adventures of Eric Cord ( John J. York ) , a college student transformed into a werewolf who undergoes a quest to rid himself of his curse by killing the apparent originator of his 'bloodline , ' a drifter named Janos Skorzeny ( the character 's name is a reference to the name of the vampire in the classic TV film The Night Stalker ) played by Chuck Connors ( in his last television role ) . While pursuing Skorzeny , Cord himself is pursued by the persistent bounty hunter Alamo Joe Rogan ( Lance LeGault ) . Later , Cord hunts Nicholas Remy ( Brian Thompson ) , the real originator of the bloodline . The show aired a two-hour pilot and 28 half-hour episodes before being cancelled in 1988 . In the United Kingdom the series aired on Sky One from 1989-1990 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nicholas Remy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicholas_Remy', 'summary': 'Nicholas Rémy , Latin Remigius ( 1530-1616 ) was a witch-phobic French magistrate who claimed in his book to have overseen the execution of more than 800 and the torture or persecution of a similar number . His work shows much influence from Jean Bodin .'}]}, {'value': '6 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Trek : The Next Generation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation', 'summary': 'Star Trek : The Next Generation ( TNG ) is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry . It originally aired from September 28 , 1987 , to May 23 , 1994 , in syndication , spanning 178 episodes over seven seasons . The third series in the Star Trek franchise , it is the second sequel to Star Trek : The Original Series . Set in the 24th century , when Earth is part of the United Federation of Planets , it follows the adventures of a Starfleet starship , the USS Enterprise-D , in its exploration of the Milky Way galaxy . In the 1980s , Roddenberry - who was responsible for the original Star Trek , Star Trek : The Animated Series ( 1973-74 ) , and a series of films - was tasked by Paramount with creating a new series in the franchise . He decided to set it a century after the events of his original series . The Next Generation featured a new crew : Patrick Stewart as Captain Jean-Luc Picard , Jonathan Frakes as Commander William Riker , Brent Spiner as Lieutenant commander Data , Michael Dorn as Lieutenant Commander Worf , LeVar Burton as Lieutenant commander Geordi La Forge , Marina Sirtis as counselor Deanna Troi , Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher , and a new Enterprise . Roddenberry , Maurice Hurley , Rick Berman , Michael Piller , and Jeri Taylor served as executive producers at various times throughout its production . The series was broadcast in first-run syndication with dates and times varying among individual television stations . The show was very popular , reaching almost 12 million viewers in its 5th season , with the series finale in 1994 watched by over 30 million viewers . Following its success , Paramount commissioned Rick Berman and Michael Piller to create a fourth series in the franchise , Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , which launched in 1993 . The characters from The Next Generation returned in the four films : Star Trek : Generations ( 1994 ) , Star Trek : First Contact ( 1996 ) , Star Trek : Insurrection ( 1998 ) , and Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) , and in the television series Star Trek : Picard ( 2020 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Klingon Officer Klag', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : A Matter of Honor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Matter_of_Honor', 'summary': 'A Matter of Honor is the eighth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation , the 34th episode overall , first broadcast on February 6 , 1989 . The teleplay is written by Burton Armus , based on a story by Armus , Wanda M. Haight and Gregory W. Amos , and directed by Rob Bowman . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D . In this episode , Commander Riker is assigned to temporarily be first officer aboard a Klingon vessel as part of an officer exchange program .'}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alien Nation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alien_Nation_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Alien Nation is a science fiction police procedural television series in the Alien Nation franchise . Adapted from the 1988 movie of the same name , it stars Gary Graham as Detective Matthew Sikes , a Los Angeles police officer reluctantly working with Newcomer alien Sam George Francisco , played by Eric Pierpoint . Sikes also has an on again-off again flirtation with a female Newcomer , Cathy Frankel , played by Terri Treas . TV Guide included the series in their 2013 list of 60 shows that were Cancelled Too Soon .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Rabbit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Rebirth', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Key West', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Key_West_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Key West is an American drama series set in Key West , Florida . Thirteen episodes aired on Fox from January to June 1993 . It was created by David Beaird . The show was produced by Viacom Productions ( now CBS Television Studios ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sheriff Cody Jeremiah Jefferson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13 episodes', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Trek : Deep Space Nine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine', 'summary': 'Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ( DS9 ) is an American science fiction television series created by Rick Berman and Michael Piller . It originally aired from January 1993 to June 1999 , in syndication , spanning 176 episodes over seven seasons . The fourth series in the Star Trek franchise , it served as the third sequel to Star Trek : The Original Series [ citation needed ] . Set in the 24th century , when Earth is part of a United Federation of Planets , it is based on the eponymous space station Deep Space Nine , located adjacent to a wormhole connecting Federation territory to the Gamma Quadrant on the far side of the Milky Way galaxy . Following the success of Star Trek : The Next Generation , Paramount Pictures commissioned a new series set in the Star Trek fictional universe . In creating Deep Space Nine , Berman and Piller drew upon plot themes developed in The Next Generation , namely the conflict between two alien species , the Cardassians and the Bajorans . Deep Space Nine was the first Star Trek series to be created without the direct involvement of franchise creator Gene Roddenberry , the first set on a space station rather than a traveling starship and the first to have a person of color - Commander ( later Captain ) Benjamin Sisko ( Avery Brooks ) - as its central character . Changes were made to the series over the course of its seven-year run . For the third season , the starship USS Defiant was introduced to enable more stories away from the space station , while the fourth saw the introduction of Worf ( Michael Dorn ) , originally from The Next Generation , as a main character . The final three seasons dealt with a recurring story arc , that of the war between the Federation and an invasive Gamma Quadrant power , the Dominion . Although not as popular as The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine was critically well-received . Following the success of Deep Space Nine , Paramount commissioned Berman and Brannon Braga to produce Star Trek : Voyager , which began in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'Inglatu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Rules of Acquisition', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rules_of_Acquisition_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)', 'summary': "Rules of Acquisition is the seventh episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . It is the 27th episode overall . Quark acts as the Grand Nagus ' representative in what appears to be a plot to establish a Ferengi business presence in the Gamma Quadrant ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The X-Files', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_X-Files', 'summary': "The X-Files is an American science fiction drama television series created by Chris Carter . The original television series aired from September 10 , 1993 to May 19 , 2002 on Fox . The program spanned nine seasons , with 202 episodes . A short tenth season consisting of six episodes premiered on January 24 , 2016 , and concluded on February 22 , 2016 . Following the ratings success of this revival , Fox announced in April 2017 that The X-Files would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes . The season premiered on January 3 , 2018 , concluding on March 21 , 2018 . In addition to the television series , two feature films have been released : The 1998 film The X-Files , which took place as part of the TV series continuity , and the stand-alone film The X-Files : I Want to Believe , released in 2008 , six years after the original television run had ended . The series revolves around Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) , and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who investigate X-Files : marginalized , unsolved cases involving paranormal phenomena . Mulder believes in the existence of aliens and the paranormal while Scully , a medical doctor and a skeptic , is assigned to scientifically analyze Mulder 's discoveries , offer alternate rational theories to his work , and thus return him to mainstream cases . Early in the series , both agents become pawns in a larger conflict and come to trust only each other and a few select people . The agents also discover an agenda of the government to keep the existence of extraterrestrial life a secret . They develop a close relationship which begins as a platonic friendship , but becomes a romance by the end of the series ."}]}, {'value': 'Alien Bounty Hunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colonist_(The_X-Files)', 'summary': "The Colonists are an extraterrestrial species and are also the primary group of antagonists in the science fiction television show , The X-Files , as well as the first X-Files feature film . The mystery revolving around their identity and purpose is slowly revealed across the course of the series . In the series ' plot , the Colonists are collaborating with a group of United States government officials known as the Syndicate in a plan to colonize the Earth , hence their name ."}]}, {'value': 'Episodes : Colony , End Game , and 7 more episodes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colony_(The_X-Files)', 'summary': "Colony is the sixteenth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files . It premiered on the Fox network on February 10 , 1995 . It was directed by Nick Marck , and written by series creator Chris Carter based on a story developed by Carter and lead actor David Duchovny . Colony featured guest appearances by Megan Leitch , Peter Donat and Brian Thompson . The episode helped explore the series ' overarching mythology . Colony earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.3 , being watched by 9.8 million households in its initial broadcast . Colony is a two-part episode , with the plot continuing in the next episode , End Game . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X-Files . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate the murders of human clones working in abortion clinics at the hands of a shapeshifting assassin ( Thompson ) . Mulder receives news that his younger sister Samantha ( Leitch ) , who had been abducted as a child , may have returned . Colony introduced the recurring role of the Alien Bounty Hunter . Actor Brian Thompson auditioned and later won the role ."}, {'url': '/wiki/End_Game_(The_X-Files)', 'summary': "End Game is the seventeenth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files . It premiered on the Fox network on February 17 , 1995 . It was directed by Rob Bowman , and written by Frank Spotnitz . End Game featured guest appearances by Megan Leitch , Peter Donat , Brian Thompson and saw Steven Williams reprise his role as X . The episode helped explore the series ' overarching mythology . End Game earned a Nielsen household rating of 11.2 , being watched by 10.7 million households in its initial broadcast . It received positive reviews from critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X-Files . In this episode , Scully is kidnapped by an alien bounty hunter and Mulder offers his sister Samantha ( Leitch ) forward as ransom . However , Samantha is merely one of several clones created as part of a human-alien hybrid project , leading Mulder to pursue the bounty hunter for the truth about her disappearance . End Game is a two-part episode , continuing the plot from the previous episode , Colony . End Game was the first episode of the series written by Spotnitz , who eventually went on to become one of the series ' executive producers ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hercules : The Legendary Journeys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hercules:_The_Legendary_Journeys', 'summary': "Hercules : The Legendary Journeys is an American television series filmed in New Zealand , based on the tales of the classical Greek culture hero Heracles ( Hercules was his Roman analogue ) . Starring Kevin Sorbo as Hercules and Michael Hurst as Iolaus , it was produced from January 16 , 1995 to November 22 , 1999 . It ran for six seasons , producing action figures and other memorabilia as it became one of the highest rated syndicated television shows in the world at that time . It has aired on Once Channel , Sky1 , five/5 , Heroes & Icons and Horror . It was preceded by several TV movies with the same major characters in 1994 as part of Universal Television 's Action Pack in order of appearance : Hercules and the Amazon Women , Hercules and the Lost Kingdom , Hercules and the Circle of Fire , Hercules in the Underworld , and Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur , the last of which served mostly as a clip show of the previous movies as a lead up to the series . The show was cancelled midway through filming of the sixth season , and only a total of eight episodes were produced after Sorbo initially declined to renew a three-year extension contract to continue his role as Hercules ."}]}, {'value': 'Goth the Barbarian', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Siege at Naxos', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Trek : Deep Space Nine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine', 'summary': 'Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ( DS9 ) is an American science fiction television series created by Rick Berman and Michael Piller . It originally aired from January 1993 to June 1999 , in syndication , spanning 176 episodes over seven seasons . The fourth series in the Star Trek franchise , it served as the third sequel to Star Trek : The Original Series [ citation needed ] . Set in the 24th century , when Earth is part of a United Federation of Planets , it is based on the eponymous space station Deep Space Nine , located adjacent to a wormhole connecting Federation territory to the Gamma Quadrant on the far side of the Milky Way galaxy . Following the success of Star Trek : The Next Generation , Paramount Pictures commissioned a new series set in the Star Trek fictional universe . In creating Deep Space Nine , Berman and Piller drew upon plot themes developed in The Next Generation , namely the conflict between two alien species , the Cardassians and the Bajorans . Deep Space Nine was the first Star Trek series to be created without the direct involvement of franchise creator Gene Roddenberry , the first set on a space station rather than a traveling starship and the first to have a person of color - Commander ( later Captain ) Benjamin Sisko ( Avery Brooks ) - as its central character . Changes were made to the series over the course of its seven-year run . For the third season , the starship USS Defiant was introduced to enable more stories away from the space station , while the fourth saw the introduction of Worf ( Michael Dorn ) , originally from The Next Generation , as a main character . The final three seasons dealt with a recurring story arc , that of the war between the Federation and an invasive Gamma Quadrant power , the Dominion . Although not as popular as The Next Generation , Deep Space Nine was critically well-received . Following the success of Deep Space Nine , Paramount commissioned Berman and Brannon Braga to produce Star Trek : Voyager , which began in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': "Toman'torax", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : To the Death', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/To_the_Death_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)', 'summary': "To the Death is the 95th episode of the television series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , the 22nd episode of the fourth season . Sisko and his crew join a Jem'Hadar team to prevent renegade Jem'Hadar from using a gateway that can transport them anywhere in the galaxy . This episode marks the debut of Weyoun , played by Jeffrey Combs . To the Death achieved a Nielsen rating of 6 points when it originally premiered ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kindred : The Embraced', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kindred:_The_Embraced', 'summary': 'Kindred : The Embraced is an American television series produced by John Leekley Productions and Spelling Television . Loosely based on the role-playing game Vampire : The Masquerade , the series premiered on Fox on April 2 , 1996 , and ran for eight episodes before it was canceled on May 9 , 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Eddie Fiori', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 episodes as the leader of the Brujah clan of vampires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brujah', 'summary': "Vampire : The Masquerade is a tabletop role-playing game ( tabletop RPG ) created by Mark Rein-Hagen and released in 1991 by White Wolf Publishing as the first of several Storyteller System games for its World of Darkness setting line . It is set in a fictionalized gothic-punk version of the modern world , where players assume the roles of vampires , who are referred to as Kindred , and deal with their night-to-night struggles against their own bestial natures , vampire hunters and each other . Several associated products were produced based on Vampire : The Masquerade , including live-action role-playing games ( Mind 's Eye Theatre ) , dice , collectible card games ( Vampire : The Eternal Struggle ) , video games ( Vampire : The Masquerade - Redemption and Vampire : The Masquerade - Bloodlines ) , and numerous novels . In 1996 , a short-lived television show loosely based on the game , Kindred : The Embraced , was produced by Aaron Spelling for the Fox Broadcasting Company ."}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an American supernatural drama television series based on the 1992 film of the same name . It was created by Joss Whedon under his production tag , Mutant Enemy Productions , with later co-executive producers being Jane Espenson , David Fury , David Greenwalt , Doug Petrie , Marti Noxon , and David Solomon . The series premiered on March 10 , 1997 , on The WB and concluded on May 20 , 2003 , on UPN . The series narrative follows Buffy Summers ( played by Sarah Michelle Gellar ) , the latest in a line of young women known as Vampire Slayers , or simply Slayers . In the story , Slayers or the 'Chosen Ones ' are called ( chosen by fate ) to battle against vampires , demons , and other forces of darkness . Buffy wants to live a normal life , but as the series progresses , she learns to embrace her destiny . Like previous Slayers , Buffy is aided by a Watcher , who guides , teaches , and trains her . Unlike her predecessors , Buffy surrounds herself with a circle of loyal friends who become known as the Scooby Gang . The series received critical and popular acclaim , frequently being listed as one of the greatest TV shows of all time , and usually reached between four and six million viewers on original airings . Although such ratings are lower than successful shows on the big four networks ( ABC , CBS , NBC , and Fox ) , they were a success for the relatively new and smaller WB Television Network . The success of Buffy has led to hundreds of tie-in products , including novels , comics , and video games . The series has received attention in fandom ( including fan films ) , parody , and academia , and has influenced the direction of other television series ."}]}, {'value': 'Luke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_minor_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_characters', 'summary': "Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an American franchise which spans several media and genres . It began in 1992 with the film Buffy the Vampire Slayer , written by Joss Whedon and directed by Fran Rubel Kuzui , and was resurrected as the television series , Buffy the Vampire Slayer in 1997 . The show 's popularity caused it to spawn a multitude of Expanded Universe tie-in material such as comic books , novels , and video games , as well as a spin-off program entitled Angel . In 2007 , four years after the television series ' seventh and final season , Buffy the Vampire Slayer was officially continued in the comic book Season Eight . The following is a list of minor recurring characters who appear in the franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Episodes : Welcome to the Hellmouth , The Harvest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Hellmouth', 'summary': 'Welcome to the Hellmouth is the series premiere of the supernatural drama television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . This episode and The Harvest were originally aired as a two-part series premiere on The WB on March 10 , 1997 . The episode was written by the series creator and executive producer Joss Whedon , and directed by Charles Martin Smith . Welcome to the Hellmouth received a Nielsen rating of 3.4 upon its original airing and received largely positive reviews from critics . The narrative follows Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) on her first day at a new school in a new town . She hopes to live as a normal teenager , but the duties and fate of the Slayer - to fight vampires , demons , witches and other supernatural beings - will not leave her alone ; the ancient vampire the Master ( Mark Metcalf ) threatens to break free , and Buffy must turn for help to her school librarian and Watcher Rupert Giles ( Anthony Stewart Head ) , her new classmates , Willow and Xander ( Alyson Hannigan and Nicholas Brendon ) , and a benevolent stranger named Angel ( David Boreanaz ) . Joss Whedon developed Buffy the Vampire Slayer to invert the Hollywood formula of the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie . The series was created after the 1992 film of the same name , in an attempt by Whedon to stay truer to his original ideas . Many scenes were filmed on location in Los Angeles , California . The high school used for external and some internal scenes in the series is Torrance High School , the same school used for the series Beverly Hills , 90210 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Harvest_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)', 'summary': "The Harvest is the second episode of season one of the WB Television Network television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . It was written by executive producer Joss Whedon and directed by John T. Kretchmer . The episode originally aired in feature-length format alongside part one , Welcome to the Hellmouth , on March 10 , 1997 , and attracted 3.4 million viewers . As such , and even though it is typically shown as two separate episodes in reruns , the action continues directly from the cliffhanger ending of Welcome to the Hellmouth , as Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) struggles to save Jesse McNally 's ( Eric Balfour ) life ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NYPD Blue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NYPD_Blue', 'summary': "NYPD Blue is an American police procedural drama television series set in New York City , exploring the struggles of the fictional 15th Precinct detective squad in Manhattan . Each episode typically intertwines several plots involving an ensemble cast . The show was created by Steven Bochco and David Milch , and was inspired by Milch 's relationship with Bill Clark , a former member of the New York City Police Department who eventually became one of the show 's producers . The series was originally broadcast on the ABC network , debuted on September 21 , 1993‚ and aired its final episode on March 1 , 2005 . It was ABC 's longest-running primetime one-hour drama series until Grey 's Anatomy surpassed it in 2016 . NYPD Blue was met with critical acclaim , praised for its grittiness and realistic portrayal of the cast 's personal and professional lives , though the show garnered controversy for its depiction of nudity and alcoholism . In 1997 , True Confessions ( Season 1 , Episode 4 ) , written by Art Monterastelli and directed by Charles Haid , was ranked # 36 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 2009 , Hearts and Souls ( Season 6 , Episode 5 ) , Jimmy Smits ' final episode as a main cast member , # 30 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Todd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Czech Bouncer', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an American supernatural drama television series based on the 1992 film of the same name . It was created by Joss Whedon under his production tag , Mutant Enemy Productions , with later co-executive producers being Jane Espenson , David Fury , David Greenwalt , Doug Petrie , Marti Noxon , and David Solomon . The series premiered on March 10 , 1997 , on The WB and concluded on May 20 , 2003 , on UPN . The series narrative follows Buffy Summers ( played by Sarah Michelle Gellar ) , the latest in a line of young women known as Vampire Slayers , or simply Slayers . In the story , Slayers or the 'Chosen Ones ' are called ( chosen by fate ) to battle against vampires , demons , and other forces of darkness . Buffy wants to live a normal life , but as the series progresses , she learns to embrace her destiny . Like previous Slayers , Buffy is aided by a Watcher , who guides , teaches , and trains her . Unlike her predecessors , Buffy surrounds herself with a circle of loyal friends who become known as the Scooby Gang . The series received critical and popular acclaim , frequently being listed as one of the greatest TV shows of all time , and usually reached between four and six million viewers on original airings . Although such ratings are lower than successful shows on the big four networks ( ABC , CBS , NBC , and Fox ) , they were a success for the relatively new and smaller WB Television Network . The success of Buffy has led to hundreds of tie-in products , including novels , comics , and video games . The series has received attention in fandom ( including fan films ) , parody , and academia , and has influenced the direction of other television series ."}]}, {'value': 'The Judge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_minor_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_characters', 'summary': "Buffy the Vampire Slayer is an American franchise which spans several media and genres . It began in 1992 with the film Buffy the Vampire Slayer , written by Joss Whedon and directed by Fran Rubel Kuzui , and was resurrected as the television series , Buffy the Vampire Slayer in 1997 . The show 's popularity caused it to spawn a multitude of Expanded Universe tie-in material such as comic books , novels , and video games , as well as a spin-off program entitled Angel . In 2007 , four years after the television series ' seventh and final season , Buffy the Vampire Slayer was officially continued in the comic book Season Eight . The following is a list of minor recurring characters who appear in the franchise ."}]}, {'value': 'Episodes : Surprise , Innocence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surprise_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)', 'summary': 'Surprise is episode 13 of season two of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . It was written by Marti Noxon and first broadcast on January 19 , 1998 . Surprise is part one of a two part story . Part two , Innocence , was broadcast the next day .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Innocence_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)', 'summary': 'Innocence is episode 14 of season two of Buffy the Vampire Slayer . It was written and directed by Joss Whedon and first broadcast on January 20 , 1998 . It is part two of a two-part story . Part one , Surprise . was broadcast the day before . Innocence is one of the most critically acclaimed and highest rated episodes in the series , attracting 8.2 million viewers as the series moved from its Monday timeslot to Tuesday .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charmed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charmed', 'summary': "Charmed is an American fantasy drama television series created by Constance M. Burge and produced by Aaron Spelling and his production company Spelling Television , with Brad Kern serving as showrunner . The series was originally broadcast by The WB for eight seasons from October 7 , 1998 , until May 21 , 2006 . The series narrative follows a trio of sisters , known as The Charmed Ones , the most powerful good witches of all time , who use their combined Power of Three to protect innocent lives from evil beings such as demons and warlocks . Each sister possesses unique magical powers that grow and evolve , while they attempt to maintain normal lives in modern-day San Francisco . Keeping their supernatural identities separate and secret from their ordinary lives often becomes a challenge for them , with the exposure of magic having far-reaching consequences on their various relationships and resulting in a number of police and FBI investigations throughout the series . The series initially focuses on the three Halliwell sisters , Prue ( Shannen Doherty ) , Piper ( Holly Marie Combs ) and Phoebe ( Alyssa Milano ) . Following Prue 's death in the third-season finale , their long-lost half sister Paige Matthews ( Rose McGowan ) assumes her place within the Power of Three from season four onwards . Charmed achieved a cult following and popularity on The WB with its first episode Something Wicca This Way Comes garnering 7.7 million viewers , breaking the record for the network 's highest-rated debut episode . The show 's ratings , although smaller than rival shows on the big four networks ( ABC , CBS , NBC , and Fox ) , were a success for the relatively new and smaller WB network . Charmed went through several timeslot changes during its eight-season run . For its first three seasons in the Wednesday/Thursday 9:00 pm timeslot , Charmed was the second-highest rated series on The WB , behind 7th Heaven . During its fifth season , the show moved to the Sunday 8:00 pm timeslot , where it became the highest-rated Sunday night program in The WB 's history ."}]}, {'value': 'Horseman of War', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Apocalypse , Not', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charmed_(season_2)', 'summary': 'The second season of Charmed , an American supernatural drama television series created by Constance M. Burge , originally aired in the United States on The WB from September 30 , 1999 through May 18 , 2000 . Airing on Thursdays at 9:00 pm . Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete second season in a six-disc box set on September 6 , 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birds of Prey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Birds of Prey is an American action science fiction drama television series that was developed by Laeta Kalogridis for The WB and is loosely based on the DC Comics series of the same name . The series takes place in a Gotham City abandoned by Batman . Despite the series debut garnering ratings of 7.6 million viewers ( at the time , the network 's largest premiere in the 18-34 demographic ) , the series was canceled after ratings fell sharply in subsequent weeks . Thirteen episodes were produced and aired in total . Initial trailers for the show used footage of Michael Keaton and Michelle Pfeiffer from Batman Returns , indicating that at one point in development the show was going to share a continuity with the Tim Burton Batman films ."}]}, {'value': 'The Crawler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Split', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charmed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charmed', 'summary': "Charmed is an American fantasy drama television series created by Constance M. Burge and produced by Aaron Spelling and his production company Spelling Television , with Brad Kern serving as showrunner . The series was originally broadcast by The WB for eight seasons from October 7 , 1998 , until May 21 , 2006 . The series narrative follows a trio of sisters , known as The Charmed Ones , the most powerful good witches of all time , who use their combined Power of Three to protect innocent lives from evil beings such as demons and warlocks . Each sister possesses unique magical powers that grow and evolve , while they attempt to maintain normal lives in modern-day San Francisco . Keeping their supernatural identities separate and secret from their ordinary lives often becomes a challenge for them , with the exposure of magic having far-reaching consequences on their various relationships and resulting in a number of police and FBI investigations throughout the series . The series initially focuses on the three Halliwell sisters , Prue ( Shannen Doherty ) , Piper ( Holly Marie Combs ) and Phoebe ( Alyssa Milano ) . Following Prue 's death in the third-season finale , their long-lost half sister Paige Matthews ( Rose McGowan ) assumes her place within the Power of Three from season four onwards . Charmed achieved a cult following and popularity on The WB with its first episode Something Wicca This Way Comes garnering 7.7 million viewers , breaking the record for the network 's highest-rated debut episode . The show 's ratings , although smaller than rival shows on the big four networks ( ABC , CBS , NBC , and Fox ) , were a success for the relatively new and smaller WB network . Charmed went through several timeslot changes during its eight-season run . For its first three seasons in the Wednesday/Thursday 9:00 pm timeslot , Charmed was the second-highest rated series on The WB , behind 7th Heaven . During its fifth season , the show moved to the Sunday 8:00 pm timeslot , where it became the highest-rated Sunday night program in The WB 's history ."}]}, {'value': 'Titan Cronos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : Oh My Goddess ( Part 1 & 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charmed_(season_5)', 'summary': 'The fifth season of Charmed , an American supernatural drama television series created by Constance M. Burge , originally aired in the United States on The WB from September 22 , 2002 through May 11 , 2003 . Airing on Sundays at 8:00 pm . Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete fifth season in a six-disc box set on June 6 , 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NCIS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)', 'summary': "NCIS is an American action police procedural television series , revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service . The concept and characters were initially introduced in two episodes of the CBS series JAG ( season eight episodes 20 and 21 : Ice Queen and Meltdown ) . The show , a spin-off from JAG , premiered on September 23 , 2003 , on CBS . To date it has entered into the seventeenth full season and has gone into broadcast syndication on the USA Network . Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill are co-creators and executive producers of the premiere member of the NCIS franchise . As of 2019 , it is the second-longest-running scripted , non-animated U.S. primetime TV series currently airing , surpassed only by Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999-present ) , and is the 7th-longest-running scripted U.S. primetime TV series overall . NCIS was originally titled Navy NCIS ; Navy was later dropped from the title as it was redundant ( the N in NCIS stands for Naval ) . In season six , a two-part episode led to a spin-off series , NCIS : Los Angeles . A two-part episode during the eleventh season led to a second spin-off series , NCIS : New Orleans . While initially slow in the ratings , barely cracking the Top 30 in the first two seasons , the third season showed progress , consistently ranking in the top 20 , and by its sixth season , it became a top five hit , having remained there since . In 2011 , NCIS was voted America 's favorite television show in an online Harris Poll . The series finished its tenth season as the most-watched television series in the U.S. during the 2012-13 network television season ."}]}, {'value': 'Master Chief Vince Nutter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Episode : The Truth is Out There', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Star Trek : Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Trek:_Enterprise', 'summary': "Star Trek : Enterprise , titled simply Enterprise for its first two seasons , is an American science fiction television series created by Rick Berman and Brannon Braga . It originally aired from September 26 , 2001 , to May 13 , 2005 , on UPN , spanning 98 episodes across four seasons . The sixth series in the Star Trek franchise , it served as a prequel to Star Trek : The Original Series . The show is set in the 22nd century , a hundred years before the events of The Original Series and just prior to the formation of the United Federation of Planets . The series follows the adventures of the Enterprise , Earth 's first starship capable of traveling at warp five , as it explores the galaxy and encounters various alien species . Following the culmination of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and with Star Trek : Voyager scheduled to end , UPN asked Braga and Berman to devise a new series to continue the franchise . Rather than setting it in the 24th century alongside Deep Space Nine and Voyager , the duo decided to set Enterprise in an earlier period , allowing them to explore new parts of the Star Trek fictional universe . Wanting a more basic , relatable , and character-driven series , Berman and Braga concentrated the episodes around a core trio of characters : Captain Jonathan Archer ( Scott Bakula ) , Commander Charles Trip Tucker III ( Connor Trinneer ) and Sub-commander T'Pol ( Jolene Blalock ) . The show broke with Star Trek convention in several respects : in addition to dropping the Star Trek prefix , Enterprise used the pop-influenced song Where My Heart Will Take Me ( performed by Russell Watson ) as its theme . It was filmed on the Paramount lot in Los Angeles , California , on the same stages that housed the Star Trek series and films since the abandoned Star Trek : Phase II in the late 1970s . The first two seasons were characterized by stand-alone episodes that explored topics like humanity 's early relations with the Vulcans and their first encounters with the Klingons and Andorians , alien species already familiar to the Star Trek franchise . Wanting to attract greater viewers , UPN called for changes for its third season ."}]}, {'value': 'Romulan Admiral Valdore', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 episodes', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Selected filmography -- Television', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Brian_Thompson_1', 'intro': "Brian Earl Thompson (born August 28, 1959) is an American actor. Thompson has worked in the action adventure and science fiction genres where his stature and unique appearance often lends him to imposing roles, although he has earned many comedic parts as well. His career began with a small role in the 1984 film The Terminator. His second feature was the hit comedy The Three Amigos. He played the villainous Night Slasher in the 1986 film Cobra. His first named role was on Werewolf, a horror series that ran during Fox's inaugural broadcasting year of 1987-1988. Thompson has played several characters in the Star Trek franchise, the Alien Bounty Hunter on The X-Files, and Eddie Fiori on Kindred: The Embraced. In 2014, he produced, wrote and starred in the B movie parody The Extendables."} | null | null | In which year did Thompson appear in the series that spanned 176 episodes over seven seasons ? | 1993 |
0a6180b3804003ce | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kappa_Alpha_Psi_brothers', 'title': 'List of Kappa Alpha Psi brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Archie Alexander', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archie_Alexander', 'summary': "Archie Alphonso Alexander ( May 14 , 1888 - January 4 , 1958 ) was an African-American mathematician and engineer . He was an early African-American graduate of the University of Iowa and the first to graduate from the University of Iowa 's College of Engineering . He was also a governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands . Alexander was born in Ottumwa , Iowa , the son of Price and Mary Alexander . When the family moved to a farm outside Des Moines , Price became head custodian at the Des Moines National Bank . Attending Oak Park Grammar School , Oak Park High School and Highland Park College for one year , Archie began his engineering education at the State University of Iowa ( The University of Iowa ) . When three colleges merged Highland Park College became part of Des Moines College . Although he initially went to Des Moines College and attempted to join the white-only American football team there , he was declined . As a result , he played tackle from 1910 to 1912 [ at Iowa ] and was nicknamed 'Alexander the Great ' . During the summer Alexander worked as a draftsman for Marsh Engineers , a Des Moines bridge-designing firm and in 1912 , he received a bachelor of science degree , becoming the University of Iowa 's first black football player and engineer . After graduation , Alexander worked as a foreman for a bridge-building company before going into business for himself in 1917 . Continuing his education at the University of London , Alexander studied bridge design in and obtained a degree in civil engineering in 1925 from the State University of Iowa ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Iowa', 'summary': "The University of Iowa ( UI , U of I , UIowa , or simply Iowa ) is a public research university in Iowa City , Iowa . Founded in 1847 , it is the oldest and the second largest university in the state . The University of Iowa is organized into 12 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees . Located on an urban 1,880 acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River , the University of Iowa is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university is best known for its programs in health care , law , and the fine arts , with programs ranking among the top 25 nationally in those areas . The university was the original developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree and it operates the Iowa Writer 's Workshop , which has produced 17 of the university 's 46 Pulitzer Prize winners . Iowa is a member of the Association of American Universities , the Universities Research Association , and the Big Ten Academic Alliance . Among American universities , the University of Iowa was the first public university to open as coeducational , opened the first coeducational medical school , and opened the first Department of Religious Studies at a public university . The University of Iowa 's 33,000 students take part in nearly 500 student organizations . Iowa 's 22 varsity athletic teams , the Iowa Hawkeyes , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000 graduates ."}]}, {'value': 'Governor of US Virgin Islands ; 6th Grand Polemarch ; 4th Laurel Wreath laureate ;', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_United_States_Virgin_Islands_Governors', 'summary': 'The governor of the United States Virgin Islands is the chief executive of the Government of the Virgin Islands whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Territory addresses to the Virgin Islands Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that territory public laws are enforced . The position was created through the passage of the Elective Governor Acts of 1968 which took effect in 1970 . Melvin Evans was the first elected governor . The following is a list of governors of the United States Virgin Islands . For governors of the territory that is now the U.S. Virgin Islands prior to United States administration ( while it was ruled by Denmark as the Danish West Indies ) , see List of Governors of the Danish West Indies .'}]}, {'value': 'Lionel Artis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Artis', 'summary': 'Lionel F. Artis ( 1895 - 1971 ) was an civil servant and administrator in the United States . Artis became the first Black person to be appointed be appointed to a policy-making municipal agency in Indianapolis when he was a named a member of the Indianapolis Board of Health and Hospitals .'}]}, {'value': 'Nu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butler_University', 'summary': 'Butler University is a private liberal arts university in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States . Founded in 1855 and named after founder Ovid Butler , the university has over 60 major academic fields of study in six colleges : Lacy School of Business , College of Communication , College of Education , College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , and Jordan College of the Arts . It comprises a 295-acre ( 119 ha ) campus located approximately five miles ( 8.0 km ) from downtown Indianapolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis civil servant and administrator ; past Editor of the Kappa Alpha Psi Journal ; 8th Laurel Wreath laureate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard H. Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_H._Austin', 'summary': 'Richard H. Austin ( May 6 , 1913 - April 20 , 2001 ) was the first African American to hold a statewide elected position in Michigan . Austin served as the Michigan Secretary of State from 1971 to 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit ( MI ) Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan Secretary of State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Secretary_of_State', 'summary': "The Michigan Department of State is administered by the Secretary of State , who is elected on a partisan ballot for a term of four years in gubernatorial elections . The Secretary of State is the third-highest official in the State of Michigan . As the name implies , the officeholder was originally responsible for much of state government , but now the duties are similar to those of the other 46 secretaries of states across the United States . If the Governor and Lieutenant Governor are both absent from the state , or the offices are concurrently vacant for some other reason , the secretary of state serves as acting governor . In Michigan , the Secretary of State is not only responsible for elections , but also oversees vehicle registration and the licensing of automobile drivers , similar to a motor vehicles regulator in other states . The officeholder also oversees and regulates notaries public and is the keeper of the Great Seal of Michigan . Under state law , the Secretary of State must have at least one office in each of Michigan 's 83 counties . The current Secretary of State is Jocelyn Benson , a Democrat ."}]}, {'value': 'Mandela Barnes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mandela_Barnes', 'summary': 'Mandela Barnes ( born December 1 , 1986 ) is an American politician serving as the 45th lieutenant governor of Wisconsin since 2019 . A member of the Democratic Party , Barnes is a former state representative .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Phi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_A&M_University', 'summary': 'Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University ( Alabama A & M ) is a public , historically black , land-grant university in Normal , Alabama . Founded in the 1870s as a normal school , it took its present name in 1969 . AAMU is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and is been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University Historic District , also known as Normal Hill College Historic District , has 28 buildings and four structures listed in the United States National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'First African-American Lt . Governor for state of Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Nelson B. Bascome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Bascome', 'summary': 'Nelson Blake Ainsworth Bascome , Jr. ( 14 September 1955 - 14 July 2009 ) was a former Minister of Health in Bermuda , forced to step down from office in 2007 after charges of corruption and theft were brought against him .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Iota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morgan_State_University', 'summary': "Morgan State University ( MSU , Morgan State , or Morgan ) is a public historically black ( HBCU ) research university in Baltimore , Maryland . It is the largest of Maryland 's HBCUs . In 1867 , the university , then known as the Centenary Biblical Institute , changed its name to Morgan College to honor Reverend Lyttleton Morgan , the first chairman of its board of trustees and a land donor to the college . It became a university in 1975 . MSU is a member of Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Although a public institution , MSU is not a part of the University System of Maryland ."}]}, {'value': 'Minister of Health and Member of Parliament , Bermuda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bermuda', 'summary': "Bermuda ( /bərˈmjuːdə/ ) ( in full , the Islands of Bermuda ) is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean . It is approximately 1,070 km ( 665 mi ) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina ; 1,236 km ( 768 mi ) south of Cape Sable Island , Nova Scotia ; and 1,759 km ( 1,093 mi ) northeast of Cuba . Though it is typically referred to in the singular , Bermuda consists of 181 islands ; the largest of these islands is known as Main Island . The capital city of Bermuda is Hamilton . Bermuda is self-governing , with its own constitution and government and a Parliament which makes local laws . The United Kingdom retains responsibility for defence and foreign relations . As of July 2018 , it has a population of 71,176 , making it the most populous of the British overseas territories . Bermuda 's largest economic sectors are offshore insurance , reinsurance , and tourism . Bermuda had one of the world 's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century . It has a subtropical climate and lies in the hurricane belt and thus is prone to related severe weather ; however , it is somewhat protected by a coral reef and by its position at the north of the belt , which limits the direction and severity of approaching storms ."}]}, {'value': 'William A . Bell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_A._Bell', 'summary': "William A . Bell Sr. ( born June 1 , 1949 ) is an American politician who served as the 33rd mayor of Birmingham , Alabama , from 2010 to 2017 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . Bell previously held the office on an interim basis in 1999 . Bell was elected following a run-off with Patrick Cooper . Bell won the run-off with 53.6% to Cooper 's 46.4% . Bell served several terms on the Birmingham City Council . In 1985 , he became the first African American to serve as president of the Birmingham City Council , having been elected to that position by the members of the council . Bell was the only mayor in the city 's history that brought in over 2 billion dollars of business development for Birmingham and was instrumental in overseeing the renaissance of Birmingham with projects that brought international recognition including the World Games , the Senior Games , Railroad Park , Regions Baseball Field , worked with President Obama and UNESCO in naming Birmingham a World Heritage site and National Park that also recognized Birmingham 's Civil Rights History . Other Civil Rights historical landmarks that are included in Bell 's visionary project include the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church , Bethel Baptist Church , the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute , the A.G. Gaston Motel and several other historical sites . Bell also led in the development of the Birmingham Sports Crossplex and over $ 300 million dollars in capital improvements for the Birmingham City School System and the University of Alabama in Birmingham , in spite of coming into office with a $ 77 million dollar deficit left by the prior administration . Bell grew the city of Birmingham reserves to over $ 350 million dollars when he left office ."}]}, {'value': 'Birmingham ( AL ) Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ."}]}, {'value': 'Former mayor of Birmingham , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14"}]}, {'value': 'Stephen K. Benjamin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_K._Benjamin', 'summary': "Stephen Keith Benjamin ( born December 1 , 1969 ) is an American politician and businessman serving as the 36th mayor of Columbia , South Carolina since July 2010 . He is the first African American mayor in the city 's history . Before serving as mayor , he worked in the Columbia metropolitan area as an attorney and served on various charitable organizations . On November 8 , 2017 , Benjamin won re-election for a third term as mayor with no votes because no other candidate filed . Benjamin was declared re-elected . Mayor Benjamin previously served as the 76th President of the United States Conference of Mayors ."}]}, {'value': 'Zeta Epsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina', 'summary': "The University of South Carolina ( USC , UofSC , SC , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Columbia , South Carolina . It has seven satellite campuses throughout the state and its main campus covers over 359 acres ( 145 ha ) in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities with Highest Research Activity . It also houses the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland , and the world 's largest Ernest Hemingway collection . Founded in 1801 as South Carolina College , USC is the flagship institution of the University of South Carolina System and offers more than 350 programs of study , leading to bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees from fourteen degree-granting colleges and schools . The University of South Carolina has a total enrollment of approximately 52,000 students , with over 35,000 on the main Columbia campus as of fall 2019 - making it the largest university in the Carolinas . USC also has several thousand future students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges . Professional schools on the Columbia campus include business , engineering , law , medicine , pharmacy , and social work ."}]}, {'value': 'Mayor of Columbia , South Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayor_of_Columbia,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'The mayor of Columbia , South Carolina is elected at large for a four-year term . The duties of the mayor is to create policy and enact laws , rules and regulations for the city of Columbia . Stephen K. Benjamin , who assumed office on July 2010 after a run-off election , is the current mayor of Columbia , and the first to be elected of African descent . On November 5 , 2013 , Benjamin received 64% of the total vote , allowing him to remain mayor for four more years .'}]}, {'value': 'Sanford Bishop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sanford_Bishop', 'summary': "Sanford Dixon Bishop Jr. ( born February 4 , 1947 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for Georgia 's 2nd congressional district , serving since 1993 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . The district is located in the southwestern part of the state and includes Albany , Thomasville , and most of Columbus and Macon ."}]}, {'value': 'Pi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morehouse_College', 'summary': "Morehouse College is a private , historically black men 's college located in Atlanta , Georgia . The college is one of the few remaining traditional men 's liberal arts colleges in the United States . [ a ] Founded in 1867 by William Jefferson White , an aggressive expansionary program undertaken by the college 's 6th President Benjamin Mays , established Morehouse as the largest liberal arts institution for men in the United States with an enrollment over 2,000 students . Along with Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse School of Medicine and nearby women 's college Spelman College , Morehouse is part of the Atlanta University Center . Morehouse is one of two historically black colleges in the country to produce Rhodes Scholars , and it is the alma mater of many African-American community and civil leaders , including Martin Luther King Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Representative from Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Bradley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)', 'summary': "Thomas J. Bradley ( December 29 , 1917 - September 29 , 1998 ) was an American politician and police officer who served as the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles from 1973 to 1993 . He has been the only African American Mayor of Los Angeles , and his 20 years in office mark the longest tenure by any mayor in the city 's history ; barring any change to the City Charter , no other future mayor of Los Angeles will serve longer than Bradley . His 1973 election made him the second African-American mayor of a major U.S. city . Bradley retired in 1993 , after his approval ratings began dropping subsequent to the 1992 Los Angeles Riots . Bradley unsuccessfully ran for Governor of California in 1982 and 1986 and was defeated each time by the Republican George Deukmejian . The racial dynamics that appeared to underlie his narrow and unexpected loss in 1982 gave rise to the political term the Bradley effect . In 1985 , he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP ."}]}, {'value': 'Upsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California_at_Los_Angeles', 'summary': "The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Mayor of Los Angeles , California ; 18th Grand Polemarch ; 22nd Laurel Wreath laureate ;', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayor_of_Los_Angeles,_California', 'summary': "The Mayor of the City of Los Angeles is the official head and chief executive officer of Los Angeles , California , United States . The officeholder is elected for a four-year term and limited to serving no more than two terms . Under the Constitution of California , all judicial , school , county and city offices , including those of chartered cities , are nonpartisan . Eric Garcetti has been the city 's 42nd and current mayor since 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alvin Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvin_Brown', 'summary': 'Alvin Brown ( born June 12 , 1962 ) is an American politician from Florida . A member of the Democratic Party , he served as Mayor of Jacksonville , Florida from 2011 to 2015 . He was the first African American to be elected to that position . Brown succeeded John Peyton as mayor after winning the 2011 mayoral election . In the 2015 race , he lost his re-election bid to Republican Lenny Curry .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Psi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Waters_College', 'summary': 'Edward Waters College is a private college in Jacksonville , Florida . It was founded in 1866 by members of the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME Church ) as a school to educate freedmen and their children . It was the first independent institution of higher education and the first historically black college in the State of Florida . It continues to be affiliated with the AME Church , and is a member of the Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'First African-American Mayor of Jacksonville , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayor_of_Jacksonville,_Florida', 'summary': 'The Mayor of Jacksonville is the chief executive for the city of Jacksonville , Florida , United States . Jacksonville currently utilizes the strong mayor form of government , in which the mayor has significant powers compared to the Jacksonville City Council . Since the consolidation of Jacksonville with the Duval County government in 1968 , the mayor is the administrator over the entire county . The current holder of the position is Lenny Curry , who was elected in 2015 , and re-elected in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'George L. Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_L._Brown', 'summary': "George Leslie Brown ( July 1 , 1926 - March 31 , 2006 ) was an American politician . He served in the Colorado Senate from 1955 to 1974 and as the 40th Lieutenant Governor of Colorado from 1975 to 1979 . He was also a senior vice president with Grumman Corporation . During World War II , he served as a Tuskegee Airman . Together with California 's Mervyn Dymally , he was one of the first two Black lieutenant-governors since Reconstruction and outside any southern state ."}]}, {'value': 'Mu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_University', 'summary': "The University of Kansas ( KU ) is a public research university with its main campus in Lawrence , Kansas , and several satellite campuses , research and educational centers , medical centers , and classes across the state of Kansas . Two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area on the Kansas side : the university 's medical school and hospital in Kansas City , the Edwards Campus in Overland Park , and a hospital and research center in the state 's capital of Topeka . There are also educational and research sites in Garden City , Hays , Leavenworth , Parsons , and Topeka , and branches of the medical school in Salina and Wichita . The university is a member of the Association of American Universities . Founded March 21 , 1865 , the university was opened in 1866 , under a charter granted by the Kansas State Legislature in 1864 and legislation passed in 1863 under the State Constitution , which was adopted two years after the 1861 admission of the former Kansas Territory as the 34th state into the Union . Disputes over Kansas ' establishment as a free or slaveholding state prior to admission to the union prompted an internal civil war known as Bleeding Kansas during the 1850s . Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 28,401 students in 2016 ; an additional 3,383 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for an enrollment of 28,091 students across the three campuses . The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015 . Kansas 's athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I sports as the Jayhawks , as members of the Big 12 Conference . They field 16 varsity sports , as well as club-level sports for ice hockey , rugby , and men 's volleyball ."}]}, {'value': "First Black Lieutenant Governor of Colorado ; with his Kappa brother , California 's Mervyn Dymally , he was one of the first two Black lieutenant-governors since Reconstruction and outside of any southern state", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William D. Burns', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_D._Burns', 'summary': "William D. Burns ( born August 22 , 1973 in Cleveland , Ohio ) is an American politician and businessman , a former member of the Chicago City Council , representing Chicago 's 4th Ward , and the State House . A member of the Democratic Party , Burns represented the 26th District in the Illinois House of Representatives from 2008 through 2011 . After winning election as an alderman on February 22 , 2011 , he resigned as a state legislator . In February 2016 , Alderman Burns announced his resignation from the Chicago City Council to take a job with Airbnb ."}]}, {'value': 'Iota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Chicago', 'summary': "The University of Chicago ( UChicago , U of C , or Chicago ) is a private research university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded in 1890 , the school is located on a 217-acre ( 88-hectare ) campus in Chicago 's Hyde Park neighborhood , near Lake Michigan . The University of Chicago holds top positions in various national and international rankings . The university is composed of the undergraduate college as well as various graduate programs and interdisciplinary committees organized into five academic research divisions . Beyond the arts and sciences , Chicago is also well known for its professional schools , which include the Pritzker School of Medicine , the Booth School of Business , the Law School , the School of Social Service Administration , the Harris School of Public Policy Studies , the Divinity School and the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies , as well as the recently launched Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering . The university has additional campuses and centers in London , Paris , Beijing , Delhi , and Hong Kong , as well as in downtown Chicago . University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of many academic disciplines , including economics , law , literary criticism , mathematics , religion , sociology , and the behavioralism school of political science , establishing the Chicago schools in various fields . Chicago 's Metallurgical Laboratory produced the world 's first man-made , self-sustaining nuclear reaction in Chicago Pile-1 beneath the viewing stands of the university 's Stagg Field . The university research efforts include administration of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory , as well as the Marine Biological Laboratory . The university is also home to the University of Chicago Press , the largest university press in the United States . The Barack Obama Presidential Center is expected to be housed at the university and include both the Obama presidential library and offices of the Obama Foundation . The university is also home to Frank Lloyd Wright 's Robie House , a World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': 'Former member of the Chicago City Council representing 4th Ward , Chicago . Burns ( D ) represented the 26th District in the Illinois House of Representatives from 2008 through 2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_City_Council', 'summary': 'The Chicago City Council is the legislative branch of the government of the City of Chicago in Illinois . It consists of 50 aldermen elected from 50 wards to serve four-year terms . The council is gaveled into session regularly , usually monthly , to consider ordinances , orders , and resolutions whose subject matter includes code changes , utilities , taxes , and many other issues . The Chicago City Council Chambers are located in Chicago City Hall , as are the downtown offices of the individual aldermen and staff . The presiding officer of the council is the Mayor of Chicago . The secretary is the City Clerk of Chicago . Both positions are city-wide elected offices . In the absence of the mayor , an alderman elected to the position of President Pro Tempore serves as the presiding officer . Established in 1837 as the Common Council and renamed to the City Council in 1876 , it assumed its modern form of 50 wards electing one alderman each in 1923 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/4th_Ward,_Chicago', 'summary': "The 4th Ward is one of the 50 aldermanic wards with representation in the City Council of Chicago , Illinois . It is broken into 52 election precincts . Lake Michigan is the ward 's eastern boundary for much of its area . Its northwesternmost point , as of 2002 , was located at the intersection of East 26th Street and South Prairie Avenue and its southeasternmost point at the intersection of East 55th Street and Lake Park Avenue . David K. Fremon wrote in 1988 that No other ward has wealth and poverty in such proximity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The Illinois House of Representatives is the lower house of the Illinois General Assembly , the bicameral legislature of the U.S. state of Illinois . The body was created by the first Illinois Constitution adopted in 1818 . The House consists of 118 representatives elected from individual legislative districts for two-year terms with no limits ; redistricted every 10 years , based on the 2010 U.S. census each representative represents approximately 108,734 people . The state legislature has the power to make laws and impeach judges . Lawmakers must be at least 21 years of age and a resident of the district in which they serve for at least two years . U.S. President Abraham Lincoln , who oversaw the American Civil War and the end of slavery in the United States , began his career in politics in the Illinois House of Representatives .'}]}, {'value': 'John A. Burroughs , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_A._Burroughs,_Jr.', 'summary': 'John Andrew Burroughs Jr. ( July 31 , 1936 - September 11 , 2014 ) was the United States Ambassador to Malawi from 1981-1984 and the United States Ambassador to Uganda from 1988-1991 . He was a lineman for the University of Iowa football team before spending over three decades in government service .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Iowa', 'summary': "The University of Iowa ( UI , U of I , UIowa , or simply Iowa ) is a public research university in Iowa City , Iowa . Founded in 1847 , it is the oldest and the second largest university in the state . The University of Iowa is organized into 12 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees . Located on an urban 1,880 acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River , the University of Iowa is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university is best known for its programs in health care , law , and the fine arts , with programs ranking among the top 25 nationally in those areas . The university was the original developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree and it operates the Iowa Writer 's Workshop , which has produced 17 of the university 's 46 Pulitzer Prize winners . Iowa is a member of the Association of American Universities , the Universities Research Association , and the Big Ten Academic Alliance . Among American universities , the University of Iowa was the first public university to open as coeducational , opened the first coeducational medical school , and opened the first Department of Religious Studies at a public university . The University of Iowa 's 33,000 students take part in nearly 500 student organizations . Iowa 's 22 varsity athletic teams , the Iowa Hawkeyes , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000 graduates ."}]}, {'value': 'Former US Ambassador to Uganda ( 1988-1991 ) and to Malawi ( 1981-1984 ) ; Played offensive linesman for the University of Iowa ( 1958-1959 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dwaine Caraway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dwaine_Caraway', 'summary': "Dwaine R. Caraway ( born April 30 , 1952 ) is a former American politician who served as the 60th mayor of Dallas ( for a four-month term in 2011 , as Acting Mayor ) before pleading guilty in 2018 for taking bribes while serving as Mayor Pro Tem . He served as a Dallas City Council member until his resignation on August 9 , 2018 . In 2011 , Caraway became acting mayor after previous mayor Tom Leppert resigned to campaign for the U.S. Senate . Caraway 's first meeting with the Dallas city council was on March 2 , 2011 . He served as interim mayor until June 26 , 2011 , when he was succeeded by elected mayor Mike Rawlings . Caraway is a graduate of Lincoln High School ( Dallas ) and immediately attended Texas Southern University before dropping out . Caraway served as a Dallas City Council Member representing District 4 . Caraway is a member of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity . His wife , Barbara , is a former member of the Texas House of Representatives ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Upsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Southern_University', 'summary': "Texas Southern University ( Texas Southern or TSU ) is a public historically black university ( HBCU ) in Houston , Texas . The university is one of the largest and most comprehensive HBCUs in the nation with over 10,000 students enrolled and over 100 academic programs . TSU is a leading producer of college degrees to African Americans and Hispanics in Texas and ranks fourth in the United States in doctoral and professional degrees conferred to African Americans . The university is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and it is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . Texas Southern University is a special purpose , urban institution nestled in the heart of Houston 's historic Third Ward . Dr. Waldivia Ardlaw of Cite : The Architecture + Design Review of Houston wrote that the university serves as the cultural and community center of the Third Ward area where it is located , in addition to being its university . Also , the university serves as a notable economic resource for Greater Houston , contributing over $ 500 million to the region 's gross sales and being directly and indirectly responsible for over 3,000 jobs . Texas Southern University intercollegiate sports teams , collectively known as the Tigers , compete in NCAA Division I and the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) . The university recruits nationwide for its Ocean of Soul marching band ."}]}, {'value': 'Former mayor and city councilman Dallas , Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas', 'summary': "Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas', 'summary': "Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory ."}]}, {'value': 'William Lacy Clay , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Lacy_Clay,_Jr.', 'summary': "William Lacy Clay Jr. ( born July 27 , 1956 ) is an American politician who is the U.S. Representative from Missouri 's 1st congressional district , serving since 2001 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . The district is based in the city of St. Louis and includes most of northern St. Louis County ( North County ) , including the cities of Maryland Heights , University City , and Florissant ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Louis ( MO ) Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Louis,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Representative from Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael B. Coleman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_B._Coleman', 'summary': "Michael B. Coleman ( born November 18 , 1954 ) is an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as the 52nd mayor of Columbus , Ohio . He was the first African-American to serve as the mayor of Ohio 's capital city . Coleman was a member of the Columbus City Council from 1992 to 1999 , serving as its president from 1997 to 1999 . In 1998 , Coleman was the running mate for gubernatorial candidate Lee Fisher . Coleman ran for and won the Columbus mayorship in 1999 and was re-elected unopposed November 4 , 2003 . In February 2005 , Coleman announced that he would run for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Ohio in the 2006 gubernatorial election , but subsequently dropped out of the race on November 29 , 2005 , citing heavy work and family obligations . In 2007 , Mayor Coleman won a third term as mayor of Columbus . In 2011 , he was re-elected for a fourth term . In January 2014 , as he began his 15th year in office , Coleman achieved the distinction of being the longest-serving mayor in Columbus ' history . On November 25 , 2014 , Coleman announced that he would not run for reelection . His final term in office ended on January 1 , 2016 , when he was succeeded by Columbus City Council President and fellow Democrat Andrew Ginther ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbus ( OH ) Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': 'Mayor of Columbus , Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio', 'summary': "Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio . With a population of 892,533 as of 2018 estimates , it is the 14th-most populous city in the United States and one of the fastest growing large cities in the nation . This makes Columbus the second-most populous city in the Midwest ( after Chicago , Illinois ) . It is the core city of the Columbus , OH Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second-largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also annexed portions of adjoining Delaware and Fairfield counties . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 , at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . The metropolitan area is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2018 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : American Electric Power , Cardinal Health , L Brands , Nationwide , and Big Lots , just out of the top 500 . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of The 6 Best Big Cities , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth ."}]}, {'value': 'Ian Conyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Conyers', 'summary': 'Ian Kyle Conyers ( born October 28 , 1988 ) is an American politician who represented the 4th District of Michigan in the Michigan Senate for one term . He is a member of the Democratic Party . Conyers sat on the Economic Development & International Investment , Energy & Technology , and Banking & Financial Services Committees in the State Senate . He was minority vice chair of the Transportation Committee .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa Chi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgetown_University', 'summary': "Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C . Founded by Bishop John Carroll in 1789 as Georgetown College , the university has grown to comprise ten undergraduate and graduate schools , among which are the School of Foreign Service , School of Business , Medical School , Law School , and a campus in Qatar . Located on a hill above the Potomac River , the school 's main campus is identifiable by its flagship Healy Hall , a National Historic Landmark . Georgetown is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit institution of higher education in the United States . The Jesuits have participated in the university 's academic life , both as scholars and as administrators , since 1805 . However , the university has always been governed independently of the church , and the majority of Georgetown students are not Catholic . Georgetown is a highly selective school , accepting 14 percent of undergraduate applicants for its class of 2023 . The university offers degree programs in forty-eight disciplines , enrolling an average of 7,500 undergraduate and 10,000 post-graduate students from more than 135 countries . Georgetown 's notable alumni include U.S. Presidents , billionaires , U.S. Supreme Court Justices , as well as international royalty and heads of state . The school produces more U.S. diplomats than any other university . Georgetown is also a top feeder school for careers in finance and investment banking on Wall Street . Georgetown is home to the country 's largest student-run business , largest student-run financial institution , the oldest continuously running student theatre troupe , and one of the oldest debating societies in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Michigan Senator from District 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Senate', 'summary': "The Michigan Senate is the upper house of the Legislature of the U.S. State of Michigan . Along with the House of Representatives , it composes the Michigan Legislature . Article IV of the Michigan Constitution , adopted in 1963 , defines the role of the Legislature and how it is to be constituted . The primary purpose of the Legislature is to enact new laws and amend or repeal existing laws . The Michigan Senate is composed of 38 members , each elected from a single-member district with a population of between approximately 212,400 to 263,500 residents . Legislative districts are drawn on the basis of population figures , provided by the federal decennial census . Senators ' terms begin immediately upon their election . As of 2018 , Republicans hold the majority in the State Senate with twenty-two seats ; Democrats hold the minority with sixteen seats . The Senate chamber is located in the State Capitol building ."}]}, {'value': 'John Conyers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Conyers', 'summary': "John James Conyers Jr. ( May 16 , 1929 - October 27 , 2019 ) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as a U.S. Representative for Michigan from 1965 to 2017 . The districts he represented always included part of western Detroit . During his final three terms , his district included many of Detroit 's western suburbs , as well as a large portion of the Downriver area . Conyers served more than 50 years in Congress , becoming the sixth-longest serving member of Congress in U.S. history ; he was the longest-serving African American member of Congress . Conyers was the Dean of the House of Representatives . By the end of his last term , he was the last remaining member of Congress who had served since the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson . After serving in the Korean War , Conyers became active in the civil rights movement . He also served as an aide to Congressman John Dingell before winning election to the House in 1964 . He co-founded the Congressional Black Caucus in 1969 and established a reputation as one of the most liberal members of Congress . Conyers joined the Congressional Progressive Caucus after it was founded in 1991 . Conyers supported creation of a single-payer healthcare system and sponsored the United States National Health Care Act . He also sponsored a bill to establish Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_State_University', 'summary': 'Wayne State University ( WSU ) is a public research university in Detroit , Michigan . It is the third largest university in Michigan . Founded in 1868 , WSU consists of 13 schools and colleges offering nearly 350 programs to nearly 27,000 graduate and undergraduate students . Wayne State University , along with the University of Michigan and Michigan State University , comprise the University Research Corridor of Michigan . The WSU main campus comprises 203 acres linking more than 100 education and research buildings . The Wayne State Warriors compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Representative from Michigan ; chairman of the House Judiciary Committee ; 52nd Laural Wreath laureate ;', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'George W. Crockett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_W._Crockett', 'summary': 'George William Crockett Jr. ( August 10 , 1909 - September 7 , 1997 ) was an African-American attorney , jurist , and congressman from the U.S. state of Michigan . He also served as a national vice-president of the National Lawyers Guild and co-founded what is believed to be the first racially integrated law firm in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Pi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morehouse_College', 'summary': "Morehouse College is a private , historically black men 's college located in Atlanta , Georgia . The college is one of the few remaining traditional men 's liberal arts colleges in the United States . [ a ] Founded in 1867 by William Jefferson White , an aggressive expansionary program undertaken by the college 's 6th President Benjamin Mays , established Morehouse as the largest liberal arts institution for men in the United States with an enrollment over 2,000 students . Along with Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse School of Medicine and nearby women 's college Spelman College , Morehouse is part of the Atlanta University Center . Morehouse is one of two historically black colleges in the country to produce Rhodes Scholars , and it is the alma mater of many African-American community and civil leaders , including Martin Luther King Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Representative from Michigan ; civil rights activist ; 38th Laurel Wreath laureate ;', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Davis_(politician)', 'summary': 'Mike Davis is an American politician who served in the California State Assembly . Davis was declared the fourth most loyal Democratic voter in the California State Legislature in the Sacramento Bee 2011-2012 listing . He voted against the Democratic Party only 2% of the time given over 3,500 of votes taken . Mike Davis currently serves as President Pro Tem of the City of Los Angeles Board of Public Works .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeta Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte', 'summary': "The University of North Carolina at Charlotte ( UNC Charlotte , UNCC , or simply Charlotte ) is a public research university in Charlotte , North Carolina . UNC Charlotte offers 23 doctoral , 64 master 's , and 140 bachelor 's degree programs through nine colleges : the College of Arts + Architecture , the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences , the Belk College of Business , the College of Computing and Informatics , the Cato College of Education , the William States Lee College of Engineering , the College of Health and Human Services , the Honors College , and the University College . It has three campuses : Charlotte Research Institute Campus , Center City Campus , and the main campus , located in University City . The main campus sits on 1,000 wooded acres with approximately 85 buildings about 8 miles ( 13 km ) from Uptown Charlotte . UNC Charlotte is the largest institution of higher education in the Charlotte region . The university has experienced rapid enrollment growth of 33% over the past 10 years , making it the fastest-growing institution in the UNC System and contributing to more than 50% of the system 's growth since 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'California State Assembly member', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_Assembly', 'summary': "The Speaker presides over the State Assembly in the chief leadership position , controlling the flow of legislation and committee assignments . The Speaker is nominated by the caucus of the majority party and elected by the full Assembly . Other leaders , such as the majority and minority leaders , are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each party 's strength in the chamber . The current Speaker is Democrat Anthony Rendon ( 63rd-Lakewood ) . The majority leader is Democrat Ian Calderon ( 57th-Whittier ) , while the minority leader is Republican Marie Waldron ( 75th-Escondido ) ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Kappa_Alpha_Psi_brothers_5', 'intro': 'The following is a list of notable members of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc. (commonly referred to as Kappas or Nupes). These members are recognized as leaders in the arts, athletics, business, civil rights, education, government, and science. Kappa Alpha Psi was founded on the campus of Indiana University in 1911. The fraternity has more than 105,000 members with 721 undergraduate and alumni chapters in every state of the United States, and international chapters in the United Kingdom, Germany, Korea, Japan, the Caribbean, Saint Thomas, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands and South Africa.'} | null | null | What brother at Morgan State was a former Minister of Health and later forced to resign after charges of corruption ? | Nelson B. Bascome |
0a6182287ec3923f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships', 'title': '2003 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paula Radcliffe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paula_Radcliffe', 'summary': "Paula Jane Radcliffe , MBE ( born 17 December 1973 ) is a British long-distance runner . She is a three-time winner of the London Marathon ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) , three-time New York Marathon champion ( 2004 , 2007 , 2008 ) , and 2002 Chicago Marathon winner . She was previously the fastest female marathoner of all time , and held the Women 's World Marathon Record with a time of 2:15:25 for 16 years from 2003 to 2019 when it was broken by Brigid Kosgei . Radcliffe is a former world champion in the marathon , half marathon and cross country . She has also been European champion over 10,000 metres and in cross country . On the track , Radcliffe won the 10,000 metres silver medal at the 1999 World Championships and was the 2002 Commonwealth champion at 5000 metres . She represented Great Britain at the Olympics in four consecutive games ( 1996 to 2008 ) , although she never won an Olympic medal . Her running has earned her a number of accolades including the BBC Sports Personality of the Year , Laureus World Comeback of the Year , IAAF World Athlete of the Year , AIMS World Athlete of the Year ( three times ) and a Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) . She has also been nominated for World Sportswoman of the year on several occasions . In 2010 , she was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame . She ended her competitive running career at the 2015 London Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Great Britain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1:07:35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berhane Adere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berhane_Adere', 'summary': "Berhane Adere Debala ( Ge'ez : ብርሀኔ አደሬ born 21 July 1973 in Shewa ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in the 10,000 metres and the half marathon . She was world champion over 10,000 m in 2003 and world champion in the half marathon in 2002 . Berhane works for UNICEF as a goodwill ambassador for girls ' education . Berhane held the African record for 10,000 metres in a time of 30:04.18 , set at the 2003 World Championships , where she won gold . The African record was broken at the 2008 Olympics by Tirunesh Dibaba , who became the first African to run under 30 minutes . Berhane won the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 2002 , and the bronze medal in the 2001 World Half Marathon Championships . She was the gold medallist over 3000 metres at the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships She won the 2006 Chicago Marathon with a personal best time of 2:20:42 . She won the Chicago Marathon again in 2007 and the Dubai Marathon on 18 January 2008 . Berhane also won the 2007 Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon . She was the top female finisher in the 2010 Rock n Roll Mardi Gras Marathon , in which she recorded the fastest ever half marathon on American soil with a time of 1:07:52 , breaking her previous best by over 25 seconds . At age 36 , that should also be the Masters world record . She saw off a challenge from Ana Dulce Félix to win at the Great North Run in September , completing the half marathon in 1:08:49 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ethiopia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethiopia', 'summary': "Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:02', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benita Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benita_Johnson', 'summary': "Benita Jaye Willis , born on 6 May 1979 in Mackay , Queensland is an Australian long-distance runner , who is a three-time national champion in the women 's 5,000 metres . Her foremost achievement is a gold medal in the long race at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships . She has also won team medals at that competition on two occasions . She has competed at the Summer Olympics four times ( 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 ) and has twice represented Australia at the Commonwealth Games ( 2002 , 2006 ) . At the 2003 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships she won the bronze medal with a time of 1:09:26 hours . In 2004 , she won the 8K at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and also the women 's half marathon title at the Great North Run . She was 24th in the 10,000 metres at the 2004 Olympic Games . At the 2006 IAAF World Cross Country Championships she won her second career medal at the event by coming fourth in the short race and helping the Australian women to the team bronze medal . She set a time of 2:22:36 at the 2006 Chicago Marathon , a new Australian national record and an Oceania area record . She won the Berlin Half Marathon in 2007 in a personal best time of 1:08.28 hours . Her third international cross country medal came at the 2008 IAAF World Cross Country Championships as she finished eleventh in the long race to lead Australia to third on the team podium . She finished third at the 2010 Great Ireland Run , recording a time of 34:28 ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lidiya Grigoryeva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lidiya_Grigoryeva', 'summary': 'Lidiya Grigoryeva ( Russian : Лидия Григорьева ; born 25 January 1974 in Smychka , Chuvash ASSR ) is a Russian long-distance runner from the Chuvashia region .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:09:32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constantina Diţă-Tomescu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constantina_Diţă-Tomescu', 'summary': 'Constantina Diță ( formerly Constantina Diță-Tomescu born on January 23 , 1970 in Turburea , Gorj County ) , is a Romanian long-distance runner , who specializes mainly in the half marathon and marathon . She was the marathon gold medallist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , having previously won a bronze medal at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics . She also represented her country at the Olympics in 2000 and 2004 . She has a marathon best of 2:21:30 hours . She was the champion at the 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships - the first Romanian to win that honour . She was the 2004 Chicago Marathon winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alla Zhilyayeva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alla_Zhilyayeva', 'summary': "Alla Nikolayevna Zhilyaeva ( Russian : Алла Николаевна Жиляева ; born 5 February 1969 ) is a female long-distance runner from Russia . She set a Russian national record for the women 's 10,000 metres at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics , with a time of 30:23.07 ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lyudmila Biktasheva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lyudmila_Biktasheva', 'summary': 'Lyudmila Marsovna Biktasheva ( Cyrillic : Людмила Марсовна Бикташева ; born 25 July 1974 in Kamensk-Uralsky ) is a Russian athlete competing in the long-distance events . She represented her country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in the 10,000 metres finishing 13th in the final . She won the bronze medal in the same event at the 2002 European Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susan Chepkemei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susan_Chepkemei', 'summary': 'Susan Chepkemei ( born 25 June 1975 in Komol , West Pokot District ) is a female Kenyan long-distance runner , who competes in the 10,000 metres and marathon . In 2001 , she won the Rotterdam Marathon and came first in the Great North Run , as well as winning the silver medal in the World Half Marathon Championships . She won also won the silver medal at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in the 10,000 m .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:35', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikie Takanaka', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alina Ivanova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alina_Ivanova', 'summary': "Alina Petrovna Ivanova ( Russian : Алина Петровна Иванова ; born March 16 , 1969 in Kildishevo , Yadrinsky District , Chuvash ASSR ) is a retired Russian race walker , best known for winning the gold medal in the women 's 10 km walk at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . She represented the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . She changed to the marathon run later in her career and was a two-time winner at both the Prague International Marathon and the Dublin Marathon ."}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:10:59', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helena Javornik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helena_Javornik', 'summary': 'Helena Javornik ( born 26 March 1966 , in Celje ) is a Slovenian long-distance runner who has specialized in all distances from 1500 metres to the marathon race . She holds the current national record in 10,000 m with 31:06.63 minutes , achieved at the 2004 Summer Olympics . She won the Ljubljana Marathon three times consecutively between 1996 and 1998 . Her course record of 2:32:33 went unbettered for eleven years . She tested positive for EPO in March 2008 and was banned for two years by the International Association of Athletics Federations in June 2008 . The ban was upheld by the Court of Arbitration for Sport ; she will next be eligible to compete in June 2010 . [ needs update ]'}]}, {'value': 'Slovenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slovenia', 'summary': 'Slovenia ( /sloʊˈviːniə , slə-/ ( listen ) sloh-VEE-nee-ə ; Slovene : Slovenija [ slɔˈʋèːnija ] ) , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : Republika Slovenija ( help·info ) , abbr . : RS ) , is a country located in Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . Slovenia covers 20,273 square kilometers ( 7,827 sq mi ) and has a population of 2.084 million . One of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia , Slovenia is now a parliamentary republic and member nation of the European Union , United Nations , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . Slovenia has a mostly mountainous terrain with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral , which has a sub-Mediterranean climate , and of the Julian Alps in the northwest , which have an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven . Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of Slavic , Germanic , and Romance languages and cultures .'}]}, {'value': '1:11:17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylvia Mosqueda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylvia_Mosqueda', 'summary': 'Sylvia Mosqueda ( born April 8 , 1966 in Los Angeles , California ) is an American long distance runner notable for hard front running over an extended career at an elite level .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Takako Kotorida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Takako_Kotorida', 'summary': "Takako Kotorida ( 小鳥田 貴子 , Kotorida Takako ) ( born 2 April 1977 ) is a Japanese former long-distance runner . She was a member of DEODEO Athletic Club for Women . She represented her country at the 2002 Asian Games and placed fourth in the women 's 10,000 metres . As part of the Japanese national marathon relay team , she was winner of the Yokohama International Women 's Ekiden in 1999 and 2000 , and was the Beijing International Ekiden champion in 2001 . She competed at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships on three occasions and was part of Japan 's silver medal-winning women 's team in both 2001 and 2003 . Kotorida was a silver medallist in the half marathon at the 2001 East Asian Games ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yesenia Centeno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yesenia_Centeno', 'summary': "Yesenia Centeno Sousa [ a ] ( born June 27 , 1971 in Ciego de Ávila , Cuba ) is a Spanish marathon runner . In 2003 , she adopted Spanish nationality in order to compete internationally for the marathon . Five years later , she achieved a top-ten finish at the Fortis Rotterdam Marathon , and also , set her personal best time of 2:31:16 by finishing fourth at the Hamburg Marathon . At age thirty-seven , Centeno made her official debut for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where she competed in the women 's marathon , along with her compatriots Alessandra Aguilar and María José Pueyo . She finished the race in forty-fifth place by less than a second ahead of Portugal 's Ana Dias , with a time of 2:36:25 . Centeno is a member of Club Atletico Valencia Terra i Mar in Valencia , Spain , being coached and trained by Guillermo Ferrero . In 2009 , she tested positive for illegal substances , Methandriol and Furosemide , and was subsequently disqualified for two years ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '1:11:53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luminița Talpoș', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luminița_Talpoș', 'summary': 'Luminiţa Talpoş ( born October 9 , 1972 in Craiova , Dolj ) is a female long-distance runner from Romania , who specialized in the marathon race during her career .'}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1:12:02', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Risa Hagiwara', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:12:10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Galina Bogomolova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Galina_Bogomolova', 'summary': 'Galina Yevgeniyevna Bogomolova ( Russian : Галина Евгеньевна Богомолова ) ( born 15 October 1977 ) is a Russian long-distance runner , who specializes in the 10,000 metres and the marathon . Bogomolova won the Rome City Marathon in 2008 in 2:22:53 , which was the fastest marathon recorded in Italy at the time . Two years earlier she had set her personal best of 2:20:47 , realized in the 2006 Chicago Marathon . Bogomolova has also had success in cross country running : she took individual silver and team gold at the 2002 European Cross Country Championships and won the 2002 edition of the Lotto Cross Cup Brussels .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '1:12:12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corinne Raux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corinne_Raux', 'summary': 'Corinne Raux , born 16 August 1976 at Combourg , is a French duathlete who was duathon world champion in 2002 . She also practiced the marathon successfully , taking 15th in the 2004 Athens Olympic marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:12:17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yumiko Hara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yumiko_Hara', 'summary': "Yumiko Hara ( Japanese : 原裕美子 , born 9 January 1982 in Ashikaga , Tochigi ) is a Japanese marathon runner . She has represented Japan at two World Championships in Athletics and had won marathons in Nagoya , Osaka and Hokkaido . She started out as a 10,000 metres track runner but she changed to road running at a relatively young age . She set a half marathon best at the 2002 Miyazaki Women 's Road Race , where her time of 1:09:28 brought her third place behind Mizuki Noguchi and Mikie Takanaka . Running at the Sapporo Half Marathon in 2003 she finished with a time not far from her personal best ( 1:09:37 ) to take second place behind Catherine Ndereba , who set a course record . Over this period she competed at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and although she failed to finish at the 2002 edition , she managed 19th place the following year . Hara made her debut over the classic distance at the 2005 Nagoya Marathon , which she won in a time of 2:24:19 , and she went on to finish sixth at the 2005 World Championships . She achieved a personal best time of 2:23:48 hours when she won the 2007 Osaka Ladies Marathon . Having won in a sub-2:26 time , she received automatic selection for the World Championship marathon , also in Osaka , later that year . She was eighteenth at the 2007 World Championships . She returned to the Nagoya course in 2008 but could not repeat her previous success as she fell behind the leading pack at 31 km and finished in fourth place . Hara took third at the 2009 Osaka Ladies Marathon , but did not compete for over a year after the run ."}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1:12:21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bruna Genovese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruna_Genovese', 'summary': 'Bruna Genovese ( born 24 September 1976 in Montebelluna ) is an Italian long-distance runner who specializes in the marathon race .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '1:12:38', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Race results -- Women 's", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2003_IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships_1', 'intro': "The 12th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held on October 4, 2003 in Vilamoura, Portugal. A total of 171 athletes, 98 men and 73 women, from 49 countries took part. Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results were given both\nfor the men's race and for the women's race. Complete results were published for the men's race, for the women's race, for men's team, and for women's team."} | null | null | What place did the runner with a time of 1:09:26 at the 2003 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships achieve at the 2010 Great Ireland Run ? | third |
0a62f3ec3e5d2e4a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history', 'title': 'Minnesota Vikings draft history', 'header': ['Round', 'Pick #', 'Overall', 'Name', 'Position', 'College'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Randy Moss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Moss', 'summary': 'Randy Gene Moss ( born February 13 , 1977 ) is an American former professional football player who is a television sports analyst . He played wide receiver for 14 seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He holds the NFL single-season touchdown reception record ( 23 in 2007 ) , the NFL single-season touchdown reception record for a rookie ( 17 in 1998 ) , and is second on the NFL all-time regular season touchdown reception list with 156 . He currently works for ESPN as a studio analyst for their Sunday NFL Countdown and Monday Night Countdown programs . Moss played college football for Marshall University , and twice earned All-America honors . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft , where he played for seven years before a trade in 2005 brought him to the Oakland Raiders . On April 29 , 2007 , Moss was traded to the New England Patriots for a fourth-round draft pick , where he set the single-season record for touchdown receptions . On October 6 , 2010 , Moss returned to the Vikings in a trade from the Patriots , but his second stint in Minnesota was short-lived , and was waived by the team less than a month later , being claimed by the Tennessee Titans . After sitting out the 2011 season , Moss signed a one-year contract with the San Francisco 49ers for the 2012 season then opted to retire prior to the 2013 season . He played in two Super Bowl games , XLII with the Patriots and XLVII with the 49ers , both losses . On February 3 , 2018 , he was selected to join the Pro Football Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility .'}]}, {'value': 'Wide receiver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Marshall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Thundering_Herd_football', 'summary': "The Marshall Thundering Herd football team is an intercollegiate varsity sports program of Marshall University . The team represents the university as a member of the Conference USA Eastern division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association , playing at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level . Marshall plays at Joan C. Edwards Stadium , which seats 38,227 and is expandable to 55,000 . As of the end of the 2015 football season , Marshall has an impressive 148-26 overall record at Joan C. Edwards Stadium for a winning percentage of .851 . The University of Alabama ranks second with an .825 winning percentage at Bryant-Denny Stadium . The stadium opened in 1991 as Marshall University Stadium with a crowd of 33,116 for a 24-23 win over New Hampshire . On September 10 , 2010 , the Thundering Herd played the in-state rival West Virginia Mountaineers in Huntington in front of a record crowd of 41,382 . Joan C. Edwards Stadium is one of two Division I stadium named solely for a woman with South Carolina 's Williams-Brice Stadium being the other . The playing field itself is named James F. Edwards Field after Mrs. Edwards ' husband , businessman and philanthropist James F. Edwards ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kailee Wong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kailee_Wong', 'summary': "Kailee Wong ( born May 23 , 1976 ) is a former linebacker in the National Football League . He currently is the owner of The Athletic Room in Houston , Texas . Wong was recruited by Bill Walsh , and subsequently played collegiately as an All-American at Stanford University . He attended North Eugene High School . Walsh recruited Wong with the stipulation that he would not have to play offense , despite being a record-setting fullback at the high school level . Wong was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the second round ( 51st overall ) in the 1998 NFL Draft . He had a career-high 134 tackles in 2000 , and returned a Brett Favre interception for a touchdown in 2001 . Wong was signed as a free agent by the Houston Texans in 2002 and played until his retirement after the 2006 season . His ethnic background is native Hawaiian and Chinese on his father 's side and European on his mother 's side . Wong continued his career as a natural gas options broker at Ion Energy Group in Houston Texas ."}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football', 'summary': "The Stanford Cardinal football program represents Stanford University in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference 's North Division . Stanford has a highly successful football tradition . The team is currently known as the Cardinal , adopted prior to the 1982 season . Stanford was known as the Indians from 1930 to January 1972 , and the Cardinals from 1972 through 1981 . A student vote in December 1975 to change the nickname to Robber Barons was not approved by administrators . Stanford has fielded football teams every year since 1892 with a few exceptions . Like a number of other teams from the era concerned with violence in the sport , the school dropped football in favor of rugby from 1906 to 1917 . The school also did not field a team in 1918 ( due to World War I ) or in 1943 , 1944 , and 1945 ( due to World War II ) . The school participated in the first-ever Rose Bowl against Michigan in 1902 , in which they were routed 49-0 . Its annual Big Game against California is the oldest and most storied rivalry in the Pac-12 and western United States . The Cardinal also compete for the Legends Trophy against independent rival Notre Dame . The program has an all-time record of 657-467-49 for a winning percentage of .581 and has winning series records against all of its Pac-12 North rivals , except for the Washington Huskies , against whom they are tied 43-43-4 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ramos McDonald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramos_McDonald', 'summary': 'Ramos McDonald ( born April 30 , 1976 in Dallas , Texas ) is a former cornerback in the NFL . He played three years in the NFL for the Minnesota Vikings , San Francisco 49ers , and New York Giants .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornerback', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Mexico_Lobos_football', 'summary': 'The New Mexico Lobos football team is the intercollegiate football team at the University of New Mexico . The Lobos compete as a member of the Mountain West Conference . They have a cumulative record of 449-513-31 . Their official colors are cherry and silver . The Lobos play their home games at Dreamstyle Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kivuusama Mays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kivuusama_Mays', 'summary': 'Kivuusama Mays ( born January 7 , 1975 ) is a former linebacker in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_football', 'summary': "The North Carolina Tar Heels football team represents the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the sport of American football . The Tar Heels play in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . North Carolina has played in 34 bowl games in its history and won three Southern Conference championships and five Atlantic Coast Conference titles . Thirty Tar Heel players have been honored as first-team All-Americas on 38 occasions . Carolina had 32 All-Southern Conference selections when it played in that league until 1952 and since joining the ACC in 1953 , has had 174 first-team All-ACC choices . Since joining the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1953 , the team has won five conference championships , with the most recent title coming in 1980 . One very important contribution to the game of football by Carolina is the modern use of the forward pass ; they were the first college team to use the play in 1895 . Bob Quincy notes in his 1973 book They Made the Bell Tower Chime : John Heisman , a noted historian , wrote 30 years later that , indeed , the Tar Heels had given birth to the forward pass against the Bulldogs ( UGA ) . It was conceived to break a scoreless deadlock and give UNC a 6-0 win . The Tar Heels were in a punting situation and a Georgia rush seemed destined to block the ball . The punter , with an impromptu dash to his right , tossed the ball and it was caught by George Stephens , who ran 70 yards for a touchdown . The program has long been overshadowed by the school 's powerhouse men 's basketball team ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '144', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kerry Cooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerry_Cooks', 'summary': 'Kerry Cooks ( born March 28 , 1974 ) is an American football coach and former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Safety', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_football', 'summary': 'The Iowa Hawkeyes football team represents the University of Iowa in college football . The Hawkeyes compete in the West division of the Big Ten Conference . Iowa joined the Conference ( then known as the Western Conference or Big Nine ) in 1899 and played their first Conference football season in 1900 . They are currently a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) member of the NCAA . The Hawkeyes play their home games in Iowa City , Iowa at Kinnick Stadium , with a capacity of 69,250 . The Hawkeyes are currently coached by Kirk Ferentz , who is in his 21st season as the head coach and is the longest current tenured head coach in NCAA Division I FBS .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '173', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Birk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Birk', 'summary': 'Matthew Robert Matt Birk ( born July 23 , 1976 ) is a former American football center . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 1998 NFL Draft , and later played for the Baltimore Ravens . He played college football at Harvard . Birk is a two-time All-Pro , six-time Pro Bowl selection , and a Super Bowl champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(American_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football', 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson football program represents Harvard University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I-AA ) . Harvard 's football program is one of the oldest in the world , having begun competing in the sport in 1873 . The Crimson has a legacy that includes thirteen national championships and 20 College Football Hall of Fame inductees , including the first African-American college football player William H. Lewis , Huntington Tack Hardwick , Barry Wood , Percy Haughton , and Eddie Mahan . Harvard is the eighth winningest team in NCAA Division I football history ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '208', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chester Burnett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chester_Burnett_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Chester Dean Burnett ( born April 15 , 1975 in Denver , Colorado ) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Cleveland Browns . He played college football at the University of Arizona and was drafted in the seventh round of the 1998 NFL Draft . He now has 3 kids and a wife Jeena Burnett . 2 sons play football while his daughter plays volleyball .'}]}, {'value': 'Linebacker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_football', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats football program represents the University of Arizona in the sport of American college football . Arizona competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the South Division of the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) . Arizona officially began competing in intercollegiate football in 1889 . The school joined the Pac-10 Conference in 1978 alongside rival Arizona State , and became a member of the Pac-12 South Division when the conference realigned in 2011 . Arizona has won six conference championships , including the 1993 Pac-10 title , and have appeared in 21 bowl games . Arizona 's home stadium is Arizona Stadium , which opened in 1939 and has a capacity of 50,782 . Arizona 's archrival is in-state foe Arizona State Sun Devils . The Wildcats and Sun Devils meet annually in the Territorial Cup . As heading into the 2019 season , Arizona 's all-time record is 618-452-33 ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': '225', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Darden', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cornerback', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football', 'summary': "The Texas Tech Red Raiders football program is a college football team that represents Texas Tech University ( variously Texas Tech or TTU ) . The team competes , as a member of the Big 12 Conference , which is a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The program began in 1925 and has an overall winning record , including a total of 11 conference titles and one division title . On November 30 , 2018 , Matt Wells was hired as the team 's 16th head football coach after former Red Raiders quarterback Kliff Kingsbury was terminated upon conclusion of the 2018 season . Home games are played at Jones AT & T Stadium in Lubbock , Texas ."}]}], 'section_title': '1998 NFL Draft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Minnesota_Vikings_draft_history_37', 'intro': 'This page is a list of the Minnesota Vikings NFL Draft selections. The first draft the Vikings participated in was the 1961 NFL Draft, in which they made Tommy Mason of Tulane their first ever selection.'} | null | null | Which college did the holder of the NFL single-season touchdown reception record go to ? | Marshall |
0a6673ce0b7bcb17 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe', 'title': 'List of tallest buildings in Europe', 'header': ['Name', 'City', 'Years tallest', 'Metres', 'Feet', 'Floors'], 'data': [{'value': 'Lakhta Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakhta_Center', 'summary': "The Lakhta Center ( Russian : Ла́хта це́нтр , tr . Lakhta tsentr ) is an 87-story skyscraper built in the outskirts of Lakhta in Saint Petersburg , Russia . Standing 462 metres ( 1,516 ft ) tall , the Lakhta Center is the tallest building in Russia , the tallest building in Europe , and the 16th-tallest building in the world . The Lakhta Center is also the second-tallest structure in Russia and Europe , behind Ostankino Tower in Moscow . Construction of Lakhta Center started on 30 October 2012 ; it was topped out on 29 January 2018 . The Lakhta Center surpassed Vostok Tower of the Federation Towers in Moscow as the tallest building in Russia and Europe on 5 October 2017 . The center is designed for large-scale mixed-use development , consisting of public facilities and offices . The building was designed by RMJM . The project was then continued by GORPROJECT ( 2011-2017 ) based on the RMJM Concept ( 2011 ) under the main contractor , Rönesans Holding . The Lakhta Center is intended to become the new headquarters of Russian energy company Gazprom . On December 24 , 2018 , Lakhta Center was certified according to the criteria of ecological efficiency at LEED Platinum , it is one of the five most eco-friendly skyscrapers in the world . The concrete pouring of the bottom slab of Lakhta Center 's foundation was registered by Guinness World Records as the largest continuous concrete pour ; 19,624 cubic meters of concrete were used , which is approximately 3,000 cubic meters more than in the previous similar record registered at Wilshire Grand Tower ."}]}, {'value': 'Saint Petersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Petersburg', 'summary': "Saint Petersburg ( Russian : Санкт-Петербу́рг , tr . Sankt-Peterburg , IPA : [ ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk ] ( listen ) ) , formerly and still commonly known as Leningrad ( Russian : Ленинград ) is a city situated on the Neva River , at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea . It is Russia 's second-largest city after Moscow . With over 5,351,935 million inhabitants as of 2018 , it is the fourth-most populous city in Europe . An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea , it has a status of a federal subject ( a federal city ) . The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [ O.S . 16 May ] 1703 , on the site of a captured Swedish fortress . It served as a capital of Russian Tsardom and the subsequent Russian Empire from 1713 to 1918 ( being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730 ) . After the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow . In modern times , Saint Petersburg is considered the Northern Capital and serves as a home to some federal government bodies such as the Constitutional Court of Russia and the Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation . It is also a seat for the National Library of Russia and a planned location for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation . The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site , so it 's also referred to as Russia 's Culture Capital ."}]}, {'value': '2017-present', 'urls': []}, {'value': '462.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1519', 'urls': []}, {'value': '87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Federation : East Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federation_Tower', 'summary': "The Federation Tower ( Russian : Башня Федерации , romanized : Bashnya Federatsii ) is a complex of two skyscrapers built on the 13th lot of the Moscow International Business Center ( MIBC ) in Moscow , Russia . The two skyscrapers are named Tower East or Vostok ( Russian : Восток ; literally means East ) and Tower West or Zapad ( Russian : Запад ; literally means West ) . The supertall skyscraper Tower East ( Vostok ) is currently the second tallest skyscraper in Europe and Russia after Lakhta Center , and the 46th-tallest building in the world . Zapad is a shorter skyscraper than Vostok and is the 11th-tallest building in Russia . The complex stands on the 13th lot , which has an area of 439,154 square meters . The project was conceived by German-Russian engineer Sergei Tchoban and German professor and engineer Peter Schweger . The complex was designed by architecture companies nps+partner and Schweger Associated Architects . The complex started construction in 2005 , with Zapad completed first in 2008 with a height of 242 meters ( 794 feet ) . As a result of the Great Recession , construction of the complex stopped until August 2011 , and Vostok was completed in December 7 , 2017 with a height of 373,7 meters ( 1,226 feet ) . In late 2014 , Vostok surpassed the South Tower of OKO , which it is also part of the MIBC , as the tallest skyscraper of Russia and Europe . A spire was to be also built which would have extended the complex 's height to 450 meters ( 1,476 feet ) as well as provided an observation deck but it was never completed and was dismantled afterward . The complex is owned by the AEON Corporation , a Russian private international investment group ."}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '2016-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '373.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,227', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OKO : South Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OKO', 'summary': 'OKO ( Russian : ОКО , literally means eye , also an abbreviation for Obyedinonnyye Kristallom Osnovaniya ( Russian : Oбъединённые Кристаллом Oснования , literally means Joined by Crystal Foundation ) ) is a complex of two skyscrapers located on plot 16 in the Moscow International Business Center ( MIBC ) in Moscow , Russia . Occupying a total area of about 250,000 square metres ( 2,700,000 sq ft ) , the mixed-use complex houses apartments , office space , a 5-star hotel , and other commodities . The two skyscrapers , North Tower and South Tower , are among the tallest skyscrapers in Russia , with the latter being the taller of the two . Rising 354.1 m ( 1,162 ft ) , the 85-story South Tower , also known as the OKO Apartment Tower or 16a IBC Tower 1 , was the tallest building in Russia and Europe when constructed , until it was surpassed by Federation Tower a few months later . The 49-story North Tower , also known as the OKO Office Tower or 16a IBC Tower 2 , is 245 m ( 804 ft ) tall and the 11th tallest building in Russia . The complex also has a large car park , rising 12 stories with a height of 44 m ( 144 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '2015-2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '354.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,154', 'urls': []}, {'value': '85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mercury City Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercury_City_Tower', 'summary': "Mercury City Tower ( Russian : Меркурий Сити Тауэр , tr . Merkuriy Siti Tauer ) is a supertall skyscraper located on plot 14 in the Moscow International Business Center ( MIBC ) in Moscow , Russia . Occupying a total area of 173,960 square metres ( 1,872,500 sq ft ) , the mixed-use building houses offices , apartments , a fitness center , and retail stores . Rising 338.8 m ( 1,112 ft ) tall , the Mercury City Tower was formerly the tallest building of Russia and Europe , having surpassed the Moscow Tower of the neighboring City of Capitals complex ( also in the MIBC ) as the tallest of Russia and The Shard in London as Europe 's tallest building . The Mercury City Tower kept this record from late 2012 to the summer of 2014 , in which it was surpassed by the South Tower of the neighboring OKO complex ( also on the MIBC ) as the tallest building in Russia and Europe ."}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '2012-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '338.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,112', 'urls': []}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Shard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Shard', 'summary': "The Shard , [ a ] also referred to as the Shard of Glass , Shard London Bridge and formerly London Bridge Tower , is a 95-storey supertall skyscraper , designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano , in Southwark , London , that forms part of the Shard Quarter development . Standing 309.6 metres ( 1,016 ft ) high , the Shard is the tallest building in the United Kingdom , and the sixth-tallest building in Europe . It is also the second-tallest free-standing structure in the United Kingdom , after the concrete tower of the Emley Moor transmitting station . It replaced Southwark Towers , a 24-storey office block built on the site in 1975 . The Shard 's construction began in March 2009 ; it was topped out on 30 March 2012 and inaugurated on 5 July 2012 . Practical completion was achieved in November 2012 . The tower 's privately operated observation deck , The View from The Shard , was opened to the public on 1 February 2013 . The glass-clad pyramidal tower has 72 habitable floors , with a viewing gallery and open-air observation deck on the 72nd floor , at a height of 244 metres ( 801 ft ) . The Shard was developed by Sellar Property Group on behalf of LBQ Ltd and is jointly owned by Sellar Property ( 5% ) and the State of Qatar ( 95% ) . The Shard is managed by Real Estate Management ( UK ) Limited on behalf of the owners ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '2011-2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '309.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '87', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CoC : Moscow Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Capitals', 'summary': 'The City of Capitals ( Russian : Город Столиц , tr . Gorod Stolits ) is a mixed-use complex composed of two skyscrapers and an office building located on plot 9 in the Moscow International Business Center in Moscow , Russia with a total area of 288,680 square metres ( 3,107,300 sq ft ) . The two skyscrapers are named after the two historical capitals of Russia : Moscow and Saint Petersburg . Construction of the complex began in 2005 , with the office building completed in 2008 and the two skyscrapers completed in 2009 . Moscow Tower is the taller of the two skyscrapers , with a height of 301.6 metres ( 990 ft ) and 73 stories , surpassing the Naberezhnaya Tower as the tallest building in Russia and Europe in 2008 , until it was surpassed by The Shard in London , United Kingdom in 2012 . St. Petersburg Tower has a height of 256.9 metres ( 843 ft ) and 65 stories while the office building serves as a stylobate with a height of 76 metres ( 249 ft ) with 18 floors .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '2009-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '301.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naberezhnaya Tower C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naberezhnaya_Tower', 'summary': 'Naberezhnaya Tower ( Russian : Башня на Hабережной , tr . Bashnya na Naberezhnoy , literally means Tower on the Embankment ) is an office complex composed of two skyscrapers and a high-rise located on plot 10 in the Moscow International Business Center ( MIBC ) in Moscow , Russia with a total area of 254,000 m2 ( 2,730,000 sq ft ) . The buildings are named after the first three letters of the alphabet and from the lowest height to the tallest : the 17-story tall Tower A , the 27-story tall Tower B , and the 59-story tall Tower C. Construction of the complex started in 2003 , with Tower A being completed in 2004 , Tower B in 2005 , and Tower C in 2007 . Tower C is the tallest building out of the complex , with a height of 268.4 metres ( 881 ft ) and 59 stories . It is formerly the tallest building in Russia and Europe , surpassing the Triumph Palace , also in Moscow , in August 2007 . Tower C was surpassed by its neighboring skyscraper Moscow Tower of the City of Capitals complex as the tallest building in July 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '2007-2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '268.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '881', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triumph-Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triumph-Palace', 'summary': "Triumph Palace ( Russian : Триу́мф-Пала́с , transliterated as Triumf Palas ) is the tallest apartment building in Moscow and all of Europe . It is sometimes called the Eighth Sister because it is similar in appearance to the Seven Sisters skyscrapers built in Moscow under Joseph Stalin through the 1950s . Construction began in 2001 . The 57-storey building , containing about 1,000 luxury apartments [ citation needed ] , was topped out on 20 December 2003 , making it Europe 's and Russia 's tallest skyscraper at 264.1 metres ( 866 ft ) until the inauguration in 2007 of Moscow 's 268-metre Naberezhnaya Tower block C. Triumph Palace is featured in detail in the 2009 Channel 4 series Vertical City ( series 1 , episode 8 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '2005-2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': '264.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '867', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commerzbank Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commerzbank_Tower', 'summary': 'Commerzbank Tower is a 56-story , 259 m ( 850 ft ) skyscraper owned by Samsung of Korea since September 2016 in the banking district of Frankfurt , Germany . An antenna spire with a signal light on top gives the tower a total height of 300.1 m ( 985 ft ) . It is the tallest building in Frankfurt and the tallest building in Germany . It had been the tallest building in Europe from its completion in 1997 until 2003 when it was surpassed by the Triumph-Palace in Moscow . Since the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union it has since reclaimed its position as the tallest building in the European Union . The Commerzbank Tower is only two metres taller than the Messeturm , which is also located in Frankfurt . The Messeturm had been the tallest building in Europe before the construction of the Commerzbank Tower . It is currently the tallest building in the EU . Commerzbank Tower was designed by Foster & Partners , with Arup and Krebs & Kiefer ( structural engineering ) , J. Roger Preston with P & A Petterson Ahrens ( mechanical engineering ) , Schad & Hölzel ( electrical engineering ) . Construction of the building began in 1994 and took three years to complete . The building provides 121,000 m2 ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) of office space for the Commerzbank headquarters , including winter gardens and natural lighting and air circulation . The building is lighted at night with a yellow lighting scheme that was designed by Thomas Ende who was allowed to display this sequence as a result of a competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Frankfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankfurt', 'summary': "Frankfurt ( officially : Frankfurt am Main ( German : [ ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam ˈmaɪn ] ( listen ) ; Hessian : Frangford am Maa ; lit . Frank ford on the [ a ] Main ) ) is a metropolis and the largest city of the German federal state of Hesse , and its 746,878 ( 2017 ) inhabitants make it the fifth-largest city in Germany . On the River Main ( a tributary of the Rhine ) , it forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring city of Offenbach am Main , and its urban area has a population of 2.3 million . The city is at the centre of the larger Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region , which has a population of 5.5 million and is Germany 's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr Region . Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013 , the geographic centre of the EU is about 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the east of Frankfurt 's central business district . Like France and Franconia , the city is named after the Franks . Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect area ( Franconian dialects ) , Frankfurt was one of the host cities of the official tournaments of the 1974 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Frankfurt was a city state , the Free City of Frankfurt , for nearly five centuries , and was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire , as a site of imperial coronations ; it lost its sovereignty upon the collapse of the empire in 1806 and then permanently in 1866 , when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . It has been part of the federal state of Hesse since 1945 . Frankfurt is culturally , ethnically , and religiously diverse , with half of its population , and a majority of young people , having a migration background . A quarter of the population consists of foreign nationals , including many expatriates . Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce , culture , education , tourism and transportation ."}]}, {'value': '1997-2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '259', 'urls': []}, {'value': '849', 'urls': []}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Messeturm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Messeturm', 'summary': 'The Messeturm , or Trade Fair Tower , is a 63-storey , 257 m ( 843 ft ) skyscraper in the Westend-Süd district of Frankfurt , Germany . It is the second tallest building in Frankfurt , the second tallest building in Germany and the second tallest building in the European Union . It was the tallest building in Europe from its completion in 1991 until 1997 when it was surpassed by the Commerzbank Tower , which is also located in Frankfurt . The Messeturm is located near the Frankfurt Trade Fair grounds . Helmut Jahn designed the Messeturm in a postmodern architectural style . It is regarded as one of the design classics among European skyscrapers . Despite its name , the Messeturm is not used for trade fair exhibitions but as an office building . It is one of the few buildings in Germany with their own postal code ( 60308 ) , the others being Opernturm , another Frankfurt skyscraper , and the summit station on Zugspitze .'}]}, {'value': 'Frankfurt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frankfurt', 'summary': "Frankfurt ( officially : Frankfurt am Main ( German : [ ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam ˈmaɪn ] ( listen ) ; Hessian : Frangford am Maa ; lit . Frank ford on the [ a ] Main ) ) is a metropolis and the largest city of the German federal state of Hesse , and its 746,878 ( 2017 ) inhabitants make it the fifth-largest city in Germany . On the River Main ( a tributary of the Rhine ) , it forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring city of Offenbach am Main , and its urban area has a population of 2.3 million . The city is at the centre of the larger Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region , which has a population of 5.5 million and is Germany 's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr Region . Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013 , the geographic centre of the EU is about 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the east of Frankfurt 's central business district . Like France and Franconia , the city is named after the Franks . Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect area ( Franconian dialects ) , Frankfurt was one of the host cities of the official tournaments of the 1974 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Frankfurt was a city state , the Free City of Frankfurt , for nearly five centuries , and was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire , as a site of imperial coronations ; it lost its sovereignty upon the collapse of the empire in 1806 and then permanently in 1866 , when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . It has been part of the federal state of Hesse since 1945 . Frankfurt is culturally , ethnically , and religiously diverse , with half of its population , and a majority of young people , having a migration background . A quarter of the population consists of foreign nationals , including many expatriates . Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce , culture , education , tourism and transportation ."}]}, {'value': '1990-1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '257', 'urls': []}, {'value': '843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moscow State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Main_building_of_Moscow_State_University', 'summary': 'The main building of Moscow State University ( in Russian Гла́вное зда́ние МГУ ) is a 240 metres ( 790 ft ) tall , 36-level ( in its central part ) skyscraper in Moscow , Russia . Designed by Lev Rudnev and completed in 1953 , it is utilized as headquarters of the Moscow State University . Built in the Stalinist architectural style , the building is the highest of seven Moscow skyscrapers constructed between 1947 and 1953 , and is the tallest educational building in the world . Additionally , from 1953 to 1990 it was also the tallest building in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '1953-1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '240', 'urls': []}, {'value': '787', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kotelnicheskaya_Embankment_Building', 'summary': 'Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building is one of seven Stalinist skyscrapers laid down in September 1947 and completed in 1952 , designed by Dmitry Chechulin ( then Chief Architect of Moscow ) and Andrei Rostkovsky . The main tower has 32 levels ( including mechanical floors ) and is 176 metres ( 577 ft ) tall . At the time of construction it was the tallest building in Europe . The building also incorporates a 9-story apartment block facing Moskva River , designed by the same architects in 1938 and completed in 1940 . Originally built in stern early Stalinist style , with wet stucco wall finishes , it was re-finished in terracotta panels in line with the main tower and acquired ornate pseudo-Gothic crowns over its 12-story raised corners and center tower . By the end of World War II , the side wing was converted to multi-family kommunalka housing , in a contrast to the planned elite status of the main tower . The main tower , of a conventional steel frame structural type , has a hexagonal cross-section with three side wings ( 18 storeys , including two mechanical floors ) . While it is not exceptionally tall or massive , the upward surge of five stepped-up layers , from a flat 9-storey side wing to the spire , gives the impression of a larger structure . The structure hides behind itself a so-called Shvivaya Gorka , a hill with historical architecture and a maze of steeply inclined streets . Chechulin was initially criticized for complete disregard of this area , but his bureaucratic influence brushed off any criticisms .'}]}, {'value': 'Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moscow', 'summary': "Moscow ( /ˈmɒskoʊ/ , in US mainly : /ˈmɒskaʊ/ ; Russian : Москва , tr . Moskva , IPA : [ mɐˈskva ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of Russia , with approximately 12.6 million residents within the city limits , 17 million within the urban area and 20 million within the metropolitan area . Moscow is one of Russia 's federal cities . Moscow is a major political , economic , cultural , and scientific centre of Russia and Eastern Europe . It is the second-most populous city in Europe , the most populous city entirely within Europe , as well as the largest city ( by area ) on the European continent . By broader definitions , Moscow is among the world 's largest cities , being the 24th largest metropolitan area , the 16th largest urban area , and the 10th largest by population within city limits worldwide . Moscow has been ranked as the ninth most expensive city in the world and has one of the world 's largest urban economies , being ranked as an alpha global city , and is also one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world . Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world , and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe . Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity on the Earth . It is home to the Ostankino Tower , the tallest free standing structure in Europe ; the Federation Tower , the second-tallest skyscraper in Europe ; and the Moscow International Business Center . Moscow is the largest city on the European continent by area . Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia , it is well known for its architecture , particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basil 's Cathedral in Russian architectural style with a richly decorated and multicolored facade ."}]}, {'value': '1952-1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': '176', 'urls': []}, {'value': '577', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour Perret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_Perret_(Amiens)', 'summary': 'Tour Perret is a 27-storey , 103.9 m ( 341 ft ) residential skyscraper in Amiens , France .'}]}, {'value': 'Amiens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amiens', 'summary': "Amiens ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ amjɛ̃ ] ; Picard : Anmien ) is a city and commune in northern France , 120 km ( 75 mi ) north of Paris and 100 km ( 62 mi ) south-west of Lille . It is the capital of the Somme department in Hauts-de-France . The city had a population of 136,105 according to the 2006 census , and one of the biggest university hospitals in France with a capacity of 1,200 beds . Amiens Cathedral , the tallest of the large , classic , Gothic churches of the 13th century and the largest in France of its kind , is a World Heritage Site . The author Jules Verne lived in Amiens from 1871 until his death in 1905 , and served on the city council for 15 years . The town was fought over during both World Wars , suffering much damage , and occupied several times by both sides . The 1918 Battle of Amiens was the opening phase of the Hundred Days Offensive which led directly to the Armistice with Germany . Heavily bombed by the Royal Air Force during the Second World War , the city was rebuilt according to Pierre Dufau 's plans with wider streets to ease traffic congestion . These newer structures were primarily built of brick , concrete and white stone with slate roofs . The architect Auguste Perret designed the Gare d'Amiens train station and nearby Tour Perret . Amiens has an important historical and cultural heritage , on which tourism is based . Apart from the cathedral , there is the hortillonnages [ fr ] , Jules Verne House [ fr ] , the Tour Perret , the Musée de Picardie , the zoo [ fr ] , and the quarters of Saint-Leu and Saint-Maurice ."}]}, {'value': '1949-1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}, {'value': '361', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terrazza Martini Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terrazza_Martini_Tower', 'summary': 'Terrazza Martini Tower ( former name , formal name is Piacentini Tower ) is a highrise building located in Genoa , Italy . Construction on the building began in 1935 , and finished in 1940 . It was designed by Marcello Piacentini and Angelo Invernizzi . It has 31 floors , and contains office spaces . Its roof height is 108 m , and counting its spire , the full building height is 116 m. At the time of construction it was the tallest building in Europe , until 1952 , when the Kotelnicheskaya Embankment was built in Moscow . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa', 'summary': "Genoa ( /ˈdʒɛnoʊə/ JEN-oh-ə ; Italian : Genova [ ˈdʒɛːnova ] ( listen ) ; Ligurian : Zêna [ ˈzeːna ] ; English , historically , and Latin : Genua ) is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy . In 2015 , 594,733 people lived within the city 's administrative limits . As of the 2011 Italian census , the Province of Genoa , which in 2015 became the Metropolitan City of Genoa , counted 855,834 resident persons . Over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera . Located on the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea , Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean : it is currently the busiest in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union . Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ( the proud one ) due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks . Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List ( UNESCO ) in 2006 as Genoa : Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli . The city 's rich cultural history in art , music and cuisine allowed it to become the 2004 European Capital of Culture . It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus , Andrea Doria , Niccolò Paganini , Giuseppe Mazzini , Renzo Piano and Grimaldo Canella , founder of the House of Grimaldi , among others . Genoa , which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of Northwest Italy , is one of the country 's major economic centers . The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century , and its solid financial sector dates back to the Middle Ages . The Bank of Saint George , founded in 1407 , is among the oldest in the world and has played an important role in the city 's prosperity since the middle of the 15th century ."}]}, {'value': '1940-1949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '108', 'urls': []}, {'value': '354', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna_City_Hall', 'summary': 'Vienna City Hall ( German : Wiener Rathaus ) is the seat of local government of Vienna , located on Rathausplatz in the Innere Stadt district . Constructed from 1872 to 1883 in a Neo-Gothic style according to plans designed by Friedrich von Schmidt , it houses the office of the Mayor of Vienna as well as the chambers of the city council and Vienna Landtag diet .'}]}, {'value': 'Vienna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vienna', 'summary': "Vienna ( /viˈɛnə/ ( listen ) ; German : Wien [ viːn ] ( listen ) ) is the national capital , largest city , and one of nine states of Austria . Vienna is Austria 's most populous city , with about 1.9 million inhabitants ( 2.6 million within the metropolitan area , nearly one third of the country 's population ) , and its cultural , economic , and political centre . It is the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union . Until the beginning of the 20th century , it was the largest German-speaking city in the world , and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I , the city had 2 million inhabitants . Today , it is the second-largest German-speaking city after Berlin . Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations , OPEC , and the OSCE . The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of Czechia , Slovakia , and Hungary . These regions work together in a European Centrope border region . Along with nearby Bratislava , Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants . In 2001 , the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Additionally to being known as the City of Music due to its musical legacy , Vienna is also said to be the City of Dreams , because of it being home to the world 's first psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ."}]}, {'value': '1892-1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105', 'urls': []}, {'value': '344', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palace of Justice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_(Brussels)', 'summary': 'The Palace of Justice of Brussels ( French : Palais de Justice de Bruxelles , Dutch : Justitiepaleis ( help·info ) ) or Law Courts of Brussels is the most important court building in Belgium . It is located on Place Poelaert/Poelaertplein in the Marolles/Marollen district of Brussels . Built between 1866 and 1883 by the celebrated architect Joseph Poelaert in the eclectic style , the building is reputed to be the largest constructed in the 19th century and is a notable landmark of Brussels . The total cost of the construction , land and furnishings was somewhere in the region of 45 million Belgian francs . This site is served by the Louise/Louiza metro station ( on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels metro ) , and the tram lines 92 and 94 . From the lower part of town , it is also possible to take a lift called Ascenseur ( Lift ) des Marolles to access it .'}]}, {'value': 'Brussels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brussels', 'summary': 'Brussels ( French : Bruxelles [ bʁysɛl ] ( listen ) or [ bʁyksɛl ] ; Dutch : Brussel [ ˈbrʏsəl ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Brussels-Capital Region ( French : Région de Bruxelles-Capitale ; [ a ] Dutch : Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest ) , [ b ] is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities , including the City of Brussels , which is the capital of Belgium . The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community , but is separate from the Flemish Region ( which forms an enclave ) and the Walloon Region . Brussels is the most densely populated and the richest region in Belgium in terms of GDP per capita . It covers 162 km2 ( 63 sq mi ) , a relatively small area compared to the two other regions , and has a population of over 1.2 million . The metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people , which makes it the largest in Belgium . It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent , Antwerp , Leuven and Walloon Brabant , home to over 5 million people . Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe . Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations , politicians , diplomats and civil servants . Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union , as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions , including its administrative-legislative , executive-political , and legislative branches ( though the judicial branch is located in Luxembourg , and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in Strasbourg ) [ c ] . Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions . The secretariat of the Benelux and headquarters of NATO are also located in Brussels . As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels , it is classified as an Alpha global city .'}]}, {'value': '1883-1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104', 'urls': []}, {'value': '341', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_Tower', 'summary': "The Victoria Tower is a square tower at the south-west end of the Palace of Westminster in London , adjacent to Black Rod 's Garden on the west and Old Palace Yard on the east . At 98.5 metres ( 323 ft ) , it is slightly taller than the Elizabeth Tower ( formerly known as the Clock Tower and popularly known as 'Big Ben ' ) at the north end of the Palace ( 96.3 metres ( 316 ft ) ) . At the time of its construction it was tallest square tower in the world . It was designed by Charles Barry in the Perpendicular Gothic style and was completed in 1860 . It houses the Parliamentary Archives in archive conditions meeting the BS 5454 standard , on 12 floors . All 14 floors of the building were originally linked via a single wrought-iron Victorian staircase of 553 steps , of which five floors survive . The main entrance at the base of the tower is the Sovereign 's Entrance , through which the Monarch passes at the State Opening of Parliament . On top of the Victoria Tower is an iron flagstaff from which flies the Union Flag or , when the Sovereign is present in the Palace , the Royal Standard . The flag used to be flown only on days when either House of Parliament sat , but since January 2010 it has been flown every day ."}]}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': '1860-1883', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '323', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Timeline of tallest buildings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe_1', 'intro': 'This list of tallest buildings in Europe ranks skyscrapers in Europe by height. For decades, only a few major cities, such as Sarajevo, Frankfurt, Istanbul, London, Madrid, Moscow, Paris and Warsaw contained skyscrapers. In recent years, however, construction has spread to many other cities on the continent, including Barcelona, Benidorm, Berlin, Kiev, Manchester, Milan, Naples, Rotterdam and Vienna. As of 2020, sixteen European cities have more than 10 skyscrapers above 100 metres (330 ft): Moscow (106), Istanbul (101), London (80), Paris (75), Frankfurt (30), Benidorm (26), Warsaw (26), Rotterdam (21), Milan (20), Kiev (18), Barcelona (16), Madrid (15), Manchester (15), Vienna (15), Berlin (12) and Naples (10).'} | null | null | How many buildings were located in Russia ? | 9 buildings |
0a67d996a1494b90 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_brothers', 'title': 'List of Phi Beta Sigma brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Willie Adams , M.D', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Eta ( Florida A & M Univ . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Current and first African-American mayor of Albany , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albany,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Albany is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia . Located on the Flint River , it is the seat of Dougherty County . Located in southwest Georgia , it is the principal city of the Albany , Georgia metropolitan area . The population was 77,434 at the 2010 U.S. Census , making it the eighth-largest city in the state . It became prominent in the nineteenth century as a shipping and market center , first served by riverboats and then by railroads . Seven lines met in Albany , and it was a center of trade in the Southeast . It is part of the Black Belt ( geological formation ) , the extensive area in the Deep South of cotton plantations . From the mid-20th century , it received military investment during World War II and after , that helped develop the region . Albany and this area were prominent during the civil rights era , particularly during the early 1960s as activists worked to regain voting and other civil rights . Railroad restructuring and reduction in the military here caused job losses , but the city has developed new businesses .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenneth E. Gulley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Epsilon ( Alabama A & M Univ . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Bessemer , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama', 'summary': "Bessemer is a city southwest of Birmingham in Jefferson County , Alabama , United States . The population was 27,456 at the 2010 Census . It is within the Birmingham-Hoover , AL Metropolitan Statistical Area , of which Jefferson County is the center . It developed rapidly as an industrial city in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . In 2019 it was named Alabama 's Worst City to Live in by 24/7 Wall Street ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles E. Ellis , Jr. , CPA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eta Gamma ( Univ. , of Missouri )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former mayor of Greendale , Missouri ( 2007-2011 ) ; International Treasurer and member of Southwestern Regional Distinguished Service Chapter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greendale,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Greendale is a city in St. Louis County , Missouri , United States . The population was 651 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Eldridge Hawkins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lambda Lambda Sigma ( Trenton , New Jersey )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Orange , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "The City of Orange is a township in Essex County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township 's population was 30,134 , reflecting a decline of 2,734 ( -8.3% ) from the 32,868 counted in 2000 , which had in turn increased by 2,943 ( +9.8% ) from the 29,925 counted in the 1990 Census . Orange was originally incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on November 27 , 1806 , from portions of Newark Township . Portions of the township were taken on April 14 , 1834 , to form the now-defunct Clinton Township . On January 31 , 1860 , Orange was reincorporated as a town . Portions of the town were taken to form South Orange Township ( April 1 , 1861 , now known as Maplewood ) , Fairmount ( March 11 , 1862 , now part of West Orange ) , East Orange Township ( March 4 , 1863 ) and West Orange Township ( April 10 , 1863 ) . On April 3 , 1872 , Orange was reincorporated as a city . In 1982 , the city was one of four Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township , joining 11 municipalities that had already made the change , of what would ultimately be more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis . The city derives its name from William III of England or William IV , Prince of Orange . Despite the differences in the character of the municipalities , Orange is often joined with neighboring East Orange , South Orange and West Orange and referred to as part of the Oranges ."}]}, {'value': 'Chris Rey , Esq', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xi Nu ( East Carolina Univ . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Spring Lake , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spring_Lake,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Spring Lake is a town in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . The 2010 census recorded the population at 11,964 people , with an estimated population in 2018 of 12,005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Edward Wilson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kappa Delta Sigma ( Signal Hill , California )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Signal Hill , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Signal_Hill,_California', 'summary': 'Signal Hill is a city ( 2.2 mi² , 5.7 km² ) in Los Angeles County , California located in the Greater Los Angeles area . Situated high on a hill , the city is an enclave completely surrounded by the city of Long Beach . Signal Hill was incorporated on April 22 , 1924 , roughly three years after oil was discovered there . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 11,016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul E. Winfield , Esq', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eta Beta ( Univ . of Mississippi )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Vicksburg , Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'Vicksburg is a historic American city , located on a high bluff on the east bank of the Mississippi River across from Louisiana . Originally built by French colonists in 1719 , the outpost withstood an attack from the native Natchez people . It was incorporated as Vicksburg in 1825 after Methodist missionary Newitt Vick . In the American Civil War , it was a key Confederate river-port , and its surrender to Ulysses S. Grant in July 1863 marked the turning-point of the war . Vicksburg then had a troubled history of racial conflict , well into the 20th century . The city is home to three large installations of the US Army Corps of Engineers , which has often been involved in local flood control . Vicksburg is the county seat of Warren County , Mississippi , with a population of 23,856 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Ed May , I', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Epsilon ( Alabama A & M Univ . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Mayor of Bessemer , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bessemer,_Alabama', 'summary': "Bessemer is a city southwest of Birmingham in Jefferson County , Alabama , United States . The population was 27,456 at the 2010 Census . It is within the Birmingham-Hoover , AL Metropolitan Statistical Area , of which Jefferson County is the center . It developed rapidly as an industrial city in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . In 2019 it was named Alabama 's Worst City to Live in by 24/7 Wall Street ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael J. Trainor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kappa Upsilon Sigma ( Willingboro , New Jersey )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Edgewater Park , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgewater_Park,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Edgewater Park is a township in Burlington County , New Jersey , United States and a northeastern Delaware Valley suburb of Philadelphia . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township 's population was 8,881 . Edgewater Park was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 26 , 1924 , from portions of Beverly Township ( now known as Delanco Township ) . The township was named for its location along the Delaware River ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward May II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Epsilon ( Alabama A & M Univ . )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Fairfield , Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfield,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Fairfield is a city in western Jefferson County , Alabama , United States . It is part of the Birmingham metropolitan area and is located southeast of Pleasant Grove . The population was 11,117 at the 2010 census .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Phi_Beta_Sigma_brothers_5', 'intro': 'The list of Phi Beta Sigma notable Brothers (commonly referred to as Sigmas) includes initiated and honorary members of Phi Beta Sigma (ΦΒΣ). Members traditionally are initiated into a chapter, although some members are granted honorary membership status. A chapter name ending in Sigma denotes a graduate chapter. No chapter of Phi Beta Sigma is designated Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet that traditionally signifies the end; deceased brothers are referred to as having joined The Omega Chapter. The fraternity has been led by 33 international presidents. Its membership includes four African presidents; two governors; three congressmen; the first black Rhodes Scholar; numerous NFL football, NBA basketball, and MLB baseball players; an ultimate fighter; five Hall of Fame athletes; ten college and university presidents; and sixteen Olympians. Various buildings and schools have been named after Sigma men such as George Washington Carver, James Weldon Johnson, and Robert Russa Moton. Listed below are notable Phi Beta Sigma men such as the founders, international presidents, and members who are involved in the fields of arts and entertainment, business, civil rights, education, health, law, politics, science, and sports.'} | null | null | Paul Winfield would be noted for affect on a city founded by settlers of what nationality ? | French |
0a68f43c9912de04 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_council_camps_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)', 'title': 'List of council camps (Boy Scouts of America)', 'header': ['Camp name', 'Council', 'Location', 'Status', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Camp Cedar Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Cedar_Valley', 'summary': 'The Quapaw Area Council is a regional council of the Boy Scouts of America . It is the largest Council in Arkansas in both area and members and is headquartered in Little Rock . The council serves over 18,000 youth and 3,600 adults in thirty-nine counties divided into ten districts , and approximately 100 boys become Eagle Scouts each year .'}]}, {'value': 'Eastern Arkansas Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hardy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hardy,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Hardy is a city in Sharp and Fulton counties in the U.S. state of Arkansas . The population was 772 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Sold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This camp served the Eastern Arkansas Council from 1942 to 1966 , when it was sold to a developer . It was located 5.5 miles southwest of Hardy , AR on the Spring River . Originally 95 acres , an additional land purchase brought this up to 255 acres', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp De Soto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_De_Soto', 'summary': 'Scouting in Arkansas has a long history , from 1913 to the present day , serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live .'}]}, {'value': 'De Soto Area Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El Dorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Dorado,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'El Dorado is a city in , and the county seat of , Union County , on the southern border of Arkansas , United States . According to the 2010 census , the population of the city is 18,884 . El Dorado is headquarters of the Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission as well as Murphy Oil , Murphy USA , Deltic Timber Corporation and a DelekUS oil refinery . The city has a nationally-recognized downtown arts district , the Murphy Arts District ( MAD ) ; a community college , South Arkansas Community College ( SouthArk ) ; and a multi-cultural arts center , South Arkansas Arts Center ( SAAC ) . El Dorado is the population , cultural and business center of south central Arkansas . The city was the heart of the 1920s oil boom in the area . During World War II , it became a center of the chemical industry , which still plays a part in the economy , as do oil and timber . El Dorado is located approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) from the state capital of Little Rock .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Located outside Junction City , AR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Orr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Orr', 'summary': 'Scouting in Arkansas has a long history , from 1913 to the present day , serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live .'}]}, {'value': 'Westark Area Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrison,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Harrison is a city in Boone County , Arkansas , United States . It is the county seat of Boone County . It is named after General Marcus LaRue Harrison , a surveyor who laid out the city along Crooked Creek at Stifler Springs . According to 2017 Census Bureau estimates , the population of the city was 13,079 , up from 12,943 at the 2010 census and it is the 30th largest city in Arkansas based on official 2017 estimates from the US Census Bureau . Harrison is the principal city of the Harrison Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Boone and Newton counties . The predominantly white community is noted for its history of racism , which includes two race riots in the early 20th century and an influx of white supremacist activity in the late 20th and early 21st centuries .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Orr has been in use since 1955 and covers nearly 600 acres of the Buffalo National River Wilderness Area . It is the only Boy Scout camp situated within a National Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pine Trail Reservation/Camp Cedar Valley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Arkansas Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viola,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Viola is a town in Fulton County , Arkansas , United States . The population was 337 at the 2010 census , down from 381 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In 2002 , after the merger of the Eastern Arkansas Area Council into the Quapaw Area Council , Camp Cedar Valley was promptly sold to a private owner . It is still an active camp , on 777 acres just south of Viola , Arkansas on U.S. 412 , in the foothills of the Ozark Mountains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Pioneer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Pioneer_(Arkansas)', 'summary': 'Scouting in Arkansas has a long history , from 1913 to the present day , serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live .'}]}, {'value': 'Caddo Area Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hatfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hatfield,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Hatfield is a town in Polk County , Arkansas , United States . The population was 402 at the 2000 census . The headquarters of the Christian Motorcyclists Association is located in Hatfield .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Preston Hunt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Preston_Hunt', 'summary': 'Scouting in Arkansas has a long history , from 1913 to the present day , serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live .'}]}, {'value': 'Caddo Area Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texarkana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texarkana,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Texarkana is a city in the U.S. state of Arkansas and the county seat of Miller County . The city is located across the state line from its twin city , Texarkana , Texas . The city was founded at a railroad intersection on December 8 , 1873 , and was incorporated in Arkansas on August 10 , 1880 . Texarkana ( together with its Texas counterpart ) is the principal city of the Texarkana metropolitan area , which is ranked 274th in terms of population in the United States with 150,098 in 2016 according to the United States Census Bureau . Located within the Ark-La-Tex subregion of Southwest Arkansas , Texarkana is located in the Piney Woods , an oak-hickory forest atop the flat Gulf Coastal Plain . Texarkana 's economy is driven by agriculture and the city 's position as a crossroads of three major Interstate highways : Interstate 30 ( I-30 ) , I-49 and the future I-69 . Outdoors tourism , such as fishing at Lake Millwood , are also important in the region . The Texarkana Arkansas School District is the largest public school district on the Arkansas side , leading to graduation from Arkansas High School . The city is home to Texarkana College ( on the Texas side of town ) , and a branch campus of the University of Arkansas Community College at Hope ( UACCH ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Quapaw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Quapaw', 'summary': 'The Quapaw Area Council is a regional council of the Boy Scouts of America . It is the largest Council in Arkansas in both area and members and is headquartered in Little Rock . The council serves over 18,000 youth and 3,600 adults in thirty-nine counties divided into ten districts , and approximately 100 boys become Eagle Scouts each year .'}]}, {'value': 'Quapaw Area Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benton,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Benton is a city in and the county seat of Saline County , Arkansas , United States and a suburb of Little Rock . It was established in 1837 . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city had a population of 30,681 . In 2017 the population was estimated at 35,789 . It is part of the Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city of Benton , first settled in 1833 and named after Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton , was formally chartered in 1836 when Arkansas became a state .'}]}, {'value': 'Closed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Quapaw opened in 1925 and was located on the Saline River west of Benton in Saline County . In 1976 when Camp Kiwanis was purchased , Camp Quapaw was then closed and the land was later sold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Spencer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Spencer', 'summary': 'Scouting in Arkansas has a long history , from 1913 to the present day , serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live .'}]}, {'value': 'Westark Area Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mountain Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mountain_Home,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Mountain Home is a city in , and the county seat of , Baxter County , Arkansas , United States , in the southern Ozark Mountains near the northern state border with Missouri . As of the 2010 census , the city had a population of 12,448 . A total of 41,307 persons lived within the city and micropolitan area combined , which encompasses the majority of Baxter County .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A 100-acre primitive camping facility , located on the shore of Lake Norfork , east of Mountain Home , AR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gus Blass Scout Reservation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gus_Blass_Scout_Reservation', 'summary': 'The Quapaw Area Council is a regional council of the Boy Scouts of America . It is the largest Council in Arkansas in both area and members and is headquartered in Little Rock . The council serves over 18,000 youth and 3,600 adults in thirty-nine counties divided into ten districts , and approximately 100 boys become Eagle Scouts each year .'}]}, {'value': 'Quapaw Area Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damascus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damascus,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Damascus is a city in Faulkner and Van Buren counties of central Arkansas , United States . The population of Damascus was 382 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Purchased in 1976 , the reservation includes Camp Rockefeller and the Donald W. Reynolds Scout Training Center , located west of Damascus , Arkansas . The reservation was named the Cove Creek Scout Reservation and Camp Nile Montgomery until 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kia Kima Scout Reservation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kia_Kima_Scout_Reservation', 'summary': 'Kia Kima Scout Reservation /ˈkaɪ.ə kiːmə/ is a nationally accredited Boy Scouts of America summer camp outside Hardy , Arkansas owned by the Chickasaw Council . The camp was founded in 1916 by Bolton Smith . The name Kia Kima means Home of the Eagles in the Zuni language ( commonly translated as Nest of Eagles ) . Summer camp program at Kia Kima generally begins during the 2nd week of June and runs through the second week of July . A Cub and Webelos Resident Camp is generally offered during the first week in June . There is also a winter camp offered which starts after Christmas and lasts several days . The original property , Old Kia Kima , is listed on the Arkansas Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Chickasaw Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hardy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hardy,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Hardy is a city in Sharp and Fulton counties in the U.S. state of Arkansas . The population was 772 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rhodes Scout Reservation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhodes_Scout_Reservation', 'summary': 'The Quapaw Area Council is a regional council of the Boy Scouts of America . It is the largest Council in Arkansas in both area and members and is headquartered in Little Rock . The council serves over 18,000 youth and 3,600 adults in thirty-nine counties divided into ten districts , and approximately 100 boys become Eagle Scouts each year .'}]}, {'value': 'Ouachita Area Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bismarck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bismarck,_Arkansas', 'summary': 'Bismarck is a rural unincorporated community between Hot Springs and Caddo Valley , centered around the intersection of State Hwy 7 and State Hwy 84 in Hot Spring County , Arkansas , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Sold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In 2012 , after the merger of Ouachita Area Council and the Quapaw Area Council , the Rhodes Scout Reservation , a 16,000+ acre camp on Lake DeGray in Bismarck , AR , was sold to the Ouachita Camp Foundation , in partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Ross Foundation . It is still available for use by the troops of the Quapaw Area Council as a private campsite', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rogers Scout Reservation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Scout_Reservation', 'summary': 'Scouting in Arkansas has a long history , from 1913 to the present day , serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live .'}]}, {'value': 'Westark Area Council', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Booneville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Booneville,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Booneville is a city in Logan County , Arkansas , United States and the county seat of the southern district . Located in the Arkansas River Valley between the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains , the city is one of the oldest in western Arkansas . The city 's economy was first based upon the railroad and Arkansas State Tuberculosis Sanatorium , but has evolved into a diverse economy of small businesses and light industry as the early drivers have disappeared . Booneville 's population was 3,990 at the 2010 census . Booneville supports a community center , a senior citizens center , a community hospital , a municipal airport and new school facilities . Hunting , fishing , camping , hiking and other outdoors activities are readily available in nearby national forests and state parks ."}]}, {'value': 'Active', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In 1973 the Arkansas State Legislature permitted the Westark Area Council to purchase 2,842 acres of the Booneville Sanatorium , just south of Booneville , Arkansas , which is now known as the Rogers Scout Reservation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Booneville,_Arkansas', 'summary': "Booneville is a city in Logan County , Arkansas , United States and the county seat of the southern district . Located in the Arkansas River Valley between the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains , the city is one of the oldest in western Arkansas . The city 's economy was first based upon the railroad and Arkansas State Tuberculosis Sanatorium , but has evolved into a diverse economy of small businesses and light industry as the early drivers have disappeared . Booneville 's population was 3,990 at the 2010 census . Booneville supports a community center , a senior citizens center , a community hospital , a municipal airport and new school facilities . Hunting , fishing , camping , hiking and other outdoors activities are readily available in nearby national forests and state parks ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Within the 50 US states -- Arkansas', 'section_text': 'Further information : Scouting in Arkansas', 'uid': 'Local_council_camps_of_the_Boy_Scouts_of_America_3', 'intro': 'There are hundreds of local council camps of the Boy Scouts of America operated by the Boy Scouts of America. Some of these include:'} | null | null | How many people in 2010 lived in the city that is home to Camp Spencer ? | 12,448 |
0a6902ab695a7a43 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chord_progressions', 'title': 'List of chord progressions', 'header': ['Name', 'Sound', '# of chords', 'Quality'], 'data': [{'value': '50s progression', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/50s_progression', 'summary': "The '50s progression is a chord progression and turnaround used in Western popular music . The progression , represented in Roman numeral analysis , is : I-vi-IV-V. For example , in C major : C-Am-F-G. As the name implies , it was common in the 1950s and early 1960s and is particularly associated with doo-wop . It has also been called the Heart and Soul chords , the Stand by Me changes , the doo-wop progression:204 and the ice cream changes . The first song to use the sequence extensively might have been Blue Moon , written in 1933 by Richard Rodgers , and first released , with lyrics by Lorenz Hart , in 1934 . [ not verified in body ]"}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:50s_progression_in_C.mid', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'I-IV- ♭ VII-IV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I–V–vi–IV_progression', 'summary': 'The I-V-vi-IV progression is a common chord progression popular across several genres of music . It involves the I , V , vi , and IV chords ; for example , in the key of C major , this would be : C-G-Am-F . Uses based on a different starting point but with the same order of chords , include :'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:I-IV-bVII-IV_chord_progression.mid', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mix', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ii-V-I with tritone substitution ( ♭ II7 instead of V7 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Tritone_substitution_ii-subV-I.ogg', 'summary': 'Tritone substitution ii-subV-I in C turnaround with a tritone substitution . Created by User : Hyacinth using Sibelius and Audacity See : Image : Tritone substitution ii-subV-I.png'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': '♭ III as dominant substitute', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Augmented_chord', 'summary': 'An augmented triad is a chord , made up of two major thirds ( an augmented fifth ) . The term augmented triad arises from an augmented triad being considered a major chord whose top note ( fifth ) is raised . When using popular-music symbols , it is indicated by the symbol + or aug. For example , the augmented triad built on C , written as C+ , has pitches C-E-G♯ :'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:BIII+_as_dominant_substitute.mid', 'summary': 'Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons using For the Common Good .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mix', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'vii /V-V-I ( common in ragtime )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diminished_seventh_chord', 'summary': 'The diminished seventh chord is a seventh chord composed of a root note , together with a minor third , a diminished fifth , and a diminished seventh above the root : ( 1 , ♭3 , ♭5 , 7 ) . A diminished triad with a diminished seventh . Since a diminished seventh is enharmonically equivalent to a major sixth , this is enharmonically equivalent to ( 1 , ♭3 , ♭5 , ♮6 ) . For example , the diminished seventh chord built on C , commonly written as Co7 , has pitches C-E♭-G♭-B :'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Viio7_of_V-V-I_chord_progression.mid', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andalusian cadence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andalusian_cadence', 'summary': 'The Andalusian cadence ( diatonic phrygian tetrachord ) is a term adopted from flamenco music for a chord progression comprising four chords descending stepwise - a vi-V-IV-III progression with respect to the major mode or i-VII-VI-V progression with respect to the minor mode . It is otherwise known as the minor descending tetrachord . Traceable back to the Renaissance , its effective sonorities made it one of the most popular progressions in classical music Play ( help·info ) . Despite the name it is not a true cadence ( i.e. , occurring only once , when ending a phrase , section , or piece of music ) ; it is most often used as an ostinato ( repeating over and over again ) . It is heard in rock songs such as Runaway by Del Shannon .'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Simple_Andalusian_cadence.mid', 'summary': 'Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons using FtCG .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Backdoor progression ( front door is V7 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Backdoor_progression', 'summary': 'In jazz and jazz harmony , the chord progression from iv7 to ♭VII7 to I ( the tonic or home key ) has been nicknamed the backdoor progression or the backdoor ii-V , as described by jazz theorist and author Jerry Coker . This name derives from an assumption that the normal progression to the tonic , the ii-V-I turnaround ( ii-V7 to I , see also authentic cadence ) is , by inference , the front door , a metaphor suggesting that this is the main route to the tonic . The ♭VII7 chord , a pivot chord borrowed from the parallel minor of the current tonic major key , is a dominant seventh . Therefore , it can resolve to I ; it is commonly preceded by IV going to iv , then ♭VII7 , then I . In C major the dominant would be G7 : ( the notes GBDF ) , sharing two common tones with B♭7 : ( the notes B♭DFA♭ ) . The notes A♭ and F serve as upper leading-tones back to G and E ( when the chord moves to the tonic , C major ) , respectively , rather than B♮ and F serving as the lower and upper leading-tones to C and E in a conventional G7-C major ( V7-I ) cadence .'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Backdoor_progression_in_C.mid', 'summary': 'Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Hyacinth using CommonsHelper .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bird changes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bird_changes', 'summary': "The Blues for Alice changes , Bird changes , Bird Blues , or New York Blues changes , is a chord progression , often named after Charlie Parker ( Bird ) , which is a variation of the twelve-bar blues . The progression uses a series of sequential ii-V or secondary ii-V progressions , and has been used in pieces such as Parker 's Blues for Alice . Toots Thielemans 's Bluesette and Parker 's Confirmation also have similar progressions ."}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Bird_Blues_in_Bb.mid', 'summary': 'Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons using For the Common Good .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chromatic descending 5-6 sequence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I–V–vi–IV_progression', 'summary': 'The I-V-vi-IV progression is a common chord progression popular across several genres of music . It involves the I , V , vi , and IV chords ; for example , in the key of C major , this would be : C-G-Am-F . Uses based on a different starting point but with the same order of chords , include :'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Chromatic_descending_5-6_sequence.mid', 'summary': 'Created by Hyacinth ( talk ) 04:20 , 26 July 2009 using Sibelius .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mix', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Circle progression', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Circle_progression', 'summary': 'It is undoubtedly the most common and the strongest of all harmonic progressions and consists of adjacent roots in ascending fourth or descending fifth relationship , with movement by ascending perfect fourth being equivalent to movement by descending perfect fifth due to inversion . For instance , in C major , the chords are Am-Dm-G-C , which have roots that descend by perfect fifth ( or ascend by fourth ) , as shown below .'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Vi-ii-V-I_in_C.mid', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coltrane changes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coltrane_changes', 'summary': "Coltrane changes ( Coltrane Matrix or cycle , also known as chromatic third relations and multi-tonic changes ) are a harmonic progression variation using substitute chords over common jazz chord progressions . These substitution patterns were first demonstrated by jazz musician John Coltrane on the albums Bags & Trane ( on the track Three Little Words ) and Cannonball Adderley Quintet in Chicago ( on Limehouse Blues ) . Coltrane continued his explorations on the 1960 album Giant Steps and expanded on the substitution cycle in his compositions Giant Steps and Countdown , the latter of which is a reharmonized version of Eddie Vinson 's Tune Up . The Coltrane changes are a standard advanced harmonic substitution used in jazz improvisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Coltrane_changes.mid', 'summary': 'Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons using FtCG .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eight-bar blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eight-bar_blues', 'summary': "In music , an eight-bar blues is a typical blues chord progression , the second most common blues form , common to folk , rock , and jazz forms of the blues , taking eight 44 or 128 bars to the verse . Examples include Sitting on Top of the World and Key to the Highway , Trouble in Mind and Stagolee . Heartbreak Hotel , How Long Blues , Ai n't Nobody 's Business , Cherry Red , It Hurts Me Too , Worried Life Blues , and Get a Haircut are all eight-bar blues standards . [ citation needed ] One variant using this progression is to couple one eight-bar blues melody with a different eight-bar blues bridge to create a blues variant of the standard 32-bar song . Walking By Myself , I Want a Little Girl and ( Romancing ) In The Dark are examples of this form . [ citation needed ] See also blues ballad . Eight bar blues progressions have more variations than the more rigidly defined twelve bar format . The move to the IV chord usually happens at bar 3 ( as opposed to 5 in twelve bar ) ; however , the I chord moving to the V chord right away , in the second measure , is a characteristic of the eight-bar blues . In the following examples each box represents a 'bar ' of music ( the specific time signature is not relevant ) . The chord in the box is played for the full bar . If two chords are in the box they are each played for half a bar , etc . The chords are represented as scale degrees in Roman numeral analysis ."}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Eight_bar_blues.mid', 'summary': 'Created by Hyacinth ( talk ) 21:23 , 17 July 2011 ( UTC ) using Sibelius 5 .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Folia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Folia', 'summary': "La Folía ( Spanish ) , or Follies of Spain ( English ) , also known as folies d'Espagne ( French ) , Follia ( Italian ) , and Folia ( Portuguese ) , is one of the oldest remembered [ citation needed ] European musical themes , or primary material , generally melodic , of a composition , on record . The theme exists in two versions , referred to as early and late folias , the earlier being faster ."}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Later_Folia.mid', 'summary': 'Transferred to Commons using FtCG .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ii-V-I progression', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ii–V–I_progression', 'summary': 'The ⅱ-Ⅴ-I progression ( two-five-one progression ) ( occasionally referred to as ⅱ-Ⅴ-I turnaround , and ⅱ-Ⅴ-I ) is a common cadential chord progression used in a wide variety of music genres , including jazz harmony . It is a succession of chords whose roots descend in fifths from the second degree ( supertonic ) to the fifth degree ( dominant ) , and finally to the tonic . In a major key , the supertonic triad ( ⅱ ) is minor , and in a minor key it is diminished . The dominant is , in its normal form , a major triad and commonly a dominant seventh chord . With the addition of chord alterations , substitutions , and extensions , limitless variations exist on this simple formula . The ⅱ-Ⅴ-I progression is a staple of virtually every type of [ Western ] popular music , including jazz , R & B , pop , rock , and country . Examples include Honeysuckle Rose ( 1928 ) , which , features several bars in which the harmony goes back and forth between the II and V chords before finally resolving on the I chord , Satin Doll ( 1953 ) , and If I Fell .'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.mid', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irregular resolution ( Type I : Two common tones , two note moves by half step motion )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irregular_resolution', 'summary': 'In music , an irregular resolution is resolution by a dominant seventh chord or diminished seventh chord to a chord other than the tonic . Regarding the dominant seventh , there are many irregular resolutions including to a chord with which it has tones in common or if the parts move only a whole or half step . Consecutive fifths and octaves , augmented intervals , and false relations should still be avoided . Voice leading may cause the seventh to ascend , to be prolonged into the next chord , or to be unresolved . The following resolutions to a chord with tones in common have been identified :'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Irregular_resolution_I.mid', 'summary': 'Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons using For the Common Good .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montgomery-Ward bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montgomery-Ward_bridge', 'summary': "In jazz music , the Montgomery-Ward bridge ( also Rielpel 's Monte ) is a standard chord progression often used as the bridge , or ' B section ' , of a jazz standard . The progression consists , in its most basic form , of the chords I7-IV7-ii7-V7 . Often , some or all of the dominants are substituted with ii-V progressions or otherwise altered . This is used in such standards as The Sunny Side of the Street , When You 're Smiling , Satin Doll , and Honeysuckle Rose . Eight bars :"}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Montgomery-Ward_bridge_in_C.mid', 'summary': 'Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Hyacinth using CommonsHelper .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omnibus progression', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omnibus_progression', 'summary': 'The omnibus progression in music is a chord progression characterized by chromatic lines moving in opposite directions . The progression has its origins in the various Baroque harmonizations of the descending chromatic fourth in the bass ostinato pattern of passacaglia , known as the lament bass . However , in its fullest form the omnibus progression involves a descent in the bass which traverses a whole octave and includes every note of the chromatic scale . It may also include one or more chromatic ascending tetrachords in the soprano , tenor and alto .'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Omnibus_progression.mid', 'summary': 'Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Hyacinth using CommonsHelper .'}]}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Pachelbel 's Canon", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Pachelbel's_Canon", 'summary': "Pachelbel 's Canon is the common name for an accompanied canon by the German Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel in his Canon and Gigue for 3 violins and basso continuo ( German : Kanon und Gigue für 3 Violinen mit Generalbaß ) ( PWC 37 , T. 337 , PC 358 ) , sometimes referred to as Canon and Gigue in D or Canon in D. Neither the date nor the circumstances of its composition are known ( suggested dates range from 1680 to 1706 ) , and the oldest surviving manuscript copy of the piece dates from the 19th century . Pachelbel 's Canon , like his other works , although popular during his lifetime , went out of style , and remained in obscurity for centuries . A 1968 arrangement and recording of it by the Jean-François Paillard chamber orchestra gained popularity over the next decade , and in the 1970s the piece began to be recorded by many ensembles ; by the early 1980s its presence as background music was deemed inescapable . From the 1970s to the late 2010s , elements of the piece , especially its chord progression , were used in a variety of pop songs . Since the 1980s , it has also been used frequently in weddings and funeral ceremonies in the Western world . The canon was originally scored for three violins and basso continuo and paired with a gigue . Both movements are in the key of D major . Although a true canon at the unison in three parts , it also has elements of a chaconne ."}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Pachelbel_Canon_bass_line_(quarter_notes).mid', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Passamezzo antico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Passamezzo_antico', 'summary': 'The passamezzo antico is a ground bass or chord progression that was popular during the Italian Renaissance and known throughout Europe in the 16th century . The progression is a variant of the double tonic : its major mode variant is known as the passamezzo moderno . The sequence consists of two phrases as follows : ( For an explanation of this notation see Chord progression )'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Passamezzo_antico.mid', 'summary': 'Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons using FtCG .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Passamezzo moderno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Passamezzo_moderno', 'summary': 'The Gregory Walker or passamezzo moderno ( modern half step ; also quadran , quadrant , or quadro pavan ) was one of the most popular harmonic formulae in the Renaissance period , divid [ ing ] into two complementary strains thus :'}]}, {'value': 'Play ( help · info )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/File:Gregory_Walker_progression_in_C.mid', 'summary': 'Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons using FtCG .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'See also : List of chords The following is a list of commonly used chord progressions in music . Code Major Major Minor Minor Atonal Atonal Bitonal Bitonal Ind . Indeterminate PD Phrygian dominant Mix . Mixolydian', 'uid': 'List_of_chord_progressions_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of commonly used chord progressions in music.'} | null | null | Who was the progression with the most chords name after ? | John Coltrane |
0a6b0117e318e56e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Parma_Calcio_1913_statistics_and_records', 'title': 'List of Parma Calcio 1913 statistics and records', 'header': ['', 'Name', 'Year', 'Club', 'Fee'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hidetoshi Nakata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hidetoshi_Nakata', 'summary': "Hidetoshi Nakata , Cavaliere OSSI ( 中田 英寿 , Nakata Hidetoshi , born 22 January 1977 ) is a former Japanese football player who played as a midfielder . He is widely considered to be one of the greatest Japanese players of all time . Nakata began his professional career in 1995 and won the Asian Football Confederation Player of the Year award in 1997 and 1998 , the Scudetto with Roma in 2001 , played for Japan in three World Cup tournaments ( 1998 , 2002 and 2006 ) and competed in the Olympics twice ( 1996 and 2000 ) . In 2005 , he was made the Knight of the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity , one of Italy 's highest honors , for improving the country 's image overseas . Nakata has also been involved in fashion , regularly attending runway shows and wearing designer clothing . Nakata announced his retirement at age 29 on July 3 , 2006 , after a ten-year career that included seven seasons in the Italian Serie A and a season in the English Premier League . In March 2004 , Pelé named Nakata in his FIFA 100 , a list of the top living footballers at the time . Nakata was the only Japanese , and one of only two Asian footballers to be named on the list . In 2018 , Nakata was added as an icon to the Ultimate Team on the FIFA video game FIFA 19 ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Roma', 'summary': "Associazione Sportiva Roma ( BIT : ASR , LSE : 0MT1 ; Rome Sport Association ) , commonly referred to as Roma ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈroːma ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Rome . Founded by a merger in 1927 , Roma have participated in the top-tier of Italian football for all of their existence except for 1951-52 . Roma have won Serie A three times , in 1941-42 , 1982-83 and 2000-01 , as well as winning nine Coppa Italia titles and two Supercoppa Italiana titles . In European competitions , Roma won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1960-61 and were runners-up in the 1983-84 European Cup and the 1990-91 UEFA Cup . Fifteen players have won the FIFA World Cup while playing at Roma : Ferraris , Guaita and Masetti ( 1934 ) ; Donati , Monzeglio and Serantoni ( 1938 ) ; Bruno Conti ( 1982 ) ; Rudi Voller and Berthold ( 1990 ) ; Aldair ( 1994 ) ; Candela ( 1998 ) ; Cafu ( 2002 ) ; Daniele De Rossi , Simone Perrotta and Francesco Totti ( 2006 ) . Since 1953 , Roma have played their home matches at the Stadio Olimpico , a venue they share with city rivals Lazio . With a capacity of over 72,000 , it is the second-largest of its kind in Italy , with only the San Siro able to seat more . The club plan to move to a new stadium , though this is yet to start construction . The club 's home colours are Tyrian purple and gold , which gives Roma their nickname I Giallorossi ( The Yellow and Reds ) . These colours have often been combined with white shorts . Their club badge features a she-wolf , an allusion to the founding myth of Rome ."}]}, {'value': '€32,200,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Márcio Amoroso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Márcio_Amoroso', 'summary': 'Márcio Amoroso dos Santos ( born 5 July 1974 ) is a former Brazilian footballer who played as a forward or on occasion as an attacking midfielder . He played for several teams in Japan , Italy , Germany , Spain and Greece , while also representing Brazil at international level , winning the 1999 Copa América . In his prime , he was a very talented striker with great dribbling skills and goalscoring ability , who was also capable of creating chances for teammates .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Udinese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udinese_Calcio', 'summary': 'Udinese Calcio , commonly referred to as Udinese , is an Italian football club based in Udine , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , that currently plays in Serie A . It was founded on 30 November 1896 as a sports club , and on 5 July 1911 as a football club . The traditional team home kit is black and white striped shirt , black shorts , and white socks . The club broadcasts on channel 110 ( Udinese Channel ) on digital terrestrial television in north-east of Italy . It has many fans in Friuli and the surrounding areas .'}]}, {'value': '€27,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Savo Milošević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savo_Milošević', 'summary': 'Savo Milošević ( Serbian Cyrillic : Саво Милошевић , pronounced [ sǎːʋo milǒːʃeʋitɕ ] ; born 2 September 1973 ) is a Serbian former professional footballer and current manager of Serbian SuperLiga club FK Partizan . After making a name for himself at Partizan , he signed for English club Aston Villa , before going on to spend the vast majority of his career in Spain , where he amassed La Liga totals of 91 goals in 241 games for four clubs including CA Osasuna . Over the course of his 16-year professional playing career , Milošević scored nearly 300 official goals in just over 660 appearances . At the international level , Milošević played for the national team of FR Yugoslavia ( later renamed Serbia and Montenegro ) , and Serbia , winning over 100 caps for both teams combined . Milošević appeared in two World Cups and one European Championship , at which he earned the Golden Boot at Euro 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zaragoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Zaragoza', 'summary': "Real Zaragoza , S.A.D . ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal θaɾaˈɣoθa ] ) , commonly referred to as Zaragoza , is a Spanish football team based in Zaragoza , in the autonomous community of Aragon . Founded on 18 March 1932 it currently plays in Segunda División , holding home games at La Romareda , which seats 33,608 spectators . The club has spent the majority of its history in La Liga , winning the Copa del Rey six times and the 1994-95 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , amongst other trophies . Traditionally , team colours are white shirts and socks with royal blue shorts . A government survey in 2007 found that 2.7% of the Spanish population support Real Zaragoza , making them the seventh-most supported in the country . The club 's main rivals are : SD Huesca , their opponents in the Aragonese derby ; CD Numancia , from the nearby Province of Soria ; and CA Osasuna , the largest club in the neighbouring Navarre region ."}]}, {'value': '€25,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sébastien Frey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sébastien_Frey', 'summary': 'Sébastien Jacques André Frey ( born 18 March 1980 ) is a French former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . His club career began in France with Cannes in 1997 , but later went on to spend most of his career in the Italian Serie A , playing for Internazionale , Verona , Parma , Fiorentina , and Genoa ; he ended his career in 2015 , after two seasons with Turkish side Bursaspor . At international level , he represented the France national football team on two occasions between 2007 and 2008 and was an unused member of the squad that took part at UEFA Euro 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internazionale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Internazionale', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '€21,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Sebastián Verón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Sebastián_Verón', 'summary': "Juan Sebastián Verón ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈxwan seβasˈtjam beˈɾon ] ; [ A ] born 9 March 1975 ) is a retired Argentine footballer and current chairman of Estudiantes de La Plata , where he had served as Director of Sports . A former midfielder , Verón 's career started in Estudiantes , continued in Argentina 's Boca Juniors , and included stints in several clubs in the Italian Serie A ( where he won the Scudetto with Lazio and with Internazionale , and a UEFA Cup with Parma ) , and England 's Manchester United and Chelsea . In 2006 , Verón returned to Estudiantes , where he remained until his retirement in 2014 , aside from a brief spell with Brandsen . He announced his short return to first team football would occur in the 2017 Copa Libertadores . At international level , Verón obtained 73 caps for Argentina between 1996 and 2010 , scoring 9 goals . He represented his nation at three FIFA World Cups , and at the 2007 Copa América , where he won a runners-up medal . In 2004 , he was included in the FIFA 100 centenary list of the 125 greatest living footballers , selected by Pelé as part of FIFA 's centenary celebrations . Verón has both Argentine and Italian citizenship . His nickname is La Brujita [ la βɾuˈxita ] ( The Little Witch ) , a nod to his father Juan Ramón who was known as La Bruja ( The Witch ) and was also a championship winning player with Estudiantes ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sampdoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sampdoria', 'summary': "Unione Calcio Sampdoria , commonly referred to as Sampdoria ( Italian pronunciation : [ sampˈdɔːrja ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Genoa , Liguria . The club was formed in 1946 from the merger of two existing sports clubs whose roots can be traced back to the 1890s , Sampierdarenese and Andrea Doria . Both the team name and jersey reflect this , the first being a combination of the former names , the second incorporating the former teams ' colours ( blue-white and white-red-black ) in a single design . The team 's colours are blue with white , red and black hoops , hence the nickname blucerchiati ( blue-circled ) . Sampdoria play at Stadio Luigi Ferraris , capacity 36,536 , which it shares with Genoa 's other club , Genoa Cricket and Football Club . The derby between the two teams is commonly known as the Derby della Lanterna . Sampdoria have won the Scudetto once in their history , in 1991 . The club has also won the Coppa Italia four times , in 1985 , 1988 , 1989 and 1994 , and the Supercoppa Italiana once , in 1991 . Their biggest European success came when they won the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1990 . They also reached the European Cup final in 1992 , losing the final 1-0 to Barcelona after extra time ."}]}, {'value': '€17,500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evanilson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evanílson_Aparecido_Ferreira', 'summary': 'Evanílson Aparecido Ferreira ( born 12 September 1975 ) , known simply as Evanílson , is a Brazilian former professional footballer . A player of wide range who spent most of his career with Borussia Dortmund , he could play as either a right back or midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borussia Dortmund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund', 'summary': "Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e.V . Dortmund , commonly known as Borussia Dortmund [ boˈʁʊsi̯aː ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt ] , BVB , or simply Dortmund , is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia . It is best known for its men 's professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . The club have won eight league championships , four DFB-Pokals , one UEFA Champions League , one Intercontinental Cup , and one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund , the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members , making Borussia Dortmund the second largest sports club by membership in Germany . Since 1974 , Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion ; the stadium is the largest in Germany , and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world . Borussia Dortmund 's colours are black and yellow , giving the club its nickname die Schwarzgelben . The club has active departments in other sports , namely in women 's handball , and hold a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Schalke 04 , known as the Revierderby . They also compete in Der Klassiker with fellow German club , Bayern Munich . In terms of Deloitte 's annual Football Money League , Dortmund was ranked as the second richest sports club in Germany , and the 12th richest football team in the world . Moreover , under the directorship of Michael Zorc in the 2010s , Dortmund have cultivated a reputation for spotting and developing young talent , and have remained focused on developing a youth system . They have also received plaudits for generally adhering to an attacking footballing philosophy ."}]}, {'value': '€17,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sérgio Conceição', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sérgio_Conceição', 'summary': 'Sérgio Paulo Marceneiro da Conceição ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈsɛɾʒiu kõsɐjˈsɐ̃w̃ ] ; born 15 November 1974 ) is a Portuguese former footballer who played mostly as a right winger , and the manager of Porto . Throughout his career , he played for ten teams in five countries . After gaining international recognition with Porto he switched to Italy , where he appeared for three clubs . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 97 games and 13 goals over four seasons , adding 136 matches and 13 goals in Serie A . Having won more than 50 caps for Portugal , Conceição represented the nation in one World Cup and one European Championship . In 2012 , he started working as a manager .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lazio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.S._Lazio', 'summary': "Società Sportiva Lazio ( BIT : SSL ; Lazio Sport Club ) , commonly referred to as Lazio ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈlattsjo ] ) , is an Italian professional sports club based in Rome , most known for its football activity . The society , founded in 1900 , plays in the Serie A and have spent most of their history in the top tier of Italian football . Lazio have been Italian champions twice ( 1974 , 2000 ) , and have won the Coppa Italia seven times , the Supercoppa Italiana five times , and both the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and UEFA Super Cup on one occasion . The club had their first major success in 1958 , winning the domestic cup . In 1974 , they won their first Serie A title . The 1990s have been the most successful period in Lazio 's history , seeing them win the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 1999 , the Serie A title in 2000 , and reaching their first UEFA Cup final in 1998 . Due to a severe economic crisis in 2002 that forced president Sergio Cragnotti out of the club along with several star players being sold , Lazio 's success in the league declined . In spite of the lower funds , the club has won four Coppa Italia titles since then ; in 2004 , 2009 , 2013 and 2019 . Current president Claudio Lotito took charge of the club in 2004 after two years of a vacuum after Cragnotti 's departure . Lazio 's traditional kit colours are sky blue shirts and white shorts with white socks ; the colours are reminiscent of Rome 's ancient Hellenic legacy . Sky blue socks have also been interchangeably used as home colours . Their home is the 70,634 capacity Stadio Olimpico in Rome , which they share with A.S. Roma ."}]}, {'value': '€17,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adriano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adriano_Leite_Ribeiro', 'summary': "Adriano Leite Ribeiro ( born February 17 , 1982 ) , commonly known simply as Adriano , is a Brazilian former professional footballer . A powerful striker known for his long range left footed strikes , Adriano 's career was however marked by inconsistency . One of the best strikers in the world in the mid 2000s , he had five prolific seasons in Italy with Parma and Inter Milan , earning the nickname L'Imperatore ( the Emperor ) , before a decline in his performances which coincided with the death of his father . Adriano won four Scudetti for Inter Milan , and after moving back to his native Brazil he won two Brasileirão for Flamengo and Corinthians . Making his Brazil debut at 18 , Adriano was considered the long-term successor to Ronaldo . In the absence of Ronaldo he led Brazil to the 2004 Copa América , receiving the Golden Boot as the competition 's leading scorer with seven goals . He also won the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup with Brazil , receiving the Golden Boot Award as the competition 's leading scorer with five goals . Prior to the 2006 World Cup he was part of Brazil 's much-vaunted magic quartet of offensive players alongside Ronaldo , Ronaldinho and Kaká , which ultimately was n't successful at the finals ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Internazionale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Internazionale', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}]}, {'value': '€12,800,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto Gilardino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Gilardino', 'summary': "Alberto Gilardino Ufficiale OMRI ( Italian pronunciation : [ alˈbɛrto dʒilarˈdiːno ] ; born 5 July 1982 ) is an Italian professional football manager and a former player who played as a striker , currently head coach of Serie C club Pro Vercelli . A prolific goalscorer , in Gilardino 's early career he was compared to Filippo Inzaghi due to his opportunism , positional sense and eye for goal . Gilardino currently holds the record for being the tenth-youngest player to have scored 100 goals in Serie A , a feat which he managed at the age of 26 years and 105 days . With 188 Serie A goals , Gilardino is currently among the top 10 all-time scorers in Serie A history . His trademark goal celebration saw him get to his knees and play an imaginary violin . Gilardino has played for several Italian clubs throughout his career . He first came to prominence during his time at Parma due to his consistent goalscoring , which earned him the Serie A Young Footballer of the Year Award in 2004 , followed by the Serie A Footballer of the Year and the Serie A Italian Footballer of the Year Awards in 2005 , as well as a move to Milan . With Milan , he won the 2006-07 UEFA Champions League , the 2007 UEFA Super Cup and the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup . Gilardino has also played for Chinese club Guangzhou Evergrande , with whom he won the 2014 Chinese Super League . Gilardino has represented Italy at under-19 , under-20 , under-21 , and senior levels . Gilardino was a part of the Italian side that won the 2004 UEFA Under-21 Championship , where he became the tournament 's leading goalscorer . He was also named as the best player of the tournament , and one of two strikers in the UEFA Team of the Tournament ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Verona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C.', 'summary': 'Hellas Verona Football Club , commonly referred to as Hellas Verona or simply Verona , is an Italian football club based in Verona , Veneto , that currently plays in Serie A . The team won the Serie A Championship in 1984-85 .'}]}, {'value': '€12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hristo Stoichkov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hristo_Stoichkov', 'summary': "Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgarian : Христо Стоичков , pronounced [ ˈxristo stoˈit͡ʃkof ] ; born 8 February 1966 ) is a Bulgarian former footballer who is currently a football commentator for Univision Deportes . A prolific forward , he is regarded as one of the best players of his generation and is widely considered one of the greatest Bulgarian footballers of all time second only to Georgi Asparuhov . He was runner-up for the FIFA World Player of the Year award in 1992 and 1994 , and received the Ballon d'Or in 1994 . In 2004 , Stoichkov was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world 's greatest living players . At club level , Stoichkov spent six years at CSKA Sofia and became the top goalscorer in Europe in 1990 , receiving the European Golden Shoe . In 1990 , he joined Barcelona where he earned the Spanish nickname El Pistolero ( The Gunslinger ) , and was part of Johan Cruyff 's Dream Team that won four consecutive La Liga titles and one UEFA Champions League . During his time at the club , he formed a lethal strike partnership with Romário . Cruyff was largely instrumental in bringing him to Barcelona where he quickly developed into one of the most prolific forwards in the world . Stoichkov was a member of the Bulgaria national team that finished fourth at the 1994 FIFA World Cup , of which he was the top scorer with six goals and received the World Cup Golden Shoe . He was ranked the third best player at the World Cup , after Romário and Roberto Baggio , and received the World Cup Bronze Ball . Apart from his footballing talent , he was notable for his on-pitch temper . In his playing career he was also nicknamed The Dagger ( Камата ) ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}]}, {'value': '€11,000,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players -- Transfers', 'section_text': "Parma 's record signing is Hidetoshi Nakata , who signed for the club from Roma in 2001 . It remains the highest fee paid for an Asian player in the history of the game .", 'uid': 'List_of_Parma_F.C._statistics_and_records_8', 'intro': "This list encompasses the major honours won by and records set by Parma Calcio 1913, their managers and their players, an Italian professional football club currently playing in Serie D and based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records notable achievements by Parma players on the international stage, and the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club and details Parma's achievements in major competitions. Although Parma have never won a domestic league title, they have won three Italian Cups, one Supercoppa Italiana, as well as two UEFA Cups, one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. The club won all eight of these trophies between 1992 and 2002, a period in which it is also achieved its best ever league finish as runners-up in the 1996-97 season. Statistics accurate as of 28 May 2018"} | null | null | What channel number does Márcio Amoroso 's team broadcast it 's games ? | 110 |
0a6b1b8da6120d96 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Talladega_County,_Alabama', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Talladega County, Alabama', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benjamin H. Averiett House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_H._Averiett_House', 'summary': 'The Benjamin H. Averiett House , near Sylacauga , Alabama , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . The listing included three contributing buildings on 605 acres ( 2.45 km2 ) . This property has also been known as the Hudson Hamilton Place . It includes Georgia Folk House architecture . [ Note 1 ] The Averiett estate had more than 10,000 acres ( 16 sq mi ) . This was listed along with three other properties as part of a study of the estate .'}]}, {'value': 'August 28 , 1986 ( # 86002034 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Route 8 33°08′25″N 86°22′21″W / 33.14028°N 86.37251°W / 33.14028 ; -86.37251 ( Benjamin H. Averiett House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_8', 'summary': "U.S. Route 80 ( US 80 ) also known as the Dixie Overland Highway , is a major U.S. Highway in the American state of Alabama . The Alabama Department of Transportation internally designated the majority of US 80 throughout the state as State Route 8 ( SR 8 ) , save for parts of the route throughout Selma and near the Mississippi border . Serving as the main east to west highway through Alabama 's Black Belt region , US 80 is well known for its role in the events surrounding the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965 , being the route taken by the demonstrators between the two cities as well as being the site of Bloody Sunday . The highway was also once a major transcontinental highway once reaching from Savannah , Georgia to San Diego , California but has since been truncated to Dallas , Texas due to largely being replaced by the Interstate Highway System ."}]}, {'value': 'Sylacauga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylacauga,_Alabama', 'summary': "Sylacauga is a city in Talladega County , Alabama , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 12,749 . Nicknames for Sylacauga include The Marble City , The Cog , and Alabamas Best-Kept Secret . Sylacauga is known for its fine white marble bedrock . This was discovered shortly after settlers moved into the area and has been quarried ever since . The marble industry was the first recorded industry in the Sylacauga area . Sylacauga is the site of the first documented case of an object from outer space hitting a person . On November 30 , 1954 , a 4 kg ( 9 lb ) piece of what became known as the Hodges Meteorite crashed through the roof of an Oak Grove house , bounced off a radio , and badly bruised Mrs. Ann Hodges , who was taking an afternoon nap . Sylacauga is on the 2010 list of 100 Best Communities for Young People by America 's Promise Alliance ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Averiett House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Averiett_House', 'summary': 'The William Averiett House , near Sylacauga , Alabama , dates from 1866 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . The listing included four contributing buildings on 2 acres ( 0.81 ha ) . It is vernacular Cottage orné in style . It is also known as The Averiett Place . It is located on a private road about .5 miles ( 0.80 km ) off Alabama State Route 8 . The Averiett estate as a whole once had more than 10,000 acres ( 16 sq mi ) . This was listed along with three other properties as part of a study of the estate .'}]}, {'value': 'August 28 , 1986 ( # 86002038 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off State Route 8 33°08′02″N 86°23′58″W / 33.133889°N 86.399444°W / 33.133889 ; -86.399444 ( William Averiett House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_8', 'summary': "U.S. Route 80 ( US 80 ) also known as the Dixie Overland Highway , is a major U.S. Highway in the American state of Alabama . The Alabama Department of Transportation internally designated the majority of US 80 throughout the state as State Route 8 ( SR 8 ) , save for parts of the route throughout Selma and near the Mississippi border . Serving as the main east to west highway through Alabama 's Black Belt region , US 80 is well known for its role in the events surrounding the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965 , being the route taken by the demonstrators between the two cities as well as being the site of Bloody Sunday . The highway was also once a major transcontinental highway once reaching from Savannah , Georgia to San Diego , California but has since been truncated to Dallas , Texas due to largely being replaced by the Interstate Highway System ."}]}, {'value': 'Sylacauga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylacauga,_Alabama', 'summary': "Sylacauga is a city in Talladega County , Alabama , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 12,749 . Nicknames for Sylacauga include The Marble City , The Cog , and Alabamas Best-Kept Secret . Sylacauga is known for its fine white marble bedrock . This was discovered shortly after settlers moved into the area and has been quarried ever since . The marble industry was the first recorded industry in the Sylacauga area . Sylacauga is the site of the first documented case of an object from outer space hitting a person . On November 30 , 1954 , a 4 kg ( 9 lb ) piece of what became known as the Hodges Meteorite crashed through the roof of an Oak Grove house , bounced off a radio , and badly bruised Mrs. Ann Hodges , who was taking an afternoon nap . Sylacauga is on the 2010 list of 100 Best Communities for Young People by America 's Promise Alliance ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxwood', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 9 , 1983 ( # 83002983 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '406 E. North St. , E. 33°26′13″N 86°05′47″W / 33.43681°N 86.09652°W / 33.43681 ; -86.09652 ( Boxwood )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talladega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama', 'summary': "Talladega /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ is the county seat of Talladega County , Alabama , United States . It was incorporated in 1835 . At the 2010 census the population was 15,676 . Talladega is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Birmingham . The city is home to the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind and the Talladega Municipal Airport , a public general aviation airport . The Talladega Superspeedway , Talladega College and the International Motorsports Hall of Fame are located nearby . The First National Bank of Talladega ( now First Bank of Alabama ) is the oldest bank in the State of Alabama , being founded in 1848 . The name Talladega is derived from a Muscogee ( Creek ) Native American word Tvlvtēke , from the Creek tvlwv , meaning town , and vtēke , meaning border - indicating its location on the border between the Creeks and the Natchez . While the town 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ by local inhabitants , the racetrack 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdeɪɡə/ by auto racing fans ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Butler House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 26 , 1996 ( # 96000054 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of 1st St. and 10th Ave. 33°16′38″N 86°21′26″W / 33.27724°N 86.35729°W / 33.27724 ; -86.35729 ( Charles Butler House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Childersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Childersburg,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Childersburg is a city in Talladega County in the U.S. state of Alabama . It was incorporated in 1889 . At the 2010 census the population was 5,175 . It claims a history dating back before 1540 , when it was noted as a village of the Coosa Nation visited by the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto . The Alabama Army Ammunition Plant , important during World War II , was located 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of Childersburg .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B.B . Comer Memorial Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/B._B._Comer_Memorial_Library', 'summary': 'The B.B . Comer Memorial Library is a library located in Sylacauga , Alabama . The library was named to the National Register of Historic Places on September 6 , 2005 . The library was founded in 1936 as the Sylacauga Public Library . It was moved three years later , and after a $ 5,000 grant by the family B . B. Comer , the library was renamed in his honor . The library was again renamed to Isabel Anderson Comer Museum and Arts Center in 1962 . It was created with a marble exterior , and was originally built through the Works Progress Administration .'}]}, {'value': 'September 6 , 2005 ( # 05000972 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '711 N. Broadway Ave. 33°10′39″N 86°15′04″W / 33.1775°N 86.251111°W / 33.1775 ; -86.251111 ( B.B . Comer Memorial Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylacauga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylacauga,_Alabama', 'summary': "Sylacauga is a city in Talladega County , Alabama , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 12,749 . Nicknames for Sylacauga include The Marble City , The Cog , and Alabamas Best-Kept Secret . Sylacauga is known for its fine white marble bedrock . This was discovered shortly after settlers moved into the area and has been quarried ever since . The marble industry was the first recorded industry in the Sylacauga area . Sylacauga is the site of the first documented case of an object from outer space hitting a person . On November 30 , 1954 , a 4 kg ( 9 lb ) piece of what became known as the Hodges Meteorite crashed through the roof of an Oak Grove house , bounced off a radio , and badly bruised Mrs. Ann Hodges , who was taking an afternoon nap . Sylacauga is on the 2010 list of 100 Best Communities for Young People by America 's Promise Alliance ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J.L.M . Curry House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/J._L._M._Curry_House', 'summary': "The J. L. M. Curry House is a historic house and farm property near Talladega , Alabama . It was home Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry ( 1825-1903 ) , a lawyer , politician , and educator who did more than any one other man to encourage the expansion and improvement of the public school system and the establishment of training schools for teachers throughout the south . He was also largely responsible for convincing Southern legislators of the states ' responsibility for public education . The house and surrounding farm was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 15 , 1966 ( # 66000154 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 mi ( 4.8 km ) northeast of Talladega on State Route 21 33°27′17″N 86°03′06″W / 33.4546°N 86.0518°W / 33.4546 ; -86.0518 ( J.L.M . Curry House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_21', 'summary': 'State Route 21 ( SR 21 ) is a 279-mile ( 449 km ) state highway that extends from the Florida state line , near Atmore in Escambia County to Piedmont in Calhoun County . The route travels almost the entire length of the state from the northeast to the southwest . It is the longest signed state route in Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'Talladega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama', 'summary': "Talladega /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ is the county seat of Talladega County , Alabama , United States . It was incorporated in 1835 . At the 2010 census the population was 15,676 . Talladega is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Birmingham . The city is home to the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind and the Talladega Municipal Airport , a public general aviation airport . The Talladega Superspeedway , Talladega College and the International Motorsports Hall of Fame are located nearby . The First National Bank of Talladega ( now First Bank of Alabama ) is the oldest bank in the State of Alabama , being founded in 1848 . The name Talladega is derived from a Muscogee ( Creek ) Native American word Tvlvtēke , from the Creek tvlwv , meaning town , and vtēke , meaning border - indicating its location on the border between the Creeks and the Natchez . While the town 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ by local inhabitants , the racetrack 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdeɪɡə/ by auto racing fans ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elston House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elston_House', 'summary': "Elston House , in Talladega County , Alabama , was built in 1834 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . It has also been known as Barta House . It is Georgian in style . It is located about { 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Talladega on Turner 's Mill Rd ."}]}, {'value': 'October 8 , 1976 ( # 76000357 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "10 mi ( 16 km ) north of Talladega on Turner 's Mill Rd . 33°32′49″N 86°01′05″W / 33.54701°N 86.01792°W / 33.54701 ; -86.01792 ( Elston House )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talladega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama', 'summary': "Talladega /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ is the county seat of Talladega County , Alabama , United States . It was incorporated in 1835 . At the 2010 census the population was 15,676 . Talladega is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Birmingham . The city is home to the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind and the Talladega Municipal Airport , a public general aviation airport . The Talladega Superspeedway , Talladega College and the International Motorsports Hall of Fame are located nearby . The First National Bank of Talladega ( now First Bank of Alabama ) is the oldest bank in the State of Alabama , being founded in 1848 . The name Talladega is derived from a Muscogee ( Creek ) Native American word Tvlvtēke , from the Creek tvlwv , meaning town , and vtēke , meaning border - indicating its location on the border between the Creeks and the Natchez . While the town 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ by local inhabitants , the racetrack 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdeɪɡə/ by auto racing fans ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Presbyterian Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Talladega,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 130 North Street East in Talladega , Alabama . It was built in 1860 and was added to the National Register in 1983 .'}]}, {'value': 'November 17 , 1983 ( # 83003489 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '130 North St. , E. 33°26′10″N 86°06′03″W / 33.43606°N 86.10072°W / 33.43606 ; -86.10072 ( First Presbyterian Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talladega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama', 'summary': "Talladega /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ is the county seat of Talladega County , Alabama , United States . It was incorporated in 1835 . At the 2010 census the population was 15,676 . Talladega is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Birmingham . The city is home to the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind and the Talladega Municipal Airport , a public general aviation airport . The Talladega Superspeedway , Talladega College and the International Motorsports Hall of Fame are located nearby . The First National Bank of Talladega ( now First Bank of Alabama ) is the oldest bank in the State of Alabama , being founded in 1848 . The name Talladega is derived from a Muscogee ( Creek ) Native American word Tvlvtēke , from the Creek tvlwv , meaning town , and vtēke , meaning border - indicating its location on the border between the Creeks and the Natchez . While the town 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ by local inhabitants , the racetrack 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdeɪɡə/ by auto racing fans ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goodwin-Hamilton House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goodwin-Hamilton_House', 'summary': 'The Goodwin-Hamilton House , near Sylacauga , Alabama , is a Greek Revival style house built around 1850 . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . The listing included two contributing buildings on 22 acres ( 8.9 ha ) . It has also been known as The Hamilton Place . The Averiett estate as a whole once had more than 10,000 acres ( 16 sq mi ) . This was listed along with three other properties as part of a study of the estate . It is located about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) south of Alabama State Route 8 on the east side of Marble Valley Road , in the Fayetteville , Alabama community .'}]}, {'value': 'August 28 , 1986 ( # 86002041 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marble Valley Rd . 33°07′03″N 86°24′46″W / 33.1174°N 86.41291°W / 33.1174 ; -86.41291 ( Goodwin-Hamilton House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylacauga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylacauga,_Alabama', 'summary': "Sylacauga is a city in Talladega County , Alabama , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 12,749 . Nicknames for Sylacauga include The Marble City , The Cog , and Alabamas Best-Kept Secret . Sylacauga is known for its fine white marble bedrock . This was discovered shortly after settlers moved into the area and has been quarried ever since . The marble industry was the first recorded industry in the Sylacauga area . Sylacauga is the site of the first documented case of an object from outer space hitting a person . On November 30 , 1954 , a 4 kg ( 9 lb ) piece of what became known as the Hodges Meteorite crashed through the roof of an Oak Grove house , bounced off a radio , and badly bruised Mrs. Ann Hodges , who was taking an afternoon nap . Sylacauga is on the 2010 list of 100 Best Communities for Young People by America 's Promise Alliance ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hightower Brothers Livery Stable', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1997 ( # 97000650 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '413 Norton Ave. 33°10′21″N 86°15′09″W / 33.17249°N 86.25255°W / 33.17249 ; -86.25255 ( Hightower Brothers Livery Stable )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylacauga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylacauga,_Alabama', 'summary': "Sylacauga is a city in Talladega County , Alabama , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 12,749 . Nicknames for Sylacauga include The Marble City , The Cog , and Alabamas Best-Kept Secret . Sylacauga is known for its fine white marble bedrock . This was discovered shortly after settlers moved into the area and has been quarried ever since . The marble industry was the first recorded industry in the Sylacauga area . Sylacauga is the site of the first documented case of an object from outer space hitting a person . On November 30 , 1954 , a 4 kg ( 9 lb ) piece of what became known as the Hodges Meteorite crashed through the roof of an Oak Grove house , bounced off a radio , and badly bruised Mrs. Ann Hodges , who was taking an afternoon nap . Sylacauga is on the 2010 list of 100 Best Communities for Young People by America 's Promise Alliance ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Idlewild', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idlewild_(Talladega,_Alabama)', 'summary': 'Idlewild is a historic plantation house and historic district just east of Talladega , Alabama , United States . The property was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage and the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 , due to its architectural significance .'}]}, {'value': 'October 15 , 1993 ( # 93001012 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Route 5 , 0.1 mi ( 0.16 km ) north of State Route 21 33°28′15″N 86°02′53″W / 33.47077°N 86.04805°W / 33.47077 ; -86.04805 ( Idlewild )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_5', 'summary': 'State Route 5 ( SR 5 ) is a 197.775-mile-long ( 318.288 km ) north-south state highway in western Alabama , United States . While it once extended - prior to the renumbering of the highways of Alabama in 1957- from Mobile north to the Tennessee state line , and was one of the major routes between Mobile and Birmingham , it has since been shortened to about half of its former length , and superseded by newer highways such as Interstate 65 ( I-65 ) and SR 157 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_21', 'summary': 'State Route 21 ( SR 21 ) is a 279-mile ( 449 km ) state highway that extends from the Florida state line , near Atmore in Escambia County to Piedmont in Calhoun County . The route travels almost the entire length of the state from the northeast to the southwest . It is the longest signed state route in Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'Talladega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama', 'summary': "Talladega /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ is the county seat of Talladega County , Alabama , United States . It was incorporated in 1835 . At the 2010 census the population was 15,676 . Talladega is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Birmingham . The city is home to the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind and the Talladega Municipal Airport , a public general aviation airport . The Talladega Superspeedway , Talladega College and the International Motorsports Hall of Fame are located nearby . The First National Bank of Talladega ( now First Bank of Alabama ) is the oldest bank in the State of Alabama , being founded in 1848 . The name Talladega is derived from a Muscogee ( Creek ) Native American word Tvlvtēke , from the Creek tvlwv , meaning town , and vtēke , meaning border - indicating its location on the border between the Creeks and the Natchez . While the town 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ by local inhabitants , the racetrack 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdeɪɡə/ by auto racing fans ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jemison House Complex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 1 , 1990 ( # 90001507 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South of the junction of Chocolocco and Cheaha Creeks 33°32′02″N 86°02′44″W / 33.534°N 86.04554°W / 33.534 ; -86.04554 ( Jemison House Complex )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastaboga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastaboga,_Alabama', 'summary': "Eastaboga is an Unincorporated community on the border of Talladega and Calhoun counties in the U.S. state of Alabama . It was previously called McFall , named for a settling family in the 1850s , and incorporated in 1898 , only to be disincorporated in 1901 . The original community of Eastaboga was to the south and became known as Old Eastaboga after McFall 's name was changed to Eastaboga . Eastaboga ( historically Estaboga ) means where the people reside in Muscogee , a Native American language ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kymulga Mill And Covered Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kymulga_Mill_&_Covered_Bridge', 'summary': 'Kymulga Mill & Covered Bridge are two locally owned historic landmarks located at Kymulga Park in Talladega County , Alabama , United States . The park is on Grist Mill Road ( CR 46 ) off State Route 76 about 4 miles ( 6 kilometers ) northeast of the city of Childersburg . Both structures , dating back to the American Civil War , were restored in 1974 and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 29 , 1976 . The Childersburg Heritage Committee purchased the tract in 1988 , and with help from the Alabama Historical Commission and the Talladega County Commission , established Kymulga Park . More structural renovations were made as well . There is an admission charge to visit the park , with proceeds being used for upkeep of all structures and nature trails within this historic recreation area . Kymulga Park was acquired by the City of Childersburg in June 2011 . It is currently managed by the Childersburg Historic Preservation Commission .'}]}, {'value': 'October 29 , 1976 ( # 76000356 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.5 mi ( 7.2 km ) northeast of Childersburg on State Route 46 33°20′02″N 86°18′00″W / 33.33402°N 86.29999°W / 33.33402 ; -86.29999 ( Kymulga Mill And Covered Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_46', 'summary': 'State Route 46 ( SR 46 ) is a 21.074-mile-long ( 33.915 km ) state highway in Cleburne County in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Alabama . The western terminus of the highway is at an intersection with U.S. Route 78 ( US 78 ) ( which also carries the unsigned SR 4 ) in Heflin . The eastern terminus of the route is at the Georgia state line , east of Ranburne , where the roadway continues as Georgia State Route 166 . From the late 1920s to the mid-to-late-1930s , the highway was designated as US 78S , a divided U.S. highway . When that highway was decommissioned , it was redesignated as US 78 Alt .'}]}, {'value': 'Childersburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Childersburg,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Childersburg is a city in Talladega County in the U.S. state of Alabama . It was incorporated in 1889 . At the 2010 census the population was 5,175 . It claims a history dating back before 1540 , when it was noted as a village of the Coosa Nation visited by the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto . The Alabama Army Ammunition Plant , important during World War II , was located 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of Childersburg .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lawler-Whiting House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange_Vale', 'summary': 'Orange Vale , also known as the Lawler-Whiting House , is a Greek Revival plantation house completed in 1854 near Talladega , Alabama . The house is principally associated with Levi Lawler , an Alabama state legislator . The house was the centerpiece of a 3,000-acre ( 1,200 ha ) cotton plantation . It was principally used by Lawler during the summer . The house is a formal two-story frame structure with a hexastyle square-columned portico across the front , supporting a heavy paneled entablature . There is no pediment . The hipped roof is flanked by interior chimneys . Small flat-roofed one-story pavilions flank the house on either side and extend beyond the rear of the house . The rear has two-level porches across the width . The interior has a center-hall plan with the hall extending to the back porch . 108 acres ( 44 ha ) remain of the original property , with seven other buildings . Orange Vale was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 22 , 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 22 , 1986 ( # 86001157 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State Route 21 south of Talladega 33°21′27″N 86°09′56″W / 33.35754°N 86.16556°W / 33.35754 ; -86.16556 ( Lawler-Whiting House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_Route_21', 'summary': 'State Route 21 ( SR 21 ) is a 279-mile ( 449 km ) state highway that extends from the Florida state line , near Atmore in Escambia County to Piedmont in Calhoun County . The route travels almost the entire length of the state from the northeast to the southwest . It is the longest signed state route in Alabama .'}]}, {'value': 'Talladega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama', 'summary': "Talladega /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ is the county seat of Talladega County , Alabama , United States . It was incorporated in 1835 . At the 2010 census the population was 15,676 . Talladega is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Birmingham . The city is home to the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind and the Talladega Municipal Airport , a public general aviation airport . The Talladega Superspeedway , Talladega College and the International Motorsports Hall of Fame are located nearby . The First National Bank of Talladega ( now First Bank of Alabama ) is the oldest bank in the State of Alabama , being founded in 1848 . The name Talladega is derived from a Muscogee ( Creek ) Native American word Tvlvtēke , from the Creek tvlwv , meaning town , and vtēke , meaning border - indicating its location on the border between the Creeks and the Natchez . While the town 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ by local inhabitants , the racetrack 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdeɪɡə/ by auto racing fans ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silk Stocking District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silk_Stocking_District_(Talladega)', 'summary': 'The Silk Stocking District is a historic district in the city of Talladega , Alabama , USA . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 13 , 1979 . Architectural styles include Queen Anne , Classical Revival , Colonial Revival , American Craftsman , and other late Victorian types . The district covers 113 acres ( 46 ha ) and contained 120 contributing properties when first listed .'}]}, {'value': 'December 13 , 1979 ( # 79000403 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Coffee , 2nd , McMillan , and Court Sts . 33°25′54″N 86°05′54″W / 33.431667°N 86.098333°W / 33.431667 ; -86.098333 ( Silk Stocking District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talladega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama', 'summary': "Talladega /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ is the county seat of Talladega County , Alabama , United States . It was incorporated in 1835 . At the 2010 census the population was 15,676 . Talladega is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Birmingham . The city is home to the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind and the Talladega Municipal Airport , a public general aviation airport . The Talladega Superspeedway , Talladega College and the International Motorsports Hall of Fame are located nearby . The First National Bank of Talladega ( now First Bank of Alabama ) is the oldest bank in the State of Alabama , being founded in 1848 . The name Talladega is derived from a Muscogee ( Creek ) Native American word Tvlvtēke , from the Creek tvlwv , meaning town , and vtēke , meaning border - indicating its location on the border between the Creeks and the Natchez . While the town 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ by local inhabitants , the racetrack 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdeɪɡə/ by auto racing fans ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dudley Snow House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dudley_Snow_House', 'summary': 'The Dudley Snow House is a historic residence in Oxford , Alabama . The house was built around 1832 , soon after the Treaty of Cusseta and Muscogee removal in East Alabama . Brothers Dudley and Fielding Snow , born in North Carolina , came to Alabama from East Tennessee to found a farmstead . Dudley Snow built a one-and-a-half-story dogtrot house as the center of a complex that , by the mid-19th century , included a smokehouse , three barns , a cottonseed oil house , a cotton gin , grist mill , tannery , blacksmith shop , and slave quarters . Snow was a small-scale slaveholder , placing him in a class between a large planter and small farmer or sharecropper . The house was renovated in the 1960s , and was moved in the 1990s from the original address at 704 Snow Street ( coordinates:33°36′57″N 85°49′25″W / 33.61583°N 85.82361°W / 33.61583 ; -85.82361 ) to the actual location of Peek Drive , just across the Talladega County line , to make way for the expansion of Quintard Mall . The house originally had a single room underneath a gable roof on either side of the breezeway , but as Snow prospered , rooms were added on either side underneath a shed roof . Enclosed stairways lead from the central rooms to the upper floor . The open central breezeway was eventually enclosed and the exterior covered in clapboard . The rearmost portion of the dogtrot was left open , forming a recessed porch . The main entrance consists of a double-leaf door with simple sidelights and transom . The interior log walls are covered with horizontal boarding and a chair rail and baseboard .'}]}, {'value': 'February 4 , 1982 ( # 82002000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peek Dr. 33°35′01″N 85°48′41″W / 33.58366°N 85.81125°W / 33.58366 ; -85.81125 ( Dudley Snow House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oxford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oxford,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Oxford is a city in Calhoun and Talladega counties in the State of Alabama . The population was 21,348 at the 2010 census , an increase of 46.3% since the 2000 Census . Oxford is one of two principal cities of and included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swayne Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swayne_Hall,_Talladega_College', 'summary': "Swayne Hall is the oldest building on the campus of Talladega College in Talladega , Talladega County , Alabama , United States . It was built in 1857 by slaves for use by a Baptist men 's college . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974 for Talladega College 's role as one of the few historically black colleges and universities to maintain a liberal arts focus . It was the only liberal arts college open to black Americans in Alabama for many years ."}]}, {'value': 'December 2 , 1974 ( # 74002223 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talladega College campus 33°26′02″N 86°06′48″W / 33.43375°N 86.11339°W / 33.43375 ; -86.11339 ( Swayne Hall )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega_College', 'summary': "Talladega College is a private historically black college in Talladega , Alabama . It is Alabama 's oldest private historically black college . It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Talladega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama', 'summary': "Talladega /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ is the county seat of Talladega County , Alabama , United States . It was incorporated in 1835 . At the 2010 census the population was 15,676 . Talladega is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Birmingham . The city is home to the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind and the Talladega Municipal Airport , a public general aviation airport . The Talladega Superspeedway , Talladega College and the International Motorsports Hall of Fame are located nearby . The First National Bank of Talladega ( now First Bank of Alabama ) is the oldest bank in the State of Alabama , being founded in 1848 . The name Talladega is derived from a Muscogee ( Creek ) Native American word Tvlvtēke , from the Creek tvlwv , meaning town , and vtēke , meaning border - indicating its location on the border between the Creeks and the Natchez . While the town 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ by local inhabitants , the racetrack 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdeɪɡə/ by auto racing fans ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylacauga Historic Commercial District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 2 , 2004 ( # 04000563 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded by Broadway Ave. , W . 1st. , Anniston Ave. , and W. 4th St. 33°10′14″N 86°15′08″W / 33.170556°N 86.252222°W / 33.170556 ; -86.252222 ( Sylacauga Historic Commercial District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sylacauga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sylacauga,_Alabama', 'summary': "Sylacauga is a city in Talladega County , Alabama , United States . At the 2010 census the population was 12,749 . Nicknames for Sylacauga include The Marble City , The Cog , and Alabamas Best-Kept Secret . Sylacauga is known for its fine white marble bedrock . This was discovered shortly after settlers moved into the area and has been quarried ever since . The marble industry was the first recorded industry in the Sylacauga area . Sylacauga is the site of the first documented case of an object from outer space hitting a person . On November 30 , 1954 , a 4 kg ( 9 lb ) piece of what became known as the Hodges Meteorite crashed through the roof of an Oak Grove house , bounced off a radio , and badly bruised Mrs. Ann Hodges , who was taking an afternoon nap . Sylacauga is on the 2010 list of 100 Best Communities for Young People by America 's Promise Alliance ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talladega College Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega_College', 'summary': "Talladega College is a private historically black college in Talladega , Alabama . It is Alabama 's oldest private historically black college . It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ."}]}, {'value': 'August 23 , 1990 ( # 90001316 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Junction of Battle St. and Martin Luther King Dr. 33°26′00″N 86°06′51″W / 33.433333°N 86.114167°W / 33.433333 ; -86.114167 ( Talladega College Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talladega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama', 'summary': "Talladega /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ is the county seat of Talladega County , Alabama , United States . It was incorporated in 1835 . At the 2010 census the population was 15,676 . Talladega is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Birmingham . The city is home to the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind and the Talladega Municipal Airport , a public general aviation airport . The Talladega Superspeedway , Talladega College and the International Motorsports Hall of Fame are located nearby . The First National Bank of Talladega ( now First Bank of Alabama ) is the oldest bank in the State of Alabama , being founded in 1848 . The name Talladega is derived from a Muscogee ( Creek ) Native American word Tvlvtēke , from the Creek tvlwv , meaning town , and vtēke , meaning border - indicating its location on the border between the Creeks and the Natchez . While the town 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ by local inhabitants , the racetrack 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdeɪɡə/ by auto racing fans ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talladega Courthouse Square Historic District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 18 , 1972 ( # 72000181 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Courthouse Sq . ; also roughly bounded by N. East , E. North , and S. East , and Coffee and Spring Sts . 33°26′06″N 86°06′09″W / 33.435°N 86.1025°W / 33.435 ; -86.1025 ( Talladega Courthouse Square Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Talladega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama', 'summary': "Talladega /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ is the county seat of Talladega County , Alabama , United States . It was incorporated in 1835 . At the 2010 census the population was 15,676 . Talladega is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Birmingham . The city is home to the Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind and the Talladega Municipal Airport , a public general aviation airport . The Talladega Superspeedway , Talladega College and the International Motorsports Hall of Fame are located nearby . The First National Bank of Talladega ( now First Bank of Alabama ) is the oldest bank in the State of Alabama , being founded in 1848 . The name Talladega is derived from a Muscogee ( Creek ) Native American word Tvlvtēke , from the Creek tvlwv , meaning town , and vtēke , meaning border - indicating its location on the border between the Creeks and the Natchez . While the town 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdɪɡə/ by local inhabitants , the racetrack 's name is pronounced /ˌtæləˈdeɪɡə/ by auto racing fans ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Talladega_County,_Alabama_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Talladega County, Alabama. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Talladega County, Alabama, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a Google map. There are 24 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 2 National Historic Landmarks.'} | null | null | The town with a population of 21,348 in 2010 inclides a historic place that included what kind of oil housing structure ? | cottonseed |
0a6bddabc4922c8f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_at_the_Paralympics', 'title': 'Portugal at the Paralympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Games', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reinaldo Jose Pereira', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of 447 events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100m C8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Carlos Martins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of 447 events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200m C8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Carlos Martins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of 447 events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 1500m cross country C8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'António Baltazar Maria Helena Martins António José Mateus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Boccia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boccia_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Boccia at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of five events . At the 1984 Summer Paralympics , the first cerebral palsy only sports were added to the program with the inclusion of CP football and boccia .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed team', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Carlos Martins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of 447 events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100m C8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's relay team", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of 447 events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 4x100m relay C7-8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Jose Silva', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of seven road cycling events , six for men and one for women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's bicycle 5000m CP div 4", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reinaldo Jose Pereira', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of 447 events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200m C8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Carlos Martins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of 447 events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 800m C8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonio Carlos Martins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of 447 events .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's long jump C8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Helena Martins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of 447 events .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 60m C2", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Albertina Cabral', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of 447 events .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 1000m cross country C7", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Candido Leite', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of seven road cycling events , six for men and one for women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's bicycle 1500m CP div 4", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paulo Jorge Santos', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984 Stoke Mandeville/New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 International Games for the Disabled , canonically the 1984 Summer Paralympics were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held . There were in two separate competitions : one in Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University in Long Island , New York , United States of America for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy , amputees , and les autres [ the others ] ( conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes ) . Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards , seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games . As with the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Soviet Union and other communist countries except China , East Germany , Hungary , Poland and Yugoslavia boycotted the Paralympic Games . The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time , arguing that they have no disabled people in the country . The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988 , during Perestroika .'}]}, {'value': 'Table tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Table_tennis_at_the_1984_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Table tennis at the 1984 Summer Paralympics consisted of 39 events , 24 for men and 15 for women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles C4", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olga Pinto', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Paralympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 패럴림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Paeleollimpik ) , were the first Paralympics in 24 years to take place in the same city as the Olympic Games . They took place in Seoul , South Korea . This was the first time the term Paralympic came into official use .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "Athletics at the 1988 Summer Paralympics consisted of 344 events . Because of ties for third place in the men 's 800 metre A1-3/A9/L2 and precision throw C1 events , a total of 346 bronze medals were awarded . Because of a tie for first place in the women 's 100 m 5-6 345 gold medals and 343 silver medals were awarded . Bulgaria , Indonesia , Puerto Rico , South Korea , Thailand and Tunisia won their first ever medals in this sport ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's distance throw C1", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olga Pinto', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Paralympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 패럴림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Paeleollimpik ) , were the first Paralympics in 24 years to take place in the same city as the Olympic Games . They took place in Seoul , South Korea . This was the first time the term Paralympic came into official use .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "Athletics at the 1988 Summer Paralympics consisted of 344 events . Because of ties for third place in the men 's 800 metre A1-3/A9/L2 and precision throw C1 events , a total of 346 bronze medals were awarded . Because of a tie for first place in the women 's 100 m 5-6 345 gold medals and 343 silver medals were awarded . Bulgaria , Indonesia , Puerto Rico , South Korea , Thailand and Tunisia won their first ever medals in this sport ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's precision throw C1", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'João Alves António Marques Maria Melo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Paralympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 패럴림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Paeleollimpik ) , were the first Paralympics in 24 years to take place in the same city as the Olympic Games . They took place in Seoul , South Korea . This was the first time the term Paralympic came into official use .'}]}, {'value': 'Boccia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boccia_at_the_1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'Boccia at the 1988 Summer Paralympics consisted of three events .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed team C1-C2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Rebelo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Paralympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 패럴림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Paeleollimpik ) , were the first Paralympics in 24 years to take place in the same city as the Olympic Games . They took place in Seoul , South Korea . This was the first time the term Paralympic came into official use .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "Athletics at the 1988 Summer Paralympics consisted of 344 events . Because of ties for third place in the men 's 800 metre A1-3/A9/L2 and precision throw C1 events , a total of 346 bronze medals were awarded . Because of a tie for first place in the women 's 100 m 5-6 345 gold medals and 343 silver medals were awarded . Bulgaria , Indonesia , Puerto Rico , South Korea , Thailand and Tunisia won their first ever medals in this sport ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 100m C8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Rebelo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Paralympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 패럴림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Paeleollimpik ) , were the first Paralympics in 24 years to take place in the same city as the Olympic Games . They took place in Seoul , South Korea . This was the first time the term Paralympic came into official use .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "Athletics at the 1988 Summer Paralympics consisted of 344 events . Because of ties for third place in the men 's 800 metre A1-3/A9/L2 and precision throw C1 events , a total of 346 bronze medals were awarded . Because of a tie for first place in the women 's 100 m 5-6 345 gold medals and 343 silver medals were awarded . Bulgaria , Indonesia , Puerto Rico , South Korea , Thailand and Tunisia won their first ever medals in this sport ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's 200m C8", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manuel Baltazar', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Paralympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 패럴림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Paeleollimpik ) , were the first Paralympics in 24 years to take place in the same city as the Olympic Games . They took place in Seoul , South Korea . This was the first time the term Paralympic came into official use .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Paralympics', 'summary': "Athletics at the 1988 Summer Paralympics consisted of 344 events . Because of ties for third place in the men 's 800 metre A1-3/A9/L2 and precision throw C1 events , a total of 346 bronze medals were awarded . Because of a tie for first place in the women 's 100 m 5-6 345 gold medals and 343 silver medals were awarded . Bulgaria , Indonesia , Puerto Rico , South Korea , Thailand and Tunisia won their first ever medals in this sport ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's kick ball C2", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Portugal_at_the_Paralympics_0', 'intro': "Portugal made its Paralympic Games début at the 1972 Summer Paralympics (two years before the Carnation Revolution), where it was represented solely by a men's team in wheelchair basketball. They were eliminated at the preliminary stage of the competition, with one victory (over Switzerland) and three defeats. Portugal was then absent from the Paralympic Games until the 1984 Summer Games, where its athletes won the country's first fourteen medals, including three gold in track and field and one in boccia. Portugal has competed at every subsequent edition of the Summer Paralympics, but -almost uniquely among Western European countries- has never taken part in the Winter Games. Portuguese athletes have won a total of 92 Paralympic medals, of which 25 gold, 30 silver and 37 bronze. As of 2010, Portugal ranks thirty-sixth on the all-time Paralympic Games medal table. The country's best performance came in 2000, when it won 15 medals (of which 6 gold) and ranked 26th."} | null | null | In the Paralympics that featured 447 athletic events , who was the Gold winner for the Men 's 200m C8 ? | Antonio Carlos Martins |
0a6c43b1d4665a8d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Northern_Rivers_and_Mid_North_Coast', 'title': 'List of schools in the Northern Rivers and Mid North Coast', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'Category', 'Opened', 'Website'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aetaomah School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terragon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tweed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tweed_Shire', 'summary': 'Tweed Shire is a local government area located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . The shire is located adjacent to the border with Queensland where it meets the Tasman Sea coast . The shire , administered from the town of Murwillumbah , covers an area of 1,321.0 square kilometres ( 510.0 sq mi ) , and has existed as a local government entity since 1947 . It was named for the Tweed River . The current Mayor of Tweed Shire Council is Cr . Katie Milne of The Greens .'}]}, {'value': 'Steiner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bhaktivedanta Swami Gurukula', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eungella', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eungella,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Eungella is a town located in north-eastern New South Wales , Australia , in the Tweed Shire .'}]}, {'value': 'Tweed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tweed_Shire', 'summary': 'Tweed Shire is a local government area located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . The shire is located adjacent to the border with Queensland where it meets the Tasman Sea coast . The shire , administered from the town of Murwillumbah , covers an area of 1,321.0 square kilometres ( 510.0 sq mi ) , and has existed as a local government entity since 1947 . It was named for the Tweed River . The current Mayor of Tweed Shire Council is Cr . Katie Milne of The Greens .'}]}, {'value': 'Hare Krishna', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop Druitt College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_Druitt_College', 'summary': 'The Bishop Druitt College ( abbreviated as BDC ) , is an independent Anglican co-educational primary and secondary day school , located in southwest Coffs Harbour , on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales , Australia . Named after Cecil Druitt , the first Bishop of the Diocese of Grafton , the College consists of a primary , middle school and senior school section , for students from Year K to Year 12 .'}]}, {'value': 'North Boambee Valley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coffs Harbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Coffs_Harbour', 'summary': 'The City of Coffs Harbour ( also known as the Coffs Harbour City Council ) is a local government area in the mid north coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is 1,175 square kilometres ( 454 sq mi ) , expanded in 2004 to take in parts of the former Pristine Waters local government area . The administrative seat is located in Coffs Harbour ; and the area is adjacent to the Pacific Highway , and the North Coast railway line . The Mayor of the City of Coffs Harbour is Denise Knight , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Anglican', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blue Hills College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goonellabah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goonellabah,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Goonellabah is the eastern suburb of Lismore , New South Wales , Australia , and is on the Bruxner Highway . At the 2006 census , Goonellabah had a population of 12,527 people . The City of Lismore has its main offices on Oliver Avenue in the suburb . Kadina High School was established here in 1976 . Goonellabah has many sporting teams which compete in local competitions . These include football , table tennis , cricket , hockey , touch and tennis .'}]}, {'value': 'Lismore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Lismore', 'summary': 'The City of Lismore is a local government area in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . The seat of the local government area is Lismore , a major regional centre of the state . The Mayor of Lismore City Council is Cr . Isaac Smith , a member of Country Labor .'}]}, {'value': 'Adventist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Byron Community Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Byron Bay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byron_Bay,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Byron Bay is a beachside town located in the far-northeastern corner of the state of New South Wales , Australia It is located 772 kilometres ( 480 mi ) north of Sydney and 165 kilometres ( 103 mi ) south of Brisbane . Cape Byron , a headland adjacent to the town , is the easternmost point of mainland Australia . At the 2016 census , the town had a permanent population of 9,246 . It is the largest town of Byron Shire , though not the shire 's administrative centre ( which is Mullumbimby ) . The local Arakwal Aboriginal people 's name for the area is Cavvanbah , meaning meeting place . Lieutenant James Cook named Cape Byron after Royal Navy officer John Byron , circumnavigator of the world and grandfather of the poet Lord Byron ."}]}, {'value': 'Byron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byron_Shire', 'summary': 'Byron Shire is a local government area located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . The shire is located adjacent to the Tasman Sea about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of the Queensland border . The shire , administered from the town of Mullumbimby , covers an area of 566.7 square kilometres ( 218.8 sq mi ) , and has existed as a local government entity since 1906 . The shire was named for Cape Byron , itself named by Captain Cook in May 1770 in honour of Vice-Admiral John Byron . The Mayor of Byron Shire Council is Simon Richardson , a member of the Greens .'}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cape Byron Rudolf Steiner School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Byron_Rudolf_Steiner_School', 'summary': 'Cape Byron Rudolf Steiner School is an independent , co-educational , non-sectarian school providing education from Kindergarten to Grade 12 . Located approximately six kilometres west of Byron Bay in the suburb of Ewingsdale it draws students from the Byron Shire and wider Northern Rivers region . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Ewingsdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ewingsdale,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Ewingsdale is a small town located in the Northern Rivers Region of New South Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'Byron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byron_Shire', 'summary': 'Byron Shire is a local government area located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . The shire is located adjacent to the Tasman Sea about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of the Queensland border . The shire , administered from the town of Mullumbimby , covers an area of 566.7 square kilometres ( 218.8 sq mi ) , and has existed as a local government entity since 1906 . The shire was named for Cape Byron , itself named by Captain Cook in May 1770 in honour of Vice-Admiral John Byron . The Mayor of Byron Shire Council is Simon Richardson , a member of the Greens .'}]}, {'value': 'Steiner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casino Christian Community School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casino_Christian_Community_School', 'summary': 'Casino Christian School ( incorporating both Casino Christian Primary School and Casino Christian High School ) is a non-Government Christian school located in North Casino , New South Wales , Australia , providing education to boys and girls from Kindergarten to Year 12 .'}]}, {'value': 'Casino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casino,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Casino is a town in the Northern Rivers area of New South Wales , Australia , with a population of 10,914 people at the 2016 census . It lies on the banks of the Richmond River and is situated at the junction of the Bruxner Highway and the Summerland Way . It is located 726 km ( 451 mi ) north of Sydney and 228 km ( 142 mi ) south of Brisbane .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Valley_Council', 'summary': 'Richmond Valley Council ( RVC ) is a local government area on the Northern Rivers region of north-eastern New South Wales , Australia . RVC services an area of 3,051 square kilometres ( 1,178 sq mi ) and draws its name from the Richmond River , which flows through most of the council area . The area under management is located adjacent to the Bruxner Highway , Pacific Highway , and the North Coast railway line . It is a rural area for the most part , with most industries involving cattle and crop growing , such as sugar cane , wheat , and pecan plantation . The Mayor of the Richmond Valley Council is Cr . Robert Mustow , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Presbyterian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casuarina School for Steiner Education', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coffs Harbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coffs_Harbour', 'summary': "Coffs Harbour is a city on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales , Australia , 540 km ( 340 mi ) north of Sydney , and 390 km ( 240 mi ) south of Brisbane . It is one of the largest urban centres on the North Coast , with an estimated population of 71,822 in 2018 . Coffs Harbour 's economy was once based mainly on bananas , now being superseded by blueberries as well as tourism and fishing . The wider region is known as the Bananacoast . The city has a campus of Southern Cross University , a public and a private hospital , several radio stations , and three major shopping centres . Coffs Harbour is near numerous national parks , including a marine national park . There are regular passenger flights each day to Sydney , Melbourne and Brisbane departing from Coffs Harbour Airport . Coffs Harbour is also accessible by road , by NSW TrainLink , and by regular bus services ."}]}, {'value': 'Coffs Harbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Coffs_Harbour', 'summary': 'The City of Coffs Harbour ( also known as the Coffs Harbour City Council ) is a local government area in the mid north coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is 1,175 square kilometres ( 454 sq mi ) , expanded in 2004 to take in parts of the former Pristine Waters local government area . The administrative seat is located in Coffs Harbour ; and the area is adjacent to the Pacific Highway , and the North Coast railway line . The Mayor of the City of Coffs Harbour is Denise Knight , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Steiner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chrysalis School for Steiner Education', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darkwood', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bellingen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bellingen_Shire', 'summary': 'Bellingen Shire is a local government area in the mid north coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire is located adjacent to the Pacific Highway , Waterfall Way and the North Coast railway line . The Mayor of the Bellingen Shire is Cr . Dominic King , a member of the Greens .'}]}, {'value': 'Steiner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clarence Valley Anglican School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grafton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grafton,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Grafton is a city in the Northern Rivers region of the Australian state of New South Wales . It is located on the Clarence River , approximately 608 kilometres ( 378 mi ) by road north-northeast of the state capital Sydney . The closest major cities , Brisbane and the Gold Coast , are located across the border in South-East Queensland . At June 2018 Grafton had a population of 19,078 . The city is the largest settlement and administrative centre of the Clarence Valley Council local government area , which is home to over 50,000 people in all .'}]}, {'value': 'Clarence Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_Valley_Council', 'summary': 'Clarence Valley Council is a local government area in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . The council services an area of 10,441 square kilometres ( 4,031 sq mi ) and draws its name from the Clarence River , which flows through most of the council area . The area under management is adjacent to the Pacific Highway , the Gwydir Highway and the North Coast railway line . The Clarence Valley region includes the coastal plain and lower valleys of the Clarence and Nymboida river . Most of the valley is agricultural ; however , the oceanside towns of Yamba and Iluka are popular holiday resorts . The council was formed in February 2004 by the amalgamation of the City of Grafton and Maclean Shire , and parts of Copmanhurst , Pristine Waters and Richmond Valley local government areas , and the activities of North Coast Water and Clarence River County Council . The Mayor of Clarence Valley Council is Jim Simmons , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Anglican', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coffs Coast Alesco School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coffs Harbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coffs_Harbour', 'summary': "Coffs Harbour is a city on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales , Australia , 540 km ( 340 mi ) north of Sydney , and 390 km ( 240 mi ) south of Brisbane . It is one of the largest urban centres on the North Coast , with an estimated population of 71,822 in 2018 . Coffs Harbour 's economy was once based mainly on bananas , now being superseded by blueberries as well as tourism and fishing . The wider region is known as the Bananacoast . The city has a campus of Southern Cross University , a public and a private hospital , several radio stations , and three major shopping centres . Coffs Harbour is near numerous national parks , including a marine national park . There are regular passenger flights each day to Sydney , Melbourne and Brisbane departing from Coffs Harbour Airport . Coffs Harbour is also accessible by road , by NSW TrainLink , and by regular bus services ."}]}, {'value': 'Coffs Harbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Coffs_Harbour', 'summary': 'The City of Coffs Harbour ( also known as the Coffs Harbour City Council ) is a local government area in the mid north coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is 1,175 square kilometres ( 454 sq mi ) , expanded in 2004 to take in parts of the former Pristine Waters local government area . The administrative seat is located in Coffs Harbour ; and the area is adjacent to the Pacific Highway , and the North Coast railway line . The Mayor of the City of Coffs Harbour is Denise Knight , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Alternative', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coffs Harbour Bible Church School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toormina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toormina,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Toormina is a suburb in the City of Coffs Harbour , on the east coast of New South Wales , Australia . Located in the city 's south , Toormina is near the seaside suburb of Sawtell ."}]}, {'value': 'Coffs Harbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Coffs_Harbour', 'summary': 'The City of Coffs Harbour ( also known as the Coffs Harbour City Council ) is a local government area in the mid north coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is 1,175 square kilometres ( 454 sq mi ) , expanded in 2004 to take in parts of the former Pristine Waters local government area . The administrative seat is located in Coffs Harbour ; and the area is adjacent to the Pacific Highway , and the North Coast railway line . The Mayor of the City of Coffs Harbour is Denise Knight , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Baptist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coffs Harbour Christian Community School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bonville,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Bonville is a small town located on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales , Australia , 11 kilometres south of Coffs Harbour and in the local government area of City of Coffs Harbour . It has a population of 1,891 as of 2006 . The town 's name supposedly derives from Bongol Bongol/Bongil Bongil , which in Gumbaingirr , means a place where one stays a long time . The town is known for Bonville International Golf Course . It has a Christian high school and two public primary schools . The town has now been bypassed by the Pacific Highway A railway station on the North Coast line was open between 1915 and 1974 , it was subsequently demolished and no trace remains ."}]}, {'value': 'Coffs Harbour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Coffs_Harbour', 'summary': 'The City of Coffs Harbour ( also known as the Coffs Harbour City Council ) is a local government area in the mid north coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is 1,175 square kilometres ( 454 sq mi ) , expanded in 2004 to take in parts of the former Pristine Waters local government area . The administrative seat is located in Coffs Harbour ; and the area is adjacent to the Pacific Highway , and the North Coast railway line . The Mayor of the City of Coffs Harbour is Denise Knight , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Baptist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emmanuel Anglican College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ballina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballina,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Ballina ( /ˈbælɪnə/ ) is a town in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia , and the seat of the Ballina Shire local government area . Ballina 's urban population at June 2018 was 26,381 . The town lies on the Richmond River and serves as a gateway to Byron Bay ."}]}, {'value': 'Ballina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anglican', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heritage Christian School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Macquarie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Macquarie', 'summary': 'Port Macquarie is a coastal town in the local government area of Port Macquarie-Hastings . It is located on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales , Australia , about 390 km ( 242 mi ) north of Sydney , and 570 km ( 354 mi ) south of Brisbane . The town is located on the Tasman Sea coast , at the mouth of the Hastings River , and at the eastern end of the Oxley Highway ( B56 ) . The town with its suburbs had a population of 47,973 in June 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Macquarie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Macquarie-Hastings_Council', 'summary': 'Port Macquarie-Hastings Council is a local government area in the mid north coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is located adjacent to the Hastings River , the Pacific Highway , the Oxley Highway and the North Coast railway line . Major population centres in the local government area are Port Macquarie , Camden Haven , Wauchope , Lake Cathie and Kendall . The mayor of the Port Macquarie-Hastings Council since 4 August 2017 is Cr . Peta Pinson , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind . Christian', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kempsey Adventist School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Kempsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Kempsey,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'South Kempsey is a suburb of Kempsey in the Kempsey Shire , New South Wales , Australia . They are separated by the Macleay River .'}]}, {'value': 'Kempsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kempsey_Shire', 'summary': 'Kempsey Shire is a local government area in the mid north coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The shire services an area of 3,380 square kilometres ( 1,310 sq mi ) and is located adjacent to the Pacific Highway and the North Coast railway line . Kempsey Shire was formed on 1 October 1975 by the amalgamation of the former Kempsey Municipality and the former Macleay Shire . At the 2011 census , Kempsey Shire had a high proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people residing within its boundaries ; being 11.1 per cent of the resident population , more than four times the national and state averages of 2.5 per cent . The shire also contains a coastal strip that was identified in 2007 , and confirmed in 2015 , as one of the most socially disadvantaged areas in Australia . The Mayor of the Kempsey Shire is Liz Campbell , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Adventist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lindisfarne Anglican Grammar School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lindisfarne_Anglican_Grammar_School', 'summary': 'The Lindisfarne Anglican Grammar School is a dual campus independent Anglican co-educational early learning , primary , and secondary day school , located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1981 , the school offers an integrated curriculum from early learning , through Year K to Year 12 . The school has two campuses , with early learning to Year 4 at Tweed Heads South , and Year 5 through to Year 12 in Terranora . It is located in the Anglican Diocese of Grafton .'}]}, {'value': 'Terranora', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terranora,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Terranora is a town located on the northern boundary of New South Wales , Australia . At the 2016 census , Terranora had a population of 2,926 people . The town is part of the Tweed Shire local Government area . Its postcode is 2486 . Two schools are located there - Terranora Public School and the senior campus of Lindisfarne Anglican Grammar School . Well known children 's author , Hesba Fay Brinsmead , made her home in Terranora from 1976 until the early 2000s ( she died in nearby Murwillumbah ) . Terranora is also home to St Kilda Saints FC player Sam Gilbert who became the 30th player to play 200 games for the club in its 145 year history ."}]}, {'value': 'Tweed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tweed_Shire', 'summary': 'Tweed Shire is a local government area located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . The shire is located adjacent to the border with Queensland where it meets the Tasman Sea coast . The shire , administered from the town of Murwillumbah , covers an area of 1,321.0 square kilometres ( 510.0 sq mi ) , and has existed as a local government entity since 1947 . It was named for the Tweed River . The current Mayor of Tweed Shire Council is Cr . Katie Milne of The Greens .'}]}, {'value': 'Anglican', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lindisfarne Anglican Grammar School ( Junior )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lindisfarne_Anglican_Grammar_School', 'summary': 'The Lindisfarne Anglican Grammar School is a dual campus independent Anglican co-educational early learning , primary , and secondary day school , located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . Established in 1981 , the school offers an integrated curriculum from early learning , through Year K to Year 12 . The school has two campuses , with early learning to Year 4 at Tweed Heads South , and Year 5 through to Year 12 in Terranora . It is located in the Anglican Diocese of Grafton .'}]}, {'value': 'Tweed Heads South', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tweed_Heads_South,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Tweed Heads South is a town located on the Tweed River in north-eastern New South Wales , Australia , in Tweed Shire .'}]}, {'value': 'Tweed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tweed_Shire', 'summary': 'Tweed Shire is a local government area located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales , Australia . The shire is located adjacent to the border with Queensland where it meets the Tasman Sea coast . The shire , administered from the town of Murwillumbah , covers an area of 1,321.0 square kilometres ( 510.0 sq mi ) , and has existed as a local government entity since 1947 . It was named for the Tweed River . The current Mayor of Tweed Shire Council is Cr . Katie Milne of The Greens .'}]}, {'value': 'Anglican', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macksville Adventist School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macksville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macksville,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Macksville is a small town on the Nambucca River in the Nambucca Valley , New South Wales , Australia . It is halfway between Sydney and Brisbane , along the Pacific Highway , approximately 40 minutes north of Kempsey , 40 minutes south of Coffs Harbour , 1 hour 10 minutes north of Port Macquarie , 5 hours south of Brisbane and 5 hours north of Sydney .'}]}, {'value': 'Nambucca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nambucca_Shire', 'summary': "Nambucca Valley Council is a local government area in the mid north coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The shire services an area of 1,491 square kilometres ( 576 sq mi ) and is located adjacent to the Pacific Highway and the North Coast railway line . At the 2016 census , Nambucca Valley Council had a high proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people residing within its boundaries ; being 7.6 per cent of the population , nearly treble the national and state averages of 2.8 and 2.9 per cent respectively . Within the Shire 's boundaries is Bowraville , one of the most socially disadvantaged areas in Australia . The Mayor of the Nambucca Valley Council is Rhonda Hoban , an independent politician . The local government area was created on 15 December 1915 , from land excised from Bellingen Shire , and was originally called Nambucca Shire . The area was renamed Nambucca Valley from 4 December 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Adventist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macleay Vocational College', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kempsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kempsey,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Kempsey is a town in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales , Australia and is the council seat for Kempsey Shire . It is located 15 kilometres inland from the coast of the Pacific Ocean , on the Macleay Valley Way near where the Pacific Highway and the North Coast railway line cross the Macleay River . It is roughly 345 kilometres north of Sydney . As at June 2018 Kempsey had a population of 15,309 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kempsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kempsey_Shire', 'summary': 'Kempsey Shire is a local government area in the mid north coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The shire services an area of 3,380 square kilometres ( 1,310 sq mi ) and is located adjacent to the Pacific Highway and the North Coast railway line . Kempsey Shire was formed on 1 October 1975 by the amalgamation of the former Kempsey Municipality and the former Macleay Shire . At the 2011 census , Kempsey Shire had a high proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people residing within its boundaries ; being 11.1 per cent of the resident population , more than four times the national and state averages of 2.5 per cent . The shire also contains a coastal strip that was identified in 2007 , and confirmed in 2015 , as one of the most socially disadvantaged areas in Australia . The Mayor of the Kempsey Shire is Liz Campbell , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': 'Independent', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Private schools -- Other private schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_Northern_Rivers_and_Mid_North_Coast_6', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the Northern Rivers and Mid North Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia. The New South Wales education system traditionally consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6 (ages 5-12), and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 12 (ages 12-18).'} | null | null | The town with the Heritage Christian School is located at the mouth of what river ? | the Hastings River |
0a6cdccf47866c60 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Allsvenskan', 'title': '2013 Allsvenskan', 'header': ['Team', 'Head coach', 'Captain', 'Kit manufacturer', 'Shirt sponsor'], 'data': [{'value': 'AIK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Alm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Alm', 'summary': 'Andreas Alm ( born 19 June 1973 , in Gällivare but grew up in Eskilstuna ) is a Swedish football coach in charge of BK Häcken and a former football player . He formerly managed AIK and is also a former player for the club . During his active career he played for the two Stockholm rivals AIK and Hammarby IF in the Swedish Allsvenskan . He also played for IFK Norrköping in the Swedish Superettan and also in Norway and Kongsvinger IL for a short time .'}]}, {'value': 'Nils-Eric Johansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nils-Eric_Johansson', 'summary': 'Nils-Eric Nisse Johansson ( born 13 January 1980 ) is a Swedish former professional footballer who last played as a defender for AIK , which he captained .'}]}, {'value': 'Adidas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adidas', 'summary': "Adidas AG ( German : [ ˈʔadiˌdas ] AH-dee-DAHS ; stylized as ɑdidɑs since 1949 ) is a multinational corporation , founded and headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Germany , that designs and manufactures shoes , clothing and accessories . It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe , and the second largest in the world , after Nike . It is the holding company for the Adidas Group , which consists of the Reebok sportswear company , 8.33% of the German football club Bayern Munich , and Runtastic , an Austrian fitness technology company . Adidas ' revenue for 2018 was listed at €21.915 billion . The company was started by Adolf Dassler in his mother 's house ; he was joined by his elder brother Rudolf in 1924 under the name Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory . Dassler assisted in the development of spiked running shoes ( spikes ) for multiple athletic events . To enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear , he transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to utilising canvas and rubber . Dassler persuaded U.S. sprinter Jesse Owens to use his handmade spikes at the 1936 Summer Olympics . In 1949 , following a breakdown in the relationship between the brothers , Adolf created Adidas , and Rudolf established Puma , which became Adidas ' business rival . Adidas ' logo is three stripes , which is used on the company 's clothing and shoe designs as a marketing aid . The branding , which Adidas bought in 1952 from Finnish sports company Karhu Sports , became so successful that Dassler described Adidas as The three stripes company ."}]}, {'value': 'Åbro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BK Häcken', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Gerhardsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Gerhardsson', 'summary': "Peter Gerhardsson ( born 22 August 1959 ) is a Swedish football manager and former football player . He was previously the manager of BK Häcken . Before the start of the 2013 Allsvenskan he was ranked as the best manager in the league by newspaper Aftonbladet . On 29 November 2016 it was announced that he 'll take over as manager of the Swedish women 's national team after Pia Sundhage following the 2017 European Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Mohammed Ali Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Khan', 'summary': 'Mak Adam Lind ( né Mohammed Ali Khan , Arabic : محمد علي خان ; born 1 November 1988 ) is a professional football manager and former footballer , who is the current manager of Norrby IF . Born in Sweden to Lebanese parents , Lind obtained Lebanese citizenship through naturalization and represented Lebanon internationally between 2013 and 2015 . Until 2013 he had believed that he was born in 1986 , but after locating his original Lebanon birth certificate it was discovered that he was really born in 1988 and had in reality had made his Superettan first team debut at the age of 15 . He played for the Chinese Super League team Tianjin Teda , then lastly for Halmstads BK .'}]}, {'value': 'Nike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nike,_Inc.', 'summary': "Nike , Inc. ( /ˈnaɪki/ ) [ note 1 ] is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design , development , manufacturing , and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear , apparel , equipment , accessories , and services . The company is headquartered near Beaverton , Oregon , in the Portland metropolitan area . It is the world 's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment , with revenue in excess of US $ 24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 ( ending May 31 , 2012 ) . As of 2012 , it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide . In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $ 19 billion , making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses . As of 2017 , the Nike brand is valued at $ 29.6 billion . Nike ranked No . 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . The company was founded on January 25 , 1964 , as Blue Ribbon Sports , by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight , and officially became Nike , Inc. on May 30 , 1971 . The company takes its name from Nike , the Greek goddess of victory . Nike markets its products under its own brand , as well as Nike Golf , Nike Pro , Nike+ , Air Jordan , Nike Blazers , Air Force 1 , Nike Dunk , Air Max , Foamposite , Nike Skateboarding , Nike CR7 , and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan , Hurley International and Converse . Nike also owned Bauer Hockey ( later renamed Nike Bauer ) from 1995 to 2008 , and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro ."}]}, {'value': 'BRA Bygg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Djurgårdens IF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Per-Mathias Høgmo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Per-Mathias_Høgmo', 'summary': "Per-Mathias Høgmo ( born 1 December 1959 ) is a football manager from Norway and former player . He is the former manager of the Norway national football team . He has previously been head coach of Norway women 's national football team and the Tippeligaen sides Tromsø , Moss and Rosenborg . While being head coach of Tromsø he was working on a PhD in football at the University in Tromsø ."}]}, {'value': 'Andreas Johansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Johansson_(footballer_born_1978)', 'summary': 'Andreas Johansson ( born 5 July 1978 , in Vänersborg ) is a Swedish former footballer . He played as a midfielder and is a former Swedish international . He got his breakthrough with Swedish team Djurgårdens IF , winning the two Allsvenskan championships and two Swedish Cup trophies . He played for Premier League team Wigan Athletic , before joining AaB with whom he won the Danish Superliga and was named team captain . He has played 16 games for the national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gefle IF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Per Olsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Per_Olsson', 'summary': 'Per Pelle Olsson ( born 1 August 1963 ) is a Swedish football manager in charge of Sandvikens IF . He started out playing for his hometown club Skutskärs IF . During his injury-filled playing career he also represented Gefle IF , Malmö FF , Halmstads BK and the Sweden national under-21 football team . In his managerial career he is influenced by the managers who he previously played for like Roy Hodgson , Stuart Baxter and Benny Lennartsson . Before the start of the 2012 Allsvenskan season he was named the best manager in the league by newspaper Aftonbladet due to his ability to build a low-budget team that is greater than its individual parts .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Bernhardsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Bernhardsson', 'summary': 'Daniel Bernhardsson ( born 31 January 1978 in Årsunda ) is a Swedish footballer who plays for Gefle IF in Allsvenskan as a defender . He has played over 300 matches for Gefle IF and he serves as team captain .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Umbro', 'summary': 'Umbro is an English sportswear and football equipment supplier based in Cheadle , near Manchester . Umbro designs , sources , and markets football-related apparel , footwear , and equipment . Its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide . Since 2012 , the company has been a subsidiary of American company Iconix Brand Group , after being bought by Nike in 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sandvik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandvik', 'summary': 'Sandvik AB is a high-tech and global engineering group with approximately 42,000 employees and sales in more than 160 countries . The company was founded in Sweden in 1862 . Sandvik has operations within tools and tooling systems for advanced metal-cutting , tools and solutions for the mining and construction industries and manufacturing of advanced stainless steels , powder-based alloys and specialty alloys . In 2018 , sales amounted to 91 billion SEK .'}]}, {'value': 'Halmstads BK', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jens Gustafsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jens_Gustafsson', 'summary': 'Jens Gustafsson ( born 15 October 1978 ) is a Swedish football manager . He was previously assistant manager to Andreas Alm for AIK . On 11 May 2016 , he was appointed manager of IFK Norrköping .'}]}, {'value': 'Stefan Selaković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Selaković', 'summary': 'Stefan Selaković ( born 9 January 1977 in Varberg ) is a Swedish former footballer who played as a midfielder and forward . He used to play as forward , but has since 2006 primarily been used as a rightwing midfielder by IFK Göteborg . He previously played for SC Heerenveen , Halmstads BK and Varbergs GIF . He is a former Swedish international . He is of Serb descent .'}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puma_SE', 'summary': "Puma SE , branded as Puma , is a German multinational company that designs and manufactures athletic and casual footwear , apparel and accessories , which is headquartered in Herzogenaurach , Bavaria , Germany . Puma is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world . The company was founded in 1948 by Rudolf Dassler . In 1924 , Rudolf and his brother Adolf Dassler had jointly formed the company Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik ( Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory ) . The relationship between the two brothers deteriorated until the two agreed to split in 1948 , forming two separate entities , Adidas and Puma . Both companies are currently based in Herzogenaurach , Germany . Puma has been a public company since 1986 , listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . French luxury group Kering ( formerly known as Pinault-Printemps-Redoute or PPR ) holds 16% , Kering 's largest shareholder Artemis SA owns 29% of the share capital . Since 1 July 2013 , the company has been led by former football professional Bjørn Gulden ( CEO ) . As of 2017 , Puma SE employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries . Following the split from his brother , Rudolf Dassler originally registered the new-established company as Ruda , but later changed the name to Puma . Puma 's earliest logo consisted of a square and beast jumping through a D , which was registered , along with the company 's name , in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Various', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Helsingborgs IF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roar Hansen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roar_Hansen', 'summary': 'Roar Hansen ( born 28 February 1966 ) is a Swedish football manager in charge of IFK Värnamo in Superettan . After a short playing career in the lower divisions he spent 18 years combining work at a factory with coaching various small local clubs before he finally became a Superettan manager in 2008 after winning promotion with Ängelholms FF .'}]}, {'value': 'Pär Hansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pär_Hansson', 'summary': 'Pär Hansson ( born 22 June 1986 ) is a Swedish former football goalkeeper , who last played for Helsingborgs IF . He was a squad member for Sweden at Euro 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Resurs Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Resurs_Bank', 'summary': 'Resurs Holding AB is a Swedish financial services company founded in October 2001 . The birth of Resurs Radio & TV goes back to 1977 and Resurs Finans was founded in 1983 . Resurs Bank is specialised in consumer credits , unsecured loans and issues credit cards . Among a large amount of retail-customers , companies such as Siba , Bauhaus , Net On Net , Sova , Ticket , BMW and Mio use retail financing from Resurs Bank . Resurs Bank is part of The Resurs Group , which operates through subsidiaries Resurs Bank and Solid Försäkring . Since its start in 1977 , Resurs has established collaborations with over 1,200 retail partners and 35,000 stores and built a customer base of approximately 5 million private customers in the Nordics . Resurs Holding , with operations in Sweden , Denmark , Norway and Finland , had around 706 employees and a loan portfolio of approximately SEK 18 billion at year-end 2015 . Resurs Bank has had a bank charter since 2001 and is under the supervision of the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority . Kenneth Nilsson is the CEO of Resurs Bank . Ownership Resurs Holding : 55% Nordic Capital Fund VII and 45% Waldir AB . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'IF Brommapojkarna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberth Björknesjö', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberth_Björknesjö', 'summary': 'Roberth Björknesjö ( born 30 April 1973 in Stockholm ) is a Swedish football manager . He is in charge of IF Brommapojkarna in the Allsvenskan . Πρόσφατα έχασε την θέση του από έναν έμπειρο Έλληνα προπονητή ο οποίος είχε αναλάβει και είχε φτάσει στην κορυφή της Αγγλίας την Leeds United των Harea'}]}, {'value': 'Pontus Segerström', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pontus_Segerström', 'summary': 'Pontus Segerström ( 17 February 1981 - 13 October 2014 ) was a Swedish footballer who played as a defender . He died of a brain tumor , 76 days after his last Allsvenskan game for IF Brommapojkarna , which he played as the captain .'}]}, {'value': 'Adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dustin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dustin_AB', 'summary': 'Dustin is one of the leading re-sellers of IT-products and additional services in the Nordics . Founded in 1984 , by Bo Lundevall and his wife Ulla Lundevall in a zoo-shop in Farsta , Stockholm . Dustin started off selling colored floppy disks over mail order and started selling IT and technology products over the Internet in 1995 . The company employed more than 1000 persons and had revenue of approx 9.3 billion Swedish kronor SEK in 2016/17 . Dustin was acquired by the private equity company Altor Equity Partners in 2006 . In 2004 Dustin home was founded , which specializes in selling products to home users . In 2007 Dustin acquired the Danish companies TCM and Computerstore A/S . In 2012 Dustin acquired IT-Hantverkarna and Best Office in Sweden and Norsk Data Senter in Norway . In 2013 Dustin acquired Businessforum in Finland . In 2015 Dustin Group was listed on Nasdaq Stockholm .'}]}, {'value': 'IF Elfsborg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klas Ingesson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klas_Ingesson', 'summary': 'Klas Inge Klabbe Ingesson ( 20 August 1968 - 29 October 2014 ) was a Swedish footballer and manager . He spent most of his career as a midfielder in Sweden , Belgium , Netherlands , England , Italy and France . Ingesson represented the Sweden national team on 57 occasions , including the 1990 and 1994 FIFA World Cup , as well as the 1992 European Championship . He was the manager of IF Elfsborg from 2013 until his death in October 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Anders Svensson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anders_Svensson_(footballer,_born_1976)', 'summary': "Anders Gunnar Svensson ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈânːdɛʂ ˈsvɛ̌nːsɔn ] ; born 17 July 1976 ) is a Swedish former professional footballer . He was a central midfielder , known for his passing , free kicks , and set piece-taking abilities , who usually operated in a playmaking role . He was capped 148 times for the Swedish national football team , many times as a captain , before he retired from international football in 2013 . He is the most capped male player for Sweden , beating Thomas Ravelli 's previous record of 143 caps . As well as being named captain of Sweden on several occasions , Svensson also captained Southampton and Elfsborg . He played important roles in the 2002 and 2006 World Cups , in which he proved his leadership skills , resulting in him being named captain of that Sweden national team in 2009 . He is the eighth-most capped European player in history , after Lothar Matthäus , Martin Reim , Cristiano Ronaldo , Iker Casillas , Vitālijs Astafjevs , Sergio Ramos , and Gianluigi Buffon . Svensson also represented the Swedish national football team at three consecutive European Championships , in 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Various', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IFK Göteborg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikael Stahre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikael_Stahre', 'summary': 'Mikael Micke Stahre ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈmîːkaɛl ˈmɪ̂kːɛ ˈstɑ̂ːrɛ ] ; born 5 July 1975 ) is a Swedish football manager who is currently head coach at Eliteserien club Sarpsborg 08 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tobias Hysén', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tobias_Hysén', 'summary': 'Glenn Tobias Hysén ( born 9 March 1982 ) is a Swedish former footballer who last played for Allsvenskan club IFK Göteborg as a forward . He is the son of Glenn Hysén .'}]}, {'value': 'Adidas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prioritet Finans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IFK Norrköping', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Janne Andersson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Andersson_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Jan Olof Janne Andersson ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈjânːɛ ˈânːdɛˌʂɔn ] ; born 29 September 1962 ) , is a Swedish football coach and former player . He is manager of the Sweden national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Mathias Florén', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathias_Florén', 'summary': 'Mathias Florén ( born 11 August 1976 in Söderhamn ) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a left back . His former teams are Alnö IF , GIF Sundsvall , IFK Norrköping , FC Groningen and IF Elfsborg . He has played for the Sweden national football team . Still playing some games for IFK Norrköping u21 team and IF Sylvia .'}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holmen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holmen_(company)', 'summary': "Holmen AB is a Swedish company which bases its business in the forest industry and the pulp and paper industry . Holmen 's main products are paperboard for consumer packaging and graphical applications . Printing paper for magazines , supplements , direct mail , directories , books and newspapers . They also produce sawn timber for flooring , window components , furniture or construction ."}]}, {'value': 'Kalmar FF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nanne Bergstrand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nanne_Bergstrand', 'summary': 'Kurt Arne Nanne René Bergstrand ( born April 28 , 1956 ) is a Swedish football manager and former football player . He has previously coached Helsingborgs IF , Östers IF , Kalmar FF and Hammarby IF in Allsvenskan . His over ten-year tenure as manager of Kalmar FF made him the tenth longest-serving manager in European first-division football at the time according to UEFA . During the later years of his career at Kalmar FF he was sometimes referred to as the Swedish equivalent to Alex Ferguson .'}]}, {'value': 'Henrik Rydström', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henrik_Rydström', 'summary': 'Henrik Rydström ( born 16 February 1976 ) is a Swedish football manager and former player who manages Sirius in the Swedish first tier , Allsvenskan . As of 2013 he was the sixth longest serving player in the world when it comes to playing for the same club .'}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Småländska Hjältevadshus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malmö FF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rikard Norling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rikard_Norling', 'summary': 'Rikard Norling ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈrɪ̌kːaɖ ˈnûːɭɪŋ ] ; born 4 June 1971 ) is a Swedish football manager who leads the Allsvenskan club AIK . Forced to retire early from his professional playing career due to an injury , Rikard Norling started a coaching career at the age of 22 . In his early managerial career , Norling headed IK Bele , Väsby IK and GIF Sundsvall before taking on his first major position as manager for AIK in 2005 . After helping AIK secure promotion back to Allsvenskan in 2005 and finishing as runners-up in the league as newcomers in 2006 , he was sacked after conflicts with the club board . He took a short break before he came back to the coaching scene as he was appointed manager for Assyriska FF . Norling managed Assyriska to a fourth-place position in Superettan in 2010 . Halfway through the 2011 season he was presented as the new manager for reigning Swedish champions Malmö FF to replace Roland Nilsson . At Malmö FF he won the 2013 league title and the club finished in the top during all of Norlings three seasons at the club . In May 2016 Norling returned to AIK as manager again .'}]}, {'value': 'Jiloan Hamad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jiloan_Hamad', 'summary': 'Jiloan Hamad ( born 6 November 1990 ) is an footballer who plays as a winger for HNK Gorica in the Prva HNL and Iraq national football team . Born in Azerbaijan and of Iraqi descent , Hamad moved to Sweden and represented their national team before switching to represent Iraq .'}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rörläggaren', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mjällby AIF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lars Jacobsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lars_Jacobsson', 'summary': 'Lasse Jacobsson ( born 10 December 1960 in Jönköping ) is a Swedish football manager and former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Mattias Asper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mattias_Asper', 'summary': 'Mattias Asper ( born March 20 , 1974 in Sölvesborg ) is a retired Swedish football goalkeeper . He has played 3 international matches for Sweden national football team , and was a squad member in the UEFA Euro 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Umbro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stål & Rörmontage Sölvesborg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syrianska FC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Özcan Melkemichel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Özcan_Melkemichel', 'summary': 'Özcan Melkemichel ( born 21 February 1968 ) is a Swedish football manager currently in charge of AFC United and former footballer . He is of Syriac descent .'}]}, {'value': 'Suleyman Sleyman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suleyman_Sleyman', 'summary': "Suleyman Sleyman ( born December 28 , 1979 ) is a Swedish-Aramean former football defender who last played for Syrianska FC . With a degree in economics from the Stockholm School of Economics , he works part-time as an auditor for Ernst & Young . Sleyman joined Hammarby in 1998 . He signed for a continuation with Hammarby IF in September 2007 , which expired at the end of the 2008 season . He scored his first goal for Hammarby in August 2008 , after almost ten years in the club , in the derby where Hammarby faced AIK , 2-2 . He left Hammarby at contract 's end and on 26 February 2009 , he returned to Syrianska FC . On March 5 , 2014 , Sleyman officially announced his retirement . Sleyman belongs to the Assyrian/Syriac community , and declares as Syriac ( Swedish : syrian ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Nike', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Telge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Åtvidabergs FF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Swärdh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Swärdh', 'summary': 'Peter Swärdh ( born 27 February 1965 ) is a Swedish football manager and former player .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Hallingström', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Hallingström', 'summary': 'Daniel Christian Hallingström ( born 10 February 1981 ) is a former Swedish footballer and manager . He spent the most of his career at Åtvidabergs FF .'}]}, {'value': 'Uhlsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uhlsport', 'summary': 'uhlsport GmbH is a German sporting goods manufacturer . Originally established in 1948 as Haase & Uhl OHG and later renamed Karl Uhl GmbH , the company became uhlsport GmbH in 1994 . It is an international company which has its permanent headquarters in Balingen in Baden-Württemberg , Germany . The company manufactures and distributes its products through the brands uhlsport , Kempa , Spalding and BLK .'}]}, {'value': 'Klädhuset Falerum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Östers IF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Thomsson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Thomsson', 'summary': 'Andreas Thomsson ( born 27 May 1971 in Kalmar ) is a Swedish football manager who most recently managed Åtvidabergs FF . He previously managed Östers IF and FC Linköping City .'}]}, {'value': 'Denis Velić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denis_Velić', 'summary': 'Denis Velić ( born 7 October 1982 ) is a retired Swedish footballer . He is currently the assistant manager of Östers IF .'}]}, {'value': 'Puma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'IST', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams -- Personnel and kits', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_Allsvenskan_1', 'intro': "The 2013 Allsvenskan, part of the 2013 Swedish football season, was the 89th season of Allsvenskan since its establishment in 1924. The 2013 fixtures were released on 14 December 2012. The season started on 31 March 2013 and ended on 3 November 2013. IF Elfsborg were the defending champions, having won their sixth title the previous season. Malmö FF won the Swedish championship this season, their 20th Allsvenskan title and 17th Swedish championship overall, in the 29th round on 28 October 2013 when they won 2-0 in the away fixture against reigning champions IF Elfsborg at Borås Arena. This was Malmö FF's third Swedish championship of the 21st century having won their last title in the 2010 Allsvenskan season. A total of 16 teams contested the league: 13 returning from the 2012 season and three that were promoted from Superettan."} | null | null | Which team does this coach of the team captained by the footballer born on 13 January 1980 currently lead ? | BK Häcken |
0a6f06b9aad234fb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'title': 'Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)', 'header': ['Municipality /', 'Main town', 'COROP', 'Inhabitants', 'Area ( km² )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Beek', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beek', 'summary': 'Beek ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( Limburgish : Baek ) is a town and municipality in the southeastern Netherlands , in the province of Limburg . As of 2012 , Beek has a population of about 16,400 , of which about 8,800 live in the town of Beek . The municipality of Beek makes part of the region of South Limburg and lies between the city of Geleen in the north and Maastricht in the south , and lies furthermore southeast of interchange Kerensheide and the chemical industries of Chemelot . It has a slightly hilly landscape with altitudes differing between 70 and 120 metres ( 230 and 390 ft ) above sea level , and has two small forests : Kelmonderbos between Beek and Kelmond , and Spaubekerbos near Spaubeek . The Keutelbeek flows through and has its source in the municipality of Beek .'}]}, {'value': 'Beek', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': "South Limburg ( Dutch : Zuid-Limburg , Limburgish : Zuud-Limburg ) is both a COROP ( statistical ) region as well as a landstreek ( area ) of the Netherlands located in the province of Limburg . The Dutch term landstreek , literally translated land area/region , means that the area is not an administrative region but an area that displays cohesion with regard to culture and landscape . With regards to South Limburg this deals with its hilly landscape , especially in the Heuvelland region , sunken lanes , an abundance of castles , and the regional language Limburgish spoken by a significant part of the population alongside Dutch . The region also contains the highest point above sea level in mainland Netherlands , the Vaalserberg being 322.5 metres ( 1,058 ft ) above sea level ( the highest point of the entire country is in the Caribbean Netherlands ' island of Saba , namely Mount Scenery being 887 metres ( 2,910 ft ) above sea level ) . The region South Limburg in addition , although extended a little further north to Roermond , forms a constituent part of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine ."}]}, {'value': '16,710', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beesel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beesel', 'summary': 'Beesel ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( Limburgish : Bezel ) is a municipality and a town in the province of Limburg in the southeastern Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Reuver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reuver', 'summary': 'Reuver ( Limburgish : Oppe Ruiver ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg . It is located in the municipality of Beesel , about 10 km south of the city of Venlo . The successful metal band Epica comes from Reuver .'}]}, {'value': 'Middle Limburg', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13,852', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29.21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bergen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bergen,_Limburg', 'summary': 'Bergen ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( Limburgish : Baerge ) is a municipality and a town in the southeastern Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Bergen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': 'A COROP region is a division of the Netherlands for statistical purposes , used by Statistics Netherlands , among others . The Dutch abbreviation stands for Coördinatiecommissie Regionaal Onderzoeksprogramma , literally the Coordination Commission Regional Research Programme . These divisions are also used in the EU designation as NUTS 3 .'}]}, {'value': '13,432', 'urls': []}, {'value': '109.42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brunssum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunssum', 'summary': 'Brunssum ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈbrɵnsəm ] ( listen ) ; Limburgish : Broensem ) is a municipality and a town in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands . The municipality of Brunssum has 28,103 residents as of 2019 . Brunssum was a center of coal mining until 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brunssum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': "South Limburg ( Dutch : Zuid-Limburg , Limburgish : Zuud-Limburg ) is both a COROP ( statistical ) region as well as a landstreek ( area ) of the Netherlands located in the province of Limburg . The Dutch term landstreek , literally translated land area/region , means that the area is not an administrative region but an area that displays cohesion with regard to culture and landscape . With regards to South Limburg this deals with its hilly landscape , especially in the Heuvelland region , sunken lanes , an abundance of castles , and the regional language Limburgish spoken by a significant part of the population alongside Dutch . The region also contains the highest point above sea level in mainland Netherlands , the Vaalserberg being 322.5 metres ( 1,058 ft ) above sea level ( the highest point of the entire country is in the Caribbean Netherlands ' island of Saba , namely Mount Scenery being 887 metres ( 2,910 ft ) above sea level ) . The region South Limburg in addition , although extended a little further north to Roermond , forms a constituent part of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine ."}]}, {'value': '29,494', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17.29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echt-Susteren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echt-Susteren', 'summary': 'Echt-Susteren ( Dutch pronunciation ( help·info ) ; Limburgish : Ech-Zöstere ) is a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands . Echt-Susteren was created in 2003 by merging the former municipalities of Echt and Susteren . Susteren is situated in a Euregional area . In the west the municipality borders to Belgium and in the east to Germany . The narrowest is only 4.8 km wide . It is possible to walk from Germany to Belgium via Netherlands in under an hour . The area of Echt-Susteren is a green municipality also known as the green waist of Limburg .'}]}, {'value': 'Echt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echt,_Netherlands', 'summary': 'Echt ( Limburgish : Ech ) is a city in the Dutch municipality of Echt-Susteren in the province of Limburg , Netherlands . It was a municipality itself until it merged with the municipality of Susteren on January 1 , 2003 . The municipality of Echt had about 19300 inhabitants and an area of about 75,13 square km .'}]}, {'value': 'Middle Limburg', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32,333', 'urls': []}, {'value': '104.60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eijsden-Margraten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eijsden-Margraten', 'summary': "Eijsden-Margraten ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( Limburgish : Èèsjde-Mergraote ) is a municipality situated in the very south of the Netherlands . There it is located in the southeastern part of the province of Limburg . This municipality was formed in 2011 from the former municipalities of Eijsden and Margraten , that both consisted of a number of separately situated villages . As a result , the nowadays Eijsden-Margraten municipality consists of 28 villages and townships , spread out over 15 administrative centres . As of 2011 , it has a population of about 25,000 . Eijsden-Margraten is one of the most southerly municipalities in the Netherlands , for in its south it is extending up to the most southerly part of the border between the Netherlands and Belgium . The Meuse river , coming from France and Belgium , at Eijsden enters its third and final flowing country , the Netherlands . From here on its name in Dutch is Maas . Running northward to Eijsden-Margraten 's west it locally forms the westerly frontier of the last mentioned country with Belgium . A smaller stream , the Voer , coming from Belgium , drains into the Meuse river in this municipality , after having passed through a few of its villages ."}]}, {'value': 'Margraten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margraten', 'summary': 'Margraten ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( Limburgish : Mergraote ) is a village and a former municipality in the southeastern part of the Netherlands . On 1 January 2011 this former municipality merged with a neighbouring one , which resulted in the new Eijsden-Margraten municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'South Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': "South Limburg ( Dutch : Zuid-Limburg , Limburgish : Zuud-Limburg ) is both a COROP ( statistical ) region as well as a landstreek ( area ) of the Netherlands located in the province of Limburg . The Dutch term landstreek , literally translated land area/region , means that the area is not an administrative region but an area that displays cohesion with regard to culture and landscape . With regards to South Limburg this deals with its hilly landscape , especially in the Heuvelland region , sunken lanes , an abundance of castles , and the regional language Limburgish spoken by a significant part of the population alongside Dutch . The region also contains the highest point above sea level in mainland Netherlands , the Vaalserberg being 322.5 metres ( 1,058 ft ) above sea level ( the highest point of the entire country is in the Caribbean Netherlands ' island of Saba , namely Mount Scenery being 887 metres ( 2,910 ft ) above sea level ) . The region South Limburg in addition , although extended a little further north to Roermond , forms a constituent part of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine ."}]}, {'value': '24,839', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78.46', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gennep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gennep', 'summary': 'Gennep ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a municipality and a city in upper southeastern Netherlands . It lies in the very northern part of the province of Limburg , 18 km south of Nijmegen . Furthermore , it lies on the right bank of the Meuse river , and south of the forest of the Klever Reichswald . The municipality of Gennep has 17,277 inhabitants ( 2014 ) . The Niers river flows into the Meuse in Gennep .'}]}, {'value': 'Gennep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': 'A COROP region is a division of the Netherlands for statistical purposes , used by Statistics Netherlands , among others . The Dutch abbreviation stands for Coördinatiecommissie Regionaal Onderzoeksprogramma , literally the Coordination Commission Regional Research Programme . These divisions are also used in the EU designation as NUTS 3 .'}]}, {'value': '17,104', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50.40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gulpen-Wittem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulpen-Wittem', 'summary': 'Gulpen-Wittem ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( Limburgish : Gullepe-Wittem ) is a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands ( in the province of Limburg ) with 14,246 inhabitants as of 2019 . Gulpen-Wittem came into being after the merger of the municipalities Gulpen and Wittem . This took place after a request of both municipalities . At the time of the merger , both municipalities had about 8000 inhabitants , although Wittem was bigger than Gulpen . The town hall was situated in Gulpen , and has kept its function as town hall in the new municipality . The former town hall of Wittem was situated in a manor house in Mechelen since 1986 , which is now being used as a nursing hostel . The municipality is very rural , with a lot of castles , half-timbered houses and old monumental farms . Yearly , Gulpen-Wittem attracts many tourists from the entire country because of its relatively sloping landscape , especially during the summer .'}]}, {'value': 'Gulpen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gulpen', 'summary': 'Gulpen is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg . It is approximately midway between the Dutch city of Maastricht and the German city of Aachen . Gulpen was a separate municipality until 1999 , when it merged with Wittem . The newly formed municipality is called Gulpen-Wittem . The town itself derives its name from the river Gulp , which runs straight through the centre of the village and characterises the townscape . There is a Romanesque tower in the old cemetery , which dates from the 11th Century and is the only still existing part of a mediaeval village church . Considering its construction ( its walls are up to 2 metres thick ) and its location , it probably also served as defence tower , where the local villagers could go in case of danger . The former rectory , which leans against the tower , dates from 1732 . It is now being let as luxurious group accommodation . The current Neo-Romanesque St.Petrus church dates from 1924 and was designed by Casper Franssen . A former monastery that was built in 1932 after a design by Alphons Boosten is being used as town hall . The village is home to the Gulpener Brewery .'}]}, {'value': 'South Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': "South Limburg ( Dutch : Zuid-Limburg , Limburgish : Zuud-Limburg ) is both a COROP ( statistical ) region as well as a landstreek ( area ) of the Netherlands located in the province of Limburg . The Dutch term landstreek , literally translated land area/region , means that the area is not an administrative region but an area that displays cohesion with regard to culture and landscape . With regards to South Limburg this deals with its hilly landscape , especially in the Heuvelland region , sunken lanes , an abundance of castles , and the regional language Limburgish spoken by a significant part of the population alongside Dutch . The region also contains the highest point above sea level in mainland Netherlands , the Vaalserberg being 322.5 metres ( 1,058 ft ) above sea level ( the highest point of the entire country is in the Caribbean Netherlands ' island of Saba , namely Mount Scenery being 887 metres ( 2,910 ft ) above sea level ) . The region South Limburg in addition , although extended a little further north to Roermond , forms a constituent part of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine ."}]}, {'value': '11,419', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20.76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heerlen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heerlen', 'summary': "Heerlen ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɦeːrlə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; Limburgish : Heële ) is a city and a municipality in the southeast of the Netherlands . It is the third largest settlement proper in the province of Limburg . Measured as municipality , it is the fourth municipality in the province of Limburg . Heerlen forms part of the city-region of Parkstad Limburg , an agglomeration with about 250,000 inhabitants and ecompassing 8 municipalities . It is to the east of Maastricht and north of the German city of Aachen . After its early Roman beginnings and a modest medieval period , Heerlen became a centre for the coal mining industry in the Netherlands in the late 19th century . In the 20th century , architect Frits Peutz played a major role in shaping the city as we know it today . His most famous design , and a distinctive building in the city centre , is the so-called Glaspaleis ( Glass Palace ) , listed as one of the world 's thousand most architecturally important buildings of the 20th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Heerlen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': "South Limburg ( Dutch : Zuid-Limburg , Limburgish : Zuud-Limburg ) is both a COROP ( statistical ) region as well as a landstreek ( area ) of the Netherlands located in the province of Limburg . The Dutch term landstreek , literally translated land area/region , means that the area is not an administrative region but an area that displays cohesion with regard to culture and landscape . With regards to South Limburg this deals with its hilly landscape , especially in the Heuvelland region , sunken lanes , an abundance of castles , and the regional language Limburgish spoken by a significant part of the population alongside Dutch . The region also contains the highest point above sea level in mainland Netherlands , the Vaalserberg being 322.5 metres ( 1,058 ft ) above sea level ( the highest point of the entire country is in the Caribbean Netherlands ' island of Saba , namely Mount Scenery being 887 metres ( 2,910 ft ) above sea level ) . The region South Limburg in addition , although extended a little further north to Roermond , forms a constituent part of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine ."}]}, {'value': '90,125', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45.50', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Horst aan de Maas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horst_aan_de_Maas', 'summary': 'Horst aan de Maas ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( Limburgish : Haos aan de Maos ) is a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands , in the province of Limburg . In 2010 the municipalities Sevenum and part of Meerlo-Wanssum joined the municipality .'}]}, {'value': 'Horst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horst,_Limburg', 'summary': 'Horst is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg . It is located in the municipality of Horst aan de Maas . Although the municipality is named after the village , Horst itself is not called aan de Maas , because it does not lie on the River Meuse ( in Dutch called Maas ) .'}]}, {'value': 'North Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': 'A COROP region is a division of the Netherlands for statistical purposes , used by Statistics Netherlands , among others . The Dutch abbreviation stands for Coördinatiecommissie Regionaal Onderzoeksprogramma , literally the Coordination Commission Regional Research Programme . These divisions are also used in the EU designation as NUTS 3 .'}]}, {'value': '41,786', 'urls': []}, {'value': '122.55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kerkrade', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerkrade', 'summary': 'Kerkrade ( Kerkrade dialect : Kirchroa ; German : Kerkrade or Kirchrath ) is a town and a municipality in the southeast of Limburg , the southernmost province of the Netherlands . It forms part of the Parkstad Limburg agglomeration . Kerkrade is the western half of a divided city ; it was part of the German town of Herzogenrath until the Congress of Vienna in 1815 drew the current Dutch-German border and separated the towns . This means that the eastern end of the city marks the international border . The two towns , including outlying suburban settlements , have a population approaching 100,000 , of which nearly 47,000 are in Kerkrade .'}]}, {'value': 'Kerkrade', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': "South Limburg ( Dutch : Zuid-Limburg , Limburgish : Zuud-Limburg ) is both a COROP ( statistical ) region as well as a landstreek ( area ) of the Netherlands located in the province of Limburg . The Dutch term landstreek , literally translated land area/region , means that the area is not an administrative region but an area that displays cohesion with regard to culture and landscape . With regards to South Limburg this deals with its hilly landscape , especially in the Heuvelland region , sunken lanes , an abundance of castles , and the regional language Limburgish spoken by a significant part of the population alongside Dutch . The region also contains the highest point above sea level in mainland Netherlands , the Vaalserberg being 322.5 metres ( 1,058 ft ) above sea level ( the highest point of the entire country is in the Caribbean Netherlands ' island of Saba , namely Mount Scenery being 887 metres ( 2,910 ft ) above sea level ) . The region South Limburg in addition , although extended a little further north to Roermond , forms a constituent part of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine ."}]}, {'value': '47,421', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22.17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Landgraaf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Landgraaf', 'summary': 'Landgraaf ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈlɑntxraːf ] ( listen ) ; Limburgish : Lankgraaf ) is a municipality in southeastern Limburg , Netherlands , forming part of the Parkstad Limburg agglomeration . Snow World is the largest indoor ski piste in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'Landgraaf', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': "South Limburg ( Dutch : Zuid-Limburg , Limburgish : Zuud-Limburg ) is both a COROP ( statistical ) region as well as a landstreek ( area ) of the Netherlands located in the province of Limburg . The Dutch term landstreek , literally translated land area/region , means that the area is not an administrative region but an area that displays cohesion with regard to culture and landscape . With regards to South Limburg this deals with its hilly landscape , especially in the Heuvelland region , sunken lanes , an abundance of castles , and the regional language Limburgish spoken by a significant part of the population alongside Dutch . The region also contains the highest point above sea level in mainland Netherlands , the Vaalserberg being 322.5 metres ( 1,058 ft ) above sea level ( the highest point of the entire country is in the Caribbean Netherlands ' island of Saba , namely Mount Scenery being 887 metres ( 2,910 ft ) above sea level ) . The region South Limburg in addition , although extended a little further north to Roermond , forms a constituent part of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine ."}]}, {'value': '38,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24.69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leudal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leudal', 'summary': 'Leudal ( Limburgish : Leudaal ) is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg . It was formed on January 1 , 2007 in a merger of the municipalities of Heythuysen , Haelen , Hunsel , and Roggel en Neer . The municipality contains the following population centres :'}]}, {'value': 'Heythuysen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heythuysen', 'summary': 'Heythuysen ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( Limburgish : Heitse ) is a town in the south-eastern Netherlands . Until it became a part of Leudal on 1 January 2007 , Heythuysen was a separate municipality , including the villages of Baexem , Grathem and Kelpen-Oler . Heythuysen is home of the famous Grand Café Tom Tom .'}]}, {'value': 'Middle Limburg', 'urls': []}, {'value': '36,787', 'urls': []}, {'value': '164.86', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maasgouw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maasgouw', 'summary': 'Maasgouw is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg . It is located on both banks of the river Meuse southwest of the city of Roermond . It was formed in a merger of the former municipalities of Heel , Maasbracht and Thorn on 1 January 2007 . The municipality contains a number of towns and villages : Beegden , Brachterbeek , Heel , Linne , Maasbracht , Ohé en Laak , Panheel , Stevensweert , Thorn , and Wessem .'}]}, {'value': 'Heel & Maasbracht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heel', 'summary': 'The heel is the prominence at the posterior end of the foot . It is based on the projection of one bone , the calcaneus or heel bone , behind the articulation of the bones of the lower leg .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maasbracht', 'summary': 'Maasbracht ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˌmaːzˈbrɑxt ] ( listen ) ) is a town in the southeastern Netherlands . It was a separate municipality until January 1 , 2007 , when it became a part of the new municipality of Maasgouw . Football player Mark van Bommel was born in Maasbracht .'}]}, {'value': 'Middle Limburg', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24,318', 'urls': []}, {'value': '45.81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maastricht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maastricht', 'summary': 'Maastricht ( /ˈmɑːstrɪxt , -ɪkt/ , also US : /mɑːˈs-/ , Dutch : [ maːˈstrɪxt ] ( listen ) ; Limburgish ( incl . Maastrichtian ) : Mestreech [ məˈstʀeˑx ] ; French : Maestricht ( archaic ) ; Spanish : Mastrique ( archaic ) ) is a city and a municipality in the southeast of the Netherlands . It is the capital and largest city of the province of Limburg . Maastricht is located on both sides of the Meuse ( Dutch : Maas ) , at the point where the Jeker joins it . It is adjacent to the border with Belgium . Maastricht developed from a Roman settlement to a medieval religious centre . In the 16th century it became a garrison town and in the 19th century an early industrial city . Today , the city is a thriving cultural and regional hub . It became well known through the Maastricht Treaty and as the birthplace of the euro . Maastricht has 1677 national heritage buildings ( Rijksmonumenten ) , the second highest number in the Netherlands , after Amsterdam . The city is visited by tourists for shopping and recreation , and has a large international student population . Maastricht is a member of the Most Ancient European Towns Network and is part of the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion , which includes the nearby German and Belgian cities of Aachen , Eupen , Hasselt , Liège , and Tongeren .'}]}, {'value': 'Maastricht', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': "South Limburg ( Dutch : Zuid-Limburg , Limburgish : Zuud-Limburg ) is both a COROP ( statistical ) region as well as a landstreek ( area ) of the Netherlands located in the province of Limburg . The Dutch term landstreek , literally translated land area/region , means that the area is not an administrative region but an area that displays cohesion with regard to culture and landscape . With regards to South Limburg this deals with its hilly landscape , especially in the Heuvelland region , sunken lanes , an abundance of castles , and the regional language Limburgish spoken by a significant part of the population alongside Dutch . The region also contains the highest point above sea level in mainland Netherlands , the Vaalserberg being 322.5 metres ( 1,058 ft ) above sea level ( the highest point of the entire country is in the Caribbean Netherlands ' island of Saba , namely Mount Scenery being 887 metres ( 2,910 ft ) above sea level ) . The region South Limburg in addition , although extended a little further north to Roermond , forms a constituent part of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine ."}]}, {'value': '117,548', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60.06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meerssen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meerssen', 'summary': 'Meerssen ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( Limburgish : Meersje ) is a place and a municipality in southeastern Netherlands .'}]}, {'value': 'Meerssen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': "South Limburg ( Dutch : Zuid-Limburg , Limburgish : Zuud-Limburg ) is both a COROP ( statistical ) region as well as a landstreek ( area ) of the Netherlands located in the province of Limburg . The Dutch term landstreek , literally translated land area/region , means that the area is not an administrative region but an area that displays cohesion with regard to culture and landscape . With regards to South Limburg this deals with its hilly landscape , especially in the Heuvelland region , sunken lanes , an abundance of castles , and the regional language Limburgish spoken by a significant part of the population alongside Dutch . The region also contains the highest point above sea level in mainland Netherlands , the Vaalserberg being 322.5 metres ( 1,058 ft ) above sea level ( the highest point of the entire country is in the Caribbean Netherlands ' island of Saba , namely Mount Scenery being 887 metres ( 2,910 ft ) above sea level ) . The region South Limburg in addition , although extended a little further north to Roermond , forms a constituent part of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine ."}]}, {'value': '19,567', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27.71', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mook en Middelaar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mook_en_Middelaar', 'summary': 'Mook en Middelaar ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈmoːk ən ˈmɪdəlaːr ] ( listen ) , Limburgish : Mook en Middelar ) is a municipality in the upper southeastern part of the Netherlands , at the northern tip of the province of Limburg and is a part of Stadsregio Arnhem Nijmegen . The municipality is located about 100 km from provincial capital Maastricht and has an area of 18.81 km2 ( 7.26 sq mi ) of which 1.42 km2 ( 0.55 sq mi ) is water .'}]}, {'value': 'Mook', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': 'A COROP region is a division of the Netherlands for statistical purposes , used by Statistics Netherlands , among others . The Dutch abbreviation stands for Coördinatiecommissie Regionaal Onderzoeksprogramma , literally the Coordination Commission Regional Research Programme . These divisions are also used in the EU designation as NUTS 3 .'}]}, {'value': '8,069', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18.84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nederweert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nederweert', 'summary': "Nederweert ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( Limburgish : Ni-jwieërt ) is a municipality and a town in southeastern Netherlands with a population of 17,001 as of 2019 and has an area of 101.78 km2 ( 39.30 sq mi ) of which 1.55 km2 ( 0.60 sq mi ) is water . Nederweert lies at the intersection of three channels : the Zuid-Willemsvaart , the Noordervaart and the channel Wessem-Nederweert . In the 19th century these channels provided transport routes to export peat that was harvested from the Peel . These channels connect Nederweert to Maastricht and 's-Hertogenbosch ."}]}, {'value': 'Nederweert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': 'A COROP region is a division of the Netherlands for statistical purposes , used by Statistics Netherlands , among others . The Dutch abbreviation stands for Coördinatiecommissie Regionaal Onderzoeksprogramma , literally the Coordination Commission Regional Research Programme . These divisions are also used in the EU designation as NUTS 3 .'}]}, {'value': '16,619', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101.79', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nuth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nuth', 'summary': 'Nuth ( Dutch pronunciation : [ nɵt ] ( listen ) ; Limburgish : Nut ) is a village and was a municipality in the province of Limburg , situated in the southern Netherlands . In January of 2019 , the municipality merged with Schinnen and Onderbanken to form Beekdaelen . The village of Nuth has 5,452 inhabitants , and is with that the largest village of the municipality . The town hall of the municipality Nuth was also situated in the village Nuth . The other villages in the municipality were Hulsberg with 3,980 inhabitants , Schimmert with 3,226 , Wijnandsrade with 1,647 and Vaesrade with 997 inhabitants ( data : 1-1-2017 ) . The other population centres belong to one of the following villages .'}]}, {'value': 'Nuth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': "South Limburg ( Dutch : Zuid-Limburg , Limburgish : Zuud-Limburg ) is both a COROP ( statistical ) region as well as a landstreek ( area ) of the Netherlands located in the province of Limburg . The Dutch term landstreek , literally translated land area/region , means that the area is not an administrative region but an area that displays cohesion with regard to culture and landscape . With regards to South Limburg this deals with its hilly landscape , especially in the Heuvelland region , sunken lanes , an abundance of castles , and the regional language Limburgish spoken by a significant part of the population alongside Dutch . The region also contains the highest point above sea level in mainland Netherlands , the Vaalserberg being 322.5 metres ( 1,058 ft ) above sea level ( the highest point of the entire country is in the Caribbean Netherlands ' island of Saba , namely Mount Scenery being 887 metres ( 2,910 ft ) above sea level ) . The region South Limburg in addition , although extended a little further north to Roermond , forms a constituent part of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine ."}]}, {'value': '15,681', 'urls': []}, {'value': '33.17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Onderbanken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Onderbanken', 'summary': 'Onderbanken ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɔndərˌbɑŋkə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; Limburgish : Óngerbenk ) was a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands . In 2019 , it merged with Nuth and Schinnen to form Beekdaelen .'}]}, {'value': 'Schinveld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Schinveld', 'summary': 'Schinveld ( Limburgish : Sjilvend ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg . It is located in the municipality of Beekdaelen . Schinveld was a separate municipality until 1982 , when it became a part of Onderbanken .'}]}, {'value': 'South Limburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Limburg_(Netherlands)', 'summary': "South Limburg ( Dutch : Zuid-Limburg , Limburgish : Zuud-Limburg ) is both a COROP ( statistical ) region as well as a landstreek ( area ) of the Netherlands located in the province of Limburg . The Dutch term landstreek , literally translated land area/region , means that the area is not an administrative region but an area that displays cohesion with regard to culture and landscape . With regards to South Limburg this deals with its hilly landscape , especially in the Heuvelland region , sunken lanes , an abundance of castles , and the regional language Limburgish spoken by a significant part of the population alongside Dutch . The region also contains the highest point above sea level in mainland Netherlands , the Vaalserberg being 322.5 metres ( 1,058 ft ) above sea level ( the highest point of the entire country is in the Caribbean Netherlands ' island of Saba , namely Mount Scenery being 887 metres ( 2,910 ft ) above sea level ) . The region South Limburg in addition , although extended a little further north to Roermond , forms a constituent part of the Euroregion Meuse-Rhine ."}]}, {'value': '8,082', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21.24', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current municipalities', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Municipalities_of_Limburg_(Netherlands)_0', 'intro': 'This article gives a list of current and former municipalities of the Dutch province of Limburg. Limburg has 33 municipalities.'} | null | null | What is the Area ( km² ) for the municipality that lies on the right bank of the Meuse river , and south of the forest of the Klever Reichswald ? | 50.40 |
0a6f6bd96e1b5599 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastry_Rural_District', 'title': 'Eastry Rural District', 'header': ['Parish', 'From', 'To', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Acol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Acol,_Kent', 'summary': 'Acol ( formerly Acholt ) is a hamlet and civil parish in the Thanet District of Kent , England , about 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) south of Birchington . It is one of the smallest communities in Kent , and over the years large parts of the parish have been transferred to other neighbouring communities . Acol is situated just north of the Western end of the runway at Manston Airport .'}]}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'gained from Isle of Thanet Rural District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet_Rural_District', 'summary': "The Isle of Thanet Rural District was a rural district covering part of the Isle of Thanet in the county of Kent , England , from 1894 to 1935 . Most of its former area is now part of the Thanet district . When the district was created several ancient parishes were split to create urban and rural parts . Northdown was created from the part of Margate St John the Baptist that was outside the Municipal Borough of Margate , St Lawrence Extra was created from the part of St Lawrence that was outside the Municipal Borough of Ramsgate . St Peter Extra was created from the part of St Peter 's that was not part of Broadstairs and St Peter 's Urban District . It included the following civil parishes :"}]}, {'value': 'Ash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ash,_Dover', 'summary': 'Ash is a village and civil parish in the Dover district of east Kent about three miles west of Sandwich . The civil parish has a population of 2,767 , increasing to 3,365 at the 2011 Census , and includes the villages of Ash , Westmarsh , Ware , Hoaden and Richborough . The Ash Level , by the River Stour , takes up the northern part of the parish .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aylesham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aylesham', 'summary': 'Aylesham /ˈeɪlʃəm/ is a village and civil parish in the Dover district of Kent , England . The village is located around 6.5 miles ( 10.5 km ) southeast of the cathedral city of Canterbury , and around 8.5 miles ( 13.7 km ) northwest of the town and port of Dover . According to the 2001 Census , the parish had a population including Drellingore and Snowdown of 3,884 , increasing to 3,999 at the 2011 Census . The village was built in the 1920s to accommodate workers at nearby coal mines . The parish also includes the village of Snowdown . Both villages are served by railway stations - Aylesham railway station only 10 minutes from Canterbury in a northerly direction and 5 minutes to Snowdown railway station .'}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'created from part of Nonington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nonington', 'summary': 'Nonington ( variously , Nonnington , Nunyngton , Nonnyngton and Nunnington ) , is a civil parish and village in the southeast corner of Kent , situated halfway between the historic city of Canterbury and the channel port town of Dover . The civil parish includes the hamlets of Easole Street , to which it is conjoined and Frogham .'}]}, {'value': 'Barfreston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barfrestone', 'summary': "Barfrestone is a village in East Kent , England , and between Shepherdswell , Eythorne and Nonington , and close to the pit villages of Elvington and Snowdown . Alternative spellings are Barfreston and Barfreystone . The old pronunciation was Barson ( before 1800 ) and the ancient name , Barfriston . Now known as Bar-fre-ston , rather than Bar-fre-stone . At the time of the Domesday Book , when the name was written 'Berfrestone ' , the manor was owned by Odo , Earl of Kent ( as the Bishop of Bayeux ) . But after his trial ( for fraud ) in 1076 , his assets were re-apportioned , including Barfrestone . The lands were then granted to Hugh de Port ( an English feudal barony ) for the defence of Dover castle . The lands passed through the hands of many other owners including Sir Thomas Browne ( during the reign of Henry VI of England ) . Landmarks include the Grade I listed Norman church , which contains significant carvings around door portals , the bell in the adjacent yew tree , and Little Ewell , a converted rectory which , until 2013 , was the location of the centre ( house , offices and workshops ) of the L'Arche Kent Community which has since moved to Canterbury , though a L'Arche house remains in the nearby village of Eythorne . Another listed building in the village is Grade II listed Barfrestone Court , The village is on the Miner 's Way Trail which links the coalfield parishes of East Kent ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'abolished and used to enlarge Eythorne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eythorne', 'summary': "Eythorne is a civil parish and small village of about 1,000 homes , 7.3 miles NNW of Dover in Kent . There are currently about 2,500 residents including Barfrestone and Elvington . Although not classed as one of the former pit villages of Kent , it was only about a mile from Tilmanstone - which closed in 1986 . Today many of its residents commute to work in Dover ( Docks ) , or in Canterbury . There are regular buses to Dover and Canterbury which is about 13 miles away . The nearest railway station is 3 miles away in the nearby village of Shepherdswell , where trains operate between Dover and London to both St Pancras and Victoria stations via Canterbury . Eythorne Baptist Church is more than 450 years old and one of the first Baptist churches in the UK . Esther Copley , wife of William Copley , who was minister in Eythorne from about 1839 to 1843 , was a prolific and successful writer of children 's books and books on domestic economy . She died in the village in 1851 . The village is on the East Kent Railway , a heritage railway . Eythorne once had three pubs ; The Crown is still trading , but the White Horse and the Palm Tree are long closed , both now being residential properties . Eythorne is in historically set in two halves : Lower Eythorne , where the Church of England and Roman Catholic churches are situated , and Upper Eythorne , where the village shop and the Crown public house are located , and where most of today 's villagers live ."}]}, {'value': 'Betteshanger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Betteshanger', 'summary': 'Betteshanger is a village near Deal in East Kent , England . It gave its name to the largest of the four chief collieries of the Kent coalfield . The population of the village is included in the civil parish of Northbourne .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'abolished and used to enlarge Northbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northbourne', 'summary': 'Northbourne is a village and civil parish near Deal in Kent , England . It has a public house , The Hare and Hounds , a primary school and is the home of the current , and prior , Baron Northbourne . It should not be confused with an area in Bournemouth of the same name .'}]}, {'value': 'Chillenden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chillenden', 'summary': "Chillenden is a village in east Kent , England , between Canterbury and Deal , and is in the civil parish of Goodnestone . In the Domesday Book of 1086 , Chillenden was recorded as 'Cilledene ' . The parish in 1800 was made up of 160 acres ( 65 ha ) , containing three farms : one belonging to a Mr. Hammond , the other two to Sir Brook Bridges . A pedlary fair was held here on Whit Monday . The church , is dedicated to All Saints , in the priory of Ledes after being given to it by William of Norwich . The incumbency included three acres of glebe . Chillenden was home to the families of Thomas Chillenden and William Chillenden , as indicated by their surnames ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'abolished and used to enlarge Goodnestone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goodnestone,_Dover', 'summary': "Goodnestone is a village and civil parish in the Dover district of Kent , England . The village is situated approximately 7 miles ( 11 km ) east-southeast from the city of Canterbury , and 5 miles ( 8 km ) west-southwest from Sandwich . The civil parish also contains the villages of Chillenden and Knowlton , and the hamlets of Rowling and Tickenhurst . Goodnestone 's Grade I listed parish church of the Holy Cross is in the Diocese and Archdeaconry of Canterbury and the Deanery of East Bridge . The church is set adjacent to Goodnestone Park , and dates from the 12th century , with additions and alterations to the 19th . Hussey and Rickman rebuilt the nave , chancel , and south porch in 1839-41 . Within the church chancel is a 1752 monument by Peter Scheemakers to Brook Bridges ( died 1717 ) , of Goodnestone Park . A curate of Holy Cross was Herbert James , the father of Cambridge academic and ghost story writer M. R. James who was born at Goodnestone Parsonage in 1862 . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Eastry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastry', 'summary': 'Eastry is a civil parish and remote , yet historically significant village in Kent , England , around 2 1⁄2 miles ( 4 km ) southwest of Sandwich . It was voted Kent Village of the Year 2005 . The name is derived from the Anglo-Saxon Ēast-rige , meaning eastern province ( c.f . Sūþ-rige southern province ) , also recorded as Ēastregē , from ēasterra gē ( lit . more easterly area ) .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elmstone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elmstone', 'summary': 'Elmstone is a hamlet in the Preston civil parish in East Kent , England . It is situated between Canterbury and Sandwich . The village is surrounded by farms and maintains a strong agricultural presence . Elmstone Church , a small 13th-century Anglican church can be found in the village ; unusually , the church does not have a dedicated saint .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'abolished and used to enlarge Preston with small part to Wingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Preston-next-Wingham', 'summary': "Preston or Preston-next-Wingham is a civil parish and village in valley of the Little Stour in the Dover District of Kent , England . The village is on the B2076 secondary road . The parish includes the hamlet of Elmstone . The main river through the area is a tributary of the River Stour . The suffix 'next-Wingham ' distinguishes the area from Preston-next-Faversham and the Domesday Book chronicled Preston as 'Prestetune ; In the 1870s , Preston-next-Wingham was described as :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Wingham,_Kent', 'summary': 'Wingham /ˈwɪŋəm/ is a village and civil parish in the Dover District of Kent , England , and is along the ancient coastal road , now the A257 , from Richborough to London , and is close to Canterbury .'}]}, {'value': 'Eythorne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eythorne', 'summary': "Eythorne is a civil parish and small village of about 1,000 homes , 7.3 miles NNW of Dover in Kent . There are currently about 2,500 residents including Barfrestone and Elvington . Although not classed as one of the former pit villages of Kent , it was only about a mile from Tilmanstone - which closed in 1986 . Today many of its residents commute to work in Dover ( Docks ) , or in Canterbury . There are regular buses to Dover and Canterbury which is about 13 miles away . The nearest railway station is 3 miles away in the nearby village of Shepherdswell , where trains operate between Dover and London to both St Pancras and Victoria stations via Canterbury . Eythorne Baptist Church is more than 450 years old and one of the first Baptist churches in the UK . Esther Copley , wife of William Copley , who was minister in Eythorne from about 1839 to 1843 , was a prolific and successful writer of children 's books and books on domestic economy . She died in the village in 1851 . The village is on the East Kent Railway , a heritage railway . Eythorne once had three pubs ; The Crown is still trading , but the White Horse and the Palm Tree are long closed , both now being residential properties . Eythorne is in historically set in two halves : Lower Eythorne , where the Church of England and Roman Catholic churches are situated , and Upper Eythorne , where the village shop and the Crown public house are located , and where most of today 's villagers live ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goodnestone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goodnestone,_Dover', 'summary': "Goodnestone is a village and civil parish in the Dover district of Kent , England . The village is situated approximately 7 miles ( 11 km ) east-southeast from the city of Canterbury , and 5 miles ( 8 km ) west-southwest from Sandwich . The civil parish also contains the villages of Chillenden and Knowlton , and the hamlets of Rowling and Tickenhurst . Goodnestone 's Grade I listed parish church of the Holy Cross is in the Diocese and Archdeaconry of Canterbury and the Deanery of East Bridge . The church is set adjacent to Goodnestone Park , and dates from the 12th century , with additions and alterations to the 19th . Hussey and Rickman rebuilt the nave , chancel , and south porch in 1839-41 . Within the church chancel is a 1752 monument by Peter Scheemakers to Brook Bridges ( died 1717 ) , of Goodnestone Park . A curate of Holy Cross was Herbert James , the father of Cambridge academic and ghost story writer M. R. James who was born at Goodnestone Parsonage in 1862 . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Great Mongeham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Mongeham', 'summary': "Great Mongeham is a village and civil parish in the Dover District of east Kent , England , on the outskirts of Deal . Its name is derived from Mundelingham or village of Mundel . Parts of Great Mongeham 's church , St Martin 's , date back to the 13th century . In the 19th century it was restored by William Butterfield . Locally produced ice cream and sausages found favour with Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , [ citation needed ] who , as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports , often stayed in her nearby official residence , Walmer Castle . Significant figures who have lived in the village include Captain Robert Maynard , Stephen Haggett , Proctor of Queens ' College , Cambridge in the seventeenth century [ citation needed ] and Olivia Barclay , astrologer . Great Mongeham may have been a settlement as long ago as the Bronze Age . When the site for the new primary school was being dug in February 1949 the body of a man and two fragments of food vessels were found . The man was in the crouched burial position used in the Bronze Age and one of the fragments was dated to about 1000 BC . Great Mongeham is close to the Roman road which ran from Dover to Richborough Castle . Archaeologists have discovered Roman pottery and evidence of cremation but we do not know if there was a permanent settlement here at that time . There certainly was a settlement here in 761 AD ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'abolished and used to enlarge Municipal Borough of Deal with small part to Sholden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Deal', 'summary': "Deal is a town in Kent , England , which lies on the border of the North Sea and the English Channel , eight miles north-east of Dover and eight miles south of Ramsgate . It is a former fishing , mining and garrison town . Close to Deal is Walmer , a possible location for Julius Caesar 's first arrival in Britain . Deal became a 'limb port ' of the Cinque Ports in 1278 and grew into the busiest port in England ; today it is a seaside resort , its quaint streets and houses are a reminder of its history along with many ancient buildings and monuments . In 1968 , Middle Street was the first Conservation Area in Kent . The coast of France is approximately twenty-five miles from the town and is visible on clear days . The Tudor Deal Castle , commissioned by King Henry VIII , has a rose floor plan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sholden', 'summary': 'Sholden is a small village adjacent to the seaside town of Deal , lying on the road towards Sandwich in Kent , South East England .'}]}, {'value': 'Ham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ham,_Kent', 'summary': 'Ham is a hamlet near the town of Sandwich in Kent , England , within the parish of Northbourne . The population is included in the civil parish of Eastry . There is a signpost nearby which points to both the hamlet and the town , thus appearing to read Ham Sandwich .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'abolished and used to enlarge Northbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northbourne', 'summary': 'Northbourne is a village and civil parish near Deal in Kent , England . It has a public house , The Hare and Hounds , a primary school and is the home of the current , and prior , Baron Northbourne . It should not be confused with an area in Bournemouth of the same name .'}]}, {'value': 'Knowlton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Knowlton,_Kent', 'summary': "Knowlton was an eccesiastical and civil parish ; the former was abolished in 1940 , the latter in 1935 , and the hamlet is now part of Goodnestone civil parish . It is located about 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Dover in Kent , England . Knowlton Hall , set in 200 acres ( 81 ha ) of parkland , is located here . The Church of St Clement is now redundant and in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust , and is open daily . Knowlton is a thankful village , in that it did not lose anyone in World War I . It was once served ( 1916-1948 ) , by a halt on the East Kent Light Railway , one of Colonel Stephen 's lines , which ran between Sheperdswell & Wingham ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'abolished and used to enlarge Goodnestone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goodnestone,_Dover', 'summary': "Goodnestone is a village and civil parish in the Dover district of Kent , England . The village is situated approximately 7 miles ( 11 km ) east-southeast from the city of Canterbury , and 5 miles ( 8 km ) west-southwest from Sandwich . The civil parish also contains the villages of Chillenden and Knowlton , and the hamlets of Rowling and Tickenhurst . Goodnestone 's Grade I listed parish church of the Holy Cross is in the Diocese and Archdeaconry of Canterbury and the Deanery of East Bridge . The church is set adjacent to Goodnestone Park , and dates from the 12th century , with additions and alterations to the 19th . Hussey and Rickman rebuilt the nave , chancel , and south porch in 1839-41 . Within the church chancel is a 1752 monument by Peter Scheemakers to Brook Bridges ( died 1717 ) , of Goodnestone Park . A curate of Holy Cross was Herbert James , the father of Cambridge academic and ghost story writer M. R. James who was born at Goodnestone Parsonage in 1862 . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Little Mongeham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Little_Mongeham', 'summary': 'Little Mongeham is a small hamlet near Dover in Kent , southeast England . The main buildings are Little Mongeham House and Manor Farm . The population of the hamlet is included in the civil parish of Sutton . The scholar Richard James held the living of Little Mongeham from 1629 . The White Cliffs Country Trail runs through the middle of the village .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'abolished and used to enlarge Sutton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sutton,_Kent', 'summary': 'Sutton is a village and civil parish near Dover in Kent , England . In 1935 this village became a parish when the small settlements of Studdal , Sutton , Ashley , Little Mongeham and Maydensole joined to become the Parish of Sutton-by-Dover . Prior to this Sutton has had a vast history of agricultural practices , which has helped sustain the village into the parish it is today . The quoted population includes the villages of East and West Studdal plus Swingate and the hamlet of Little Mongeham .'}]}, {'value': 'Minster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minster-in-Thanet', 'summary': 'Minster , also known as Minster-in-Thanet , is a village and civil parish in the Thanet District of Kent , England . The village is officially inside Ramsgate and to the north east of Canterbury ; it lies just south west of Kent International Airport and just north of the River Stour . Minster is also the ancient capital of Thanet . At the 2011 Census the hamlet of Ebbsfleet was included .'}]}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'gained from Isle of Thanet Rural District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet_Rural_District', 'summary': "The Isle of Thanet Rural District was a rural district covering part of the Isle of Thanet in the county of Kent , England , from 1894 to 1935 . Most of its former area is now part of the Thanet district . When the district was created several ancient parishes were split to create urban and rural parts . Northdown was created from the part of Margate St John the Baptist that was outside the Municipal Borough of Margate , St Lawrence Extra was created from the part of St Lawrence that was outside the Municipal Borough of Ramsgate . St Peter Extra was created from the part of St Peter 's that was not part of Broadstairs and St Peter 's Urban District . It included the following civil parishes :"}]}, {'value': 'Monkton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monkton,_Kent', 'summary': 'Monkton is a village and civil parish in the Thanet District of Kent , England . The village is located at the south-west edge of the Isle of Thanet and is situated mainly along the B2047 road , leading off the A263 road between Canterbury and Ramsgate . The civil parish stretches south to the River Stour and northwards towards Acol . The hamlet of Gore Street is included in the parish .'}]}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'gained from Isle of Thanet Rural District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet_Rural_District', 'summary': "The Isle of Thanet Rural District was a rural district covering part of the Isle of Thanet in the county of Kent , England , from 1894 to 1935 . Most of its former area is now part of the Thanet district . When the district was created several ancient parishes were split to create urban and rural parts . Northdown was created from the part of Margate St John the Baptist that was outside the Municipal Borough of Margate , St Lawrence Extra was created from the part of St Lawrence that was outside the Municipal Borough of Ramsgate . St Peter Extra was created from the part of St Peter 's that was not part of Broadstairs and St Peter 's Urban District . It included the following civil parishes :"}]}, {'value': 'Nonington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nonington', 'summary': 'Nonington ( variously , Nonnington , Nunyngton , Nonnyngton and Nunnington ) , is a civil parish and village in the southeast corner of Kent , situated halfway between the historic city of Canterbury and the channel port town of Dover . The civil parish includes the hamlets of Easole Street , to which it is conjoined and Frogham .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northbourne', 'summary': 'Northbourne is a village and civil parish near Deal in Kent , England . It has a public house , The Hare and Hounds , a primary school and is the home of the current , and prior , Baron Northbourne . It should not be confused with an area in Bournemouth of the same name .'}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Preston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Preston-next-Wingham', 'summary': "Preston or Preston-next-Wingham is a civil parish and village in valley of the Little Stour in the Dover District of Kent , England . The village is on the B2076 secondary road . The parish includes the hamlet of Elmstone . The main river through the area is a tributary of the River Stour . The suffix 'next-Wingham ' distinguishes the area from Preston-next-Faversham and the Domesday Book chronicled Preston as 'Prestetune ; In the 1870s , Preston-next-Wingham was described as :"}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ripple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ripple,_Kent', 'summary': "Ripple , also known as 'Ripple Vale ' , is a village and civil parish in the Dover District of Kent , England . Ripple parish church is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin ; the village pub is The Plough ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': ' Eastry Rural DistrictArea • 191143,682 acres ( 176.77 km2 ) • 193143,683 acres ( 176.78 km2 ) • 196154,283 acres ( 219.68 km2 ) Population • 191113,161 • 193118,448 • 196122,328 History • Created1894 • Abolished1974 GovernmentEastry Rural District Council • HQCouncil Offices , 51 Strand Street , Sandwich Eastry Rural District was a rural district in the county of Kent , England , from 1894 to 1974 . It was subject to a significant boundary reform in 1935 when several parishes were gained from the disbanded Isle of Thanet Rural District and other parishes were reorganised . It included the following civil parishes : [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'Eastry_Rural_District_0', 'intro': 'Eastry Rural District was a rural district in the county of Kent, England, from 1894 to 1974. It was subject to a significant boundary reform in 1935 when several parishes were gained from the disbanded Isle of Thanet Rural District and other parishes were reorganised. It included the following civil parishes:'} | null | null | Which parish is has a village containing the church of the Holy Cross ? | Chillenden |
0a721da53a9123f3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_George_Frideric_Handel', 'title': 'List of compositions by George Frideric Handel', 'header': ['HWV', 'Title', 'Premiere', 'Venue', 'Libretto', 'Text'], 'data': [{'value': '46a', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Il_trionfo_del_Tempo_e_del_Disinganno', 'summary': 'The Triumph of Time and Truth is the final name of an oratorio by George Frideric Handel produced in three different versions across fifty years of the composers career :'}]}, {'value': 'June 1707', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': 'Benedetto Pamphili', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benedetto_Pamphili', 'summary': 'Benedetto Pamphili ( often with the final long i orthography , Pamphilj ) ( 25 April 1653 - 22 March 1730 ) was an Italian cardinal , patron of the arts , composer and librettist .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46b', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Il trionfo del Tempo e della Verità', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Il_trionfo_del_Tempo_e_della_Verità', 'summary': 'The Triumph of Time and Truth is the final name of an oratorio by George Frideric Handel produced in three different versions across fifty years of the composers career :'}]}, {'value': '23 March 1737', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'Benedetto Pamphili', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La resurrezione', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_resurrezione', 'summary': "La resurrezione ( HWV 47 ) is a sacred oratorio by George Frideric Handel , set to a libretto by Carlo Sigismondo Capece ( 1652-1728 ) . Capece was court poet to Queen Marie Casimire of Poland , who was living in exile in Rome . It was first performed on Easter Sunday , 8 April 1708 at Rome , with the backing of the Marchese Francesco Ruspoli , Handel 's patron at this time . The work details the events between - and during - Good Friday and Easter Sunday , with the action carried forward in recitative , and exploration of character and delineation of mood taking place in the arias . The characters of the liturgical drama that appear in the oratorio are Lucifer ( bass ) , Mary Magdalene ( soprano ) , an angel ( soprano ) , St John the Evangelist ( tenor ) , and St Mary Cleophas ( alto ) ."}]}, {'value': '8 April 1708', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carlo Sigismondo Capece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlo_Sigismondo_Capece', 'summary': "Carlo Sigismondo Capece ( 21 June 1652 in Rome - 12 March 1728 in Polistena ) was an Italian dramatist and librettist . Capece was court poet to Queen Maria Casimira of Poland , who was living in exile in Rome , and is best remembered today for the libretto of La resurrezione ( HWV 47 , 1908 ) a sacred oratorio by George Frideric Handel . He also provided the Libretto for operas including Domenico Scarlatti 's Tolomeo e Alessandro ( 1711 ) and Ifigenia in Aulide ( 1714 ) , as well as Caldara 's Tito e Berenice ( 1714 ) ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brockes Passion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brockes_Passion_(Handel)', 'summary': "The Brockes Passion , or Der für die Sünde der Welt gemarterte und sterbende Jesus ( English : The Story of Jesus , Suffering and Dying for the Sins of the World ) , is a German oratorio , libretto by Barthold Heinrich Brockes , first published in 1712 and seeing 30 or so more editions over the following 15 years . The most famous musical setting of Brockes ' text is that by George Frideric Handel ( HWV 48 ) . The text was also set by Reinhard Keiser ( 1712 ) , Georg Philipp Telemann ( 1716 ) , Johann Mattheson ( 1718 ) , Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel ( 1725 ) , Johann Friedrich Fasch ( 1723 ) and several other composers ."}]}, {'value': '23 March or 3 April 1719', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamburg Cathedral ( possibly )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamburg_Cathedral', 'summary': "Saint Mary 's Cathedral in Hamburg ( German : Sankt Mariendom , also Mariendom , or simply Dom or Domkirche , or Hamburger Dom ) was the cathedral of the ancient Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg ( not to be confused with Hamburg 's modern Archdiocese , est . 1994 ) , which was merged in personal union with the Diocese of Bremen in 847 , and later in real union to form the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen , as of 1027 . In 1180 the cathedral compound turned into the cathedral close ( German : Domfreiheit ; i.e . cathedral immunity district ) , forming an exclave of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen within the city of Hamburg . By the Reformation the concathedral was converted into a Lutheran church . The cathedral immunity district , since 1648 an exclave of the Duchy of Bremen , was seized by Hamburg in 1803 . The city then prompted the demolition of the proto-cathedral between 1804 and 1807 ."}]}, {'value': 'Barthold Heinrich Brockes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes', 'summary': 'Barthold Heinrich Brockes ( September 22 , 1680 - January 16 , 1747 ) was a German poet .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '50a', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Esther', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esther_(Handel)', 'summary': 'Esther ( HWV 50 ) is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel . It is generally acknowledged to be the first English oratorio . Handel set a libretto after the Old Testament drama by Jean Racine . The work was originally composed in 1718 , but was heavily revised into a full oratorio in 1732 .'}]}, {'value': '? 1718', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'probably Cannons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannons_(house)', 'summary': "Cannons was a stately home in Little Stanmore , Middlesex , England . It was built by James Brydges , 1st Duke of Chandos , between 1713 and 1724 at a cost of £200,000 ( equivalent to £31,430,000 today ) . The house was razed in 1747 and its contents dispersed . The name Cannons is an obsolete spelling of canons and refers to the Augustinian canons of St Bartholomew 's Hospital , London , which owned the estate before the English Reformation . Cannons was the focus of the first Duke 's artistic patronage - patronage which led to his nickname The Apollo of the Arts . Brydges filled Cannons with Old Masters and Grand Tour acquisitions , and also appointed Handel as resident house composer from 1717 to 1718 . Such was the fame of Cannons that members of the public flocked to visit the estate in great numbers and Alexander Pope was unjustly accused of having represented the house as Timon 's Villa in his Epistle Of Taste ( 1731 ) . The Cannons estate was acquired by Chandos in 1713 from the uncle of his first wife , Mary Lake . Mary 's great-grandfather Sir Thomas Lake had acquired the manor of Great Stanmore in 1604 . Following the first Duke 's death in 1744 , Cannons passed to his son Henry Brydges , 2nd Duke of Chandos . Due to the cost of building Cannons and significant losses to the family fortune in the South Sea Bubble there was little liquid capital in Henry 's inheritance , so in 1747 he held a twelve-day demolition sale at Cannons which saw both the contents and the very structure of the house itself sold piecemeal leaving little more than a ruin barely thirty years after its inception . The subsequent villa built by William Hallett is now occupied by North London Collegiate School ."}]}, {'value': 'John Arbuthnot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Arbuthnot', 'summary': "John Arbuthnot FRS ( baptised 29 April 1667 - 27 February 1735 ) , often known simply as Dr Arbuthnot , was a Scottish physician , satirist and polymath in London . He is best remembered for his contributions to mathematics , his membership in the Scriblerus Club ( where he inspired both Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels book III and Alexander Pope 's Peri Bathous , Or the Art of Sinking in Poetry , Memoirs of Martin Scriblerus , and possibly The Dunciad ) , and for inventing the figure of John Bull ."}]}, {'value': "IMSLP . Based on Alexander Pope 's work", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Pope', 'summary': "Alexander Pope ( 21 May 1688 - 30 May 1744 ) is regarded as one of the greatest English poets , and the foremost poet of the early eighteenth century . He is best known for his satirical and discursive poetry , including The Rape of the Lock , The Dunciad , and An Essay on Criticism , as well as for his translation of Homer . After Shakespeare , Pope is the second-most quoted writer in the English language , as per The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations , some of his verses having even become popular idioms in common parlance ( e.g. , Damning with faint praise ) . He is considered a master of the heroic couplet . Pope 's poetic career testifies to his indomitable spirit in the face of disadvantages , of health and of circumstance . The poet and his family were Catholics and thus fell subject to the Test Acts , prohibitive measures which severely hampered the prosperity of their co-religionists after the abdication of James II ; one of these banned them from living within ten miles of London , and another from attending public school or university . For this reason , except for a few spurious Catholic schools , Pope was largely self-educated . He was taught to read by his aunt and became a lover of books . He learned French , Italian , Latin , and Greek by himself , and discovered Homer at the age of six . As a child Pope survived being once trampled by a cow , but when he was 12 began struggling with tuberculosis of the spine ( Pott disease ) , along with fits of crippling headaches which troubled him throughout his life . In the year 1709 , Pope showcased his precocious metrical skill with the publication of Pastorals , his first major poems . They earned him instant fame ."}]}, {'value': '50b', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Esther', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esther_(Handel)', 'summary': 'Esther ( HWV 50 ) is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel . It is generally acknowledged to be the first English oratorio . Handel set a libretto after the Old Testament drama by Jean Racine . The work was originally composed in 1718 , but was heavily revised into a full oratorio in 1732 .'}]}, {'value': '1 May 1732', 'urls': []}, {'value': "King 's Theatre , London", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Her_Majesty's_Theatre", 'summary': "Her Majesty 's Theatre is a West End theatre situated on Haymarket in the City of Westminster , London . The present building was designed by Charles J. Phipps and was constructed in 1897 for actor-manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree , who established the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art at the theatre . In the early decades of the 20th century , Tree produced spectacular productions of Shakespeare and other classical works , and the theatre hosted premieres by major playwrights such as George Bernard Shaw , J. M. Synge , Noël Coward and J . B. Priestley . Since the First World War , the wide stage has made the theatre suitable for large-scale musical productions , and the theatre has accordingly specialised in hosting musicals . The theatre has been home to record-setting musical theatre runs , notably the First World War sensation Chu Chin Chow and the current production , Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera , which has played continuously at Her Majesty 's since 1986 . The theatre was established by architect and playwright John Vanbrugh , in 1705 , as the Queen 's Theatre . Legitimate drama unaccompanied by music was prohibited by law in all but the two London patent theatres , and so this theatre quickly became an opera house . Between 1711 and 1739 , more than 25 operas by George Frideric Handel premiered here . Joseph Haydns series of concerts in London took place here in the 1790s . In the early 19th century , the theatre hosted the opera company that was to move to the Theatre Royal , Covent Garden , in 1847 , and presented the first London performances of Mozart 's La clemenza di Tito , Così fan tutte and Don Giovanni . It also hosted the Ballet of her Majesty 's Theatre in the mid-19th century , before returning to hosting the London premieres of such operas as Bizet 's Carmen and Wagner 's Ring Cycle ."}]}, {'value': 'John Arbuthnot', 'urls': []}, {'value': "IMSLP . Based on Alexander Pope 's work", 'urls': []}, {'value': '51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deborah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deborah_(Handel)', 'summary': "Deborah ( HWV 51 ) is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel . It was one of Handel 's early oratorios in English and was based on a libretto by Samuel Humphreys . It received its premiere performance at the King 's Theatre in London on 17 March 1733 . The story of the oratorio takes place in a single day and is based on the Biblical stories found in 4 and 5 Judges . The Israelites have been subjugated for 20 years by the Canaanites , when the prophetess Deborah foretells the death of the Canaanite commander Sisera at the hands of a woman . The Israelite commander Barak leads them into battle against the Canaanites . The Israelites are victorious and a woman , Jael , assassinates Sisera as he sleeps in her tent . Handel reused music from numerous previous compositions for Deborah . The work , with large choruses and grand orchestral effects , was very successful and was revived by Handel in subsequent years ."}]}, {'value': '21 February 1733', 'urls': []}, {'value': "King 's Theatre , London", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel Humphreys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Humphreys_(poet)', 'summary': "Samuel Humphreys ( c.1697-1738 ) was an English poet , librettist and translator . He is known for the words he wrote for Handel 's oratorios Esther ( 1732 ) , Deborah ( 1733 ) , and Athalia ( 1733 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athalia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athalia_(Handel)', 'summary': "Athalia ( HWV 52 ) is an English-language oratorio composed by George Frideric Handel to a libretto by Samuel Humphreys based on the play Athalie by Jean Racine . The work was commissioned in 1733 for the Publick Act in Oxford - a commencement ceremony of the local colleges , one of which had offered Handel an honorary doctorate ( an honour he declined ) . The story is based on that of the Biblical queen Athaliah . Athalia , Handel 's third oratorio in English , was completed on 7 June 1733 , and first performed on 10 July 1733 at the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford . The Bee ( 14 July 1733 ) reported that the performance was performed with the utmost Applause , and is esteemed equal to the most celebrated of that Gentleman 's Performances : there were 3700 Persons present . Athaliah was first given in London on 1 April 1735 at Covent Garden theatre ."}]}, {'value': '10 July 1733', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheldonian Theatre , Oxford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheldonian_Theatre', 'summary': 'Coordinates : 51°45′16″N 1°15′18″W / 51.754389°N 1.255075°W / 51.754389 ; -1.255075'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxford', 'summary': "Oxford ( /ˈɒksfəd/ OKS-fəd ) is a university city in Oxfordshire , England , with a population of 155,000 . It is 56 miles ( 90 km ) northwest of London , 64 miles ( 103 km ) from Birmingham and 24 miles ( 39 km ) from Reading by road . The city is home to the University of Oxford , the oldest in the English-speaking world , and has buildings in every style of English architecture from late Anglo-Saxon . Oxford 's industries include motor manufacturing , education , publishing , information technology and science ."}]}, {'value': 'Jean Racine ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean_Racine', 'summary': "Jean Racine ( French : [ ʒɑ̃ ʁasin ] ) , baptismal name Jean-Baptiste Racine ( 22 December 1639 - 21 April 1699 ) , was a French dramatist , one of the three great playwrights of 17th-century France , along with Molière and Corneille , and an important literary figure in the Western tradition . Racine was primarily a tragedian , producing such examples of neoclassical perfection as Phèdre , Andromaque , and Athalie . He did write one comedy , Les Plaideurs , and a muted tragedy , Esther for the young . Racine 's plays displayed his mastery of the dodecasyllabic ( 12 syllable ) French alexandrine . His writing is renowned for its elegance , purity , speed , and fury , and for what American poet Robert Lowell described as a diamond-edge , and the glory of its hard , electric rage . Racine 's dramaturgy is marked by his psychological insight , the prevailing passion of his characters , and the nakedness [ clarification needed ] of both plot and stage . The linguistic effects of Racine 's poetry are widely considered to be untranslatable , although many eminent poets have attempted to translate Racine 's work into English , including Lowell , Richard Wilbur , Ted Hughes , Tony Harrison , and Derek Mahon , and Friedrich Schiller into German . The latest translations of Racine 's plays into English have been by Alan Hollinghurst ( Berenice , Bajazet ) , by RADA director Edward Kemp ( Andromache ) , Neil Bartlett , and poet Geoffrey Alan Argent , who earned a 2011 American Book Award for the translating The Complete Plays of Jean Racine ."}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saul_(Handel)', 'summary': "Saul ( HWV 53 ) is a dramatic oratorio in three acts written by George Frideric Handel with a libretto by Charles Jennens . Taken from the First Book of Samuel , the story of Saul focuses on the first king of Israel 's relationship with his eventual successor , David ; one which turns from admiration to envy and hatred , ultimately leading to the downfall of the eponymous monarch . The work , which Handel composed in 1738 , includes the famous Dead March , a funeral anthem for Saul and his son Jonathan , and some of the composer 's most dramatic choral pieces . Saul was first performed at the King 's Theatre in London on 16 January 1739 . The work was a success at its London premiere and was revived by Handel in subsequent seasons . Notable modern-day performances of Saul include that at Glyndebourne in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': '16 January 1739', 'urls': []}, {'value': "King 's Theatre , London", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Jennens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Jennens', 'summary': 'Charles Jennens ( 1700 - 20 November 1773 ) was an English landowner and patron of the arts . As a friend of Handel , he helped author the libretti of several of his oratorios , most notably Messiah .'}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Israel in Egypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel_in_Egypt', 'summary': "Israel in Egypt ( HWV 54 ) is a biblical oratorio by the composer George Frideric Handel . Most scholars believe the libretto was prepared by Charles Jennens , who also compiled the biblical texts for Handel 's Messiah . It is composed entirely of selected passages from the Old Testament , mainly from Exodus and the Psalms . Israel in Egypt premiered at London 's King 's Theatre in the Haymarket on April 4 , 1739 with Élisabeth Duparc La Francesina , William Savage , John Beard ( tenor ) , Turner Robinson , Gustavus Waltz , and Thomas Reinhold . Handel started it soon after the opera season at King 's Theatre was cancelled for lack of subscribers . The oratorio was not well received by the first audience though commended in the Daily Post ; the second performance was shortened , the mainly choral work now augmented with Italian-style arias . The first version of the piece is in three parts rather than two , the first part more famous as The ways of Zion do mourn , with altered text as The sons of Israel do mourn lamenting the death of Joseph . This section precedes the Exodus , which in the three-part version is Part II rather than Part I ."}]}, {'value': '4 April 1739', 'urls': []}, {'value': "King 's Theatre , London", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Jennens ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': "L'Allegro , il Penseroso ed il Moderato", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/L'Allegro,_il_Penseroso_ed_il_Moderato", 'summary': "L'Allegro , il Penseroso ed il Moderato ( The Cheerful , the Thoughtful , and the Moderate Man ; HWV 55 ) is a pastoral ode by George Frideric Handel based on the poetry of John Milton ."}]}, {'value': '27 February 1740', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Theatre in Lincoln 's Inn Fields , London", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Lincoln's_Inn_Fields", 'summary': "Lincoln 's Inn Fields is the largest public square in London . It was laid out in the 1630s under the initiative of the speculative builder and contractor William Newton , the first in a long series of entrepreneurs who took a hand in developing London , as Sir Nikolaus Pevsner observes . The original plan for laying out and planting these fields , drawn by the hand of Inigo Jones , was said still to be seen in Lord Pembroke 's collection at Wilton House in the 19th century , but is untraced . The grounds , which had remained private property , were acquired by London County Council in 1895 . It is today managed by the London Borough of Camden and forms part of the southern boundary of that borough with the City of Westminster . Lincoln 's Inn Fields takes its name from the adjacent Lincoln 's Inn , of which the private gardens are separated from the Fields by a perimeter wall and a large gatehouse . The grassed area in the centre of the Fields contains a court for tennis and netball and a bandstand . It was previously used for corporate events , which are no longer permitted . Cricket and other sports are thought to have been played here in the 18th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Jennens', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Stanford . Based on John Milton 's work", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Milton', 'summary': "John Milton ( 9 December 1608 - 8 November 1674 ) was an English poet and intellectual , who served as a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell . He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval , and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) , written in blank verse , widely considered to be one of the greatest works of literature ever written . Writing in English , Latin , Greek , and Italian , he achieved international renown within his lifetime , and his celebrated Areopagitica ( 1644 ) , written in condemnation of pre-publication censorship , is among history 's most influential and impassioned defences of freedom of speech and freedom of the press . His desire for freedom extended into his style : he introduced new words ( coined from Latin ) to the English language , and was the first modern writer to employ unrhymed verse outside of the theatre or translations . William Hayley 's 1796 biography called him the greatest English author , and he remains generally regarded as one of the preeminent writers in the English language , though critical reception has oscillated in the centuries since his death ( often on account of his republicanism ) . Samuel Johnson praised Paradise Lost as a poem which.with respect to design may claim the first place , and with respect to performance , the second , among the productions of the human mind , though he ( a Tory and recipient of royal patronage ) described Milton 's politics as those of an acrimonious and surly republican . Poets such as William Blake , William Wordsworth and Thomas Hardy revered him ."}]}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Messiah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)', 'summary': "Messiah ( HWV 56 ) [ n 1 ] is an English-language oratorio composed in 1741 by George Frideric Handel , with a scriptural text compiled by Charles Jennens from the King James Bible , and from the Coverdale Psalter , the version of the Psalms included with the Book of Common Prayer . It was first performed in Dublin on 13 April 1742 and received its London premiere nearly a year later . After an initially modest public reception , the oratorio gained in popularity , eventually becoming one of the best-known and most frequently performed choral works in Western music . Handel 's reputation in England , where he had lived since 1712 , had been established through his compositions of Italian opera . He turned to English oratorio in the 1730s in response to changes in public taste ; Messiah was his sixth work in this genre . Although its structure resembles that of opera , it is not in dramatic form ; there are no impersonations of characters and no direct speech . Instead , Jennens 's text is an extended reflection on Jesus as the Messiah called Christ . The text begins in Part I with prophecies by Isaiah and others , and moves to the annunciation to the shepherds , the only scene taken from the Gospels . In Part II , Handel concentrates on the Passion and ends with the Hallelujah chorus . In Part III he covers the resurrection of the dead and Christ 's glorification in heaven . Handel wrote Messiah for modest vocal and instrumental forces , with optional settings for many of the individual numbers . In the years after his death , the work was adapted for performance on a much larger scale , with giant orchestras and choirs ."}]}, {'value': '13 April 1742', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Music Hall , Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dublin', 'summary': "Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/ , locally /ˈdʊb-/ ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath [ ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈklʲiə ; ˌbʲlʲaː ˈklʲiə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland . Situated on a bay on the east coast , at the mouth of the River Liffey , it lies within the province of Leinster . It is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains , a part of the Wicklow Mountains range . It has an urban area population of 1,173,179 , while the population of the Dublin Region ( formerly County Dublin ) as of 2016 [ update ] was 1,347,359 . The population of the Greater Dublin Area was 1,904,806 per the 2016 census . There is archaeological debate regarding precisely where Dublin was established by the Gaels in or before the 7th century AD . Later expanded as a Viking settlement , the Kingdom of Dublin , the city became Ireland 's principal settlement following the Norman invasion . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800 . Following the partition of Ireland in 1922 , Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State , later renamed Ireland . Dublin is a historical and contemporary centre for education , the arts , administration and industry . As of 2018 [ update ] the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ( GaWC ) as a global city , with a ranking of Alpha − , which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Charles Jennens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samson_(Handel)', 'summary': 'Samson ( HWV 57 ) is a three-act oratorio by George Frideric Handel , considered one of his finest dramatic works . It is usually performed as an oratorio in concert form , but on occasions has also been staged as an opera . The well-known arias Let the bright Seraphim ( for soprano ) and Total eclipse ( for tenor ) are often performed separately in concert .'}]}, {'value': '18 February 1743', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Covent Garden Theatre , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Opera_House', 'summary': "The Royal Opera House ( ROH ) is an opera house and major performing arts venue in Covent Garden , central London . The large building is often referred to as simply Covent Garden , after a previous use of the site of the opera house 's original construction in 1732 . It is the home of The Royal Opera , The Royal Ballet , and the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House . Originally called the Theatre Royal , it served primarily as a playhouse for the first hundred years of its history . In 1734 , the first ballet was presented . A year later , Handel 's first season of operas began . Many of his operas and oratorios were specifically written for Covent Garden and had their premieres there . The current building is the third theatre on the site following disastrous fires in 1808 and 1856 . The façade , foyer , and auditorium date from 1858 , but almost every other element of the present complex dates from an extensive reconstruction in the 1990s . The main auditorium seats 2,256 people , making it the third largest in London , and consists of four tiers of boxes and balconies and the amphitheatre gallery . The proscenium is 12.20 m wide and 14.80 m high . The main auditorium is a Grade I listed building ."}]}, {'value': 'Newburgh Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newburgh_Hamilton', 'summary': "Newburgh Hamilton ( 1691-1761 ) was an Irish author and librettist . He was born in County Tyrone , Ireland and entered Trinity College , Dublin , in 1708 , aged sixteen , but ( as was common in those days ) he left without obtaining a degree . He is known to have been George Frederick Handel 's librettist for three works : Alexander 's Feast ( 1736 ) , Samson ( 1743 ) and the Occasional Oratorio ( 1746 ) . In writing the libretto for Handel 's Samson ( 1743 ) , he followed John Milton 's Samson Agonistes rather than creating it from the story found in the Book of Judges . His comedy The Petticoat-Plotter was presented at Drury Lane on 5 June 1712 and The Doating Lovers ; or , the Libertine was premièred at Lincoln 's Inn Fields Theatre on 23 June 1715 . His work is discussed in Terence Tobin , Plays by Scots 1660-1800 ( University of Iowa Press , 1974 ) and by Adrienne Scullion in Bill Findlay , A History of Scottish Theatre ( Edinburgh : Polygon , 1998 )"}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Semele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Semele_(Handel)', 'summary': "Semele ( HWV 58 ) is a 'musical drama ' , originally presented after the manner of an oratorio , in three parts by George Frideric Handel . Based on a pre-existent opera libretto by William Congreve , the work is an opera in all but name but was first presented in concert form at Covent Garden theatre on 10 February 1744 . The story comes from Ovid 's Metamorphoses and concerns Semele , mother of Bacchus . Handel also referred to the work as 'The Story of Semele ' . The work fuses elements of opera , oratorio and classical drama . Semele was presented during Lent , one of Handel 's regular oratorio seasons . However it was not what London audiences were expecting of an oratorio during the solemn season of Lent- Semele has a secular text with a story involving an adulterous sexual relationship . It is distinguished from Handel 's operas by the large number of polyphonic choruses . Semele was performed four times during its original run , and twice again later the same year , but those were the only performances in Handel 's lifetime . Today Semele is frequently fully staged and receives regular performances at many of the world 's opera houses , as well as performances in concert form ."}]}, {'value': '10 February 1744', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Covent Garden Theatre , London', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Congreve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Congreve', 'summary': 'William Congreve ( 24 January 1670 - 19 January 1729 ) was an English playwright and poet of the Restoration period . He is known for his clever , satirical dialogue and influence on the comedy of manners style of that period . He was also a minor political figure in the British Whig Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '59', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph and his Brethren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_and_his_Brethren', 'summary': "Joseph ( HWV 59 ) is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel completed in the summer of 1743 . Joseph is composed to an English language libretto by the Rev.James Miller , based on Apostolo Zeno 's Italian language libretto for Giuseppe , an oratorio by Antonio Caldara . It received its premiere performance that following Lenten season on 2 March 1744 at the Covent Garden Theatre ."}]}, {'value': '2 March 1744', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Covent Garden Theatre , London', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Miller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Miller_(playwright)', 'summary': 'James Miller ( 1704-1744 ) was an English playwright , poet , librettist , and minister .'}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hercules', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hercules_(music_drama)', 'summary': "Hercules ( HWV 60 ) is a Musical Drama in three acts by George Frideric Handel , composed in July and August 1744 . The English language libretto was by the Reverend Thomas Broughton , based on Sophocles 's Women of Trachis and the ninth book of Ovid 's Metamorphoses ."}]}, {'value': '5 January 1745', 'urls': []}, {'value': "King 's Theatre , London", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Broughton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belshazzar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belshazzar_(Handel)', 'summary': "Belshazzar ( HWV 61 ) is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel . The libretto was by Charles Jennens , and Handel abridged it considerably . Jennens ' libretto was based on the Biblical account of the fall of Babylon at the hands of Cyrus the Great and the subsequent freeing of the Jewish nation , as found in the Book of Daniel . Handel composed Belshazzar in the late Summer of 1744 concurrently with Hercules , during a time that Winton Dean calls the peak of Handel 's creative life . The work premiered the following Lenten season on 27 March 1745 at the King 's Theatre , London . The work fell into neglect after Handel 's death , with revivals of the work occurring in the United Kingdom in 1847 , 1848 and 1873 . With the revival of interest in Baroque music and historically informed musical performance since the 1960s , Belsahzzar receives performances in concert form today and is also sometimes fully staged as an opera . Among other performances , Belshazzar was staged at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in 2008 and by the Zurich Opera in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '27 March 1745', 'urls': []}, {'value': "King 's Theatre , London", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Jennens', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Occasional Oratorio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Occasional_Oratorio', 'summary': "An Occasional Oratorio ( HWV 62 ) is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel , based upon a libretto by Newburgh Hamilton after the poetry of John Milton and Edmund Spenser . The work was written in the midst of the Jacobite rising of 1745-1746 , the attempt to overthrow Handel 's patrons the Hanoverian monarchy under George II and replace them with a Stuart restoration under Charles Edward Stuart , Bonnie Prince Charlie . The Occasional Oratorio is unique among Handel 's works which he labelled oratorio in that it does not tell a story or contain elements of a drama , but was intended as a defiant and patriotic rallying piece . The Stuart armies , based in Scotland , had invaded England and got as far as Derby when the King 's armies under the command of the King 's son Prince William , Duke of Cumberland had driven them back to Scotland in December 1745 . The fighting was at a hiatus due to winter weather and the Duke of Cumberland was in London in February 1746 . Handel composed the Occasional Oratorio hastily in January and February 1746 , borrowing and re-arranging some movements from previous compositions , and premiered it immediately on 14 February 1746 with Willem de Fesch , Élisabeth Duparc , Elisabetta de Gambarini , John Beard ( tenor ) , and Thomas Reinhold at Covent Garden Theatre . It contains 44 movements split over three parts . Part One , generally speaking , concerns the miseries of war and the vengeance of a wrathful God , Part Two the blessings of peace , and Part Three a thanksgiving for victory . This was felt at the time by some to be premature as the rebels had not yet been defeated , Charles Jennens , Handel 's friend and collaborator who wrote the text for Saul and others of Handel 's oratorios called the piece a triumph for a victory not yet gained . The festive four part overture , with trumpets and drums , is sometimes performed outside the context of the entire piece . The famous chorus Prepare the Hymn ( a paraphrase of Psalm 81:1-2 ) is the 26th movement and appears in the second part . The second minuet from the Music for the Royal Fireworks was reused from this oratorio ."}]}, {'value': '14 February 1746', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Covent Garden Theatre , London', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newburgh Hamilton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '63', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Judas Maccabaeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judas_Maccabaeus_(Handel)', 'summary': "Judas Maccabaeus ( HWV 63 ) is an oratorio in three acts composed in 1746 by George Frideric Handel based on a libretto written by Thomas Morell . The oratorio was devised as a compliment to the victorious Prince William Augustus , Duke of Cumberland upon his return from the Battle of Culloden ( 16 April 1746 ) . Other catalogues of Handel 's music have referred to the work as HG xxii ; and HHA 1/24 ."}]}, {'value': '1 April 1747', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Covent Garden Theatre , London', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Morell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Morell', 'summary': 'Thomas Morell ( /mɔːˈrɛl/ ; 18 March 1703 - 19 February 1784 ) was an English librettist , classical scholar , and printer .'}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': '64', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joshua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joshua_(Handel)', 'summary': "Joshua ( HWV 64 ) is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel . It was composed in a month , between 19 July 1747 and 19 August 1747 , six months before the beginning of the oratorio season , and is Handel 's fourth oratorio based on a libretto by Thomas Morell . The oratorio premiered on 9 March 1748 at the Covent Garden Theatre , London . Joshua is based on the Biblical story of Joshua as the leader of the Children of Israel . The story follows the Israelites from their passage over the Jordan River into Caanan and through the Battle of Jericho . The work also includes a love story elaborated from a few hints in the Biblical narrative between Achsah , Caleb 's daughter and Othniel , a young soldier . Joshua was the fourth oratorio Handel had written within the span of twenty months . Following the Jacobite rising of 1745 in England , Handel produced a series of English oratorios based on military themes : Occasional Oratorio , Judas Maccabaeus , Alexander Balus , Joshua , and Solomon . The military conquests the Israelites achieve in the oratorio were seen as parallels to the victory of the Hanoverian regime in crushing the Jacobite rebellion . Joshua was one of his shortest oratorios , containing no genuine overture , only a brief orchestral movement simply titled , Introduction . Joshua also included at least five pieces borrowed from other Handel compositions . Part one was completed on 30 July 1747 , Part two on 8 August and Part three on 19 August ."}]}, {'value': '9 March 1748', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Covent Garden Theatre , London', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Morell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Oratorios', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_compositions_by_George_Frideric_Handel_2', 'intro': "George Frideric Handel (23 February 1685 - 14 April 1759) was a German-English Baroque composer who is famous for his operas, oratorios, organ concertos and concerti grossi. Handel's compositions include 42 operas; 25 oratorios; more than 120 cantatas, trios and duets; numerous arias; chamber music; a large number of ecclesiastical pieces; odes and serenatas; 18 concerti grossi; and 12 organ concertos. His oratorio Messiah, with its Hallelujah chorus, is among the most famous Baroque works and is a popular choice for performances during the Christmas season. Among Handel's best-known instrumental works are the Concerti grossi Opus 3 and Opus 6 and the Organ concertos Opus 4 and Opus 7; The Cuckoo and the Nightingale, in which birds are heard calling during passages played in different keys representing the vocal ranges of two birds; and his 16 keyboard suites, especially The Harmonious Blacksmith. [citation needed]\n Collected editions of Handel's works include the Händel-Gesellschaft (HG) and the Hallische Händel-Ausgabe (HHA), however the more recent Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis (HWV) publication is now commonly used to number his works. For example, Handel's Messiah can be referred to as: HG xlv, HHA i/17, or HWV 56. Some of Handel's music is also numbered based on initial publications, for example a 1741 publication by Walsh labelled twelve of Handel's concerti grossi as Opus 6."} | null | null | Which play provided a basis for this English-language oratorio that premiered in this city with a population of 155,000 ? | Athalie by Jean Racine |
0a72541f1d874aa5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Shanghai', 'title': 'List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shanghai', 'header': ['Site', 'Date', 'Location', 'Designation'], 'data': [{'value': 'Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen 上海中山故居', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Former_Residence_of_Sun_Yat-Sen_(Shanghai)', 'summary': "The Former Residence of Sun Yat-sen ( Chinese : 上海中山故居 ; pinyin : Shànghǎi Zhōngshān Gùjū ) , located at 7 Xiangshan Road ( aka Rue Molière ) in the French Concession area of Shanghai , China , near Fuxing Park to the east , was the residence of the Chinese revolutionary Dr. Sun Yat-sen ( 1866-1925 ) Sun Yat-sen lived in this house from 1918 with his wife Soong Ching-ling . After his death , Sun 's wife continued to live here until 1937 . There is now an exhibition centre presenting Sun Yat-sen 's life , together with some artifacts and a statue of Sun Yat-sen outside ."}]}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huangpu District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghai', 'summary': "Huangpu ( help·info ) District , makes up the eastern part of Shanghai 's traditional urban core and is today the most central of Shanghai 's 16 districts . Huangpu district is the seat of municipal government , includes key attractions such as The Bund and the Old City God Temple , as well as popular shopping districts such as Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road . The Huangpu District is one of the most densely populated urban districts in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1-9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Site of the Socialist Youth League of China 中国社会主义青年团中央机关旧址', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920-21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huangpu District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghai', 'summary': "Huangpu ( help·info ) District , makes up the eastern part of Shanghai 's traditional urban core and is today the most central of Shanghai 's 16 districts . Huangpu district is the seat of municipal government , includes key attractions such as The Bund and the Old City God Temple , as well as popular shopping districts such as Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road . The Huangpu District is one of the most densely populated urban districts in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党第一次全国代表大会会址', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Site_of_the_First_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party', 'summary': 'The Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party ( Chinese : 中国共产党第一次全国代表大会会址 ) is now preserved as a museum in Shanghai , China . It is located in Xintiandi , on Xingye Road ( formerly Rue Wantz , in the Shanghai French Concession ) . It is located in the historical shikumen buildings in which the 1st National Congress of the Communist Party of China took place during the month of July in 1921 . The museum combines exhibits about the history of China , the history of the city of Shanghai , and the events surrounding the foundation of the Chinese Communist Party .'}]}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huangpu District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghai', 'summary': "Huangpu ( help·info ) District , makes up the eastern part of Shanghai 's traditional urban core and is today the most central of Shanghai 's 16 districts . Huangpu district is the seat of municipal government , includes key attractions such as The Bund and the Old City God Temple , as well as popular shopping districts such as Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road . The Huangpu District is one of the most densely populated urban districts in the world ."}]}, {'value': '1-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomb of Lu Xun 鲁迅墓', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomb_of_Lu_Xun', 'summary': "The tomb of Lu Xun is the burial place of the Chinese writer Lu Xun ( 1881-1936 ) , located in the northwestern corner of the Lu Xun Park in Hongkou District , Shanghai . Covering an area of 1,600 square metres ( 17,000 sq ft ) , the tomb of Lu Xun was built in 1956 , and in the same year , the remains of Lu Xun was moved to this tomb from the Wanguo Cemetery of Shanghai . The tomb of Lu Xun was listed as the first batch of the major historical and cultural site protected at the national level , by the State Council of the People 's Republic of China , on 4 March 1961 ."}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hongkou District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hongkou_District', 'summary': "Hongkou ( help·info ) , formerly spelled Hongkew , is a district of Shanghai , forming part of the northern urban core . It has a land area of 23.48 km2 ( 9.07 sq mi ) and a population of 69,000 as of 1953 . It is the location of the Astor House Hotel , Broadway Mansions , Lu Xun Park , and Hongkou Football Stadium . It was once known as Shanghai 's Little Tokyo Hongkou is home to the Shanghai International Studies University ( SISU ) , the Shanghai University of Finance and Economics , and the 1933 Old Millfun ."}]}, {'value': '1-31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomb of Soong Ching-ling 宋庆龄墓', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling', 'summary': "Rosamond Soong Ching-ling ( 27 January 1893 - 29 May 1981 ) was a Chinese political figure . As the third wife of Sun Yat-sen , one of the leaders of the 1911 revolution that established the Republic of China , she was often referred to as Madame Sun Yat-sen. She was a member of the Soong family and , together with her siblings , played a prominent role in China 's politics prior to and after 1949 . After the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , she held several prominent positions in the new government , including Vice Chairman ( 1949-1954 ; 1959-1975 ) and Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( 1954-1959 ; 1975-1981 ) , travelled abroad during the early 1950s , representing her country at a number of international events . During the Cultural Revolution , however , she was heavily criticized . Following the purge of President Liu Shaoqi in 1968 , she and Dong Biwu as Vice Presidents became de facto Heads of State of China until 1972 , when Dong was appointed Acting President . Soong survived the political turmoil during the Cultural Revolution , but appeared less frequently after 1976 . As the acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress from 1976 to 1978 , Soong was again the acting Head of State . During her final illness in May 1981 , she was given the special title of Honorary President of the People 's Republic of China ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Changning District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changning_District', 'summary': 'Changning District ( help·info ) ( Chinese : 长宁区 ; pinyin : Chángníng Qū ) is a district of Shanghai . It has a land area of 37.19 square kilometres ( 14.36 sq mi ) and had a population of 620,000 as of 2003 [ update ] . The district government is located at 1320 Yuyuan Rd . Zhongshan Park is located in the district .'}]}, {'value': '2-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yu Garden 豫园', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yu_Garden', 'summary': "Yu Garden or Yuyuan Garden ( simplified Chinese : 豫园 ; traditional Chinese : 豫園 ; pinyin : Yù Yuán , Shanghainese Yuyu lit . Garden of Happiness ) is an extensive Chinese garden located beside the City God Temple in the northeast of the Old City of Shanghai at Huangpu Qu , Shanghai Shi . It abuts the Yuyuan Tourist Mart , the Huxinting Teahouse and the Yu Garden Bazaar . This garden is accessible from the Shanghai Metro 's Line 10 Yuyuan Garden Station . A centerpiece is the Exquisite Jade Rock ( 玉玲珑 ) a porous 3.3-m , 5-ton boulder . Rumours about its origin include the story that it was meant for the Huizong Emperor ( Northern Song Dynasty from 1100-1126 AD ) at the imperial palace in Beijing , but was salvaged from the Huangpu River after the boat carrying it had sunk ."}]}, {'value': 'Ming , Qing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ming_dynasty', 'summary': "The Ming dynasty ( /mɪŋ/ ) , officially the Great Ming , was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by Han Chinese . Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng ( who established the Shun dynasty , soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty ) , numerous rump regimes loyal to the Ming throne - collectively called the Southern Ming - survived until 1662 . [ d ] The Hongwu Emperor ( r. 1368-1398 ) attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid , immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty : the empire 's standing army exceeded one million troops and the navy 's dockyards in Nanjing were the largest in the world . He also took great care breaking the power of the court eunuchs and unrelated magnates , enfeoffing his many sons throughout China and attempting to guide these princes through the Huang-Ming Zuxun , a set of published dynastic instructions . This failed when his teenage successor , the Jianwen Emperor , attempted to curtail his uncles ' power , prompting the Jingnan Campaign , an uprising that placed the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the Yongle Emperor in 1402 . The Yongle Emperor established Yan as a secondary capital and renamed it Beijing , constructed the Forbidden City , and restored the Grand Canal and the primacy of the imperial examinations in official appointments . He rewarded his eunuch supporters and employed them as a counterweight against the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats . One , Zheng He , led seven enormous voyages of exploration into the Indian Ocean as far as Arabia and the eastern coasts of Africa . The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances ; the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor during the 1449 Tumu Crisis ended them completely . The imperial navy was allowed to fall into disrepair while forced labor constructed the Liaodong palisade and connected and fortified the Great Wall of China into its modern form . Wide-ranging censuses of the entire empire were conducted decennially , but the desire to avoid labor and taxes and the difficulty of storing and reviewing the enormous archives at Nanjing hampered accurate figures ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Qing_dynasty', 'summary': 'The Qing dynasty , officially the Great Qing ( [ tɕʰíŋ ] ) , was the last imperial dynasty of China . It was established in 1636 , and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1911 . It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China . The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China . It was the fifth largest empire in world history . The dynasty was founded by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria . In the late sixteenth century , Nurhaci , originally a Ming vassal , began organizing Banners , military-social units that included Manchu , Han , and Mongol elements . Nurhaci united Manchu clans and officially proclaimed the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 . His son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of the Liaodong Peninsula and declared a new dynasty , the Qing , in 1636 . As Ming control disintegrated , peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the capital , Beijing , in 1644 . Ming general Wu Sangui refused to serve them , but opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by the regent Prince Dorgon , who defeated the rebels and seized the capital . Dorgon served as Prince Regent under the Shunzhi Emperor and implemented policies of rule .'}]}, {'value': 'Huangpu District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghai', 'summary': "Huangpu ( help·info ) District , makes up the eastern part of Shanghai 's traditional urban core and is today the most central of Shanghai 's 16 districts . Huangpu district is the seat of municipal government , includes key attractions such as The Bund and the Old City God Temple , as well as popular shopping districts such as Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road . The Huangpu District is one of the most densely populated urban districts in the world ."}]}, {'value': '2-39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longhua Revolutionary Martyrs Memorial 龙华革命烈士纪念地', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927-37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xuhui District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xuhui_District', 'summary': "Xuhui District is a core urban district of Shanghai . It has a land area of 54.76 km2 ( 21.14 sq mi ) and a population of 982,200 as of 2008 . The Xuhui District is centred on Xujiahui , after which it is named . Xujiahui was historically land owned by Ming dynasty bureaucrat and scientist Xu Guangqi , and later donated to the Roman Catholic Church . Being the core of Catholic Shanghai , the Xuhui District formed , together with neighbouring Luwan District , the former French Concession of Shanghai . Vestiges of the French influence can still be seen in the St. Ignatius Cathedral of Shanghai , Xuhui College , the Xujiahui Observatory , and some remaining boulevards and French-style districts . Parts of today 's Xuhui District were once the premier residential districts of Shanghai . After the revolution , however , the large estates near Xujiahui were turned into factories . [ citation needed ] In the 1990s , the Shanghai municipal government developed the district as a commercial zone . [ citation needed ] A once-prominent commercial area in the district was the Xiangyang Crafts and Gifts Market , a haven for souvenirs and intellectual property-infringing products ; it was closed on June 30 , 2006 by municipal authorities . Xujiahui itself has been redeveloped as a commercial centre , with a proliferation of large-scale shopping centres and department stores . Now it is a major shopping destination in the city , with shopping malls such as Grand Gateway Shanghai and Pacific Sogo ."}]}, {'value': '3-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sutra Pillar of the Tang Dynasty in Songjiang 松江唐经幢', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tang_dynasty', 'summary': "The Tang dynasty ( /tɑːŋ/ ; Chinese : 唐朝 [ a ] ) or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 , with an interregnum between 690 and 705 . It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history . Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization , and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture . Tang territory , acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers , rivaled that of the Han dynasty . The Tang capital at Chang'an ( present-day Xi'an ) was the most populous city in the world in its day . The Lǐ family ( 李 ) founded the dynasty , seizing power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire . The dynasty was interrupted for 15 years when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne , proclaiming the Wu Zhou dynasty and becoming the only legitimate Chinese empress regnant . In two censuses of the 7th and 8th centuries , the Tang records estimated the population by number of registered households at about 50 million people . Yet , even when the central government was breaking down and unable to compile an accurate census of the population in the 9th century , it is estimated that the population had grown by then to about 80 million people . [ b ] With its large population base , the dynasty was able to raise professional and conscripted armies of hundreds of thousands of troops to contend with nomadic powers in dominating Inner Asia and the lucrative trade-routes along the Silk Road . Various kingdoms and states paid tribute to the Tang court , while the Tang also conquered or subdued several regions which it indirectly controlled through a protectorate system . Besides political hegemony , the Tang also exerted a powerful cultural influence over neighboring East Asian states such as those in Japan and Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Songjiang District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Songjiang_District', 'summary': 'Songjiang is a suburban district ( formerly a county ) of Shanghai . It has a land area of 605.64 km2 ( 233.84 sq mi ) and a population of 1,582,398 ( 2010 ) . Owing to a long history , Songjiang is known as the cultural root of Shanghai . Songjiang Town , the urban center of the district , was formerly the major city in the area . It is now connected to downtown Shanghai by Line 9 of the Shanghai Metro .'}]}, {'value': '3-179', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomb of Xu Guangqi 徐光启墓', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xu_Guangqi', 'summary': "Xu Guangqi or Hsü Kuang-ch ' i ( April 24 , 1562 - November 8 , 1633 ) , also known by his baptismal name Paul , was a Chinese agronomist , astronomer , mathematician , politician , and writer during the Ming dynasty . Xu was a colleague and collaborator of the Italian Jesuits Matteo Ricci and Sabatino de Ursis and assisted their translation of several classic Western texts into Chinese , including part of Euclid 's Elements . He was also the author of the Nong Zheng Quan Shu , a treatise on agriculture . He was one of the Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism . His current title is Servant of God . On April 15 , 2011 , Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi announced the beatification of Xu Guangqi ."}]}, {'value': 'Ming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ming_dynasty', 'summary': "The Ming dynasty ( /mɪŋ/ ) , officially the Great Ming , was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by Han Chinese . Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng ( who established the Shun dynasty , soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty ) , numerous rump regimes loyal to the Ming throne - collectively called the Southern Ming - survived until 1662 . [ d ] The Hongwu Emperor ( r. 1368-1398 ) attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid , immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty : the empire 's standing army exceeded one million troops and the navy 's dockyards in Nanjing were the largest in the world . He also took great care breaking the power of the court eunuchs and unrelated magnates , enfeoffing his many sons throughout China and attempting to guide these princes through the Huang-Ming Zuxun , a set of published dynastic instructions . This failed when his teenage successor , the Jianwen Emperor , attempted to curtail his uncles ' power , prompting the Jingnan Campaign , an uprising that placed the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the Yongle Emperor in 1402 . The Yongle Emperor established Yan as a secondary capital and renamed it Beijing , constructed the Forbidden City , and restored the Grand Canal and the primacy of the imperial examinations in official appointments . He rewarded his eunuch supporters and employed them as a counterweight against the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats . One , Zheng He , led seven enormous voyages of exploration into the Indian Ocean as far as Arabia and the eastern coasts of Africa . The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances ; the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor during the 1449 Tumu Crisis ended them completely . The imperial navy was allowed to fall into disrepair while forced labor constructed the Liaodong palisade and connected and fortified the Great Wall of China into its modern form . Wide-ranging censuses of the entire empire were conducted decennially , but the desire to avoid labor and taxes and the difficulty of storing and reviewing the enormous archives at Nanjing hampered accurate figures ."}]}, {'value': 'Xuhui District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xuhui_District', 'summary': "Xuhui District is a core urban district of Shanghai . It has a land area of 54.76 km2 ( 21.14 sq mi ) and a population of 982,200 as of 2008 . The Xuhui District is centred on Xujiahui , after which it is named . Xujiahui was historically land owned by Ming dynasty bureaucrat and scientist Xu Guangqi , and later donated to the Roman Catholic Church . Being the core of Catholic Shanghai , the Xuhui District formed , together with neighbouring Luwan District , the former French Concession of Shanghai . Vestiges of the French influence can still be seen in the St. Ignatius Cathedral of Shanghai , Xuhui College , the Xujiahui Observatory , and some remaining boulevards and French-style districts . Parts of today 's Xuhui District were once the premier residential districts of Shanghai . After the revolution , however , the large estates near Xujiahui were turned into factories . [ citation needed ] In the 1990s , the Shanghai municipal government developed the district as a commercial zone . [ citation needed ] A once-prominent commercial area in the district was the Xiangyang Crafts and Gifts Market , a haven for souvenirs and intellectual property-infringing products ; it was closed on June 30 , 2006 by municipal authorities . Xujiahui itself has been redeveloped as a commercial centre , with a proliferation of large-scale shopping centres and department stores . Now it is a major shopping destination in the city , with shopping malls such as Grand Gateway Shanghai and Pacific Sogo ."}]}, {'value': '3-254', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xingshengjiao Temple Pagoda 兴圣教寺塔', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Songjiang_Square_Pagoda', 'summary': "The Songjiang Square Pagoda or Songjiang Fangta , officially the Xingshengjiao Temple Pagoda , is a Buddhist pagoda in the old town of Songjiang in suburban Shanghai . Originally built in the 11th century , it is the only structure remaining from the Xingshengjiao Temple , and is now enclosed in the Fangta Park . The 9-story pagoda is 48.5 meters ( 159 ft ) tall , and has become Songjiang 's most famous landmark ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Song_dynasty', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'Songjiang District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Songjiang_District', 'summary': 'Songjiang is a suburban district ( formerly a county ) of Shanghai . It has a land area of 605.64 km2 ( 233.84 sq mi ) and a population of 1,582,398 ( 2010 ) . Owing to a long history , Songjiang is known as the cultural root of Shanghai . Songjiang Town , the urban center of the district , was formerly the major city in the area . It is now connected to downtown Shanghai by Line 9 of the Shanghai Metro .'}]}, {'value': '4-83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main Hall of Zhenru Temple 真如寺大殿', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhenru_Temple_(Shanghai)', 'summary': 'Zhenru Temple ( Chinese : 真如寺 ; pinyin : Zhēnrú Sì ) is a Buddhist temple located in Putuo District of Shanghai , China . It is a Major National Historical and Cultural Site in Shanghai .'}]}, {'value': 'Yuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yuan_dynasty', 'summary': "The Yuan dynasty ( /juˈɑːn/ ; Chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : Yuán Cháo ) , officially the Great Yuan ( Chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : Dà Yuán ; Middle Mongolian : ᠳᠠᠢᠦᠨᠦᠯᠦᠰ , Dai Ön Ulus , literally Great Yuan State [ note 2 ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan , leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan . It followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty . Although the Mongols had ruled territories including modern-day North China for decades , it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style , and the conquest was not complete until 1279 when the Southern Song dynasty was defeated in the Battle of Yamen . His realm was , by this point , isolated from the other Mongol khanates and controlled most of modern-day China and its surrounding areas , including modern Mongolia . It was the first non-Han Chinese dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368 when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan forces . Following that , the rebuked Genghisid rulers retreated to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule as the Northern Yuan dynasty . Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . Mongolian ) and the 'Phags-pa script . The Yuan dynasty was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire . In official Chinese histories , the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven . The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan , yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu . [ note 3 ] In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name , Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty ."}]}, {'value': 'Putuo District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Putuo_District,_Shanghai', 'summary': "Putuo District ( simplified Chinese : 普陀区 ; traditional Chinese : 普陀區 ; pinyin : Pǔtuó Qū ; Shanghainese : phu2 du1 chiu1 ) , is a municipal district of Shanghai Municipality , People 's Republic of China . It covers an area of 54.83 km2 ( 21.17 sq mi ) . Putuo District borders Baoshan District to the north , Jing'an District to the east and south east , Changning District to the south west and Jiading District to the west ."}]}, {'value': '4-120', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Architecture of the Bund 上海外滩建筑群', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bund_(Shanghai)', 'summary': "The Bund or Waitan ( Chinese : 外滩 ; pinyin : Wàitān , Shanghainese : nga3thae1 , literally : 'Outer Beach ' ) is a waterfront area in central Shanghai . The area centers on a section of Zhongshan Road ( East Zhongshan Road No.1 ) within the former Shanghai International Settlement , which runs along the western bank of the Huangpu River in the eastern part of Huangpu District . The area along the river faces the modern skyscrapers of Lujiazui in the Pudong District . The Bund usually refers to the buildings and wharves on this section of the road , as well as some adjacent areas . From the 1860s to the 1930s , it was the rich and powerful center of the foreign establishment in Shanghai , operating as a legally protected treaty port ."}]}, {'value': '1906-37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huangpu District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghai', 'summary': "Huangpu ( help·info ) District , makes up the eastern part of Shanghai 's traditional urban core and is today the most central of Shanghai 's 16 districts . Huangpu district is the seat of municipal government , includes key attractions such as The Bund and the Old City God Temple , as well as popular shopping districts such as Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road . The Huangpu District is one of the most densely populated urban districts in the world ."}]}, {'value': '4-220', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai General Post Office 上海邮政总局', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Post_Office_Building,_Shanghai', 'summary': 'The General Post Office Building ( Chinese : 上海邮政总局大楼 ) is the head post office of Shanghai , China . Built in 1924 , the four-storey building is located at 395 Tiandong Road , at the north end of the Sichuan Road Bridge , on the banks of the Suzhou Creek .'}]}, {'value': '1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hongkou District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hongkou_District', 'summary': "Hongkou ( help·info ) , formerly spelled Hongkew , is a district of Shanghai , forming part of the northern urban core . It has a land area of 23.48 km2 ( 9.07 sq mi ) and a population of 69,000 as of 1953 . It is the location of the Astor House Hotel , Broadway Mansions , Lu Xun Park , and Hongkou Football Stadium . It was once known as Shanghai 's Little Tokyo Hongkou is home to the Shanghai International Studies University ( SISU ) , the Shanghai University of Finance and Economics , and the 1933 Old Millfun ."}]}, {'value': '4-226', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fuquanshan Site 福泉山遗址', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neolithic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China', 'summary': 'This is a list of Neolithic cultures of China that have been unearthed by archaeologists . They are sorted in chronological order from earliest to latest and are followed by a schematic visualization of these cultures . It would seem that the definition of Neolithic in China is undergoing changes . The discovery in 2012 of pottery about 20,000 years BC indicates that this measure alone can no longer be used to define the period . It will fall to the more difficult task of determining when cereal domestication started .'}]}, {'value': 'Qingpu District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qingpu_District,_Shanghai', 'summary': 'Qingpu District , is a suburban district of Shanghai Municipality . Lake Dianshan is located in Qingpu . The population of Qingpu was counted at 1,081,000 people in the 2010 Census . It has an area of 675.11 km2 ( 260.66 sq mi ) . Qingpu District is the westernmost district of Shanghai Municipality ; it is adjacent to Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces . Around the lake are a number of tourist scenic areas , all complete in tourist facilities . Among the tourist areas is the waterside town Zhujiajiao , a major tourist destination in the Shanghai region . There are currently 21 domestic travel services , three international travel business departments , 14 star-rated hotels , and 3 AAAA-grade tourist spots in Qingpu District .'}]}, {'value': '5-37', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai Residence of Soong Ching-ling 上海宋庆龄故居', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai_Residence_of_Soong_Ching-ling', 'summary': "The Soong Ching Ling Memorial Residence ( Chinese : 宋庆龄故居 ) , located at 1843 Middle Huaihai Road , Xuhui District , is the former residence of Soong Ching-ling ( wife of Sun Yat-sen and later Vice-President and Honorary President of the People 's Republic of China ) in Shanghai , China , from 1948 to 1963 . It is in the west part of the former Shanghai French Concession area and was built in the 1920s by an American shipping captain , Leo R. Ball . It covers a land area of 4,333 square metres ( 46,640 sq ft ) , and comprises a white three-story building with front and back yards . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1948-81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xuhui District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xuhui_District', 'summary': "Xuhui District is a core urban district of Shanghai . It has a land area of 54.76 km2 ( 21.14 sq mi ) and a population of 982,200 as of 2008 . The Xuhui District is centred on Xujiahui , after which it is named . Xujiahui was historically land owned by Ming dynasty bureaucrat and scientist Xu Guangqi , and later donated to the Roman Catholic Church . Being the core of Catholic Shanghai , the Xuhui District formed , together with neighbouring Luwan District , the former French Concession of Shanghai . Vestiges of the French influence can still be seen in the St. Ignatius Cathedral of Shanghai , Xuhui College , the Xujiahui Observatory , and some remaining boulevards and French-style districts . Parts of today 's Xuhui District were once the premier residential districts of Shanghai . After the revolution , however , the large estates near Xujiahui were turned into factories . [ citation needed ] In the 1990s , the Shanghai municipal government developed the district as a commercial zone . [ citation needed ] A once-prominent commercial area in the district was the Xiangyang Crafts and Gifts Market , a haven for souvenirs and intellectual property-infringing products ; it was closed on June 30 , 2006 by municipal authorities . Xujiahui itself has been redeveloped as a commercial centre , with a proliferation of large-scale shopping centres and department stores . Now it is a major shopping destination in the city , with shopping malls such as Grand Gateway Shanghai and Pacific Sogo ."}]}, {'value': '5-482', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Residence of Zhang Wentian 张闻天故居', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhang_Wentian', 'summary': "Zhang Wentian ( simplified Chinese : 张闻天 ; traditional Chinese : 張聞天 ; pinyin : Zhāng Wéntiān ; Wade-Giles : Chang Wen-t'ien ; 30 August 1900 - 1 July 1976 ) , also known as Luo Fu ( Chinese : 洛甫 ; Wade-Giles : Lo Fu ) , was a high-ranking leader of the Communist Party of China . Born in Nanhui , he attended engineering school in Nanjing and spent a year at the University of California . He later joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1925 and was sent to study at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow , from 1926 to 1930 . He was a member of the group known as the 28 Bolsheviks , but switched to supporting Mao Zedong during the Long March . He was General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1935 to 1943 , when the post was abolished . He remained a member of the Politburo , but ranked 12th of 13 in the 7th Politburo and reduced to Alternate Member in the 8th Politburo . He was First Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China from December 1954 to November 1960 . He was a participant of the Long March , and later served as an ambassador to the Soviet Union from April 1951 to January 1955 . At the Lushan Conference in 1959 he supported Peng Dehuai and lost power along with Peng . During the Cultural Revolution he was attacked as an ally of Peng and Liu Shaoqi ; he was rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping after Mao 's death ."}]}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pudong New Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pudong', 'summary': "Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu River across from the historic city center of Shanghai in Puxi . The name refers to its historic position as The East Bank of the Huangpu River , which flows through central Shanghai , although it is now administered as the Pudong New Area , a state-level new area which extends all the way to the East China Sea . The traditional area of Pudong is now home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai 's best-known buildings , such as the Oriental Pearl Tower , the Jin Mao Tower , the Shanghai World Financial Center , and the Shanghai Tower . These modern skyscrapers directly face Puxi 's historic Bund , a remnant of former foreign concessions in China . The rest of the new area includes the Port of Shanghai , the Shanghai Expo and Century Park , Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park , Shanghai Pudong International Airport , the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve , Nanhui New City , and the Shanghai Disney Resort ."}]}, {'value': '5-483', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longhua Pagoda 龙华塔', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longhua_Temple', 'summary': 'The Longhua Temple ( traditional Chinese : 龍華寺 ; simplified Chinese : 龙华寺 ; pinyin : Lónghúa Sì , Shanghainese : Lon-ngu-zy , alternatively Lunghwa Temple ; literally Luster of the Dragon Temple ) is a Buddhist temple dedicated to the Maitreya Buddha in Shanghai . Although most of the present day buildings date from later reconstructions , the temple preserves the architectural design of a Song dynasty ( 960-1279 ) monastery of the Chan School . It is the largest , most authentic and complete ancient temple complex in the city of Shanghai .'}]}, {'value': 'Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Song_dynasty', 'summary': "The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960-1279 ) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279 . The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song often came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao , Western Xia and Jin dynasties to its north . It was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty . The Song government was the first in world history to issue banknotes or true paper money nationally and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy . This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder , as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass . The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 ; 960-1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 ; 1127-1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in the Jin-Song Wars . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was still strong , as the Southern Song empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land . The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad ."}]}, {'value': 'Xuhui District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xuhui_District', 'summary': "Xuhui District is a core urban district of Shanghai . It has a land area of 54.76 km2 ( 21.14 sq mi ) and a population of 982,200 as of 2008 . The Xuhui District is centred on Xujiahui , after which it is named . Xujiahui was historically land owned by Ming dynasty bureaucrat and scientist Xu Guangqi , and later donated to the Roman Catholic Church . Being the core of Catholic Shanghai , the Xuhui District formed , together with neighbouring Luwan District , the former French Concession of Shanghai . Vestiges of the French influence can still be seen in the St. Ignatius Cathedral of Shanghai , Xuhui College , the Xujiahui Observatory , and some remaining boulevards and French-style districts . Parts of today 's Xuhui District were once the premier residential districts of Shanghai . After the revolution , however , the large estates near Xujiahui were turned into factories . [ citation needed ] In the 1990s , the Shanghai municipal government developed the district as a commercial zone . [ citation needed ] A once-prominent commercial area in the district was the Xiangyang Crafts and Gifts Market , a haven for souvenirs and intellectual property-infringing products ; it was closed on June 30 , 2006 by municipal authorities . Xujiahui itself has been redeveloped as a commercial centre , with a proliferation of large-scale shopping centres and department stores . Now it is a major shopping destination in the city , with shopping malls such as Grand Gateway Shanghai and Pacific Sogo ."}]}, {'value': '6-505', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moller Villa 马勒住宅', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moller_Villa', 'summary': 'The Moller Villa ( Male zhuzhai , 马勒住宅 ) , located at .30 South Shanxi Road in the French Concession area of Shanghai , China , is a colonial-era mansion . The villa was built by Eric Moller , a [ Swedish ] shipping magnate , in 1936 . The distinctive design includes brown-tiled Gothic and Tudor gables , spires , and steeples . In 2001 , the Hengshan Group began to renovate to the villa , preserving its original architectural style . The building now houses a hotel .'}]}, {'value': 'Republic of China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–49)', 'summary': "The Republic of China ( ROC ) was a sovereign state in mainland China between 1912 and 1949 , prior to the nationalist government 's relocation to the island of Taiwan . It was established in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution , which overthrew the Qing dynasty , the last imperial dynasty of China . The Republic 's first president , Sun Yat-sen , served only briefly before handing over the position to Yuan Shikai , the leader of the Beiyang Army . Sun 's party , the Kuomintang ( KMT ) , then led by Song Jiaoren , won the parliamentary election held in December 1912 . However , Song was assassinated on Yuan 's orders shortly after ; and the Beiyang Army , led by Yuan , maintained full control of the Beiyang government . Between late 1915 and early 1916 , Yuan proclaimed himself Emperor of China before abdicating not long after due to popular unrest . After Yuan 's death in 1916 , the authority of the Beiyang government was further weakened by a brief restoration of the Qing dynasty . Cliques in the Beiyang Army claimed individual autonomy and clashed with each other during the ensuing Warlord Era . In 1921 , the KMT established a rival government in Canton , supported by the fledgling Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . The economy of northern China , overtaxed to support warlord adventurism , collapsed between 1927 and 1928 . General Chiang Kai-shek , who became the KMT leader after Sun 's death , started the Northern Expedition in 1926 to overthrow the Beiyang government , which was accomplished in 1928 . In April 1927 , Chiang established a nationalist government in Nanking , and massacred Communists in Shanghai ."}]}, {'value': "Jing'an District", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jing'an_District", 'summary': "Jing'an District , is one of the central districts of Shanghai . It has an area of 37 km² . With 1,180,000 inhabitants ( in 2014 ) . The district borders the Hongkou District to the east , Huangpu District to the east and south , Putuo District to the west , Baoshan District to the north and Changning District to the west . On 4 November 2015 , Zhabei District merged with Jing'an District bringing Shanghai down to 15 districts and one county . Jing'an District was named after Jing'an Temple , an ancient traditional Chinese Buddhist temple , today 's temple is a new replica of the old one , located in the southern part of the district . An Art Deco dancehall is just across the street ; around the neighborhood are bar streets , although some areas develop and other close through the years . Jing'an Park , located opposite to the temple , is quite popular among locals ; it used to be a graveyard for foreigners in the old Shanghai . [ citation needed ] Historically , the northern part of the district , what used to be Zhabei , has been highly populated with working class residents . However , due to the shift in the structure of industries and increasing number of immigrants from outside Shanghai , partly due to its reasonable real estate price ( compared to its counterparts such as Putuo and Hongkou ) , the district has become increasingly appealing to city residents ."}]}, {'value': '6-926', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Park Hotel Shanghai 国际饭店', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Park_Hotel_Shanghai', 'summary': "Park Hotel ( simplified Chinese : 国际饭店 ; traditional Chinese : 國際飯店 ; pinyin : Guójì Fàndìan ; literally : 'International Hotel ' ) , historically the Shanghai Joint Savings Society Building , is an Art Deco hotel on Nanjing Road West , Shanghai , China . It was the tallest building in Asia from its completion in 1934 to 1958 ."}]}, {'value': 'Republic of China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–49)', 'summary': "The Republic of China ( ROC ) was a sovereign state in mainland China between 1912 and 1949 , prior to the nationalist government 's relocation to the island of Taiwan . It was established in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution , which overthrew the Qing dynasty , the last imperial dynasty of China . The Republic 's first president , Sun Yat-sen , served only briefly before handing over the position to Yuan Shikai , the leader of the Beiyang Army . Sun 's party , the Kuomintang ( KMT ) , then led by Song Jiaoren , won the parliamentary election held in December 1912 . However , Song was assassinated on Yuan 's orders shortly after ; and the Beiyang Army , led by Yuan , maintained full control of the Beiyang government . Between late 1915 and early 1916 , Yuan proclaimed himself Emperor of China before abdicating not long after due to popular unrest . After Yuan 's death in 1916 , the authority of the Beiyang government was further weakened by a brief restoration of the Qing dynasty . Cliques in the Beiyang Army claimed individual autonomy and clashed with each other during the ensuing Warlord Era . In 1921 , the KMT established a rival government in Canton , supported by the fledgling Communist Party of China ( CPC ) . The economy of northern China , overtaxed to support warlord adventurism , collapsed between 1927 and 1928 . General Chiang Kai-shek , who became the KMT leader after Sun 's death , started the Northern Expedition in 1926 to overthrow the Beiyang government , which was accomplished in 1928 . In April 1927 , Chiang established a nationalist government in Nanking , and massacred Communists in Shanghai ."}]}, {'value': 'Huangpu District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghai', 'summary': "Huangpu ( help·info ) District , makes up the eastern part of Shanghai 's traditional urban core and is today the most central of Shanghai 's 16 districts . Huangpu district is the seat of municipal government , includes key attractions such as The Bund and the Old City God Temple , as well as popular shopping districts such as Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road . The Huangpu District is one of the most densely populated urban districts in the world ."}]}, {'value': '6-927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Songze Site 崧泽遗址', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Songze_culture', 'summary': 'The Songze Culture was a Neolithic culture that existed between 3800 and 3300 BCE in the Lake Tai area near Shanghai .'}]}, {'value': 'Neolithic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China', 'summary': 'This is a list of Neolithic cultures of China that have been unearthed by archaeologists . They are sorted in chronological order from earliest to latest and are followed by a schematic visualization of these cultures . It would seem that the definition of Neolithic in China is undergoing changes . The discovery in 2012 of pottery about 20,000 years BC indicates that this measure alone can no longer be used to define the period . It will fall to the more difficult task of determining when cereal domestication started .'}]}, {'value': 'Qingpu District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qingpu_District', 'summary': 'Qingpu District , is a suburban district of Shanghai Municipality . Lake Dianshan is located in Qingpu . The population of Qingpu was counted at 1,081,000 people in the 2010 Census . It has an area of 675.11 km2 ( 260.66 sq mi ) . Qingpu District is the westernmost district of Shanghai Municipality ; it is adjacent to Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces . Around the lake are a number of tourist scenic areas , all complete in tourist facilities . Among the tourist areas is the waterside town Zhujiajiao , a major tourist destination in the Shanghai region . There are currently 21 domestic travel services , three international travel business departments , 14 star-rated hotels , and 3 AAAA-grade tourist spots in Qingpu District .'}]}, {'value': '7-134', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': "Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the Municipality of Shanghai , People 's Republic of China . [ 1 ]", 'uid': 'Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_(Shanghai)_0', 'intro': "This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the Municipality of Shanghai, People's Republic of China."} | null | null | What location can the historical site that was the residence of the Chinese revolutionary , be found ? | Huangpu District |
0a74aa8b25a0847d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_home_run_leaders', 'title': 'List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner ( s )', 'HR', 'Team', 'Runner ( s ) -up', '2nd HR'], 'data': [{'value': '1876', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1876_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'After a tumultuous five-year existence , the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( NA ) folded following the 1875 season . The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs ( NL ) was formed in Chicago , Illinois by businessman , and owner of the Chicago White Stockings ( now known as , the Chicago Cubs ) , William Hulbert , for the purpose of replacing the NA , which he believed to have been corrupt , mismanaged , full of rowdy , drunken ballplayers , and under the influence of the gambling community . One of the new rules put into place by the new league was that all teams had to be located in cities that had a population of 75,000 or more . The initial NL season began with eight teams , and they were asked to play seventy games between April 22 and October 21 . The NL is considered to be the first major league , although it has been argued that the NA can make that claim .'}]}, {'value': 'George Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Hall_(baseball)', 'summary': 'George William Hall ( March 29 , 1849 - June 11 , 1923 ) was a professional baseball player who played in the National Association and later the National League . Born in Stepney , England , Hall later immigrated to the U.S . He made his professional debut on May 5 , 1871 .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Athletics ( NL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_(1860–76)', 'summary': 'The Athletic Base Ball Club of Philadelphia ( also known as the Philadelphia Athletics ) was a prominent National Association , and later National League , professional baseball team that played in the second half of the 19th century .'}]}, {'value': 'Charley Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charley_Jones', 'summary': 'Charles Wesley Jones ( born Benjamin Wesley Rippay on April 30 , 1852 - June 6 , 1911 ) was an American left fielder in the National Association and Major League Baseball who hit 56 home runs and batted .298 during his twelve-year career . He was born in Alamance County , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1877', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1877_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1877 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Lip Pike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lip_Pike', 'summary': 'Lipman Emanuel Lip Pike ( May 25 , 1845 - October 10 , 1893 ) the Iron Batter , was one of the stars of 19th-century baseball in the United States . His brother , Israel Pike , played briefly for the Hartford Dark Blues during the 1877 season . Pike was one of the premier players of his day . He was a great slugger and one of the best home run hitters , so much so that stories about balls he hit were told for quite some time after he stopped playing .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds_(1876–80)', 'summary': 'The Cincinnati Reds , also known as the Cincinnati Red Stockings , were a professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio that played from 1875-1879 . The club predated the National League of which it became a charter member .'}]}, {'value': 'Orator Shafer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orator_Shafer', 'summary': "George W. Shafer [ sometimes spelled Shaffer or Schaefer ] ( October 4 , 1851 - January 21 , 1922 ) was an outfielder in Major League Baseball . Nicknamed Orator , because he was an avid speaker , Shafer played for 10 teams in four different major leagues between 1874 and 1890 . Though he was a good hitter who batted over .300 three times , Shafer was best known for his defensive abilities . He led the National League 's outfielders in assists four times . In 1879 , he set an MLB single-season record with 50 outfield assists , which is a mark that has stood for over 130 years . He was considered by some to be the greatest right fielder of his era . Shafer was 5 feet 9 inches ( 1.75 m ) tall and weighed 165 pounds ( 75 kg ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1878', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1878_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1878 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Hines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Hines', 'summary': "Paul Aloysius Hines ( March 1 , 1855 - July 10 , 1935 ) was an American center fielder in professional baseball who played in the National Association and Major League Baseball from 1872 to 1891 . Born in Virginia , he is credited with winning baseball 's first triple crown in 1878 ; the accomplishment was not noted at the time , as runs batted in would not be counted until years later , home runs were rare and home run leadership obscure , and Abner Dalrymple was then erroneously recognized as the batting champion . There is some controversy over whether Hines was also the first player to turn an unassisted triple play , since it was an 8-8-4 Triple Play . Hines probably practiced with the original Washington Nationals or played on its junior team before joining the National Association with that club in 1872 . When the original Chicago White Stockings resumed play in 1874 , the teenage Hines played every game , usually in center field . He remained with the club four seasons , including the inaugural National League championship season of 1876 , and then played eight seasons for the Providence Grays from 1878 to 1885 , spanning that club 's entire major league association , during which the club won two pennants . After the Providence club folded in 1885 , he remained an everyday major league center fielder through two seasons for a new Washington Nationals club and one for the Indianapolis Hoosiers , shifting to first base for a second Indianapolis season in 1889 . He returned to center field with gradually declining playing time for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys , Boston Beaneaters and Washington Statesmen in 1890 and 1891 . His last year in the major leagues was 1891 , but he continued to play baseball in minor leagues . He finished his professional career splitting 1896 between the minor league teams Burlington , Iowa and Mobile , Alabama , at the age of 41 . During the first five NL seasons , from 1876 through 1880 , Hines had more base hits than any other player , and he retired third to Cap Anson and Jim O'Rourke with 1,884 career hits in the majors . He also remained among the top 10 major league career home run hitters as late as 1887 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Providence Grays', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Providence_Grays', 'summary': 'The Providence Grays were a Major League Baseball team based in Providence , Rhode Island who played in the National League from 1878 until 1885 . The Grays played at the Messer Street Grounds in the Olneyville neighborhood . The team won the National League title twice , in 1879 and 1884 . Following the 1884 season , they won the first World Series over the New York Metropolitans of the American Association . The team folded after the 1885 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Charley Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charley_Jones', 'summary': 'Charles Wesley Jones ( born Benjamin Wesley Rippay on April 30 , 1852 - June 6 , 1911 ) was an American left fielder in the National Association and Major League Baseball who hit 56 home runs and batted .298 during his twelve-year career . He was born in Alamance County , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1879', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1879_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1879 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Charley Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charley_Jones', 'summary': 'Charles Wesley Jones ( born Benjamin Wesley Rippay on April 30 , 1852 - June 6 , 1911 ) was an American left fielder in the National Association and Major League Baseball who hit 56 home runs and batted .298 during his twelve-year career . He was born in Alamance County , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Red Caps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Caps', 'summary': 'The Atlanta Braves , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Boston , Massachusetts . This article details the history of the Boston Braves , from 1871 to 1952 , after which they moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin to become the Milwaukee Braves , and then eventually to Atlanta to become the Atlanta Braves . The Boston franchise played at South End Grounds from 1871 to 1914 and at Braves Field from 1915 to 1952 . Braves Field is now Nickerson Field of Boston University . The franchise , from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta , is the oldest continuous professional baseball franchise .'}]}, {'value': "Jim O'Rourke", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Jim_O'Rourke_(baseball)", 'summary': "James Henry O'Rourke ( September 1 , 1850 - January 8 , 1919 ) , nicknamed Orator Jim , was an American professional baseball player in the National Association and Major League Baseball who played primarily as a left fielder . For the period 1876-1892 , he ranks behind only Cap Anson in career major league games played ( 1644 ) , hits ( 2146 ) , at-bats ( 6884 ) , doubles ( 392 ) and total bases ( 2936 ) , and behind only Harry Stovey in runs scored ( 1370 ) ( Stovey was a younger player ; Anson played five seasons and O'Rourke four prior to 1876 . ) ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1880_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1880 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': "Harry Stovey Jim O'Rourke", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Stovey', 'summary': 'Harry Duffield Stovey ( December 20 , 1856 - September 20 , 1937 ) , born Harry Duffield Stowe , was a 19th-century Major League Baseball player and the first player in major league history to hit 100 home runs . Born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Stovey played for 14 seasons in the majors and was appointed player-manager on two separate occasions during his career . Known today as both a prolific home run hitter and base-stealer , he led the league in both categories multiple times in his career , including a season record of 14 home runs in 1883 and a league-leading 97 stolen bases in 1890 . From 1880 to 1891 he appeared in the top 10 in home runs every year except 1887 , and led the league five times . He was the first to wear sliding pads and among the first to slide feet first .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Jim_O'Rourke_(baseball)", 'summary': "James Henry O'Rourke ( September 1 , 1850 - January 8 , 1919 ) , nicknamed Orator Jim , was an American professional baseball player in the National Association and Major League Baseball who played primarily as a left fielder . For the period 1876-1892 , he ranks behind only Cap Anson in career major league games played ( 1644 ) , hits ( 2146 ) , at-bats ( 6884 ) , doubles ( 392 ) and total bases ( 2936 ) , and behind only Harry Stovey in runs scored ( 1370 ) ( Stovey was a younger player ; Anson played five seasons and O'Rourke four prior to 1876 . ) ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worcester Ruby Legs Boston Red Caps', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester_Ruby_Legs', 'summary': 'The Worcester Worcesters were a 19th-century Major League Baseball team from 1880 to 1882 in the National League . The team is referred to , at times , as the Brown Stockings or the Ruby Legs ; however , no contemporary sources from the time exist that support the use of either name . The Ruby Legs played their home games at the Worcester Driving Park Grounds in the Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds , located south of Highland Street between Sever Street and Russell Street in Worcester , Massachusetts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Caps', 'summary': 'The Atlanta Braves , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Boston , Massachusetts . This article details the history of the Boston Braves , from 1871 to 1952 , after which they moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin to become the Milwaukee Braves , and then eventually to Atlanta to become the Atlanta Braves . The Boston franchise played at South End Grounds from 1871 to 1914 and at Braves Field from 1915 to 1952 . Braves Field is now Nickerson Field of Boston University . The franchise , from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta , is the oldest continuous professional baseball franchise .'}]}, {'value': 'Charley Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charley_Jones', 'summary': 'Charles Wesley Jones ( born Benjamin Wesley Rippay on April 30 , 1852 - June 6 , 1911 ) was an American left fielder in the National Association and Major League Baseball who hit 56 home runs and batted .298 during his twelve-year career . He was born in Alamance County , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1881', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1881_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1881 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Dan Brouthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Brouthers', 'summary': "Dennis Joseph Dan Brouthers ( /ˈbruːθərz/ ; May 8 , 1858 - August 2 , 1932 ) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball whose career spanned the period from 1879 to 1896 , with a brief return in 1904 . Nicknamed Big Dan for his size , he was 6 feet 2 inches ( 1.88 m ) and weighed 207 pounds ( 94 kg ) , which was large by 19th-century standards . Recognized as the first great slugger in baseball history , and among the greatest sluggers of his era , he held the record for career home runs from 1887 to 1889 , with his final total of 106 tying for the fourth most of the 19th century . His career slugging percentage of .519 remained the Major League record for a player with at least 4,000 at bats until Ty Cobb edged ahead of him in 1922 . At the time of his initial retirement , he also ranked second in career triples ( 205 ) , and third in runs batted in ( 1,296 ) and hits . A dominant hitter during the prime of his career , he led ( or was in the top of ) the league in most offensive categories , including batting average , runs scored , runs batted in ( RBI ) , on-base percentage and hits . He led the league in batting average five times , the most by a 19th-century player , and his career .342 batting average still ranks ninth all-time . Brouthers is one of only 29 players in baseball history to date who have appeared in Major League games in four decades . He was also an active players ' union member , and was elected vice president of the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players . Brouthers was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945 by the Veterans Committee ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Bisons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons_(NL)', 'summary': 'The original Buffalo Bisons baseball club played in the National League between 1879 and 1885 . The Bisons played their games at Riverside Park ( 1879-83 ) and Olympic Park ( 1884-85 ) in Buffalo , New York . The NL Bisons are included in the history of the minor-league team of the same name that still plays today ; it is thus the only extant NL team from the 19th century that both still exists and no longer plays in Major League Baseball .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlie Bennett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlie_Bennett', 'summary': "Charles Wesley Bennett ( November 21 , 1854 - February 24 , 1927 ) was an American professional baseball player from 1875 or 1876 through the 1893 season . He played 15 years in Major League Baseball , principally as a catcher , with the Milwaukee Grays ( 49 games , 1878 ) , Worcester Ruby Legs ( 51 games , 1880 ) , Detroit Wolverines ( 625 games , 1881-1888 ) and Boston Beaneaters ( 337 games , 1889-1893 ) . He played on four pennant-winning teams , one in Detroit and three in Boston , and is one of only two players ( the other being Ned Hanlon ) to play with the Detroit Wolverines during all eight seasons of the club 's existence . Bennett compiled a .256 batting average and a .340 on-base percentage during his major league career with 549 runs scored , 203 doubles , 67 triples , 55 home runs and 533 runs batted in ( RBIs ) . His greatest value , however , was as one of the greatest defensive players of his era . Between 1880 and 1891 , he ranked among the National League leaders 10 times in Defensive Wins Above Replacement ( Defensive WAR ) at all positions and led the league 's catchers seven times in fielding percentage and three times in double plays and putouts . Bennett 's baseball career ended in January 1894 when he lost both legs in a train accident in Kansas . In 1896 , Detroit 's new baseball stadium was named Bennett Park in his honor . The Detroit Tigers played their home games at Bennett Park from 1896 through the 1911 season . Bennett has also been credited with inventing the first chest protector , an improvised cork-lined vest that he wore under his uniform ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1882', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1882_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1882 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'George Wood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Wood_(baseball)', 'summary': 'George Albert Wood ( November 9 , 1858 - April 4 , 1924 ) , also known as Dandy Wood , was a Canadian-born professional baseball player and manager whose career spanned from 1878 to 1896 . He played 13 seasons of Major League Baseball , primarily as an outfielder , for the Worcester Ruby Legs ( 1880 ) , Detroit Wolverines ( 1881-85 ) , Philadelphia Quakers ( 1886-89 ) , Philadelphia Athletics ( 1890-91 ) , Baltimore Orioles ( 1889 , 1892 ) , and Cincinnati Reds ( 1892 ) . In 1891 , he served as both a player and the manager of the Athletics .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Wolverines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Wolverines', 'summary': 'The Detroit Wolverines were a 19th-century Major League Baseball team that played in the National League from 1881 to 1888 in the city of Detroit , Michigan . In total , they won 426 games and lost 437 , taking their lone pennant ( and winning the pre-modern World Series ) in 1887 . The team was disbanded following the 1888 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Mike Muldoon Dan Brouthers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Muldoon', 'summary': 'Michael D. Muldoon ( April 9 , 1858 in Westmeath , Ireland , to January 30 , 1917 [ citation needed ] ) was a Major League Baseball player . Muldoon played for Cleveland Blues and the Baltimore Orioles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dan_Brouthers', 'summary': "Dennis Joseph Dan Brouthers ( /ˈbruːθərz/ ; May 8 , 1858 - August 2 , 1932 ) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball whose career spanned the period from 1879 to 1896 , with a brief return in 1904 . Nicknamed Big Dan for his size , he was 6 feet 2 inches ( 1.88 m ) and weighed 207 pounds ( 94 kg ) , which was large by 19th-century standards . Recognized as the first great slugger in baseball history , and among the greatest sluggers of his era , he held the record for career home runs from 1887 to 1889 , with his final total of 106 tying for the fourth most of the 19th century . His career slugging percentage of .519 remained the Major League record for a player with at least 4,000 at bats until Ty Cobb edged ahead of him in 1922 . At the time of his initial retirement , he also ranked second in career triples ( 205 ) , and third in runs batted in ( 1,296 ) and hits . A dominant hitter during the prime of his career , he led ( or was in the top of ) the league in most offensive categories , including batting average , runs scored , runs batted in ( RBI ) , on-base percentage and hits . He led the league in batting average five times , the most by a 19th-century player , and his career .342 batting average still ranks ninth all-time . Brouthers is one of only 29 players in baseball history to date who have appeared in Major League games in four decades . He was also an active players ' union member , and was elected vice president of the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players . Brouthers was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945 by the Veterans Committee ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1883', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1883_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1883 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Buck Ewing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buck_Ewing', 'summary': 'William Buck Ewing ( October 17 , 1859 - October 20 , 1906 ) was an American Major League Baseball player and manager . Renowned for his offensive and defensive skills , he was the first 19th-century catcher elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball originated in New York City as the New York Gothams in 1883 and were known as the New York Giants from 1885 until the team relocated to San Francisco after the 1957 season . During most of their 75 seasons in New York City , the Giants played home games at various incarnations of the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan . Numerous inductees of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York played for the New York Giants , including John McGraw , Mel Ott , Bill Terry , Willie Mays , Monte Irvin , and Travis Jackson . During the club 's tenure in New York , it won five of the franchise 's eight World Series wins and 17 of its 23 National League pennants . Famous moments in the Giants ' New York history include the 1922 World Series , in which the Giants swept the Yankees in four games , Bobby Thomson 's 1951 home run known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World , and the defensive feat by Willie Mays during the first game of the 1954 World Series known as the Catch . The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers , facing the Yankees in six World Series and playing the league rival Dodgers multiple times per season . Games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series . The Dodgers-Giants rivalry continues , as both teams moved to the West Coast in California after the 1957 season , with the Dodgers relocating to Los Angeles . The New York Giants of the National Football League are named after the team ."}]}, {'value': 'Jerry Denny Joe Hornung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Denny', 'summary': 'Jeremiah Dennis Denny ( born Jeremiah Dennis Eldridge ; March 16 , 1859 - August 16 , 1927 ) was a third baseman in Major League Baseball . He played for the Providence Grays ( 1881-1885 ) , St. Louis Maroons ( 1886 ) , Indianapolis Hoosiers ( 1888-1889 ) , New York Giants ( 1890-1891 ) , Cleveland Spiders ( 1891 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 1891 ) , and Louisville Colonels ( 1893-1894 ) . After leaving the major leagues , Denny continued playing minor league baseball until 1902 . He was the last major league position player ( non-pitcher ) to play his entire career on the diamond without wearing a fielding glove .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joe_Hornung', 'summary': "Michael Joseph Hornung ( June 12 , 1857 - October 30 , 1931 ) was an American baseball player and one of the greatest fielders of the 19th century . [ citation needed ] Michael Joseph Hornung was born in Carthage , New York in 1857 . Prior to starting his career in Major League Baseball in 1879 with the Buffalo Bisons , Hornung played for the 1877 and 1878 London Tecumsehs in London , Ontario , Canada , winning the International Association title in 1877 . Hornung ended his major league baseball career in 1890 with the New York Giants , but he spent most of his career ( 1881-1888 ) with the Boston Red Caps/Beaneaters . He also spent one season ( 1889 ) in the now-defunct American Association . After umpiring for a few seasons in the minor leagues he took on the roll of player / manager for the Batavia Giants franchise on May 25 , 1897 , making his playing debut on June 14th at the age of 40 , he went hitless . He was remarkable for his nearly flawless play in left fieldand also known for his peculiar habit of shouting ubbo ubbo whenever he got a hit or made a good fielding play . Due to this peculiarity , Ubbo Ubbo became Hornung 's nickname . In addition to being an exceptional fielder , Hornung was also a fast baserunner , stealing 39 bases in his final season , and was a fair hitter , batting .302 in 1882 . He led all National League outfielders in fielding percentage in 1881 , 1882 , 1883 and 1886 , fielding as high as .948 , a very high mark for a time in which most players ( including Hornung ) , did n't wear gloves in the field . Hornung died in 1931 in Howard Beach , New York ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1884', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1884_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1884 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Ned Williamson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ned_Williamson', 'summary': "Edward Nagle Ned Williamson ( October 24 , 1857 - March 3 , 1894 ) was a professional baseball infielder in Major League Baseball . He played for three teams : the Indianapolis Blues of the National League ( NL ) for one season , the Chicago White Stockings ( NL ) for 11 seasons , and the Chicago Pirates of the Players ' League for one season . From 1883 and 1887 , Williamson held the single-season record for both doubles and home runs . Although his record for doubles was surpassed in 1887 , he held the home run record until 1919 , when it was topped by Babe Ruth of the Boston Red Sox . Statistically , he was one of the best fielders of his era . During the first eight years of his career , he led the league at his position in both fielding percentage and double plays five times , and he also led his position in assists six times . Later , when he moved to shortstop , he again led the league in both assists and double plays . His career was shortened by a knee injury that he suffered in Paris during a world-tour organized by Albert Spalding . After he left organized baseball , his health declined rapidly . He contracted tuberculosis and ultimately died at the age of 36 of dropsy ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago White Stockings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Stockings_(1870–89)', 'summary': 'The following is a franchise history of the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball , a charter member of the National League who started play in the National Association in 1870 as the Chicago White Stockings . The Chicago National League Ball Club is the only franchise to play continuously in the same city since the formation of the National League in 1876 . They are the earliest formed active professional sports club in North America . In their history , they have also been known as the White Stockings , Orphans , and Colts .'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Pfeffer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Pfeffer', 'summary': "Nathaniel Frederick Pfeffer ( March 17 , 1860 - April 10 , 1932 ) , nicknamed Dandelion and Fritz , was an American baseball player . He was a second baseman in Major League Baseball between 1882 and 1897 . His final game took place on June 14 , 1897 . During his career he played for the Troy Trojans ( 1882 ) , Chicago White Stockings ( 1883-1889 ) , Chicago Pirates ( 1890 ) , Chicago Colts ( 1891 , 1896-1897 ) , Louisville Colonels ( 1892-1895 ) and New York Giants ( 1896 ) . Pfeffer was one of the last barehanded fielders in baseball , and he was the first player to foil a double steal by cutting off a catcher 's throw to second base and returning it to home plate . Known as an organizer among players , Pfeffer was active in establishing the Players ' League in 1890 and was involved in an attempt to reestablish the American Association in 1894 . He was a manager at the collegiate and minor-league levels , and after his baseball career he ran a successful Chicago bar until Prohibition ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1885', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1885_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1885 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Abner Dalrymple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abner_Dalrymple', 'summary': "Abner Frank Dalrymple ( September 9 , 1857 - January 25 , 1939 ) was an American left fielder in Major League Baseball who hit 43 home runs ( including 22 in 1884 , the second-highest total to that date ) and batted .288 with 407 RBI during his 12-season career spent primarily with the Chicago White Stockings . Born in Gratiot , Wisconsin , he played for the Milwaukee Grays , White Stockings , Pittsburgh Alleghenys , and Milwaukee Brewers . Dalrymple started his major league career in 1878 with the National League 's Milwaukee Grays , and that season , he had a career-high .354 batting average . He spent the next eight seasons with the Chicago White Stockings , for whom he starred as the leadoff hitter on five NL pennant winners . In 1880 , Dalrymple led the league in hits ( 126 ) and runs scored ( 91 ) . In 1881 , he became the first batter known to be given an intentional walk with the bases loaded . He hit four doubles in a game in 1883 , which still ties him for the major league record . In 1884 , aided by the short right field fence at his home park , Dalrymple hit a career-high 22 home runs and moved into sixth place on the all-time home run list . On the strength of 11 home runs for the 1885 champions , he moved up one place . For the remainder of his career , he hit only six home runs . His hitting declined in 1886 , and his major league career ended five years later . Dalrymple died in Warren , Illinois at age 81 ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago White Stockings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Stockings_(1870–89)', 'summary': 'The following is a franchise history of the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball , a charter member of the National League who started play in the National Association in 1870 as the Chicago White Stockings . The Chicago National League Ball Club is the only franchise to play continuously in the same city since the formation of the National League in 1876 . They are the earliest formed active professional sports club in North America . In their history , they have also been known as the White Stockings , Orphans , and Colts .'}]}, {'value': 'King Kelly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Kelly', 'summary': "Michael Joseph King Kelly ( December 31 , 1857 - November 8 , 1894 ) , also commonly known as $ 10,000 Kelly , was an American outfielder , catcher , and manager in various professional American baseball leagues including the National League , International Association , Players ' League , and the American Association . He spent the majority of his 16-season playing career with the Chicago White Stockings and the Boston Beaneaters . Kelly was a player-manager three times in his career - in 1887 for the Beaneaters , in 1890 leading the Boston Reds to the pennant in the only season of the Players ' League 's existence , and in 1891 for the Cincinnati Kelly 's Killers - before his retirement in 1893 . He is also often credited with helping to popularize various strategies as a player such as the hit and run , the hook slide , and the catcher 's practice of backing up first base . In only the second vote since its creation in 1939 , the Old Timers Committee ( now the Veterans ' Committee ) elected Kelly to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945 . In concluding where to truly give Kelly credit as an innovator , a 2004 book devoted to 19th-century rule bending in baseball - and which came close to exhaustively accounting for all contemporary reporting on various subjects - placed stress on the following : Kelly 's hook slide does sound special , and players probably tried to copy it . Also , he seems to have been the first big leaguer to successfully cut a base ( when the usually lone umpire was n't looking ) , at least according to the newspaper record . And , Kelly could have been the first to foul off lots of pitches on purpose . Doing so was a top trick of some Baltimore players of the 1890s . At the turn of the century , that trick was defused when all foul balls began counting as strikes . Kelly 's autobiography Play Ball was published while he was with the Beaneaters in 1888 , the first autobiography by a baseball player ; it was ghostwritten by Boston baseball writer John J. Jack Drohan . Kelly also became a vaudeville performer during his playing career , first performing in Boston where he would recite the now-famous baseball poem Casey at the Bat , sometimes butchering it ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1886_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1886 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Dan Brouthers Hardy Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Brouthers', 'summary': "Dennis Joseph Dan Brouthers ( /ˈbruːθərz/ ; May 8 , 1858 - August 2 , 1932 ) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball whose career spanned the period from 1879 to 1896 , with a brief return in 1904 . Nicknamed Big Dan for his size , he was 6 feet 2 inches ( 1.88 m ) and weighed 207 pounds ( 94 kg ) , which was large by 19th-century standards . Recognized as the first great slugger in baseball history , and among the greatest sluggers of his era , he held the record for career home runs from 1887 to 1889 , with his final total of 106 tying for the fourth most of the 19th century . His career slugging percentage of .519 remained the Major League record for a player with at least 4,000 at bats until Ty Cobb edged ahead of him in 1922 . At the time of his initial retirement , he also ranked second in career triples ( 205 ) , and third in runs batted in ( 1,296 ) and hits . A dominant hitter during the prime of his career , he led ( or was in the top of ) the league in most offensive categories , including batting average , runs scored , runs batted in ( RBI ) , on-base percentage and hits . He led the league in batting average five times , the most by a 19th-century player , and his career .342 batting average still ranks ninth all-time . Brouthers is one of only 29 players in baseball history to date who have appeared in Major League games in four decades . He was also an active players ' union member , and was elected vice president of the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players . Brouthers was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945 by the Veterans Committee ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hardy_Richardson', 'summary': 'Abram Harding Hardy Richardson ( April 21 , 1855 - January 14 , 1931 ) , also known as Hardie and Old True Blue , was an American professional baseball player whose career spanned from 1875 to 1892 with a brief minor league comeback in 1898 . He played 14 seasons in Major League Baseball , playing at every position , including 585 games at second base , 544 games in the outfield , and 178 games at third base . Richardson played for six major league teams , with his longest stretches having been for the Buffalo Bisons ( 1879-85 ) , Detroit Wolverines ( 1886-88 ) and Boston Reds ( 1890-91 ) . Richardson appeared in 1,331 major league games , compiled a .299 batting average and .435 slugging percentage , and totaled 1,120 runs scored , 1,688 hits , 303 doubles , 126 triples , 70 home runs , 822 RBIs , and 377 bases on balls . From 1881 to 1888 , he was part of the Big Four , a group of renowned batters ( the others being Dan Brouthers , Jack Rowe , and Deacon White ) who played together in Buffalo and Detroit and led Detroit to the National League pennant and 1887 World Series championship .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit Wolverines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Wolverines', 'summary': 'The Detroit Wolverines were a 19th-century Major League Baseball team that played in the National League from 1881 to 1888 in the city of Detroit , Michigan . In total , they won 426 games and lost 437 , taking their lone pennant ( and winning the pre-modern World Series ) in 1887 . The team was disbanded following the 1888 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Cap Anson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cap_Anson', 'summary': "Adrian Constantine Anson ( April 17 , 1852 - April 14 , 1922 ) , nicknamed Cap ( for Captain ) and Pop , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) first baseman . Including his time in the National Association ( NA ) , he played a record 27 consecutive seasons . Anson was regarded as one of the greatest players of his era and one of the first superstars of the game . Anson spent most of his career with the Chicago Cubs franchise ( then known as the White Stockings and later the Colts ) , serving as the club 's manager , first baseman and , later in his tenure , minority owner . He led the team to six National League pennants in the 1880s . Anson was one of baseball 's first great hitters , and probably the first to tally over 3,000 career hits . His contemporary influence and prestige are regarded by historians as playing a major role in establishing the racial segregation in professional baseball that persisted until the late 1940s . On several occasions , Anson refused to take the field when the opposing roster included black players . Anson may have influenced the most noted vote in 19th-century professional baseball in favor of segregation : a July 14 , 1887 one by the high-minor International League to ban the signing of new contracts with black players . After retiring as a player and leaving the Colts , Anson briefly managed the New York Giants . He ran several enterprises in Chicago , including opening a billiards and bowling hall and running a semi-professional baseball team he dubbed Anson 's Colts . Anson also toured extensively on the vaudeville circuit , performing monologues and songs ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1887', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1887_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': "The 1887 MLB Season was the National League 's twelfth season and American Association 's sixth season . The Detroit Wolverines defeated the St. Louis Browns in a 15-game World Series match played in ten cities . The Louisville Colonels set a Major League record which still stands for the most base on balls for a team in a game , with 19 against the Cleveland Blues on 21 September ."}]}, {'value': "Billy O'Brien", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Billy_O'Brien_(baseball)", 'summary': "William Smith O'Brien ( March 14 , 1860 - May 26 , 1911 ) was a Major League Baseball first baseman . He was a native of Albany , New York . O'Brien played for the St. Paul Saints and Kansas City Cowboys , both of the Union Association , in 1884 . He also played for the National League Washington Senators ( 1887-1889 ) and the Brooklyn Gladiators ( American Association ) ( 1890 ) . His best season was 1887 when he led the National League in home runs with 19 . ( Hall of Fame first baseman Roger Connor finished second with 17 . ) He also led his own team that year in runs batted in with 73 . O'Brien 's career totals include 356 games played , 364 hits , 32 home runs , 206 RBI , and a lifetime batting average of .256 . He even had a 1-0 record as a pitcher , appearing twice in relief for the Saints during his rookie season . He died in 1911 in Kansas City , Missouri ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington Nationals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Nationals_(1886–89)', 'summary': 'The Washington Nationals , sometimes referred to as the Washington Statesmen or Senators , were a professional baseball team in the mid to late 1880s . They existed for a period of four years as a member of the National League ( NL ) from 1886 to 1889 . During their four-year tenure they had six different managers and compiled a record of 163-337 , for a .326 winning percentage . The franchise played their home games at Swampoodle Grounds , otherwise known as Capitol Park ( II ) . Their most notable player was catcher Connie Mack , who went on to a Hall of Fame career as manager of the American League Philadelphia Athletics from 1901 to 1950 . Outfielder Dummy Hoy , notable for being deaf , played for the 1888 and 1889 Washington teams . Jim Donnelly also spent time with the Nationals .'}]}, {'value': 'Roger Connor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Connor', 'summary': 'Roger Connor ( July 1 , 1857 - January 4 , 1931 ) was a 19th-century Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player . He played for several teams , but his longest tenure was in New York , where he was responsible for the New York Gothams becoming known as the Giants . He was the player whom Babe Ruth succeeded as the all-time home run champion . Connor hit 138 home runs during his 18-year career , and his career home run record stood for 23 years after his retirement in 1897 . Connor owned and managed minor league baseball teams after his playing days . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by its Veterans Committee in 1976 . Largely forgotten after his retirement , Connor was buried in an unmarked grave until a group of citizens raised money for a grave marker in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1888', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1888_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1888 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Ryan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Ryan_(baseball)', 'summary': 'James Edward Ryan ( February 11 , 1863 - October 29 , 1923 ) , nicknamed Pony , was an American center fielder in Major League Baseball who played eighteen seasons between 1885 and 1903 , primarily for the Chicago White Stockings/Colts/Orphans ( 1885-89 , 1891-1900 ) . He held the major league record for career assists by an outfielder ( 375 ) from 1900 to 1924 . A native of Clinton , Massachusetts , Ryan enjoyed his best season in 1888 , leading the National League ( NL ) in home runs ( 16 ) , hits ( 182 ) , doubles ( 33 ) , total bases ( 283 ) and slugging percentage ( .515 ) , and also was second in batting average ( .332 ) , runs ( 115 ) and extra base hits ( 59 ) . In that season , he also hit for the cycle on July 28 . Ryan also appeared in that game as a pitcher , becoming the only player in major league history to hit for the cycle and pitch in the same game . The White Stockings beat the Detroit Wolverines 21-17 .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chicago White Stockings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago_White_Stockings_(1870–89)', 'summary': 'The following is a franchise history of the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball , a charter member of the National League who started play in the National Association in 1870 as the Chicago White Stockings . The Chicago National League Ball Club is the only franchise to play continuously in the same city since the formation of the National League in 1876 . They are the earliest formed active professional sports club in North America . In their history , they have also been known as the White Stockings , Orphans , and Colts .'}]}, {'value': 'Roger Connor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Connor', 'summary': 'Roger Connor ( July 1 , 1857 - January 4 , 1931 ) was a 19th-century Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player . He played for several teams , but his longest tenure was in New York , where he was responsible for the New York Gothams becoming known as the Giants . He was the player whom Babe Ruth succeeded as the all-time home run champion . Connor hit 138 home runs during his 18-year career , and his career home run record stood for 23 years after his retirement in 1897 . Connor owned and managed minor league baseball teams after his playing days . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by its Veterans Committee in 1976 . Largely forgotten after his retirement , Connor was buried in an unmarked grave until a group of citizens raised money for a grave marker in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1889', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1889_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1889 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Thompson', 'summary': 'Samuel Luther Big Sam Thompson ( March 5 , 1860 - November 7 , 1922 ) was an American professional baseball player from 1884 to 1898 and with a brief comeback in 1906 . At 6 feet , 2 inches , the Indiana native was one of the larger players of his day and was known for his prominent handlebar mustache . He played as a right fielder in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Wolverines ( 1885-1888 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 1889-1898 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 1906 ) . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974 . Thompson had a .331 career batting average and was one of the most prolific run producers in baseball history . His career run batted in ( RBI ) to games played ratio of .923 ( 1,305 RBIs in 1,410 games ) remains the highest in major league history . In 1895 , Thompson averaged 1.44 RBIs per game , and his 166 RBIs in 1887 ( in only 127 games ) remained the major league record until 1921 when Babe Ruth collected 168 ( albeit in 152 games ) . Thompson still holds the major league record for most RBIs in a single month with 61 in August 1894 while playing for the Phillies . Manager Bill Watkins in 1922 called Thompson the greatest natural hitter of all time . Defensively , Thompson was known to have one of the strongest arms of any outfielder in the early decades of the game . He still ranks among the all-time major league leaders with 61 double plays from the outfield ( 16th all time ) and 283 outfield assists ( 12th all time ) . Thompson also had good speed on the base paths and , in 1889 , he became the first major league player to reach 20 home runs and 20 stolen bases in the same season .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Quakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Quakers_(NL)', 'summary': "The history of the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball 's National League is a long and varied one . The Phillies are based in Philadelphia , and are a member of the National League East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home has been Citizens Bank Park in the South Philadelphia section of the city . The franchise has won two World Series championships ( against Kansas City in 1980 , Tampa Bay in 2008 ) , and seven National League pennants . After replacing the Worcesters in 1883 , the franchise made its first post-season appearance in 1915 , losing to the Boston Red Sox in the World Series . The Phillies franchise also has the second-longest streak of consecutive losing seasons in American professional sports , sixteen straight from 1933 to 1948 ; the record stood until 2009 , when it was broken by the Pittsburgh Pirates . After another National League pennant in 1950 , the Phillies did not return to the post-season until 1976 , beginning a period of extended success for the franchise . Compared to the team 's early days , the Phillies have recently been more successful than not , with two such periods : the first from 1975 to 1983 , when they won five East Division championships as well as the first-half championship in the strike-shortened 1981 season , and the second starting in 2001 , with a winning percentage of .534 in those eight seasons , finishing above .500 in all but one , and making the playoffs from 2007 through 2011 . In its 127-season history , the franchise has employed 51 managers and 10 general managers ( GMs ) . Dallas Green and Charlie Manuel are the only Phillies managers to win a World Series : Green in 1980 , and Manuel in 2008 . Manuel is also the only Phillies manager to win two pennants , and on the last day of the 2011 regular season , surpassed Gene Mauch 's 644-win record as the winningest manager in franchise history , taking two fewer seasons than Mauch to accomplish that feat . The longest-tenured general manager is Paul Owens , with 11 years of service to the team as the general manager , from 1972 to 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jerry Denny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Denny', 'summary': 'Jeremiah Dennis Denny ( born Jeremiah Dennis Eldridge ; March 16 , 1859 - August 16 , 1927 ) was a third baseman in Major League Baseball . He played for the Providence Grays ( 1881-1885 ) , St. Louis Maroons ( 1886 ) , Indianapolis Hoosiers ( 1888-1889 ) , New York Giants ( 1890-1891 ) , Cleveland Spiders ( 1891 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 1891 ) , and Louisville Colonels ( 1893-1894 ) . After leaving the major leagues , Denny continued playing minor league baseball until 1902 . He was the last major league position player ( non-pitcher ) to play his entire career on the diamond without wearing a fielding glove .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1890_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1890 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Oyster Burns Mike Tiernan Walt Wilmot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oyster_Burns', 'summary': 'Thomas P. Oyster Burns ( September 6 , 1864 - November 11 , 1928 ) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned 15 seasons , 11 of which were spent with the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Wilmington Quicksteps ( 1884 ) , Baltimore Orioles ( 1884-85 , 1887-88 ) , Brooklyn Bridegrooms ( 1888-95 ) , and New York Giants ( 1895 ) . Burns , who predominately played as an outfielder , also played as a shortstop , second baseman , third baseman and as a pitcher . Over his career , Burns compiled a career batting average of .300 with 870 runs scored , 1,392 hits , 224 doubles , 129 triples , 65 home runs , and 834 runs batted in ( RBI ) in 1,188 games played . Although the majority of his career was spent in the major leagues , Burns also played in minor league baseball . He made his MLB debut at the age of 19 and was listed as standing 5 feet 8 inches ( 173 cm ) and weighing 183 pounds ( 83 kg ) . Burns , nicknamed Oyster because he sold shellfish in the off-season , was described as a loudmouth and having an irritating voice and personality . Nevertheless , Burns led the Bridegrooms to an American Association championship in 1889 and a National League pennant in 1890 . After retiring from baseball , Burns died on November 11 , 1928 , in Brooklyn , New York .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mike_Tiernan', 'summary': "Michael Joseph Tiernan ( January 21 , 1867 - November 7 , 1918 ) , nicknamed Silent Mike , was an American professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) exclusively for the New York Giants from 1887 to 1899 . Born in Trenton , New Jersey , his debut game was on April 30 , 1887 . His final game was played on July 31 , 1899 . Tiernan led the National League in home runs in 1890 and 1891 , and compiled a .311 lifetime batting average . He is the Giants ' all-time franchise leader in triples and stolen bases . One of the great home run hitters of the 19th century , he hit 106 of them , which ties him with Hall of Famer Dan Brouthers for fourth most among 19th century ball players ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Walt_Wilmot', 'summary': 'Walter Robert Wilmot ( October 18 , 1863 - February 1 , 1929 ) was a professional baseball player . He played all or part of 10 seasons in Major League Baseball with the Washington Nationals ( 1888-89 ) , Chicago Colts ( 1890-95 ) and New York Giants ( 1897-98 ) , primarily as an outfielder . Listed at 5 ft 9 in , 165 lb. , Wilmot was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed . He was born in Plover , Wisconsin . While playing for the Nationals in 1889 , Wilmot led the league with 19 triples and 139 games played . The following season , he tied with Oyster Burns and Mike Tiernan for the National League lead in home runs with 13 , also a career-high . He also set a career best with 76 stolen bases while driving in 99 runs in 1890 . On August 22 , 1891 , he became the first player in major league history to be walked 6 times in 1 game .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Bridegrooms New York Giants Chicago Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridegrooms', 'summary': "The Brooklyn Dodgers were a Major League baseball team , active primarily in the National League ( founded 1876 ) from 1884 until 1957 , after which the club moved to Los Angeles , California , where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rivals , the New York Giants , also in the National League , relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants . The team 's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city 's trolley streetcar network . The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn , each named Washington Park , and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Flatbush in 1913 . The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball originated in New York City as the New York Gothams in 1883 and were known as the New York Giants from 1885 until the team relocated to San Francisco after the 1957 season . During most of their 75 seasons in New York City , the Giants played home games at various incarnations of the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan . Numerous inductees of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York played for the New York Giants , including John McGraw , Mel Ott , Bill Terry , Willie Mays , Monte Irvin , and Travis Jackson . During the club 's tenure in New York , it won five of the franchise 's eight World Series wins and 17 of its 23 National League pennants . Famous moments in the Giants ' New York history include the 1922 World Series , in which the Giants swept the Yankees in four games , Bobby Thomson 's 1951 home run known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World , and the defensive feat by Willie Mays during the first game of the 1954 World Series known as the Catch . The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers , facing the Yankees in six World Series and playing the league rival Dodgers multiple times per season . Games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series . The Dodgers-Giants rivalry continues , as both teams moved to the West Coast in California after the 1957 season , with the Dodgers relocating to Los Angeles . The New York Giants of the National Football League are named after the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Colts', 'summary': 'The following is a franchise history of the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball , a charter member of the National League who started play in the National Association in 1870 as the Chicago White Stockings . The Chicago National League Ball Club is the only franchise to play continuously in the same city since the formation of the National League in 1876 . They are the earliest formed active professional sports club in North America . In their history , they have also been known as the White Stockings , Orphans , and Colts .'}]}, {'value': 'Herman Long', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herman_Long_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Herman C. Long ( April 13 , 1866 - September 16 , 1909 ) was an American shortstop in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) who played for the Kansas City Cowboys , Boston Beaneaters , New York Highlanders , Detroit Tigers , and Philadelphia Phillies . Long was known for his great fielding range as a shortstop , but he also holds the MLB record for career errors .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1891', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1891_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1891 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Mike Tiernan Harry Stovey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Tiernan', 'summary': "Michael Joseph Tiernan ( January 21 , 1867 - November 7 , 1918 ) , nicknamed Silent Mike , was an American professional baseball right fielder . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) exclusively for the New York Giants from 1887 to 1899 . Born in Trenton , New Jersey , his debut game was on April 30 , 1887 . His final game was played on July 31 , 1899 . Tiernan led the National League in home runs in 1890 and 1891 , and compiled a .311 lifetime batting average . He is the Giants ' all-time franchise leader in triples and stolen bases . One of the great home run hitters of the 19th century , he hit 106 of them , which ties him with Hall of Famer Dan Brouthers for fourth most among 19th century ball players ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Stovey', 'summary': 'Harry Duffield Stovey ( December 20 , 1856 - September 20 , 1937 ) , born Harry Duffield Stowe , was a 19th-century Major League Baseball player and the first player in major league history to hit 100 home runs . Born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Stovey played for 14 seasons in the majors and was appointed player-manager on two separate occasions during his career . Known today as both a prolific home run hitter and base-stealer , he led the league in both categories multiple times in his career , including a season record of 14 home runs in 1883 and a league-leading 97 stolen bases in 1890 . From 1880 to 1891 he appeared in the top 10 in home runs every year except 1887 , and led the league five times . He was the first to wear sliding pads and among the first to slide feet first .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Giants Boston Beaneaters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)', 'summary': "The San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball originated in New York City as the New York Gothams in 1883 and were known as the New York Giants from 1885 until the team relocated to San Francisco after the 1957 season . During most of their 75 seasons in New York City , the Giants played home games at various incarnations of the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan . Numerous inductees of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York played for the New York Giants , including John McGraw , Mel Ott , Bill Terry , Willie Mays , Monte Irvin , and Travis Jackson . During the club 's tenure in New York , it won five of the franchise 's eight World Series wins and 17 of its 23 National League pennants . Famous moments in the Giants ' New York history include the 1922 World Series , in which the Giants swept the Yankees in four games , Bobby Thomson 's 1951 home run known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World , and the defensive feat by Willie Mays during the first game of the 1954 World Series known as the Catch . The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers , facing the Yankees in six World Series and playing the league rival Dodgers multiple times per season . Games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series . The Dodgers-Giants rivalry continues , as both teams moved to the West Coast in California after the 1957 season , with the Dodgers relocating to Los Angeles . The New York Giants of the National Football League are named after the team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_Beaneaters', 'summary': 'The Atlanta Braves , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Boston , Massachusetts . This article details the history of the Boston Braves , from 1871 to 1952 , after which they moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin to become the Milwaukee Braves , and then eventually to Atlanta to become the Atlanta Braves . The Boston franchise played at South End Grounds from 1871 to 1914 and at Braves Field from 1915 to 1952 . Braves Field is now Nickerson Field of Boston University . The franchise , from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta , is the oldest continuous professional baseball franchise .'}]}, {'value': 'Walt Wilmot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walt_Wilmot', 'summary': 'Walter Robert Wilmot ( October 18 , 1863 - February 1 , 1929 ) was a professional baseball player . He played all or part of 10 seasons in Major League Baseball with the Washington Nationals ( 1888-89 ) , Chicago Colts ( 1890-95 ) and New York Giants ( 1897-98 ) , primarily as an outfielder . Listed at 5 ft 9 in , 165 lb. , Wilmot was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed . He was born in Plover , Wisconsin . While playing for the Nationals in 1889 , Wilmot led the league with 19 triples and 139 games played . The following season , he tied with Oyster Burns and Mike Tiernan for the National League lead in home runs with 13 , also a career-high . He also set a career best with 76 stolen bases while driving in 99 runs in 1890 . On August 22 , 1891 , he became the first player in major league history to be walked 6 times in 1 game .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1892_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1892 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Bug Holliday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bug_Holliday', 'summary': 'James Wear Bug Holliday ( February 8 , 1867 - February 15 , 1910 ) was an American center fielder in Major League Baseball for ten seasons , in the 1885 World Series and from 1889 through 1898 . He is the first player to make his major league debut in post-season play , with the Chicago White Stockings in 1885 . He played the rest of his career with the Cincinnati Reds , both when they were in the American Association and in the National League . He twice led the league in home runs , and was among the leaders in various other offensive categories throughout his career . After his playing career was over , he was an umpire for one season .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Roger Connor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Connor', 'summary': 'Roger Connor ( July 1 , 1857 - January 4 , 1931 ) was a 19th-century Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player . He played for several teams , but his longest tenure was in New York , where he was responsible for the New York Gothams becoming known as the Giants . He was the player whom Babe Ruth succeeded as the all-time home run champion . Connor hit 138 home runs during his 18-year career , and his career home run record stood for 23 years after his retirement in 1897 . Connor owned and managed minor league baseball teams after his playing days . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by its Veterans Committee in 1976 . Largely forgotten after his retirement , Connor was buried in an unmarked grave until a group of citizens raised money for a grave marker in 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1893', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1893_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1893 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Ed Delahanty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ed_Delahanty', 'summary': "Edward James Delahanty ( October 30 , 1867 - July 2 , 1903 ) , nicknamed Big Ed , was an American professional baseball player , who spent his Major League Baseball ( MLB ) playing career with the Philadelphia Quakers , Cleveland Infants , Philadelphia Phillies , and Washington Senators . He was renowned as one of the game 's early power hitters , and while primarily a left fielder , also spent time as an infielder . Delahanty won a batting title , batted over .400 three times , and has the fifth-highest career batting average in MLB history . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame , in 1945 . Delahanty died falling into Niagara Falls or the Niagara River , after being removed from a train while intoxicated . Delahanty 's biographer argues that :"}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Clements', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Clements', 'summary': 'John J. Jack Clements ( July 24 , 1864 - May 23 , 1941 ) was an American professional baseball player . He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball for 17 seasons . Despite being left-handed , Clements caught 1,076 games , almost four times as many as any other left-handed player in major league history and was the last left-hander to catch on a regular basis . He is credited with being the first catcher to wear a chest protector .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1894_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1894 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Hugh Duffy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Duffy', 'summary': 'Hugh Duffy ( November 26 , 1866 - October 19 , 1954 ) was an American outfielder and manager in Major League Baseball . He was a player or player-manager for the Chicago White Stockings , Chicago Pirates , Boston Reds , Boston Beaneaters , Milwaukee Brewers and Philadelphia Phillies between 1888 and 1906 . He had his best years with the Beaneaters , including the 1894 season , when he set the MLB single-season record for batting average ( .440 ) . He also managed the Chicago White Sox and Boston Red Sox and spent several seasons coaching in collegiate baseball and in the minor leagues . Later in life , he spent many years as a scout for the Red Sox . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945 . He worked for Boston until 1953 . He died of heart problems the next year .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston Beaneaters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston_Beaneaters', 'summary': 'The Atlanta Braves , a current Major League Baseball franchise , originated in Boston , Massachusetts . This article details the history of the Boston Braves , from 1871 to 1952 , after which they moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin to become the Milwaukee Braves , and then eventually to Atlanta to become the Atlanta Braves . The Boston franchise played at South End Grounds from 1871 to 1914 and at Braves Field from 1915 to 1952 . Braves Field is now Nickerson Field of Boston University . The franchise , from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta , is the oldest continuous professional baseball franchise .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Joyce Bobby Lowe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Joyce_(baseball)', 'summary': "William Michael Joyce ( September 22 , 1867 - May 8 , 1941 ) was an American professional baseball player and manager . He was a third baseman over parts of eight seasons with the Brooklyn Ward 's Wonders ( of the Players ' League ) , Boston Reds ( of the American Association ) , Brooklyn Grooms , Washington Senators , and New York Giants . He also served as manager during his tenure with the Giants . Joyce tied for the National League lead in home runs in 1896 ( with Ed Delahanty ) while playing for Washington and New York , and finished second three other times . He holds the record with four triples in one game , which he accomplished in 1897 ( tying George Strief 's 1885 record ) . In 1891 , he reached base in 64 consecutive games , a major league record not bettered until 1941 . In 906 games over eight seasons , Joyce posted a .293 batting average ( 971-for-3310 ) with 822 runs , 153 doubles , 106 triples , 70 home runs , 609 RBI , 266 stolen bases , 721 bases on balls , .435 on-base percentage and .467 slugging percentage . Joyce was born in St. Louis , Missouri , in 1865 , and died in St. Louis at the age of 75 . He is buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Lowe', 'summary': 'Robert Lincoln Lowe ( July 10 , 1865 - December 8 , 1951 ) , nicknamed Link , was an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player , coach and scout . He played for the Boston Beaneaters ( 1890-1901 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1902-1903 ) , Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1904 ) , and Detroit Tigers ( 1904-1907 ) . Lowe was the first player in Major League history to hit four home runs in a game , a feat which he accomplished in May 1894 . He also tied or set Major League records with 17 total bases in a single game and six hits in a single game . Lowe was a versatile player who played at every position but was principally known as a second baseman . When he retired in 1907 , his career fielding average of .953 at second base was the highest in Major League history . Lowe also worked as a baseball manager , coach and scout . He was the player-manager of the Detroit Tigers during the last half of the 1904 season . He was also a player-manager for the Grand Rapids Wolverines in 1908 , and coached college baseball in 1907 for the University of Michigan and from 1909 to 1910 for Washington & Jefferson College . Lowe was a scout for the Detroit Tigers in 1911 and 1912 .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1895_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The following are the baseball events of the year 1895 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Sam Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Thompson', 'summary': 'Samuel Luther Big Sam Thompson ( March 5 , 1860 - November 7 , 1922 ) was an American professional baseball player from 1884 to 1898 and with a brief comeback in 1906 . At 6 feet , 2 inches , the Indiana native was one of the larger players of his day and was known for his prominent handlebar mustache . He played as a right fielder in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Wolverines ( 1885-1888 ) , Philadelphia Phillies ( 1889-1898 ) and Detroit Tigers ( 1906 ) . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974 . Thompson had a .331 career batting average and was one of the most prolific run producers in baseball history . His career run batted in ( RBI ) to games played ratio of .923 ( 1,305 RBIs in 1,410 games ) remains the highest in major league history . In 1895 , Thompson averaged 1.44 RBIs per game , and his 166 RBIs in 1887 ( in only 127 games ) remained the major league record until 1921 when Babe Ruth collected 168 ( albeit in 152 games ) . Thompson still holds the major league record for most RBIs in a single month with 61 in August 1894 while playing for the Phillies . Manager Bill Watkins in 1922 called Thompson the greatest natural hitter of all time . Defensively , Thompson was known to have one of the strongest arms of any outfielder in the early decades of the game . He still ranks among the all-time major league leaders with 61 double plays from the outfield ( 16th all time ) and 283 outfield assists ( 12th all time ) . Thompson also had good speed on the base paths and , in 1889 , he became the first major league player to reach 20 home runs and 20 stolen bases in the same season .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Bill Joyce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Joyce_(baseball)', 'summary': "William Michael Joyce ( September 22 , 1867 - May 8 , 1941 ) was an American professional baseball player and manager . He was a third baseman over parts of eight seasons with the Brooklyn Ward 's Wonders ( of the Players ' League ) , Boston Reds ( of the American Association ) , Brooklyn Grooms , Washington Senators , and New York Giants . He also served as manager during his tenure with the Giants . Joyce tied for the National League lead in home runs in 1896 ( with Ed Delahanty ) while playing for Washington and New York , and finished second three other times . He holds the record with four triples in one game , which he accomplished in 1897 ( tying George Strief 's 1885 record ) . In 1891 , he reached base in 64 consecutive games , a major league record not bettered until 1941 . In 906 games over eight seasons , Joyce posted a .293 batting average ( 971-for-3310 ) with 822 runs , 153 doubles , 106 triples , 70 home runs , 609 RBI , 266 stolen bases , 721 bases on balls , .435 on-base percentage and .467 slugging percentage . Joyce was born in St. Louis , Missouri , in 1865 , and died in St. Louis at the age of 75 . He is buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'National League', 'section_text': 'Lip Pike led the league with four home runs in 1877 , tied with Paul Hines for the lowest total to ever lead a league . Gavvy Cravath won six home run titles in the 1910s . Mike Schmidt led the National League in home runs eight times , the second most such titles in MLB history . Mark McGwire led the league in home runs 4 times including 52 , 65 , and record-breaking 70 home run seasons . His 58 home runs in 1997 led neither league due to a mid-season trade which split this total across 2 leagues . Sammy Sosa led the National League in home runs twice , with 49 and 50 , but finished second four times with home run counts of 36 , 66 , 63 , and 64 . Prince Fielder won a National League home run title in 2007 while his father , Cecil Fielder , won two in the American League in 1990 and 1991 .', 'uid': 'List_of_Major_League_Baseball_home_run_champions_1', 'intro': "In baseball, a home run is scored when the ball is hit so far that the batter is able to circle all the bases ending at home plate, scoring himself plus any runners already on base, with no errors by the defensive team on the play. An automatic home run is achieved by hitting the ball on the fly over the outfield fence in fair territory. More rarely, an inside-the-park home run occurs when the hitter reaches home plate while the baseball remains in play on the field. In Major League Baseball (MLB), a player in each league[L] wins the home run title each season by hitting the most home runs that year. Only home runs hit in a particular league count towards that league's seasonal lead. Mark McGwire, for example, hit 58 home runs in 1997, more than any other player that year. However, McGwire was traded from the American League's (AL) Oakland Athletics to the National League's (NL) St. Louis Cardinals midway through the season and his individual AL and NL home run totals (34 and 24, respectively) did not qualify to lead either league. The first home run champion in the National League was George Hall. In the league's inaugural 1876 season, Hall hit five home runs for the short-lived National League Philadelphia Athletics. In 1901, the American League was established and Hall of Fame second baseman Nap Lajoie led it with 14 home runs for the American League Philadelphia Athletics. Over the course of his 22-season career, Babe Ruth led the American League in home runs 12 times. Mike Schmidt and Ralph Kiner have the second and third most home run titles respectively, Schmidt with eight and Kiner with seven, all won in the National League."} | null | null | What was the first name of the brother played for a team that existed between 1875-1879 ? | Israel |
0a77089e188fa985 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UCI_Asia_Tour', 'title': '2005 UCI Asia Tour', 'header': ['Rank', 'Nation', 'Points'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}]}, {'value': '1005.28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': '874.96', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '744', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Uzbekistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uzbekistan', 'summary': "Uzbekistan ( UK : /ʊzˌbɛkɪˈstɑːn , ʌz- , -ˈstæn/ , US : /ʊzˈbɛkɪstæn , -stɑːn/ ; Uzbek : O'zbekiston , Ўзбекистон pronounced [ ozbekiˈstɒn ] ) , officially Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek : O'zbekiston Respublikasi ) , is a country in Central Asia . It is bordered by five landlocked countries : Kazakhstan to the north ; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest . Along with Liechtenstein , it is one of the world 's only two doubly landlocked countries . As a sovereign state , Uzbekistan is a secular , unitary constitutional republic . It comprises 12 provinces and one autonomous republic . The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan is Tashkent . What is now Uzbekistan was in ancient times part of the Iranian-speaking region of Transoxiana and Turan . The first recorded settlers were Eastern Iranian nomads , known as Scythians , who founded kingdoms in Khwarezm ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Bactria ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Sogdia ( 8th-6th centuries BC ) , Fergana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) , and Margiana ( 3rd century BC - 6th century AD ) . The area was incorporated into the Iranian Achaemenid Empire and , after a period of Macedonian Greek rule , was ruled by the Iranian Parthian Empire and later by the Sasanian Empire , until the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century . The Muslim conquest in the 7th century converted the majority of the population , including the local ruling classes , into adherents of Islam . During this period , cities such as Samarkand , Khiva and Bukhara began to grow rich from the Silk Road . The local Khwarezmian dynasty , and Central Asia as a whole , were decimated by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century ."}]}, {'value': '618', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '143', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mongolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mongolia', 'summary': "Mongolia [ a ] is a landlocked country in East Asia . Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia , and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state . It is sandwiched between Russia to the north and China to the south , where it neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan , although only 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) separate them . At 1,564,116 square kilometres ( 603,909 sq mi ) , Mongolia is the 18th-largest and the most sparsely populated sovereign state in the world , with a population of around three million people . It is also the world 's second-largest landlocked country behind Kazakhstan and the largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea . The country contains very little arable land , as much of its area is covered by grassy steppe , with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south . Ulaanbaatar , the capital and largest city , is home to about 45% of the country 's population . Ulaanbaatar also shares the rank of the world 's coldest capital city with Moscow , Ottawa , and Nur-Sultan . Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic ; horse culture is still integral . The majority of its population are Buddhists . The non-religious population is the second-largest group ."}]}, {'value': '127', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': '79', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syria', 'summary': "Syria ( Arabic : سوريا , romanized : Sūriyā ) , officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( Arabic : الجمهورية العربية السورية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordering Lebanon to the southwest , the Mediterranean Sea to the west , Turkey to the north , Iraq to the east , Jordan to the south , and Israel to the southwest . A country of fertile plains , high mountains , and deserts , Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups , including Syrian Arabs , Kurds , Turkemens , Assyrians , Armenians , Circassians , Mandeans and Greeks . Religious groups include Sunnis , Christians , Alawites , Druze , Isma'ilis , Mandeans , Shiites , Salafis , Yazidis , and Jews . Arabs are the largest ethnic group , and Sunnis the largest religious group . Syria is a unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates and is the only country that politically espouses Ba'athism . It is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement ; it was suspended from the Arab League in November 2011 and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean . The name Syria historically referred to a wider region , broadly synonymous with the Levant , and known in Arabic as al-Sham . The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires , including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC . Aleppo and the capital city Damascus are among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world . In the Islamic era , Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt . The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman and a brief period French mandate , and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces . It gained de jure independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 , when Republic of Syria became a founding member of the United Nations , an act which legally ended the former French Mandate - although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '41', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Final standings -- Nation classification', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2005_UCI_Asia_Tour_3', 'intro': 'The 2005 UCI Asia Tour was the first season of the UCI Asia Tour. The season began on 16 January 2005 with the Tour of Siam and ended on 19 September 2005 with the Tour de Hokkaido. Andrey Mizurov of Kazakhstan was crowned as the 2005 UCI Asia Tour champion. Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded. The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:'} | null | null | What is the number of points for the nation that had a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 ? | 41 |
0a77846a99c214c5 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_U_(North_America)', 'title': 'List of Virtual Console games for Wii U (North America)', 'header': ['Title', 'Publisher', 'Developer ( s )', 'Release Date', 'ESRB'], 'data': [{'value': 'Advance Wars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Advance_Wars', 'summary': "Advance Wars [ a ] is a turn-based tactics video game developed for the Game Boy Advance by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo . It was released in North America on September 10 , 2001 with a later release date in Japan and Europe , but the game release was put on hold in both Japanese and European regions due to the following day 's September 11 attacks in the United States . Although the game was released in Europe in January 2002 , neither GBA game was released in Japan until the Game Boy Wars Advance 1+2 compilation on November 25 , 2004 . Advance Wars has been released for the Wii U Virtual Console simultaneously in Europe and North America on April 3 , 2014 . Advance Wars is the first game in the Advance Wars series of video games , followed by Advance Wars 2 : Black Hole Rising ( also for the Game Boy Advance ) , and then by Advance Wars : Dual Strike and Advance Wars : Days of Ruin for the Nintendo DS . These games form a sub-series of the Wars series set of games . The game was originally intended to remain exclusive to Japan , like the previous entries in the series , which were kept in Japan due to Nintendo feeling that consumers would not be interested in turn-based games , or in such complicated games . In order to alleviate this , the developers made the mechanics easy to understand , adding in an in-depth tutorial that did n't require players to read the manual . Designer Kentaro Nishimura commented that Advance Wars ' success shifted Nintendos attitude over western tastes . The story involves Orange Star Army 's efforts in battling the other countries ' armies , where Orange Star commanding officer Andy is accused of attacking the other countries ' troops for no reason . The game was released to critical acclaim and has been listed among the greatest video games of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Intelligent Systems', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intelligent_Systems', 'summary': "Intelligent Systems Co. , Ltd. is a Japanese video game developer closely affiliated with Nintendo and best known for developing the Fire Emblem , Paper Mario , WarioWare , and Wars series . Originally , the company was headquartered at the Nintendo Kyoto Research Center in Higashiyama-ku , Kyoto , but later moved to a building near Nintendo 's main headquarters in October 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 3 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario & Luigi : Superstar Saga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_&_Luigi:_Superstar_Saga', 'summary': "Mario & Luigi : Superstar Saga [ a ] is a role-playing video game developed by AlphaDream and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance in 2003 . The game is the first in the Mario & Luigi RPG series . The game was later re-released for the Wii U Virtual Console on the Nintendo eShop in 2014 , and remade for the Nintendo 3DS as Mario & Luigi : Superstar Saga + Bowser 's Minions [ b ] in 2017 . The setting of the game begins in the Mushroom Kingdom , but progresses to the Beanbean Kingdom for the majority of the game . In the game , Mario and Luigi combat Cackletta , the primary antagonist . The quest begins when Cackletta , with the aid of her assistant Fawful , steals Princess Peach 's voice after adopting the guise of an ambassador from the Beanbean Kingdom . A role-playing game , it centers on a battle system different from that of traditional games of the genre , with emphasis on timing and more elaborate attacks . The game is whimsical in tone , with various in-game jokes and comical references to the heritage of the Mario series . Superstar Saga was critically acclaimed , and IGN named it the twelfth best Game Boy Advance game of all time in their feature reflecting on the Game Boy Advance 's lifespan ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'AlphaDream', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AlphaDream', 'summary': "AlphaDream Corporation , Ltd. [ a ] ( formerly known as AlphaStar [ b ] ) was a video game development company founded in 2000 by Tetsuo Mizuno in Tokyo , Japan . In partnership with Nintendo , it produced software for the Game Boy Color , Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS , Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo Switch , including the Mario & Luigi series . The company 's staff included prominent former developers from Square , such as Chihiro Fujioka . On October 1 , 2019 , AlphaDream was shut down after declaring bankruptcy ."}]}, {'value': 'April 3 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metroid Fusion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metroid_Fusion', 'summary': 'Metroid Fusion [ a ] [ b ] is an action-adventure game video game published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance handheld game console in 2002 . The fourth installment in the Metroid series , it was developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1 , which previously developed the 1994 game Super Metroid . Players control bounty hunter Samus Aran , who investigates a space station swarming with organisms infected with virions known as X parasites . Like previous Metroid games , Fusion is a side-scrolling game with platform jumping , shooting , and puzzle elements . It introduces mission-based gameplay that guides the player through areas . Fusion was released simultaneously with the GameCube game Metroid Prime in North America . The bonus features in Prime can be unlocked by linking between the game and Fusion via the Nintendo GameCube - Game Boy Advance link cable . Metroid Fusion was praised by critics for its action-oriented gameplay . It received several awards , including Handheld Game of the Year at the 2002 Interactive Achievement Awards , Best Game Boy Advance Adventure Game from IGN , and Best Action Game on Game Boy Advance from GameSpot . It was released on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in December 2011 for select customers as part of the 3DS ambassador program , and the Wii U Virtual Console in April 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 3 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirby & the Amazing Mirror', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirby_&_the_Amazing_Mirror', 'summary': 'Kirby & the Amazing Mirror [ a ] is a Kirby platform video game released in 2004 for the Game Boy Advance . Unlike most Kirby games , King Dedede does not appear in this game . Kirby and the Rainbow Curse for the Wii U is the only other time ( currently ) that King Dedede doesnt appear in a Kirby game .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 10 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WarioWare , Inc. : Mega Microgames !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WarioWare,_Inc.:_Mega_Microgames!', 'summary': "WarioWare , Inc. : Mega Microgames ! , [ a ] stylized as WarioWare , Inc. : Mega Microgame $ ! and known in the PAL region as WarioWare , Inc. : Minigame Mania , is a minigame compilation party video game for the Game Boy Advance . The debut title in the WarioWare series , the game is about rapid completion of microgames , short minigames given to the player consecutively and with increasing speed per each game complete . Developed by Nintendo R & D1 and published by Nintendo , the game was inspired by the Sound Bomber mode of Mario Artist : Polygon Studio for the Nintendo 64DD . The music and sound effects were recycled from Wario Land 4 . The game was produced by Takehiro Izushi and directed by Hirofumi Matsuoka . Matsuoka was also the director of Polygon Studio . Mega Microgames ! was released in 2003 ; in Japan in March , in North America and Europe in May and in Australia in June . Upon its release , WarioWare , Inc. : Mega Microgames ! received critical acclaim , winning GameSpot 's Editor 's Choice Award and Most Innovative Game Award of 2003 , among other awards . The game went on to receive a multiplayer-focused remake called WarioWare , Inc. : Mega Party Games !"}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 10 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'F-Zero Maximum Velocity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F-Zero_Maximum_Velocity', 'summary': 'F-Zero : Maximum Velocity [ b ] is a futuristic racing video game developed by NDcube and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance . The game was released in Japan , North America and Europe in 2001 . It is the first F-Zero game to be released on a handheld game console . Maximum Velocity takes place twenty-five years after F-Zero , in another F-Zero Grand Prix . The past generations of F-Zero had piloted their way to fame , so it is the only F-Zero game without Captain Falcon , Samurai Goroh , Pico , or Dr. Stewart . Players control fast hovering crafts and use their speed-boosting abilities to navigate through the courses as quickly as possible .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 17 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Sun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Sun', 'summary': "Golden Sun [ a ] is a series of fantasy role-playing video games developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Nintendo . Golden Sun follows the story of a group of magically-attuned adepts who are charged with preventing the potentially destructive power of alchemy from being released as it was in the past . Players navigate these characters through the game 's fictional world by defeating enemies , solving puzzles and completing assigned missions to complete a pre-ordained storyline . The original two games , Golden Sun and Golden Sun : The Lost Age , were released in 2001 and 2002 , respectively , for the Game Boy Advance platform . A third game , Golden Sun : Dark Dawn , was released for the Nintendo DS platform in 2010 . In Golden Sun , the player plays as protagonist Isaac and his companions as they set off into the world of Weyard to prevent a group of anti-heroes from releasing a mysterious power called Alchemy to the world . Golden Sun : The Lost Age follows the plight of the surviving members from the previous game 's antagonists as they continue to pursue the release of Alchemy by means of lighting four elemental lighthouses . Golden Sun : Dark Dawn takes place thirty years later and follows the path of the descendants of the previous two games ' heroes as they navigate a world adapting to the presence of Alchemy . The series has received a generally favorable reception by critics . The first Golden Sun game has been widely lauded as among the best games for the Game Boy Advance , with the first game receiving Nintendo Power 's Best GBA Game of 2001 and ranking in IGN 's Readers Choice Top 100 games ever , as number 94 . The Lost Age performed even better than its predecessor , ranking 78 on IGN 's Readers Choice Top 100 games ever . Dark Dawn , while still scoring highly on Metacritic 's aggregation of critic scores , was less well received ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Camelot Software Planning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camelot_Software_Planning', 'summary': 'Camelot Co. Ltd. [ a ] ( doing business as Camelot Software Planning ) is a Japanese video game developer established in 1990 under the name Sega CD4 , but quickly renamed to Sonic ! Software Planning . Named after Sonic the Hedgehog , they were closely involved with Sega and responsible for initial development of the Shining series . In 1995 , there was a brief period where they worked for Sony Computer Entertainment in addition to creating Shining products . By 2001 , now known as Camelot , they had partnered with Nintendo and created the Mario Tennis and Mario Golf series of sports games , as well as the role-playing video game series Golden Sun .'}]}, {'value': 'April 17 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Yoshi 's Island : Super Mario Advance 3", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Super_Mario_World_2:_Yoshi's_Island", 'summary': "Super Mario World 2 : Yoshi 's Island [ a ] is a 1995 platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . To reunite baby Mario with his brother Luigi , who has been kidnapped by Kamek , the player controls Yoshi , a friendly dinosaur , through 48 levels while carrying Baby Mario . As a Super Mario series platformer , Yoshi runs and jumps to reach the end of the level while solving puzzles and collecting items . In a style new to the series , the game has a hand-drawn aesthetic and is the first to have Yoshi as its main character . The game introduces his signature abilities to flutter jump and produce eggs from swallowed enemies . The game is well-known for its unique artstyle , which heavily contrasted with the pre-rendered artstyle of contemporary games popularized by Donkey Kong Country . After four years of development , Yoshi 's Island released in Japan in August 1995 , and worldwide two months later . Some of its special effects were powered by a new Super FX2 microchip . The game was rereleased for the Game Boy Advance with few changes in 2002 . This version was ported to the Nintendo 3DS in 2011 and the Wii U Virtual Console in 2014 . Yoshi 's Island received instant and universal acclaim , according to IGN and review aggregator Metacritic , and sold over four million copies . Reviewers praised the art , sound , level design , and gameplay , and posited Yoshi 's Island as a masterpiece and one of the greatest video games of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo EAD', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_EAD', 'summary': "Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development Division [ e ] , commonly abbreviated as Nintendo EAD , formerly Nintendo Research & Development 4 Department , [ f ] was formerly the largest software development division inside of Nintendo . It was preceded by the Creative Department , a team of designers with backgrounds in art responsible for many different tasks , to which Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka originally belonged . Both served as managers of the EAD studios and were credited in every game developed by the division , with varying degrees of involvement . Nintendo EAD was best known for its work on games in the Donkey Kong , Mario , The Legend of Zelda , F-Zero , Star Fox , Animal Crossing , Pikmin and Wii series . Following a large company restructure following the death of company president Satoru Iwata , the division merged with Nintendo 's Software Planning & Development division in September 2015 , becoming Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development ."}]}, {'value': 'April 24 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wario Land 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wario_Land_4', 'summary': "Wario Land 4 [ a ] is a 2001 platformer video game developed by Nintendo and released for their Game Boy Advance . Wario has to gather four treasures to unlock a pyramid and save Princess Shokora from the Golden Diva . It features 2D graphics with linear transformations ( similar to Super Mario World and Yoshi 's Island ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 8 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klonoa : Empire of Dreams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klonoa:_Empire_of_Dreams', 'summary': "Klonoa : Empire of Dreams ( Japanese : 風のクロノア 夢見る帝国 , Kaze no Kuronoa Yumemiru Teikoku , Klonoa of the Wind : Dreaming Empire ) is a video game published by Namco for the Game Boy Advance and released in Japan and North America in 2001 and Europe the following year . Falling somewhere between Klonoa : Door to Phantomile and Klonoa 2 : Lunatea 's Veil , Empire of Dreams is a two-dimensional adventure game with puzzle elements that takes place in the new realm in the Klonoa series , the Kingdom of Jillius ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandai Namco Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandai Namco Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'May 29 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Legend of Zelda : The Minish Cap', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_The_Minish_Cap', 'summary': "The Legend of Zelda : The Minish Cap [ a ] is an action-adventure game and the twelfth entry in The Legend of Zelda series . Developed by Capcom and Flagship , with Nintendo overseeing the development process , it was released for the Game Boy Advance handheld game console in Japan and Europe in 2004 and in North America and Australia the following year . In June 2014 , it was made available on the Wii U Virtual Console . The Minish Cap is the third Zelda game that involves the legend of the Four Sword , expanding on the story of Four Swords and Four Swords Adventures . A magical talking cap named Ezlo can shrink series protagonist Link to the size of the Minish , a bug-sized race that live in Hyrule ( and is essentially the game 's version of the hat Link wears as part of his usual outfit ) . The game retains some common elements from previous Zelda installments , such as the presence of Gorons , while introducing Kinstones and other new gameplay features , most notably the ability for Link to shrink in size . The Minish Cap was generally well received among critics . It was named the 20th best Game Boy Advance game in an IGN feature , and was selected as the 2005 Game Boy Advance Game of the Year by GameSpot ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 5 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pac-Man Collection', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-Man_Collection', 'summary': "Pac-Man Collection [ a ] is a 2001 video game compilation published by Namco for the Game Boy Advance . It includes four titles in the Pac-Man series - the original Pac-Man ( 1980 ) , Pac-Mania ( 1987 ) , Pac-Attack ( 1993 ) , and Pac-Man Arrangement ( 1996 ) , the last of which was originally exclusive to the arcade game Namco Classic Collection Vol . 2 . Each game includes customizable features such as the ability to alter the number of starting lives or difficulty , with all being stripped of multiplayer features . Pac-Man , Pac-Mania and Arrangement were originally released for arcades , while Pac-Attack was first released for both the SNES and Sega Genesis . Development of the game was headed by California-based studio Mass Media , who previously worked on several Namco Museum collections for other platforms . It was first announced on April 24 , 2001 under the name Pac-Man Fever , before being presented at the 2001 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) tradeshow . Pac-Man Collection was a commercial success - by 2007 it sold over 2.9 million copies worldwide , making it the ninth best-selling Game Boy Advance game of all time . Critics reacted positively to the title 's selection of games and customizable features , although some criticized the exclusion of games such as Ms. Pac-Man and inability to save high-scores . It was re-released as a budget title in Japan in 2006 , and later digitally on the Wii U Virtual Console in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandai Namco Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'Mass Media Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mass_Media_Games', 'summary': 'Mass Media , Inc. is an American video game developer based in Moorpark , California . The current focus of the company is to develop original material for Sony platforms .'}]}, {'value': 'June 10 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Tennis : Power Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Tennis:_Power_Tour', 'summary': "Mario Tennis : Power Tour , [ a ] known as Mario Power Tennis in Europe , is a 2005 sports game developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance . It is the sequel to the Game Boy Color version of Mario Tennis . Unlike Mario Tennis , players can not connect their game to the respective Nintendo GameCube version . It was re-released on the Wii U 's Virtual Console in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Camelot Software Planning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camelot_Software_Planning', 'summary': 'Camelot Co. Ltd. [ a ] ( doing business as Camelot Software Planning ) is a Japanese video game developer established in 1990 under the name Sega CD4 , but quickly renamed to Sonic ! Software Planning . Named after Sonic the Hedgehog , they were closely involved with Sega and responsible for initial development of the Shining series . In 1995 , there was a brief period where they worked for Sony Computer Entertainment in addition to creating Shining products . By 2001 , now known as Camelot , they had partnered with Nintendo and created the Mario Tennis and Mario Golf series of sports games , as well as the role-playing video game series Golden Sun .'}]}, {'value': 'July 3 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mr. Driller 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mr._Driller', 'summary': "Mr. Driller [ a ] is a puzzle video game franchise developed and published by Namco , now owned by their successor company Bandai Namco Entertainment . The series began in arcades in 1999 with Mr. Driller , running on the Namco System 12 arcade hardware , and would see several ports and sequels for arcades and home video game systems , the latest being the 2015 game Mr. Driller for Kakeo , released exclusively for mobile phones in South Korea . Early games in the series were developed by Project Driller , an internal development team at Namco in the 2000 's . The series stars Susumu Hori , the son of Dig Dug protagonist Taizo Hori and Baraduke protagonist Masuyo Tobi . Gameplay revolves around the player destroying colorful blocks in an attempt to reach the bottom of each stage . Blocks will disappear when four of a color are connected , which can cause large chain reactions . The player has an oxygen meter that will constantly drain as the game progresses - collecting air capsules will replenish a fraction of the meter . Brown-colored X Blocks take five hits to destroy , which will deplete a small portion of the player 's oxygen meter . The original Mr. Driller was originally intended as a third entry in Namco 's own Dig Dug series , aptly titled Dig Dug 3 . Technical restrains caused the project to be shelved , however Namco executives expressed interest in the project , causing the game to be revived as an official project . The series has received mostly mixed reviews from critics , who praised its addictive gameplay and characters , although some would criticize some entries for a poor presentation or lack of variety compared to other games ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandai Namco Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandai Namco Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'July 17 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mega Man Battle Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mega_Man_Battle_Network_(video_game)', 'summary': "Mega Man Battle Network [ a ] is a video game developed by Capcom for the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) handheld console . It is the first title of the Mega Man Battle Network series of games . It was originally released in Japan as a GBA launch game on March 21 , 2001 and was released later that year in North America and Europe . It was also released via the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan on July 9 , 2014 , in Europe on July 24 , 2014 , and in North America on July 31 , 2014 . Battle Network takes place during the 21st century in a world where society and everyday life is driven by the internet . Users are able to interact with and virtually explore nearly any electronic device using highly advanced , online avatars called NetNavis . The game follows a young boy named Lan Hikari and his NetNavi MegaMan.EXE as they solve a series of crimes instigated by the WWW ( World Three ) organization . Rather than share the platform gameplay of its predecessors , Battle Network is a tactical role-playing game ( RPG ) in which the player respectively controls Lan in the game 's outside world and MegaMan.EXE in its virtual world . Battles take place in real-time ; special abilities called Battle Chips can be accessed to fight off the numerous computer viruses present in the game 's cyberspace environments . Battle Network was created amidst the rise of collectible card games , as shown by its collectible Battle Chips that are used to create Folders ( like card decks ) . According to producer Keiji Inafune , the development team wanted Battle Network to identify specifically with younger gamers by creating a setting resembling the real world and a gameplay model that mixes traditional action and RPG elements . Battle Network received positive reviews from critics ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'July 31 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mega Man Battle Chip Challenge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mega_Man_Battle_Chip_Challenge', 'summary': "Mega Man Battle Chip Challenge , known in Japan as Rockman EXE Battle Chip GP ( ロックマンエグゼ バトルチップGP ) , is a video game developed by Inti Creates and published by Capcom for the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) handheld game console . It is a spin-off title in the Mega Man Battle Network series . The game saw a simultaneous August 8 , 2003 release in Japan on the WonderSwan Color and Swan Crystal titled Rockman EXE N1 Battle ( ロックマンエグゼ N1バトル ) . The GBA version was localized in North America and Europe the following March . It was released on the Wii U 's Virtual Console on July 30 , 2014 in Japan , with both the North American and PAL region release occurring in August 2014 . Taking place within the timeline of the Battle Network series , Battle Chip Challenge involves a battling tournament called the Battle Chip GP among various pairs of online avatars called NetNavis and their human operators . Rather than directly control the player character through the traditional real-time tactical role-playing battles of the other Battle Network games , Battle Chip Challenge tasks the player with creating a Program Deck made up of abilities called Battle Chips . The game randomly selects chips for the player and executes them in a duel with a computer-controlled opponent . Battle Chip Challenge suffered a relatively negative critical reception ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Inti Creates , Capcom Production Studio 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inti_Creates', 'summary': 'Inti Creates Co. , Ltd. is a Japanese video game development company . Formed by ex-Capcom staff in May 1996 , they are best known for developing games in the Mega Man series , namely the Mega Man Zero and Mega Man ZX series , and their flagship Azure Striker Gunvolt and Gal*Gun franchises .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'August 14 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Golf : Advance Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Golf:_Advance_Tour', 'summary': 'Mario Golf : Advance Tour [ a ] is a role-playing video game-styled sports game developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance in 2004 . The game is the sequel to the Game Boy Color version of Mario Golf and the Game Boy Advance counterpart of Mario Golf : Toadstool Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Camelot Software Planning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camelot_Software_Planning', 'summary': 'Camelot Co. Ltd. [ a ] ( doing business as Camelot Software Planning ) is a Japanese video game developer established in 1990 under the name Sega CD4 , but quickly renamed to Sonic ! Software Planning . Named after Sonic the Hedgehog , they were closely involved with Sega and responsible for initial development of the Shining series . In 1995 , there was a brief period where they worked for Sony Computer Entertainment in addition to creating Shining products . By 2001 , now known as Camelot , they had partnered with Nintendo and created the Mario Tennis and Mario Golf series of sports games , as well as the role-playing video game series Golden Sun .'}]}, {'value': 'September 25 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castlevania : Circle of the Moon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castlevania:_Circle_of_the_Moon', 'summary': "Castlevania : Circle of the Moon , [ a ] known in the PAL region as simply Castlevania , is a platform video game created by Konami for the Game Boy Advance . Published as a launch title in 2001 , Circle of the Moon belongs to Konami 's Castlevania video game series , the premise of which centers on the eternal conflict between the vampire hunters of the Belmont clan and the vampire Dracula . Upon release , the game sold one million copies worldwide and was acclaimed by critics . It received criticism by series producer Koji Igarashi ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castlevania : Harmony of Dissonance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castlevania:_Harmony_of_Dissonance', 'summary': "Castlevania : Harmony of Dissonance [ a ] is a platform-adventure video game developed and published by Konami for the Game Boy Advance . Belonging to Konami 's Castlevania video game series , it is the second installment of the series on the Game Boy Advance . It was released in Japan in June 2002 , in North America in September 2002 , and in Europe in October 2002 . It was the first Castlevania game to be called Castlevania in Japan instead of Akumajō Dracula . Harmony of Dissonance occurs in the fictional universe of the Castlevania series ; the premise of the series centers on the eternal conflict between the vampire hunters of the Belmont clan and the immortal vampire Dracula . Set fifty years after Simon Belmont vanquished Dracula 's curse , Harmony of Dissonance focuses on his grandson Juste Belmont and his quest to rescue a kidnapped childhood friend . Koji Igarashi produced Harmony of Dissonance with the intent of creat [ ing ] a game that was similar to Castlevania : Symphony of the Night , the critically acclaimed PlayStation game that he had worked on . Harmony of Dissonance sold 126,000 units in the United States and did not become a huge hit in Japan . Critics praised it as an entertaining game with improved graphics as compared to its predecessor Castlevania : Circle of the Moon , but criticized its soundtrack . In January 2006 , Harmony of Dissonance was re-released in North America and later Europe , along with Castlevania : Aria of Sorrow , as part of the Castlevania Double Pack ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'October 16 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castlevania : Aria of Sorrow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castlevania:_Aria_of_Sorrow', 'summary': "Castlevania : Aria of Sorrow [ a ] is a 2003 side-scrolling platforming video game developed and published by Konami . It is the third and final installment of the Castlevania series on the Game Boy Advance and Producer Koji Igarashi , who had led the production teams for previous Castlevania titles , led Aria of Sorrow 's development as well . Michiru Yamane also returned to compose the music for the game alongside Takashi Yoshida and Soshiro Hokkai . Director Junichi Murakami was new to the Castlevania series . Aria of Sorrow is set in the year 2035 , when Dracula has long been sealed away after a battle in 1999 . The plot follows the journey of Soma Cruz , a teenager granted occult power as a result of being a potential vessel of Dracula 's reincarnation , as he battles dark figures that wish to inherit the undead lord 's power . The game incorporates the same combination of elements from platform games and role-playing video games as in the previous game Castlevania : Symphony of the Night . Aria of Sorrow introduces several new features to the series , such as the Tactical Soul system and employs a futuristic storyline in contrast to the medieval setting of many other Castlevania games . It was released in May 2003 for the Game Boy Advance . Although Aria of Sorrow sold poorly in Japan , selling only 27,000 units nearly one month after its release , it was commercially successful in the United States , with more than 158,000 units sold in the three months following its release . Aria of Sorrow received praise from several video game publications , with some considering it one of the best games in the Castlevania series since Symphony of the Night . Konami released a sequel to Aria of Sorrow , titled Castlevania : Dawn of Sorrow , on August 25 , 2005 in Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'Konami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Konami', 'summary': "Konami Holdings Corporation [ nb 1 ] [ nb 2 ] is a Japanese entertainment and gambling conglomerate . It operates as a product distributor ( which produces and distributes trading cards , anime , tokusatsu , slot machines , pachinko machines and arcade cabinets ) , video game developer and publisher company . Konami has casinos around the world and operates health and physical fitness clubs across Japan . Konami 's video game franchisee include Metal Gear , Silent Hill , Castlevania , Contra , Frogger , Gradius , Yu-Gi-Oh ! , Suikoden and Pro Evolution Soccer . Additionally , Konami owns Bemani , known for Dance Dance Revolution and Beatmania , as well as the assets of former game developer Hudson Soft , known for Bomberman , Adventure Island , Bonk , Bloody Roar and Star Soldier . Konami is the twentieth-largest game company in the world by revenue . The company originated in 1969 as a jukebox rental and repair business in Toyonaka , Osaka , Japan , by Kagemasa Kōzuki , who remains the company 's chairman . The name Konami is a portmanteau of the names Kagemasa Kozuki , Yoshinobu Nakama , and Tatsuo Miyasako . Konami is headquartered in Tokyo . In the United States , Konami manages its video game business from offices in El Segundo , California and its casino gaming business from offices in Paradise , Nevada . Its Australian gaming operations are located in Sydney . As of March 2019 , it owns 22 consolidated subsidiaries around the world ."}]}, {'value': 'October 23 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'T', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Available titles -- Game Boy Advance', 'section_text': 'These titles were originally released for use on the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) , which was launched in 2001 . There are 74 games available to purchase . [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_U_(North_America)_3', 'intro': "This is a list of Virtual Console games that are available on Wii U in North America. These releases take advantage of the console's unique features, such as Off TV Play with the Wii U GamePad and posting to Miiverse. Some of these games may already be available on the Wii Virtual Console, which can also be played through Wii U's Wii Mode, but these legacy versions lack some features of the Wii U Virtual Console. While Wii Virtual Console titles cannot be played using the Wii U GamePad's controls, a September 2013 system update enabled the use of the GamePad's screen as a display. While some Wii games are also available for download from the Wii U eShop, these are not designated as Virtual Console releases and lack Virtual Console features. The list is sorted by system and in the order in which they were added in Nintendo eShop for Wii U. To sort by other columns, click the corresponding icon in the header row."} | null | null | What is the name of the game that was developed by ex-Capcom staff ? | Mega Man Battle Chip Challenge |
0a7813dd12def9eb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneo_Argentino_A', 'title': 'Torneo Argentino A', 'header': ['Season', 'Champion', 'Runner-up', 'Third Place'], 'data': [{'value': '1995-96', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1995–96_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1995-96 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the first season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 32 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Juventud Antoniana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventud_Antoniana', 'summary': 'Centro Juventud Antoniana is an Argentine football club from the city of Salta . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . Juventud Antoniana played in Primera División 6 times : 1971 , 1973 , 1975 , 1978 , 1983 and 1985 . Its best performance came in 1983 , when the squad progressed to the 2nd round .'}]}, {'value': 'Cipolletti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Cipolletti', 'summary': 'Club Cipolletti is an Argentine sports club , located in the homonymous district of Río Negro Province . The football team currently plays in Torneo Federal A , the regionalised third division of Argentine football league system . Cipoletti was relegated from Torneo Argentino A at the end of the 2005-06 season , due to the poor performance in the Clausura and its inability to beat General Paz Juniors in the relegation playoff . At the end of the 2006-07 Cipolletti was one of the three champions of Torneo Argentino B allowing the team to return to Torneo Argentino A . The team has played at the highest level of Argentine football ( Primera División ) on 6 occasions , having qualified to play in the National championships of 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 and 1985 , but never made it through the 1st group stage .'}]}, {'value': 'No Third-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996-97', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996–97_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1996-97 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the second season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 22 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Almirante Brown ( A ) San Martín ( M )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almirante_Brown_de_Arrecifes', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Almirante Brown ( mostly known as Brown de Arrecifes ) is an Argentine sports club from the city of Arrecifes , in Buenos Aires Province . Although other sports are practised there , Brown is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Arrecifes football league . Almirante Brown , founded on October 14 , 1917 , by José Ryan and Stegmann . The colors of the club are related to the origins of its founders : black ( taken from the German flag ) and green ( the Irish traditional color ) . Brown won the 1995-96 Torneo Argentino B promoting to the upper division with Mataderos , a club from Necochea . A year after , on June 28 , 1997 , the team reached the Primera B Nacional ( the second division of the Argentine football league system ) later defeating Sportivo Ben Hur 1-0 in Rafaela , Santa Fe Province . The team was coached by Rodolfo Motta . During its debut season in the Primera B Nacional , Brown finished 6th in the first stage but then was relegated to the last position in the B group . Brown made its best performance in the 2000-01 season , being near to promote to First Division although the team was defeated by San Martín de Mendoza before reaching the semi-finals . Brown played in the second division until 2003 , when the team was relegated to the lower division .'}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Martín_de_Mendoza', 'summary': 'Atlético Club San Martín ( popularly known as San Martín de Mendoza ) is a football club from the city of San Martín in Mendoza Province , Argentina . The team currently plays in the Torneo Argentino B , which is the regionalised fourth division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'No Second-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No Third-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-98', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1997–98_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1997-98 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the third season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 16 teams competed ; the champions were promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Gimnasia y Esgrima ( CdU ) Juventud Antoniana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimnasia_y_Esgrima_de_Concepción_del_Uruguay', 'summary': 'Club Gimnasia y Esgrima de Concepción del Uruguay is an Argentine football club from the city of Concepción del Uruguay in Entre Ríos Province . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . Gimnasia y Esgrima has played a single season at national level , competing in Primera B Nacional in 1996-97 , but was soon relegated with the 2nd worst points average of the teams from the Interior .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Juventud_Antoniana', 'summary': 'Centro Juventud Antoniana is an Argentine football club from the city of Salta . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . Juventud Antoniana played in Primera División 6 times : 1971 , 1973 , 1975 , 1978 , 1983 and 1985 . Its best performance came in 1983 , when the squad progressed to the 2nd round .'}]}, {'value': 'No Second-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No Third-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998-99', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998–99_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1998-99 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the fourth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 14 teams competed ; the champions were promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Independiente Rivadavia Racing ( C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independiente_Rivadavia', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Independiente Rivadavia ( mostly known simply as Independiente Rivadavia ) is a football club from Mendoza , Argentina . The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the second major league in Argentine Football league system . Independiente Rivadavia played in the Argentine Primera in 1968 , 1973 , 1977 , 1979-80 and 1982 , when the team reached the quarter-finals of the National Championship . That year Independiente was eliminated in the play-offs by the team that would later reach the Championship , Ferro Carril Oeste .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Racing_de_Córdoba', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Racing ( usually referred as Racing de Córdoba ) is an Argentine football club from the city of Córdoba . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'No Second-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No Third-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999-00', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1999–00_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 1999-00 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the fifth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 16 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'General Paz Juniors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_Paz_Juniors', 'summary': 'Club Atlético General Paz Juniors is a sports club , located in Córdoba , Argentina . Although other sports are practised there ( such as basketball , tennis or taekwondo ) the club is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the regionalised 5th level of Argentine football league system , the Torneo Argentino C .'}]}, {'value': 'Huracán ( TA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huracán_de_Tres_Arroyos', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Huracán ( usually Huracán de Tres Arroyos ) is an Argentine football club based in the city of Tres Arroyos , in Buenos Aires Province . The club is the biggest of Tres Arroyos City , and one of the largest in Southern Buenos Aires Province The club were founded 3 January 1923 and plays in the Torneo Federal C which is the fifth division of the Argentine league . They played in the first division during the 2004-2005 season . For 2007/2008 , the club had to play in the Argentino A because they got relegated during the previous season .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Hur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Sportivo_Ben_Hur', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Ben Hur is an Argentine sports club from Rafaela , Santa Fe Province . The club was founded in 1940 and is mostly known for its basketball and football teams . Other sports practised in the club are aerobics , bowls , chess , field hockey , and swimming .'}]}, {'value': '2000-01', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000–01_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2000-01 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the sixth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 18 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Huracán ( TA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huracán_de_Tres_Arroyos', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Huracán ( usually Huracán de Tres Arroyos ) is an Argentine football club based in the city of Tres Arroyos , in Buenos Aires Province . The club is the biggest of Tres Arroyos City , and one of the largest in Southern Buenos Aires Province The club were founded 3 January 1923 and plays in the Torneo Federal C which is the fifth division of the Argentine league . They played in the first division during the 2004-2005 season . For 2007/2008 , the club had to play in the Argentino A because they got relegated during the previous season .'}]}, {'value': 'Gimnasia y Tiro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimnasia_y_Tiro_de_Salta', 'summary': 'Club de Gimnasia y Tiro is an Argentine football club , based in the city of Salta . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . Gimnasia y Tiro has played four seasons at the highest level of Argentine football . First came in 1979 and 1981 Nacional championships . Gimnasia finished bottom of their group in 1979 and 6th of 7 teams in 1981 . The third season was in 1993/1994 . The fourth season was in 1997/98 when the squad promoted to the Argentine Primera División but after finishing 20th ( last ) in the Apertura and 17th in the Clausura tournaments respectively , Gimnasia was relegated at the end of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'Juventud Alianza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventud_Alianza', 'summary': 'Club Atlético de la Juventud Alianza ( usually called Juventud Alianza ) is a sports club based in the city of Santa Lucía , San Juan , Argentina . Although other sports are practised at the club , Juventud Alianza is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Torneo Argentino B , the regionalised 4th division of the Argentine football league system . Juventud Alianza was originally formed in 1905 under the name Atletico Juventud . The club changed to its current name in the 1970s .'}]}, {'value': '2001-02', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001–02_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2001-02 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the seventh season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 19 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'CAI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comisión_de_Actividades_Infantiles', 'summary': "Comisión de Actividades Infantiles ( English : Committee on Children 's Activities ) , also known simply as CAI , is an Argentine football club located in the city of Comodoro Rivadavia , of Chubut Province . The team plays in Torneo Argentino A ."}]}, {'value': 'Ñuñorco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ñuñorco', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Ñuñorco is an Argentine football club located in Monteros of Tucumán Province . The team currently plays in the regional Liga Tucumana de Fútbol , having also played in the Torneo Argentino A some years ago .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Hur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Sportivo_Ben_Hur', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Ben Hur is an Argentine sports club from Rafaela , Santa Fe Province . The club was founded in 1940 and is mostly known for its basketball and football teams . Other sports practised in the club are aerobics , bowls , chess , field hockey , and swimming .'}]}, {'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002–03_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2002-03 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the eighth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 20 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Tiro Federal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiro_Federal', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Tiro Federal Argentino ( mostly known just as Tiro Federal or Tiro Federal de Rosario ) is an Argentine football club from the city of Rosario , in Santa Fe Province . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the third division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Racing ( C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_de_Córdoba', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Racing ( usually referred as Racing de Córdoba ) is an Argentine football club from the city of Córdoba . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'No Third-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2003–04_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2003-04 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the ninth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 20 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Racing ( C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_de_Córdoba', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Racing ( usually referred as Racing de Córdoba ) is an Argentine football club from the city of Córdoba . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlético Tucumán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Tucumán', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Tucumán ( mostly known as Atlético Tucumán ) is an Argentinian football club based in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán of Tucumán Province . Although several sports are practised at the club , Atlético is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Primera División , the first division of the Argentine football league system . They played for the first time in 2017 both Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana . Other activities hosted by the institution are basketball , chess , field hockey , handball and karate .'}]}, {'value': 'No Third-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-05', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2004–05_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2004-05 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the tenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 20 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Ben Hur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Sportivo_Ben_Hur', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Ben Hur is an Argentine sports club from Rafaela , Santa Fe Province . The club was founded in 1940 and is mostly known for its basketball and football teams . Other sports practised in the club are aerobics , bowls , chess , field hockey , and swimming .'}]}, {'value': 'Aldosivi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aldosivi', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Aldosivi ( usually called simply Aldosivi ) is an Argentine sports club based in the city of Mar del Plata , Buenos Aires Province . The club is mostly known for its football squad , which currently plays in Primera División , the top division of Argentine football league system . Other sports hosted by Aldosivi are taekwondo , artistic roller skating and roller skating .'}]}, {'value': 'Luján ( C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asociación_Atlética_Luján_de_Cuyo', 'summary': 'Asociación Atlética Luján de Cuyo ( or simply Luján de Cuyo ) was an association football club based in Luján de Cuyo , a city of Mendoza Province , Argentina , established in 2000 and dissolved in 2010 . The team took part in the Argentino A and Argentino B tournaments organized by the Argentine Football Association . The team played its home games at the Estadio Jardín del Bajo with a capacity of 8,000 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005–06_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2005-06 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the eleventh season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 24 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Villa Mitre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Villa_Mitre', 'summary': 'Club Villa Mitre , is a sports club based in the city of Bahía Blanca , Buenos Aires Province , Argentina . Although many sports are practised at the club , Villa Mitre is mostly known for its football team which currently plays in the Torneo Argentino B , the regionalised fourth division of the Argentine football league system . The club was named in commemoration of Bartolomé Mitre , President of Argentina between 1862 and 1868 .'}]}, {'value': 'San Martín ( T )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Martín_de_Tucumán', 'summary': 'Club Atlético San Martín ( mostly known as San Martín de Tucumán ) is an Argentine sports club founded in 1909 and based in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán , Tucumán Province . The club is notable for its football team , which currently plays in the Argentine Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system . Other sports practised at the club are field hockey , handball , martial arts , rugby union , swimming , tennis and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': 'No Third-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006-07', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006–07_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2006-07 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the twelfth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 24 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Independiente Rivadavia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independiente_Rivadavia', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Independiente Rivadavia ( mostly known simply as Independiente Rivadavia ) is a football club from Mendoza , Argentina . The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the second major league in Argentine Football league system . Independiente Rivadavia played in the Argentine Primera in 1968 , 1973 , 1977 , 1979-80 and 1982 , when the team reached the quarter-finals of the National Championship . That year Independiente was eliminated in the play-offs by the team that would later reach the Championship , Ferro Carril Oeste .'}]}, {'value': 'Guillermo Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guillermo_Brown_de_Puerto_Madryn', 'summary': 'Club Social y Atlético Guillermo Brown , mostly known as Guillermo Brown or Brown de Puerto Madryn , is an Argentine sports club from Puerto Madryn in Chubut Province . The football team currently plays in the Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'No Third-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–08_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2007-08 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the thirteenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 25 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlético Tucumán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Tucumán', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Tucumán ( mostly known as Atlético Tucumán ) is an Argentinian football club based in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán of Tucumán Province . Although several sports are practised at the club , Atlético is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Primera División , the first division of the Argentine football league system . They played for the first time in 2017 both Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana . Other activities hosted by the institution are basketball , chess , field hockey , handball and karate .'}]}, {'value': 'Racing ( C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_de_Córdoba', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Racing ( usually referred as Racing de Córdoba ) is an Argentine football club from the city of Córdoba . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'No Third-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2008-09 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the fourteenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 25 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Boca Unidos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boca_Unidos', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Boca Unidos ( mostly known simply as Boca Unidos ) is an Argentine football and basketball club from Corrientes Province . The football squad currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of Argentine football league system . At the end of the 2006-07 season Boca Unidos promoted from Torneo Argentino B to the Torneo Argentino A via play-off . On 21 June 2009 , the squad won another promotion which allowed it to play in the Primera B Nacional , where has remained since .'}]}, {'value': 'Patronato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patronato_de_Paraná', 'summary': 'The Club Atlético Patronato de la Juventud Católica ( commonly called Patronato or Patronato de Paraná ) is an Argentine football club based in Paraná , Entre Ríos . The squad currently plays in Primera División , the top division of Argentine football league system . The club debuted in Primera División in 1978 , playing the Nacional championship . In December 2015 , Patronato achieved its second promotion to Primera after defeating Santamarina de Tandil by penalty shoot-out .'}]}, {'value': 'No Third-place awarded', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2009-10 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the fifteenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 25 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Patronato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Patronato', 'summary': 'The Club Atlético Patronato de la Juventud Católica ( commonly called Patronato or Patronato de Paraná ) is an Argentine football club based in Paraná , Entre Ríos . The squad currently plays in Primera División , the top division of Argentine football league system . The club debuted in Primera División in 1978 , playing the Nacional championship . In December 2015 , Patronato achieved its second promotion to Primera after defeating Santamarina de Tandil by penalty shoot-out .'}]}, {'value': 'Santamarina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Santamarina', 'summary': 'Club y Biblioteca Ramón Santamarina , also known simply as Santamarina , is an Argentine football club from the city of Tandil , Buenos Aires Province . The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the tournament of second division of the Argentine Football Association . The club is named after Joaquin Ramón Cesareo Manuel Santamarina ( 1827-1904 ) , an Argentine businessman . The club has only played one season in the Argentine Primera . In 1985 , it competed in the National championships , where it finished second in their group to qualify for the 2nd round where it was eliminated by Independiente 6-3 on aggregate .'}]}, {'value': 'Cipolletti Unión ( S )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Cipolletti', 'summary': 'Club Cipolletti is an Argentine sports club , located in the homonymous district of Río Negro Province . The football team currently plays in Torneo Federal A , the regionalised third division of Argentine football league system . Cipoletti was relegated from Torneo Argentino A at the end of the 2005-06 season , due to the poor performance in the Clausura and its inability to beat General Paz Juniors in the relegation playoff . At the end of the 2006-07 Cipolletti was one of the three champions of Torneo Argentino B allowing the team to return to Torneo Argentino A . The team has played at the highest level of Argentine football ( Primera División ) on 6 occasions , having qualified to play in the National championships of 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 and 1985 , but never made it through the 1st group stage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Unión_de_Sunchales', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Unión ( usually referred as Unión de Sunchales ) is an Argentina sports club from Sunchales , Santa Fe Province . Its football team currently plays in the Torneo Argentino A , which is the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system . Unión was founded in 1948 as a football club , but it expanded into several different sports , including basketball , where the team currently plays at Torneo Nacional de Ascenso ( TNA ) , the second division of Argentine basketball league system . Other sports practised at the club are gymnastics , roller skating , rugby union , martial arts , tennis and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2010-11 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the sixteenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 24 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Guillermo Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guillermo_Brown_de_Puerto_Madryn', 'summary': 'Club Social y Atlético Guillermo Brown , mostly known as Guillermo Brown or Brown de Puerto Madryn , is an Argentine sports club from Puerto Madryn in Chubut Province . The football team currently plays in the Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Desamparados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sportivo_Desamparados', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Desamparados is a sports club from the city of San Juan , San Juan Province , Argentina . The football team currently plays in the Torneo Argentino B , which is one of the fourth tier competitions , along with the Primera C , of the Argentine league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Sportivo Belgrano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sportivo_Belgrano', 'summary': 'Sportivo Belgrano is an Argentine football club , which home town is located in San Francisco , Córdoba . The team currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2011-12 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the seventeenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 25 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Douglas Haig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Douglas_Haig', 'summary': "Club Atlético Douglas Haig is an Argentine football club from Pergamino , Buenos Aires Province , which currently plays in the country 's Third Division . The club is named in honour of Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig , a victorious General from World War 1"}]}, {'value': 'Crucero del Norte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crucero_del_Norte', 'summary': "Club Mutual Crucero del Norte ( simply known as Crucero del Norte ) is an Argentine sports club based in Garupá , Misiones Province . The club was founded in 1989 by a long-distance bus company which gave its name to the institution . Although the club is mostly known for its association football team , other sports such as field hockey , paddle tennis and tennis are hosted . After many seasons playing in the Torneo Argentino A , the football team was promoted to Primera B Nacional after defeating Guillermo Brown via playoff . They currently play in Primera B Nacional . The main Crucero 's rival is Guaraní Antonio Franco of the same city ."}]}, {'value': 'Sportivo Belgrano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sportivo_Belgrano', 'summary': 'Sportivo Belgrano is an Argentine football club , which home town is located in San Francisco , Córdoba . The team currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2012-13 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the eighteenth season of third division professional football in Argentina . A total of 25 teams competed ; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional .'}]}, {'value': 'Talleres ( C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talleres_de_Córdoba', 'summary': "Club Atlético Talleres ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko taˈʎeɾes ] ; mostly known simply as Talleres [ taˈʎeɾes ] or Talleres de Córdoba [ taˈʎeɾes ðe ˈkoɾðoβa ] ) is an Argentine sports club from the city of Córdoba . The institution is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in the Argentine Primera División . Talleres ' main rival is Belgrano : Their rivalry is known as el clásico cordobés . In field hockey , the club is affiliated to amateur Córdoba Field Hockey Federation , where its teams compete ."}]}, {'value': 'Sportivo Belgrano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sportivo_Belgrano', 'summary': 'Sportivo Belgrano is an Argentine football club , which home town is located in San Francisco , Córdoba . The team currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Santamarina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Santamarina', 'summary': 'Club y Biblioteca Ramón Santamarina , also known simply as Santamarina , is an Argentine football club from the city of Tandil , Buenos Aires Province . The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the tournament of second division of the Argentine Football Association . The club is named after Joaquin Ramón Cesareo Manuel Santamarina ( 1827-1904 ) , an Argentine businessman . The club has only played one season in the Argentine Primera . In 1985 , it competed in the National championships , where it finished second in their group to qualify for the 2nd round where it was eliminated by Independiente 6-3 on aggregate .'}]}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_Torneo_Argentino_A', 'summary': 'The 2013-14 season , was the nineteenth Torneo Argentino A season since it became part of the third tier of the Argentine football league system . The tournament is reserved for teams indirectly affiliated to the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino ( AFA ) , while teams affiliated to AFA have to play the Primera B Metropolitana , which is the other third tier competition . The champion will be promoted to Primera B Nacional . The regular season began on August 16 , 2013 and was scheduled to end on June 7 , 2014 . A total of 24 teams competed with 20 of them remaining from the 2012-13 season . They were joined by four teams promoted from 2012-13 Torneo Argentino B .'}]}, {'value': 'Santamarina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Santamarina', 'summary': 'Club y Biblioteca Ramón Santamarina , also known simply as Santamarina , is an Argentine football club from the city of Tandil , Buenos Aires Province . The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the tournament of second division of the Argentine Football Association . The club is named after Joaquin Ramón Cesareo Manuel Santamarina ( 1827-1904 ) , an Argentine businessman . The club has only played one season in the Argentine Primera . In 1985 , it competed in the National championships , where it finished second in their group to qualify for the 2nd round where it was eliminated by Independiente 6-3 on aggregate .'}]}, {'value': 'Guaraní Antonio Franco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guaraní_Antonio_Franco', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Guaraní Antonio Franco is an Argentine football club from the city of Posadas , Misiones . The team currently plays in Primera B Nacional , the second major league in Argentine Football league system . The club played at the highest level of Argentine football on 4 occasions . Guaraní A. Franco competed in the National tournaments of 1971 , 1981 , 1982 and 1985 . Guaraní was eliminated in the first round group stage in all four attempts . In 2011-12 the club won the Torneo Argentino B championship promoting to the upper division , Torneo Argentino A where it currently plays .'}]}, {'value': 'Juventud Unida Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventud_Unida_Universitario', 'summary': 'Club Atlético Juventud Unida Universitario is an Argentine football club from San Luis Province . The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A , the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of champions', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Torneo_Argentino_A_0', 'intro': 'The Torneo Argentino A (in English Argentine A Tournament) was one of the two leagues that form the regionalised third level of the Argentine football league system. Clubs in the Torneo Argentino have indirect membership in AFA, while clubs in the Primera B Metropolitana (the other third division) have direct membership in AFA. All teams with indirect membership are from outside the city of Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area (Greater Buenos Aires), while most of the direct members are from the aforementioned area.'} | null | null | Who was the runner-up when the champion was the club that is the biggest of Tres Arroyos City ? | Gimnasia y Tiro |
0a7a3977748fea4d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Aitkin_County,_Minnesota', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Aitkin County, Minnesota', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aitkin Carnegie Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aitkin_Carnegie_Library', 'summary': "The Aitkin Carnegie Library is a Carnegie library in Aitkin , Minnesota , United States . It was designed by architects Claude & Starck and was built in the Classical Revival style . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . It is a one-story buff-colored brick building upon an elevated basement and a concrete foundation . It has a central classical pedimented portico . In 1981 it was deemed significant both for its role in the intellectual and cultural development of Aitkin and as a well-preserved example of the Minnesota small-town library structures financed by Andrew Carnegie , noted turn-of-the-century steel magnate . Aitkin citizens organized a free public library in 1904 . The library collection was temporarily housed in the village council chamber until the present structure 's construction in 1911 with a $ 6,500 grant from the Carnegie Foundation . The library , unlike many Carnegie-funded libraries which have been demolished or altered as community library systems have expanded , retains its original design integrity while continuing to serve the community in its intended educational role . Architecturally , the library is a notable local example of public Neo-classical design . While it was still serving as a library in 1981 , the building later served as the Jaques Art Center ."}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1982 ( # 82002924 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '121 2nd St. , NW . 46°31′59″N 93°42′34″W / 46.533192°N 93.709382°W / 46.533192 ; -93.709382 ( Aitkin Carnegie Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aitkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aitkin,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Aitkin ( /ˈeɪkɪn/ AY-kin ) is a city in Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 2,165 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Aitkin County .'}]}, {'value': 'Well-preserved example of a Carnegie library - built 1911 - and a prominent local example of Neoclassical architecture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carnegie_library', 'summary': 'A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie . A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929 , including some belonging to public and university library systems . 1,689 were built in the United States , 660 in the United Kingdom and Ireland , 125 in Canada , and others in Australia , South Africa , New Zealand , Serbia , Belgium , France , the Caribbean , Mauritius , Malaysia , and Fiji . At first , Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a personal connection - namely his birthplace in Scotland and the Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania area , his adopted home-town . Yet , beginning in the middle of 1899 , Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside these areas . In later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused . By the time the last grant was made in 1919 , there were 3,500 libraries in the United States , nearly half of them built with construction grants paid by Carnegie .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aitkin County Courthouse and Jail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aitkin_County_Courthouse_and_Jail', 'summary': 'The Aitkin County Courthouse and Jail , in Aitkin , Minnesota , United States , serves as the county seat of Aitkin County . The building is actually the second courthouse for the county . The first courthouse was built in 1888 , but in 1920 , a grand jury reported that the building was dangerous and falling apart . After difficulties securing financing , the county commissioners approved a plan for a new courthouse , which was finished in 1929 . The design mixes Beaux-Arts architecture and Moderne elements . The interior features marble wainscoting , oak woodwork , terrazzo floors , and stained glass skylights .'}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1982 ( # 82002923 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '209 and 217 2nd St. , NW . 46°31′59″N 93°42′37″W / 46.533056°N 93.710278°W / 46.533056 ; -93.710278 ( Aitkin County Courthouse and Jail )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aitkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aitkin,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Aitkin ( /ˈeɪkɪn/ AY-kin ) is a city in Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 2,165 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Aitkin County .'}]}, {'value': 'Long-serving seat of Aitkin County government , consisting of a 1915 jail and a 1920 courthouse , the latter exemplifying the second-generation Beaux-Arts courthouses built around Minnesota in the early 20th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture', 'summary': 'Beaux-Arts architecture ( /ˌboʊˈzɑːr/ ; French : [ bozaʁ ] ) was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century . It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism , but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance elements , and used modern materials , such as iron and glass . It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century . It also had a strong influence on architecture in the United States , because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts , including Henry Hobson Richardson , John Galen Howard , Daniel Burnham , and Louis Sullivan . :76'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andy Gibson ( shipwreck )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Gibson_(steamboat)', 'summary': 'The Andy Gibson was a steamboat that serviced the headwaters of the Mississippi River in the U.S. state of Minnesota from 1884 to 1894 . After her retirement , the ship was left in a drydock outside her home port of Aitkin , Minnesota , and gradually dismantled for parts . The hull and drydock eventually sank out of sight . It is thus unique among U.S. shipwrecks for still resting on a drydock cradle . The Andy Gibson shipwreck ( Smithsonian trinomial 21AK109 ) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 for having state-level significance in the themes of commerce , engineering , entertainment/recreation , maritime history , non-aboriginal historic archaeology , and transportation . It was nominated for comprising the rare and well-preserved remains of a Mississippi River steamboat .'}]}, {'value': 'August 28 , 2012 ( # 12000558 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi River , 0.75 miles ( 1.21 km ) downstream from County Highway 1 Bridge 46°32′25″N 93°43′01″W / 46.540199°N 93.717068°W / 46.540199 ; -93.717068 ( Andy Gibson ( shipwreck ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippi_River', 'summary': "The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent , second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system . From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota , it flows generally south for 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico . With its many tributaries , the Mississippi 's watershed drains all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian mountains . The main stem is entirely within the United States ; the total drainage basin is 1,151,000 sq mi ( 2,980,000 km2 ) , of which only about one percent is in Canada . The Mississippi ranks as the fourth-longest river and fifteenth-largest river by discharge in the world . The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , and Louisiana . Native Americans have lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries for thousands of years . Most were hunter-gatherers , but some , such as the Mound Builders , formed prolific agricultural societies . The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers , then settlers , ventured into the basin in increasing numbers . The river served first as a barrier , forming borders for New Spain , New France , and the early United States , and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link . In the 19th century , during the height of the ideology of manifest destiny , the Mississippi and several western tributaries , most notably the Missouri , formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States . Formed from thick layers of the river 's silt deposits , the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile regions of the United States ; steamboats were widely used in the 19th and early 20th centuries to ship agricultural and industrial goods ."}]}, {'value': 'Aitkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aitkin,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Aitkin ( /ˈeɪkɪn/ AY-kin ) is a city in Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 2,165 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Aitkin County .'}]}, {'value': 'Rare and well-preserved remains of a Mississippi River steamboat , launched in 1884 to serve the headwaters region . Unique among U.S. shipwrecks for still resting on its 1894 drydock cradle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steamboat', 'summary': "A steamboat is a boat that is propelled primarily by steam power , typically driving propellers or paddlewheels . Steamboats sometimes use the prefix designation SS , S.S. or S/S ( for 'Screw Steamer ' ) or PS ( for 'Paddle Steamer ' ) ; however , these designations are most often used for steamships . The term steamboat is used to refer to smaller , insular , steam-powered boats working on lakes and rivers , particularly riverboats . As using steam became more reliable , steam power became applied to larger , ocean-going vessels ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Drydock', 'summary': 'A dry dock ( sometimes dry-dock or drydock ) is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in , then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform . Dry docks are used for the construction , maintenance , and repair of ships , boats , and other watercraft .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthyde Stone House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthyde_Stone_House', 'summary': "Arthyde Stone House is a historic bungalow in the former community of Arthyde , Minnesota , United States . It was built circa 1922 using local fieldstone . The Arthyde Stone House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the theme of exploration/settlement . It was nominated for being a locally prominent reminder of the failed townsite speculation common to northern Minnesota 's cutover land during the Roaring Twenties ."}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1982 ( # 82002930 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Road 27 46°21′16″N 93°05′22″W / 46.354417°N 93.089471°W / 46.354417 ; -93.089471 ( Arthyde Stone House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthyde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arthyde,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Arthyde is an unincorporated community in Millward Township , Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The community is located northeast of McGrath , at the junction of Kestrel Avenue and 230th Lane . Aitkin County Road 2 ( 220th Street ) is nearby . Nearby places include Pliny , McGrath , Ellson , Denham , Sturgeon Lake , and Willow River . Arthyde is 16 miles northeast of McGrath , and 15 miles west of Willow River . The boundary line between Aitkin and Pine counties is nearby . The community is located on the edge of the Solana State Forest in the southeast portion of Aitkin County .'}]}, {'value': "Fieldstone bungalow built circa 1922 in a short-lived settlement , a locally prominent reminder of the failed townsite speculation common to northern Minnesota 's cutover land during the Roaring Twenties", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speculation', 'summary': "Speculation is the purchase of an asset ( a commodity , goods , or real estate ) with the hope that it will become more valuable in the near future . In finance , speculation is also the practice of engaging in risky financial transactions in an attempt to profit from short term fluctuations in the market value of a tradable financial instrument - rather than attempting to profit from the underlying financial attributes embodied in the instrument such as capital gains , dividends , or interest . Many speculators pay little attention to the fundamental value of a security and instead focus purely on price movements . Speculation can in principle involve any tradable good or financial instrument . Speculators are particularly common in the markets for stocks , bonds , commodity futures , currencies , fine art , collectibles , real estate , and derivatives . Speculators play one of four primary roles in financial markets , along with hedgers , who engage in transactions to offset some other pre-existing risk , arbitrageurs who seek to profit from situations where fungible instruments trade at different prices in different market segments , and investors who seek profit through long-term ownership of an instrument 's underlying attributes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roaring_Twenties', 'summary': "The Roaring Twenties ( sometimes stylized as the Roarin Twenties ) refers to the decade of the 1920s in Western society and Western culture . It was a period of economic prosperity with a distinctive cultural edge in the United States and Europe , particularly in major cities such as Berlin , Chicago , London , Los Angeles , New York City , Paris , and Sydney . In France , the decade was known as the années folles ( 'crazy years ' ) , emphasizing the era 's social , artistic and cultural dynamism . Jazz blossomed , the flapper redefined the modern look for British and American women , and Art Deco peaked . Not everything roared : in the wake of the patriotism of World War I , President Warren G. Harding brought back normalcy to the politics of the United States . This period saw the large-scale development and use of automobiles , telephones , movies , radio , and electrical appliances being installed in the lives of thousands of Westerners . Aviation soon became a business . Nations saw rapid industrial and economic growth , accelerated consumer demand , and introduced significantly new changes in lifestyle and culture . The media , funded by the new industry of mass-market advertising driving consumer demand , focused on celebrities , especially sports heroes and movie stars , as cities rooted for their home teams and filled the new palatial cinemas and gigantic sports stadiums . In many major democratic states , women won the right to vote . The right to vote had a huge impact on society . [ citation needed ] The social and cultural features known as the Roaring Twenties began in leading metropolitan centers and spread widely in the aftermath of World War I ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bethlehem Lutheran Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethlehem_Lutheran_Church_(Aitkin,_Minnesota)', 'summary': "Bethlehem Lutheran Church ( also known as Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Bethlehem Church ) is a historic Lutheran church in Nordland Township , Minnesota , United States . The church was constructed in 1897 by Swedish immigrants . The Gothic Revival building features a square tower topped by a belfry and an octagonal spire . The church 's congregation formed in 1891 and was the second of five Swedish Lutheran churches established in the county . Aitkin County received a large influx of Swedish immigrants in the late 1800s , and the church is one of the best-preserved buildings constructed by the immigrant population upon their arrival . The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1982 ( # 82002928 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off County Highway 12 46°28′34″N 93°37′00″W / 46.476034°N 93.616578°W / 46.476034 ; -93.616578 ( Bethlehem Lutheran Church )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aitkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aitkin,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Aitkin ( /ˈeɪkɪn/ AY-kin ) is a city in Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 2,165 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Aitkin County .'}]}, {'value': '1897 church representative of the Swedish American population that predominated in southwest Aitkin County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swedish_American', 'summary': 'Swedish Americans ( Swedish : Svenskamerikaner ) are Americans of at least partial Swedish ancestry . They primarily include the 1.2 million Swedish immigrants during 1885-1915 and their descendants . They formed tight-knit communities , primarily in the American Midwest , and intermarried with other Swedish-Americans . Most were Lutheran Christians with origins in the state Church of Sweden who were affiliated with predecessor bodies of what are now the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) from the mergers of 1988 or the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod ( 1847 ) , or the recent North American Lutheran Church ( NALC ) of 2010 ; some were Methodists following Wesleyan doctrine . Today , Swedish Americans are found throughout the United States , with Minnesota , California and Illinois being the top three states with the highest number of Swedish Americans . Historically , newly arrived Swedish immigrants settled in the Midwest , namely Minnesota , the Dakotas and Wisconsin , just as other Scandinavian Americans . Populations also grew in the Pacific Northwest in the states of Oregon and Washington at the turn of the twentieth century .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patrick Casey House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Casey_House', 'summary': "The Patrick Casey House is a historic house in Aitkin , Minnesota , United States . It was built in 1901 in a mix of Queen Anne and Neoclassical styles . Original owner Patrick Casey ( 1849-1910 ) was a partner in the Potter/Casey Company , the region 's leading retail chain . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and commerce . It was nominated for its association with one of Aitkin 's most prominent businessmen at the turn of the 20th century , and for being one of northern Minnesota 's few architecturally distinctive residences outside of Duluth and the Iron Range cities ."}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1982 ( # 82002925 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4th St. , SE . and 2nd Ave. 46°31′36″N 93°42′13″W / 46.526564°N 93.703546°W / 46.526564 ; -93.703546 ( Patrick Casey House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aitkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aitkin,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Aitkin ( /ˈeɪkɪn/ AY-kin ) is a city in Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 2,165 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Aitkin County .'}]}, {'value': "1901 Queen Anne / Classical Revival house of a prominent local businessman ( 1849-1910 ) behind the Potter/Casey Company . Also one of northern Minnesota 's few architecturally distinctive residences outside of Duluth and the Iron Range cities", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Potter/Casey_Company_Building', 'summary': "The Potter/Casey Company Building is a historic commercial building in Aitkin , Minnesota , United States . It was built in 1902 to house the expanding business of Aitkin County 's leading retailer and to lease office space to other businesses on the second floor . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the theme of commerce . It was nominated for representing Aitkin County 's most successful commercial enterprise at the turn of the 20th century ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Duluth /dəˈluːθ/ ( listen ) is a major port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Saint Louis County . Duluth has a population of 85,884 and is the 4th largest city in Minnesota . It is the 2nd largest city on Lake Superior , after Thunder Bay , Ontario . It has the largest metropolitan area on the lake , with a population of 279,771 in 2010 , the second-largest in the state . Situated on the north shore of Lake Superior at the westernmost point of the Great Lakes , Duluth is accessible to oceangoing vessels from the Atlantic Ocean 2,300 miles ( 3,700 km ) away via the Great Lakes Waterway and the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Duluth forms a metropolitan area with neighboring Superior , Wisconsin ; together they are called the Twin Ports . The cities share the Duluth-Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes ' largest port , transporting coal , iron ore ( taconite ) , and grain . A tourist destination for the Midwest , Duluth features the United States ' only all-freshwater aquarium , the Great Lakes Aquarium ; the Aerial Lift Bridge , which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor ; and Minnesota Point ( known locally as Park Point ) , the world 's longest freshwater baymouth bar , spanning 6 miles ( 10 km ) . The city is also the starting point for vehicle trips along Minnesota 's North Shore . The city is named for Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut , the first known European explorer of the area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iron_Range', 'summary': 'The term Iron Range refers collectively or individually to a number of elongated iron-ore mining districts around Lake Superior in the United States and Canada . Despite the word range , the iron ranges are not mountain chains , but outcrops of Precambrian sedimentary formations containing high percentages of iron . These cherty iron ore deposits are Precambrian in age for the Vermilion Range , while middle Precambrian in age for the Mesabi and Cuyuna ranges , all in Minnesota . The Gogebic Range in Wisconsin and the Marquette Iron Range and Menominee Range in Michigan have similar characteristics and are of similar age . Natural ores and concentrates were produced from 1848 until the mid 1950s , when taconites and jaspers were concentrated and pelletized , and started to become the major source of iron production . The far eastern area , containing the Duluth Complex along the shore of Lake Superior , and the far northern area , along the Canada-US border , of the region are not associated with iron ore mining . Due to its shape , the area is collectively referred to as the Arrowhead region of Minnesota . It consists of seven counties : Aitkin , Carlton , Cook , Itasca , Koochiching , Lake , and Saint Louis .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malmo Mounds and Village Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malmo_Mounds_and_Village_Site', 'summary': "Malmo Mounds and Village Site is a mound group in Aitkin County , Minnesota , located on the northeast shore of Mille Lacs Lake . The property was placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the Department of the Interior in 1975 due to its archeological and cultural significance . This area was first surveyed in 1893 by W.H . Winchell and again in 1899 by J.V . Brower and David I. Bushnell . Brower and Bushnell identified 128 mounds and noted that the site was an ideal location for a village site . In 1936 , a group from the University of Minnesota , led by Gordon Erkholm , excavated 13 mounds . The information from this survey was the basis for Dr. Wilford 's Mille Lacs Aspect of the Minnesota Woodland period . Over the past hundred years , [ when ? ] there has been a number of factors that have led to the destruction of over half of the original mound group . Many of the mounds were leveled in 1939 during the building of highway 18 , others were leveled in order to build lake cottages , and many have small pits dug into them . No scholarly work has been done at the site since 1970 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 3 , 1975 ( # 75000974 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwestern quarter of Section 32 , Township 45 North , Range 25 West 46°20′48″N 93°31′57″W / 46.346667°N 93.532500°W / 46.346667 ; -93.532500 ( Malmo Mounds and Village Site )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McGrath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McGrath,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'McGrath is a city in Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 80 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': "Village site and some 72 mounds dating to the early Middle Woodland Period , the type site and best preserved assemblage of the region 's distinct Malmo Phase", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Woodland_Period', 'summary': 'In the classification of archaeological cultures of North America , the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures spanned a period from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact in the eastern part of North America , with some archaeologists distinguishing the Mississippian period , from 1000 CE to European contact as a separate period . The term Woodland Period was introduced in the 1930s as a generic term for prehistoric sites falling between the Archaic hunter-gatherers and the agriculturalist Mississippian cultures . The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region , the Eastern United States , along to the Gulf of Mexico . This period is variously considered a developmental stage , a time period , a suite of technological adaptations or traits , and a family tree of cultures related to earlier Archaic cultures . It can be characterized as a chronological and cultural manifestation without any massive changes in a short time but instead having a continuous development in stone and bone tools , leather crafting , textile manufacture , cultivation , and shelter construction . Many Woodland peoples used spears and atlatls until the end of the period , when they were replaced by bows and arrows ; however , Southeastern Woodland peoples also used blowguns . The most cited technological distinction of this period was the widespread use of pottery ( although pottery manufacture had arisen during the Archaic period in some places ) , and the diversification of pottery forms , decorations , and manufacturing practices . The increasing use of horticulture and the development of the Eastern Agricultural Complex , consisting of weedy seed plants as well as gourd cultivation , also meant that groups became less mobile over time and , in some times and places , people lived in permanently occupied villages and cities . Intensive agriculture characterizes the Mississippian period from c. 1000-1400 CE and may have continued up to European contact , around 500 years ago .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Type_site', 'summary': 'In archaeology a type site ( also known as a type-site or typesite ) is a site that is considered the model of a particular archaeological culture . For example , the type site of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A culture is Jericho , in the West Bank . A type site is also often the eponym ( the site after which the culture is named ) . For example , the type site of the pre-Celtic/Celtic Bronze Age Hallstatt culture is the lakeside village of Hallstatt , Austria . In geology the term is used similarly for a site considered to be typical of a particular rock formation etc . A type site contains artifacts , in an assemblage , that are typical of that culture . Type sites are often the first or foundational site discovered about the culture they represent . The use of this term is therefore similar to that of the specimen type in biology ( see biological types ) or locus typicus ( type locality ) in geology .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': "National Woodenware Company Superintendent 's Residence", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/National_Woodenware_Company_Superintendent's_Residence", 'summary': "The National Woodenware Company Superintendent 's Residence is a historic house in Hill City , Minnesota , United States . It was built in 1910 as housing for the local manager of a manufacturing plant that produced wooden buckets and tubs for Armour and Company . The National Woodenware Company relocated to Hill City from Ithaca , Michigan , in 1910 , purchasing a third of the town 's lots , constructing residences for its employees , and tripling the population . The Superintendent 's Residence was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of exploration/settlement and industry . It was nominated for being the most prominent reminder of Hill City 's principal employer and developer in the early 20th century ."}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1982 ( # 82002929 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "252 Ione Ave. NE . 46°59′35″N 93°35′40″W / 46.992932°N 93.594423°W / 46.992932 ; -93.594423 ( National Woodenware Company Superintendent 's Residence )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hill City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hill_City,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Hill City is a city in Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 633 at the 2010 census . Hill City is located along U.S. Highway 169 and Minnesota State Highway 200 .'}]}, {'value': "1910 manager 's housing , chief remnant of an Armour and Company subsidiary that was Hill City 's principal employer and developer 1910-1928", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armour_and_Company', 'summary': "Armour & Company was an American company and was one of the five leading firms in the meat packing industry . It was founded in Chicago , in 1867 , by the Armour brothers led by Philip Danforth Armour . By 1880 , the company had become Chicago 's most important business and had helped make Chicago and its Union Stock Yards the center of America 's meatpacking industry . During the same period , its facility in Omaha , Nebraska , boomed , as well , making the city 's meatpacking industry the largest in the nation by 1959 . In connection with its meatpacking operations , the company also ventured into pharmaceuticals ( Armour Pharmaceuticals ) and soap manufacturing , introducing Dial soap in 1948 . Presently , the Armour food brands are split between refrigerated meat ( Armour , owned by Smithfield Foods ) and canned shelf-stable meat products ( Armour Star , owned by ConAgra Brands ) . The Armour pharmaceutical brand is owned by Forest Laboratories . Dial soap is now owned by Henkel ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Pacific Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Depot_(Aitkin,_Minnesota)', 'summary': "Aitkin station in Aitkin , Minnesota , United States , is a brick passenger depot built on the Northern Pacific Railway mainline in 1916 . The rail line is now part of the BNSF Railway . The depot symbolizes the importance of the railroad in Aitkin 's growth and development . The railroad line was initially built in 1871 . By the early 1900s , Aitkin was emerging as the region 's leading supply center , and the old wood-framed depot was considered grossly inadequate . The railway started construction of the new brick depot in 1915 . It was built in the Mission Revival style with cut-stone trimmings and a German tile roof . Passenger traffic ended in the 1960s . The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as the Northern Pacific Depot . The building is now occupied by the Aitkin County Historical Society as the Depot Museum . Exhibits focus on the heritage of Aitkin County , including riverboating on the upper Mississippi , Native American culture and immigrant pioneers ."}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1982 ( # 82002926 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20 Pacific St. , SW. 46°31′54″N 93°42′28″W / 46.531667°N 93.707768°W / 46.531667 ; -93.707768 ( Northern Pacific Depot )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aitkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aitkin,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Aitkin ( /ˈeɪkɪn/ AY-kin ) is a city in Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 2,165 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Aitkin County .'}]}, {'value': "Railway station built 1915-16 , symbolizing the importance of the railroad in Aitkin 's founding and development . Now a museum", 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pine-Hickory Lakes Roadside Parking Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pine-Hickory_Lakes_Roadside_Parking_Area', 'summary': 'Pine-Hickory Lakes Roadside Parking Area is a wayside rest located along U.S. Highway 169 in Farm Island Township , Aitkin County , Minnesota . It straddles both sides of the highway just north of where it passes between Little Pine Lake on the west and Hickory Lake on the east . It is one of the largest wayside rests developed by the Minnesota Highway Department during the New Deal , at 35 acres ( 14 ha ) . Arthur R. Nichols , collaborating with engineer Harold E. Olson , designed the rest area in the National Park Service rustic style . The wayside rest was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 2016 ( # 16000276 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US 169 , .25 mi . N. of 249th Ln . 46°26′38″N 93°44′17″W / 46.443979°N 93.737943°W / 46.443979 ; -93.737943 ( Pine-Hickory Lakes Roadside Parking Area )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Route_169', 'summary': 'U.S. Route 169 ( US 169 ) currently runs for 966 miles ( 1,555 km ) from the city of Virginia , Minnesota to Tulsa , Oklahoma at Memorial Drive .'}]}, {'value': 'Aitkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aitkin,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Aitkin ( /ˈeɪkɪn/ AY-kin ) is a city in Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 2,165 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Aitkin County .'}]}, {'value': "Roadside park built 1937-38 , a large example of the state 's early highway waysides developed during the New Deal . Also noted for its National Park Service rustic design", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Deal', 'summary': 'The New Deal was a series of programs , public work projects , financial reforms , and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939 . It responded to needs for relief , reform , and recovery from the Great Depression . Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . They provided support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly . The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply . New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the 3 Rs : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels , and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional [ clarification needed ] Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and non-whites and ethnic whites . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 to 1964 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Park_Service_rustic', 'summary': 'National Park Service rustic - sometimes colloquially called Parkitecture - is a style of architecture that developed in the early and middle 20th century in the United States National Park Service ( NPS ) through its efforts to create buildings that harmonized with the natural environment . Since its founding in 1916 , the NPS sought to design and build visitor facilities without visually interrupting the natural or historic surroundings . The early results were characterized by intensive use of hand labor and a rejection of the regularity and symmetry of the industrial world , reflecting connections with the Arts and Crafts movement and American Picturesque architecture . Architects , landscape architects and engineers combined native wood and stone with convincingly native styles to create visually appealing structures that seemed to fit naturally within the majestic landscapes . Examples of the style can be found in numerous types of National Park structures , including entrance gateways , hotels and lodges , park roads and bridges , visitor centers , trail shelters , informational kiosks , and even mundane maintenance and support facilities . Many of these buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Potter/Casey Company Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potter/Casey_Company_Building', 'summary': "The Potter/Casey Company Building is a historic commercial building in Aitkin , Minnesota , United States . It was built in 1902 to house the expanding business of Aitkin County 's leading retailer and to lease office space to other businesses on the second floor . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the theme of commerce . It was nominated for representing Aitkin County 's most successful commercial enterprise at the turn of the 20th century ."}]}, {'value': 'April 16 , 1982 ( # 82002927 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E. Minnesota Ave. between 1st and 2nd Sts. , NW . 46°31′58″N 93°42′23″W / 46.532853°N 93.706384°W / 46.532853 ; -93.706384 ( Potter/Casey Company Building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aitkin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aitkin,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Aitkin ( /ˈeɪkɪn/ AY-kin ) is a city in Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 2,165 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Aitkin County .'}]}, {'value': "1902 commercial building constructed for Aitkin County 's leading mercantile business", 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Savanna Portage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savanna_Portage_State_Park', 'summary': 'Savanna Portage State Park is a state park of Minnesota , USA , established in 1961 to preserve the historic Savanna Portage , a difficult 6-mile ( 9.7 km ) trail connecting the watersheds of the Mississippi River and Lake Superior . The portage trail crosses a drainage divide separating the West Savanna River , which drains to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico , from the East Savanna River , which flows in an opposite direction to the Saint Louis River , Lake Superior and the Great Lakes , and the Saint Lawrence River to the Atlantic Ocean . Savanna Portage was a canoe portage used by Native Americans for centuries before being used by European explorers , fur traders , Voyageurs , coureurs des bois , and missionaries of the 18th and 19th centuries . It was a vital link connecting the Mississippi waterways to the west with the Great Lakes to the east . The portage was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 for having state-level significance in the themes of commerce , exploration/settlement , and transportation . The park which now contains it is located 17 miles ( 27 km ) north and east of McGregor , Minnesota , and approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) west of Duluth .'}]}, {'value': 'April 23 , 1973 ( # 73000963 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Off County Highway 5 in Savanna Portage State Park 46°49′42″N 93°10′32″W / 46.828313°N 93.175548°W / 46.828313 ; -93.175548 ( Savanna Portage )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savanna_Portage_State_Park', 'summary': 'Savanna Portage State Park is a state park of Minnesota , USA , established in 1961 to preserve the historic Savanna Portage , a difficult 6-mile ( 9.7 km ) trail connecting the watersheds of the Mississippi River and Lake Superior . The portage trail crosses a drainage divide separating the West Savanna River , which drains to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico , from the East Savanna River , which flows in an opposite direction to the Saint Louis River , Lake Superior and the Great Lakes , and the Saint Lawrence River to the Atlantic Ocean . Savanna Portage was a canoe portage used by Native Americans for centuries before being used by European explorers , fur traders , Voyageurs , coureurs des bois , and missionaries of the 18th and 19th centuries . It was a vital link connecting the Mississippi waterways to the west with the Great Lakes to the east . The portage was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 for having state-level significance in the themes of commerce , exploration/settlement , and transportation . The park which now contains it is located 17 miles ( 27 km ) north and east of McGregor , Minnesota , and approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) west of Duluth .'}]}, {'value': 'McGregor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McGregor,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'McGregor is a city in Aitkin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 391 at the 2010 census . McGregor is located along Minnesota State Highways 65 and 210 . Other routes include Aitkin County Road 8 , Maddy Street .'}]}, {'value': 'Difficult but vital 6-mile ( 9.7 km ) portage linking the Great Lakes and Mississippi basins , blazed by Native Americans and used into the fur trade and early settlement eras', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': 'Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Aitkin_County,_Minnesota_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Aitkin County, Minnesota. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Aitkin County, Minnesota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 12 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'} | null | null | When was the state park in McGregor established ? | 1961 |
0a7b238a14c9feaf | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany', 'title': 'Solar power in Germany', 'header': ['PV Power station', 'Capacity in MW p', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Solarpark Meuro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solarpark_Meuro', 'summary': "Solarpark Meuro is a 166 megawatt ( MW ) photovoltaic power station located in Meuro and Schipkau , Germany . The plant was built on a former lignite mine and is the country 's largest solar park . It was named POWER-GEN International solar project of the year in 2012 . The PV system uses about 636,000 solar panels provided by Canadian Solar and 20k-string inverters from REFUsol . It is also the first solar park to use a 690VAC gridvoltage for some of REFUsol 's 333k HV central inverters ."}]}, {'value': '166', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70 MW completed 2011 , 166 MW in 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neuhardenberg Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neuhardenberg_Solar_Park', 'summary': "Neuhardenberg Solar Park is a 145-megawatt ( MW ) photovoltaic power plant , and was Europe 's largest solar power station , located at the former Neuhardenberg military airport in Brandenburg , Germany . In 2015 a solar battery storage facility with a rated power of 5 MW and 5 MWh capacity was added , which was commissioned in mid 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '145', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Completed September 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Templin Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Templin_Solar_Park', 'summary': 'Templin Solar Park is a 128 megawatt ( MW ) photovoltaic power station , located at the former Templin military airport .'}]}, {'value': '128.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Completed September 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandenburg-Briest_Solarpark', 'summary': 'Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark is photovoltaic power station , located at a former military airfield in Brandenburg , Germany . At the time of its completion , it was the largest solar park in Europe . Equipped with Q-Cells solar modules , it consists of three sections , namely'}]}, {'value': '91', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commissioned in December 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solarpark Finow Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solarpark_Finow_Tower', 'summary': 'Solarpark Finow Tower is located in Finowfurth , Northeast of Berlin , Germany and is equipped with Suntech modules . The first phase of the project , FinowTower I ( 24.3 MW ) was commissioned in 2010 , and the second , FinowTower II ( 60.4 MW ) in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '84.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Completed in 2010/2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eggebek Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eggebek_Solar_Park', 'summary': "The Eggebek Solar Park was Germany 's largest photovoltaic power station when completed in August 2011 , and one of the largest in the world . It is built on a 160 ha ( 400 acres ) plot of land near the Eggebek municipality in Schleswig-Holstein state , Germany near the border with Denmark . The solar park has a power generation capacity of 83.6 MW and uses roughly 360,000 state-of-the-art multicrystalline solar modules of the TSM-PC05 series produced by the Chinese company Trina Solar . The solar park is built on the site of a former German Navy military base where the Naval Aviation Wing 2 was stationed until 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '83.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Completed in 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Senftenberg Solarpark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Senftenberg_Solarpark', 'summary': 'The Senftenberg Solarpark is a photovoltaic power station located on former open-pit mining areas close to the city of Senftenberg , in Eastern Germany . The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months and generates power for about 25,000 households . It was opened on September 24 , 2011 , by the Prime Minister of the German state of Brandenburg . The ground-based PV plant is designed for a total capacity of 148 MW . Solarpark Senftenberg/Schipkau'}]}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phase II and III completed 2011 , another 70 MW phase planned', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finsterwalde Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finsterwalde_Solar_Park', 'summary': 'The Finsterwalde Solar Park was , in November 2010 , the worlds largest photovoltaic plant with 80.7 MWp . The project is located in Finsterwalde , Germany and is equipped with Q-Cells modules and LDK solar wafers . The first phase of the project was commissioned in 2009 , the second and third in 2010 . All phases were developed by Unlimited Energy GmbH . Phase I was sold to LQ Energy GmbH , a joint venture of Q-Cells International and LDK Solar . In 2011 , Finsterwalde I was sold to LHI Leasing , a joint venture of Landesbank Baden-Württemberg and Nord/LB . In 2010 , Unlimited Energy sold phase II and III to Q-Cells International . In 2011 , Q-Cells sold Finsterwalde II and III to Blue Forrest Solar Holding , a joint venture of DIF Infrastructure and the NIBC European Infrastructure Fund .'}]}, {'value': '80.7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phase I completed 2009 , phase II and III 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lieberose Photovoltaic Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lieberose_Photovoltaic_Park', 'summary': 'The Lieberose Photovoltaic Park is a 70.8-megawatt ( MW ) photovoltaic power plant in Lieberose , Brandenburg , Germany . The solar park with 900,000 solar panels which went fully on line in October 2009 , and will supply electricity for 15,000 households a year while reducing the use of pollution-generating fossil fuels . The Lieberose Solar Park cost $ 238-million and is operated by the Juwi Group , which has a 20-year contract on the land .'}]}, {'value': '71.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Completed in 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Solarpark Alt Daber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Solarpark_Alt_Daber', 'summary': 'The Solarpark Alt Daber is a photovoltaic facility in Germany with 67.8 megawatts ( MW , 90,900 hp ) . It was completed 3 December 2011 , for a cost of €100 million , and is expected to produce 71 GWh/year . It is located on a former military airport . In 2014 a prototype of a battery storage system was added , mainly to provide frequency-response .'}]}, {'value': '67.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Completed in 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Strasskirchen Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strasskirchen_Solar_Park', 'summary': 'The Strasskirchen Solar Park is a large photovoltaic power station in Bavaria , with an installed capacity of 54 MW . It was developed by a joint venture of MEMC and Q-Cells in 2009 . At this time this Solar Park was the second largest PV Power Plant . Q-Cells also provided the solar modules for the facility which is located in Straßkirchen , Bavaria , Germany .'}]}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commissioned in December 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walddrehna Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walddrehna_Solar_Park', 'summary': 'The Walddrehna Solar Park is a 52.284 MW photovoltaic power station , which is located in Walddrehna , Brandenburg , Germany , on a former military base .'}]}, {'value': '52.3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Completed June 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waldpolenz Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waldpolenz_Solar_Park', 'summary': "The Waldpolenz Solar Park is a 52-megawatt ( MW ) photovoltaic power station built by German developer and operator Juwi at a former military air base near Leipzig , Eastern Germany . When completed by the end of 2008 , it was the world 's largest thin-film solar park using CdTe-modules . Initially , the solar power plant 's nameplate capacity was 40 MW , consisting of 500,000 state-of-the-art solar panels provided by U.S. manufacturer First Solar , and generated 40,000 MWh of electricity per year . The solar park was then extended with another 153,650 panels , also provided by First Solar , to a final capacity of 52 MWP in 2011 The installation is located in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany , built on half of the location 's 220 hectares ( 543.6 acres ) in the townships of Brandis and Bennewitz . The investment costs for the Waldpolenz solar park have amounted to some 130 million euro ."}]}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '550,000 CdTe modules . Completed December 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tutow Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tutow_Solar_Park', 'summary': 'The Tutow Solar Park is in Demmin , Germany , and is located at Tutow Airport . The first phase of the project , Tutow I was commissioned in 2009 , using 91,200 First Solar thin film modules , with a total rating of 6782 kWp , and was expected to produce 6.7 GWh per year . The second , Tutow II , brought the total to 25.4 MWp , about four times larger , in 2010 , and was expected to produce 26 GWh/year using a total of 335,400 panels , and the third section , Tutow III , making the total 52 MWp , was completed in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tutow I completed in 2009 , II in 2010 , III in 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kothen Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kothen_Solar_Park', 'summary': "The Köthen Solar Park is a photovoltaic power station in Köthen , Germany . It has a capacity of 45 megawatts ( MW ) and an expected annual electricity generation of 42 gigawatt-hours . The solar park was developed and built by RGE Energy . The PV project is built on a former military airfield in Köthen on 116 hectares ( 290 acres ) . In 2009 , the project was the largest solar power plant in Saxony-Anhalt and the world 's largest system using string inverters . The project is equipped with 205,000 solar module made of crystalline silicon by BP Solar . Total investment in the project was around €133 million . The solar park was connected to the grid in 2009 . Payment was fixed to 35.49 Euro-cents per kilowatt-hour for 20 years ."}]}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational since 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jura Solar Park', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Completed in 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jännersdorf Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jännersdorf_Solar_Park', 'summary': 'The Jännersdorf Solar Park is a photovoltaic power station in Prignitz , Germany . It has a capacity of 40.5 megawatts ( MW ) and an annual output of 38 GWh . The solar park was developed and built by Parabel AG . The project is built on a former military training area on 90 hectares ( 220 acres ) . The project is equipped with 167,550 photovoltaic modules , with 25.6 MW from Trina Solar , 9.6 MW from Suntech Power and 5.3 MW from Hareon . The solar park was connected to the grid on 30 June 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '40.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commissioned in 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fürstenwalde Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fürstenwalde_Solar_Park', 'summary': 'The Fürstenwalde Solar Park is a photovoltaic power station in Fürstenwalde , Germany . It has a capacity of 39.64 megawatt ( MW ) and an annual output of 36.5 GWh . The solar park was developed by the company Solarhybrid and built by conecon using 62,832 225-watt and 110,880 230-watt solar panels , both manufactured by Suntech . The PV project was built on a former military airfield on 89 hectares ( 220 acres ) , and was completed in 10 weeks only .'}]}, {'value': '39.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Commissioned in 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reckahn Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reckahn_Solar_Park', 'summary': 'Reckahn Solar Park is a photovoltaic power station in Reckahn , Southwest of Berlin , Germany . It has a capacity of 37.7 megawatt ( MW ) and was constructed in three phases . Reckahn I was 22.661 MW covering 56 hectares ( 140 acres ) and was built by Beck Energy GmbH ( Belectric ) using 292,000 First Solar thin-film CdTe-panels , and was expected to produce about 22 gigawatt-hours per year . Reckahn II added 13.3 MW , using 172,000 modules on a 35 hectares ( 86 acres ) site . Reckahn III , completed in 2011 , added 1.8 MW , bringing the total to 37.7 MW . The FIT is 21.1 Euro cents per kilowatt-hour .'}]}, {'value': '36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Completed in 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perleberg Solar Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Perleberg_Solar_Park', 'summary': 'The Perleberg Solar Park is a photovoltaic power station , with an installed capacity of 35 megawatts ( MW ) . It uses 144,144 solar panels manufactured by Chinese company Yingli . The panels are mounted at a fixed angle on posts that are driven into the ground , at a former military airport .'}]}, {'value': '35', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Completed in 2012', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Photovoltaic power stations', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of photovoltaic power stations', 'uid': 'Solar_power_in_Germany_1', 'intro': "Solar power in Germany consists almost exclusively of photovoltaics (PV) and accounted for an estimated 6.2 to 6.9 percent of the country's net-electricity generation in 2016. About 1.5 million photovoltaic systems were installed around the country in 2014, ranging from small rooftop systems, to medium commercial and large utility-scale solar parks. :5 Germany's largest solar farms are located in Meuro, Neuhardenberg, and Templin with capacities over 100 MW. Germany has been among the world's top PV installer for several years, with total installed capacity amounting to 41.3 gigawatts (GW) by the end of 2016, behind only China. However, new installations of PV systems have declined steadily since the record year of 2011. It's estimated that by 2017 over 70% of the country's jobs in the solar industry have been lost in the solar sector in recent years. Proponents from the PV industry blame the lack of governmental commitment, while others point out the financial burden associated with the fast-paced roll-out of photovoltaics, rendering the transition to renewable energies unsustainable in their view. Germany's official governmental goal is to continuously increase renewables' contribution to the country's overall electricity consumption. Long-term minimum targets are 35% by 2020, 50% by 2030 and 80% by 2050.:6 \nThe country is increasingly producing more electricity at specific times with high solar irradiation than it needs, driving down spot-market prices and exporting its surplus of electricity to its neighboring countries, with a record exported surplus of 34 TWh in 2014. A decline in spot-prices may however raise the electricity prices for retail customers, as the spread of the guaranteed feed-in tariff and spot-price increases as well. :17 \nAs the combined share of fluctuating wind and solar is approaching 17 percent on the national electricity mix, other issues are becoming more pressing and others more feasible. These include adapting the electrical grid, constructing new grid-storage capacity, dismantling and altering fossil and nuclear power plants - brown coal and nuclear power are the country's cheapest suppliers of electricity, according to today's calculations - and to construct a new generation of combined heat and power plants."} | null | null | What is the capacity in MW of the station that was Germany 's largest photovoltaic power station when completed ? | 83.6 |
0a7cea98b2eaed3b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin_throw', 'title': 'Javelin throw', 'header': ['Rank', 'Mark', 'Athlete', 'Date', 'Place'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petra Felke ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petra_Meier', 'summary': 'Petra Meier ( née Felke ; born 30 July 1959 ) is a retired German track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw . Representing East Germany , she became the Olympic Champion in 1988 and broke the world record four times between 1985 and 1988 . She is the only woman to throw a javelin 80 metres or more , with her world record of 80.00 m ( 262 ft 5 1⁄2 in ) . This throw was the world record from 1988 until 1999 , when a new javelin design was implemented . She also won the javelin title at the 1989 IAAF World Cup and silver medals at the World Championships in 1987 and 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '8 September 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Potsdam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potsdam', 'summary': "Potsdam ( German pronunciation : [ ˈpɔt͡sdam ] ( listen ) ; Lower Sorbian : Podstupim ) is the capital and largest city of the German federal state of Brandenburg . It directly borders the German capital , Berlin , and is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region . It is situated on the River Havel some 25 kilometres ( 16 miles ) southwest of Berlin 's city centre . Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918 . Its planning embodied ideas of the Age of Enlightenment : through a careful balance of architecture and landscape , Potsdam was intended as a picturesque , pastoral dream which would remind its residents of their relationship with nature and reason . The city lies in an area of interconnected lakes and is distinguished by a series of cultural landmarks , in particular the parks and palaces of Sanssouci , the largest World Heritage Site in Germany . The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at Cecilienhof Palace . Babelsberg , in the south-eastern part of Potsdam , was already by the 1930s the home of a major film production studio and it has enjoyed success as an important center of European film production since the fall of the Berlin Wall . The Filmstudio Babelsberg is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world . Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century . Today , there are three public colleges , the University of Potsdam , and more than 30 research institutes in the city ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '77.44', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fatima Whitbread ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatima_Whitbread', 'summary': 'Fatima Whitbread MBE ( born Fatima Vedad ; 3 March 1961 ) is a female British former javelin thrower . She won the 1986 European Championships in Stuttgart , having broken the world record with a throw of 77.44 metres in the qualifying round the previous day . She went on to win the 1987 World Championships in Rome . She is also a two-time Olympic medallist , winning bronze at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics and silver at the 1988 Seoul Olympics . Her former world record throw makes her one of only two women in history to have thrown the javelin ( old model ) over 75 metres .'}]}, {'value': '6 September 1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stuttgart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stuttgart', 'summary': "Stuttgart ( /ˈʃtʊtɡɑːrt/ SHTUUT-gart , also US : /ˈstʌt- , ˈstʊt-/ STU ( U ) T- ; German : [ ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt ] ( listen ) ; Swabian : Schduagert [ ˈʒ̊d̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕd̥ ] ; names in other languages ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg . Stuttgart is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known locally as the Stuttgart Cauldron . It lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest . Its urban area has a population of 634,830 , making it the sixth largest city in Germany . 2.8 million people live in the city 's administrative region and 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area , making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany . The city and metropolitan area are consistently ranked among the top 20 European metropolitan areas by GDP ; Mercer listed Stuttgart as 21st on its 2015 list of cities by quality of living , [ a ] innovation agency 2thinknow ranked the city 24th globally out of 442 cities [ b ] and the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked the city as a Beta-status world city in their 2014 survey. , Stuttgart was one of the host cities of the official tournaments for the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cup . Since the 7th millennium BC , the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley . The Roman Empire conquered the area in 83 AD and built a massive castrum near Bad Cannstatt , making it the most important regional centre for several centuries . Stuttgart 's roots were truly laid in the 10th century with its founding by Liudolf , Duke of Swabia , as a stud farm for his warhorses . Initially overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt , the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320 . The fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg , and they made it the capital of their county , duchy , and kingdom from the 15th century to 1918 . Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the Thirty Years ' War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city and its automobile production during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74.76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tiina Lillak ( FIN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tiina_Lillak', 'summary': 'Ilse Kristiina Lillak ( born 15 April 1961 ) is a Finnish former javelin thrower . She is the 1983 world champion and 1984 Olympic silver medalist . She also twice broke the world record , with throws of 72.40 metres in 1982 and 74.76 metres in 1983 . The latter distance ranks third on the all-time list with the old javelin model .'}]}, {'value': '13 June 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tampere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampere', 'summary': "Tampere ( /ˈtæmpəreɪ/ , also US : /ˈtɑːm-/ , Finnish : [ ˈtɑmpere ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Tammerfors [ tɑmːærˈforsː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Pirkanmaa , southern Finland . It is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries . Tampere has a population of 235,615 with the urban area holding 334,112 people and the metropolitan area , also known as the Tampere sub-region , holding 385,301 inhabitants in an area of 4,970 km2 . Tampere is the second-largest urban area and third most-populous individual municipality in Finland , after the cities of Helsinki and Espoo and the most populous Finnish city outside the Greater Helsinki area , within which both Helsenki and Espoo are both located . Tampere is the major urban , economic , and cultural hub for central Finland . [ citation needed ] Tampere is wedged between two lakes , Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi . Since the two lakes differ in level by 18 metres ( 59 ft ) , the rapids linking them , Tammerkoski , have been an important power source throughout history , most recently for generating electricity . Tampere is dubbed the Manchester of Finland for its industrial past as the former center of Finnish industry , and this has given rise to its Finnish nickname Manse and terms such as Manserock . Helsinki is approximately 160 kilometres ( 100 mi ) south of Tampere , and can be reached in 1h 31m by Pendolino high-speed rail service and 2 hours by car . The distance to Turku is roughly the same . Tampere-Pirkkala Airport is Finland 's eighth-busiest airport , with over 230,000 passengers in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74.20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sofia Sakorafa ( GRE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sofia_Sakorafa', 'summary': 'Sofia Sakorafa ( Greek : Σοφία Σακοράφα , born 29 April 1957 ) is a Palestinian-Greek politician and former javelin thrower . She was formerly a Member of the European Parliament for Greece as member of the political party MeRA25 , having formerly sat for Syriza and before that served , from June 2012 to July 2014 , as a Syriza Member of the Hellenic Parliament . She now serves as a deputy speaker in the Hellenic Parliament for the MeRA25 party .'}]}, {'value': '26 September 1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hania', 'summary': 'Chania ( Greek : Χανιά [ xaˈɲa ] ( listen ) ; Venetian : Canea ; Ottoman Turkish : خانيه , romanized : Hanya ) is the second largest city of Crete and the capital of the Chania regional unit . It lies along the north coast of the island , about 70 km ( 43 mi ) west of Rethymno and 145 km ( 90 mi ) west of Heraklion . The official population of the municipal unit ( the former municipality ) is 53,910 , while the municipality has 108,642 inhabitants ( 2011 ) . This consists of the city of Chania and several other towns and villages , including Kounoupidiana ( pop . 8,620 ) , Mournies ( pop . 7,614 ) , Souda ( pop . 6,418 ) , Nerokouros ( pop . 5,531 ) , Daratsos ( pop . 4,732 ) , Perivolia ( pop . 3,986 ) , Galatas ( pop . 3,166 ) and Aroni ( pop . 3,003 ) .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '73.58', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tessa Sanderson ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tessa_Sanderson', 'summary': 'Theresa Ione Tessa Sanderson , CBE ( born 14 March 1956 ) is an English former javelin thrower and heptathlete . A six-time Olympian in the javelin ( 1976-1996 ) , she won the gold medal in 1984 for Great Britain , and in 1996 she became the second track and field athlete , after discus thrower Lia Manoliu , to compete at six Olympics . She is one of only five women in history to have thrown the javelin ( old model ) over 73 metres . She is the first black British woman to have won an Olympic gold medal .'}]}, {'value': '26 June 1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edinburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edinburgh', 'summary': "Edinburgh ( /ˈɛdɪnbərə/ ( listen ) ; Scots : Edinburgh ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Èideann [ ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ ] ) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas . Historically part of the county of Midlothian ( interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921 ) , it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth 's southern shore . Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century , Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government , the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland . The city 's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland . The city has long been a centre of education , particularly in the fields of medicine , Scots law , literature , philosophy , the sciences and engineering . It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom ( after London ) and the city 's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom 's second most popular tourist destination attracting 1.75 million visits from overseas in 2016 . Edinburgh is Scotland 's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom . The official population estimates are 488,050 ( 2016 ) for the Locality of Edinburgh ( Edinburgh pre 1975 regionalisation plus Currie and Balerno ) , 518,500 ( 2018 ) for the City of Edinburgh , and 1,339,380 ( 2014 ) for the city region . Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region comprising East Lothian , Edinburgh , Fife , Midlothian , Scottish Borders and West Lothian . The city is the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . It is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland , the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery . The University of Edinburgh , founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city , is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020 ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72.70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Verouli ( GRE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anna_Verouli', 'summary': 'Anna Verouli ( Greek : Άννα Βερούλη , born November 13 , 1956 ) is a retired Greek javelin thrower . She was born in Kavala . She won the gold medal at the 1982 European Athletics Championships , and a bronze medal at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics . Verouli was tested positive for nandrolone at the 1984 Summer Olympics and was banned from the competition . She was married to weightlifter Ioannis Tsintsaris .'}]}, {'value': '20 May 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hania', 'summary': 'Chania ( Greek : Χανιά [ xaˈɲa ] ( listen ) ; Venetian : Canea ; Ottoman Turkish : خانيه , romanized : Hanya ) is the second largest city of Crete and the capital of the Chania regional unit . It lies along the north coast of the island , about 70 km ( 43 mi ) west of Rethymno and 145 km ( 90 mi ) west of Heraklion . The official population of the municipal unit ( the former municipality ) is 53,910 , while the municipality has 108,642 inhabitants ( 2011 ) . This consists of the city of Chania and several other towns and villages , including Kounoupidiana ( pop . 8,620 ) , Mournies ( pop . 7,614 ) , Souda ( pop . 6,418 ) , Nerokouros ( pop . 5,531 ) , Daratsos ( pop . 4,732 ) , Perivolia ( pop . 3,986 ) , Galatas ( pop . 3,166 ) and Aroni ( pop . 3,003 ) .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72.16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antje Kempe ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antje_Zöllkau', 'summary': 'Antje Zöllkau ( née Kempe , born 22 June 1963 ) is a German former javelin thrower who represented East Germany . The 1982 European silver medallist , her best javelin throw of 72.16 metres in 1984 , ranks her in the world all-time top 10 for the Pre-1999 old model javelin .'}]}, {'value': '5 May 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celje', 'summary': 'Celje ( pronounced [ ˈtsɛ̀ːljɛ ] ( listen ) ) is the third-largest town in Slovenia . It is a regional center of the traditional Slovenian region of Styria and the administrative seat of the City Municipality of Celje ( Slovene : Mestna občina Celje ) . The town of Celje is located below Upper Celje Castle ( 407 m or 1,335 ft ) at the confluence of the Savinja , Hudinja , Ložnica , and Voglajna rivers in the lower Savinja Valley , and at the crossing of the roads connecting Ljubljana , Maribor , Velenje , and the Central Sava Valley . It lies 238 m ( 781 ft ) above mean sea level ( MSL ) .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '72.12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trine Hattestad ( NOR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trine_Hattestad', 'summary': 'Elsa Katrine Hattestad ( née Solberg ; born 18 April 1966 ) is a retired Norwegian track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw . During her career , she was a European , World , and Olympic Champion , and broke the world record twice . Her personal best , set in 2000 , of 69.48 m is the Norwegian record . It also ranks her fifth on the overall list .'}]}, {'value': '10 July 1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oslo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antoaneta Todorova ( BUL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antoaneta_Todorova', 'summary': "Antoaneta Ivanova Todorova-Selenska ( Bulgarian : Антоанета Иванова Тодорова-Селенска ; born 8 June 1963 ) is a retired female javelin thrower from Bulgaria , who set the world record and the world 's best year performance in 1981 . She made her mark ( 71.88 m ) at a meet in Zagreb on 15 August 1981 . Todorova was born in Samovodene , Veliko Tarnovo , and competed in three Summer Olympics ( 1980 , 1988 and 1992 ) ."}]}, {'value': '15 August 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71.82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ivonne Leal ( CUB )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivonne_Leal', 'summary': "Ivonne Leal ( born February 27 , 1966 in San Nicolas de Bari ) is a retired female javelin thrower from Cuba . She is best known for winning the gold medal in the women 's javelin throw event at the 1985 Summer Universiade in Kobe , Japan ."}]}, {'value': '30 August 1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leverkusen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leverkusen', 'summary': "Leverkusen ( /ˈleɪvərkuːzən/ , German : [ ˈleːvɐˌkuːzn̩ ] ( listen ) , also [ leːɐˈkuːzn̩ ] ) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany on the eastern bank of the Rhine . To the south , Leverkusen borders the city of Cologne and to the north is the state capital Düsseldorf . With about 161,000 inhabitants , Leverkusen is one of the state 's smaller cities . The city is known for the pharmaceutical company Bayer and its associated sports club Bayer 04 Leverkusen ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71.40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natalya Shikolenko ( BLR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalya_Shikolenko', 'summary': 'Natalya Shikolenko ( Belarusian : Натальля Шыкаленка ; born August 1 , 1964 in Andizhan , Uzbekistan ) is a javelin thrower who represented USSR and later Belarus . She won an Olympic silver medal and a World Championship gold . Her sister Tatyana Shikolenko is also a successful javelin thrower , first representing Belarus but switching to Russia in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': '5 June 1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sevilla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevilla', 'summary': "Seville ( /səˈvɪl/ ; Spanish : Sevilla [ seˈβiʎa ] ( listen ) ) is a Spanish city , the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville . It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir , in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Seville has a municipal population of about 690,000 as of 2016 [ update ] , and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million , making it the largest city in Andalusia , the fourth-largest city in Spain and the 30th most populous municipality in the European Union . Its old town , with an area of 4 square kilometres ( 2 sq mi ) , contains three UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the Alcázar palace complex , the Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies . The Seville harbour , located about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) from the Atlantic Ocean , is the only river port in Spain [ citation needed ] . Seville experiences high temperatures in the Summer , with daily maximums routinely above 35 °C ( 95 °F ) in July and August . Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis . It became known as Ishbiliyya after the Muslim conquest in 712 . During the Muslim rule in Spain , Seville came under the jurisdiction of the Caliphate of Córdoba before becoming the independent Taifa of Seville ; later it was ruled by the Muslim Almoravids and the Almohads until finally being incorporated into the Christian Kingdom of Castile under Ferdinand III in 1248 . After the discovery of the Americas , Seville became one of the economic centres of the Spanish Empire as its port monopolised the trans-oceanic trade and the Casa de Contratación ( House of Trade ) wielded its power , opening a Golden Age of arts and literature . In 1519 , Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth . Coinciding with the Baroque period of European history , the 17th century in Seville represented the most brilliant flowering of the city 's culture ; then began a gradual economic and demographic decline as silting in the Guadalquivir forced the trade monopoly to relocate to the nearby port of Cádiz ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silke Renk ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silke_Renk', 'summary': 'Silke Renk ( born 30 June 1967 in Querfurt , Bezirk Halle ) is a retired javelin thrower from Germany . She represented East Germany at the 1988 Summer Olympics , where she finished fifth , and at the 1990 European Championships where she finished fourth . She then experienced her career highlight as she won the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . Renk won with a throw of 68.34 meters , defeating Natalya Shikolenko , who took home the silver medal , and compatriot Karen Forkel . The next year she finished sixth at the 1993 World Championships . She withdrew from the 1994 European Championships because of knee injury problems , and never reached another international final despite starting at the 1995 World Championships and the 1996 Summer Olympics . Her personal best was 71.00 meres with the old javelin type , achieved in June 1988 in Rostock . This ranks her third among German javelin throwers , only behind Petra Felke ( who held the world record ) and Antje Kempe .'}]}, {'value': '25 June 1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rostock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rostock', 'summary': "Rostock ( /ˈrɒstɒk/ ROST-ok , German : [ ˈʁɔstɔk ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hanseatic City of Rostock ( German : Hansestadt Rostock ) , is the largest city in the German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the state , close to the border with Pomerania . [ a ] With around 208,000 inhabitants , it is the third largest city on the German Baltic coast after Kiel and Lübeck , the eighth largest city in the area of former East Germany , as well as the 39th largest city of Germany . Rostock was the largest coastal and most important port city in East Germany . Rostock stands on the estuary of the River Warnow into the Bay of Mecklenburg of the Baltic Sea . The city stretches for about 16 km ( 10 mi ) along the river , that flows into the sea in the very north of the city , between the boroughs of Warnemünde and Hohe Düne . The city center lies further upstream , in the very south of the city . While most of Rostock 's inhabitants live on the western side of the Warnow , the area east of the river is dominated by the port , industrial estates and the forested Rostock Heath . The city 's coastline east and west of the river mouth is relatively undeveloped , with long sandy beaches prevailing . The name of the city and of the river are of Slavic origin . Rostock is the economic center of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and the state 's only regiopolis . The port of Rostock is the fourth largest port in Germany after the North Sea ports of Hamburg , Bremen/Bremerhaven and Wilhelmshaven , and the largest port on the German Baltic coast . The ferry routes between Rostock and Gedser in Denmark as well as Trelleborg in Southern Sweden are among the busiest between Germany and Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beate Koch ( GDR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beate_Koch', 'summary': 'Beate Koch ( born 18 August 1967 ) is a retired German track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw . She represented East Germany at the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul , South Korea , where she won the bronze medal .'}]}, {'value': '22 June 1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rostock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rostock', 'summary': "Rostock ( /ˈrɒstɒk/ ROST-ok , German : [ ˈʁɔstɔk ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hanseatic City of Rostock ( German : Hansestadt Rostock ) , is the largest city in the German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the state , close to the border with Pomerania . [ a ] With around 208,000 inhabitants , it is the third largest city on the German Baltic coast after Kiel and Lübeck , the eighth largest city in the area of former East Germany , as well as the 39th largest city of Germany . Rostock was the largest coastal and most important port city in East Germany . Rostock stands on the estuary of the River Warnow into the Bay of Mecklenburg of the Baltic Sea . The city stretches for about 16 km ( 10 mi ) along the river , that flows into the sea in the very north of the city , between the boroughs of Warnemünde and Hohe Düne . The city center lies further upstream , in the very south of the city . While most of Rostock 's inhabitants live on the western side of the Warnow , the area east of the river is dominated by the port , industrial estates and the forested Rostock Heath . The city 's coastline east and west of the river mouth is relatively undeveloped , with long sandy beaches prevailing . The name of the city and of the river are of Slavic origin . Rostock is the economic center of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and the state 's only regiopolis . The port of Rostock is the fourth largest port in Germany after the North Sea ports of Hamburg , Bremen/Bremerhaven and Wilhelmshaven , and the largest port on the German Baltic coast . The ferry routes between Rostock and Gedser in Denmark as well as Trelleborg in Southern Sweden are among the busiest between Germany and Scandinavia ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhang Li ( CHN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhang_Li_(javelin_thrower,_born_1961)', 'summary': "Zhang Li ( Chinese : 张丽 ; pinyin : Zhāng Lì ; born 26 June 1961 ) is a former track and field athlete from China , who competed for her native country in the women 's javelin throw event . She was a gold medallist at the 1990 Asian Games and the 1993 Asian Athletics Championships . Her winning throw of 66.00 m ( 216 ft 6 1⁄4 in ) at the former event was a Games record and remains the best mark using the old javelin design . Zhang twice competed for Asia at the IAAF World Cup and was a silver medallist in 1989 . She represented her home area of Tianjin at the 1993 National Games of China and was runner-up to Ha Xiaoyan ."}]}, {'value': '6 August 1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tianjin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tianjin', 'summary': "Tianjin ( [ tʰjɛ́n.tɕín ] ( listen ) ) , alternatively romanized as Tientsin , is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea . It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China , with a total population estimated at 15,621,200 in 2016 . Its built-up ( or metro ) area , made up of 12 central districts ( all but Baodi , Jizhou , Jinghai and Ninghe ) , was home to 12,491,300 inhabitants in 2016 and is also the world 's 29th-largest agglomeration ( between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro ) and 11th-most populous city proper . It is governed as one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of central government of the PRC and is thus under direct administration of the central government . Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality , bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea . Part of the Bohai Economic Rim , it is the largest coastal city in northern China . In terms of urban population , Tianjin is the fourth largest in China , after Shanghai , Beijing , and Guangzhou . In terms of administrative area population , Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China . The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404 . As a treaty port since 1860 , Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing . During the Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government . Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China , Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '70.20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karen Forkel ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karen_Forkel', 'summary': "Karen Forkel ( born September 24 , 1970 in Wolfen ) is a German track and field athlete and an Olympic medal winner . In the 1990s she was among the world 's best javelin throwers . Her biggest success came in the 1992 Summer Olympics when she took the bronze medal with a throw of 66.86 meters . Her personal best throw with the new-type-javelin was 65.17 metres , achieved in July 1999 in Erfurt . This ranks her fifth among German javelin throwers , behind Christina Obergföll , Steffi Nerius , Tanja Damaske and Linda Stahl . With the old javelin type she threw 70.20 metres in May 1991 in Halle . This ranks her fifth among German old-type-javelin throwers , behind Petra Felke ( who held the world record ) , Antje Kempe , Silke Renk and Beate Koch . Forkel represented SC Chemie Halle , which after the German reunification was renamed SV Halle . During her career she was 1.72 meters tall and weighed 63 kilograms ."}]}, {'value': '9 May 1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Halle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Halle_(Saale)', 'summary': 'Halle ( Saale ) ( colloquially : Halle ( UK : /ˈhælə/ , US : /ˈhɑːlə/ ) ; from the 15th to the 17th century : Hall in Sachsen , until the beginning of the 20th century : Halle an der Saale [ ˈhalə ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈzaːlə ] ( listen ) , from 1965 to 1995 : Halle/Saale ) is the largest city of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt , the fifth largest city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig , Dresden and Chemnitz , as well as the 31st largest city of Germany , and with around 239,000 inhabitants , it is slightly more populous than the state capital of Magdeburg . Together with Leipzig , the largest city of Saxony , Halle forms the polycentric Leipzig-Halle conurbation . Between the two cities , in Schkeuditz , lies Leipzig/Halle International Airport . The Leipzig-Halle conurbation is at the heart of the larger Central German Metropolitan Region . Halle lies in the south of Saxony-Anhalt , in the Leipzig Bay , the southernmost part of the North German Plain , on the River Saale ( a tributary of the Elbe ) , which is the third longest river flowing entirely in Germany after the Weser and the Main . The White Elster flows into the Saale in the southern borough of Silberhöhe . Halle is the fourth largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig , Dresden and Chemnitz . Halle is an economic and educational center in central-eastern Germany . The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg with campuses in Halle and Wittenberg is the largest university in Saxony-Anhalt , one of the oldest universities in Germany , and a nurturing ground for the local startup ecosystem . The university hospital of Halle ( Universitätsklinikum Halle ( Saale ) ) is the largest hospital in the state .'}]}], 'section_title': 'All-time top 15 javelin throwers ( old model ) -- Women', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Javelin_throw_4', 'intro': "The javelin throw is a track and field event where the javelin, a spear about 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) in length, is thrown. The javelin thrower gains momentum by running within a predetermined area. Javelin throwing is an event of both the men's decathlon and the women's heptathlon."} | null | null | What athlete from a German area that lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest , broke a world record and became one of only two women in history to throw the javelin over 75 metres ? | Fatima Whitbread |
0a7efe6045b1b5e2 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Gay_Harden', 'title': 'Marcia Gay Harden', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role'], 'data': [{'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Miller 's Crossing", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Miller's_Crossing", 'summary': "Miller 's Crossing is a 1990 American neo-noir gangster film written , directed and produced by the Coen brothers and starring Gabriel Byrne , Marcia Gay Harden , John Turturro , Jon Polito , J. E. Freeman , and Albert Finney . The plot concerns a power struggle between two rival gangs and how the protagonist , Tom Reagan ( Byrne ) , plays both sides against each other . In 2005 , Time chose Miller 's Crossing as one of the 100 greatest films made since the inception of the periodical . Time critic Richard Corliss called it a noir with a touch so light , the film seems to float on the breeze like the frisbee of a fedora sailing through the forest ."}]}, {'value': 'Verna Bernbaum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Late for Dinner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Late_for_Dinner', 'summary': "Late for Dinner is a 1991 American science fiction drama film directed by W. D. Richter and starring Peter Berg , Brian Wimmer and Marcia Gay Harden . The supporting cast features Peter Gallagher and Richard Steinmetz , along with Janeane Garofalo 's first film appearance , briefly playing a cashier during a comical sequence in a burger joint ."}]}, {'value': 'Joy Husband', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crush', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crush_(1992_film)', 'summary': 'Crush is a 1992 New Zealand drama film directed by Alison Maclean . It was winner of four film awards and was entered into the 1992 Cannes Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Lane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Used People', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Used_People', 'summary': 'Used People is a 1992 American-Japanese romantic comedy film directed by Beeban Kidron . The screenplay by Todd Graff , adapted from his 1988 off-Broadway play The Grandma Plays , takes a humorous look at a highly dysfunctional family living in the New York City borough of Queens circa 1969 .'}]}, {'value': 'Norma', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Safe Passage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safe_Passage_(film)', 'summary': 'Safe Passage is a 1994 American drama film starring Susan Sarandon , and featuring Nick Stahl , Sam Shepard , Sean Astin and Jason London . Directed by Robert Allan Ackerman from a screenplay by Deena Goldstone , it is based on the novel Safe Passage by Ellyn Bache .'}]}, {'value': 'Cynthia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Spitfire Grill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Spitfire_Grill', 'summary': 'The Spitfire Grill is a 1996 American film written and directed by Lee David Zlotoff and starring Alison Elliott , Ellen Burstyn , Marcia Gay Harden , Will Patton , Kieran Mulroney and Gailard Sartain . It tells a story of a woman who was just released from prison and goes to work in a small-town café known as The Spitfire Grill . The film won the Audience Award at the 1996 Sundance Film Festival , prompting several distributors to enter into a bidding war in response to the positive buzz , but when the movie was finally released , critics as a whole responded less favorably than they had at Sundance . The movie was the basis for the 2001 Off-Broadway musical of the same name by James Valcq and Fred Alley .'}]}, {'value': 'Shelby Goddard', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Daytrippers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Daytrippers', 'summary': 'The Daytrippers is a 1996 independent comedy-drama film written and directed by Greg Mottola . It stars Hope Davis , Stanley Tucci , Anne Meara , Parker Posey and Liev Schreiber .'}]}, {'value': 'Libby', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The First Wives Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_First_Wives_Club', 'summary': "The First Wives Club is a 1996 American comedy film based on the best-selling 1992 novel of the same name by Olivia Goldsmith . The film was produced by Scott Rudin and directed by Hugh Wilson . It stars Diane Keaton , Goldie Hawn , and Bette Midler as three divorcées who seek revenge on their ex-husbands for having left them for younger women . The supporting cast comprises Stephen Collins , Victor Garber and Dan Hedaya as the three leads ' ex-husbands , and Sarah Jessica Parker , Marcia Gay Harden and Elizabeth Berkley as their lovers , respectively . Supporting roles are played by Maggie Smith , Bronson Pinchot , Rob Reiner , Eileen Heckart , and Stockard Channing ; cameo appearances include Gloria Steinem , Ed Koch , Kathie Lee Gifford , and Ivana Trump . The film became a surprise box-office hit following its North American release , eventually grossing $ 181,490,000 worldwide , mostly from its domestic run , despite receiving mixed reviews . It developed a cult following particularly among middle-aged women , and the actresses ' highest-grossing project of the decade helped revitalize their careers in film and television . Composer Marc Shaiman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Music Score , while Hawn was awarded a Blockbuster Entertainment Award and both Midler and Parker received Satellite Award nominations for their portrayals ."}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Leslie Rosen', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spy Hard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spy_Hard', 'summary': "Spy Hard is a 1996 American spy comedy film parody starring Leslie Nielsen and Nicollette Sheridan , parodying James Bond movies and other action films . The introduction to the movie is sung by comedy artist Weird Al Yankovic . It was the first film to be written by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer . The film 's title is a parody of Die Hard . The film was directed by Rick Friedberg and produced by Doug Draizin and Jeffrey Konvitz . The film was released by Buena Vista Pictures on May 24 , 1996 , receiving universally negative reviews from critics . While many praised Nielsen 's acting and its humor , most found the script , story and its direction disappointing . The film eventually grossed $ 26 million against a production budget of $ 18 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Miss Cheevus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Far Harbor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arabella', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flubber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flubber_(film)', 'summary': 'Flubber is a 1997 American science fiction comedy film directed by Les Mayfield ( who had previously directed another John Hughes scripted remake , Miracle on 34th Street ) and written by Hughes , based on an earlier screenplay by Bill Walsh . A remake of The Absent-Minded Professor ( 1961 ) , the film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and stars Robin Williams , Marcia Gay Harden , Christopher McDonald , Ted Levine , Raymond J. Barry , Wil Wheaton , and Clancy Brown with Jodi Benson providing a voice . The film grossed $ 178 million worldwide . In selected theatres , the Pepper Ann episode Old Best Friend was featured before the film .'}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Sara Jean Reynolds', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Desperate Measures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Desperate_Measures_(film)', 'summary': 'Desperate Measures is a 1998 American action thriller film starring Michael Keaton , Andy García , Marcia Gay Harden and Brian Cox , directed by Barbet Schroeder . It was filmed in both the San Francisco Bay Area and downtown Pittsburgh with such landmarks as the BNY Mellon Center , the Allegheny County Courthouse and the Oakland Bay Bridge . The film was released on January 30 , 1998 and was a critical and financial failure . However , Andy García won an ALMA Award for Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film in a Crossover Role .'}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Samantha Hawkins', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meet Joe Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meet_Joe_Black', 'summary': 'Meet Joe Black is a 1998 American romantic fantasy film directed and produced by Martin Brest , and starring Brad Pitt , Anthony Hopkins , and Claire Forlani . The screenplay by Bo Goldman , Kevin Wade , Ron Osborn and Jeff Reno is loosely based on the 1934 film Death Takes a Holiday . It was the second pairing of Hopkins and Pitt after their 1994 film Legends of the Fall . The film received mixed reviews from critics . It grossed $ 143 million worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'Allison Parrish', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curtain Call', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curtain_Call_(1998_film)', 'summary': "Curtain Call is a 1998 romantic comedy directed by Peter Yates , photographed by Sven Nykvist and edited by Hughes Winborne . It stars James Spader , Polly Walker , Michael Caine and Maggie Smith . The film was later re-released under the title It All Came True ( not to be confused with the completely unrelated 1940 Humphrey Bogart film of the same name ) . It was to be Peter Yates ' last film made for cinema , although in most markets it went directly to TV or home video ."}]}, {'value': 'Michelle Tippet', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Space Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Space_Cowboys', 'summary': 'Space Cowboys is a 2000 American adventure drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood . It stars Eastwood , Tommy Lee Jones , Donald Sutherland , and James Garner as four older ex-test pilots who are sent into space to repair an old Soviet satellite .'}]}, {'value': 'Sara Holland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pollock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pollock_(film)', 'summary': "Pollock is a 2000 American biographical film which tells the life story of American painter Jackson Pollock . It stars Ed Harris , Marcia Gay Harden , Jennifer Connelly , Robert Knott , Bud Cort , Molly Regan and Sada Thompson , and was directed by Harris . Marcia Gay Harden won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for portraying Lee Krasner , Pollock 's wife . Ed Harris received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor for his portrayal of Pollock . The film was a long-term personal project for Harris based on his previous reading of Pollock 's biography ."}]}, {'value': 'Lee Krasner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lee_Krasner', 'summary': 'Lenore Lee Krasner ( October 27 , 1908 - June 19 , 1984 ) was an American abstract expressionist painter , with a strong speciality in collage , who was married to Jackson Pollock . This somewhat overshadowed her contribution at the time , though there was much cross-pollination between their two styles . Krasners training , influenced by George Bridgman and Hans Hofmann , was the more formalized , especially in the depiction of human anatomy , and this enriched Pollocks more intuitive and unstructured output . Krasner is now seen as a key transitional figure within abstraction , who connected early-20th-century art with the new ideas of postwar America , and her work fetches high prices at auction . She is one of the few female artists to have had a retrospective show at the Museum of Modern Art .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaudi Afternoon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaudi_Afternoon', 'summary': "Gaudi Afternoon is a 2001 American-Spanish comedy film starring Judy Davis , Marcia Gay Harden , Lili Taylor , Juliette Lewis , Christopher Bowen and Courtney Jines . The film is based on Barbara Wilson 's detective novel and directed by Susan Seidelman ."}]}, {'value': 'Frankie Stevens', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mystic River', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mystic_River_(film)', 'summary': 'Mystic River is a 2003 American neo-noir mystery drama film directed and scored by Clint Eastwood . It stars Sean Penn , Tim Robbins , Kevin Bacon , Laurence Fishburne , Marcia Gay Harden , and Laura Linney . The screenplay , written by Brian Helgeland , was based on the novel of the same name by Dennis Lehane . The film was produced by Robert Lorenz , Judie G. Hoyt , and Eastwood . It is the first film in which Eastwood was credited as composer of the score . The film was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Penn , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Supporting Actress for Harden , and Best Supporting Actor for Robbins . Penn and Robbins won in their respective categories , making Mystic River the first film to win both awards since Ben-Hur in 1959 .'}]}, {'value': 'Celeste Boyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Casa de los Babys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Casa_de_los_Babys', 'summary': 'Casa de los Babys ( House of the Babies ) is a 2003 drama film written , directed , and edited by filmmaker John Sayles . It features an ensemble cast , including Marcia Gay Harden , Maggie Gyllenhaal and Daryl Hannah .'}]}, {'value': 'Nan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mona Lisa Smile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mona_Lisa_Smile', 'summary': 'Mona Lisa Smile is a 2003 American drama film produced by Revolution Studios and Columbia Pictures in association with Red Om Films Productions , directed by Mike Newell , written by Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal , and starring Julia Roberts , Kirsten Dunst , Julia Stiles , and Maggie Gyllenhaal . The title is a reference to the Mona Lisa , the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci , and to the song of the same name , originally performed by Nat King Cole , which was covered by Seal for the movie . Julia Roberts received a record $ 25 million for her performance , the highest ever earned by an actress at that time .'}]}, {'value': 'Nancy Abbey', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- Film', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Marcia_Gay_Harden_0', 'intro': "Marcia Gay Harden (born August 14, 1959) is an American actress. Her film breakthrough was in the 1990 Coen brothers-directed Miller's Crossing. She followed this with roles in films including Used People (1992), The First Wives Club (1996), and Flubber (1997). For her performance as artist Lee Krasner in the 2000 film Pollock, she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She earned another Academy Award nomination for her performance as Celeste Boyle in Mystic River (2003). Other notable film roles include American Gun (2005), and 2007's The Mist and Into the Wild. Harden made her Broadway debut in 1993, starring in Angels in America, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award. She returned to Broadway in 2009 as Veronica in God of Carnage. Her performance won her the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Harden was nominated for her second Primetime Emmy Award for her performance in the 2009 television film The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler. Harden's other notable television roles include Dr Leanne Rorish in the CBS medical drama Code Black and attorney Rebecca Halliday in the HBO Aaron Sorkin series The Newsroom."} | null | null | what is the year of release of the film that is an American drama film starring Susan Sarandon ? | 1994 |
0a7f3311d5c35a9d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of best-selling albums in the United States', 'header': ['Year', 'Artist', 'Album', 'Label', 'Shipments ( Sales )', 'Certification'], 'data': [{'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hootie & the Blowfish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hootie_&_the_Blowfish', 'summary': "Hootie & the Blowfish is an American rock band that was formed in Columbia , South Carolina in 1986 . The band 's lineup for most of its existence has been the quartet of Darius Rucker , Mark Bryan , Dean Felber , and Jim Sonefeld . The band went on hiatus in 2008 until they announced plans for a full reunion tour in 2019 and released their first new studio album in fourteen years , Imperfect Circle . As of 2019 [ update ] , the band had charted sixteen singles on various Billboard singles charts and recorded six studio albums . Their debut album , Cracked Rear View ( 1994 ) , is the 19th-best-selling album of all time in the United States , and was certified platinum 21 times . They have sold over 21 million copies of their albums in the United States . The group was also popular in Canada , having three number-one singles in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Cracked Rear View', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cracked_Rear_View', 'summary': 'Cracked Rear View is the debut studio album by Hootie & the Blowfish , released on July 5 , 1994 by Atlantic Records . Released to positive critical reviews , it became extremely popular and is currently one of the best-selling albums of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Records', 'summary': 'Atlantic Recording Corporation ( simply known as Atlantic Records ) is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson . Over its first 20 years of operation , Atlantic earned a reputation as one of the most important American labels , specializing in jazz , R & B , and soul by Aretha Franklin , Ray Charles , Wilson Pickett , Sam and Dave , Ruth Brown and Otis Redding . Its position was greatly improved by its distribution deal with Stax . In 1967 , Atlantic became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Bros.-Seven Arts , now the Warner Music Group , and expanded into rock and pop music with releases by Led Zeppelin and Yes . In 2004 , Atlantic and its sister label Elektra were merged into Atlantic Records Group . Craig Kallman is the chairman of Atlantic . Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14 , 2006 , at age 83 .'}]}, {'value': '( 14,580,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simon & Garfunkel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_&_Garfunkel', 'summary': "Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk-rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel . One of the best-selling music groups of the 1960s , their biggest hits - including The Sound of Silence ( 1965 ) , Mrs. Robinson ( 1968 ) , The Boxer ( 1969 ) , and Bridge over Troubled Water ( 1970 ) - reached number one on singles charts worldwide . Simon and Garfunkel met in elementary school in Queens , New York , in 1953 , where they learned to harmonize together and began writing material . By 1957 , under the name Tom & Jerry , the teenagers had their first minor success with Hey Schoolgirl , a song imitating their idols the Everly Brothers . In 1963 , aware of a growing public interest in folk music , they regrouped and were signed to Columbia Records as Simon & Garfunkel . Their debut , Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. , sold poorly , and they once again disbanded ; Simon returned to a solo career , this time in England . In June 1965 , a new version of The Sound of Silence overdubbed with electric guitar and drums became a major U.S. AM radio hit , reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . The duo reunited to release a second studio album , Sounds of Silence , and tour colleges nationwide . On their third release , Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme ( 1966 ) , the duo assumed more creative control . Their music was featured in the 1967 film The Graduate , giving them further exposure . Their next album Bookends ( 1968 ) topped the Billboard 200 chart and included the number-one single Mrs. Robinson from the film . The duo 's often rocky relationship led to artistic disagreements and their breakup in 1970 ."}]}, {'value': "Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Simon_and_Garfunkel's_Greatest_Hits", 'summary': "Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits is the first compilation album from Simon & Garfunkel , released on June 14 , 1972 , two years after the duo had split . The album is currently available on CD under Legacy 's Playlist banner ."}]}, {'value': 'Columbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Columbia_Records', 'summary': "Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of Japanese conglomerate Sony . It was founded in 1887 , evolving from the American Graphophone Company , the successor to the Volta Graphophone Company . Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the recorded sound business , and the second major company to produce records . From 1961 to 1990 , Columbia recordings were released outside North America under the name CBS Records to avoid confusion with EMI 's Columbia Graphophone Company . Columbia is one of Sony Music 's four flagship record labels , alongside former longtime rival RCA Records , as well as Arista Records and Epic Records . Artists who have recorded for Columbia include AC/DC , Adele , Aerosmith , Louis Armstrong , Gene Autry , Count Basie , Nora Bayes , Bix Beiderbecke , Tony Bennett , Leonard Bernstein , Beyoncé , Blue Öyster Cult , Dave Brubeck , The Byrds , Mariah Carey , Pablo Casals , Johnny Cash , The Clash , The Cleveland Orchestra , Rosemary Clooney , Leonard Cohen , Ornette Coleman , Elvis Costello , Miles Davis , Neil Diamond , Celine Dion , Bob Dylan , Earth , Wind & Fire , Duke Ellington , 50 Cent , Flatt and Scruggs , Erroll Garner , Benny Goodman , Glenn Gould , Adelaide Hall , Herbie Hancock , Lauryn Hill , Billie Holiday , Vladimir Horowitz , Billy Joel , Blind Willie Johnson , Robert Johnson , Al Jolson , Janis Joplin , Andre Kostelanetz , Yo-Yo Ma , Johnny Mathis , John Mayer , George Michael , Mitch Miller , Charles Mingus , Thelonious Monk , Billy Murray , Willie Nelson , The New York Philharmonic , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Pink Floyd , Santana , Frank Sinatra , Simon and Garfunkel , Bessie Smith , John Philip Sousa , Bruce Springsteen , Igor Stravinsky , Barbra Streisand , System of a Down , James Taylor , Bonnie Tyler , Ethel Waters , Weather Report , Paul Whiteman , Andy Williams , Bert Williams , Pharrell Williams , Bob Wills , and Bill Withers ."}]}, {'value': '14,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meat Loaf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meat_Loaf', 'summary': "Meat Loaf ( Michael Lee Aday , born Marvin Lee Aday , September 27 , 1947 ) is an American singer and actor . He is noted for his powerful , wide-ranging voice and for his theatrical live shows . Meat Loaf 's Bat Out of Hell trilogy of albums - Bat Out of Hell , Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell , and Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose - has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide . More than 40 years after its release , Bat Out of Hell still sells an estimated 200,000 copies annually and stayed on the charts for over nine years , making it one of the best selling albums in history . After the commercial success of Bat Out of Hell and Bat Out of Hell II : Back Into Hell , and earning a Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance for the song I 'd Do Anything for Love , Meat Loaf nevertheless experienced some difficulty establishing a steady career within the United States . This did not stop him from becoming one of the best-selling music artists of all time , with worldwide sales of more than 80 million records . The key to this success was his retention of iconic status and popularity in Europe , especially the United Kingdom , where he received the 1994 Brit Award for best-selling album and single , appeared in the 1997 film Spice World , and ranks 23rd for the number of weeks spent on the UK charts , as of 2006 . [ update ] He ranks 96th on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock . Sometimes credited as Meat Loaf Aday , he has also appeared in over 50 movies and television shows , sometimes as himself or as characters resembling his stage persona . His most notable film roles include Eddie in The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) , and Robert Bob Paulson in Fight Club ( 1999 ) . His early stage work included dual roles in the original cast of The Rocky Horror Show , and he was also in the musical Hair , both on- and off-Broadway ."}]}, {'value': 'Bat Out of Hell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bat_Out_of_Hell', 'summary': "Bat Out of Hell is the debut studio album by American rock singer Meat Loaf , as well as his first collaboration with composer Jim Steinman and producer Todd Rundgren . The album was released on October 21 , 1977 on Cleveland International/Epic Records . Its musical style is influenced by Steinman 's appreciation of Richard Wagner , Phil Spector , Bruce Springsteen and The Who . Bat Out of Hell has spawned two Meat Loaf sequel albums : Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell and Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose . Bat Out of Hell is one of the best-selling albums of all time , having sold over 43 million copies worldwide . It is certified 14x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . As of June 2019 , it has spent 522 weeks in the UK Albums Chart , the second longest chart run by a studio album . Regarded as one of the most influential rock albums of all time , Bat Out of Hell 's songs have remained classic rock staples . Rolling Stone ranked it at number 343 on its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . A musical based on Bat Out of Hell , staged by Jay Scheib , opened at the Manchester Opera House on February 17 , 2017 , before transferring to the London Coliseum and Toronto , Canada 's Ed Mirvish Theatre in late 2017 . Since April 2 , 2018 , it has been running at the Dominion Theatre , London , with plans to run the show in parallel in Germany and in a tour of the United States in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Epic Records', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Epic_Records', 'summary': "Epic Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of Japanese conglomerate Sony . The label was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 , but later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of genres , including pop , R & B , rock , and hip hop . Epic Records has released music by artists including Bobby Vinton , Glenn Miller , Tammy Wynette , George Michael , The Yardbirds , Donovan , Shakin Stevens , Europe , Cheap Trick , Meat Loaf , Stevie Ray Vaughan , Ted Nugent , Shakira , Sly & the Family Stone , The Hollies , Celine Dion , ABBA , Culture Club , Boston , The Dave Clark Five , Gloria Estefan , Pearl Jam , Rage Against the Machine , and Michael Jackson . Along with Arista , Columbia and RCA Records , Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainment 's four flagship record labels . Artists who have signed to Epic Records include Mudvayne , Fuel , French Montana , Fiona Apple , Sara Bareilles , Mariah Carey , Future , Fifth Harmony , Zara Larsson , Jennifer Hudson , Keyshia Cole , Franz Ferdinand , Revis , Outkast , Bella Thorne , Ozzy Osbourne , Judas Priest , Cheyenne Kimball , Busta Rhymes , Verbow , Rick Ross , 21 Savage , Bernard Butler , Travis Scott , DJ Khaled , Silverchair , Ultraspank , Meghan Trainor , Camila Cabello , Wrabel , Swizz Beatz , Pearl Jam and Louis Tomlinson ."}]}, {'value': '14,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steve Miller Band', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Miller_Band', 'summary': "The Steve Miller Band is an American rock band formed in 1966 in San Francisco , California . The band is led by Steve Miller on guitar and lead vocals . The group is best known for a string of ( mainly ) mid- to late-1970s hit singles that are staples of classic rock radio , as well as several earlier psychedelic rock albums . Miller left his first band to move to San Francisco and form the Steve Miller Blues Band . Shortly after Harvey Kornspan negotiated the bands contract with Capitol Records in 1967 , the band shortened its name to the Steve Miller Band . In February 1968 , the band recorded its debut album , Children of the Future . It went on to produce the albums Sailor , Brave New World , Your Saving Grace , Number 5 , Rock Love , Fly Like an Eagle , Book of Dreams , and more . The band 's Greatest Hits 1974-78 , released in 1978 , sold over 13 million copies . In 2016 , Steve Miller was inducted as a solo artist in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Greatest Hits 1974-78', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greatest_Hits_1974–78', 'summary': 'Greatest Hits 1974-78 is a compilation album by the Steve Miller Band released in November 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Capitol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capitol_Records', 'summary': "Capitol Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Capitol Music Group imprint . It was founded as the first West Coast-based record label of note in the United States in 1942 by Johnny Mercer , Buddy DeSylva , and Glenn E. Wallichs . Capitol was acquired by British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary in 1955 . EMI was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company a year later , making Capitol and the Capitol Music Group both a part of UMG . The label 's circular headquarter building in Hollywood is a recognized landmark of California . Capitol 's roster includes Megadeth , Paul McCartney , the Beach Boys , Brian Wilson , NF , Everclear , Katy Perry , Mary J. Blige , Halsey , the Beastie Boys , NCT 127 , SuperM , Neil Diamond , Luscious Jackson , Eagles , Beck , Avenged Sevenfold , Don Henley , Yellowcard , Sam Smith , Sparklehorse , Migos and Emeli Sandé ."}]}, {'value': '14,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Backstreet Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Backstreet_Boys', 'summary': "Backstreet Boys ( often abbreviated as BSB ) is an American vocal group , formed in Orlando , Florida in 1993 . The group consists of AJ McLean , Howie Dorough , Nick Carter , Kevin Richardson , and Brian Littrell . The group rose to fame with their debut international album , Backstreet Boys ( 1996 ) . In the following year , they released their second international album Backstreet 's Back ( 1997 ) along with their self-titled U.S. debut album , which continued the group 's success worldwide . They rose to superstardom with their third studio album Millennium ( 1999 ) and its follow-up album , Black & Blue ( 2000 ) . After a two-year hiatus , they regrouped and released a comeback album Never Gone ( 2005 ) . After the conclusion of the Never Gone Tour in 2006 , Richardson left the group to pursue other interests . The group then released two albums as a quartet : Unbreakable ( 2007 ) and This Is Us ( 2009 ) . In 2012 , the group announced that Richardson had rejoined them permanently . In the following year , they celebrated their 20th anniversary and released their first independent album , In a World Like This ( 2013 ) . The Backstreet Boys are one of the few boy bands to have continued success long after their peak . Their 2019 album DNA debuted at number one , more than two decades after the group formed ."}]}, {'value': 'Millennium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millennium_(Backstreet_Boys_album)', 'summary': 'Millennium is the third studio album ( second in the US ) by American vocal pop group , the Backstreet Boys , released on May 18 , 1999 by Jive Records . It was a highly anticipated follow-up to both their US debut album , and their second internationally released album . It was their first album to be released in both the US and internationally in the same form , at the same time . In the United States , it holds the record for most shipments in one year , with 11 million in 1999 . It was nominated for five Grammy Awards and spawned four Top 40 singles , including the single I Want It That Way . Three of the singles , I Want It That Way , Larger than Life and Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely , became some of their most successful and remembered hits of all time , with I Want It That Way becoming their biggest hit to date . Millennium has since become one of the best-selling albums of all time , selling over 24 million copies worldwide . The band promoted the album by the Into the Millennium Tour , which became one of the fastest-grossing tours of all time .'}]}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_Records', 'summary': 'Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records . Formerly headquartered in New York City , the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s , and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s . Jive Records operated as an independently managed label until 2003 , when Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) acquired the remainder of its parent company Zomba for US $ 2.74 billion , which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution .'}]}, {'value': '( 13,890,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soundtrack / Whitney Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitney_Houston', 'summary': "Whitney Elizabeth Houston ( August 9 , 1963 - February 11 , 2012 ) was an American singer and actress . She was cited as the most awarded female artist of all time by Guinness World Records and remains one of the best-selling music artists of all time with 200 million records sold worldwide . Houston released seven studio albums and two soundtrack albums , all of which have been certified diamond , multi-platinum , platinum , or gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Her crossover appeal on the popular music charts - as well as her prominence on MTV , starting with her video for How Will I Know - influenced several female African-American artists . Houston began singing in church as a child and became a background vocalist while in high school . With the guidance of Arista Records chairman Clive Davis , she signed to the label at the age of 19 . Her first two studio albums , Whitney Houston ( 1985 ) and Whitney ( 1987 ) , both reached number one on the Billboard 200 in the United States , and to-date are the biggest-selling first two albums released of any artist in history . To this day , she is the only artist to have seven consecutive number-one singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , from Saving All My Love for You in 1985 to Where Do Broken Hearts Go in 1988 . Houston made her screen acting debut in the romantic thriller film The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) . She recorded six songs for the film 's soundtrack , including I Will Always Love You , which received the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling single by a woman in music history . The soundtrack album received the Grammy Award for Album of the Year ; it remains the best-selling soundtrack album in history . Houston made other high-profile film appearances and contributed/produced their accompanying soundtracks , including Waiting to Exhale ( 1995 ) and The Preacher 's Wife ( 1996 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'The Bodyguard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bodyguard:_Original_Soundtrack_Album', 'summary': "The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album is a soundtrack album from the film of the same name , released on November 17 , 1992 , by Arista Records . The album 's first side ( in its original LP and cassette formats ) features songs recorded by American singer Whitney Houston , who starred in the film , while side two features the work of various artists . Houston and Clive Davis were co-executive producers of the record , which is the best selling female album of all-time . The Bodyguard is the best-selling soundtrack album of all time selling 45 million copies worldwide . The soundtrack was the first album verified by the Nielsen SoundScan computerized sales monitoring system to have sold more than a million units within a one-week period , the week ending December 27 , 1992 . The soundtrack later went on to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and was certified 18× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on November 2017 . It is the 15th best-selling album in the United States . In honor of the 25th anniversary of the soundtrack 's release , Legacy Recordings and the Whitney Houston Estate released I Wish You Love : More from The Bodyguard , which included a collection of never-before-released live recordings from Houston 's historic The Bodyguard Tour ( 1993-1995 ) , alternate versions of the audio recordings from The Bodyguard film , and an alternate version of a remix of Im Every Woman ."}]}, {'value': 'Arista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arista_Records', 'summary': "Arista Records , Inc. ( /əˈrɪstə/ ) is an American record label owned by Sony Music , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of the Japanese conglomerate Sony . The label was previously handled by Bertelsmann Music Group . The label was founded in 1974 by Clive Davis , who formerly worked for Columbia Records . Until its demise in 2011 , it was a major distributor and promoter of albums throughout the United States and the United Kingdom . Along with Columbia , RCA , and Epic , Arista is one of Sony 's four flagship record labels . In July 2018 , Sony revived the Arista label ."}]}, {'value': '( 13,450,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santana_(band)', 'summary': 'Santana is an American rock band formed in San Francisco in 1966 by Mexican-American guitarist and songwriter Carlos Santana . The band has undergone multiple recording and performing line-ups in its history , with Santana the only consistent member . Santana had early success with their appearance at Woodstock in 1969 and their first three albums , Santana ( 1969 ) , Abraxas ( 1970 ) , and Santana III ( 1971 ) . Other important core members during this period include Gregg Rolie , Mike Carabello , Michael Shrieve , David Brown , and José Chepito Areas , forming the classic line-up . Following its initial success Santana experimented with elements of jazz fusion on Caravanserai ( 1972 ) , Welcome ( 1973 ) , and Borboletta ( 1974 ) . Santana reached a new peak of commercial and critical success with Supernatural ( 1999 ) and its singles Smooth , featuring singer Rob Thomas , and Maria Maria . The album reached No . 1 in eleven countries and sold 12 million copies in the US . In 2014 , the classic line-up reunited for Santana IV ( 2016 ) and the group continue to perform and record . Santana is one of the best-selling groups of all time with 43.5 million certified albums sold the US , and an estimated 100 million sold worldwide . Its discography include 25 studio albums , 14 of which reached the US top 10 . In 1998 , the line-up of Santana , Rolie , Carabello , Shrieve , Brown , and Areas was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Supernatural', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Supernatural_(Santana_album)', 'summary': "Supernatural is the eighteenth studio album by Latin rock band Santana , released on June 15 , 1999 on Arista Records . After the group found themselves without a label in the mid-1990s , founding member and guitarist Carlos Santana began talks with Arista president Clive Davis , which led to a new record deal . Davis had originally signed the group to Columbia Records in 1969 when he was president of that label . The pair collaborated with A & R man Pete Ganbarg on the production of Supernatural as Santana wanted to focus his musical direction towards pop and radio friendly material and proceeded to do so by collaborating with various contemporary guest artists , including Eric Clapton , Rob Thomas , Eagle-Eye Cherry , Lauryn Hill , Dave Matthews , Maná , KC Porter and Cee-Lo Green . Supernatural became a significant commercial success worldwide , generating renewed interest on Santana 's music . It reached No . 1 in eleven countries , including the US for 12 non-consecutive weeks where it is certified 15× Platinum . The first of six singles from the album , Smooth featuring Matchbox Twenty singer Rob Thomas , was a number one success worldwide and topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 12 weeks . The next , Maria Maria , featuring The Product G & B , was number one in the US for 10 weeks . Supernatural has sold an estimated 30 million copies worldwide . In 2000 , the album was the subject of nine Grammy Awards including Album of the Year , making Santana the first Hispanic to do so , and Best Rock Album , tying the record held by Michael Jackson for the most number of awards in a single night . Davis won Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Arista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arista_Records', 'summary': "Arista Records , Inc. ( /əˈrɪstə/ ) is an American record label owned by Sony Music , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of the Japanese conglomerate Sony . The label was previously handled by Bertelsmann Music Group . The label was founded in 1974 by Clive Davis , who formerly worked for Columbia Records . Until its demise in 2011 , it was a major distributor and promoter of albums throughout the United States and the United Kingdom . Along with Columbia , RCA , and Epic , Arista is one of Sony 's four flagship record labels . In July 2018 , Sony revived the Arista label ."}]}, {'value': '( 13,110,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prince and the Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prince_and_the_Revolution', 'summary': "The Revolution is an American rock band formed in Minneapolis , Minnesota and assembled in 1979 by Prince . Although widely associated with rock music , the band 's sound incorporated rhythm and blues , pop , funk , and psychedelia elements . Before their official break-up , the Revolution had released two studio albums , two soundtracks , and two videos . The band is known for its many members , varied in race and gender . The Revolution rose to international fame in the mid-1980s with Purple Rain ( 1984 ) , which reached number one on the Billboard 200 and became certified 13x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The band also achieved its second number-one Billboard 200 album with Around the World in a Day in 1985 . They achieved six top 10 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , including three number-ones : Let 's Go Crazy , When Doves Cry and Raspberry Beret . The band officially disbanded in 1986 after the Hit n Run - Parade Tour , which supported Parade , the soundtrack for Under the Cherry Moon . Following Prince 's death in 2016 , the band announced reunion shows . The Revolution won three Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Purple Rain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purple_Rain_(album)', 'summary': "Purple Rain is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Prince , released on June 25 , 1984 by Warner Bros. Records . It is the first to feature the billing of his band the Revolution , and is the soundtrack to the 1984 film of the same name . Purple Rain was musically denser than Prince 's previous albums , emphasizing full band performances , and multiple layers of guitars , keyboards , electronic synthesizer effects , drum machines , and other instruments . As with many massive crossover albums , Purple Rain 's consolidation of myriad styles , from pop rock to R & B to dance , is generally acknowledged to account in part for its enormous popularity . As a soundtrack record , much of the album had a grandiose , synthesized , and psychedelic sheen to the production and performances . The music on Purple Rain is generally regarded as the most pop-oriented of Prince 's career , though a number of elements point towards the more experimental records Prince would release after Purple Rain . Take Me with U was written for Apollonia 6 ( 1984 ) , but later enlisted for Purple Rain . The risqué lyrics of Darling Nikki contributed to the use of Parental Advisory stickers and imprints on album covers that were the record label 's answer to complaints from Tipper Gore and the Parents Music Resource Center Purple Rain became Prince 's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 . When Doves Cry and Let 's Go Crazy reached number one the Billboard Hot 100 , while Purple Rain peaked at number two and I Would Die 4 U peaked at number eight . Prince was the third artist after Elvis Presley and the Beatles to have the number-one album , single and film in the US all at the same time . The album spent 24 consecutive weeks atop on the Billboard 200 , from August 4 , 1984 to January 18 , 1985 , and was present on the chart for a total of 122 weeks . In May 1996 , it was certified 13x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and its total sales stand at 25 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling albums of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Warner Bros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warner_Bros.', 'summary': "Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. ( also simply known as Warner Bros. and initialized as WB ) is an American entertainment company headquartered in Burbank , California , and a division of AT & T 's WarnerMedia . Founded in 1923 , it has operations in areas such as film , television , and video games and is one of the Big Five major American film studios , as well as a member of the Motion Picture Association ( MPA ) . The company 's portfolio encompasses the film studios Warner Bros. Pictures , New Line Cinema , Castle Rock Entertainment and DC Films ; the television production and syndication company Warner Bros. Television ; the animation studios Warner Bros . Animation and Warner Animation Group ; the publisher DC Comics ; the video game development and publishing arm Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment ; the pay television channels Cartoon Network , Boomerang and Turner Classic Movies ; and a 50% interest in The CW television network , which is co-owned with ViacomCBS . Aside from content operations , Warner Bros. also has several theme parks that are managed and operated by third party companies ."}]}, {'value': '13,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whitney Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitney_Houston', 'summary': "Whitney Elizabeth Houston ( August 9 , 1963 - February 11 , 2012 ) was an American singer and actress . She was cited as the most awarded female artist of all time by Guinness World Records and remains one of the best-selling music artists of all time with 200 million records sold worldwide . Houston released seven studio albums and two soundtrack albums , all of which have been certified diamond , multi-platinum , platinum , or gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Her crossover appeal on the popular music charts - as well as her prominence on MTV , starting with her video for How Will I Know - influenced several female African-American artists . Houston began singing in church as a child and became a background vocalist while in high school . With the guidance of Arista Records chairman Clive Davis , she signed to the label at the age of 19 . Her first two studio albums , Whitney Houston ( 1985 ) and Whitney ( 1987 ) , both reached number one on the Billboard 200 in the United States , and to-date are the biggest-selling first two albums released of any artist in history . To this day , she is the only artist to have seven consecutive number-one singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , from Saving All My Love for You in 1985 to Where Do Broken Hearts Go in 1988 . Houston made her screen acting debut in the romantic thriller film The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) . She recorded six songs for the film 's soundtrack , including I Will Always Love You , which received the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling single by a woman in music history . The soundtrack album received the Grammy Award for Album of the Year ; it remains the best-selling soundtrack album in history . Houston made other high-profile film appearances and contributed/produced their accompanying soundtracks , including Waiting to Exhale ( 1995 ) and The Preacher 's Wife ( 1996 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Whitney Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whitney_Houston_(album)', 'summary': "Whitney Houston is the self-titled debut studio album by American singer Whitney Houston . It was released on February 14 , 1985 , by Arista Records . The album initially had a slow commercial response , but began getting more popular in the summer of 1985 . It eventually topped the Billboard 200 for 14 weeks in 1986 , generating three number-one singles - Saving All My Love for You , How Will I Know and Greatest Love of All ( a cover of The Greatest Love of All , originally recorded in 1977 by George Benson ) - on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , which made it both the first debut album and the first album by a solo female artist to produce three number-one singles . The album topped the albums charts in many countries , including Canada , Australia , Norway and Sweden , peaking at number 2 in the United Kingdom , Germany , and Switzerland . The album was certified diamond for shipments of 10 million units or more on March 16 , 1999 , and later 13× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on July 29 , 1999 . With sales of over 22 million copies , Whitney Houston is one of the best selling albums worldwide as well as the best selling debut album of all-time . In 1986 , at the 28th Grammy Awards , Whitney Houston received four nominations ; including Album of the Year and won one , Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female for Saving All My Love for You . For the 29th Grammy Awards of 1987 , the album earned one nomination for Record of the Year for Greatest Love of All . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 254 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . In its 2012 edition , the album was ranked at number 257 . In honor of its 25th anniversary , the album was reissued as Whitney Houston - The Deluxe Anniversary Edition on January 26 , 2010 , an expanded edition with five bonus tracks including the a cappella version of How Will I Know and the original 12-inch remixes , a booklet tracking the history of the original album , along with a DVD of live performances and interviews by Whitney Houston and Clive Davis ."}]}, {'value': 'Arista', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arista_Records', 'summary': "Arista Records , Inc. ( /əˈrɪstə/ ) is an American record label owned by Sony Music , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , the North American division of the Japanese conglomerate Sony . The label was previously handled by Bertelsmann Music Group . The label was founded in 1974 by Clive Davis , who formerly worked for Columbia Records . Until its demise in 2011 , it was a major distributor and promoter of albums throughout the United States and the United Kingdom . Along with Columbia , RCA , and Epic , Arista is one of Sony 's four flagship record labels . In July 2018 , Sony revived the Arista label ."}]}, {'value': '13,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eminem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eminem', 'summary': "Marshall Bruce Mathers III ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , known professionally as Eminem ( /ˌɛmɪˈnɛm/ ; often stylized as EMINƎM ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , record executive and actor . He is one of the most successful musical artists of the 21st century . In addition to his solo career , Eminem was a member of the hip hop group D12 . He is also known for collaborations with fellow Detroit-based rapper Royce da 5 ' 9 ; the two are collectively known as Bad Meets Evil . After his debut album Infinite ( 1996 ) and the extended play Slim Shady EP ( 1997 ) , Eminem signed with Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment and subsequently achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP and its lead single My Name Is . His next two releases The Marshall Mathers LP ( 2000 ) and The Eminem Show ( 2002 ) were worldwide successes and were both nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . As a result of being a leading figure in a form of black music , Eminem was subject to comparisons to Elvis Presley at the time . After the release of Encore in 2004 , which faced heavy criticism by fans and critics for its lackluster quality , Eminem went on hiatus in 2005 partly due to a prescription drug addiction . He released Relapse in 2009 and Recovery the following year , which both won Grammy Awards for Best Rap Album . Recovery was the best-selling album of 2010 worldwide , making it his second album , after The Eminem Show in 2002 , to be the best-selling album worldwide . In the following years , he released the US number one albums The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , Revival , Kamikaze and Music to Be Murdered By . Eminem starred in the drama film 8 Mile ( 2002 ) playing a fictionalized version of himself , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Lose Yourself , making him the first hip hop artist to ever win the award ."}]}, {'value': 'The Marshall Mathers LP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Marshall_Mathers_LP', 'summary': "The Marshall Mathers LP is the third studio album by American rapper Eminem , released on May 23 , 2000 by Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records . The album was produced mostly by Dr. Dre and Eminem , along with The 45 King , the Bass Brothers , and Mel-Man . It was recorded over a two-month period in several studios in the Detroit area , and during this time , Eminem felt significant pressure to improve upon the success of his previous record . Released a year after Eminem 's breakout album The Slim Shady LP , the album features more introspective lyricism including his response to his sudden rise to fame and controversy surrounding his lyrics . Musically , the album incorporates hardcore hip hop and horrorcore . The Marshall Mathers LP debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , selling 1.78 million copies in its first week alone which made it one of the fastest-selling studio albums in the United States . It also reached number one in eleven other countries . The Marshall Mathers LP 's first single The Real Slim Shady became Eminem 's biggest hit up to that point and peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song and its video both poke fun at pop culture figures at the time such as NSYNC , Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera and Will Smith . The album also features Stan , which has been regarded as one of Eminem 's signature songs . Like The Slim Shady LP , The Marshall Mathers LP was surrounded by significant controversy upon its release . Criticism centered around lyrics that were considered violent , homophobic , and misogynistic ."}]}, {'value': 'Aftermath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aftermath_Records', 'summary': "Aftermath Entertainment is an American record label founded by hip hop producer and rapper Dr. Dre . It operates as a subsidiary of , and is distributed through , Universal Music Group 's Interscope Records . Current acts include Dr. Dre himself , Eminem , Kendrick Lamar , Anderson Paak and Justus with former acts including 50 Cent , Busta Rhymes , The Game , Raekwon , Eve , Rakim , Jon Connor and many others . The label 's acts over the years have earned RIAA certifications of platinum or higher on 20 of its 28 released albums ."}]}, {'value': '( 12,940,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10× Platinum ( as of 2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Beatles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beatles', 'summary': "The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With a line-up comprising John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they are regarded as the most influential band of all time . The group were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music 's recognition as an art form . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways ; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock . As pioneers in recording , songwriting and artistic presentation , the group revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era 's youth and sociocultural movements . Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over three years from 1960 , initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass . The core trio of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , together since 1958 , went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding their domestic success after their first hit , Love Me Do , in late 1962 . As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed Beatlemania , the band acquired the nickname the Fab Four , with Epstein , Martin and other members of the band 's entourage sometimes given the informal title of fifth Beatle . By early 1964 , the Beatles were international stars , leading the British Invasion of the United States pop market and breaking numerous sales records . They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) . From 1965 onwards , they produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) and Sgt ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1_(The_Beatles_album)', 'summary': "1 is a compilation album by the English rock band the Beatles , originally released on 13 November 2000 . The album features virtually every number-one single the band achieved in the United Kingdom and United States from 1962 to 1970 . Issued on the 30th anniversary of the band 's break-up , it was their first compilation available on only one CD . 1 was a commercial success and topped the charts worldwide . It has sold over 31 million copies . In addition , 1 is the fourth best-selling album in the US since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking US album sales in January 1991 and the best-selling album of the 2000s decade in the US , as well as the best-selling album of the decade worldwide . 1 was remastered and reissued in September 2011 , and was remixed and reissued again in several different deluxe editions in November 2015 , the most comprehensive of which is a three-disc set entitled 1+ , which includes video discs of the band 's promotional films . As of June 2015 , 1 is the sixth best-selling album of the 21st century in the UK , having sold over 3.1 million copies ."}]}, {'value': 'Apple /EMI/ Capitol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apple_Records', 'summary': 'Apple Records is a record label founded by the Beatles in 1968 as a division of Apple Corps Ltd . It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles , both as a group and individually , plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin , James Taylor , Badfinger , and Billy Preston . In practice , the roster had become dominated by the mid-1970s with releases of the former Beatles as solo artists . Allen Klein managed the label from 1969 to 1973 , then it was managed by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the Beatles and their heirs . Aspinall retired in 2007 and was replaced by Jeff Jones .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Capitol_Records', 'summary': "Capitol Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Capitol Music Group imprint . It was founded as the first West Coast-based record label of note in the United States in 1942 by Johnny Mercer , Buddy DeSylva , and Glenn E. Wallichs . Capitol was acquired by British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary in 1955 . EMI was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company a year later , making Capitol and the Capitol Music Group both a part of UMG . The label 's circular headquarter building in Hollywood is a recognized landmark of California . Capitol 's roster includes Megadeth , Paul McCartney , the Beach Boys , Brian Wilson , NF , Everclear , Katy Perry , Mary J. Blige , Halsey , the Beastie Boys , NCT 127 , SuperM , Neil Diamond , Luscious Jackson , Eagles , Beck , Avenged Sevenfold , Don Henley , Yellowcard , Sam Smith , Sparklehorse , Migos and Emeli Sandé ."}]}, {'value': '( 12,800,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11× Platinum ( as of 2010 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NSYNC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NSYNC', 'summary': "NSYNC ( /ɛnˈsɪŋk/ , /ɪn-/ ; also stylized as *NSYNC or ' N Sync ) was an American boy band formed in Orlando , Florida , in 1995 and launched in Germany by BMG Ariola Munich . NSYNC consisted of Justin Timberlake , JC Chasez , Chris Kirkpatrick , Joey Fatone , and Lance Bass . After heavily publicized legal battles with their former manager Lou Pearlman and former record label Bertelsmann Music Group , the group 's second album , No Strings Attached ( 2000 ) , sold over one million copies in one day and 2.42 million copies in one week , which was a record for over fifteen years . Among the group 's singles , I Want You Back , Bye Bye Bye , This I Promise You , Girlfriend , Pop and It 's Gon na Be Me reached the top 10 in several international charts , with the last being a US Billboard Hot 100 number one . In addition to a host of Grammy Award nominations , NSYNC has performed at the World Series , the Super Bowl and the Olympic Games , and sang or recorded with Elton John , Stevie Wonder , Michael Jackson , Janet Jackson , Britney Spears , Phil Collins , Celine Dion , Aerosmith , Nelly , Left Eye , Mary J. Blige , country music supergroup Alabama , and Gloria Estefan . NSYNC last recorded new material in 2002 . The band completed five nationwide concert tours and has sold between 50 and 70 million records , becoming the fifth-best-selling boy band in history . Rolling Stone recognized their instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time . Justin Timberlake went on to become one of the world 's best-selling music artists , with more than 56 million records sold throughout his solo career ."}]}, {'value': 'No Strings Attached', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No_Strings_Attached_(NSYNC_album)', 'summary': "No Strings Attached is the second studio album by American boy band NSYNC , released on March 21 , 2000 , by Jive Records . Looking to distinguish their music from that of their labelmates , the band chose to incorporate pop and R & B styles . Prior to the release of the album , NSYNC separated from their management Trans Continental and their label RCA Records ; its title is a play on the idea of independence from corporate control . Contributions to the album 's production came from a wide range of producers , including group members Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez and collaborators Kristian Lundin , Jake Schulze , Rami , Teddy Riley , Kevin She'kspere Briggs , Richard Marx , Veit Renn , Babyface , and Guy Roche . After several delays due to legal battles , No Strings Attached was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics . The album debuted atop the U.S . Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 2.4 million copies , setting the record for one-week sales in the country ; a record that lasted 15 years , until Adele surpassed the first-week sales record in 2015 with her third studio album 25 . Four singles were released from the album . Its lead single Bye Bye Bye is credited with creating the hype for the album 's eventual landmark success . It was the best selling album of 2000 . The band promoted the album by the No Strings Attached Tour , being one of the highest-grossing tours of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_Records', 'summary': 'Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records . Formerly headquartered in New York City , the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s , and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s . Jive Records operated as an independently managed label until 2003 , when Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) acquired the remainder of its parent company Zomba for US $ 2.74 billion , which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution .'}]}, {'value': '( 12,680,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11× Platinum ( as of 2001 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Britney Spears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Britney_Spears', 'summary': "Britney Jean Spears ( born December 2 , 1981 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer , and actress . Born in McComb , Mississippi and raised in Kentwood , Louisiana , she appeared in stage productions and television series , before signing with Jive Records in 1997 . Spears 's first two studio albums , .Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and Oops ! . I Did It Again ( 2000 ) , were global successes and made her the best-selling teenage artist of all-time . Referred to as the Princess of Pop , Spears is regarded as a pop icon and is credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s and early 2000s . Spears adopted more mature and provocative themes for her next two studio albums , Britney ( 2001 ) and In the Zone ( 2003 ) , and made her feature film debut in a starring role in Crossroads ( 2002 ) . Following a series of heavily publicized personal struggles and erratic public behavior , Spears 's career was interrupted , before the release of her fifth studio album Blackout ( 2007 ) , which is often critically referred to as her best work . Her erratic behavior and hospitalizations led Spears to be placed on a still ongoing conservatorship . She returned to the top of record charts with her sixth and seventh studio albums , Circus ( 2008 ) and Femme Fatale ( 2011 ) , respectively . In 2012 , Forbes reported that Spears was the highest paid female musician of the year , with earnings of $ 58 million , having last topped the list in 2002 . During the promotion of her eighth and ninth studio albums , Britney Jean ( 2013 ) and Glory ( 2016 ) , Spears embarked on a four-year concert residency , Britney : Piece of Me , at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino in Las Vegas , which became one of the highest-grossing residencies of all-time . In 2019 , Spears announced an indefinite career hiatus and was later admitted involuntarily into a mental health facility by her conservator , leading to a court-led investigation into malpractice conducted by Spears 's team ."}]}, {'value': '... Baby One More Time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/...Baby_One_More_Time_(album)', 'summary': ".Baby One More Time is the debut studio album by American singer Britney Spears . It was released on January 12 , 1999 through Jive Records . In June 1997 , while Spears negotiated with her manager at the time , Lou Pearlman , to join female pop group Innosense , her mother , Lynne Spears , asked a family friend and entertainment lawyer , Larry Rudolph , for his opinion . Rudolph took interest and decided to pitch her to record labels . Rudolph submitted a tape of Britney Spears singing over a Whitney Houston karaoke song , along with a demo tape of an unused song from Toni Braxton . Jive Records was interested and appointed the singer to work with producer Eric Foster White . After hearing the recorded material , Jive signed Spears to a multi-album deal . Spears traveled to Sweden to work with producers Max Martin , Denniz Pop , and Rami Yacoub , among others . Martin presented a track titled Hit Me Baby ( One More Time ) to Spears and her management , which had been rejected by the girl group TLC . Spears later claimed that she felt excited when she heard it and knew it was going to be a hit record . Her debut album was completed in June 1998 , and the song was released as .Baby One More Time as Spears ' debut single in October . The single became a global success , reaching number one in every country it charted in , became the best-selling song of 1999 in the UK , and has since become one of the best-selling singles of all-time , selling over 10 million copies ."}]}, {'value': 'Jive', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jive_Records', 'summary': 'Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records . Formerly headquartered in New York City , the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s , and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and early 2000s . Jive Records operated as an independently managed label until 2003 , when Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) acquired the remainder of its parent company Zomba for US $ 2.74 billion , which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution .'}]}, {'value': '( 12,200,000 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Beatles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beatles', 'summary': "The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With a line-up comprising John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they are regarded as the most influential band of all time . The group were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music 's recognition as an art form . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways ; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock . As pioneers in recording , songwriting and artistic presentation , the group revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era 's youth and sociocultural movements . Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over three years from 1960 , initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass . The core trio of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , together since 1958 , went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding their domestic success after their first hit , Love Me Do , in late 1962 . As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed Beatlemania , the band acquired the nickname the Fab Four , with Epstein , Martin and other members of the band 's entourage sometimes given the informal title of fifth Beatle . By early 1964 , the Beatles were international stars , leading the British Invasion of the United States pop market and breaking numerous sales records . They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) . From 1965 onwards , they produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) and Sgt ."}]}, {'value': 'The Beatles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beatles_(album)', 'summary': "The Beatles , also known as the White Album , is the ninth studio album and only double album by the English rock band the Beatles , released on 22 November 1968 . Its plain white sleeve has no graphics or text other than the band 's name embossed , [ a ] which was intended as a direct contrast to the vivid cover artwork of the band 's previous LP Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . The Beatles is recognised for its fragmentary style and diverse range of genres , including folk , British blues , ska , music hall and the avant-garde . It has since been viewed by some critics as a postmodern work , as well as among the greatest albums of all time . Most of the songs on the album were written during March and April 1968 at a Transcendental Meditation course in Rishikesh , India . There , the only western instrument available to the band was the acoustic guitar ; some of these songs remained acoustic on The Beatles and were recorded solo , or only by part of the group . The production aesthetic ensured that the album 's sound was scaled-down and less reliant on studio innovation , relative to all their releases since 1966 's Revolver . The Beatles also broke with the band 's recent tradition of incorporating several musical styles in one song by keeping each piece of music consistently faithful to a select genre . At the end of May 1968 , the Beatles returned to EMI Studios in London to commence recording sessions that lasted through to mid-October . During these sessions , arguments broke out among the foursome over creative differences and John Lennon 's new partner , Yoko Ono , whose constant presence subverted the Beatles ' policy regarding wives and girlfriends in the studio . After a series of problems , including producer George Martin taking a sudden leave of absence and engineer Geoff Emerick suddenly quitting , Ringo Starr left the band briefly in August ."}]}, {'value': 'Capitol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capitol_Records', 'summary': "Capitol Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group through its Capitol Music Group imprint . It was founded as the first West Coast-based record label of note in the United States in 1942 by Johnny Mercer , Buddy DeSylva , and Glenn E. Wallichs . Capitol was acquired by British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary in 1955 . EMI was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company a year later , making Capitol and the Capitol Music Group both a part of UMG . The label 's circular headquarter building in Hollywood is a recognized landmark of California . Capitol 's roster includes Megadeth , Paul McCartney , the Beach Boys , Brian Wilson , NF , Everclear , Katy Perry , Mary J. Blige , Halsey , the Beastie Boys , NCT 127 , SuperM , Neil Diamond , Luscious Jackson , Eagles , Beck , Avenged Sevenfold , Don Henley , Yellowcard , Sam Smith , Sparklehorse , Migos and Emeli Sandé ."}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24× Platinum ( 2-disc album )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Beatles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Beatles', 'summary': "The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With a line-up comprising John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they are regarded as the most influential band of all time . The group were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music 's recognition as an art form . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways ; the band later explored music styles ranging from ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock . As pioneers in recording , songwriting and artistic presentation , the group revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era 's youth and sociocultural movements . Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over three years from 1960 , initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass . The core trio of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , together since 1958 , went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding their domestic success after their first hit , Love Me Do , in late 1962 . As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed Beatlemania , the band acquired the nickname the Fab Four , with Epstein , Martin and other members of the band 's entourage sometimes given the informal title of fifth Beatle . By early 1964 , the Beatles were international stars , leading the British Invasion of the United States pop market and breaking numerous sales records . They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) . From 1965 onwards , they produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) and Sgt ."}]}, {'value': 'Abbey Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abbey_Road', 'summary': "Abbey Road is the eleventh studio album by English rock band the Beatles , released on 26 September 1969 by Apple Records . Named after the location of EMI Studios in London , the cover features the group walking across the street 's zebra crossing , an image that became one of the most famous and imitated in popular music . The album 's initially mixed reviews were contrasted by its immediate commercial success , topping record charts in the UK and US . Lead single Something / Come Together was released in October and topped US charts . The album incorporates genres such as blues , rock and pop , and makes prominent use of Moog synthesizer , sounds filtered through a Leslie speaker , and tom-tom drums . It is their only album recorded exclusively through a solid-state transistor mixing desk , which afforded a clearer and brighter sound compared to the group 's previous records . Side two contains a medley of song fragments edited together to form a single piece . The sessions also produced a non-album single , The Ballad of John and Yoko backed with Old Brown Shoe . Producer George Martin returned on the condition that the Beatles adhere to the discipline of their earlier records . They found the album 's recording more enjoyable than the preceding Get Back sessions , but personal issues still permeated the band . Production lasted from February to August 1969 , with closing track The End marking the final occasion that all four members recorded together . John Lennon privately left the group days before the album 's release ; Paul McCartney publicly declared the band 's break-up the following April ."}]}, {'value': 'Apple', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apple_Records', 'summary': 'Apple Records is a record label founded by the Beatles in 1968 as a division of Apple Corps Ltd . It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles , both as a group and individually , plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin , James Taylor , Badfinger , and Billy Preston . In practice , the roster had become dominated by the mid-1970s with releases of the former Beatles as solo artists . Allen Klein managed the label from 1969 to 1973 , then it was managed by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the Beatles and their heirs . Aspinall retired in 2007 and was replaced by Jeff Jones .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Led Zeppelin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Led_Zeppelin', 'summary': "Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968 . The group consisted of vocalist Robert Plant , guitarist Jimmy Page , bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones , and drummer John Bonham . With their heavy , guitar-driven sound , they are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal , although their style drew from a variety of influences , including blues and folk music . After changing their name from the New Yardbirds , Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that afforded them considerable artistic freedom . Although the group were initially unpopular with critics , they achieved significant commercial success with eight studio albums released over ten years , from Led Zeppelin ( 1969 ) to In Through the Out Door ( 1979 ) . Their untitled fourth studio album , commonly known as Led Zeppelin IV ( 1971 ) , and featuring the song Stairway to Heaven , is among the most popular and influential works in rock music , and helped to secure the group 's popularity . Page wrote most of Led Zeppelin 's music , particularly early in their career , while Plant generally supplied the lyrics . Jones 's keyboard-based compositions later became central to the group 's catalogue , which featured increasing experimentation . The latter half of their career saw a series of record-breaking tours that earned the group a reputation for excess and debauchery . Although they remained commercially and critically successful , their output and touring schedule were limited during the late 1970s , and the group disbanded following Bonham 's death from alcohol-related asphyxia in 1980 . In the decades that followed , the former members sporadically collaborated and participated in one-off Led Zeppelin reunions . The most successful of these was the 2007 Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert in London , with Bonham 's son Jason Bonham on drums ."}]}, {'value': 'Led Zeppelin II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_II', 'summary': "Led Zeppelin II is the second album by the English rock band Led Zeppelin , released on 22 October 1969 in the United States and on 31 October 1969 in the United Kingdom by Atlantic Records . Recording sessions for the album took place at several locations in both the United Kingdom and North America from January to August 1969 . The album 's production was credited to the band 's lead guitarist and songwriter Jimmy Page , and it was also Led Zeppelin 's first album on which Eddie Kramer served as engineer . The album exhibited the band 's evolving musical style of blues-derived material and their guitar riff-based sound . It has been described as the band 's heaviest album . Six of the nine songs were written by the band , while the other three were reinterpretations of Chicago blues songs by Willie Dixon and Howlin ' Wolf . One single , Whole Lotta Love , was released outside of the UK ( the band would release no UK singles during their career ) , and peaked as a top-ten single in over a dozen markets around the world . Led Zeppelin II was a commercial success , and was the band 's first album to reach number one on charts in the UK and the US . The album 's cover designer David Juniper was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Recording Package in 1970 . On 15 November 1999 , the album was certified 12× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales passing 12 million copies . Since its release , various writers and music critics have regularly cited Led Zeppelin II as one of the greatest and most influential albums of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Records', 'summary': 'Atlantic Recording Corporation ( simply known as Atlantic Records ) is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson . Over its first 20 years of operation , Atlantic earned a reputation as one of the most important American labels , specializing in jazz , R & B , and soul by Aretha Franklin , Ray Charles , Wilson Pickett , Sam and Dave , Ruth Brown and Otis Redding . Its position was greatly improved by its distribution deal with Stax . In 1967 , Atlantic became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Bros.-Seven Arts , now the Warner Music Group , and expanded into rock and pop music with releases by Led Zeppelin and Yes . In 2004 , Atlantic and its sister label Elektra were merged into Atlantic Records Group . Craig Kallman is the chairman of Atlantic . Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14 , 2006 , at age 83 .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenny Rogers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Rogers', 'summary': "Kenneth Ray Rogers ( born August 21 , 1938 ) is an American retired singer , songwriter , actor , record producer , and entrepreneur . He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame . In the late 1950s , he started his recording career with jazz-singer Bobby Doyle , and joined the folk ensemble The New Christy Minstrels in 1961 , playing double bass and bass guitar as well as singing . In 1967 , he and several members of The New Christy Minstrels left to found the group The First Edition , with whom he scored his first major hit , Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) , a psychedelic rock song which peaked at number five on the Billboard charts . As Rogers took an increased leadership role in The First Edition , and following the success of 1969 's Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town , the band gradually changed styles to a more country feel . The band broke up in 1975-1976 , and Kenny Rogers embarked on a long and successful solo career , which included several successful collaborations , including duets with singers Dolly Parton and Sheena Easton , and a songwriting partnership with Lionel Richie . His signature song is 1978 's The Gambler , a cross-over hit that won him a Grammy award in 1980 and was selected in 2018 for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress . He would develop the Gambler persona into a character for a successful series of television films starting with 1980 's Emmy-nominated Kenny Rogers as The Gambler . Though he has been most successful with country audiences , Rogers has charted more than 120 hit singles across various music genres , topped the country and pop album charts for more than 200 individual weeks in the United States alone , and has sold over 100 million records worldwide , making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time . On September 25 , 2015 , Rogers announced on NBC 's Today Show that he was retiring from show business after a final tour to spend more time with his wife and twin sons . Two of his albums , The Gambler and Kenny , are featured in the About.com poll of The 200 Most Influential Country Albums Ever . He was voted the Favorite Singer of All Time in a 1986 joint poll by readers of both USA Today and People ."}]}, {'value': 'Greatest Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(1980_Kenny_Rogers_album)', 'summary': "Greatest Hits ( sometimes referred to as Kenny Rogers ' Greatest Hits ) is the second compilation album by country music superstar Kenny Rogers . It was released in September 1980 and issued by Liberty Records . The album marks Rogers ' first release after United Artists Group merged with Liberty . The album has achieved diamond certification ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberty_Records', 'summary': 'Liberty Records was an American record label started by chairman Simon Waronker in 1955 with Al Bennett as president and Theodore Keep as chief engineer . It was reactivated in 2001 in the United Kingdom and had two previous revivals .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phil Collins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Collins', 'summary': "Philip David Charles Collins LVO ( born 30 January 1951 ) is an English drummer , singer , songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , record producer , and actor . He was the drummer and then the singer of the rock band Genesis , and is also a solo artist . Between 1982 and 1989 , Collins scored three UK and seven US number-one singles in his solo career . When his work with Genesis , his work with other artists , as well as his solo career is totalled , he had more US Top 40 singles than any other artist during the 1980s . His most successful singles from the period include In the Air Tonight , Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) , One More Night , Sussudio , Two Hearts and Another Day in Paradise . Born and raised in west London , Collins played drums from the age of five and completed drama school training , which secured him various roles as a child actor . He then pursued a music career , joining Genesis in 1970 as their drummer and becoming lead singer in 1975 following the departure of Peter Gabriel . Collins began a solo career in the 1980s , initially inspired by his marital breakdown and love of soul music , releasing a series of successful albums , including Face Value ( 1981 ) , No Jacket Required ( 1985 ) , and .But Seriously ( 1989 ) . Collins became one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond . He also became known for a distinctive gated reverb drum sound on many of his recordings . In 1996 , Collins left Genesis to focus on solo work ; this included writing songs for Disneys Tarzan ( 1999 ) for which he received an Oscar for Best Original Song for You 'll Be in My Heart . He rejoined Genesis for their Turn It On Again Tour in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'No Jacket Required', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/No_Jacket_Required', 'summary': "No Jacket Required is the third solo studio album by English drummer and singer-songwriter Phil Collins . It was originally released on 18 February 1985 on Virgin ( UK and Ireland ) , Atlantic ( US and Canada ) , and WEA ( rest of the world ) . It features guest backing vocalists , including Helen Terry , Peter Gabriel and Sting . Some of the songs , like Do n't Lose My Number and Sussudio , were based around improvisation . Other songs , like Long Long Way to Go , had a political message . One More Night , Sussudio , Do n't Lose My Number and Take Me Home were released as singles , with corresponding music videos . All four singles were top-ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , with Sussudio and One More Night reaching number one . The three singles that were released in the UK all reached the top 20 on the UK charts . Many of the songs , including Take Me Home and Long Long Way to Go , have been featured in episodes of Miami Vice and Cold Case , and The Man with the Horn was re-written and re-recorded for the episode Phil the Shill . We Said Hello Goodbye was remixed for the film Playing for Keeps . Upon its release , the album was received favourably by the majority of music critics and won three Grammy Awards including for Album of the Year in 1986 . Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that Collins was quietly revolutionising and expanding the role of the drums in pop record making ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlantic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Records', 'summary': 'Atlantic Recording Corporation ( simply known as Atlantic Records ) is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson . Over its first 20 years of operation , Atlantic earned a reputation as one of the most important American labels , specializing in jazz , R & B , and soul by Aretha Franklin , Ray Charles , Wilson Pickett , Sam and Dave , Ruth Brown and Otis Redding . Its position was greatly improved by its distribution deal with Stax . In 1967 , Atlantic became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Bros.-Seven Arts , now the Warner Music Group , and expanded into rock and pop music with releases by Led Zeppelin and Yes . In 2004 , Atlantic and its sister label Elektra were merged into Atlantic Records Group . Craig Kallman is the chairman of Atlantic . Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14 , 2006 , at age 83 .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bon Jovi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bon_Jovi', 'summary': "Bon Jovi is an American rock band formed in 1983 in Sayreville , New Jersey . It consists of singer Jon Bon Jovi , keyboardist David Bryan , drummer Tico Torres , guitarist Phil X , and bassist Hugh McDonald . Previous bassist Alec John Such was dismissed in 1994 , and longtime guitarist and co-songwriter Richie Sambora left in 2013 . In 1984 and 1985 , Bon Jovi released their first two albums and their debut single Runaway managed to crack the Top 40 . In 1986 , the band achieved widespread success and global recognition with their third album , Slippery When Wet , which sold over 20 million copies and included three Top 10 singles , two of which reached No . 1 ( You Give Love a Bad Name and Livin ' on a Prayer ) Their fourth album , New Jersey ( 1988 ) , was also very successful , selling over 10 million copies and featuring five Top 10 singles ( a record for a hard rock album ) , two of which reached No . 1 ( Bad Medicine and I 'll Be There for You ) . After the band toured and recorded extensively during the late 1980s , culminating in the 1988-90 New Jersey Tour , Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora released successful solo albums in 1990 and 1991 , respectively . In 1992 , the band returned with the double-platinum Keep the Faith . This was followed by their biggest-selling and longest-charting single Always ( 1994 ) and the album These Days ( 1995 ) , which proved to be a bigger hit in Europe than in the United States , producing four Top Ten singles in the United Kingdom . Following a second hiatus , their 2000 album Crush , particularly the lead single , It 's My Life , successfully introduced the band to a younger audience . The band followed up with Bounce in 2002 ."}]}, {'value': 'Slippery When Wet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slippery_When_Wet', 'summary': "Slippery When Wet is the third studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi . It was released on August 18 , 1986 by Mercury Records in North America and Vertigo Records internationally . It was produced by Bruce Fairbairn , with recording sessions between January and July 1986 at Little Mountain Sound Studios in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Slippery When Wet was an instant commercial success . Its songs are considered Bon Jovi 's best known , including You Give Love a Bad Name , Livin ' on a Prayer , and Wanted Dead or Alive . The album spent eight weeks at No . 1 on the U.S . Billboard 200 chart and was named by Billboard as the top-selling album of 1987 . Slippery When Wet is Bon Jovi 's best-selling album to date , with an RIAA certification of 12× Platinum , making it one of the top 100 best-selling albums in the United States . The album was featured in the 2005 book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die ."}]}, {'value': 'Mercury Records', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercury_Records', 'summary': 'Mercury Records was an American record label owned by Universal Music Group . In the US , it operated through Island Records ; in the UK , it was distributed by Virgin EMI Records . Since the separation of Island Records , Motown , Mercury Records , and Def Jam Recordings combining the Island Def Jam Music Group , Mercury Records has been placed under Island Records , although its back catalogue is still owned by The Island Def Jam Music Group .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Def Leppard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Def_Leppard', 'summary': "Def Leppard are an English rock band formed in 1977 in Sheffield as part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement . Since 1992 , the band has consisted of Joe Elliott ( lead vocals ) , Rick Savage ( bass , backing vocals ) , Rick Allen ( drums , backing vocals ) , Phil Collen ( guitars , backing vocals ) , and Vivian Campbell ( guitars , backing vocals ) , which has been the band 's longest running line-up . The band 's strongest commercial success came between the early 1980s and the early 1990s . Their 1981 album , High ' n ' Dry , was produced by Robert John Mutt Lange , who helped them begin to define their style , and the album 's main track Bringin ' On the Heartbreak became one of the first rock videos played on MTV in 1982 . The band 's next studio album , Pyromania , was released in January 1983 , with Photograph and Rock of Ages as the lead singles . In the U.S. , Pyromania was certified diamond ( 10× platinum ) , making Def Leppard among the most popular music groups at the time . In 2003 , the album ranked number 384 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . Def Leppard 's fourth album Hysteria , released in 1987 , topped the UK and U.S. album charts . As of 2009 , it has reached beyond the success of Pyromania , having been certified 12× platinum for sales of over 12 million in the U.S. and has gone on to sell over 25 million copies worldwide . The album spawned seven hit singles , including the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 number one Love Bites , alongside Pour Some Sugar on Me , Hysteria , Armageddon It , Animal , Rocket , and Women . Their next studio album , Adrenalize ( the first following the death of guitarist Steve Clark ) , reached number one in UK and U.S. charts in 1992 , and contained several hits , including Let 's Get Rocked and Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad ."}]}, {'value': 'Hysteria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hysteria_(Def_Leppard_album)', 'summary': "Hysteria is the fourth studio album by English hard rock band Def Leppard , released on 3 August 1987 through Mercury Records and reissued on 1 January 2000 . It is Def Leppard 's best-selling album to date , selling over 25 million copies worldwide , including 12 million in the US , and spawning seven hit singles . The album charted at number one on both the Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart . Hysteria was produced by Robert John Mutt Lange . The title of the album was thought up by drummer Rick Allen , referring to his 1984 auto accident and the ensuing worldwide media coverage surrounding it . It is also the last album to feature guitarist Steve Clark before his death , although songs co-written by him would appear on the band 's next album , Adrenalize . The album is the follow-up to the band 's 1983 breakthrough Pyromania . Hysteria 's creation took over three years and was plagued by delays , including the aftermath of drummer Rick Allens accident that cost him his left arm on 31 December 1984 . Subsequent to the album 's release , Def Leppard published a book entitled Animal Instinct : The Def Leppard Story , written by Rolling Stone magazine senior editor David Fricke , on the three-year recording process of Hysteria and the tough times the band endured through the mid-1980s . Lasting 62 and a half minutes , the album is the band 's longest to date ."}]}, {'value': 'Mercury Records', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercury_Records', 'summary': 'Mercury Records was an American record label owned by Universal Music Group . In the US , it operated through Island Records ; in the UK , it was distributed by Virgin EMI Records . Since the separation of Island Records , Motown , Mercury Records , and Def Jam Recordings combining the Island Def Jam Music Group , Mercury Records has been placed under Island Records , although its back catalogue is still owned by The Island Def Jam Music Group .'}]}, {'value': '12,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12× Platinum', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '10–14 million copies', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_best-selling_albums_in_the_United_States_2', 'intro': "This is a list of the best-selling albums in the United States based on RIAA certification and Nielsen SoundScan sales tracking. The criteria are that the album must have been published (including self-publishing by the artist), and the album must have achieved at least a diamond certification from the RIAA. The albums released prior to March 1991 should be included with their certified units only, as their Nielsen SoundScan sales are not complete. Since February 2016, album certifications include on-demand audio and video streams and a track sale equivalent units. Groupings are based on different benchmarks; the highest being for at least 20 million units, and the lowest being for multi-disc albums certified at least 10 times platinum and single-disc albums that have been certified at least 10 times platinum but with sales figures lower than 10,000,000. Albums are listed in order of units certified, or sales figures when available, by greatest to least. As a result of the RIAA's methodology of counting each disc in a multi-disc set as one unit toward certification, most double albums on the list - such as Pink Floyd's The Wall and Outkast's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below - have been certified with a number double the number of copies sold. Such albums have the shipments of copies, not discs, indicated. Conversely, the certification level for double albums that fit onto one compact disc such as the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack reflect the actual number of copies sold. The albums in this list are ordered first by number of units, then by platinum awards received, and finally by artist name and album title. Albums with two references for their estimated actual sales include sales through BMG Music Club. Albums with three references for their estimated actual sales include sales through BMG Music Club and Columbia House."} | null | null | In regards to the album released in 1994 , on what day was it released ? | July 5 |
0a7f767a4117490a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_at_the_Olympics', 'title': 'Indonesia at the Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Games', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rudy Hartono', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudy_Hartono', 'summary': "Rudy Hartono Kurniawan ( born Nio Hap Liang ( Chinese : 梁海量 ; pinyin : Liáng Hǎiliàng ) ; 18 August 1949 ) is a former Indonesian badminton star who won the men 's singles title at the prestigious All-England Championship eight times , seven times consecutively ( 1968-1974 ) and at World Championship in 1980 on his only attempt at this title . He is one of the most famous players in the history of the sport and is considered to be one of the greatest badminton players of all time ."}]}, {'value': '1972 Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ade Chandra Christian Hadinata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ade_Chandra', 'summary': "Ade Chandra ( Chinese : 張鑫源 ; born 4 February 1950 ) is a retired Chinese Indonesian badminton player . A doubles specialist of ample bulk by Indonesian standards , he was noted for his power and quick defensive reflexes . With the formidable Christian Hadinata he won numerous international men 's doubles titles between 1972 and 1980 , including a pair of All-England titles , though they were often runners-up to fellow countrymen Tjun Tjun and Johan Wahjudi at major events . They were unbeaten in two Thomas Cup campaigns together ( 1973 , 1976 ) both of which resulted in world team titles for Indonesia . Late in Chandra 's career he won men 's doubles with Christian at the 1980 IBF World Championships in Jakarta ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christian_Hadinata', 'summary': "Christian Hadinata ( Chinese : 紀明發 , born 11 December 1949 ) is a former Chinese Indonesian badminton player . Though early in his career he was a fine singles player who reached the final of the prestigious All-England Championship in 1973 , Christian 's success in doubles earned him recognition as one of the great doubles players in badminton history . He won two gold medals at the 1980 IBF World Championships in Jakarta , in men 's doubles with Ade Chandra , and in mixed doubles with Imelda Wiguna . He played for Indonesia for 15 years , beginning his career in 1971 and retiring in 1986 . Christian 's Thomas Cup ( Men 's International Team Championship ) record is particularly notable . Playing in six consecutive campaigns from 1973 to 1986 , and with a variety of doubles partners , he dropped only one match , thus helping Indonesia to capture the cup on four occasions ( 1973 , 1976 , 1979 , 1984 ) . In 2001 he was inducted into the World Badminton Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': '1972 Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's doubles", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Utami Dewi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utami_Dewi', 'summary': "Utami Dewi Kinard ( born 16 June 1951 ) is a former world-class badminton player who was considered Indonesia 's # 1 Women 's Singles player in the 1970s , and became the United States ' # 1 player in 1981 after marrying former 6 time U.S. Men 's Singles Champion , Chris Kinard . She is also the sister of 8 time All-England Singles Champion , Rudy Hartono ."}]}, {'value': '1972 Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian Hadinata Utami Dewi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Hadinata', 'summary': "Christian Hadinata ( Chinese : 紀明發 , born 11 December 1949 ) is a former Chinese Indonesian badminton player . Though early in his career he was a fine singles player who reached the final of the prestigious All-England Championship in 1973 , Christian 's success in doubles earned him recognition as one of the great doubles players in badminton history . He won two gold medals at the 1980 IBF World Championships in Jakarta , in men 's doubles with Ade Chandra , and in mixed doubles with Imelda Wiguna . He played for Indonesia for 15 years , beginning his career in 1971 and retiring in 1986 . Christian 's Thomas Cup ( Men 's International Team Championship ) record is particularly notable . Playing in six consecutive campaigns from 1973 to 1986 , and with a variety of doubles partners , he dropped only one match , thus helping Indonesia to capture the cup on four occasions ( 1973 , 1976 , 1979 , 1984 ) . In 2001 he was inducted into the World Badminton Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Utami_Dewi', 'summary': "Utami Dewi Kinard ( born 16 June 1951 ) is a former world-class badminton player who was considered Indonesia 's # 1 Women 's Singles player in the 1970s , and became the United States ' # 1 player in 1981 after marrying former 6 time U.S. Men 's Singles Champion , Chris Kinard . She is also the sister of 8 time All-England Singles Champion , Rudy Hartono ."}]}, {'value': '1972 Munich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1972 Summer Olympics ( German : Olympische Sommerspiele 1972 ) , officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Munich , West Germany , from 26 August to 11 September 1972 . The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week , in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September terrorists . The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany , after the 1936 Games in Berlin , which had taken place under the Nazi regime . The West German Government had been eager to have the Munich Olympics present a democratic and optimistic Germany to the world , as shown by the Games ' official motto , Die Heiteren Spiele , or the cheerful Games . The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo ( the Bright Sun ) by Otl Aicher , the designer and director of the visual conception commission . The Olympic mascot , the dachshund Waldi , was the first officially named Olympic mascot . The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein . The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals . The Olympic Park ( Olympiapark ) is based on Frei Otto 's plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark . The competition sites , designed by architect Günther Behnisch , included the Olympic swimming hall , the Olympics Hall ( Olympiahalle , a multipurpose facility ) and the Olympic Stadium ( Olympiastadion ) , and an Olympic village very close to the park . The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary , with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes , used on such a large scale for the first time ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Mixed doubles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Badminton was one of two demonstration sports at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . It was the first time that the sport was part of the Olympic program , and it would become an official Olympic sport 20 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Icuk Sugiarto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Icuk_Sugiarto', 'summary': "Icuk Sugiarto ( born October 4 , 1962 in Surakarta , Central Java ) is a former Indonesian badminton player who rated among the world 's best singles players during the 1980s ."}]}, {'value': '1988 Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Badminton was an exhibition sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . There were five events : men 's singles , women 's singles , men 's doubles , women 's doubles , and mixed doubles . Competitions took place at the Seoul National University Gymnasium on 19 September 1988 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Badminton was an exhibition sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . There were five events : men 's singles , women 's singles , men 's doubles , women 's doubles , and mixed doubles . Competitions took place at the Seoul National University Gymnasium on 19 September 1988 ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lilies Handayani Nurfitriyana Saiman Kusuma Wardhani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lilies_Handayani', 'summary': 'Lilies Handayani ( born 15 April 1965 in Surabaya ) is an Indonesian archer who won the first ever Olympic medal for Indonesia . Together with Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani she won the silver medal in the team competition at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . Her career continued to soar until 2008 she stopped and focused on became a coach and managed the archery school she had pioneered before .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nurfitriyana_Saiman', 'summary': 'Nurfitriyana Saiman-Lantang ( born March 7 , 1962 ) is a retired Indonesian archer . Together with Lilies Handayani and Kusuma Wardhani she won a team silver medal at the 1988 Olympics , bringing the first ever Olympic medal to Indonesia . She also competed in the individual and team events at the 1992 and 1996 Olympics with the best individual result of ninth place in 1988 . In the 1980s , Saiman won multiple medals in individual recurve events at the Southeast Asian Games . After retiring from competitions she worked as a coach and prepared the national archery team for the 2016 Olympics . In the 2016 film 3 Srikandi , she was portrayed by Bunga Citra Lestari .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kusuma_Wardhani', 'summary': 'Kusuma Wardhani ( born 20 February 1964 ) is a retired Indonesian archer . Together with Nurfitriyana Saiman and Lilies Handayani she won a team silver medal at the 1988 Olympics , bringing the first ever Olympic medal to Indonesia . In the 1980s , Wardhani won multiple medals in individual recurve events at the Southeast Asian Games . After retiring from competitions she headed the Education , Youth and Sports Office of Bali . In the 2016 film 3 Srikandi , she was portrayed by Tara Basro .'}]}, {'value': '1988 Seoul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean : 서울 하계 올림픽 ; RR : Seoul Hagye Ollimpik [ sʌ.ul ɦaɡje olːimpʰik ] ) , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world . These were the last Olympic Games for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games . The Soviets utterly dominated the medal table , winning 55 gold and 132 total medals . No country came close to this result after 1988 . The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally , Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations . The participation of Madagascar had been expected , and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations . However , the country withdrew because of financial reasons .'}]}, {'value': 'Archery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archery_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Four events were contested in archery at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . These events included team competitions for the first time in modern Olympic archery . Men 's and women 's individual competitions continued to be part of the schedule as well . The format for the individual competition was altered for the first time since the 1972 Summer Olympics . In Seoul , instead of all archers using the double FITA round to determine rankings , a sort of elimination plan was introduced . Each archer shot a single FITA round to determine initial rankings . Most archers were cut from the competition after this , with only 24 advancing . These archers then shot one-fourth the number of arrows normal for a FITA round , with these scores being used to drop more archers . This process was repeated until only 8 archers finished the fourth segment of the second round ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Archery_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_-_Women's_team", 'summary': "A total of 15 nations competed in the women 's team event at the 1988 Summer Olympics as part of the archery programme . The ranking round score for a team was the sum of the three scores earned by the individual archers in the individual ranking round . The top twelve nations competed in the semifinals , with the top eight advancing to the finals ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dirc Talumewo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Flyweight ( 50-54 kg )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rahmi Kurnia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Finweight ( -43 kg )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susilawati', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's Lightweight ( 55-60 kg )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jefi Tri Aji', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Finweight ( -50 kg )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . It was the second time that the sport was included in the Olympic program ; it would become an official sport eight years later at the 2000 Games . A total of 64 men and 64 women competed in eight different weight classes . Each event featured a single-elimination tournament to determine the winner .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susi Susanti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susi_Susanti', 'summary': "Lucia Francisca Susi Susanti Haditono ( Hanzi : 王蓮香 , Pinyin : Wang Lian-xiang , Hokkien : Ong Lien Hiang , born 11 February 1971 in Tasikmalaya , West Java ) is a retired Indonesian badminton player . Relatively small of stature , she combined quick and graceful movement with elegant shotmaking technique , and regarded by many as one of the greatest women 's singles player of all time . She is the first Indonesian Olympic gold medalist and the only Indonesian woman until Lilyana Natsir won gold in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '1992 Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'In 1992 , there were no bronze medal matches to decide 3rd and 4th place . Both semifinal losers won bronze medals .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_-_Women's_Singles", 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alan Budikusuma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Budikusuma', 'summary': "Alexander Alan Budikusuma Wiratama ( born 29 March 1968 , as Goei Djien Phang ; Chinese : 魏仁芳 ) is a former Indonesian badminton player who excelled at the world level from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s . In 1991 he was runner-up to China 's Zhao Jianhua at the IBF World Championships in Copenhagen . He won the 1992 Olympic men 's singles gold medal at Barcelona , defeating fellow countryman Ardy Wiranata in the final . This achievement , together with a gold medal for his then fiancé Susi Susanti , was historical for Indonesia winning the first Olympic golden medals in 50 years history of the country . A crowd estimated at 500,000 to one million Indonesians lined the streets of Jakarta when Susi Susanti and Alan Budikusuma came home in August 1992 and received a two-hour parade . Among his titles , all in singles , are the Thailand Open ( 1989 , 1991 ) , China Open ( 1991 ) , German Open ( 1992 ) , Indonesian Open ( 1993 ) , World Cup ( 1993 ) , and Malaysian Open ( 1995 ) . Budikusuma was a member of world champion Indonesian Thomas Cup teams in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '1992 Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'In 1992 , there were no bronze medal matches to decide 3rd and 4th place . Both semifinal losers won bronze medals .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_Singles", 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ardy Wiranata', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardy_Wiranata', 'summary': "Ardy Bernardus Wiranata ( born 10 February 1970 ) was an Indonesian badminton player who rated among the top singles players in the world ( several of whom were fellow Indonesians ) during most of the 1990s . Quick , supple , and powerful , he won numerous international events and arguably had the best overall record of any player in the first half of the decade . Born in Jakarta , Wiranata trained at the PB Djarum . His achievements began when won the invitation World Junior Championships in 1987 in the boys ' singles and mixed doubles event partnered with Susi Susanti . Afterwards , he managed to competing in the senior tournament , by become the runner-up at the 1989 IBF World Championships . Wiranata earned the silver medal in singles at the 1992 Summer Olympics , losing the final to fellow countryman Alan Budikusuma . He also won the silver medal at the 1989 IBF World Championships , and bronze medals at this competition in 1991 and 1993 . His first-place finishes included the prestigious All-England men 's singles in 1991 , three Japan Opens , and six Indonesian Open singles championships between 1990 and 1997 , where he dominated his teammates . Wiranata also won the Malaysia ( 1993 ) , Singapore ( 1994 ) , Korea ( 1994 ) , Swedish ( 1997 ) , and U.S. ( 2000 ) Opens , as well as the Badminton World Cup ( 1991 ) and the World Badminton Grand Prix Final ( 1994 ) . He clinched the decisive third point for Indonesia against Malaysia in the final of the 1994 Thomas Cup ( men 's world team championship ) in Jakarta ."}]}, {'value': '1992 Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'In 1992 , there were no bronze medal matches to decide 3rd and 4th place . Both semifinal losers won bronze medals .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_Singles", 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddy Hartono Rudy Gunawan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddy_Hartono', 'summary': "Eddy Hartono Arbie ( Chinese : 洪忠中 , born July 19 , 1964 in Kudus ) is a former Chinese Indonesian badminton player who excelled in the late 1980s and early 1990s . After a brief stint competing in singles , he soon became a doubles specialist noted for his deft racket control and fluent strokes . His two other siblings , Hariyanto and Hastomo were world class shuttlers in men 's singles event ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rudy_Gunawan', 'summary': "Rudy Gunawan ( Chinese : 郭宏源 ) ( born 31 December 1966 ) is a former Indonesian badminton player who played between 1980s and 1990s . He is arguably one of the best doubles players ever to play for Indonesia . Rudy Gunawan won various international championships , both in the men 's doubles and mixed doubles events . He has paired up with players such as Eddy Hartono , Rosiana Tendean , Bambang Suprianto , and Ricky Subagja . He was on the Thomas Cup team of Indonesia five times ( 1988 , 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , and 1996 ) but only won gold in 1994 and 1996 . In addition , he helped strengthen the Indonesian team in the race for 1989 Sudirman Cup . Rudy Gunawan twice competed in the Summer Olympics . In the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona , the pair of Rudy Gunawan / Eddy Hartono gained a silver medal after losing in the final to the legendary players of Korea , Park Joo Bong / Kim Moon Soo . In the semifinals Eddy Hartono / Gunawan conquer the mainstay of China , Li Yongbo / Column Bingyi who were at that time champion contenders . While in the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta , Rudy Gunawan paired with Bambang Suprianto lost in the round of 16 ."}]}, {'value': '1992 Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'In 1992 , there were no bronze medal matches to decide 3rd and 4th place . Both semifinal losers won bronze medals .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's doubles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_Doubles", 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hermawan Susanto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hermawan_Susanto', 'summary': "Hermawan Susanto ( Chinese : 蔡祥林 , born September 24 , 1967 in Kudus Regency , Central Java ) is a former Chinese Indonesian badminton player who played at the world level during the 1990s . Susanto was one of an impressive cadre of Indonesians who won numerous international tournaments and captured successive Thomas Cup ( men 's world team ) titles during the era . Susanto came close to winning two of badminton 's three biggest events for individual players ; he was a bronze medalist in men 's singles at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona , and was runner-up to fellow countryman Joko Suprianto at the ( then biennial ) World Championships in 1993 . Susanto 's accomplishments included victories at the Dutch Open ( 1990 , 1992 ) , Denmark Open ( 1992 ) , China Open ( 1992 ) , Chinese Taipei Open ( 1991 , 1995 ) , Hong Kong Open ( 1993 ) , U.S. Open ( 1995 ) , and Malaysia Open ( 1997 ) . Now , he is married to another former Indonesian player named Sarwendah Kusumawardhani . They have one child named Andrew Susanto , who is currently following his parents ' footsteps in playing badminton ."}]}, {'value': '1992 Barcelona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1992 Summer Olympics ( Spanish : Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 , Catalan : Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1992 ) , officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Barcelona , Spain from 25 July to 9 August 1992 . Beginning in 1994 , the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the Summer and Winter Olympics in alternating even-numbered years . The 1992 Summer Olympics was the last occasion for the Summer and Winter Olympics to be staged in the same year . This Olympiad was the first since the end of the Cold War , and was unaffected by boycotts for the first time since the 1972 Olympiad . The Unified Team topped the medal table , winning 45 gold and 112 overall medals ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'In 1992 , there were no bronze medal matches to decide 3rd and 4th place . Both semifinal losers won bronze medals .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_singles", 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rexy Mainaky Ricky Subagja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rexy_Mainaky', 'summary': "Rexy Ronald Mainaky ( born 9 March 1968 ) is a former men 's doubles badminton world champion from Indonesia who is often simply known as Rexy . He won the men 's doubles Olympic gold medal in 1996 with Ricky Subagja . As of January 2017 , he was selected as the new head coach of the Thailand national team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Subagja', 'summary': "Ricky Subagja ( born 27 January 1971 ) is a former Indonesian badminton player . He was rated among the greatest doubles specialists in the sport 's history ."}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics included the four events ( men 's and women 's singles , men 's and women 's doubles ) as well as a new event : mixed doubles . An additional change to the tournament was the playoff game for the bronze medal rather than the awarding of two bronzes . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 except . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University gymnasium ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's doubles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_doubles", 'summary': "Mens doubles badminton event at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held from 25 July to 1 August 1996 . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 for men 's doubles . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University Gymnasium ."}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mia Audina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mia_Audina', 'summary': "Mia Audina Tjiptawan ( born 22 August 1979 , Chinese : 張海麗 ) is a former Indonesian badminton player who represented Indonesia and later the Netherlands in international competitions . A badminton prodigy , Audina first played Uber Cup ( the women 's world team championship ) for Indonesia at fourteen , winning the decisive final match in the championship round against China in 1994 . Audina , had been ranked as World No.1 women 's singles player in October 1996 . She helped Indonesia to retain the Uber Cup title in 1996 , and was a member of the 1998 Indonesian team that relinquished the cup to China , before moving to the Netherlands with her Dutch-national husband in 2000 . As a Dutch resident she continued to compete , winning titles in both Europe and Asia before retiring from high-level competition in 2006 . Top honors in badminton 's three most prestigious events for individual players , the Olympics , the All-Englands , and the World Championships , eluded Audina , though she was twice an Olympic silver medalist in singles ( 1996 , 2004 ) and was a bronze medalist at the World Championships in 2003 . Her most significant victories included the open singles titles of the USA ( 1996 ) , Singapore ( 1997 ) , Japan ( 1997 , 2004 ) , Indonesia ( 1998 ) , Korea ( 2003 ) , the Netherlands ( 2001 , 2002 ) , Switzerland ( 2002 ) , and Taiwan ( 2000 , 2003 ) . She won singles at the Southeast Asian Games in 1997 and both singles and women 's doubles at the European Championships in 2004 . A gritty competitor and , in her youth , exceptionally mobile and supple ( she was rarely forced into hitting backhands ) , Audina was a crowd favorite throughout her career ."}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics included the four events ( men 's and women 's singles , men 's and women 's doubles ) as well as a new event : mixed doubles . An additional change to the tournament was the playoff game for the bronze medal rather than the awarding of two bronzes . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 except . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University gymnasium ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_-_Women's_singles", 'summary': 'Womens singles badminton event at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held from 24 July to 1 August 1996 . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University Gymnasium .'}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antonius Ariantho Denny Kantono', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonius_Ariantho', 'summary': "S. Antonius Budi Ariantho ( born 3 October 1973 ) is a retired Indonesian badminton player who specialized in men 's doubles . During the 1990s he shared numerous international titles with his regular partner Denny Kantono including the French ( 1993 ) ; Hong Kong ( 1993 ) ; Denmark ( 1994 ) ; Thailand ( 1994 ) ; Chinese Taipei ( 1995 , 1996 ) ; and Indonesia ( 1996 ) Opens ; and the ( now defunct ) Badminton World Cup ( 1996 ) and World Badminton Grand Prix ( 1998 ) events . They were runners-up at the prestigious All-England Open in 1995 , and bronze medalists at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denny_Kantono', 'summary': "Denny Kantono ( Chinese : 关有明 ; born 12 January 1970 ) is a retired Chinese-Indonesian badminton player who specialized in men 's doubles . He shared numerous international titles with his regular partner Antonius Ariantho including the French ( 1993 ) , Hong Kong ( 1993 ) , Denmark ( 1994 ) , Thailand ( 1994 ) , Chinese Taipei ( 1995 , 1999 ) , and Indonesia ( 1996 ) Opens ; as well as the ( now defunct ) Badminton World Cup ( 1996 ) and World Badminton Grand Prix ( 1998 ) events . They were runners-up at the prestigious All-England Championships in 1995 and bronze medalists at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta . Kantono competed in badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics in men 's doubles , with Antonius Ariantho , and won a bronze medal . They lost in semifinals against Cheah Soon Kit and Yap Kim Hock , of Malaysia , 15-10 , 15-4 , and in the bronze medal match they defeated Soo Beng Kiang and Tan Kim Her , of Malaysia , 15-4 , 12-15 , 15-8 ."}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics included the four events ( men 's and women 's singles , men 's and women 's doubles ) as well as a new event : mixed doubles . An additional change to the tournament was the playoff game for the bronze medal rather than the awarding of two bronzes . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 except . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University gymnasium ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's doubles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_doubles", 'summary': "Mens doubles badminton event at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held from 25 July to 1 August 1996 . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 for men 's doubles . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University Gymnasium ."}]}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susi Susanti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susi_Susanti', 'summary': "Lucia Francisca Susi Susanti Haditono ( Hanzi : 王蓮香 , Pinyin : Wang Lian-xiang , Hokkien : Ong Lien Hiang , born 11 February 1971 in Tasikmalaya , West Java ) is a retired Indonesian badminton player . Relatively small of stature , she combined quick and graceful movement with elegant shotmaking technique , and regarded by many as one of the greatest women 's singles player of all time . She is the first Indonesian Olympic gold medalist and the only Indonesian woman until Lilyana Natsir won gold in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '1996 Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The 1996 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad , commonly known as Atlanta 1996 , and also referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games , were an international multi-sport event that was held from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 , in Atlanta , Georgia , U.S . These Games , which were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States , marked the centennial of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens - the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games . They were also the first since 1924 to be held in a different year from a Winter Olympics , under a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating , even-numbered years . More than 10,000 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports , including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball , mountain biking , and softball , as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing and women 's football ( soccer ) . 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debut in Atlanta , including eleven former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations . The hosting United States led the medal count with a total of 101 medals , and the most gold ( 44 ) and silver ( 32 ) medals out of all countries . The U.S. topped the medal count for the first time since 1984 , and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics . Notable performances during competition included those of Andre Agassi - who became the first men 's singles tennis player to combine a career Grand Slam with an Olympic gold medal , Donovan Bailey - who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men 's 100 meters , and Lilia Podkopayeva - who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold after winning the all-round title in the same Olympics . The festivities were marred by violence on July 27 , when Eric Rudolph detonated pipe bombs at Centennial Olympic Park - a downtown park that was built to serve as a public focal point for the Games ' festivities , killing 1 and injuring 111 . In 2003 , Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related attacks on abortion centers and a gay bar , and was sentenced to life in prison . He claimed that the bombing was meant to protest the U.S. government 's sanctioning of abortion on demand . The Games turned a profit , helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights , and reliance on private funding ( as opposed to the extensive public funding used on later Olympics ) , among other factors ."}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Badminton at the 1996 Summer Olympics included the four events ( men 's and women 's singles , men 's and women 's doubles ) as well as a new event : mixed doubles . An additional change to the tournament was the playoff game for the bronze medal rather than the awarding of two bronzes . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 except . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University gymnasium ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_-_Women's_singles", 'summary': 'Womens singles badminton event at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held from 24 July to 1 August 1996 . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets . The tournament was held at the Georgia State University Gymnasium .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tony Gunawan Candra Wijaya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Gunawan', 'summary': 'Tony Gunawan ( Chinese : 吳俊明 ; pinyin : Wu Junming ; born 9 April 1975 ) is a Chinese descended , Indonesian-born badminton player and coach who excelled internationally for Indonesia and later for the United States .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Candra_Wijaya', 'summary': 'Rafael Candra Wijaya ( Chinese : 陳甲亮 ; born 16 September 1975 ) is a retired Indonesian badminton player .'}]}, {'value': '2000 Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 2000 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and commonly known as Sydney 2000 or the Millennium Olympic Games/Games of the New Millennium , was an international multi-sport event held between 15 September and 1 October 2000 in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It was the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia , and also the Southern Hemisphere , the first being in Melbourne , Victoria , in 1956 .'}]}, {'value': 'Badminton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Badminton at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held at the Sydney Showground Hall 3 from 17 - 23 September . Both men and women competed in their own singles and doubles events and together they competed in a mixed doubles event .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's doubles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_-_Men's_doubles", 'summary': "These are the results for the mens doubles badminton tournament of 2000 Summer Olympics . The tournament was single-elimination . Matches consisted of three sets , with sets being to 15 for men 's doubles . The tournament was held at The Dome and Exhibition Complex ."}]}], 'section_title': 'List of medalists', 'section_text': 'Medalist of Demonstration & Exhibition Sports Medals by gender Gender Total Percentage Male 5 5 7 17 53,12% Female 1 6 5 12 37,51% Mixed 1 2 0 3 9,37% Total 7 13 12 32 100%', 'uid': 'Indonesia_at_the_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Indonesia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1964, due to controversy around the Games of the New Emerging Forces, and 1980, when they participated in the US-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Indonesia has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. The National Olympic Committee for Indonesia was created in 1946 and recognized in 1952. Indonesian athletes have won a total of 32 medals, nineteen in badminton, twelve in weightlifting and one in archery. Among the countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia ranks second in terms of both the number of gold medals (7) and medals overall (32), trailing only Thailand, who has a total of 33 medals, with nine of them being golds. Archers Lilies Handayani, Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani gained the republic's first ever podium finish, a silver medal, in the women's team event at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Future married couple Susi Susanti and Alan Budikusuma won the nation's first 2 gold medals in the badminton women's and men's singles events respectively at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Barcelona 1992 was also the only Games in which Indonesia won 2 gold medals. Since then, Indonesia has won a single gold medal at every subsequent Summer Olympics, all in badminton, with the exception of the 2012 London Olympics where Indonesia failed to garner any gold medals. The last gold medalists were Lilyana Natsir and Tontowi Ahmad in the mixed doubles event of badminton at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics."} | null | null | Which medal was received by the athlete who was born as Goei Djien Phang ? | Gold |
0a7f9e262dcf7468 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_national_ice_hockey_team_rosters', 'title': 'List of United States national ice hockey team rosters', 'header': ['Name', 'Height ( cm )', 'Weight ( kg )', 'Birthdate', 'Birthplace', '1963-1964 team'], 'data': [{'value': 'David Brooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Brooks_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'David Alan Dave Brooks ( born December 27 , 1939 in Saint Paul , Minnesota ) is an American retired ice hockey player who competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics . He is the younger brother of Herb Brooks . In 1964 he participated with the American ice hockey team in the Winter Olympics tournament where he set the record for most penalty minutes in a single tournament by an American .'}]}, {'value': '175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 27 , 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': '| Saint Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Rochester Mustangs ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Herb Brooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herb_Brooks', 'summary': "Herbert Paul Brooks Jr. ( August 5 , 1937 - August 11 , 2003 ) was an American ice hockey player and coach . His most notable achievement came in 1980 as head coach of the gold medal-winning U.S. Olympic hockey team at Lake Placid . At the Games , Brooks ' American team upset the heavily-favored Soviet team in a match that came to be known as the Miracle on Ice . Brooks would go on to coach multiple National Hockey League ( NHL ) teams , as well as the French team at the 1998 Winter Olympics . He ultimately returned to coach the U.S. men 's team to a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . Brooks was killed in a 2003 car accident . At the time of his death , he was the director of player personnel for the NHL 's Pittsburgh Penguins ."}]}, {'value': '186', 'urls': []}, {'value': '98', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 5 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': '| Saint Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Rochester Mustangs ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Roger Christian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roger_Christian_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': "Roger Allen Christian ( December 1 , 1935 - November 9 , 2011 ) was an American professional ice hockey player . Born in Warroad , Minnesota , Christian played for the American 1960 Winter Olympics and 1964 Winter Olympics ice hockey teams , winning a gold medal in 1960 . He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1989 . He was also a co-founder of Christian Brother 's Hockey Sticks , along with his brother Bill Christian and brother-in-law Hal Bakke . He died on November 9 , 2011 in Grand Forks , North Dakota ."}]}, {'value': '175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 1 , 1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': '| Warroad , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warroad,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Warroad is a city in Roseau County , Minnesota , United States , at the southwest corner of Lake of the Woods , 7.5 miles South of the border to Canada . The population was 1,781 at the 2010 census . Warroad had its own newspaper before it was incorporated in 1901 . Minnesota State Highways 11 and 313 are two of the main routes in the community .'}]}, {'value': 'Warroad Lakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warroad_Lakers', 'summary': 'The Warroad Lakers were an American Senior ice hockey team from Warroad , Minnesota . The Lakers played in various Manitoba AHA and Thunder Bay AHA senior and intermediate leagues and were granted special eligibility for the Allan Cup and Hardy Cup by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association . The Lakers were three-time Allan Cup Canadian National Champions , one-time Allan Cup National Finalists , one-time Hardy Cup Canadian National Champions , and one-time Hardy Cup National Finalists .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Christian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Christian', 'summary': 'William David Bill Christian ( born January 29 , 1938 in Warroad , Minnesota ) is a retired American ice hockey player . He led the United States to a gold medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics . He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1984 and the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 1998 .'}]}, {'value': '176', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 29 , 1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '| Warroad , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warroad,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Warroad is a city in Roseau County , Minnesota , United States , at the southwest corner of Lake of the Woods , 7.5 miles South of the border to Canada . The population was 1,781 at the 2010 census . Warroad had its own newspaper before it was incorporated in 1901 . Minnesota State Highways 11 and 313 are two of the main routes in the community .'}]}, {'value': 'Warroad Lakers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warroad_Lakers', 'summary': 'The Warroad Lakers were an American Senior ice hockey team from Warroad , Minnesota . The Lakers played in various Manitoba AHA and Thunder Bay AHA senior and intermediate leagues and were granted special eligibility for the Allan Cup and Hardy Cup by the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association . The Lakers were three-time Allan Cup Canadian National Champions , one-time Allan Cup National Finalists , one-time Hardy Cup Canadian National Champions , and one-time Hardy Cup National Finalists .'}]}, {'value': 'Paul Coppo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Coppo', 'summary': "Paul Racket Coppo ( born November 2 , 1938 ) is a retired ice hockey player . He was a member of the United States 's 1964 Winter Olympics team . He would go on to play with the Green Bay Bobcats of the United States Hockey League . He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2004 ."}]}, {'value': '180', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 2 , 1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hancock , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hancock,_Michigan', 'summary': 'Hancock is a city in Houghton County in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is located across the Keweenaw Waterway from the city of Houghton on the Keweenaw Peninsula . The population was 4,634 at the 2010 census . The city has been consistently ranked as the third-snowiest city in the United States by The Weather Channel .'}]}, {'value': 'Green Bay Bobcats ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Bay_Bobcats', 'summary': 'The Green Bay Gamblers are a Tier I junior ice hockey team in the Eastern Conference of the United States Hockey League ( USHL ) . They play in Ashwaubenon , Wisconsin , at the Resch Center .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Dilworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Dilworth', 'summary': 'Daniel Joseph Dilworth ( born February 23 , 1942 in International Falls , Minnesota - d. September 27 , 2007 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics . In 1964 he participated with the American ice hockey team in the Winter Olympics tournament .'}]}, {'value': '172', 'urls': []}, {'value': '77', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 23 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Falls , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Falls,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'International Falls is a city in and the county seat of Koochiching County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 6,424 at the 2010 census . International Falls is located on the Rainy River directly across from Fort Frances , Ontario , Canada . The two cities are connected by the Fort Frances-International Falls International Bridge . Voyageurs National Park is located 11 miles east of International Falls . There is a major U.S. Customs and Border Protection Port of Entry on the International Falls side of the toll bridge and a Canadian Customs entry point on the north side of the bridge . International Falls is nicknamed the Icebox of the Nation , with an average of 109.4 days per year with a high temperature below 32 °F ( 0 °C ) .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Paul Saints ( IHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul_Saints', 'summary': 'The St. Paul Saints are an American professional baseball team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Saints are a member of the North Division of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball , which is not affiliated with Major League Baseball . The Saints played their home games at Midway Stadium starting in 1993 , when the modern-day team started as a member of the Northern League . In 2006 , the team was a founding member of the modern American Association . The team started playing at CHS Field in 2015 . Before the arrival of the Minnesota Twins in 1961 , there was a long history of minor-league baseball teams called the St. Paul Saints , as well as their crosstown rivals the Minneapolis Millers . One incarnation of the Saints participated in the Union Association , a short-lived major league , in 1884 . A second incarnation was active in the Western League from 1894 to 1899 , and became a forerunner of the modern Chicago White Sox . The third and most long-lived incarnation of the Saints was active in the American Association from 1915 to 1960 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945–2001)', 'summary': "The International Hockey League ( IHL ) was a minor professional ice hockey league in the United States and Canada that operated from 1945 to 2001 . The IHL served as the National Hockey League 's alternate farm system to the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . After 56 years of operation , financial instability led to the league 's demise . Six of the surviving seven teams merged into the AHL in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dates Fryberger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dates_Fryberger', 'summary': 'Dayton Featherstone Dates Fryberger ( born May 5 , 1940 ) is an American former ice hockey forward and Olympian . Fryberger played with Team USA at the 1964 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck , Austria . He previously played for the Middlebury College Panthers at Middlebury College in Vermont .'}]}, {'value': '177', 'urls': []}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 5 , 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duluth , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Duluth /dəˈluːθ/ ( listen ) is a major port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Saint Louis County . Duluth has a population of 85,884 and is the 4th largest city in Minnesota . It is the 2nd largest city on Lake Superior , after Thunder Bay , Ontario . It has the largest metropolitan area on the lake , with a population of 279,771 in 2010 , the second-largest in the state . Situated on the north shore of Lake Superior at the westernmost point of the Great Lakes , Duluth is accessible to oceangoing vessels from the Atlantic Ocean 2,300 miles ( 3,700 km ) away via the Great Lakes Waterway and the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Duluth forms a metropolitan area with neighboring Superior , Wisconsin ; together they are called the Twin Ports . The cities share the Duluth-Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes ' largest port , transporting coal , iron ore ( taconite ) , and grain . A tourist destination for the Midwest , Duluth features the United States ' only all-freshwater aquarium , the Great Lakes Aquarium ; the Aerial Lift Bridge , which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor ; and Minnesota Point ( known locally as Park Point ) , the world 's longest freshwater baymouth bar , spanning 6 miles ( 10 km ) . The city is also the starting point for vehicle trips along Minnesota 's North Shore . The city is named for Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut , the first known European explorer of the area ."}]}, {'value': 'Middlebury College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlebury_College', 'summary': "Middlebury College is a private liberal arts college in Middlebury , Vermont . It was founded in 1800 by Congregationalists . The college currently enrolls 2,526 undergraduates from all 50 states and 74 countries and offers 44 majors in the arts , humanities , literature , foreign languages , social sciences , and natural sciences . The college is the first American institution of higher education to have granted a bachelor 's degree to an African-American , graduating Alexander Twilight in the class of 1823 . Middlebury was also one of the first formerly all-male liberal arts colleges in New England to become a coeducational institution , following the trustees ' decision in 1883 to accept women . In 1886 , May Belle Chellis was the first woman to graduate , and she was the valedictorian ( although she was not allowed to address the graduating class because she was a woman ) . Middlebury was listed as tied for the fifth-best liberal arts college in the U.S. in the 2019 U.S. News & World Report rankings . Middlebury 's 31 varsity teams are known as the Middlebury Panthers and compete in the NCAA Division III 's NESCAC conference . The school is known for its graduate programs that focus on literature , language , political science , and entrepreneurship ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Paul Herbert Johnson ( May 18 , 1935 - July 17 , 2016 ) was an American ice hockey forward . He was a member of the United States hockey team that won the gold medal at Squaw Valley , California during the 1960 Winter Olympics . He scored the pivotal go-ahead goal in the medal round game against Canada . Johnson died on July 17 , 2016 at the age of 81 .'}]}, {'value': '183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 18 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West St. Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_St._Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'West Saint Paul is a city in Dakota County , Minnesota , immediately south of Saint Paul , Minnesota , and immediately west of South Saint Paul , Minnesota , United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Waterloo Black Hawks ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waterloo_Black_Hawks', 'summary': "The Waterloo Black Hawks are a Tier I junior ice hockey team playing in the Western Conference of the United States Hockey League ( USHL ) under president , general manager , and head coach P.K . O'Handley . The Black Hawks ' home ice is the Young Arena in Waterloo , Iowa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Red Martin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Martin', 'summary': 'Thomas Joseph Red Martin ( July 5 , 1938 - July 27 , 2017 ) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics . In 1964 he participated with the American ice hockey team in the Winter Olympics tournament . Martin later founded Cramer , a brand experience agency .'}]}, {'value': '183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 5 , 1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim McCoy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_McCoy_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Thomas James Jake McCoy ( born January 2 , 1942 ) is an American former ice hockey defenseman and Olympian . McCoy played with Team USA at the 1964 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck , Austria . He later played one year for the Minnesota Nationals in the United States Hockey League before going on to a career as a high school teacher , during which he coached high school hockey teams including that of Richfield High School .'}]}, {'value': '177', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 2 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minneapolis , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Minneapolis ( /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Hennepin County and the larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States . As of 2018 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 425,403 . The Twin Cities metropolitan area consists of Minneapolis , its neighbor Saint Paul and suburbs which altogether contain about 3.63 million people , and is the third-largest economic and population center in the Midwest . Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with 13 lakes , wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls ; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle . Minneapolis is home to five Fortune 500 companies , and the Twin Cities are the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States . Minneapolis has one of the highest percentages of LGBT populations in the U.S . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub . Reflecting the region 's status as an epicenter of folk , funk , and alternative rock music , the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century 's most influential musicians , including Bob Dylan and Prince . Minneapolis has also become noted for its underground and independent hip-hop and rap scenes , producing artists such as Lizzo , Brother Ali , Atmosphere , and Dessa ."}]}, {'value': 'Blind River Hockey Club', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayne Meredith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_Meredith', 'summary': 'Wayne Brent Meredith ( born October 4 , 1939 ) is an American former ice hockey defenseman and Olympian . Meredith played with Team USA at the 1964 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck , Austria . He played for the University of Minnesota and for the St. Paul Saints of the International Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': '175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 4 , 1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Bend , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana', 'summary': "South Bend is a city in , and the county seat of , St. Joseph County , Indiana , on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend , from which it derives its name . As of the 2010 census , the city had a total of 101,168 residents ; its metropolitan statistical area had a population of 318,586 and its combined statistical area , 721,296 . It is the fourth-largest city in Indiana , serving as the economic and cultural hub of northern Indiana . The University of Notre Dame is located just to the north in unincorporated Notre Dame . The area was originally settled in the early 19th century by fur traders and was established as a city in 1865 . The St. Joseph River shaped South Bend 's economy through the mid-20th century . River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation , the Oliver Chilled Plow Company , and other large corporations . The population of South Bend declined after 1960 , when it had a peak population of 132,445 . This was chiefly due to migration to suburban areas as well as the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry . Today , the largest industries in South Bend are health care , education , small business , and tourism . Remaining large corporations include Crowe , Honeywell , and AM General . Recently , the city population has begun to grow for the first time in nearly fifty years ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Paul Saints ( IHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul_Saints', 'summary': 'The St. Paul Saints are an American professional baseball team based in Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Saints are a member of the North Division of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball , which is not affiliated with Major League Baseball . The Saints played their home games at Midway Stadium starting in 1993 , when the modern-day team started as a member of the Northern League . In 2006 , the team was a founding member of the modern American Association . The team started playing at CHS Field in 2015 . Before the arrival of the Minnesota Twins in 1961 , there was a long history of minor-league baseball teams called the St. Paul Saints , as well as their crosstown rivals the Minneapolis Millers . One incarnation of the Saints participated in the Union Association , a short-lived major league , in 1884 . A second incarnation was active in the Western League from 1894 to 1899 , and became a forerunner of the modern Chicago White Sox . The third and most long-lived incarnation of the Saints was active in the American Association from 1915 to 1960 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945–2001)', 'summary': "The International Hockey League ( IHL ) was a minor professional ice hockey league in the United States and Canada that operated from 1945 to 2001 . The IHL served as the National Hockey League 's alternate farm system to the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . After 56 years of operation , financial instability led to the league 's demise . Six of the surviving seven teams merged into the AHL in 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'William Reichart', 'urls': []}, {'value': '170', 'urls': []}, {'value': '71', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 3 , 1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manitoba', 'summary': "Manitoba ( /ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen ) ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and is Canada 's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.369 million people . Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres ( 250,900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape , stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived on two major river systems , what is now called the Nelson in northern Manitoba and in the southeast along the Winnipeg River system . A Royal Charter in 1670 granted all the lands draining into Hudson 's Bay to the British company and they administered trade in what was then called Rupert 's Land . During the next 200 years , communities continued to grow and evolve , with a significant settlement of Michif in what is now Winnipeg . The assertion of Métis identity and self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba . There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province . Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada ."}]}, {'value': 'Rochester Mustangs ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'Donald Ross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Ross_(ice_hockey)', 'summary': 'Donald Francis Ross ( born October 11 , 1942 ) is an American former ice hockey player . He played from 1961 to 1965 at the University of North Dakota and is a three-time letterwinner and twice All-American . Ross also played at the 1964 Winter Olympics and 1968 Winter Olympics for the United States National Team for the ice hockey tournament , finishing 5th . He is a member of the University of North Dakota Letterwinners Association Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '180', 'urls': []}, {'value': '83', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 11 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roseau , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roseau,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Roseau ( /roʊˈzoʊ/ [ citation needed ] ) is a city and county seat of Roseau County , Minnesota , United States . Its population was 2,633 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'University of North Dakota ( NCAA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota', 'summary': "The University of North Dakota ( also known as UND or North Dakota ) is a public research university in Grand Forks , North Dakota . Established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883 , six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota , it is the state 's oldest university . UND was founded with a liberal arts foundation and expanded to include scientific research . The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota . Its best known college is perhaps its John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences , the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operations , and programs in aviation and aerospace . Several national research institutions are on the university 's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center , the School of Medicine and Health Sciences , and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center . North Dakota 's athletic teams compete in the NCAA 's Division I . Most teams compete as members of the Big Sky Conference , with the exceptions of men 's hockey ( National Collegiate Hockey Conference ) , and swimming ( Western Athletic Conference ) . The men 's ice hockey team has won eight national championships and play in the Ralph Engelstad Arena ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NCAA', 'summary': "The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) [ a ] is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletes from 1,268 North American institutions and conferences . It also organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada , and helps more than 480,000 college student-athletes who compete annually in college sports . The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana . In its 2016-17 fiscal year the NCAA took in $ 1.06 billion in revenue , over 82% of which was generated by the Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . In August 1973 , the current three-division system of Division I , Division II , and Division III was adopted by the NCAA membership in a special convention . Under NCAA rules , Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport . Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships . Generally , larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III . Division I football was further divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978 . Subsequently , the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all , but that term is no longer officially used by the NCAA . In 2006 , Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . Controversially , the NCAA severely caps the benefits that collegiate athletes can receive from their schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Pat Rupp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Rupp', 'summary': 'Patrick Lloyd Rupp ( August 12 , 1942 - February 2 , 2006 ) was best known as a goaltender in the US ice hockey team in the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 12 , 1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Detroit , Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}]}, {'value': 'Flin Flon Bombers ( SJHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flin_Flon_Bombers', 'summary': 'The Flin Flon Bombers are a junior ice hockey based in Flin Flon , Manitoba , Canada . They are affiliated with the Canadian Junior Hockey League as a member of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League ( SJHL ) . Their home rink is the Whitney Forum . Radio station CFAR ( 102.9 FM , 590 AM ) live broadcasts a select number of home and away games throughout the year as well as all playoff games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/SJHL', 'summary': "The Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League is a Junior A ice hockey league under Hockey Canada , a part of the Canadian Junior Hockey League . Open to North American-born players 20 years of age or younger , the SJHL 's 12 teams play in three divisions : the Olympic Buildings , Sherwood and Viterra Divisions . A major attraction in Saskatchewan , the SJHL draws 400,000 fans each season . The winner of the SJHL playoffs continues on to play in the ANAVET Cup against the champion from the MJHL , for the right to represent the Western region at the Centennial Cup , the national Junior A championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Gary Schmalzbauer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Schmalzbauer', 'summary': 'Gary Owen Schmalzbauer ( born January 27 , 1940 ) is an American former ice hockey forward and Olympian . Schmalzbauer played with Team USA at the 1964 Winter Olympics held in Innsbruck , Austria . He also played for the Rochester Mustangs in the United States Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': '175', 'urls': []}, {'value': '73', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 27 , 1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saint Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}]}, {'value': 'Rochester Mustangs ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}, {'value': 'James Westby', 'urls': []}, {'value': '183', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 5 , 1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minneapolis , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Minneapolis ( /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Hennepin County and the larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States . As of 2018 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 425,403 . The Twin Cities metropolitan area consists of Minneapolis , its neighbor Saint Paul and suburbs which altogether contain about 3.63 million people , and is the third-largest economic and population center in the Midwest . Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with 13 lakes , wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls ; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle . Minneapolis is home to five Fortune 500 companies , and the Twin Cities are the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States . Minneapolis has one of the highest percentages of LGBT populations in the U.S . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub . Reflecting the region 's status as an epicenter of folk , funk , and alternative rock music , the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century 's most influential musicians , including Bob Dylan and Prince . Minneapolis has also become noted for its underground and independent hip-hop and rap scenes , producing artists such as Lizzo , Brother Ali , Atmosphere , and Dessa ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Frances Canadians', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Yurkovich', 'urls': []}, {'value': '180', 'urls': []}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 29 , 1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eveleth , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eveleth,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Eveleth is a city in Saint Louis County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 3,718 at the 2010 census . U.S. Highway 53 and State Highway 37 ( MN 37 ) are two of the main routes in Eveleth . The city briefly entered the national news in October 2002 when U.S . Senator Paul Wellstone , along with seven others , died in a plane crash , two miles away from the airport of Eveleth . It was also the site of the conflict that resulted in the court case Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co. , and the film North Country , which was based on it . Eveleth is home of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame . Eveleth also is home to the Eveleth-Gilbert Senior High School . Eveleth is part of the Quad Cities of Virginia , Gilbert , and Mountain Iron .'}]}, {'value': 'Rochester Mustangs ( USHL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USHL', 'summary': 'The United States Hockey League ( USHL ) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey . The USHL has 16 member teams located in the Midwestern United States , consisting of players who are 16-21 years of age . The USHL is strictly amateur , allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey . The 2019 Clark Cup Championship was won by the Sioux Falls Stampede , their third league championship . The Tri-City Storm won the Anderson Cup as the 2018-19 regular season champions , their second in franchise history .'}]}], 'section_title': "Men 's Olympics -- 1964 Winter Olympics", 'section_text': '( finished 5th )', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_national_ice_hockey_team_rosters_8', 'intro': "Below is a list of various national ice hockey team rosters of the United States of America. The men's teams, the women's teams and the junior teams are included."} | null | null | The player that weighed 80 kilograms was given the honor of being named among the best in his sport in what year ? | 2004 |
0a80730b5fbfb1f4 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venues_of_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Venues of the 2010 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Venue', 'Location', 'Sports', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Canada Hockey Place', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Arena', 'summary': "Rogers Arena is a multi-purpose arena located at 800 Griffiths Way in the downtown area of Vancouver , British Columbia . Opened in 1995 , the arena was known as General Motors Place ( GM Place ) from its opening until July 6 , 2010 , when General Motors Canada ended its naming rights sponsorship and a new agreement for those rights was reached with Rogers Communications . Rogers Arena was built to replace Pacific Coliseum as Vancouver 's primary indoor sports facility and in part due to the National Basketball Association 's 1995 expansion into Canada , when Vancouver and Toronto were given expansion teams . It is home to the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League and the Vancouver Warriors of the National Lacrosse League . The arena also hosted the ice hockey events at the 2010 Winter Olympics . The name of the arena temporarily became Canada Hockey Place during the Olympics . It was previously home to the Vancouver Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association from 1995 to 2001 ."}]}, {'value': 'Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey ( final )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at Rogers Arena ( then known as GM Place , and renamed Canada Hockey Place for the duration of the Games due to IOC sponsorship rules ) , home of the National Hockey League 's Vancouver Canucks , and at UBC Winter Sports Centre , home of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport 's UBC Thunderbirds . Twelve teams competed in the men 's event and eight teams competed in the women 's event . Canada won both tournaments with victories against the United States , while Finland won both bronze games , however against different opponents . It was the fifth Olympic appearance for Finns Jere Lehtinen and Teemu Selänne , thus making them only the sixth and seventh hockey players to compete at five Olympics after Udo Kießling , Petter Thoresen , Raimo Helminen , Dieter Hegen and Denis Perez ( at the time , Helminen was the only ice hockey player to compete at six Olympics , but Selänne would join the group during the 2014 Sochi Olympics ) ."}]}, {'value': '18,630', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cypress Mountain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cypress_Mountain', 'summary': "Cypress Mountain is a ski area in West Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , located in the southern section of Cypress Provincial Park , operated under a BC Parks Park Use Permit . The ski resort is a 30-minute drive north of downtown Vancouver , and has 53 named alpine ski runs ( many accessible for night skiing ) and 19 km of cross country trails . Snowshoeing tours are also popular . Snow schools and rentals , Cypress Creek Grill , Gold Medal Cafe and Crazy Raven Bar and Grill and a Big Bear Sports retail shop are also located on the premises in the Cypress Creek Lodge . Cypress Mountain hosted the Freestyle Skiing and Snowboarding events of the 2010 Winter Olympics , including SkiCross as a demonstration sport , and the first running of Snowboardcross as a Medal sport . The ski area 's downhill runs are built on two mountains ( Mount Strachan /strɔːn/ strawn - 1,440 metres ( 4,720 ft ) and Black Mountain - 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) , on a vertical rise of 610 metres ( 2,000 ft ) . The resort is legally known as Cypress Bowl Recreational Limited Partnership , previously owned by Boyne Resorts , then sold to CNL Income Properties , then Och-Ziff Capital Management , but Boyne Canada has continued to run the ski operation for several years under a lease-back agreement . Boyne repurchased the resort in March 2018 . The ski resort name Cypress Mountain is derived from the name of the bowl between the three mountains , Mount Strachan , Black Mountain , and Hollyburn Mountain - Cypress Bowl , which was the original and still-used common name of the resort ( the facilities by Cypress Bowl Recreations Ltd. ) . The term cypress comes from the yellow cedar tree Cupressus nootkatensis which is common in the park at altitudes over 800 metres , and is also known as yellow cypress , as well as from the name of the park in which the ski operation is located . Despite the resort name , there is in fact no mountain named Cypress Mountain in the park ."}]}, {'value': 'West Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Vancouver', 'summary': "West Vancouver is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia , Canada . A member municipality of Metro Vancouver , West Vancouver is northwest of the city of Vancouver on the northern side of English Bay and the southeast shore of Howe Sound , and is adjoined by the District of North Vancouver to its east . Together with the District of North Vancouver and City of North Vancouver , it is part of a local regional grouping referred to as the North Shore municipalities , or simply The North Shore . West Vancouver has a population of 42,694 ( 2011 census ) . Cypress Provincial Park , mostly located within the municipal boundaries , was one of the venues for the 2010 Winter Olympics . West Vancouver is also home of Canada 's first shopping mall , Park Royal Shopping Centre , and also of the Horseshoe Bay Ferry Terminal , one of the main connecting points between the British Columbia mainland and Vancouver Island ."}]}, {'value': 'Freestyle skiing , snowboarding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freestyle_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The freestyle skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at Cypress Mountain . The events took place between the 13 and 25 February 2010 , and included a new event for these Olympics , ski cross .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The snowboarding competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Cypress Mountain . The events were held between the 15 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pacific Coliseum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacific_Coliseum', 'summary': 'The Pacific Coliseum , known to locals as The Coliseum or the Rink on Renfrew , is an indoor arena located at Hastings Park in Vancouver , British Columbia . Its main use has been for ice hockey and the arena has been the home for several ice hockey teams . The arena is the former home of the Vancouver Giants of the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) . Other hockey tenants of the Pacific Coliseum have been the Vancouver Canucks ( Western Hockey League ) from 1968 to 1970 , Vancouver Canucks ( National Hockey League ) from 1970 to 1995 , the Vancouver Nats ( WHL ) from 1972 to 1973 , the Vancouver Blazers ( World Hockey Association ) from 1973 to 1975 , and the Vancouver Voodoo ( Roller Hockey International ) from 1994 to 1995 . It was completed in 1968 , on the site of the Pacific National Exhibition . Originally holding 15,038 for ice hockey , capacity has fluctuated slightly over the years and currently holds 16,281 . During the 2010 Olympic Winter Games , it was the venue for figure skating and short track speed skating . The arena also hosts a variety of concerts and other events .'}]}, {'value': 'Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': 'Figure skating , short track speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Figure skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at the Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . The events took place between 14-27 February 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Short track speed skating at the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at the Pacific Coliseum , Vancouver , British Columbia on 13-26 February 2010 . China dominated the competition , sweeping the women 's events - winning gold in the 500 m , 1,000 m 1,500 m and 3000 m relay . Wang Meng won three gold medals becoming the most accomplished female short track speed skater in Olympic history and Apolo Ohno became the most decorated Winter Olympian in US history with 8 medals . Haralds Silovs of Latvia became the first athlete in Olympic history to participate in both short track ( 1500m ) and long track ( 5000m ) speed skating , and the first to compete in two different disciplines on the same day . He competed in the 5000m and then raced across town to the 1500m event ."}]}, {'value': '14,239', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richmond Olympic Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Olympic_Oval', 'summary': "The Richmond Olympic Oval ( French : Anneau olympique de Richmond ) is an indoor multi-sports arena in the Canadian city of Richmond , British Columbia . The oval was built for the 2010 Winter Olympics and was originally configured with a speed skating rink . The venue has since been reconfigured and now serves as a community multi-sport park and includes two ice hockey rinks , two running tracks , a climbing wall , a rowing tank and a flexible area which can be used for , among other sports , basketball , volleyball , indoor soccer and table tennis . The Olympic bid called for the oval to be located on the grounds of Simon Fraser University ( SFU ) in Burnaby , but Richmond was instead selected in 2004 . Although twice the price of the SFU alternative , the location was selected because the city offered to cover all costs exceeding $ 60 million . Construction started in 2006 , cost $ 178 million CAD and the venue opened on 12 December 2008 . In addition to speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics , the venue has hosted the 2009 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships . Designed by CannonDesign , the oval 's elements are made to resemble the heron ."}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Richmond ( /ˈrɪtʃmənd/ ) is a coastal city located in the Canadian province of British Columbia . It is a member municipality of Metro Vancouver and the location of the Vancouver International Airport . During the 2010 Winter Olympics , the Richmond Olympic Oval was a venue for the long track speed skating events . As of 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 198,309 people with 60% being immigrants , the highest proportion of immigrants in Canada . Richmond is located on Lulu Island at the mouth of the Fraser River . It encompasses adjacent Sea Island and some smaller uninhabited islets to the north and south . Neighbouring communities are Vancouver and Burnaby to the north , New Westminster to the east , and Delta to the south . The Strait of Georgia forms its western border .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at the Richmond Olympic Oval , Richmond , British Columbia , between 13 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UBC Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doug_Mitchell_Thunderbird_Sports_Centre', 'summary': "The Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre ( formerly UBC Winter Sports Centre , also known as UBC Thunderbird Arena ) is a LEED Silver certified indoor arena in Greater Vancouver , on the campus of the University of British Columbia . Located in the University Endowment Lands , it is just outside the city limits of Vancouver , British Columbia . The arena is home to the UBC Thunderbirds men 's and women 's ice hockey teams , and contains one international-size 61 m × 30 m ( 200 ft × 98.4 ft ) ice rink . The facility was built around an older ice hockey facility , the historic Father Bauer Arena , which opened in October 1963 . This was named after the late Rev . Father David Bauer , who , together with Bob Hindmarch , established Canadas first national hockey team at UBC in 1963 in preparation for the 1964 Winter Olympics . The UBC Thunderbird Arena replaced the Father Bauer Arena as the home of the UBC Thunderbirds ice hockey team . It is also the practice facility for Vancouver 's NHL team , the Vancouver Canucks . The main ice rink has 7,500 seats and can expand to 8,000 for concerts . The other rinks are Father Bauer Arena and Protrans Arena with spectator capacities of 980 and 200 , respectively . Construction began in April 2006 with the refurbishment of the Father Bauer Arena and the addition of a new practice arena . The new stadium arena was opened on July 7 , 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'University Endowment Lands ( UBC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_Endowment_Lands', 'summary': 'The University Endowment Lands ( UEL ) is an unincorporated area that lies to the west of the city of Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , and adjacent to the University of British Columbia and the lands associated with that campus . Pacific Spirit Regional Park lies within the UEL . The UEL is part of Metro Vancouver . Mail sent to the UEL is addressed to Vancouver rather than the UEL . The UEL is administered directly by the province and landowners pay their property taxes directly to the provincial government . In a 1995 referendum , UEL residents voted against establishing a municipal governing body .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia', 'summary': "The University of British Columbia ( UBC ) is a public research university with campuses in Vancouver and Kelowna , British Columbia . Established in 1908 , UBC is British Columbia 's oldest university . The university has ranked among the top three universities in Canada . With an annual research budget of $ 600 million , UBC funds over 8,000 projects a year . The Vancouver campus is situated in the University Endowment Lands , about 10 km ( 6 mi ) west of Downtown Vancouver . UBC is home to TRIUMF , Canada 's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics , which houses the world 's largest cyclotron . In addition to the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies and Stuart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute , UBC and the Max Planck Society collectively established the first Max Planck Institute in North America , specializing in quantum materials . One of the largest research libraries in Canada , the UBC Library system has over 9.9 million volumes among its 21 branches . The Okanagan campus , acquired in 2005 , is located in Kelowna , British Columbia . As of 2017 [ update ] , eight Nobel laureates , 71 Rhodes scholars , 65 Olympians , ten fellows in both American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the Royal Society , and 208 fellows to the Royal Society of Canada have been affiliated with UBC . Three Canadian prime ministers , including Canada 's first female prime minister Kim Campbell and current prime minister Justin Trudeau have been educated at UBC ."}]}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at Rogers Arena ( then known as GM Place , and renamed Canada Hockey Place for the duration of the Games due to IOC sponsorship rules ) , home of the National Hockey League 's Vancouver Canucks , and at UBC Winter Sports Centre , home of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport 's UBC Thunderbirds . Twelve teams competed in the men 's event and eight teams competed in the women 's event . Canada won both tournaments with victories against the United States , while Finland won both bronze games , however against different opponents . It was the fifth Olympic appearance for Finns Jere Lehtinen and Teemu Selänne , thus making them only the sixth and seventh hockey players to compete at five Olympics after Udo Kießling , Petter Thoresen , Raimo Helminen , Dieter Hegen and Denis Perez ( at the time , Helminen was the only ice hockey player to compete at six Olympics , but Selänne would join the group during the 2014 Sochi Olympics ) ."}]}, {'value': '7,200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hillcrest_Centre', 'summary': 'The Hillcrest Centre is a community centre with ice hockey and curling rinks , and an aquatics facility , located at Hillcrest Park in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Construction started in March 2007 ; it hosted the 2009 World Junior Curling Championships prior to the Olympics . During the 2010 Olympics , it was named the Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Centre and had a capacity of 6,000 people to host curling at the 2010 Winter Olympics ; for the 2010 Paralympics , it hosted the Wheelchair Curling event .'}]}, {'value': 'Vancouver', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vancouver', 'summary': "Vancouver ( /vænˈkuːvər/ ( listen ) ) is a coastal seaport city in western Canada , located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia . As the most populous city in the province , the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city , up from 603,502 in 2011 . The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016 , making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada . Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada , with over 5,400 people per square kilometre , which makes it the fifth-most densely populated city with over 250,000 residents in North America , behind New York City , Guadalajara , San Francisco , and Mexico City . Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada : 52% of its residents are not native English speakers , 48.9% are native speakers of neither English nor French , and 50.6% of residents belong to visible minority groups . Vancouver is consistently named as one of the top five worldwide cities for livability and quality of life , and the Economist Intelligence Unit acknowledged it as the first city ranked among the top ten of the world 's most well-living cities for ten consecutive years . In 2011 , the city planned to become the greenest city in the world by 2020 . Vancouverism is the city 's urban planning design philosophy . Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events , including the 1954 Commonwealth Games , UN Habitat I , Expo 86 , APEC Canada 1997 , the World Police and Fire Games in 1989 and 2009 ; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver , and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler , a resort community 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of the city . In 1969 , Greenpeace was founded in Vancouver . The city became the permanent home to TED conferences in 2014 . Vancouver was originally named Gastown and began as a settlement which grew around the site of a makeshift tavern on the western edges of Hastings Mill built on July 1 , 1867 , and owned by proprietor Gassy Jack ."}]}, {'value': 'Curling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curling_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The curling competition of the 2010 Olympics was held at Vancouver Olympic/Paralympic Centre in Vancouver . It is the fifth time that curling was on the Olympic program , after having been staged in 1924 , 1998 , 2002 and 2006 . The competition followed the same format that was used during the 2006 Turin Winter Olympics , with 10 teams playing a round robin tournament , from which the top four teams advance to the semi-finals . The women 's competition concluded on Friday , February 26 , 2010 . In the bronze medal match , the Chinese team made history by becoming the first team from Asia to win an Olympic curling medal . The gold medal match was one of the closest medal games in Olympic competition . Team Canada won the silver medal , their best performance since the 1998 Nagano Olympic Games when Sandra Schmirler skipped the Canadians to gold . Team Sweden won the gold medal . Anette Norberg , Eva Lund , Cathrine Lindahl , and Anna Le Moine ( née Anna Bergström [ Anna Svärd in Torino ] ) became the first curlers to win two gold medals at the Olympic Games . The men 's competition concluded on Saturday , February 27 , 2010 . In the bronze medal match , Markus Eggler of Switzerland became the first male curler to win two Olympic medals . The gold medal final was a rematch between Canada and Norway of the 2002 Olympics men 's final ( although only one athlete from each team participated in both finals ) ."}]}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whistler Creekside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whistler_Blackcomb', 'summary': "Whistler Blackcomb is a ski resort located in Whistler , British Columbia , Canada . By many measures it is the largest ski resort in North America and has the greatest uphill lift capacity . It features the Peak 2 Peak Gondola for moving between Whistler and Blackcomb mountains at the top . With all of this capacity , Whistler Blackcomb is also often the busiest ski resort , often surpassing 2 million visitors a year . Whistler was originally conceived as part of a bid to win the 1968 Winter Olympics . Although the bid failed , construction started anyway and the resort opened for the first time in January 1966 . Blackcomb mountain , originally a separate entity , opened for business in December 1980 . The two resorts underwent a period of intense rivalry through the 1980s and 90s , with constant upgrades and improvements that were unseen at other resorts . By the mid-1990s the area was repeatedly named the best resort in many skiing magazines . Intrawest , the BC real estate firm that developed Blackcomb , purchased Whistler in 1997 and fully merged their operations in 2003 . Whistler Blackcomb was the centrepiece of a renewed bid on the part of nearby Vancouver for the 2010 Winter Olympics , which they won in July 2003 . Whistler Blackcomb hosted the alpine skiing events , including the men 's and women 's Olympic and Paralympic alpine skiing disciplines of downhill , Super-G , slalom , giant slalom and super combined ."}]}, {'value': 'Whistler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Whistler ( Squamish language : Sḵwiḵw ) is a resort municipality in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in the province of British Columbia , Canada , approximately 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of Vancouver and 36 km ( 22 mi ) south of the town of Pemberton . Incorporated as the Resort Municipality of Whistler ( RMOW ) , it has a permanent population of approximately 11,854 , plus a larger but rotating population of seasonal workers , typically younger people from beyond British Columbia , notably from United Kingdom , Australia and Europe . Over two million people visit Whistler annually , primarily for alpine skiing and snowboarding and , in summer , mountain biking at Whistler Blackcomb . Its pedestrian village has won numerous design awards and Whistler has been voted among the top destinations in North America by major ski magazines since the mid-1990s . During the 2010 Winter Olympics , Whistler hosted most of the alpine , Nordic , luge , skeleton , and bobsled events .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': '7,600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whistler Olympic Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whistler_Olympic_Park', 'summary': 'The Whistler Olympic Park is the location of the Nordic events facilities for the 2010 Winter Olympics and is located in the Madeley Creek basin in the Callaghan Valley , west of Whistler , British Columbia , Canada . The facility hosted the biathlon , cross-country skiing , Nordic combined , and ski jumping . After the Olympics will remain a public facility , complementing the extensive wilderness trails and alpine routes already in use . Three temporary stadiums were built with a capacity for 12,000 spectators each ( 6,000 for the Paralympics ) . The location is approximately 8 km from the junction of its access road with Highway 99 and 14 km from the Whistler Olympic Village . The two year construction project saw , 14 km ( 8.7 mi ) of cross country and biathlon trails , two ski jumps ( HS 106 and HS 140 metre ) , and another 20 to 25 km of recreational trails built . There is also a permanent Biathlon range which can be used daily . Overall , $ 119.7 million was spent on the facilities in the Callaghan Valley . Permanent features were completed in the fall of 2007 . It is now a public cross-country and back country ski facility . Located between the ski jumps and cross country area there is an 11,000-square-foot ( 1,000 m2 ) Day Lodge . Which has a gift shop , cafeteria , washrooms , lounge and rental center .'}]}, {'value': 'Whistler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Whistler ( Squamish language : Sḵwiḵw ) is a resort municipality in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in the province of British Columbia , Canada , approximately 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of Vancouver and 36 km ( 22 mi ) south of the town of Pemberton . Incorporated as the Resort Municipality of Whistler ( RMOW ) , it has a permanent population of approximately 11,854 , plus a larger but rotating population of seasonal workers , typically younger people from beyond British Columbia , notably from United Kingdom , Australia and Europe . Over two million people visit Whistler annually , primarily for alpine skiing and snowboarding and , in summer , mountain biking at Whistler Blackcomb . Its pedestrian village has won numerous design awards and Whistler has been voted among the top destinations in North America by major ski magazines since the mid-1990s . During the 2010 Winter Olympics , Whistler hosted most of the alpine , Nordic , luge , skeleton , and bobsled events .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon , cross-country skiing , Nordic combined , ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The nordic combined competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 14 and 25 February 2010 . Sprint and individual Gundersen events of 7.5 km and 15 km events were replaced by two 10 km individual events with one jump each from the normal and large hills respectively . Team event went from two jumps down for one jump per team member . This was done during the 2008-09 Nordic Combined World Cup season and was also applied to the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec , Czech Republic .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The ski jumping competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park between 12 and 22 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '6,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whistler Sliding Centre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Whistler_Sliding_Centre', 'summary': "The Whistler Sliding Centre ( French : Centre des sports de glisse de Whistler ) is a Canadian bobsleigh , luge , and skeleton track located in Whistler , British Columbia , that is 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of Vancouver . The centre is part of the Whistler Blackcomb resort , which comprises two ski mountains separated by Fitzsimmons Creek . Located on the lowermost slope of the northern mountain ( Blackcomb Mountain ) , Whistler Sliding Centre hosted the bobsleigh , luge , and skeleton competitions for the 2010 Winter Olympics . Design work started in late 2004 with construction taking place from June 2005 to December 2007 . Bobsledders Pierre Lueders and Justin Kripps of Canada took the first run on the track on 19 December 2007 . Certification took place in March 2008 with over 200 runs from six different start houses ( the place where the sleds start their runs ) , and was approved both by the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation ( FIBT ) and the International Luge Federation ( FIL ) . Training runs took place in late 2008 in preparation for the World Cup events in all three sports in early 2009 . World Cup competitions were held in February 2009 for bobsleigh , luge , and skeleton . The top speed for all World Cup events set by German luger Felix Loch at 153.98 km/h ( 95.68 mph ) . In late 2009 , more training took place in preparation for the Winter Olympics . On 12 February 2010 , the day of the Olympic opening ceremonies , Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili was killed during a training run while reportedly going 143.3 km/h ( 89.0 mph ) . This resulted in the men 's singles event being moved to the women 's singles and men 's doubles start house while both the women 's singles and men 's doubles event were moved to the junior start house ."}]}, {'value': 'Whistler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia', 'summary': 'Whistler ( Squamish language : Sḵwiḵw ) is a resort municipality in the southern Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in the province of British Columbia , Canada , approximately 125 km ( 78 mi ) north of Vancouver and 36 km ( 22 mi ) south of the town of Pemberton . Incorporated as the Resort Municipality of Whistler ( RMOW ) , it has a permanent population of approximately 11,854 , plus a larger but rotating population of seasonal workers , typically younger people from beyond British Columbia , notably from United Kingdom , Australia and Europe . Over two million people visit Whistler annually , primarily for alpine skiing and snowboarding and , in summer , mountain biking at Whistler Blackcomb . Its pedestrian village has won numerous design awards and Whistler has been voted among the top destinations in North America by major ski magazines since the mid-1990s . During the 2010 Winter Olympics , Whistler hosted most of the alpine , Nordic , luge , skeleton , and bobsled events .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh , luge , skeleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The bobsleigh competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at the Whistler Sliding Centre between 20 and 27 February 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The luge competition events of the 2010 Winter Olympics were held between 13 and 17 February 2010 at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia , Canada .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The skeleton competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Sliding Centre . The events were held between the 18 and 19 February 2010 . This event was expanded to four runs over two days beginning at these Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Competition venues', 'section_text': 'Whistler Olympic Park ski jumps at Callaghan Valley The Richmond Olympic Oval The largest competition venue was Canada Hockey Place , with a capacity of just under 19,000 spectators . For the first time , Olympic games were played on a narrower NHL-sized ice rink , measuring 61 by 26 metres ( 200 ft × 85 ft ) , instead of the international size of 61 m × 30 m ( 200 ft × 98 ft ) . This change saved an expected $ 10 million ( CAD ) in construction costs and allowed more spectators to attend games . [ 12 ] This arena , as well as the second-largest venue of Vancouver 2010 , Pacific Coliseum , were pre-existing and required minimal renovation in preparation for the Olympics . Of the newly constructed venues for the Games , the Whistler Sliding Centre was the largest , with space for 12,000 spectators to observe the luge , skeleton and bobsled events . Three venues used in the Games were outside Vancouver and Whistler : Cypress Mountain in West Vancouver , the Richmond Olympic Oval in Richmond , and UBC Doug Mitchell Thunderbird Sports Centre on the University Endowment Lands .', 'uid': 'Venues_of_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': "For the 2010 Winter Olympics, a total of ten sports venues were used, seven in Vancouver (including BC Place), and three in Whistler. The 2010 Winter Olympic Games and Paralympic Games were held in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. The Olympics ran from February 12 to February 28, 2010, and the Paralympics from March 12 to March 21, during which nine competition venues were used, spread across Vancouver, Whistler, and the neighbouring areas of West Vancouver and Richmond. The majority of ice sport events were held in Vancouver, while Whistler, which normally serves as a ski resort, hosted the snow events. Six non-competition venues, three each in Vancouver and Whistler, provided athlete housing, space for media, and locations for ceremonies associated with the Games. In its 2002 evaluation of Vancouver's bid during the bidding process for the 2010 Games, the Evaluation Commission of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) highlighted the number and quality of existing competition and training facilities as one of the bid's strengths. Of the competition venues that the bid proposed for use during the Games, six required new construction, with the remainder already built in Vancouver and Whistler. The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (VANOC), which is responsible for the construction and maintenance of facilities for the Games, pledged that all new construction of permanent facilities, whether on public or private land, would be funded by the government. According to CEO John Furlong, VANOC started our venue construction as early as possible. Construction on Cypress Mountain, the first new competition venue to be completed, began in March 2006 and was completed only eight months later, three years ahead of the start of the Games. By December 2007, all three competition venues at Whistler were completed and open for training and testing. Final construction was completed in February 2009, and sporting events were scheduled at the venues to ensure that they would be adequately tested before hosting the Olympic events."} | null | null | Around what older facility was the venue built whose location is an unincorporated area to the west of Vancouver ? | the historic Father Bauer Arena |
0a813a34f4c3989e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Taiwan', 'title': 'List of mosques in Taiwan', 'header': ['Name', 'Chinese', 'Taiwanese', 'Hakka', 'Location', 'Established'], 'data': [{'value': 'Taipei Grand Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taipei_Grand_Mosque', 'summary': "The Taipei Grand Mosque ( Chinese : 台北清真寺 ; pinyin : Táiběi Qīngzhēnsì ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tâi-pak Chheng-chin-sī ) is the largest and most famous mosque in Taiwan with a total area of 2,747 square metres ( 29,570 sq ft ) . Located in the Daan District of Taipei City , it is Taiwan 's most important Islamic structure and was registered as a historic landmark on 29 June 1999 by the Taipei City Government ."}]}, {'value': '台北清真寺', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tâi-pak Chheng-chin-sī', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thòi-pet Chhîn-chṳ̂n-sṳ', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Da'an , Taipei", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Da'an_District,_Taipei", 'summary': "Daan District ( or Da-an District , Da'an District ) is an important educational , commercial , residential and cultural district of Taipei City , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . The name of the district means great safety or great peace ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Taipei', 'summary': "Taipei ( /ˌtaɪˈpeɪ/ ) , officially Taipei City , [ I ] is the capital and a special municipality of Taiwan ( officially the Republic of China , ROC ) . Located in northern Taiwan , Taipei City is an enclave of the municipality of New Taipei City that sits about 25 km ( 16 mi ) southwest of the northern port city Keelung . Most of the city lies on the Taipei Basin , an ancient lakebed . The basin is bounded by the relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung and Xindian rivers , which join to form the Tamsui River along the city 's western border . The city proper is home to an estimated population of 2,646,204 ( 2019 ) , forming the core part of the Taipei-Keelung metropolitan area , which includes the nearby cities of New Taipei and Keelung with a population of 7,047,559 , the 40th most-populous urban area in the world - roughly one-third of Taiwanese citizens live in the metro district . The name Taipei can refer either to the whole metropolitan area or the city proper . Taipei is the political , economic , educational , and cultural center of Taiwan and one of the major hubs in East Asia . Considered to be a global city and rated as an Alpha City by GaWC , Taipei is part of a major high-tech industrial area . Railways , highways , airports , and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island . The city is served by two airports - Songshan and Taoyuan . Taipei is home to various world-famous architectural or cultural landmarks , which include Taipei 101 , Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall , Dalongdong Baoan Temple , Hsing Tian Kong , Lungshan Temple of Manka , National Palace Museum , Presidential Office Building , Taipei Guest House , Ximending , and several night markets dispersed throughout the city . Natural features such as Maokong , Yangmingshan , and hot springs are also well known to international visitors ."}]}, {'value': '1947 ( original building ) 1960 ( current building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaohsiung Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaohsiung_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Kaohsiung Mosque ( Chinese : 高雄清真寺 ; pinyin : Gāoxióng Qīngzhēnsì ) is a mosque in Lingya District , Kaohsiung , Taiwan . It is the second mosque to be built in Taiwan after Taipei Grand Mosque in Taipei .'}]}, {'value': '高雄清真寺', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ko-hiông Chheng-chin-sī', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kô-hiùng Chhîn-chṳ̂n-sṳ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lingya , Kaohsiung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lingya_District', 'summary': 'Lingya District ( Chinese : 苓雅區 ; pinyin : Língyǎ Qū ) is a district of Kaohsiung , Taiwan . The 85 Sky Tower and the Kaohsiung City Hall are located here . Lingya District is the administrative center of Kaohsiung City along with Fongshan District . Its population is around 174,419 as of December 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kaohsiung', 'summary': "Kaohsiung ( /ˌkaʊˈʃʌŋ/ ; Mandarin Chinese : [ káuɕʊ̌ŋ ] ( listen ) ) , Wade-Giles : Kao¹-hsiung² , officially Kaohsiung City , [ I ] is a city in southern Taiwan . The city proper is a special municipality with an area of 2,952 km2 ( 1,140 sq mi ) stretching from the coastal urban centre to the rural Yushan Range . As of 2018 , the municipality has a population of 2.77 million , making it the third most populous administrative division and second largest metropolis in Taiwan . Since founding in the 17th century , Kaohsiung has grown from a small trading village into the political and economic centre of southern Taiwan , with key industries such as manufacturing , steel-making , oil refining , freight transport and shipbuilding . It is classified as 'High Sufficiency ' by GaWC , with some of the most prominent infrastructures in Taiwan . The Port of Kaohsiung is the largest and busiest harbour in Taiwan while Kaohsiung International Airport is the second busiest airport in number of passengers . The city is well-connected to other major cities by high speed and conventional rail , as well as several national freeways . It also hosts the Republic of China Navy fleet headquarters and its naval academy . More recent public works such as Pier-2 Art Center , National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts and Kaohsiung Music Center have been aimed at growing the tourism and cultural industries of the city ."}]}, {'value': '1949 ( original building ) 1951 ( second building ) 1992 ( current building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taipei Cultural Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taipei_Cultural_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Taipei Cultural Mosque ( Chinese : 台北文化清真寺 ; pinyin : Táiběi Wénhuà Qīngzhēnsì ) is a mosque in Zhongzheng District , Taipei , Taiwan . The mosque is the third one to be built in Taiwan and it is owned by the Chinese Muslim Youth League .'}]}, {'value': '台北文化清真寺', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tâi-pak Bûn-hoà Chheng-chin-sī', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thòi-pet Vùn-fa Chhîn-chṳ̂n-sṳ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhongzheng , Taipei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhongzheng_District', 'summary': 'Zhongzheng District ( also Jhongjheng District ) is a district in Taipei , Republic of China . It is the home of most of the national government buildings of the Republic of China , this includes the Presidential Office , the Executive Yuan , the Control Yuan , the Legislative Yuan , the Judicial Yuan and various government ministries . This district is named after Generalissimo and the late President of the Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taipei', 'summary': "Taipei ( /ˌtaɪˈpeɪ/ ) , officially Taipei City , [ I ] is the capital and a special municipality of Taiwan ( officially the Republic of China , ROC ) . Located in northern Taiwan , Taipei City is an enclave of the municipality of New Taipei City that sits about 25 km ( 16 mi ) southwest of the northern port city Keelung . Most of the city lies on the Taipei Basin , an ancient lakebed . The basin is bounded by the relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung and Xindian rivers , which join to form the Tamsui River along the city 's western border . The city proper is home to an estimated population of 2,646,204 ( 2019 ) , forming the core part of the Taipei-Keelung metropolitan area , which includes the nearby cities of New Taipei and Keelung with a population of 7,047,559 , the 40th most-populous urban area in the world - roughly one-third of Taiwanese citizens live in the metro district . The name Taipei can refer either to the whole metropolitan area or the city proper . Taipei is the political , economic , educational , and cultural center of Taiwan and one of the major hubs in East Asia . Considered to be a global city and rated as an Alpha City by GaWC , Taipei is part of a major high-tech industrial area . Railways , highways , airports , and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island . The city is served by two airports - Songshan and Taoyuan . Taipei is home to various world-famous architectural or cultural landmarks , which include Taipei 101 , Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall , Dalongdong Baoan Temple , Hsing Tian Kong , Lungshan Temple of Manka , National Palace Museum , Presidential Office Building , Taipei Guest House , Ximending , and several night markets dispersed throughout the city . Natural features such as Maokong , Yangmingshan , and hot springs are also well known to international visitors ."}]}, {'value': '1950 ( original building ) 1982 ( current building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taichung Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taichung_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Taichung Mosque ( Chinese : 台中清真寺 ; pinyin : Táizhōng Qīngzhēnsì ) is a mosque in Nantun District , Taichung , Taiwan . It is the fourth mosque to be built in Taiwan .'}]}, {'value': '台中清真寺', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tâi-tiong Chheng-chin-sī', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thòi-chûng Chhîn-chṳ̂n-sṳ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nantun , Taichung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nantun_District', 'summary': 'Nantun District ( Chinese : 南屯區 ; pinyin : Nántún Qū ) is an urban district in Taichung , Taiwan . It was a part of Taichung before the City and County were amalgamated in 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taichung', 'summary': "Taichung ( /ˌtaɪˈtʃʌŋ/ , Wade-Giles : Tʻai²-chung¹ ) , officially Taichung City , [ I ] is a special municipality located in central Taiwan . Taichung has a population of approximately 2.81 million people and is Taiwan 's second most populous city , overtaking Kaohsiung in July 2017 . It serves as the core of the Taichung-Changhua metropolitan area , which is the second largest metropolitan area in Taiwan . The current city was formed when Taichung County merged with the original provincial Taichung City to form the special municipality on 25 December 2010 . Located in the Taichung Basin , the city was named under Japanese rule , and became a major economic and cultural hub . Originally composed of several scattered hamlets , the city of Taichung was planned and developed by the Japanese . It was called the Kyoto of Formosa in the Japanese era because of its calm and beauty . The city is home to the National Museum of Natural Science , the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts , the National Taichung Theater , the National Library of Public Information , and the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra , as well as many cultural sites , including the historic Taichung Park , the Lin Family Gardens , and many temples ."}]}, {'value': '1951 ( original building ) 1990 ( current building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longgang Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longgang_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Longgang Mosque or Lungkang Mosque ( Chinese : 龍岡清真寺 ; pinyin : Lónggāng Qīngzhēnsì ) is a mosque in Zhongli District , Taoyuan City , Taiwan . It is the fifth mosque to be built in Taiwan . As of September 2008 , the Imam was Abdullah Liu ( traditional Chinese : 柳根榮 ; simplified Chinese : 柳根荣 ; pinyin : Liǔ Gēnróng ) .'}]}, {'value': '龍岡清真寺', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liông-kong Chheng-chin-sī', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liùng-kông Chhîn-chṳ̂n-sṳ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhongli , Taoyuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhongli_District', 'summary': 'Zhongli District ( Chinese : 中壢區 ; pinyin : Zhōnglì Qū ) is a district in Taoyuan City , Taiwan . Zhongli is spelled variously as Jungli , Jongli , Jhongli or Chungli on railway , bus stop and road signs . Historically , the city is the site of the Jungli Incident of 1977 , the most significant event of the democratization movement prior to the 1980s . Ethnically , it is considered a kind of capital city for the Hakka Taiwanese , who live in great numbers here and in surrounding areas ; a lot of the elderly could speak Hakka in addition to Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien . In recent years many foreign workers ( mainly from the Philippines and Thailand ) have also settled in and around the city due to the heavy industries in the suburbs of the city , making it a center for foreign laborers . The city of Zhongli has 3 large parks and over 70 green reserves in the city for residents of Zhongli to enjoy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan', 'summary': 'Taoyuan [ I ] is a special municipality in northwestern Taiwan , neighboring New Taipei City , Hsinchu County , and Yilan County . Taoyuan District is the seat of the municipal government and which , along with Zhongli District , forms a large metropolitan area . Taoyuan developed from a satellite city of Taipei metropolitan area to become the fourth-largest metropolitan area , and fifth-largest populated city in Taiwan . Since commuting to the Taipei metropolitan area is easy , Taoyuan has seen the fastest population growth of all cities in Taiwan . Taoyuan means peach garden in Chinese , since the area used to have many peach trees . The city is home to many industrial parks and tech company headquarters . Taoyuan International Airport , which serves the capital , Taipei and the rest of northern Taiwan , is located in this city . The city of Taoyuan has been elevated to special municipality status since 2014 from the original Taoyuan County . At the same time , the former county-administered city of Taoyuan was also promoted to Taoyuan District within the new municipality .'}]}, {'value': '1967 ( original building ) 1989 ( current building )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tainan Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tainan_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Tainan Mosque ( Chinese : 台南清真寺 ; pinyin : Táinán Qīngzhēnsì ) is a mosque in East District , Tainan , Taiwan . It is the sixth mosque to be built in Taiwan .'}]}, {'value': '台南清真寺', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tâi-lâm Chheng-chin-sī', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thòi-nàm Chhîn-chṳ̂n-sṳ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nantun , Taichung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nantun_District', 'summary': 'Nantun District ( Chinese : 南屯區 ; pinyin : Nántún Qū ) is an urban district in Taichung , Taiwan . It was a part of Taichung before the City and County were amalgamated in 2010 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taichung', 'summary': "Taichung ( /ˌtaɪˈtʃʌŋ/ , Wade-Giles : Tʻai²-chung¹ ) , officially Taichung City , [ I ] is a special municipality located in central Taiwan . Taichung has a population of approximately 2.81 million people and is Taiwan 's second most populous city , overtaking Kaohsiung in July 2017 . It serves as the core of the Taichung-Changhua metropolitan area , which is the second largest metropolitan area in Taiwan . The current city was formed when Taichung County merged with the original provincial Taichung City to form the special municipality on 25 December 2010 . Located in the Taichung Basin , the city was named under Japanese rule , and became a major economic and cultural hub . Originally composed of several scattered hamlets , the city of Taichung was planned and developed by the Japanese . It was called the Kyoto of Formosa in the Japanese era because of its calm and beauty . The city is home to the National Museum of Natural Science , the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts , the National Taichung Theater , the National Library of Public Information , and the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra , as well as many cultural sites , including the historic Taichung Park , the Lin Family Gardens , and many temples ."}]}, {'value': 'September 1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'At-Taqwa Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/At-Taqwa_Mosque', 'summary': 'The At-Taqwa Mosque ( Chinese : 大園淸眞寺 ; pinyin : Dàyuán Qīngzhēnsì ; Indonesian : Masjid At-Taqwa ) is a mosque in Dayuan District , Taoyuan City , Taiwan . It is the seventh mosque built in Taiwan .'}]}, {'value': '大園清真寺', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toā-Hng Chheng-chin-sī', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thai-yèn Chhîn-chṳ̂n-sṳ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dayuan , Taoyuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dayuan_District', 'summary': 'Dayuan District ( Chinese : 大園區 ; pinyin : Dàyuán Qū ) , formerly known as Dayuan Township ( Chinese : 大園鄕 ; pinyin : Dàyuán Xiāng ) is a rural , coastal district in northwestern Taoyuan City , Taiwan ( Republic of China ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan', 'summary': 'Taoyuan [ I ] is a special municipality in northwestern Taiwan , neighboring New Taipei City , Hsinchu County , and Yilan County . Taoyuan District is the seat of the municipal government and which , along with Zhongli District , forms a large metropolitan area . Taoyuan developed from a satellite city of Taipei metropolitan area to become the fourth-largest metropolitan area , and fifth-largest populated city in Taiwan . Since commuting to the Taipei metropolitan area is easy , Taoyuan has seen the fastest population growth of all cities in Taiwan . Taoyuan means peach garden in Chinese , since the area used to have many peach trees . The city is home to many industrial parks and tech company headquarters . Taoyuan International Airport , which serves the capital , Taipei and the rest of northern Taiwan , is located in this city . The city of Taoyuan has been elevated to special municipality status since 2014 from the original Taoyuan County . At the same time , the former county-administered city of Taoyuan was also promoted to Taoyuan District within the new municipality .'}]}, {'value': '9 June 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An-Nur Tongkang Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/An-Nur_Tongkang_Mosque', 'summary': 'The An-Nur Tongkang Mosque ( Chinese : 東港清真寺 ; pinyin : Dōnggǎng Qīngzhēnsì ) is a mosque in Donggang Township , Pingtung County , Taiwan . It is the eighth and latest mosque built in Taiwan . It is also the first mosque in Pingtung County .'}]}, {'value': '東港清真寺', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tang-káng Chheng-chin-sī', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tûng-kóng Chhîn-chṳ̂n-sṳ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donggang , Pingtung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donggang,_Pingtung', 'summary': "Donggang Township or Tungkang Township ( Chinese : 東港鎭 ) is an urban township in west-central Pingtung County , Taiwan . Located on Taiwan 's western coastline , along the Taiwan Strait , it has one of Taiwan 's largest fishing harbors . Dapeng Bay with its national scenic area is just south of Donggang . The town also hosts Donglong Temple ( 東隆宮 ; Dōnglóng gōng ) , which is dedicated to Lord Wen ( 溫王爺 ; Wēn wángyé , the word Wen is pronounced the same as plague in Chinese ) and is known for its triannual ceremony of burning lord 's boat ( burning plague boat ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pingtung_County', 'summary': "Pingtung County ( Mandarin pinyin : Píngdōng Xiàn , Wade-Giles : Pʻing²-tung¹ Hsien⁴ ; Hokkien POJ : Pîn-tong-koān ; Hakka PFS : Phìn-tûng-yan ; Paiwan : Akaw/Qakaw ) is a county in southern Taiwan . It has a warm tropical monsoon climate and is known for its agriculture and tourism . In recent years , it has promoted specialties such as tuna and wax apples . [ not verified in body ] Kenting National Park , Taiwan 's oldest and largest national park , is located in the county . The county seat is Pingtung City ."}]}, {'value': '18 February 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hualien Al-Falah Mosque', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hualien_Al-Falah_Mosque', 'summary': 'The Hualien Al-Falah Mosque ( Chinese : 花蓮清真寺 ; pinyin : Huālián Qīngzhēnsì ) is a mosque in Hualien City , Hualien County , Taiwan . It is the ninth and latest mosque built in Taiwan . It is also the first mosque in Hualien County .'}]}, {'value': '花蓮清真寺', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hualien City , Hualien County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hualien_City', 'summary': 'Hualien City ( Mandarin Pīnyīn : Huālián Shì ; Wade-Giles : Hua¹-lien² Shih⁴ ; Hokkien POJ : Hoa-lian-chhī or Hoa-liân-chhī ) is a county-administered city and the county seat of Hualien County , Taiwan . It is located on the east coast of Taiwan on the Pacific Ocean , and has a population of 106,368 inhabitants .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hualien_County', 'summary': "Hualien County ( Mandarin Wade-Giles : Hua¹-lien² Hsien⁴ ; Pīnyīn : Huālián Xiàn ; Hokkien POJ : Hoa-lian-koān or Hoa-liân-koān ; Hakka PFS : Fâ-lièn-yen ; Amis : Kalingko ) is a county on the east coast of Taiwan . It is the largest county by area , yet due to its mountainous terrain , has one of the lowest populations in the country . The county seat and largest city is Hualien City . Most of the population resides in the Huadong Valley , which runs north to south , sandwiched between the Central and Hai'an mountain ranges . Due to the rural nature of the county , Hualien attracts many visitors for its natural environment , which includes Taroko Gorge , Qingshui Cliff , and Qixingtan Beach ."}]}, {'value': '18 March 2018', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Hualien Al-Falah MosqueAn-Nur Tongkang MosqueAt-Taqwa MosqueBaitul Muslimin MosqueKaohsiung MosqueLonggang MosqueTaichung MosqueTainan MosqueTaipei Cultural MosqueTaipei Grand Mosque Map of Taiwan : Mosque As of February 2018 , there are eight mosques in Taiwan . The following table is the list of mosques in Taiwan . Taipei Grand Mosque is the largest and oldest mosque in Taiwan .', 'uid': 'List_of_mosques_in_Taiwan_0', 'intro': 'As of February 2018, there are eight mosques in Taiwan. The following table is the list of mosques in Taiwan. Taipei Grand Mosque is the largest and oldest mosque in Taiwan.'} | null | null | Which mosque is located in the district that is also home to 85 Sky Tower ? | Kaohsiung Mosque |
0a82071807c20e62 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber', 'title': 'Caliber', 'header': ['Inch caliber', 'Metric caliber', 'Typical bullet diameter', 'Common cartridges'], 'data': [{'value': '.172', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 mm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4_mm_caliber', 'summary': 'This article lists firearm cartridges which have a bullet in the 4 millimetres ( 0.16 in ) to 4.99 millimetres ( 0.196 in ) caliber range . All measurements are in mm ( in ) .'}]}, {'value': '0.172 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.17 HMR , .17 Hornet , .17 Ackley Hornet , .17 Winchester Super Magnum , .17-32 Magnum , .17 VHA , .17 Remington , .17/222 , .17 Mach III-IV , .17 Ackley Improved Bee , .17-357 RG , .17 Remington Fireball , .17 Incinerator , 4.39×39Rmm SPS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.17_HMR', 'summary': '.17 Hornady Magnum Rimfire , commonly known as the .17 HMR , is a rimfire rifle cartridge developed by Littleman in 2002 . It was developed by necking down a .22 Magnum case to take a .17 caliber ( 4.5 mm ) projectile . Commonly loaded with a 17 grain ( 1.1 g ) projectile , it can deliver muzzle velocities in excess of 775 m/s ( 2,650 ft/s ) .The .17 HMR is known for the distance of shots that can be made and the accuracy of those shots . It is mostly used as a varmint rifle and or small game rifle . This rifle also , has very little recoil so therefore would be great for kids with the supervision of an adult'}]}, {'value': '.20 , .204', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 mm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5_mm_caliber', 'summary': 'This article lists firearm cartridges which have a bullet in the 5 millimetres ( 0.20 in ) to 5.99 millimetres ( 0.236 in ) caliber range .'}]}, {'value': '0.204 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.204 Ruger , 5mm Remington Rimfire Magnum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.204_Ruger', 'summary': 'The .204 Ruger is a centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Hornady and Ruger . At the time of its introduction in 2004 , the .204 Ruger was the second highest velocity commercially produced ammunition and the only centerfire cartridge produced commercially for bullets of .204 inch/5 mm caliber .'}, {'url': '/wiki/5mm_Remington_Rimfire_Magnum', 'summary': "The 5mm Remington Rimfire Magnum or 5mm RFM is a bottlenecked rimfire cartridge introduced by Remington Arms Company in 1969 . Remington chambered it in a pair of bolt-action rifles , the Model 591 and Model 592 , but the round never became very popular , and the rifles were discontinued in 1974 . About 52,000 rifles and 30,000 barrels for the T/C Contender pistol were sold during its brief production run . Remington discontinued the cartridge itself in 1982 , leaving owners with no source of ammunition . In 2008 , the cartridge was reintroduced by Mexico 's Aguila Ammunition in collaboration with Centurion Ordnance ."}]}, {'value': '.221', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.45 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.221 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.45×39mm Russian family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5.45×39mm', 'summary': 'The 5.45×39mm cartridge is a rimless bottlenecked intermediate cartridge . It was introduced into service in 1974 by the Soviet Union for use with the new AK-74 . The 5.45×39mm gradually supplemented , then largely replaced the 7.62×39mm cartridge in Soviet and Warsaw Pact service as the primary military service rifle cartridge .'}]}, {'value': '.22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.6 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.223 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.22 Short , .22 Long , .22 Long Rifle , .22 Stinger , 22 Extra Long , .22 WMR ( magnum ) , .297/230 Morris Extra Long , .22 Hornet , .22 Rem Automatic , 5.66 x39 MPS , .22 Rem Jet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.22_Short', 'summary': '.22 Short is a variety of .22 caliber ( 5.6 mm ) rimfire ammunition . Developed in 1857 for the first Smith & Wesson revolver , the .22 rimfire was the first American metallic cartridge . The original loading was a 29 or 30 gr ( 0.066 or 0.069 oz ; 1.879 or 1.944 g ) bullet and 4 gr ( 0.0091 oz ; 0.2592 g ) of black powder . The original .22 rimfire cartridge was renamed .22 Short with the introduction of the .22 Long in 1871 . Developed for self defense , the modern .22 Short , though still used in a few pocket pistols and mini-revolvers , is mainly used as a quiet round for practice by the recreational shooter . The .22 Short was popularly used in shooting galleries at fairs and arcades ; several rifle makers produced gallery models for .22 Short exclusively . Due to its low recoil and good inherent accuracy , the .22 Short was used for the Olympic 25 meter rapid fire pistol event until 2004 , and they were allowed in the shooting part of modern pentathlon competitions before they switched to air pistols . Several makes of starter pistols use .22 Short blank cartridges . Some powder-actuated nail guns use the .22 Short cartridge as a power source .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.22_Long', 'summary': ".22 Long is a variety of .22 caliber ( 5.6 mm ) rimfire ammunition . The .22 Long is the second-oldest of the surviving rimfire cartridges , dating back to 1871 , when it was loaded with a 29 grain ( 1.9 g ) bullet and 5 grains ( 0.32 g ) of black powder , 25% more than the .22 Short it was based on . It was designed for use in revolvers , but was soon chambered in rifles as well , in which it gained a strong reputation as a small game cartridge , and sold very well . In 1887 the .22 Long case was combined with the heavier 40 grain ( 2.6 g ) bullet of the .22 Extra Long of 1880 to produce the .22 Long Rifle giving a longer overall length , a higher muzzle energy and superior performance as a hunting and target round , rendering the .22 Long and .22 Extra Long obsolete . Many firearms designed for the .22 Long Rifle will chamber and fire the shorter round , though the .22 Long generally does not generate sufficient energy to operate semi-automatic guns . The one prominent survivor of the .22 Long is the .22 CB Long , a long-cased version of the .22 CB . While the original .22 Long loading used the same powder charge as the .22 Long Rifle , the .22 Long bullet was significantly lighter , and the combination did not result in higher velocities for the .22 Long when fired from a rifle . The large barrel volume to chamber volume ratio of a .22 rimfire rifle means that the powder gasses have expanded as far as they can well before the bullet reaches the muzzle of a normal length rifle barrel , and the light .22 Long bullet has less inertia than the .22 Long Rifle . This means that the .22 Long bullet ( and to a lesser extent the .22 Long Rifle in most loadings ) actually slows down significantly before it exits the barrel . For farmers , or for those who only hunted small game such as squirrel or cottontail rabbit , the differences in performance between the .22 Long and .22 Long Rifle cartridges were of little importance . The quieter report and lower penetration of the .22 Long cartridge were often seen as desirable qualities . Since the .22 Long Rifle performs as well in a short handgun barrel as the .22 Long and outperforms it significantly in a long rifle barrel , the development of the .22 Long Rifle assured the .22 Long 's path to obsolescence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/.22_Long_Rifle', 'summary': 'The .22 Long Rifle or simply .22 LR ( metric designation : 5.6×15mmR ) is a long-established variety of .22 caliber rimfire ammunition , and in terms of units sold is still by far the most common ammunition in the world today . It is used in a wide range of rifles , pistols , revolvers , smoothbore shotguns ( No . 1 bore ) , and even submachine guns .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.22_Extra_Long', 'summary': 'The .22 Extra Long is a .22 in ( 5.6 mm ) American rimfire rifle and handgun cartridge .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.22_WMR', 'summary': 'The .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire , also called .22 WMR , .22 Magnum , .22 WMRF , .22 MRF , or .22 Mag , is a rimfire cartridge . Originally loaded with a bullet weight of 40 grains ( 2.6 g ) delivering velocities in the 2,000 feet per second ( 610 m/s ) range from a rifle barrel , .22 WMR is now loaded with bullet weights ranging from 50 grains ( 3.2 g ) at 1,530 feet per second ( 470 m/s ) to 30 grains ( 1.9 g ) at 2,200 feet per second ( 670 m/s ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.22_Hornet', 'summary': 'The .22 Hornet or 5.6×35mmR is a varminting , small-game hunting , survival and competition centerfire rifle cartridge commercially introduced in 1930 . It is considerably more powerful than the rimfire .22 WMR and the .17 HMR , achieving higher velocity with a bullet twice the weight of the .17 HMR bullet . The Hornet also differs very significantly from these in that being a centerfire cartridge makes it handloadable and reloadable , and thus much more versatile . It was the smallest commercially available .22 caliber centerfire cartridge until the introduction of the FN 5.7×28mm . The .22 Hornet fills the gap between such popular varmint/predator cartridges as the .22 WMR and the .223 Remington . In regard to muzzle velocity , muzzle energy and noise , it is well suited to vermin and predator control in relatively built-up areas .'}]}, {'value': '.224', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.7 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.224 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.218 Bee , .219 Zipper , .22 Hornet-K , .220 Swift , .222 Remington , .222 Remington Magnum , .223 Remington , 5.56×45mm NATO , 5.7×28mm , .22 TCM , 5.8 × 42 Chinese , .224 Weatherby Magnum , .225 Winchester , .223 Winchester Super Short Magnum ( Obsolete ) .223 Ackley Improved , .219 Donaldson Wasp , .221 Remington Fireball , .22-250 Remington and many more', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.218_Bee', 'summary': "The .218 Bee is a .22 caliber centerfire rifle cartridge designed for varmint hunting by Winchester in 1937 . The cartridge was originally chambered in the Winchester Model 65 lever-action rifles , which may have ultimately led to its lack of popularity . The cartridge is named for the bore diameter of the barrel in which the cartridge is chambered rather than the usual practice in the United States of having the cartridge 's nomenclature reflect in some way the bullet diameter ."}, {'url': '/wiki/.219_Zipper', 'summary': "The .219 Zipper cartridge was created by Winchester Repeating Arms in 1937 to be used in their lever-action Model 64 rifle . It is a 30-30 Winchester cartridge necked down to a .22 caliber bullet . Marlin Firearms also offered their Marlin Model 336 rifle ( Marlin 336 Zipper ) chambered for the cartridge . While the .219 Zipper was supposed to compete against other varmint cartridges of the time , most lever-action rifles use tubular magazines , which prohibit the use of pointed bullets . This led to problems with accuracy . Winchester stopped producing .219 Zipper ammunition in 1962 , Remington Arms stopped production of the cartridge soon afterwards . The .219 Zipper is the parent case of the .219 Donaldson Wasp , and P.O . Ackley created the .219 Zipper Improved in 1937 . Leslie Lindahl 's Chucker and Super-chucker and wildcat case modifications by Hervey Lovell , Lysle Kilbourne , and W. F. Vickery offered similarly superior ballistics in stronger single-shot and bolt actions . Though the flat- or round-nosed slug causes rapid loss of velocity , the .219 Zipper is suitable for small game or varmints , including wolf or coyote , and even deer if loaded with a heavier 55 grain bullet . It works well in guns designed to fire rimmed ammunition , such as rebarreled Lee-Enfields , but not in Mauser-type actions , which are not ."}, {'url': '/wiki/.220_Swift', 'summary': 'The .220 Swift ( 5.56×56mmSR ) is a semi-rimmed rifle cartridge developed by Winchester and introduced in 1935 for small game and vermin hunting . It was the first factory loaded rifle cartridge with a muzzle velocity of over 4,000 ft/s ( 1,200 m/s ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.222_Remington', 'summary': 'The .222 Remington , also known as the triple deuce , triple two , and treble two , is a centerfire rifle cartridge . Introduced in 1950 , it was the first commercial rimless .22 ( 5.56 mm ) cartridge made in the United States . As such , it was an entirely new design , without a parent case . [ citation needed ] The .222 Remington was a popular target cartridge from its introduction until the mid-1970s and still enjoys a reputation for accuracy . It remains a popular vermin or varmint cartridge at short and medium ranges with preferred bullet weights of 40-55 grains and muzzle velocities from 3,000 to 3,500 ft/s ( 915-1,067 m/s ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.222_Remington_Magnum', 'summary': 'The .222 Remington Magnum was a short-lived commercially produced cartridge derived from the .222 Remington . Originally developed for a US military prototype Armalite AR-15 rifle in 1958 , the cartridge was not adopted by the military , but was introduced commercially in sporting rifles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.223_Remington', 'summary': 'The .223 Remington is a rifle cartridge , developed in 1957 , for the ArmaLite AR-15 . In 1964 , the ArmaLite AR-15 was adopted by the United States Army as the M16 rifle , and it would later become the standard U.S. military rifle . The military version of the cartridge uses a 55-gr full metal jacket bullet and was designated M193 . In 1980 , the .223 Remington was transformed into a new cartridge , a 62-gr full metal jacket bullet with a 7-gr steel core for better penetration and designated 5.56×45mm NATO ( SS109 or M855 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/5.56×45mm_NATO', 'summary': 'The 5.56×45mm NATO ( official NATO nomenclature 5.56 NATO , fyv-FYV-six ) is a rimless bottlenecked intermediate cartridge family developed in the late 1970s in Belgium by FN Herstal . It consists of the SS109 , SS110 , and SS111 cartridges . On 28 October 1980 under STANAG 4172 it was standardized as the second standard service rifle cartridge for NATO forces as well as many non-NATO countries . The 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge family was derived from , but is not identical to , the .223 Remington cartridge designed by Remington Arms in the early 1960s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/5.7×28mm', 'summary': "The FN 5.7×28mm ( designated as the 5.7 × 28 by the C.I.P . ) is a small-caliber , high-velocity , smokeless powder , rebated rim , bottlenecked centerfire cartridge designed for handgun and personal defense weapon ( PDW ) uses and manufactured by FN Herstal . It is similar in length to the .22 WMR ( Winchester Magnum Rimfire ) ( 5.7×27mm ) and to some degree similar also to .22 Hornet or .22 K-Hornet . Unlike many new cartridges , it has no parent case ; the complete package was developed from scratch by FN . The 5.7×28mm was developed in conjunction with the FN P90 PDW and FN Five-seven pistol , in response to NATO requests for a replacement for the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge . In 2002 and 2003 , NATO conducted a series of tests with the intention of standardizing a PDW cartridge as a replacement for the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge . The tests compared the relative merits of the 5.7×28mm cartridge and the 4.6×30mm cartridge , which was created by Heckler & Koch as a competitor to the 5.7×28mm . The NATO group subsequently recommended the 5.7×28mm cartridge , citing superior performance in testing , but the German delegation objected and the standardization process was indefinitely halted . By 2006 , FN 's 5.7×28mm firearms - the P90 PDW and Five-Seven pistol - were in service with military and police forces in over 40 nations throughout the world . In the United States , 5.7×28mm firearms are currently used by numerous law enforcement agencies , including the U.S. Secret Service . In addition to being used in the FN P90 and FN Five-seven firearms , the 5.7×28mm cartridge has subsequently been used in a number of other weapons , such as the AR-57 and FN PS90 carbines . Excel Arms has developed four firearms chambered in 5.7×28mm , and MasterPiece Arms offers three different firearms in 5.7×28mm ."}, {'url': '/wiki/.22_TCM', 'summary': 'The .22 TCM or 22TCM ( .22 Tuason Craig Micromagnum ) is a proprietary bottle-necked cartridge created from a 5.56 NATO cartridge developed by custom gunsmith Fred Craig and Rock Island Armory ( RIA ) for semi-automatic pistols and the Rock Island M22 TCM bolt action rifle . Before the cartridge was commercialized , it was called the 22 Micro-Mag . Similar conceptually to other bottle-necked pistol cartridges such as the larger-caliber .357 SIG , the .22 TCM trades bullet mass for increased velocity and lowered recoil . Based on the 5.56×45mm NATO case and shortened so that the shoulder is at approximately the same length as a .38 Super cartridge , the .22 TCM is somewhat longer than the ubiquitous 9×19mm Parabellum and designed to be fired from a RIA line of weapons ( which also included 9mm barrel swaps ) fed by Para-Ordnance-style double-column .38 Super magazines . A sub-variant , the 22 TCM 9R , with a shorter , more deeply-seated bullet , is designed for use in Glock magazines limited to standard-length 9mm cartridges . Standard factory loads are 40-grain jacketed soft hollow point , 39-grain for 9R .'}, {'url': '/wiki/5.8×42mm_DBP87', 'summary': "The 5.8×42mm / DBP87 ( Dàn ( 弹 ) Bùqiāng ( 步枪 ) Pŭtōng ( 普通 ) , 1987 ; literally Standard Rifle Cartridge , 1987 ) is a military rimless bottlenecked intermediate cartridge developed in the People 's Republic of China . There is limited information on this cartridge , although the People 's Liberation Army says that it is superior to the 5.56×45mm NATO and Soviet 5.45×39mm cartridges . Another variant called the DBP88 heavy round was designed specifically for squad automatic weapons and designated marksman rifles . The 5.8×42mm heavy round cartridge has the same dimensions as the standard 5.8×42mm cartridge , but utilizes a longer streamlined bullet with a heavy steel core for increased performance at extended ranges and penetration . As of 2010 all 5.8×42mm cartridge variants are gradually succeeded by the DBP10 variant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/.224_Weatherby_Magnum', 'summary': 'The .224 Weatherby Magnum ( 5.56×49mmB ) is a sporting cartridge that was developed in 1963 by Roy Weatherby after about 10 years of development . [ citation needed ] It is a proprietary cartridge with no major firearms manufacturers chambering rifles for it other than Weatherby . It was originally called the .224 Weatherby Varmintmaster when it was introduced alongside the Weatherby Varmintmaster rifle , but the rifle was discontinued in 1994 and the cartridge was renamed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.225_Winchester', 'summary': 'The .225 Winchester cartridge was introduced in 1964 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.223_Winchester_Super_Short_Magnum', 'summary': 'The .223 WSSM ( Winchester Super Short Magnum , 5.56×42mm ) is a .224 caliber rifle cartridge created by Winchester and Browning based on a shortened version of the Winchester Short Magnum case .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.219_Donaldson_Wasp', 'summary': "The .219 Donaldson Wasp cartridge was developed during the late 1930s by Harvey Donaldson , and is derived from the .219 Zipper case . Once popular amongst match shooters in the 1940s it has since fallen by the wayside in favor of newer developments . It is however held in high regard for its accuracy and is widely considered the grandfather of benchrest cartridges . Today the round occupies a niche in the falling-block rifle market . There are three notable versions of the Wasp . The first , designed in the mid 1930s and today known as the 219 Gipson Wasp , was named after the gunsmith who chambered the first Wasp rifle for Donaldson . This version has a case length measuring 1.625 and was formed from rimless 25 Remington brass . Donaldson shifted his experimentation to the 219 Zipper brass soon after the introduction of that cartridge by Winchester in 1937 . By approximately 1940 Donaldson had lengthened the body of the Wasp case to increase capacity from around 24 to 28 grains of IMR 3031 powder - to see if velocity could be increased while maintaining accuracy . To Donaldson 's delight , the larger case produced both higher velocity and superior accuracy . This development work is detailed in a series of letters written by Donaldson and collectively published in Yours Truly . Donaldson later lengthened the neck by about 1/32 so as not to encroach on powder capacity when using a graphite wad behind the bullet ."}, {'url': '/wiki/.221_Remington_Fireball', 'summary': 'The .221 Remington Fireball is a centerfire cartridge created by Remington Arms Company in 1963 as a special round for use in their experimental single-shot bolt-action pistol , the XP-100 . A shortened version of the .222 Remington , it is popular as a varmint and small predator round while also finding use among target shooters . It has application as both a pistol round and as a rifle round .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.22-250_Remington', 'summary': 'The .22-250 Remington is a very high-velocity ( capable of reaching over 4000 feet per second ) , short action , .22 caliber rifle cartridge primarily used for varmint hunting and small game hunting , though it finds occasional use on deer . This cartridge is also sometimes known as the .22 Varminter or the .22 Wotkyns Original Swift . Along with the .220 Swift , the .22-250 was one of the high-velocity .22 caliber cartridges that developed a reputation for remote wounding effects known as hydrostatic shock in the late 1930s and early 1940s .'}]}, {'value': '.243', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 mm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/6_mm_caliber', 'summary': 'This article lists firearm cartridges which have a bullet caliber between 6 millimetres ( 0.236 in ) and 6.99 millimetres ( 0.275 in ) .'}]}, {'value': '0.243 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.243 Winchester , .244 Remington , 6mm Remington , 6mm Whisper , 6mm PPC , 6mm Bench Rest Remington , 6×45mm , 6×47mm , 6mm Cheetah , .240 Weatherby , 6×62 Freres , 6mm Norma BR , 6XC Tubb , 6mm JDJ , 6mm SAW , 6-250 Walker , 6.17 Spitfire , 6.17 Flash , 6mm Lee Navy , and more ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.243_Winchester', 'summary': 'The .243 Winchester ( 6×52mm ) is a popular sporting rifle cartridge . Initially designed as a target/varmint round , it may be used for animals such as coyotes , blacktail deer , whitetail deer , mule deer , pronghorns , and wild hogs . Rounds of at least 90 grains are better suited for hunting the larger of those while rounds less than 90 grains are more suitable for varmints . The .243 is based on a necked down .308 cartridge case . It is very popular with target shooters , metallic silhouette , and long range shooters , because of its accuracy and low recoil .'}, {'url': '/wiki/6mm_Remington', 'summary': 'The 6mm Remington rifle cartridge , originally introduced in 1955 by Remington Arms Company as the .244 Remington , is based on a necked down .257 Roberts cartridge using a .24/6mm bullet . Known for a combination of high velocity , long range , flat trajectory , and accuracy , it is suitable as a dual use hunting cartridge for both medium-sized big game and varmints . When used in the less common earlier slow twist barrels , it offers exceptional range for varmint applications . While not as commercially popular today as the .243 Winchester , the 6mm Remington enjoys a slight ballistic advantage and continues to be popular with handloaders and custom rifle builders .'}, {'url': '/wiki/6mm_Remington', 'summary': 'The 6mm Remington rifle cartridge , originally introduced in 1955 by Remington Arms Company as the .244 Remington , is based on a necked down .257 Roberts cartridge using a .24/6mm bullet . Known for a combination of high velocity , long range , flat trajectory , and accuracy , it is suitable as a dual use hunting cartridge for both medium-sized big game and varmints . When used in the less common earlier slow twist barrels , it offers exceptional range for varmint applications . While not as commercially popular today as the .243 Winchester , the 6mm Remington enjoys a slight ballistic advantage and continues to be popular with handloaders and custom rifle builders .'}, {'url': '/wiki/6mm_PPC', 'summary': "The 6mm PPC ( Palmisano & Pindel Cartridge ) , or 6 PPC as it is more often called , is a centerfire rifle cartridge used almost exclusively for benchrest shooting . At distances out to 300 meters , it is one of the most accurate cartridges available . This cartridge 's accuracy is produced by a combination of its stout posture , being only 31 mm ( 1.22 in ) long , and aggressive shoulder angle of 30 degrees compared to a 30-06 's 17 degrees . Today it is commonly used for railgun shooting matches and has been since the 1980s ."}]}, {'value': '.25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.35 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.257 in , 6.35 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.25 ACP ( 0.251 ) , 250/3000 Savage , 257 Roberts , .25-06 ( 0.257 ) ,', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.25_ACP', 'summary': 'The .25 ACP ( Automatic Colt Pistol ) ( 6.35×16mmSR ) is a semi-rimmed , straight-walled centerfire pistol cartridge introduced by John Browning in 1905 alongside the Fabrique Nationale M1905 pistol .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.250-3000_Savage', 'summary': 'The .250-3000 Savage ( also known as the .250 Savage ) is a rifle cartridge created by Charles Newton in 1915 . It was designed to be used in the Savage Model 99 hammerless lever action rifle . The name comes from its original manufacturer , Savage Arms , and the fact that the original load achieved a 3,000 ft/s ( 910 m/s ) velocity with an 87 grain ( 5.6 g ) bullet .'}, {'url': '/wiki/257_Roberts', 'summary': 'The .257 Roberts , also known as .257 Bob , is a medium-powered .25 caliber cartridge . It has been described as the best compromise between the low recoil and flat trajectory of smaller calibers such as the .22 and 6mm , and the strong energy but not the strong recoil of larger popular hunting calibers , such as the 7mm family and the popular .30-06 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.25-06', 'summary': 'The .25-06 Remington had been a wildcat cartridge for half a century before being standardized by Remington in 1969 . It is based on the .30-06 Springfield cartridge necked-down ( case opening made narrower ) to .257 caliber with no other changes . Nominal bullet diameter is 0.257 ( 6.5mm -- NOT the 6.5mm caliber , which is .264 ) and bullet weights range from 75 to 120 grains ( 4.9 to 7.8 g ) .'}]}, {'value': '.26', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.5 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.264 in , 6.7 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.5×55mm Swedish , .260 Remington , .26 Nosler , 6.5mm Creedmoor , 6.5×47mm Lapua', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/6.5×55mm_Swedish', 'summary': 'The 6.5×55mm Swedish ( designated as the 6.5×55 Swedish by the SAAMI and 6,5 × 55 SE by the C.I.P . ) is a first-generation smokeless powder rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge . Other common names for this cartridge include 6.5×55mm and 6.5×55mm Swedish Mauser and less commonly 6.5×55mm Mauser and 6.5×55mm Krag . It was developed in 1891 for use in the new service rifles then under consideration by the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway . The two nations had independent armies and consequently the normal procedure at the time was for their respective governments to use the same ammunition and then purchase small arms of their choice . Norway adopted the Krag-Jørgensen rifle , while Sweden adopted a Mauser rifle design . The 6.5×55mm Swedish cartridge has a smaller bullet diameter and lower free recoil than other full-power service rifle cartridges like the .30-06 Springfield and 7.92×57mm Mauser . Thanks in part to its relatively roomy case which was designed for loading long , heavy 6.5 mm bullets , as well as an uncommon 12.2 mm ( 0.480 in ) diameter bolt face , it has proven more successful than other first-generation smokeless-powder military cartridges of similar caliber , such as the 6×60mm US Navy , 6.5×54mm Mannlicher-Schönauer , 6.5×53mmR Dutch Mannlicher , 6.5×52mm Carcano and 6.5×50mm Arisaka .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.260_Remington', 'summary': 'The .260 Remington ( also known as 6.5-08 A-Square ) cartridge was introduced by Remington in 1997 . Many wildcat cartridges based on the .308 Winchester case had existed for years before Remington standardized this round . Although loaded to higher pressures , the ballistics of this cartridge are basically similar to the 6.5×55mm when bullet weights do not exceed 140 grains . When loaded with heavier bullets , the 6.5×55mm is capable of greater velocity . Due to its shorter overall length the .260 Remington can be chambered in a shorter length action than the 6.5×55mm . Because 6.5 mm ( .264 ) bullets have relatively high ballistic coefficients , the .260 Remington has seen success in rifle competition including bench rest , metallic silhouette , and long range . It is capable of duplicating the trajectory of the .300 Winchester Magnum , while generating significantly lower recoil . Also , converting a rifle chambered for the .308 Winchester ( or any of its offspring , such as the .243 Winchester , 7mm-08 Remington , .358 Winchester or .338 Federal ) to .260 Remington generally requires little more than a simple barrel change .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.26_Nosler', 'summary': 'Nosler produces various high performance hollow point and soft point hunting bullets .'}, {'url': '/wiki/6.5mm_Creedmoor', 'summary': 'The 6.5mm Creedmoor , designated 6.5 Creedmoor by SAAMI , 6,5 Creedmoor by the C.I.P . or 6.5 CM or 6.5 CRDMR for short , is a centerfire rifle cartridge introduced by Hornady in 2007 as a modification of the 6.5 Carcano and the .30 TC , and is based on the .308 Winchester . It was developed in partnership by Hornady Senior Ballistics Scientist Dave Emary and Dennis DeMille , VP of product development for Creedmoor Sports , hence the name . The cartridge was designed specifically for long-range target shooting , although it has success in game hunting . Bullet-for-bullet , the 6.5mm Creedmoor achieves a slower muzzle velocity than longer cartridges such as the 6.5-284 Norma or magnum cartridges such as the 6.5mm Remington Magnum . However , due to its overall length of 2.825 inches ( 71.8 mm ) , it is capable of chambering in short-action rifles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/6.5×47mm_Lapua', 'summary': 'The 6.5×47mm Lapua ( designated as the 6,5 × 47 Lapua by the C.I.P . ) is a smokeless powder rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge that was developed specifically for 300-1,000 m ( 328-1,094 yd ) competition shooting by ammunition maker Nammo Lapua and the Swiss rifle manufacturer Grünig & Elmiger AG in 2005 . Other common names for this cartridge include 6.5×47mm .'}]}, {'value': '.27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.8 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.277 in , 7.035 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.270 Winchester , 6.8 SPC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.270_Winchester', 'summary': 'The .270 Winchester is a rifle cartridge developed by Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1923 and unveiled in 1925 as a chambering for their bolt-action Model 54 . The cartridge is a necked-down .30-03 Government , and is the same length as the .280 Remington , both of which are longer than the .30-06 Springfield . The .270 , .280 , and .30-06 were all derived from the .30-03 parent case .'}, {'url': '/wiki/6.8_SPC', 'summary': 'The 6.8 mm Remington Special Purpose Cartridge ( 6.8 SPC , 6.8 SPC II or 6.8×43mm ) is a rimless bottlenecked intermediate rifle cartridge that was developed by Remington Arms in collaboration with members of the U.S. Army Marksmanship Unit , United States Special Operations Command to possibly replace the 5.56 NATO cartridge in a Short Barreled Rifle ( SBR ) /Carbine . Based upon the .30 Remington cartridge , it is midway between the 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62×51mm NATO in bore diameter . It uses the same diameter bullet ( usually not the same weight ) as the .270 Winchester hunting cartridge .'}]}, {'value': '.284', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 mm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7_mm_caliber', 'summary': 'This article lists firearm cartridges which have a bullet in the 7.0 millimetres ( 0.2756 in ) to 7.99 millimetres ( 0.3146 in ) caliber range .'}]}, {'value': '0.284 in , 7.213 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.280 Remington , 7mm-08 Remington , 7mm Weatherby Magnum , 7mm Remington Magnum , 7×57mm Mauser , 7×64mm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.280_Remington', 'summary': 'The .280 Remington , also known as the 7mm-06 Remington and 7mm Express Remington , was introduced in 1957 for the Remington model 740 , 760 , 721 , and 725 rifles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7mm-08_Remington', 'summary': 'The 7mm-08 Remington is a rifle cartridge that is almost a direct copy of a wildcat cartridge developed around 1958 known as the 7mm/308 . As these names would suggest , it is the .308 Winchester case necked down to accept 7 mm ( .284 ) bullets with a small increase in case length . Of cartridges based upon the .308 , it is the second most popular behind only the .243 Winchester . However , the .308 is more popular than both . In 1980 , the Remington Arms company popularized the cartridge by applying its own name and offering it as a chambering for their Model 788 and Model 700 rifles , along with a limited-run series within their Model 7600 pump-action rifles during the early 2000s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7mm_Weatherby_Magnum', 'summary': 'The 7 mm Weatherby Magnum is a powerful 7 mm rifle cartridge offered by the Weatherby firearms company in their Mark V rifles . The cartridge was one of the first cartridges offered by the Weatherby company . It was developed in the 1940s by Roy Weatherby . The 7 mm Weatherby Magnum did not get a lot of exposure until the early part of the 1950s when the Weatherby rifles became more available . The more popular 7mm Remington Magnum was introduced in 1962 with very similar ballistics when compared to the 7mm Weatherby . It is a great cartridge for a one-rifle hunter that shoots long distances . It has taken game of all sizes around the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7mm_Remington_Magnum', 'summary': 'The 7mm Remington Magnum rifle cartridge was introduced as a commercially available round in 1962 , along with the new Remington Model 700 bolt-action rifle . It is a member of the belted magnum family that is directly derived from the venerable .375 H & H Magnum . The original purpose of the belted magnum concept taken from the .300 H & H Magnum and .375 H & H Magnum , was to provide precise headspace control , since the sloping shoulders , while easing cartridge extraction , were unsuitable for this purpose . Improved cartridge extraction reliability is desirable while hunting dangerous game , which would be of concern when needing a fast follow up shot . The 7mm Remington Magnum is based on the commercial .264 Winchester Magnum , .338 Winchester Magnum , and .458 Winchester Magnum , which were based on the same belted .300 H & H Magnum and .375 H & H Magnum cases , trimmed to nearly the same length as the .270 Weatherby Magnum . On its introduction , the 7mm Remington Magnum substantially usurped the market share held by the .264 Winchester Magnum , which went into sharp decline in popularity and sales after 1962 . Remington has offered Managed Recoil ammunition for achieving reduced recoil when shooting and for generating less meat damage when hunting smaller game .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7×57mm_Mauser', 'summary': "The 7×57mm Mauser ( designated as the 7mm Mauser or 7x57mm by the SAAMI and 7 x 57 by the C.I.P . is a first-generation smokeless powder rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge . It is known as .275 Rigby in the United Kingdom . It was developed by Paul Mauser of the Mauser company in 1892 and adopted as a military cartridge by Spain in 1893 . It was subsequently adopted by several other countries as the standard military cartridge , and although now obsolete as a military cartridge , it remains in widespread international use as a sporting round . Many sporting rifles in this calibre were made by British riflemakers , among whom John Rigby was prominent ; and , catering for the British preference for calibres to be designated in inches , Rigby called this chambering the .275 bore after the measurement of a 7 mm rifle 's bore across the lands ."}, {'url': '/wiki/7×64mm', 'summary': 'At the start of the 20th century the famous German gun and ammunition designer Wilhelm Brenneke ( 1865-1951 ) was experimenting with the engineering concept of lengthening and other dimensional changes regarding standard cartridge cases like the M/88 cartridge case , then used by the German military in their Mauser Gewehr 98 rifles , to obtain extra muzzle velocity . In 1912 , Brenneke designed the commercially rather unsuccessful 8×64mm S cartridge ( again in production since 2001 ) . It was intended as a ballistic upgrade option for the Mauser Gewehr 98 rifles that were standard issue in the German military . The German military chose , however , to stay with their 8×57mm IS rifle cartridge avoiding rechambering their service rifles for a cartridge that , due to its more favourable bore area to case volume ratio , would ballistically outperform the .30-06 Springfield cartridge of the United States Army . Brennekes engineering concept was to create new , very powerful ( for the era ) cartridges by enlarging exterior cartridge case dimensions like overall length and slightly larger case head diameter compared to the German 8×57mm IS military cartridge case , coupled with an increase in maximum pressure . The concept was essentially sound , and he persisted in the development of new cartridges along this line . In 1917 Brenneke necked down his 8×64mm S design of 1912 to 7 mm calibre , introduced it as the 7×64mm , and achieved major commercial success . The 7×64mm offered 10-12% more muzzle velocity than the 7×57mm Mauser . This results in a flatter trajectory and better performance at longer range . In the years between World War I and World War II , the 7×64mm was often regarded by German hunters as a miracle cartridge , and dozens of different factory loads were available on the German market . It was so highly regarded that the Nazi German Wehrmacht , during the 1930s , even considered replacing the 8×57mm IS in favour of the 7×64mm for their snipers . The Wehrmacht decided - just like the German Army had in 1912 - to stay with the 8×57mm IS cartridges for their Mauser Karabiner 98ks to keep logistics as simple as possible .'}]}, {'value': '.308', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.62 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.308 in , 7.82 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.30 Luger ( 7.65 × 21mm Luger ) , .30-30 Win , 30 Herrett , .300 Whisper , .30-378 Weatherby , 7.63 Mannlicher-Schoenauer , 7.63 Mauser , .30 USA Rimless , .308 Corbon , .3-9 Savage , .30 Kurz , 300 AAC Blackout ( 7.62×35mm ) , 7.5mm Schmidt-Rubin , .300 Winchester Magnum , .30 Carbine , 309 JDJ , .30-03 , .30-06 Springfield , .30-06 JDJ , .307 GNR , .308 Winchester ( 7.62×51mm NATO ) , .300 Weatherby Magnum , .30 Army ( .30-40 Krag ) , 7.82mm Lazzeroni , and dozens more', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.30-30_Win', 'summary': "The .30-30 Winchester/.30 Winchester Center Fire cartridge was first marketed in 1895 for the Winchester Model 1894 lever-action rifle . The .30-30 ( thirty-thirty ) , as it is most commonly known , was the USA 's first small-bore , sporting rifle cartridge designed for smokeless powder ."}, {'url': '/wiki/300_AAC_Blackout_(7.62×35mm)', 'summary': 'The .300 AAC Blackout ( designated as the 300 BLK by the SAAMI and 300 AAC Blackout by the C.I.P . ) , also known as 7.62×35mm is an intermediate cartridge developed in the United States by Advanced Armament Corporation ( AAC ) for use in the M4 carbine . Its purpose is to achieve ballistics similar to the 7.62×39mm cartridge , or even more similarly , the 7.92×33mm Kurz cartridge in an AR-15 while using standard AR-15 magazines at their normal capacities . 300 BLK ammunition can not be used in a rifle chambered for 7.62×40mm Wilson Tactical . It is mainly derived from the .300 Whisper concept , but differs in having been submitted to the SAAMI .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.300_Winchester_Magnum', 'summary': 'The .300 Winchester Magnum ( also known as .300 Win Mag or 300WM ) ( 7.62×67mmB ) is a belted , bottlenecked magnum rifle cartridge that was introduced by Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1963 . The .300 Winchester Magnum is a magnum cartridge designed to fit in a standard rifle action . It is based on the .375 H & H Magnum , which has been blown out , shortened , and necked down to accept a .30 caliber ( 7.62 mm ) bullet . The .300 Winchester is extremely versatile and has been adopted by a wide range of users including hunters , target shooters , military units , and law enforcement departments . Hunters found the cartridge to be an effective all-around choice with bullet options ranging from the flatter shooting 165 grain to the harder hitting 200+ grain selections available from the factory . The .300 Win Mag remains the most popular .30 caliber magnum with American hunters , despite being surpassed in performance by the more powerful .300 and .30-378 Weatherby Magnums and the newer .300 Remington Ultra Magnum . It is a popular selection for hunting moose , elk , and bighorn sheep as it can deliver better long range performance with better bullet weight than most other .30 caliber cartridges . Military and law enforcement departments adopted the cartridge for long range sniping and marksmanship . As a testament to its accuracy , since its introduction it has gone on to win several 1,000-yard ( 910 m ) competitions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.30_Carbine', 'summary': "The .30 Carbine ( 7.62×33mm ) is a rimless carbine cartridge used in the M1 carbine introduced in the 1940s . It is a light rifle round designed to be fired from the M1 carbine 's 18-inch ( 458 mm ) barrel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/.30-03', 'summary': 'The .30-03 ( 7.62×65mm ) was a short-lived cartridge developed by the United States in 1903 , to replace the .30-40 Krag in the new Springfield 1903 rifle . The .30-03 was also called the .30-45 , since it used a 45 grain ( 2.9 g ( 0.10 oz ) ) powder charge ; the name was changed to .30-03 to indicate the year of adoption . It used a 220 grain ( 14 g ( 0.49 oz ) ) roundnose bullet . It was replaced after only three years of service by the .30-06 , firing a spitzer bullet giving better ballistic performance . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/.30-06_Springfield', 'summary': "The .30-06 Springfield cartridge ( pronounced thirty-aught-six ) , 7.62×63mm in metric notation and called .30 Gov't '06 by Winchester , was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 and later standardized ; it remained in use until the late-1970s . The .30 refers to the caliber of the bullet in inches . The 06 refers to the year the cartridge was adopted , 1906 . It replaced the .30-03 , 6mm Lee Navy , and .30-40 Krag cartridges . The .30-06 remained the U.S. Army 's primary rifle and machine gun cartridge for nearly 50 years before being replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO ( commercial .308 Winchester ) and 5.56×45mm NATO ( commercial .223 Remington ) , both of which remain in current U.S. and NATO service . It remains a very popular sporting round , with ammunition produced by all major manufacturers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/.30-06_JDJ', 'summary': 'The .30-06 JDJ is a firearm cartridge designed by J.D . Jones .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.308_Winchester', 'summary': "The .308 Winchester is a rimless , centerfire , bottlenecked rifle cartridge . During the 1940s , the .300 Savage became the basis for experiments on behalf of the U.S. Military that resulted in the development of the T65 series of experimental cartridges . The original experimental case design by the Frankford Arsenal was designated the T65 and was similar to the .300 Savage case , but with less taper . The experimental cases were made from standard .30-06 Springfield cases which gave a little less capacity than standard .300 Savage cases because the Frankford Arsenal cases had slightly thicker case walls . The later T65 iterations were lengthened compared to the original T65 case and provided a ballistic performance roughly equal to the U.S. military .30-06 Springfield service cartridge . Over forty years of technical progress in the field of propellants allowed for similar service cartridge performance from a significantly shorter , smaller case with less case capacity . Winchester saw a market for a civilian model of the late T65 series designs and introduced it in 1952 , two years prior to the NATO adoption of the T65E5 experimental cartridge iteration under the 7.62×51mm NATO designation in 1954 . Winchester branded the cartridge and introduced it to the commercial hunting market as the .308 Winchester . Winchester 's Model 70 , Model 88 and Model 100 rifles were subsequently chambered for the new cartridge . Since then , the .308 Winchester has become the most popular short-action , big-game hunting cartridge worldwide . It is also commonly used for hunting , target shooting , metallic silhouette , bench rest target shooting , palma , metal matches , military sniping , and police sharpshooting . The relatively short case makes the .308 Winchester especially well-adapted for short-action rifles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/.300_Weatherby_Magnum', 'summary': 'The .300 Weatherby Magnum is a .30 caliber rifle cartridge created by Roy Weatherby in 1944 and produced by Weatherby . It has become the most popular of all the Weatherby cartridges .'}]}, {'value': '.311', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.9 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.311 in , 7.92 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.303 British , 7.62×39mm Soviet , 7.62×54mmR , 7.62×25mm , 7.7×58mm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.303_British', 'summary': 'The .303 British ( designated as the 303 British by the C.I.P . and SAAMI ) or 7.7×56mmR , is a .303-inch ( 7.7 mm ) calibre ( with the bore diameter measured between the lands as is common practice in Europe ) rimmed rifle cartridge first developed in Britain as a black-powder round put into service in December 1888 for the Lee-Metford rifle . In 1891 the cartridge was adapted to use smokeless powder . It was the standard British and Commonwealth military cartridge from 1889 until the 1950s when it was replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7.62×39mm_Soviet', 'summary': "The 7.62×39mm ( aka 7.62 Soviet or formerly .30 Russian Short ) round is a rimless bottlenecked intermediate cartridge of Soviet origin that was designed during World War II . Due to the worldwide proliferation of the Soviet SKS and AK-47 pattern rifles , as well as RPD and RPK light machine guns , the cartridge is used by both militaries and civilians alike . Shortly after World War II , the AK-47 was designed , later becoming the world 's most widespread military-pattern rifle . The cartridge remained the Soviet standard until the 1970s . It was largely replaced in Soviet service by the 5.45×39mm cartridge , which was introduced with the new AK-74 rifle , and continues in service with the modernized current-issue Russian Armed Forces AK-74M service rifle , as well as the AK-12 rifle . In the 21st century the 7.62×39mm remains a common service rifle chambering , including for newly developed rifles like the AK-15 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/7.62×54mmR', 'summary': 'The 7.62×54mmR is a rimmed rifle cartridge developed by the Russian Empire and introduced as a service cartridge in 1891 . Originally designed for the bolt-action Mosin-Nagant rifle , it was used during the late Tsarist era and throughout the Soviet period to the present day . The cartridge remains one of the few standard-issue rimmed cartridges still in military use and has the longest service life of all military-issued cartridges in the world . The American Winchester Model 1895 was also chambered for this cartridge per a contract with the Russian government . The 7.62×54mmR is still in use by the Russian military in the Dragunov , SV-98 and other sniper rifles , as well as some modern general-purpose machine guns like the PKM and Pecheneg machine gun . Originally , the round was designated as Трехлинейный патрон образца 1891 года - ( Three-line cartridge model of 1891 ) . It then became widely known under the designation 7,62мм винтовочный патрон ( 7.62mm rifle cartridge ) . The round has erroneously come to be known as the 7.62mm Russian ( and is still often referred to as such colloquially ) , but , according to standards , the R in designation ( 7.62×54mmR ) stands for rimmed , in line with standard C.I.P . designations . The name is sometimes confused with the 7.62 Soviet round , which refers to the rimless 7.62×39mm cartridge used in the SKS and AK-based ( AK-47 , AK-15 , AEK-973 ) rifles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7.62×25mm_Tokarev', 'summary': 'The 7.62×25mm Tokarev cartridge ( designated as the 7,62 × 25 Tokarev by the C.I.P . ) is a Russian rimless bottlenecked pistol cartridge widely used in former Soviet satellite states , and in China and Pakistan among other countries . The cartridge has since been replaced in most capacities by the 9×18mm Makarov in Russian service .'}, {'url': '/wiki/7.7×58mm_Arisaka', 'summary': "The 7.7×58mm Arisaka cartridge , Type 99 rimless 7.7 mm or 7.7mm Japanese was a rifle cartridge which was used in the Imperial Japanese Army 's Arisaka Type 99 rifle and machine guns , and was the standard light cartridge for the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service , such as the Type 89 . The Imperial Japanese Navy ( and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service ) never shared weapons or ammunition with the army , instead adopting the 7.7x56mmR , a direct copy of the .303 British round . The cartridge was designed to replace the aging 6.5×50mm Arisaka after seeing the effectiveness of the MG 34 GPMG in action ( firing 8×57mm IS full power military rifle ammunition ) in China during 1937 . Due to a lack of materials , the plan to phase out the 6.5 mm Arisaka cartridge by the end of the war was not completed ."}]}, {'value': '.312', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7.94 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.312 in , 7.94 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.32 ACP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.32_ACP', 'summary': '.32 ACP ( Automatic Colt Pistol , also known as the .32 Automatic ) is a centerfire pistol cartridge . It is a semi-rimmed , straight-walled cartridge developed by firearms designer John Browning , initially for use in the FN M1900 semi-automatic pistol . It was introduced in 1899 by Fabrique Nationale , and is also known as the 7.65×17mmSR Browning or 7.65 mm Browning Short .'}]}, {'value': '.323', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 mm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/8_mm_caliber', 'summary': 'This article lists firearm cartridges which have a bullet in the 8-to-9-millimetre ( 0.31 to 0.35 in ) caliber range .'}]}, {'value': '0.323 in , 8.20 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8×57mm IS , .325 WSM , 8mm Remington Magnum , 8 mm plastic ( airsoft ) BBs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/8×57mm_IS', 'summary': "The 7.92×57mm Mauser ( designated as the 8mm Mauser or 8×57mm by the SAAMI and 8 × 57 IS by the C.I.P . ) is a rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge . The 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge was adopted by the German Empire in 1903-1905 , and was the German service cartridge in both World Wars . In its day , the 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge was one of the world 's most popular military cartridges . In the 21st century it is still a popular sport and hunting cartridge that is factory-produced in Europe and the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/.325_WSM', 'summary': 'The .325 Winchester Short Magnum , commonly known as the 325 WSM is an 8mm caliber rebated rim bottlenecked centerfire short magnum medium bore cartridge . The cartridge was introduced by Winchester Ammunition in 2005 . The name of the cartridge is a misnomer as the bullet diameter is .323 in ( 8.2 mm ) . Introduced at the 2005 Shot Show in Las Vegas , NV , it is the largest member of the Winchester Short Magnum family of cartridges . The .325 WSM was intended for the hunting of medium and large bodied thin skinned dangerous and non-dangerous big game animals of Africa , Asia , Europe and North America .'}, {'url': '/wiki/8mm_Remington_Magnum', 'summary': "The 8mm Remington Magnum belted rifle cartridge was introduced by Remington Arms Company in 1978 as a new chambering for the model 700 BDL rifle . The 8mm Remington Magnum 's parent case is the .375 H & H Magnum . It is a very long and powerful cartridge that can not be used in standard length actions , such as those that accommodate the .30-06 Springfield ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Airsoft', 'summary': 'Airsoft is a competitive team shooting sport in which participants eliminate opposing players with spherical plastic projectiles launched via replica air weapons called airsoft guns . Although very similar to paintball in concept and gameplay , airsoft pellets do not typically leave visible markings on their target , and hits are not always apparent . Though the pellets can sometimes leave red contusions or welts on exposed skin , the game relies heavily on an honor system in which the person who has been hit is ethically responsible for calling themselves out . The airsoft guns used are typically magazine-fed , with some having manual spring charged systems similar to Nerf Blasters , or powered by replaceable compressed gas ( e.g . propane , 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane/green gas or CO2 ) canisters , or are battery-powered . Many airsoft guns also have mounting platforms compatible with genuine firearm accessories , and cosmetically more resembling to real guns . This makes them popular for military simulation and historical reenactments . There are also professional gun safety and weapon manipulation trainings conducted with airsoft in some fields , such as law enforcement , due to better safety and lower cost . The United States Coast Guard , for instance , has officially adopted airsoft for training in 2018 . Gameplay varies in style and composition , but often range from short-term skirmishes , organized scenarios , close quarters battle , field , military simulations ( MilSim ) or historical reenactments . They are played in indoor courses or outdoor fields . Combat situations on the battlefield may involve the use of military tactics to achieve objectives set in each game .'}]}, {'value': '.338', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.6 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.338 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.338 Lapua , .338 Norma Magnum , .338 Winchester Magnum , .338-378 Weatherby Magnum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.338_Lapua', 'summary': 'The .338 Lapua Magnum ( 8.6×70mm or 8.58×70mm ) is a rimless , bottlenecked , centerfire rifle cartridge . It was developed during the 1980s as a high-powered , long-range cartridge for military snipers . It was used in the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War . As a result of this , it became more widely available . The loaded cartridge is 14.93 mm ( 0.588 in ) in diameter ( rim ) and 93.5 mm ( 3.68 in ) long . It can penetrate better-than-standard military body armor at ranges up to 1,000 metres ( 1,090 yd ) and has a maximum effective range of about 1,750 metres ( 1,910 yd ) with C.I.P . conform ammunition at sea level conditions . Muzzle velocity is dependent on barrel length , seating depth , and powder charge , and varies from 880 to 915 m/s ( 2,890 to 3,000 ft/s ) for commercial loads with 16.2-gram ( 250 gr ) bullets , which corresponds to about 6,525 J ( 4,813 ft⋅lbf ) of muzzle energy . British military issue overpressure .338 Lapua Magnum cartridges with a 91.4 mm ( 3.60 in ) overall length , loaded with 16.2-gram ( 250 gr ) LockBase B408 very-low-drag bullets fired at 936 m/s ( 3,071 ft/s ) muzzle velocity . This round , fired from a L115A3 Long Range Rifle , was used in November 2009 by British sniper Corporal of Horse ( CoH ) Craig Harrison to establish the then-new record for the longest confirmed sniper kill in combat , at a range of 2,475 m ( 2,707 yd ) . In reports CoH Harrison mentions the environmental conditions at Musa Qala were perfect for long range shooting : no wind , mild weather , clear visibility . In addition to its military role , it is increasingly used by hunters and civilian long-range shooting enthusiasts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.338_Norma_Magnum', 'summary': 'The .338 Norma Magnum is a cartridge first introduced in 2008 and came into production in 2009 , designed by Norma of Sweden .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.338_Winchester_Magnum', 'summary': 'The .338 Winchester Magnum is a .338 in ( 8.6 mm ) caliber , belted , rimless , bottlenecked cartridge introduced in 1958 by Winchester Repeating Arms . It is based on the blown-out , shortened .375 H & H Magnum . The .338 in ( 8.6 mm ) is the caliber at which medium-bore cartridges are considered to begin . The .338 Winchester Magnum is the first choice among professional brown bear ( specifically grizzly bear ) guides in Alaska to back up clients where a powerful stopping caliber is required on charging bears . It is also the most popular medium-bore cartridge in North America and has the most widely available choice in rifles among medium bore rifles . The action length is the same as a .30-06 and most major rifle manufacturers in the United States chamber rifles for the cartridge including the semi-automatic Browning BAR Mk II Safari , making it a very powerful combination against charging dangerous game . The cartridge was intended for larger North American big-game species and has found use as for the hunting of thin-skinned African plains-game species .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.338-378_Weatherby_Magnum', 'summary': "The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum started out as the wildcat cartridge , .338-378 Keith-Thomson Magnum during the early 1960s . Keith and Thomson are Elmer Keith and R.W . Bob Thomson . The 338-378 Keith-Thomson Magnum is a quarter of an inch shorter than the full length 338-378 Weatherby Magnum , this was because they thought it was better balanced with the slowest powder generally available at that time ( H4831 ) . The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum was added to the Weatherby product line in 1998 . The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum 's parent case is the .378 Weatherby Magnum . The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum is created by necking down the .378 Weatherby Magnum to 8.59 mm ( .338 in ) then fire forming it in the rifle chamber . The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum has a case capacity of about 8.1 g ( 125 gr ) . Bullets commercially available for the .338-378 Weatherby Magnum range from : 11.7 g ( 180 gr ) to 19.4 g ( 300 gr ) in the construction of ; boat-tail hollow-point ; boat-tail pointed soft ; pointed soft point ; heavy jacketed pointed soft point ; partition ; multi-core ; truncated solid and monolithic solid . The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum 's main appeal is long-range shooting . A Weatherby factory cartridge loaded with a 16.2 g ( 250 gr ) hunting bullet , in a rifle with a 71 cm ( 28 in ) barrel will yield a muzzle velocity of 933 m/s ( 3060 ft/s ) and muzzle energy of 7046 J ( 5197 ft·lbf ) . This same bullet will carry a down range velocity to 457 m ( 500 yd ) of 648 m/s ( 2125 ft/s ) and energy of 3391 J ( 2501 ft · lbf ) ."}]}, {'value': '.355', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.355 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9mm Luger , 9×19mm Parabellum , 9mm Ultra , 9mm Bayard Long , 9mm Browning Long , 9mm Mauser , 9mm Winchester Magnum , 9mm Glisenti , 9 × 21mm , 9 × 23mm Winchester , 9mm Mi-Bullet , 9mm Steyr , .356 Team Smith & Wesson , 9mm Federal , 9mm × 25mm Dillon , 9mm Action Express', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/9mm_Luger', 'summary': "The 9×19mm Parabellum is a firearms cartridge that was designed by Georg Luger and introduced in 1902 by the German weapons manufacturer Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken ( DWM ) ( German Weapons and Munitions Factory ) for their Luger semi-automatic pistol . For this reason , it is designated as the 9mm Luger by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers ' Institute ( SAAMI ) , and the 9 mm Luger by the Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives ( CIP ) . The name Parabellum is derived from the Latin : Si vis pacem , para bellum ( If you seek peace , prepare for war ) , which was the motto of DWM . Under STANAG 4090 , it is a standard cartridge for NATO forces as well as many non-NATO countries . According to the 2014 edition of Cartridges of the World , the 9×19mm Parabellum is the world 's most popular and widely used military handgun and submachine gun cartridge . In addition to being used by over 60% of police in the U.S. , Newsweek credits 9×19mm Parabellum pistol sales with making semiautomatic pistols more popular than revolvers . The popularity of this cartridge can be attributed to the widely held conviction that it is effective in police and self-defense use . Its low cost and wide availability contribute to the caliber 's continuing popularity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/9mm_Mauser', 'summary': 'The 9×25mm Mauser ( or 9mm Mauser Export ) was a cartridge developed for the Mauser C96 service pistol around 1904 by DWM . Mauser pistols in this relatively powerful caliber were primarily intended for export to Africa , Asia , and South America . The 9mm Mauser Export cartridge was produced specifically for Mauser pistols and carbines made from 1904 to 1914 and then later from approximately 1930 to 1945 for submachine guns chambered for this caliber . The basis of this cartridge was the 7.63×25mm Mauser . The case length is the same as the 7.63×25mm Mauser , but the case is straight and does not have a bottleneck shape . This cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case . The 9 mm Mauser should not be confused with the 9×19mm Parabellum ( 9×19mm Luger ) or the 9×23mm Steyr .'}, {'url': '/wiki/9mm_Steyr', 'summary': 'The 9mm Steyr is a centerfire pistol cartridge originally developed for the Steyr M1912 military pistol . Adopted in 1912 , this was the service ammunition for most branches of the military in Austria-Hungary during World War I and remained the service ammunition for Austria , Romania and Chile between the World Wars . Some MP 34 submachine guns were also issued in this caliber in addition to 9mm Mauser . When the Austrian Army was incorporated in the Wehrmacht in 1938 following the Anschluss , many M1912 pistols and MP 34 submachine guns were rebarrelled to 9×19mm Parabellum for standardization purposes .'}]}, {'value': '.356', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.356 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.380 ACP ( 9mm Short ) , 9×56mm Mannlicher-Schoenauer , 9mm × 57mm Mauser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.380_ACP', 'summary': 'The .380 ACP ( 9×17mm ) ( Automatic Colt Pistol ) is a rimless , straight-walled pistol cartridge developed by firearms designer John Moses Browning . The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case . It was introduced in 1908 by Colt , for use in its new Colt Model 1908 pocket hammerless semi-automatic , and has been a popular self-defense cartridge ever since , seeing wide use in numerous handguns ( typically smaller weapons ) . Other names for .380 ACP include .380 Auto , 9mm Browning , 9mm Corto , 9mm Kurz , 9mm Short , 9×17mm and 9 mm Browning Court ( which is the C.I.P . designation ) . It should not be confused with .38 ACP .'}]}, {'value': '.357', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 mm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/9_mm_caliber', 'summary': 'This article lists firearm cartridges which have a bullet in the 9 millimetres ( 0.35 in ) to 9.99 millimetres ( 0.393 in ) caliber range .'}]}, {'value': '0.357 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '.38 Super , .38 Special , .357 Magnum , .357 SIG , .35 Remington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/.38_Super', 'summary': 'The .38 Super , also known as .38 Superauto or .38 Super Auto , is a pistol cartridge that fires a 0.356-inch-diameter ( 9.04 mm ) bullet . The Super was introduced in the late 1920s as a higher pressure loading of the .38 ACP or .38 Auto . The old .38 ACP propelled a 130-grain ( 8.4 g ) bullet at 1,050 ft/s ( 320.0 m/s ) . The improved .38 Super Auto pushed the same 130-grain ( 8.4 g ) bullet at 1,280 ft/s ( 390.1 m/s ) . The .38 Super has gained distinction as the caliber of choice for many top pistol match competitors ; it remains one of the dominant calibers in IPSC competition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.38_Special', 'summary': 'The .38 Smith & Wesson Special ( commonly .38 Special , .38 Spl , or .38 Spc , pronounced thirty-eight special ) is a rimmed , centerfire cartridge designed by Smith & Wesson . It is most commonly used in revolvers , although some semi-automatic pistols and carbines also use this round . The .38 Special was the standard service cartridge of most police departments in the United States from the 1920s to 1990s , and was also a common sidearm cartridge used by soldiers in World War II . In other parts of the world , it is known by its metric designation of 9×29.5mmR or 9.1×29mmR . Known for its accuracy and manageable recoil , the .38 Special remains one of the most popular revolver cartridges in the world more than a century after its introduction . It is used for target shooting , formal target competition , personal defense , and for hunting small game .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.357_Magnum', 'summary': "The .357 S & W Magnum ( 9×33mmR ) , or simply .357 Magnum , is a revolver cartridge with a .357-inch ( 9.07 mm ) bullet diameter . It was created by Elmer Keith , Phillip B. Sharpe , and Douglas B. Wesson of firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester . It is based upon Smith & Wesson 's earlier .38 Special cartridge . The .357 Magnum cartridge was introduced in 1934 , and its use has since become widespread . This cartridge started the Magnum era of handgun ammunition . The .357 Magnum cartridge is notable for its highly effective terminal ballistics when used for hunting or defense ."}, {'url': '/wiki/.357_SIG', 'summary': 'The .357 SIG pistol cartridge ( designated as the 357 Sig by the SAAMI and 357 SIG by the C.I.P . or 9×22mm in unofficial metric notation ) is the product of Swiss-German firearms manufacturer SIG Sauer , in cooperation with ammunition manufacturer Federal Cartridge . The cartridge is used by a number of law enforcement agencies and has a good reputation for accuracy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/.35_Remington', 'summary': "The .35 Remington [ 8.9x49mm ] is the only remaining cartridge from Remington 's lineup of medium-power rimless cartridges still in commercial production . Introduced in 1906 , it was originally chambered for the Remington Model 8 semi-automatic rifle in 1908 . It is also known as 9x49mm Browning and 9mm Don Gonzalo ."}]}, {'value': '.363', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.363 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9×18mm Makarov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/9×18mm_Makarov', 'summary': 'The 9×18mm Makarov ( designated 9mm Makarov by the C.I.P . and often called 9×18mm PM ) is a Russian pistol and submachine gun cartridge . During the latter half of the 20th century it was a standard military pistol cartridge of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc , analogous to the 9×19mm Parabellum in NATO and Western military use .'}]}, {'value': '.365', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.3 mm', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.365 in', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9.3×62mm , 9.3×64mm Brenneke , 9.3×72mmR , 9.3×74mmR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/9.3×62mm', 'summary': 'The 9.3×62mm ( also known as 9.3×62mm Mauser ) is a rimless , bottlenecked rifle cartridge designed in 1905 by German gunmaker Otto Bock . It is suitable for hunting medium to large game animals in Africa , Europe , and North America . At a typical velocity of 720 m/s ( 2362 ft/s ) , its 286 gr ( 18.5 g ) standard load balances recoil and power for effective use at up to about 250m ( 275 yds ) . The C.I.P . Maximum Average Pressure ( MAP ) for the 9.3×62mm is 390.00 MPa ( 56,565 psi ) . The 9.3×62mm was designed to fit into the Mauser 98 bolt-action rifle . European hunters and settlers in Africa often chose military rifles for their reliability and low cost , but colonial governments in Africa fearful of rebellions often banned military-caliber rifles and ammunition . The 9.3×62mm was never a military cartridge and so never had this problem . Like their military counterparts , Mauser rifles chambered in 9.3×62mm were relatively inexpensive and quite reliable . Because of these factors 9.3x62mm quickly became popular and usage of the cartridge became widespread . The 9.3×74mmR is a rimmed cartridge that evolved from the 9.3×72mmR black powder cartridge . The energy levels of the 9.3×62mm and 9.3×74mmR cartridges are similar but the cartridges are unrelated .'}, {'url': '/wiki/9.3×64mm_Brenneke', 'summary': 'The 9.3×64mm Brenneke ( designated as the 9,3 x 64 Brenneke by the C.I.P . ) is a rimless bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridge designed in 1927 by German gunmaker Wilhelm Brenneke . It is suitable for hunting medium to large game animals in Africa , Europe , and North America . The 9.3×64mm Brenneke was designed as a medium bore big-game cartridge for standard-sized Mauser 98 bolt action rifles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/9.3×74mmR', 'summary': '9.3×74mmR ( designated as the 9,3 x 74 R by the C.I.P . ) is a medium-bore cartridge designed in Germany around 1900 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Metric and US customary', 'section_text': "The following table lists some of the commonly used calibers where both metric and US customary are used as equivalents . Due to variations in naming conventions , and the whims of the cartridge manufacturers , bullet diameters can vary widely from the diameter implied by the name . For example , a difference of 0.045 in ( 1.15 mm ) occurs between the smallest and largest of the several cartridges designated as `` .38 caliber '' .", 'uid': 'Caliber_0', 'intro': 'In guns, particularly firearms, caliber (or calibre in British English) is the specified nominal internal diameter of the gun barrel bore regardless of how or where the bore is measured and whether or not the finished bore matches that specification. It is measured in inches to an accuracy of hundredths or thousandths of an inch or in millimeters. For example, a .45 caliber firearm has a barrel diameter of roughly 0.45 inches (11 mm). Barrel diameters can also be expressed using metric dimensions. For example, a 9 mm pistol has a barrel diameter of about 9 millimeters. Due to the inaccuracy and imprecision of imperial dimensions converted to metric units, metric designations are typically far out of specifications published in decimal inches. True caliber specifications require imperial measure, and even when cartridge designations (often mistakenly referred to as caliber) only specify caliber to even tenths or hundredths of an inch, actual barrel/chamber/projectile dimensions are published to at least thousandths of an inch and frequently tolerances extend into ten-thousandths of an inch. In a rifled barrel, the distance is measured between opposing lands or between opposing grooves; groove measurements are common in cartridge designations originating in the United States, while land measurements are more common elsewhere in the world. Measurements across the grooves are used for maximum precision because rifling and the specific caliber so-measured is the result of final machining process which cuts grooves into the rough bore leaving the lands behind. Good performance requires a concentric, straight bore that accurately centers the projectile within, in preference to a tight fit which can be achieved even with off-center, crooked bores that cause excessive friction, fouling and an out-of-balance, wobbling projectile in flight. While modern firearms are generally referred to by the name of the cartridge the gun is chambered for, they are still categorized together based on bore diameter. For example, a firearm might be described as a 30 caliber rifle, which could be any of a wide range of cartridges using a roughly 0.30 inches (7.6 mm) projectile; or a 22 rimfire, referring to any rimfire firearms firing cartridges with a .22 caliber projectile.'} | null | null | what is the typical bullet diameter of the cartridge that was the second highest velocity commercially produced ammunition when it came out ? | 0.204 in |
0a841839dfdc9f6d | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Catholic churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_and_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help', 'summary': 'The Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help is a Roman Catholic Basilica in the Mission Hill neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts , sometimes known as The Mission Church . The Redemptorists of the Baltimore Province have ministered to the parish since the church was first opened in 1870 .'}]}, {'value': '1878 built 1989 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1545 Tremont Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque & Gothic Revival ; NRHP # 89001747', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral of the Holy Cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross_(Boston)', 'summary': "The Cathedral of the Holy Cross is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston and is the largest Roman Catholic church in New England . When construction was finished , the cathedral rivaled both Old South Church and Trinity Church in grandeur . The cathedral is located in the city 's South End neighborhood , at 1400 Washington St . Although the South End was initially developed for Boston 's emerging Anglo-Saxon Protestant middle class , the neighborhood transitioned to new immigrants , especially Irish , as middle class owners moved to the new Back Bay neighborhood . The cathedral functions both as a cathedral and as a parish . The Cathedral Parish consists of large English- and Spanish-speaking congregations , drawn largely from the local area , and also includes three Archdiocese-wide congregations : the Ge'ez Rite practiced by Ethiopian , Eritrean , and Egyptian Catholics ; the German Apostolate ; and the Tridentine Mass Catholic community . The first of these congregations moved to the cathedral from the nearby Holy Trinity Catholic Church in 1994 , the other two in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'built 1875', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1400 Washington Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Augustine Chapel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Augustine_Chapel_and_Cemetery', 'summary': "Saint Augustine Chapel and Cemetery is a historic church on Dorchester Street between West Sixth and Tudor Streets in the South Boston neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts . Built in 1818-19 , it is the oldest Roman Catholic church building in Massachusetts ; the cemetery , established 1818 is also the state 's oldest Catholic cemetery . The Gothic Revival chapel was originally built as a crypt for the remains of Father François Matignon , the first Catholic priest to come to Boston from France . Father Dennis J. O'Donovan is also buried there . The chapel and cemetery were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 . The chapel is still in active , holding 4pm Mass on Saturdays ."}]}, {'value': '1818 built 1987 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '181 Dorchester Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Clement Eucharistic Shrine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Clement_Eucharistic_Shrine_(Boston,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': 'Saint Clement Eucharistic Shrine is a historic Roman Catholic shrine located on Boylston Street in Back Bay , Boston , Massachusetts . It is dedicated to the adoration of the Eucharist . Saint Clement Shrine is a church of the Archdiocese of Boston , and is host to the Oblates of the Virgin Mary .'}]}, {'value': '1935 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1105 Boylston Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Host to the Oblates of the Virgin Mary', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Stephen 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Stephen's_Church_(Boston,_Massachusetts)", 'summary': "St. Stephen 's Church , located at 401 Hanover Street at the corner of Clark Street in the North End of Boston , Massachusetts , was built in 1802-04 as the New North Church or New North Meeting House , and was designed by the noted architect Charles Bulfinch . It is the only one of the five churches Bulfinch designed in Boston to remain extant . The church replaced one which had been built on the site in 1714 and enlarged in 1730 . The Congregationalist church became Unitarian in 1813 , and the church was sold to the Roman Catholic Diocese in 1862 , and renamed St. Stephen 's . It was restored and renovated in 1964-65 by Chester F. Wright , and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 ."}]}, {'value': '1804 built 1975 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '401 Hanover Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boston , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Early Republic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Church of St. Paul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Church_of_St._Paul_(Harvard_Square)', 'summary': "St. Paul Church is a parish of the Roman Catholic Church located at 29 Mount Auburn Street near Harvard Square in Cambridge , Massachusetts , in the Archdiocese of Boston . As well as serving as the local parish church , it is the home of St. Paul 's Choir School whose students serve as the choristers in the Choir of St. Paul 's , and the Harvard Catholic Center serving the academic community of Harvard University . The church was built from 1916 to 1924 and was designed by Edward T. P. Graham in the Italian Romanesque style . It is part of the Harvard Square Historic District ."}]}, {'value': '1924 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 Mount Auburn Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Italian Renaissance ; the home of the Harvard University Catholic Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_University', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}]}, {'value': 'St. John the Evangelist Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._John_the_Evangelist_Church_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': "St. John the Evangelist is a historic Roman Catholic Church at 2270 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The late Speaker of the House , Tip O'Neill , was a lifelong parishioner and graduated from St. John High School in 1931 . His Requiem Mass was held in the church on January 10 , 1994 . The church was built in 1904 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . The architects , Maginnis , Walsh and Sullivan , won four gold medals from the American Institute of Architects . One was for St. John 's ."}]}, {'value': '1904 built 1983 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2270 Massachusetts Avenue', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cambridge , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Cambridge ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij ) is a city in Middlesex County , Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area . As of July 2014 [ update ] , it was the fifth most populous city in the state , behind Boston , Worcester , Springfield , and Lowell . According to the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 105,162. was one of two county seats of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997 . Situated directly north of Boston , across the Charles River , it was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England , an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town 's founders . :18 Harvard University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , Lesley University , and Hult International Business School are in Cambridge , as was Radcliffe College before it merged with Harvard . Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called the most innovative square mile on the planet due to the high concentration of successful startups that have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Notre Dame Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Notre_Dame_Catholic_Church', 'summary': 'Notre Dame Catholic Church is a historic church on Main Street at Marcy Street in Southbridge , Massachusetts . It was built from 1912-1916 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 .'}]}, {'value': '1912 built 1989 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main & Marcy Streets', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southbridge , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southbridge,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'The Town of Southbridge has a city form of government with a city council legislative body , but via a statute calls itself a Town . It is located in Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . The population was 16,719 at the 2010 census . Southbridge is one of thirteen Massachusetts municipalities that have applied for , and been granted , city forms of government but wish to retain The town of in their official names .'}]}, {'value': 'Late 19th & 20th Century Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Michael 's Cathedral", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Michael's_Cathedral_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)", 'summary': "St. Michael 's Cathedral is the mother church of the Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts , United States , established in 1847 . In 1974 the church and rectory were included as contributing properties in the Quadrangle-Mattoon Street Historic District , listed on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '1861 built 1974 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "254 State St. 42°6′15.1″N 72°35′4.1″W / 42.104194°N 72.584472°W / 42.104194 ; -72.584472 ( St. Michael 's Cathedral ( Springfield , Massachusetts ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Springfield , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Springfield is a city in the state of Massachusetts , United States , and the seat of Hampden County . Springfield sits on the eastern bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers : the western Westfield River , the eastern Chicopee River , and the eastern Mill River . As of the 2010 Census , the city 's population was 153,060 . As of 2018 , the estimated population was 155,032 , making it the third-largest city in Massachusetts , the fourth-most populous city in New England after Boston , Worcester , and Providence , and the 12th-most populous in the Northeastern United States . Metropolitan Springfield , as one of two metropolitan areas [ b ] in Massachusetts ( the other being Greater Boston ) , had a population of 692,942 as of 2010 . Founded in 1636 as the first Springfield in the New World , during the American Revolution , George Washington designated it as the site of the Springfield Armory for its central location , subsequently the site of Shays ' Rebellion . The city would also play a pivotal role in the Civil War , as a stop on the Underground Railroad and home of abolitionist John Brown , widely known for his raid on Harpers Ferry , and for the Armory 's manufacture of the famed Springfield rifles used ubiquitously by Union troops . Closing during the Johnson administration , today the national park site features the largest collection of historic American firearms in the world . Today the city is the largest in western New England , and the urban , economic , and media capital of Massachusetts ' section of the Connecticut River Valley , colloquially known as the Pioneer Valley . Springfield has several nicknames - The City of Firsts , due to the many innovations developed there , such as the first American dictionary , the first American gas-powered automobile , and the first machining lathe for interchangeable parts ; The City of Homes , due to its Victorian residential architecture ; and Hoop City , as basketball - one of the world 's most popular sports - was invented in Springfield in 1891 by James Naismith . Hartford , the capital of Connecticut , lies 24 miles ( 39 km ) south of Springfield , on the western bank of the Connecticut River . The Hartford-Springfield region is known as the Knowledge Corridor because it hosts over 160,000 university students and over 32 universities and liberal arts colleges - the second-highest concentration of higher-learning institutions in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Italianate , Federal Patrick Keely , architect', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Federal_architecture', 'summary': 'Federal-style architecture is the name for the classicizing architecture built in the newly founded United States between c. 1780 and 1830 , and particularly from 1785 to 1815 . This style shares its name with its era , the Federalist Era . The name Federal style is also used in association with furniture design in the United States of the same time period . The style broadly corresponds to the classicism of Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands , Regency architecture in Britain and to the French Empire style .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Keely', 'summary': 'Patrick Charles Keely ( August 9 , 1816 - August 11 , 1896 ) was an Irish-American architect based in Brooklyn , New York , and Providence , Rhode Island . He was a prolific designer of nearly 600 churches and hundreds of other institutional buildings for the Roman Catholic Church or Roman Catholic patrons in the eastern United States and Canada , particularly in New York City , Boston and Chicago in the later half of the 19th century . He designed every 19th-century Catholic cathedral in New England . Several other church and institutional architects began their careers in his firm .'}]}, {'value': 'Holy Name Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Name_Church_(West_Roxbury,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': 'Holy Name Church in West Roxbury is a Roman Catholic church of the Archdiocese of Boston . Among the largest and most distinguished buildings in the western section of Boston , the imposing Romanesque Revival church dominates the rotary where it is located and provides an interesting contrast to the Gothic St. Theresa Roman Catholic Church , a mile down Centre Street . Holy Name Church is a relatively large church . It has 2 floors , and mass can be said on either , although the upper church is larger . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '1927 built', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1689 Centre Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Roxbury , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Roxbury,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "West Roxbury is a neighborhood in Boston , Massachusetts bordered by Roslindale to the northeast , Hyde Park to the southeast , the town of Brookline to the north , the city of Newton to the northwest and the town of Dedham to the southwest . West Roxbury is often mistakenly confused with Roxbury , but the two are not connected . West Roxbury is separated from Roxbury by Jamaica Plain and Roslindale . Founded in 1630 ( contemporaneously with Boston ) , West Roxbury was originally part of the town of Roxbury and was mainly used as farmland . West Roxbury seceded from Roxbury in 1851 , and was annexed by Boston in 1874 . The town included the neighborhoods of Jamaica Plain and Roslindale . West Roxbury 's main commercial thoroughfare is Centre Street . West Roxbury Main Streets is a local non-profit that works to enhance and promote the business district . The neighborhood has some two-family houses but mostly single family homes ; many of Boston 's civil servants live there . West Roxbury is home to District E-5 of the Boston Police Department , Boston Emergency Medical Services Ambulance 5 that posts at the intersection of West Roxbury Parkway at Centre St and Paramedic 5 stationed at the Faulkner Hospital provide EMS service , and there are two Boston fire stations , Ladder 25 & Engine 30 on Centre Street and Engine 55 on Washington Street . The Needham Branch of the MBTA Commuter Rail network has three stations in West Roxbury ( Bellevue , Highland and West Roxbury ) . Several MBTA bus lines run through and/or terminate in West Roxbury ."}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. Mary 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mary's_Catholic_Church_(Winchester,_Massachusetts)", 'summary': "St. Mary 's Catholic Church is a historic church at 159 Washington Street in Winchester , Massachusetts . The church is part of St Mary 's Parish , which includes St Mary 's School . Both are part of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston ."}]}, {'value': '1876 built 1989 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '159 Washington Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winchester , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winchester,_Massachusetts', 'summary': 'Winchester is a small suburban town located 8.2 miles north of downtown Boston , Massachusetts , United States in Middlesex County . It is the 7th wealthiest municipality in Massachusetts and functions largely as a bedroom community for professionals who work in the greater Boston area . The population was 21,374 at the 2010 United States Census .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral of St. Paul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul_(Worcester,_Massachusetts)', 'summary': "The Cathedral of Saint Paul - informally known as Saint Paul 's Cathedral - is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Worcester . It is located at 38 Chatham Street in downtown Worcester , Massachusetts . Built between 1868 and 1889 , it is one of the city 's finest examples of Victorian Gothic architecture , and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 ."}]}, {'value': '1874 built 1980 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38 Chatham Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worcester , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Worcester ( /ˈwʊstər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . Named after Worcester , England , as of the 2010 Census the city 's population was 181,045 , making it the second-most populous city in New England after Boston . Worcester is approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Boston , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Springfield and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Providence . Due to its location in Central Massachusetts , Worcester is known as the Heart of the Commonwealth , thus , a heart is the official symbol of the city . However , the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the Valentine 's Day card , although not invented in the city , was first mass-produced and popularized by Worcester resident Esther Howland . Worcester was considered its own distinct region apart from Boston until the 1970s . Since then , Boston 's suburbs have been moving out further westward , especially after the construction of Interstate 495 and Interstate 290 . The Worcester region now marks the western periphery of the Boston-Worcester-Providence ( MA-RI-NH ) U.S. Census Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , or Greater Boston . The city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St. John 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._John's_Catholic_Church_(Worcester,_Massachusetts)", 'summary': "St. John 's Catholic Church , established in 1834 , is an historic Roman Catholic parish church in Worcester , Massachusetts . It is the oldest established Catholic religious institution in the city , and the oldest Catholic parish in New England outside of Boston . On March 5 , 1980 , its 1845 church building was added to the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '1845 built 1980 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '44 Temple Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worcester , Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Worcester ( /ˈwʊstər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Worcester County , Massachusetts , United States . Named after Worcester , England , as of the 2010 Census the city 's population was 181,045 , making it the second-most populous city in New England after Boston . Worcester is approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) west of Boston , 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of Springfield and 40 miles ( 64 km ) north of Providence . Due to its location in Central Massachusetts , Worcester is known as the Heart of the Commonwealth , thus , a heart is the official symbol of the city . However , the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the Valentine 's Day card , although not invented in the city , was first mass-produced and popularized by Worcester resident Esther Howland . Worcester was considered its own distinct region apart from Boston until the 1970s . Since then , Boston 's suburbs have been moving out further westward , especially after the construction of Interstate 495 and Interstate 290 . The Worcester region now marks the western periphery of the Boston-Worcester-Providence ( MA-RI-NH ) U.S. Census Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , or Greater Boston . The city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Greek Revival ; the oldest church in the city of Worcester', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Massachusetts', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_United_States_21', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Catholic churches and cathedrals in the United States.'} | null | null | What is the population of the city that houses the oldest Catholic church building in Massachusetts ? | 694,583 |
0a8464e9e0a62384 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Torneo_Descentralizado', 'title': '2009 Torneo Descentralizado', 'header': ['Team', 'City', 'Stadium', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alianza Atlético', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alianza_Atlético', 'summary': 'Club Alianza Atlético de Sullana is a Peruvian football club , located in the city of Sullana , Piura . The club was founded in 1920 and promoted to the Peruvian Primera División in 1988 . They are the only Peruvian top-tier club not based in a state capital .'}]}, {'value': 'Sullana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sullana', 'summary': 'Sullana is the name of the capital of the Sullana Province , in the north-western coastal plains of Peru on the Chira valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Campeones del 36', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Campeones_del_36', 'summary': 'The Estadio Municipal Campeones del 36 is a multi-use stadium in Sullana , Peru . It is used by the football team Alianza Atlético . The stadium holds 8,000 people and was built in 2000 . It is a small stadium that is planned to be expanded . The venue name , Champions of 1936 , is misleading . No Peruvian League was actually played in 1936 as the national team was preparing itself to compete in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Germany . Alianza Atlético did , however , win a special national tournament ( representing their home region , Piura ) governed by the Peruvian Football Federation , and the name stuck despite not being recognized officially as national champions thereafter . The venue was remodeled and re-inaugurated in 2018 with an enlarged capacity of 12,000 .'}]}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alianza Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alianza_Lima', 'summary': "Club Alianza Lima ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ a.ˈljãn.sa ˈli.ma ] ) is a Peruvian professional sports club based in La Victoria District of Lima , Peru . It is widely known for having one of the most historical and successful professional football teams of Peru : they have won a total of twenty-three league titles of the Peruvian First Division and are currently the oldest team playing in this competition , since the club was founded in 1901 . Alianza 's home stadium is the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , named after Alejandro Villanueva , one of the most important players the club had in their history . The stadium is also popularly known as Matute , name of the neighbourhood in which it is located . It is the most popular side in Peru , having the highest number of fans and followers . Alianza enjoyed success throughout the first decades of their professional era . In 1987 , a tragedy struck Alianza when the entire squad and coaching staff died in an airplane crash as the team was returning from an away fixture . Alianza Lima has had a huge , long-standing rivalry with Universitario de Deportes , another popular football team of Lima , Peru . They play the Peruvian Clásico ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Alejandro Villanueva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Alejandro_Villanueva', 'summary': 'The Estadio Alejandro Villanueva , formerly Estadio Alianza Lima , is a football stadium located in the neighborhood of Matute in La Victoria District in Lima , Peru . The stadium is the home of Alianza Lima . The stadium has a capacity of 33,938 people . It is named after former Alianza Lima player Alejandro Villanueva .'}]}, {'value': '35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cienciano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cienciano', 'summary': 'Club Sportivo Cienciano is a professional football club based in Cusco , Peru . The club was founded in 1901 and was originally the team of the students of the Ciencias y Artes School ( Ciencias meaning science in Spanish ) , from which it takes its name . It gained worldwide recognition after defeating River Plate from Argentina in the finals of the 2003 Copa Sudamericana and Boca Juniors in the 2004 Recopa Sudamericana .'}]}, {'value': 'Cusco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cusco', 'summary': 'Cusco ( Spanish : Cuzco , Cusco [ ˈkusko ] ; Quechua : Qusqu , Qosqo [ ˈqʊsqʊ ] , [ ˈqɔsqɔ ] ) , often spelled Cuzco , is a city in southeastern Peru , near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range . It is the capital of the Cusco Region and of the Cusco Province . The city is the seventh most populous in Peru and , in 2017 it had a population of 428,450 . Located on the eastern end of the Knot of Cuzco , its elevation is around 3,400 m ( 11,200 ft ) . The city was the historic capital of the Inca Empire from the 13th century until the 16th-century Spanish conquest . In 1983 , Cusco was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO with the title City of Cuzco . It has become a major tourist destination , hosting nearly 2 million visitors a year . The Constitution of Peru designates it as the Historical Capital of Peru .'}]}, {'value': 'Garcilaso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Garcilaso', 'summary': "Estadio Inca Garcilaso de la Vega , commonly known as Estadio Garcilaso , is Cusco 's principal stadium and the home venue of the local football team Cienciano . The stadium was named after the Peruvian mestizo Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and inaugurated in 1960 , with an initial capacity of 30,000 . It is owned by the Instituto Peruano del Deporte ( Peruvian Institute of Sport ) . The increase in spectator capacity came after CONMEBOL chose Peru to host the Copa América 2004 , prompting the Peruvian government to invest in a five-million dollar renovation program for its stadia , including the Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega . Its renovation cost approximately $ 1,720,000 , which helped boost its official spectator capacity to 42,056 . The stadium ended up hosting the third place game of the Copa América 2004 . Thanks to the event , the city of Cusco received even more tourists than it already receives as Peru 's top tourist destination . The Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega is also recognized as one of the most beautiful stadiums in all of South America . This recognition is due to its well-maintained grass and its resistance to the sometimes aggressive and highly variable climate of the city of Cuzco . The awe is the stadium 's perpetual beauty even after these climates . It is this resistive beauty that inspires soccer commentators and visitors alike . The stadium is currently home to three football clubs ."}]}, {'value': '42,056', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colegio_Nacional_Iquitos', 'summary': 'Colegio Nacional Iquitos is a Peruvian football team based in the city of Iquitos which was founded in 1926 . CNI is the biggest club in the city of Iquitos and currently is not playing in any league . At the beginning of 2012 CNI withdrew from Peruvian Segunda División and chose to play in the 2012 Copa Perú , after being relegated from Peruvian Primera División on 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Iquitos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iquitos', 'summary': "Iquitos ( /ɪˈkɪtɒs , iː- , -toʊs/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ iˈkitos ] ) , also known as City of Iquitos , is the capital city of Peru 's Maynas Province and Loreto Region . The largest metropolis in the Peruvian Amazon , east of the Andes , it is the ninth most populous city of Peru . It is known as the capital of the Peruvian Amazon . The city is located in the Great Plains of the Amazon Basin , fed by the Amazon , Nanay , and Itaya rivers . Overall , it constitutes the Iquitos metropolitan area , a conurbation of 471,993 inhabitants consisting of four districts : Iquitos , Punchana , Belén , and San Juan Bautista . It is the largest city in the world that can not be reached by road - it is accessible only by river and air . The area was long inhabited by indigenous peoples . The founding date of the European city is uncertain . Spanish historical documents state that it was set up around 1757 as a Spanish Jesuit reduction by the banks of the Nanay River . The Jesuits gathered local Napeano ( Yameo ) and Iquito natives to live here , and they named it San Pablo de Napeanos . In the late 19th century , the city became the center of export of rubber production from the Amazon Basin and was the headquarters of the Peruvian Amazon Company ( PAC ) . The rubber boom attracted thousands of European traders and workers , some of whom amassed wealth with the high-volume production , processing and trade in rubber ."}]}, {'value': 'Max Augustín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Max_Augustín', 'summary': 'The Estadio Max Augustín is a multi-purpose stadium in Iquitos , Peru . It is the home ground of the football ( soccer ) team Colegio Nacional Iquitos and several other Copa Perú teams from Iquitos and the surrounding region . The stadium holds 24,576 people . It was built in 1942 and renovated in 2005 . The stadium has artificial turf , an artificial running track , and was a venue in the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship'}]}, {'value': '24,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coronel Bolognesi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Coronel_Bolognesi_FC', 'summary': "Coronel Bolognesi Fútbol Club is a Peruvian football club located in the city of Tacna . It was founded on 27 May 1998 as Club Sport Bolito , a secondary branch of Club Deportivo Bolognesi , another Peruvian club founded on 18 October 1929 and also named after Francisco Bolognesi . The club quickly surpassed its older counterpart 's achievements and , following its success in 2001 Copa Perú , the president 's club Elena Martorell ( Fernando Martorell 's sister , then president of CD Coronel Bolognesi ) , decided to change the club 's name to Coronel Bolognesi Fútbol Club , in order to further identify both clubs 's identities and share their successes . The identity confusion escalated since Coronel Bolognesi FC 's international performances in the 2000s and 2010s , and hence generated much controversy about whether they 're the same club or not ."}]}, {'value': 'Tacna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tacna', 'summary': "Tacna is a city in southern Peru and the regional capital of the Tacna Region . A very commercially active city , it is located only 35 km ( 22 mi ) north of the border with Arica y Parinacota Region from Chile , inland from the Pacific Ocean and in the valley of the Caplina River . It is Peru 's tenth most populous city . Initially called San Pedro de Tacna , it has gained a reputation for patriotism , with many monuments and streets named after heroes of Peru 's struggle for independence ( 1821-1824 ) and the War of the Pacific ( 1879-1883 ) . Residents of Tacna are known in Spanish as tacneños ."}]}, {'value': 'Jorge Basadre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Jorge_Basadre', 'summary': 'The Estadio Jorge Basadre , previously known as the Estadio Modelo , is a multi-purpose stadium in Tacna , Peru named after historian Jorge Basadre . It is currently used as a football stadium in the Primera Division Peruana by Coronel Bolognesi . The stadium holds 19,850 people and has 277 individual seats in the western stand , 69 which are for the VIP area . The rest of the stadium has standing terraces . The name was changed when it was renovated for the Copa America 2004 . It will be used again for the 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '19,850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inti Gas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inti_Gas_Deportes', 'summary': 'Ayacucho Fútbol Club is a Peruvian football club located in Ayacucho , Peru . Some of its former names are Aurora Miraflores , Olímpico San Luis , Olímpico Somos Peru , Olímpico Aurora Miraflores , Loreto and Inti Gas . As Olímpico Somos Peru , the club won a Second Division title in 2006 , and as Inti Gas , the club finished as runner-up in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ayacucho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayacucho', 'summary': "Ayacucho ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aʝaˈkutʃo ] ( listen ) , Quechua : Ayakuchu ) is the capital city of Ayacucho Region and of Huamanga Province , Ayacucho Region , Peru . During the Inca Empire and Viceroyalty of Peru periods the city was known by the name of Huamanga ( Quechua : Wamanga ) , and it continues to be the alternative name of the city . The city 's name was officially changed to Ayacucho after a major victory of the revolutionary army led by Bolívar 's lieutenants against the royalists . Simón Bolívar issued the decree on February 15 , 1825 , changing the name from Huamanga to Ayacucho , referring to a major battle for independence that established once and for all the total independence of the nascent Peruvian Republic , as stated by Bolivar 's decree , Obtained the victory in . Huamanga , its name must be changed , in a way that perennially reminds those inhabitants the origin of their freedom . The name Ayacucho is derived from the Quechua words aya ( death or soul ) and kuchu ( corner ) in honor of the battle 's casualties . Ayacucho is famous for its 33 churches , which represent one for each year of Jesus ' life . Ayacucho has large religious celebrations , especially during the Holy Week of Easter . These celebrations include horse races featuring Peruvian Caballos de Paso and the traditional running of the bulls , known locally as the jalatoro or pascuatoro . The jalatoro is similar to the Spanish encierro , except that the bulls are led by horses of the Morochucos ."}]}, {'value': 'Ciudad de Cumaná', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Ciudad_de_Cumaná', 'summary': 'Estadio Ciudad de Cumaná is a multi-purpose stadium in Ayacucho , Huamanga , Peru . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Ayacucho FC of the Peruvian Primera División and Deportivo Municipal de Huamanga of the Copa Perú league . The stadium holds 12,000 spectators . It was built to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Ayacucho by the government of Venezuela under the leadership of Carlos Andrés Pérez . It is named after the city of Cumaná which is the birthplace of Antonio José de Sucre who was the commander of the United Liberation Army during the Battle of Ayacucho . It is part of the larger Complejo Deportivo Venezuela or Venezuela Sports Complex which includes other sporting facilities built by the Venezuelan government .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Gálvez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Gálvez_FBC', 'summary': 'José Gálvez FBC is a Peruvian football club based in Chimbote , Ancash . The club was founded in 1951 under the name Manuel Rivera after the famous Chimbote born footballer Manuel Rivera . The club was forced to change its name because the FPF did not allow clubs to be named after living people . Then on 11 November 1963 the club decided the new name would be José Gálvez FBC . More recently the club played in the Peruvian Second Division and finished as champions in 2011 . Thus they were promoted back to the Torneo Descentralizado in the 2012 season only to be relegated on the 2013 and become the Peruvian team with the most relegations from the Peruvian First Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Chimbote', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chimbote', 'summary': 'Chimbote [ tʃimˈbote ] ( listen ) ; Quechua : Chimputi ) is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru , and the capital of both Santa Province and Chimbote District . The city is located on the coast in Ferrol Bay , 130 km south of Trujillo and 420 kilometers ( 260 mi ) north of Lima on the North Pan-American highway . It is the start of a chain of important cities on the Peruvian north coast like Trujillo , Chiclayo and Piura . The advantages of this geographic location made Chimbote into a transshipment junction for the Santa River valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Manuel Rivera Sánchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Manuel_Rivera_Sanchez', 'summary': 'Estadio Municipal Centenario Manuel Rivera Sánchez is a multi-purpose stadium in Chimbote , Peru . It was inaugurated on June 30 , 2007 with a friendly game between the Peru U-17 national football team and the Colombia U-17 national football team . Peru lost 4-2 . It hosts the home games of José Gálvez FBC . The stadium has a capacity of 25,000 people . It replaced Estadio Manuel Gómez Arellano .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juan Aurich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Aurich', 'summary': "Club Juan Aurich S. A. , commonly known as Juan Aurich , is a professional football club based in Chiclayo , Peru . The original Juan Aurich club was founded in 1922 , this incarnation however was founded in 2005 ; they play in the Torneo Descentralizado where they have been playing since attaining promotion when they won the 2007 Copa Perú . They play their home games at the Estadio Elías Aguirre . Although the current Juan Aurich has played for only a few years in the top-flight , three other football clubs named Juan Aurich have played in the Torneo Descentralizado . The first Juan Aurich was founded in 1922 and played in the first division between 1967 and 1983 and again between 1988 and 1991 . Between 1994 and 1996 the merged football club Aurich-Cañaña had a brief spell in the Primera División after they achieved promotion through the 1993 Copa Perú . Finally , a third Juan Aurich football club achieved promotion in 1997 by winning the 1997 Copa Perú . This spell in the first division lasted from 1998 to 2002 . The club 's first major success was won in 2007 with the promotion to the Primera División via the Copa Perú . Four years later they conquered their second major success after winning the 2011 Torneo Descentralizado , defeating Alianza Lima in the third leg of the finals in a penalty shootout ."}]}, {'value': 'Chiclayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chiclayo', 'summary': "Chiclayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ tʃiˈklaʝo ] ; Quechua : Chiklayu ) is the principal city of the Lambayeque region in northern Peru . It is located 13 kilometers inland from the Pacific coast and 770 kilometers from the nation 's capital , Lima . Founded by Spanish explorers as Santa María de los Valles de Chiclayo in the 16th century , it was declared a city on 15 April 1835 by president Felipe Santiago Salaverry . He named Chiclayo the Heroic City to recognize the courage of its citizens in the fight for independence , a title it still holds . Other nicknames for Chiclayo include The Capital of Friendship and the Pearl of the North . Chiclayo is Peru 's fourth-largest city , after Lima , Arequipa , and Trujillo , with a population of 738,000 as of 2011 . The Lambayeque region is the fourth most populous metropolitan area of Peru , with a population of 972,713 in 2009 . The city was founded near an important prehistoric archaeological site , the Northern Wari ruins , which constitute the remains of a city from the 7th to 12th century of the Wari Empire ."}]}, {'value': 'Elías Aguirre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Elías_Aguirre', 'summary': 'Estadio Capitán Remigio Elías Aguirre Romero is a multi-purpose stadium administrated by the governmental Instituto Peruano del Deporte in Chiclayo , Peru . It was built in 1970 named after the 19th century Peruvian sailor Elías Aguirre Romero . Its current spectator capacity is 23,000 ( can be limited to 20,000 for safety reasons ) after the renovations performed for the 2004 Copa América , and had artificial turf installed for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . The most recognized club to play at this stadium is Juan Aurich .'}]}, {'value': '24,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melgar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FBC_Melgar', 'summary': "Foot Ball Club Melgar , known simply as FBC Melgar or Melgar , is a Peruvian football club based in Arequipa , Peru . It is one of Peru 's oldest football teams , founded on March 25 , 1915 by a group of football enthusiasts from Arequipa . The team first participated in the Peruvian football league in 1919 in Lima and later was invited to the first true National football league , the Torneo Descentralizado , in 1966 , when four teams from the provinces were invited to join the league . Joining them were Atlético Grau from Piura , Club Octavio Espinoza from Ica and Alfonso Ugarte ( Ch ) from Trujillo . Previously , only teams from Lima and Callao had been allowed to compete for the national championship . Due to a low finish the first year , Melgar was dropped from the league after the first year . After winning the Copa Perú they returned to the First Division where they have remained to this day . Melgar won the Torneo Descentralizado for the first time in 1981 . In the 1983 season the club finished first in the First Stage and at the end the top six teams played a play-off tournament to determine the year 's champion , which Melgar finished in second . FBC Melgar plays its home games at the Estadio Mariano Melgar , but since the Estadio de la UNSA was built in 1990 with a capacity of 40,000 , it has used both ."}]}, {'value': 'Arequipa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arequipa', 'summary': 'Arequipa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aɾeˈkipa ] ; Aymara & Quechua : Ariqipa ) is a city located in the province and the eponymous department of Peru . It is the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru and often dubbed legal capital of Peru . It is the second most populated city in Peru , after Lima , with an urban population of 1,008,290 inhabitants according to the 2017 national census . Its metropolitan area integrates twenty-one districts , including the foundational central area , which it is the seat of the city government . The city has a Nominal GDP of 9,445 million ( USD ) and a nominal GDP per capita of 10,277 USD , which represents a GDP per capita PPP of 18,610 USD in the period 2015 , being the second city with the highest economic activity in Peru . Arequipa is also an important industrial and commercial center of Peru , and is considered as the second industrial city of the country . Within its industrial activity the manufactured products and the textile production of wool of camelids . The town maintains close commercial links with Chile , Bolivia , and Brazil and with the cities connected the South trainway , as well as with the port of Matarani . The city was founded on August 15 , 1540 , under the name of Beautiful Villa of Our Lady of the Assumption in the name of Marquis Francisco Pizarro . The September 22 of 1541 , the monarch Carlos V orders that it should be called « City of Arequipa. » In the viceregal period , it acquired importance for its outstanding economic role , and is characterized by the fidelismo towards the Spanish Crown , receiving titles such as Very Noble and Very Loyal and Very Loyal by the crown . In the Republican history of Peru , the city has been the focus of popular , civic and democratic rebellions , it has also been the cradle of outstanding intellectual , political and religious figures of the country . In the Republican era , it is awarded the title of Heroic city of the freedom people of Arequipa .'}]}, {'value': 'Virgen de Chapi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_Virgen_de_Chapi', 'summary': "Estadio de la UNSA ( official name ) is a multi-purpose stadium located in Arequipa , Peru . The stadium was built by the University of San Agustín in the early 1990s and named after the Virgin Chapi . Due to its size , the term Monumental is added to its name . The stadium was largely financed by a lottery fund-raiser held by the university itself . The stadium has hosted large events such as the Bolivarian Games and the Copa América in addition to a Copa Sudamericana final in 2003 involving Cienciano and River Plate . The stadium 's allowed spectator capacity is currently 60,000 ."}]}, {'value': '40,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sport Áncash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Sport_Áncash', 'summary': 'Club Sport Áncash is a Peruvian football club , playing in the city of Huaraz . Sport Áncash was founded on April 22 , 1967 . The team plays its home games at Rosas Pampa stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Huaraz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huaraz', 'summary': "Huaraz ( [ waˈɾas ] ) ( from Quechua : Waraq or Waras , dawn ) , founded as San Sebastián de Huaraz , is a city in Peru . It is the capital of the Ancash Region ( State of Ancash ) and the seat of government of Huaraz Province . The urban area 's population is distributed over the districts of Huaraz and Independencia . The city is located in the middle of the Callejon de Huaylas Valley and on the right side of the river Santa . The city has an elevation of approximately 3050 metres above sea level . The built-up area covers 8 km2 and has a population of 120,000 inhabitants , making it the second largest city in the central Peruvian Andes after the city of Huancayo . It is the 22nd largest city in Peru . Huaraz is the seat of the province 's Roman Catholic Bishop and the site of the cathedral . Huaraz is the main financial and trade center of the Callejón de Huaylas and the main tourist destination of Ancash region . Moreover , is one of the biggest towns in the Peruvian Andes . Huaraz is the main destinations for winter sports and adventure . Many visitors from around the world come to the city for practicing sports as climbing , hiking , mountain biking and snowboarding , and also to visit the glaciers and mountains of the Cordillera Blanca , mainly Mount Huascarán , which is considered the tallest mountain in tropics , all of them located in Huascarán National Park which UNESCO declared a nature world heritage site ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerardo Lara Guerrero', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sport Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sport_Huancayo', 'summary': 'Club Sport Huancayo is a Peruvian football club located in the city of Huancayo , Junín . The club was founded on February 7 , 2007 under the name Huancaína Sport Club . After winning the 2008 Copa Perú , they were promoted to the top tier of Peruvian football for the 2009 Torneo Descentralizado season .'}]}, {'value': 'Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huancayo', 'summary': "Huancayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ waŋˈkaʝo ] ; in Wanka Quechua : Wankayuq [ wɐŋˈkæjuː ] , ' ( place ) with a ( sacred ) rock ' ) is the capital of Junín Region , in the central highlands of Peru ."}]}, {'value': 'Huancayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Huancayo', 'summary': 'Estadio Huancayo is a multi-use stadium in Huancayo , Peru . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home of Sport Huancayo and Deportivo Junín . Other teams that previously used the stadium are Deportivo Wanka and Meteor Junin . The stadium holds 20,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '20,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting Cristal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Sporting_Cristal_season', 'summary': "The 2009 Sporting Cristal season is the 54th season of the team 's existence . Sporting Cristal finished 10th overall in the Aggregate table and did not qualify for either the Copa Libertadores or the Copa Sudamericana ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'San Martín de Porres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_San_Martín_de_Porres', 'summary': 'Estadio Alberto Gallardo is a football stadium in the Rimac District of Lima , Peru , named after Alberto Gallardo , a former Peruvian football player and manager who played several years for Sporting Cristal . It is the home of football club Sporting Cristal . The stadium was built in the 1960s along the Rímac River for local football use and originally named Estadio San Martín de Porres . Many clubs playing in the Primera División , Segunda División , and district leagues of San Martín de Porres were among the many tenants the stadium had . In 1995 , Sporting Cristal - one of the regular first division tenants of the stadium - decided to lease the venue from the Instituto Peruano del Deporte . The club recently signed a new lease contract for 10 years and will expire in 2022 . The stadium itself has hosted few high-risk matches due to the limited access to the stadium and the low capacity of 20,000 .'}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Total Chalaco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Total_Chalaco', 'summary': 'Total Chalaco was a professional Peruvian football club based in Callao . The club last played in the Peruvian Primera División in 2010 . They placed last and were relegated and subsequently dissolved . The club was founded as Total Clean FBC , and played in Arequipa at the Estadio Mariano Melgar . As Total Clean , they won the Copa Perú in 2006 and were promoted to the first division . They were relegated to the second division in 2007 but quickly ascended to the first division for 2009 . The club was in a large amount of debt and sold 51% of the club to the vice-president of Atlético Chalaco . The club was renamed and relocated to Callao .'}]}, {'value': 'Callao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Callao', 'summary': "Callao ( /kɑːˈjɑːoʊ/ ; [ kaˈʎa.o , -ˈʝa- ] ) is a seaside city on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area . Callao is Peru 's chief seaport and home to its main airport , Jorge Chávez International Airport . Callao municipality consists of the whole Callao Region , which is also coterminous with the Province of Callao . Founded in 1537 by the Spanish , the city has a long naval history as one of the main ports in Latin America and the Pacific , as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the colonial era . Central Callao is about 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) west of the Historic Centre of Lima ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Grau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Miguel_Grau_(Callao)', 'summary': "Estadio Miguel Grau is a multi-use stadium in the Bellavista District of Callao , Peru . The stadium is part of the Sport Village of Callao ( Villa Deportiva del Callao ) or Yahuar Huaca , which is owned by the Callao Regional Government since 2011 . Its use is available to several football teams in the region including Sport Boys , Universidad de San Martín and Academia Cantolao who play their home matches here for the Torneo Descentralizado . The stadium 's maximum capacity is 17,000 and was inaugurated on 16 June 1996 with a match between Sport Boys and Deportivo Pesquero for the 1996 Torneo Descentralizado . The match was a 3-1 win for Sport Boys . Floodlight towers were installed in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': '17,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universidad César Vallejo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.D._Universidad_César_Vallejo', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo is a Peruvian football club located in Trujillo . The club was founded on January 6 , 1996 and was promoted in 2003 , through the Copa Perú , to the Peruvian First Division and relegated in 2005 . In 2007 , they were Segunda División champions and were promoted to the first division again .'}]}, {'value': 'Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru', 'summary': "Trujillo ( /truːˈhiːjoʊ/ troo-HEE-yoh , Spanish : [ tɾuˈxiʝo ] ; Quechua : Truhillu ) is a city in coastal northwestern Peru and the capital of the Department of La Libertad . It is the third most populous city and center of the third most populous metropolitan area of Peru . It is located on the banks of the Moche River , near its mouth at the Pacific Ocean , in the Moche Valley . This was a site of the great prehistoric Moche and Chimu cultures before the Inca conquest and subsequent expansion . The Independence of Trujillo from Spain was proclaimed in the Historic Centre of Trujillo on December 29 , 1820 , and the city was honored in 1822 by the Congress of the Republic of Peru with the title Meritorious City and Faithful to the Fatherland , for its role in the fight for Peruvian independence . Trujillo is the birthplace of Peru 's judiciary , and it was twice designated as the capital of the country . It was the scene of the Revolution of Trujillo in 1932 . Trujillo is considered the cradle of liberty and cradle of the judiciary in Peru . Trujillo is also known as the City of Everlasting Spring , is considered the Capital of the Marinera , a traditional dance in Peru , Cradle of the Peruvian Paso horse , as well as the Capital of Culture of Peru . It has sponsored numerous national and international cultural events , and has a lively arts community . Current festivals include the National Marinera Festival , the Trujillo Spring Festival and the International Book Festival , which is one of the most important cultural events in the country . Trujillo is close to two major archeological sites of pre-Columbian monuments : Chan Chan , the largest adobe city in the ancient world , designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 ; and the temples of the Sun and Moon ( the largest adobe pyramid in Peru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mansiche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Mansiche', 'summary': 'Estadio Mansiche is the biggest stadium of the city of Trujillo and the home of the most important football clubs in the city , Carlos A. Mannucci and Universidad César Vallejo . The stadium also has a running track for track and field sports . The stadium is part of the greater Mansiche Sports Complex which includes the Coliseo Gran Chimu , a swimming pool , and other facilities . It has hosted matched of the Copa Sudamericana in three occasions , and of the Copa Libertadores once . It hosted Group B matches during the 1995 South American Under-17 Football Championship . It hast also hosted matches at the 2004 Copa America and 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship . Most recently , it hosted the ceremonies of the 2013 Bolivarian Games .'}]}, {'value': '25,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universidad San Martín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Universidad_de_San_Martín_de_Porres', 'summary': 'Club Deportivo Universidad San Martín de Porres , commonly known as USMP , is a Peruvian football club based in the city of Lima . The club was founded in 2004 as a joint stock company , the first in Peru . In just their first season , the club began playing in the Peruvian top-flight , the Torneo Descentralizado , after they bought the promotional place of the 2003 Segunda División winners , Sport Coopsol . The team obtained their first Descentralizado title in 2007 , the second in 2008 and their third in 2010 . The name comes from the Universidad de San Martín de Porres , a university in Lima .'}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'San Martín de Porres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_San_Martín_de_Porres', 'summary': 'Estadio Alberto Gallardo is a football stadium in the Rimac District of Lima , Peru , named after Alberto Gallardo , a former Peruvian football player and manager who played several years for Sporting Cristal . It is the home of football club Sporting Cristal . The stadium was built in the 1960s along the Rímac River for local football use and originally named Estadio San Martín de Porres . Many clubs playing in the Primera División , Segunda División , and district leagues of San Martín de Porres were among the many tenants the stadium had . In 1995 , Sporting Cristal - one of the regular first division tenants of the stadium - decided to lease the venue from the Instituto Peruano del Deporte . The club recently signed a new lease contract for 10 years and will expire in 2022 . The stadium itself has hosted few high-risk matches due to the limited access to the stadium and the low capacity of 20,000 .'}]}, {'value': '18,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Universitario', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Universitario_de_Deportes_season', 'summary': "The 2009 season is Universitario de Deportes ' 81st season in the Peruvian Primera División and 44th in the Campeonato Descentralizado . This article shows player statistics and all matches ( official and friendly ) that the club played during the 2009 season . The season 's biggest highlight was the signing of Nolberto Solano ."}]}, {'value': 'Lima', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lima', 'summary': 'Lima ( /ˈliːmə/ , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈlima ] ; Quechua : Limaq ) is the capital and the largest city of Peru . It is located in the valleys of the Chillón , Rímac and Lurín rivers , in the central coastal part of the country , overlooking the Pacific Ocean . Together with the seaport of Callao , it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area . With a population of more than 9 million , Lima is the most populous metropolitan area of Peru and the third-largest city in the Americas ( as defined by city proper ) , behind São Paulo and Mexico City . Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native Peruvians as Limaq , a name that it had acquired over time . It became the capital and most important city in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Following the Peruvian War of Independence , it became the capital of the Republic of Peru ( República del Perú ) . Around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area . Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World . The National University of San Marcos , founded on 12 May 1551 , during the Spanish colonial empire , is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas . Nowadays the city is considered as the political , cultural , financial and commercial center of the country . Internationally , it is one of the thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Monumental', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_"U"', 'summary': "The Estadio Monumental ( Monumental Stadium ) is a football stadium in the district of Ate in Lima , Peru . It is the home of Club Universitario de Deportes , and it was opened in 2000 to replace the Estadio Teodoro Lolo Fernandez . Designed by Progreso International and Gremco S.A. , Uruguayan architect Walter Lavalleja Sarriés led the construction of the stadium . It is Perus largest stadium and also the largest in South America . It has a spectator-capacity of 85,000 : 65,000 seated in the four stands , 20,000 in luxury box suites known as palcos , and 600 VIP . The stadium was built in accordance with FIFAs manual of technical specifications for World Cup finals . The stadium has hosted some of the Peru national football team 's international matches including FIFA World Cup Qualifiers . It also hosted the final stages of the 2008 Copa Perú . However , the Monumental was absent from the organization of the 2004 Copa América because of conflicts between the club and the organizers . In addition , between its opening in 2000 until 2007 , only one edition of the Peruvian Clásico was played due to security concerns ; however , in late 2008 , the derby returned to the stadium . On November 5th , 2019 , the Estadio Monumental was selected by CONMEBOL to host the 2019 Copa Libertadores Final , after the outbreak of 2019 Chilean protests raised security concerns about the development of the match in Santiago , city initially chosen as host ."}]}, {'value': '80,093', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': 'A total of 16 teams competed in this season . The only teams to have ownership over their home ground is Alianza Lima and Universitario . The other 14 clubs rent their home grounds from the Instituto Peruano del Deporte or their local municipality . Alianza AtléticoCiencianoCNISport ÁncashMelgarInti GasJosé GálvezJuan AurichCoronel BolognesiSport HuancayoU . César VallejoAlianza LimaSporting CristalUniversitarioU . San MartínTotal Chalaco Locations of the 2009 Primera División teams', 'uid': '2009_Torneo_Descentralizado_0', 'intro': 'The 2009 Torneo Descentralizado de Fútbol Profesional (known as the Copa Cable Mágico for sponsorship reasons) was the 93rd season of Peruvian football. A total of 16 teams competed in the tournament. The season began on February 14 and concluded on December 13 with the victory of Universitario de Deportes over Alianza Lima in the second leg of the final Play-off, giving Universitario its twenty-fifth Peruvian title.'} | null | null | When was the inauguration for the building with a capacity of 17,000 ? | 16 June 1996 |
0a848fbb7c1a9d2b | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baronies_in_the_Peerage_of_Ireland', 'title': 'List of baronies in the Peerage of Ireland', 'header': ['Title', 'Date of Creation', 'Surname', 'Current Status', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Baron Athenry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Athenry', 'summary': 'Baron Athenry is one of the oldest titles in the Peerage of Ireland , but the date of its creation is thoroughly uncertain ; each of the first four Berminghams listed below is claimed by some writers to have been Lord Athenry , but the evidence is disputed . The title appears to have been given to the de Birmingham family of Birmingham , Warks , England as a reward for their help in the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1172 . Both Sir William de Birmingham , and his son Robert de Birmingham , are variously claimed to have been involved in the invasion , but it is probable that , after the invasion , William returned to his home in England and left Robert their new lands in Ireland .'}]}, {'value': '1172', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bermingham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'dormant 1799', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'also Earl of Louth from 1759 to 1799 , when this title became extinct', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Louth', 'summary': 'Baron Athenry is one of the oldest titles in the Peerage of Ireland , but the date of its creation is thoroughly uncertain ; each of the first four Berminghams listed below is claimed by some writers to have been Lord Athenry , but the evidence is disputed . The title appears to have been given to the de Birmingham family of Birmingham , Warks , England as a reward for their help in the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1172 . Both Sir William de Birmingham , and his son Robert de Birmingham , are variously claimed to have been involved in the invasion , but it is probable that , after the invasion , William returned to his home in England and left Robert their new lands in Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Baron Kingsale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Kingsale', 'summary': "Baron Kingsale is a title in the Peerage of Ireland , that of the premier baron in that peerage . The feudal barony dates to at least the thirteenth century . The first peerage creation was by writ . The numbering of the barons varies , some sources including the holders of the feudal barony , others commencing with the peers from 1340 , and still others from 1397 ; a licence of that year issued to the fourth peer has often been mistaken for a patent creating the peerage , but this is not the case . This article follows the numbering of The Complete Peerage . The Baron also holds the feudal titles of Lord Courcy and Lord Ringrone , probably created in the twelfth century . Several sources claim that the Baron holds the privilege of being covered ( that is , wearing a hat ) in the presence of the monarch . The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica , however , disagrees , claiming that the story is a legend without historic foundation . Despite the antiquity of the title , the family no longer retains its property or wealth , having supported the losing side in past conflicts ; the 30th ( or 35th ) Baron , despite education at Stowe and the Universities of Paris and Salzburg due to his father 's marriage to the daughter of a Yorkshire lanolin oil business , was , due to the failure of that business , amongst other things , an odd-job man and plumber , and died a resident of sheltered housing ."}]}, {'value': '1223', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'de Courcy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baron Kerry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Kerry', 'summary': "Baron Kerry is an ancient title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created circa 1223 for Thomas Fitzmaurice . In 1325 , Maurice FitzMaurice , 4th Baron of Kerry , murdered Diarmaid Óg MacCarthy ( son of Cormac Mór MacCarthy ) in the courtroom at Tralee . For this act , Maurice was tried and attainted by the parliament in Dublin and his lands forfeited , but after his death they were restored to his brother John FitzMaurice , 5th Baron of Kerry . In 1537 the eleventh Baron was created Baron Odorney and Viscount Kilmaule in the Peerage of Ireland . However , these titles became extinct on his death in 1541 while he was succeeded in the Barony of Kerry by his younger brother . The twenty-first Baron was created Earl of Kerry in the Peerage of Ireland in 1723 . His younger son John Petty was created Earl of Shelburne in the Peerage of Ireland in 1753 and his son , the second Earl of Shelburne , was created Marquess of Lansdowne in 1784 . In 1818 the latter 's son , the third Marquess , succeeded his cousin as 4th Earl of Kerry and 24th Baron Kerry ."}]}, {'value': '1223', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fitzmaurice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'also Earl of Kerry from 1723 and Marquess of Lansdowne in Great Britain from 1818', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Kerry', 'summary': "Baron Kerry is an ancient title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created circa 1223 for Thomas Fitzmaurice . In 1325 , Maurice FitzMaurice , 4th Baron of Kerry , murdered Diarmaid Óg MacCarthy ( son of Cormac Mór MacCarthy ) in the courtroom at Tralee . For this act , Maurice was tried and attainted by the parliament in Dublin and his lands forfeited , but after his death they were restored to his brother John FitzMaurice , 5th Baron of Kerry . In 1537 the eleventh Baron was created Baron Odorney and Viscount Kilmaule in the Peerage of Ireland . However , these titles became extinct on his death in 1541 while he was succeeded in the Barony of Kerry by his younger brother . The twenty-first Baron was created Earl of Kerry in the Peerage of Ireland in 1723 . His younger son John Petty was created Earl of Shelburne in the Peerage of Ireland in 1753 and his son , the second Earl of Shelburne , was created Marquess of Lansdowne in 1784 . In 1818 the latter 's son , the third Marquess , succeeded his cousin as 4th Earl of Kerry and 24th Baron Kerry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Lansdowne', 'summary': 'Marquess of Lansdowne is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain created in 1784 , and held by the head of the Petty-FitzMaurice family . The first Marquess served as Prime Minister of Great Britain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain', 'summary': 'The Peerage of Great Britain comprises all extant peerages created in the Kingdom of Great Britain after the Acts of Union 1707 but before the Acts of Union 1800 . It replaced the Peerage of England and the Peerage of Scotland , but was itself replaced by the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1801 . The ranks of the Peerage of Great Britain are Duke , Marquess , Earl , Viscount and Baron . Until the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 , all Peers of Great Britain could sit in the House of Lords . In the following table of peers of Great Britain , holders of higher or equal titles in the other peerages are listed . Those peers who are known by a higher title in one of the other peerages are listed in italics . Some peerages of Great Britain were created for peers in the Peerage of Scotland and Peerage of Ireland as they did not have an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the Peerage Act 1963 which gave Scottish Peers an automatic right to sit in the Lords .'}]}, {'value': 'Baron Desmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Desmond', 'summary': "The title of Earl of Desmond ( Irish : Iarla Dheasmhumhan ) has been held historically by lords in Ireland , first as a title outside of the peerage system and later as part of the Peerage of Ireland . The original Barony of Desmond in the province of Munster was held by descendants of Thomas FitzMaurice Lord OConnello . Thomas was the eldest son of Maurice FitzGerald , Lord of Lanstephan , a key supporter of Lord Pembroke ( Strongbow ) in his 1169 invasion of Ireland . Maurice was the founder of the Cambro-Norman Fitzmaurice and FitzGerald dynasty in Ireland . Being descended from the eldest son of Maurice FitzGerald , Lord of Lanstephan , the House of Desmond was a cadet branch of the Irish Geraldines ; the senior branch , the House of Kildare , ancestors of the Dukes of Leinster , was founded by Thomas 's brother and 2nd eldest son of Maurice FitzGerald , Lord of Lanstephan namely Gerald FitzMaurice , 1st Lord of Offaly"}]}, {'value': '1259', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FitzGerald', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'forfeit 1582', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'also Earl of Desmond from 1329', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Desmond', 'summary': "The title of Earl of Desmond ( Irish : Iarla Dheasmhumhan ) has been held historically by lords in Ireland , first as a title outside of the peerage system and later as part of the Peerage of Ireland . The original Barony of Desmond in the province of Munster was held by descendants of Thomas FitzMaurice Lord OConnello . Thomas was the eldest son of Maurice FitzGerald , Lord of Lanstephan , a key supporter of Lord Pembroke ( Strongbow ) in his 1169 invasion of Ireland . Maurice was the founder of the Cambro-Norman Fitzmaurice and FitzGerald dynasty in Ireland . Being descended from the eldest son of Maurice FitzGerald , Lord of Lanstephan , the House of Desmond was a cadet branch of the Irish Geraldines ; the senior branch , the House of Kildare , ancestors of the Dukes of Leinster , was founded by Thomas 's brother and 2nd eldest son of Maurice FitzGerald , Lord of Lanstephan namely Gerald FitzMaurice , 1st Lord of Offaly"}]}, {'value': 'Baron Barry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Barry', 'summary': "Earl of Barrymore was a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created for David Barry , 6th Viscount Buttevant , in 1627/28 . Lord Barrymore held the subsidiary titles of Baron Barry ( created c. 1261 ) and Viscount Buttevant ( created 1541 ) in the County of Cork in Ireland . After the death of the 8th Earl in 1823 , all these titles became extinct . The Barrymore title was revived in 1902 in favour of Sir Arthur Smith-Barry , who was created Baron Barrymore in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . He was the grandson of John Smith Barry , illegitimate son of James Hugh Smith Barry ( died 1837 ) , son of The Hon . John Smith Barry , younger son of The 4th Earl of Barrymore . The family was noted for eccentricity and in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century many of its members had nicknames such as Hellgate , Dalegate , Cripplegate , Newgate and Billingsgate . They feature in Georgette Heyer 's novel Regency Buck , where a character remarks that 'the Barrymores , you know , really can not be held accountable for their odd manners . '"}]}, {'value': '1261', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extinct 1823', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'also Viscount Buttevant from 1461 and Earl of Barrymore from 1628', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viscount_Buttevant', 'summary': "Earl of Barrymore was a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created for David Barry , 6th Viscount Buttevant , in 1627/28 . Lord Barrymore held the subsidiary titles of Baron Barry ( created c. 1261 ) and Viscount Buttevant ( created 1541 ) in the County of Cork in Ireland . After the death of the 8th Earl in 1823 , all these titles became extinct . The Barrymore title was revived in 1902 in favour of Sir Arthur Smith-Barry , who was created Baron Barrymore in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . He was the grandson of John Smith Barry , illegitimate son of James Hugh Smith Barry ( died 1837 ) , son of The Hon . John Smith Barry , younger son of The 4th Earl of Barrymore . The family was noted for eccentricity and in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century many of its members had nicknames such as Hellgate , Dalegate , Cripplegate , Newgate and Billingsgate . They feature in Georgette Heyer 's novel Regency Buck , where a character remarks that 'the Barrymores , you know , really can not be held accountable for their odd manners . '"}, {'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Barrymore', 'summary': "Earl of Barrymore was a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created for David Barry , 6th Viscount Buttevant , in 1627/28 . Lord Barrymore held the subsidiary titles of Baron Barry ( created c. 1261 ) and Viscount Buttevant ( created 1541 ) in the County of Cork in Ireland . After the death of the 8th Earl in 1823 , all these titles became extinct . The Barrymore title was revived in 1902 in favour of Sir Arthur Smith-Barry , who was created Baron Barrymore in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . He was the grandson of John Smith Barry , illegitimate son of James Hugh Smith Barry ( died 1837 ) , son of The Hon . John Smith Barry , younger son of The 4th Earl of Barrymore . The family was noted for eccentricity and in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century many of its members had nicknames such as Hellgate , Dalegate , Cripplegate , Newgate and Billingsgate . They feature in Georgette Heyer 's novel Regency Buck , where a character remarks that 'the Barrymores , you know , really can not be held accountable for their odd manners . '"}]}, {'value': 'Baron Dunboyne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Dunboyne', 'summary': 'Baron Dunboyne was a title first held by the Petit family some time after the Norman invasion of Ireland .'}]}, {'value': '1324', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butler , Clifford-Butler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'confirmed by letters patent in 1541', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baron Gormanston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Gormanston', 'summary': 'Viscount Gormanston is a title in the Peerage of Ireland created in 1478 and held by the head of the Preston family , which hailed from Lancashire . It is the oldest vicomital title in the British Isles ; the holder is Premier Viscount of Ireland . The Preston family descends from Sir Robert Preston , who served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland . Sometime between 1365 and 1370 he was created Baron Gormanston by writ to the Parliament of Ireland . His son and heir , the second Baron , played a prominent part in public affairs later being arrested for treason in 1418 . His great-grandson , the fourth Baron , served as Lord Deputy of Ireland : in 1478 he was created Viscount Gormanston in the Peerage of Ireland . His great-great-great-great-grandson , the seventh Viscount , was a supporter of King James II and was outlawed after the Glorious Revolution . Jenico Preston helped to suppress the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . In 1800 he had the outlawry reversed and was summoned to the Irish House of Lords as the twelfth Viscount Gormanston . He was the great-grandson of Anthony Preston , the de jure ninth Viscount Gormanston , the nephew of the seventh Viscount . The twelfth Viscount was succeeded by his son , the thirteenth Viscount . In 1868 he was created Baron Gormanston , in County Meath , in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , which gave the Viscounts an automatic seat in the House of Lords .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1370', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Preston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'also Viscount Gormanston from 1478 and Baron Gormanston in the United Kingdom from 1868', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viscount_Gormanston', 'summary': 'Viscount Gormanston is a title in the Peerage of Ireland created in 1478 and held by the head of the Preston family , which hailed from Lancashire . It is the oldest vicomital title in the British Isles ; the holder is Premier Viscount of Ireland . The Preston family descends from Sir Robert Preston , who served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland . Sometime between 1365 and 1370 he was created Baron Gormanston by writ to the Parliament of Ireland . His son and heir , the second Baron , played a prominent part in public affairs later being arrested for treason in 1418 . His great-grandson , the fourth Baron , served as Lord Deputy of Ireland : in 1478 he was created Viscount Gormanston in the Peerage of Ireland . His great-great-great-great-grandson , the seventh Viscount , was a supporter of King James II and was outlawed after the Glorious Revolution . Jenico Preston helped to suppress the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . In 1800 he had the outlawry reversed and was summoned to the Irish House of Lords as the twelfth Viscount Gormanston . He was the great-grandson of Anthony Preston , the de jure ninth Viscount Gormanston , the nephew of the seventh Viscount . The twelfth Viscount was succeeded by his son , the thirteenth Viscount . In 1868 he was created Baron Gormanston , in County Meath , in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , which gave the Viscounts an automatic seat in the House of Lords .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Baron_Gormanston', 'summary': 'Viscount Gormanston is a title in the Peerage of Ireland created in 1478 and held by the head of the Preston family , which hailed from Lancashire . It is the oldest vicomital title in the British Isles ; the holder is Premier Viscount of Ireland . The Preston family descends from Sir Robert Preston , who served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland . Sometime between 1365 and 1370 he was created Baron Gormanston by writ to the Parliament of Ireland . His son and heir , the second Baron , played a prominent part in public affairs later being arrested for treason in 1418 . His great-grandson , the fourth Baron , served as Lord Deputy of Ireland : in 1478 he was created Viscount Gormanston in the Peerage of Ireland . His great-great-great-great-grandson , the seventh Viscount , was a supporter of King James II and was outlawed after the Glorious Revolution . Jenico Preston helped to suppress the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . In 1800 he had the outlawry reversed and was summoned to the Irish House of Lords as the twelfth Viscount Gormanston . He was the great-grandson of Anthony Preston , the de jure ninth Viscount Gormanston , the nephew of the seventh Viscount . The twelfth Viscount was succeeded by his son , the thirteenth Viscount . In 1868 he was created Baron Gormanston , in County Meath , in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , which gave the Viscounts an automatic seat in the House of Lords .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'The Peerage of the United Kingdom comprises most peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Acts of Union in 1801 , when it replaced the Peerage of Great Britain . New peers continued to be created in the Peerage of Ireland until 1898 ( the last creation was the Barony of Curzon of Kedleston ) . The House of Lords Act 1999 reformed the House of Lords . Until then , all peers of the United Kingdom were automatically members of the House of Lords . However , from that date , most of the hereditary peers ceased to be members , whereas the life peers retained their seats . All hereditary peers of the first creation ( i.e . those for whom a peerage was originally created , as opposed to those who inherited a peerage ) , and all surviving hereditary peers who had served as Leader of the House of Lords , were offered a life peerage to allow them to sit in the House should they wish . Some holders of the Peerage of United Kingdom was created for peers in the Peerage of Scotland and Peerage of Ireland as they did not have an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the Peerage Act 1963 which gave Scottish Peers an automatic right to sit in the Lords .'}]}, {'value': 'Baron Slane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Slane', 'summary': 'Baron Slane was a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1370 for the Fleming family but forfeited in 1691 .'}]}, {'value': 'c. 1370', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fleming', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'forfeit 1691', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baron Howth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Howth', 'summary': "Earl of Howth was a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1767 for Thomas St Lawrence , 15th Baron Howth , who was elevated to Viscount St Lawrence at the same time , also in the Peerage of Ireland . The St Lawrence family descended from Christopher St Lawrence who was elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Howth in about 1425 . The third and fourth Barons both served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland . The family 's origins are thought to go back to Almeric Tristram , a liegeman of the Anglo-Irish knight John de Courcy , who conquered Howth in 1177 . The fourth baron was a distinguished soldier who fought at the Battle of Knockdoe ; his grandson , the seventh baron was also a notable soldier . The eighth baron , commonly known as the blind lord , was one of the leading Irish statesmen of his time , and led the opposition to the Government 's taxation policy in the 1570s . His son the ninth baron was an open Roman Catholic , and led the opposition to the Penal Laws in the early 17th century . The tenth baron was a notable military commander who served in the Nine Years War with the Earl of Essex and Lord Mountjoy . The fourteenth Baron represented Ratoath in the Irish House of Commons , and was a friend of Jonathan Swift . The third Earl served as Lord-Lieutenant of Dublin . The fourth Earl sat as Member of Parliament for Galway Borough , and in 1881 he was created Baron Howth , of Howth in the County of Dublin , in the Peerage of the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '1430', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Lawrence', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extinct 1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'also Viscount St Lawrence and Earl of Howth from 1767 , also Baron Howth in the United Kingdom from 1881', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viscount_St_Lawrence', 'summary': "Earl of Howth was a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1767 for Thomas St Lawrence , 15th Baron Howth , who was elevated to Viscount St Lawrence at the same time , also in the Peerage of Ireland . The St Lawrence family descended from Christopher St Lawrence who was elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Howth in about 1425 . The third and fourth Barons both served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland . The family 's origins are thought to go back to Almeric Tristram , a liegeman of the Anglo-Irish knight John de Courcy , who conquered Howth in 1177 . The fourth baron was a distinguished soldier who fought at the Battle of Knockdoe ; his grandson , the seventh baron was also a notable soldier . The eighth baron , commonly known as the blind lord , was one of the leading Irish statesmen of his time , and led the opposition to the Government 's taxation policy in the 1570s . His son the ninth baron was an open Roman Catholic , and led the opposition to the Penal Laws in the early 17th century . The tenth baron was a notable military commander who served in the Nine Years War with the Earl of Essex and Lord Mountjoy . The fourteenth Baron represented Ratoath in the Irish House of Commons , and was a friend of Jonathan Swift . The third Earl served as Lord-Lieutenant of Dublin . The fourth Earl sat as Member of Parliament for Galway Borough , and in 1881 he was created Baron Howth , of Howth in the County of Dublin , in the Peerage of the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Howth', 'summary': "Earl of Howth was a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1767 for Thomas St Lawrence , 15th Baron Howth , who was elevated to Viscount St Lawrence at the same time , also in the Peerage of Ireland . The St Lawrence family descended from Christopher St Lawrence who was elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Howth in about 1425 . The third and fourth Barons both served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland . The family 's origins are thought to go back to Almeric Tristram , a liegeman of the Anglo-Irish knight John de Courcy , who conquered Howth in 1177 . The fourth baron was a distinguished soldier who fought at the Battle of Knockdoe ; his grandson , the seventh baron was also a notable soldier . The eighth baron , commonly known as the blind lord , was one of the leading Irish statesmen of his time , and led the opposition to the Government 's taxation policy in the 1570s . His son the ninth baron was an open Roman Catholic , and led the opposition to the Penal Laws in the early 17th century . The tenth baron was a notable military commander who served in the Nine Years War with the Earl of Essex and Lord Mountjoy . The fourteenth Baron represented Ratoath in the Irish House of Commons , and was a friend of Jonathan Swift . The third Earl served as Lord-Lieutenant of Dublin . The fourth Earl sat as Member of Parliament for Galway Borough , and in 1881 he was created Baron Howth , of Howth in the County of Dublin , in the Peerage of the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Baron_Howth', 'summary': "Earl of Howth was a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1767 for Thomas St Lawrence , 15th Baron Howth , who was elevated to Viscount St Lawrence at the same time , also in the Peerage of Ireland . The St Lawrence family descended from Christopher St Lawrence who was elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Howth in about 1425 . The third and fourth Barons both served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland . The family 's origins are thought to go back to Almeric Tristram , a liegeman of the Anglo-Irish knight John de Courcy , who conquered Howth in 1177 . The fourth baron was a distinguished soldier who fought at the Battle of Knockdoe ; his grandson , the seventh baron was also a notable soldier . The eighth baron , commonly known as the blind lord , was one of the leading Irish statesmen of his time , and led the opposition to the Government 's taxation policy in the 1570s . His son the ninth baron was an open Roman Catholic , and led the opposition to the Penal Laws in the early 17th century . The tenth baron was a notable military commander who served in the Nine Years War with the Earl of Essex and Lord Mountjoy . The fourteenth Baron represented Ratoath in the Irish House of Commons , and was a friend of Jonathan Swift . The third Earl served as Lord-Lieutenant of Dublin . The fourth Earl sat as Member of Parliament for Galway Borough , and in 1881 he was created Baron Howth , of Howth in the County of Dublin , in the Peerage of the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'The Peerage of the United Kingdom comprises most peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Acts of Union in 1801 , when it replaced the Peerage of Great Britain . New peers continued to be created in the Peerage of Ireland until 1898 ( the last creation was the Barony of Curzon of Kedleston ) . The House of Lords Act 1999 reformed the House of Lords . Until then , all peers of the United Kingdom were automatically members of the House of Lords . However , from that date , most of the hereditary peers ceased to be members , whereas the life peers retained their seats . All hereditary peers of the first creation ( i.e . those for whom a peerage was originally created , as opposed to those who inherited a peerage ) , and all surviving hereditary peers who had served as Leader of the House of Lords , were offered a life peerage to allow them to sit in the House should they wish . Some holders of the Peerage of United Kingdom was created for peers in the Peerage of Scotland and Peerage of Ireland as they did not have an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the Peerage Act 1963 which gave Scottish Peers an automatic right to sit in the Lords .'}]}, {'value': 'Baron of Dunsany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_of_Dunsany', 'summary': 'The title Baron of Dunsany or , more commonly , Lord Dunsany , is one of the oldest dignities in the Peerage of Ireland , one of just a handful of 13th- to 15th-century titles still extant , having had 21 holders , of the Plunkett name , to date . Other surviving medieval baronies include Kerry now held by the Marquess of Lansdowne , Kingsale , Trimlestown , Baron Louth and Dunboyne .'}]}, {'value': '1439 ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plunkett', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baron Killeen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Killeen', 'summary': 'Earl of Fingall and Baron Killeen were titles in the Peerage of Ireland . Baron Fingall was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . The seat of the title-holders was , from its establishment until 1953 , Killeen Castle in County Meath , Ireland , and there was an ongoing close relationship with the related Plunkett family of Dunsany , and with the Viscounts Gormanston , with whom they intermarried . Around 1426 , Christopher Plunkett was created Baron Killeen : his seven sons founded five separate branches of the Plunket family , including the Plunkets of Dunsany , Rathmore and Dunsoghly . He also had a daughter Matilda ( or Maud ) , who became celebrated as the bride of Malahide , when her first husband , Thomas Husssey , Baron Galtrim , was reputedly murdered on their wedding day . The tenth baron , Luke Plunkett , was created Earl of Fingall on 29 September 1628 . When still Baron Killeen , his first wife was Elizabeth , the second daughter of Henry FitzGerald , 12th Earl of Kildare , as properly recorded in the histories of the FitzGeralds of Kildare , based on their own family archives in Carton House and Kilkea Castle , and on no better authority than The 4th Duke of Leinster himself , writing at the time as Marquess of Kildare , who confirmed that Elizabeth married Luke Plunkett , 1st Earl of Fingall , in 1608 . The eighth earl was created Baron Fingall on 20 June 1831 . The eleventh earl married Elizabeth Burke-Plunkett , who was noted both as an activist in numerous causes and as a society hostess . All three titles became extinct on the death of the twelfth earl in 1984 , and are not to be confused with the Prescriptive Barony or Lordship of Fingal originally granted in 1208 by King John of England . See also Fingal .'}]}, {'value': '1449', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Plunkett', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extinct 1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'also Earl of Fingall from 1628 , also Baron Fingall in the United Kingdom from 1831', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Fingall', 'summary': 'Earl of Fingall and Baron Killeen were titles in the Peerage of Ireland . Baron Fingall was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . The seat of the title-holders was , from its establishment until 1953 , Killeen Castle in County Meath , Ireland , and there was an ongoing close relationship with the related Plunkett family of Dunsany , and with the Viscounts Gormanston , with whom they intermarried . Around 1426 , Christopher Plunkett was created Baron Killeen : his seven sons founded five separate branches of the Plunket family , including the Plunkets of Dunsany , Rathmore and Dunsoghly . He also had a daughter Matilda ( or Maud ) , who became celebrated as the bride of Malahide , when her first husband , Thomas Husssey , Baron Galtrim , was reputedly murdered on their wedding day . The tenth baron , Luke Plunkett , was created Earl of Fingall on 29 September 1628 . When still Baron Killeen , his first wife was Elizabeth , the second daughter of Henry FitzGerald , 12th Earl of Kildare , as properly recorded in the histories of the FitzGeralds of Kildare , based on their own family archives in Carton House and Kilkea Castle , and on no better authority than The 4th Duke of Leinster himself , writing at the time as Marquess of Kildare , who confirmed that Elizabeth married Luke Plunkett , 1st Earl of Fingall , in 1608 . The eighth earl was created Baron Fingall on 20 June 1831 . The eleventh earl married Elizabeth Burke-Plunkett , who was noted both as an activist in numerous causes and as a society hostess . All three titles became extinct on the death of the twelfth earl in 1984 , and are not to be confused with the Prescriptive Barony or Lordship of Fingal originally granted in 1208 by King John of England . See also Fingal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Baron_Fingall', 'summary': 'Earl of Fingall and Baron Killeen were titles in the Peerage of Ireland . Baron Fingall was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . The seat of the title-holders was , from its establishment until 1953 , Killeen Castle in County Meath , Ireland , and there was an ongoing close relationship with the related Plunkett family of Dunsany , and with the Viscounts Gormanston , with whom they intermarried . Around 1426 , Christopher Plunkett was created Baron Killeen : his seven sons founded five separate branches of the Plunket family , including the Plunkets of Dunsany , Rathmore and Dunsoghly . He also had a daughter Matilda ( or Maud ) , who became celebrated as the bride of Malahide , when her first husband , Thomas Husssey , Baron Galtrim , was reputedly murdered on their wedding day . The tenth baron , Luke Plunkett , was created Earl of Fingall on 29 September 1628 . When still Baron Killeen , his first wife was Elizabeth , the second daughter of Henry FitzGerald , 12th Earl of Kildare , as properly recorded in the histories of the FitzGeralds of Kildare , based on their own family archives in Carton House and Kilkea Castle , and on no better authority than The 4th Duke of Leinster himself , writing at the time as Marquess of Kildare , who confirmed that Elizabeth married Luke Plunkett , 1st Earl of Fingall , in 1608 . The eighth earl was created Baron Fingall on 20 June 1831 . The eleventh earl married Elizabeth Burke-Plunkett , who was noted both as an activist in numerous causes and as a society hostess . All three titles became extinct on the death of the twelfth earl in 1984 , and are not to be confused with the Prescriptive Barony or Lordship of Fingal originally granted in 1208 by King John of England . See also Fingal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'The Peerage of the United Kingdom comprises most peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Acts of Union in 1801 , when it replaced the Peerage of Great Britain . New peers continued to be created in the Peerage of Ireland until 1898 ( the last creation was the Barony of Curzon of Kedleston ) . The House of Lords Act 1999 reformed the House of Lords . Until then , all peers of the United Kingdom were automatically members of the House of Lords . However , from that date , most of the hereditary peers ceased to be members , whereas the life peers retained their seats . All hereditary peers of the first creation ( i.e . those for whom a peerage was originally created , as opposed to those who inherited a peerage ) , and all surviving hereditary peers who had served as Leader of the House of Lords , were offered a life peerage to allow them to sit in the House should they wish . Some holders of the Peerage of United Kingdom was created for peers in the Peerage of Scotland and Peerage of Ireland as they did not have an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the Peerage Act 1963 which gave Scottish Peers an automatic right to sit in the Lords .'}]}, {'value': 'Baron Portlester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Portlester', 'summary': 'Rowland FitzEustace , 1st Baron Portlester ( c. 1430 - 19 December 1496 ) was an Irish peer , statesman and judge . He was one of the dominant political figures in late fifteenth-century Ireland , rivalled in influence only by his son-in-law , the 8th or Great Earl of Kildare .'}]}, {'value': '1462', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fitzeustace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extinct 1496', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baron Trimlestown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Trimlestown', 'summary': 'Baron Trimlestown , of Trimlestown in County Meath , is a title in the Peerage of Ireland .'}]}, {'value': '1462', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barnewall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baron Ratoath', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Ratoath', 'summary': 'Baron Ratoath was a short-lived title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1468 for Sir Robert Bold , who died without male heirs in 1479 .'}]}, {'value': '1468', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extinct 1479', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baron Loundres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Loundres', 'summary': 'Viscount Gormanston is a title in the Peerage of Ireland created in 1478 and held by the head of the Preston family , which hailed from Lancashire . It is the oldest vicomital title in the British Isles ; the holder is Premier Viscount of Ireland . The Preston family descends from Sir Robert Preston , who served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland . Sometime between 1365 and 1370 he was created Baron Gormanston by writ to the Parliament of Ireland . His son and heir , the second Baron , played a prominent part in public affairs later being arrested for treason in 1418 . His great-grandson , the fourth Baron , served as Lord Deputy of Ireland : in 1478 he was created Viscount Gormanston in the Peerage of Ireland . His great-great-great-great-grandson , the seventh Viscount , was a supporter of King James II and was outlawed after the Glorious Revolution . Jenico Preston helped to suppress the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . In 1800 he had the outlawry reversed and was summoned to the Irish House of Lords as the twelfth Viscount Gormanston . He was the great-grandson of Anthony Preston , the de jure ninth Viscount Gormanston , the nephew of the seventh Viscount . The twelfth Viscount was succeeded by his son , the thirteenth Viscount . In 1868 he was created Baron Gormanston , in County Meath , in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , which gave the Viscounts an automatic seat in the House of Lords .'}]}, {'value': '1478', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Preston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'subsidiary title of the Viscount Gormanston , also Baron Gormanston in the United Kingdom from 1868', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viscount_Gormanston', 'summary': 'Viscount Gormanston is a title in the Peerage of Ireland created in 1478 and held by the head of the Preston family , which hailed from Lancashire . It is the oldest vicomital title in the British Isles ; the holder is Premier Viscount of Ireland . The Preston family descends from Sir Robert Preston , who served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland . Sometime between 1365 and 1370 he was created Baron Gormanston by writ to the Parliament of Ireland . His son and heir , the second Baron , played a prominent part in public affairs later being arrested for treason in 1418 . His great-grandson , the fourth Baron , served as Lord Deputy of Ireland : in 1478 he was created Viscount Gormanston in the Peerage of Ireland . His great-great-great-great-grandson , the seventh Viscount , was a supporter of King James II and was outlawed after the Glorious Revolution . Jenico Preston helped to suppress the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . In 1800 he had the outlawry reversed and was summoned to the Irish House of Lords as the twelfth Viscount Gormanston . He was the great-grandson of Anthony Preston , the de jure ninth Viscount Gormanston , the nephew of the seventh Viscount . The twelfth Viscount was succeeded by his son , the thirteenth Viscount . In 1868 he was created Baron Gormanston , in County Meath , in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , which gave the Viscounts an automatic seat in the House of Lords .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Baron_Gormanston', 'summary': 'Viscount Gormanston is a title in the Peerage of Ireland created in 1478 and held by the head of the Preston family , which hailed from Lancashire . It is the oldest vicomital title in the British Isles ; the holder is Premier Viscount of Ireland . The Preston family descends from Sir Robert Preston , who served as Lord Chancellor of Ireland . Sometime between 1365 and 1370 he was created Baron Gormanston by writ to the Parliament of Ireland . His son and heir , the second Baron , played a prominent part in public affairs later being arrested for treason in 1418 . His great-grandson , the fourth Baron , served as Lord Deputy of Ireland : in 1478 he was created Viscount Gormanston in the Peerage of Ireland . His great-great-great-great-grandson , the seventh Viscount , was a supporter of King James II and was outlawed after the Glorious Revolution . Jenico Preston helped to suppress the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . In 1800 he had the outlawry reversed and was summoned to the Irish House of Lords as the twelfth Viscount Gormanston . He was the great-grandson of Anthony Preston , the de jure ninth Viscount Gormanston , the nephew of the seventh Viscount . The twelfth Viscount was succeeded by his son , the thirteenth Viscount . In 1868 he was created Baron Gormanston , in County Meath , in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , which gave the Viscounts an automatic seat in the House of Lords .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'The Peerage of the United Kingdom comprises most peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Acts of Union in 1801 , when it replaced the Peerage of Great Britain . New peers continued to be created in the Peerage of Ireland until 1898 ( the last creation was the Barony of Curzon of Kedleston ) . The House of Lords Act 1999 reformed the House of Lords . Until then , all peers of the United Kingdom were automatically members of the House of Lords . However , from that date , most of the hereditary peers ceased to be members , whereas the life peers retained their seats . All hereditary peers of the first creation ( i.e . those for whom a peerage was originally created , as opposed to those who inherited a peerage ) , and all surviving hereditary peers who had served as Leader of the House of Lords , were offered a life peerage to allow them to sit in the House should they wish . Some holders of the Peerage of United Kingdom was created for peers in the Peerage of Scotland and Peerage of Ireland as they did not have an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the Peerage Act 1963 which gave Scottish Peers an automatic right to sit in the Lords .'}]}, {'value': 'Baron Delvin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Delvin', 'summary': "Earl of Westmeath is a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1621 for Richard Nugent , Baron Delvin . During the Tudor era the loyalty of the Nugent family was often in question , and Richard 's father , the sixth Baron , died in prison while awaiting trial for treason . Richard himself when young was suspected of plotting rebellion and imprisoned , but in later life was a staunch supporter of the Crown , which rewarded him richly for his loyalty . The fifth Earl was a Major-General in the British Army . The sixth Earl was sworn of the Irish Privy Council in 1758 . His son by his first wife , Richard Nugent , Lord Delvin , was killed in a duel at an early age . Lord Westmeath was succeeded by his second son by his second wife , the seventh Earl . He sat in the House of Lords as one of the original 28 Irish Representative Peers ; he was also involved in a much-publicised divorce and action for criminal conversation . He was succeeded by his son , the eighth Earl . He was created Marquess of Westmeath in the Peerage of Ireland in 1822 . He had no surviving male issue and the marquessate became extinct on his death in 1871 ."}]}, {'value': '1486', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nugent', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'also Earl of Westmeath from 1621 and Marquess of Westmeath in the United Kingdom from 1822 to 1871', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Westmeath', 'summary': "Earl of Westmeath is a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1621 for Richard Nugent , Baron Delvin . During the Tudor era the loyalty of the Nugent family was often in question , and Richard 's father , the sixth Baron , died in prison while awaiting trial for treason . Richard himself when young was suspected of plotting rebellion and imprisoned , but in later life was a staunch supporter of the Crown , which rewarded him richly for his loyalty . The fifth Earl was a Major-General in the British Army . The sixth Earl was sworn of the Irish Privy Council in 1758 . His son by his first wife , Richard Nugent , Lord Delvin , was killed in a duel at an early age . Lord Westmeath was succeeded by his second son by his second wife , the seventh Earl . He sat in the House of Lords as one of the original 28 Irish Representative Peers ; he was also involved in a much-publicised divorce and action for criminal conversation . He was succeeded by his son , the eighth Earl . He was created Marquess of Westmeath in the Peerage of Ireland in 1822 . He had no surviving male issue and the marquessate became extinct on his death in 1871 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Westmeath', 'summary': "Earl of Westmeath is a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created in 1621 for Richard Nugent , Baron Delvin . During the Tudor era the loyalty of the Nugent family was often in question , and Richard 's father , the sixth Baron , died in prison while awaiting trial for treason . Richard himself when young was suspected of plotting rebellion and imprisoned , but in later life was a staunch supporter of the Crown , which rewarded him richly for his loyalty . The fifth Earl was a Major-General in the British Army . The sixth Earl was sworn of the Irish Privy Council in 1758 . His son by his first wife , Richard Nugent , Lord Delvin , was killed in a duel at an early age . Lord Westmeath was succeeded by his second son by his second wife , the seventh Earl . He sat in the House of Lords as one of the original 28 Irish Representative Peers ; he was also involved in a much-publicised divorce and action for criminal conversation . He was succeeded by his son , the eighth Earl . He was created Marquess of Westmeath in the Peerage of Ireland in 1822 . He had no surviving male issue and the marquessate became extinct on his death in 1871 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom', 'summary': 'The Peerage of the United Kingdom comprises most peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Acts of Union in 1801 , when it replaced the Peerage of Great Britain . New peers continued to be created in the Peerage of Ireland until 1898 ( the last creation was the Barony of Curzon of Kedleston ) . The House of Lords Act 1999 reformed the House of Lords . Until then , all peers of the United Kingdom were automatically members of the House of Lords . However , from that date , most of the hereditary peers ceased to be members , whereas the life peers retained their seats . All hereditary peers of the first creation ( i.e . those for whom a peerage was originally created , as opposed to those who inherited a peerage ) , and all surviving hereditary peers who had served as Leader of the House of Lords , were offered a life peerage to allow them to sit in the House should they wish . Some holders of the Peerage of United Kingdom was created for peers in the Peerage of Scotland and Peerage of Ireland as they did not have an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the Peerage Act 1963 which gave Scottish Peers an automatic right to sit in the Lords .'}]}, {'value': 'Baron Kilcullen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Kilcullen', 'summary': "Viscount Baltinglass , in the County of Wicklow , was a title created three times in the Peerage of Ireland . The first came on 29 June 1541 in favour of Thomas Eustace , 1st Baron Kilcullen . He had already created Baron Kilcullen , in the County of Kildare , in September 1535 , also in the Peerage of Ireland . Lord Baltinglass was the nephew and heir of Rowland FitzEustace , 1st Baron Portlester , who died without legitimate male issue . His grandson , the third Viscount , took part in the Desmond Rebellion of 1581 and was attainted in 1585 with his titles forfeited . He died the same year . His younger brothers both Edmund and William both subsequently styled themselves Viscount Baltinglass although the titles were never restored . The second creation came on 27 June 1627 in favour of Sir Thomas Roper . He was made Baron of Bantry , in the County of Cork , at the same time , also in the Peerage of Ireland . Two of his sons , Thomas , the second Viscount , and Cary , the third Viscount , both succeeded in the titles . The titles became extinct on the latter 's death in 1672 ."}]}, {'value': '1535', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eustace', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'forfeit 1585', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'subsidiary title of the Viscount Baltinglass', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viscount_Baltinglass', 'summary': "Viscount Baltinglass , in the County of Wicklow , was a title created three times in the Peerage of Ireland . The first came on 29 June 1541 in favour of Thomas Eustace , 1st Baron Kilcullen . He had already created Baron Kilcullen , in the County of Kildare , in September 1535 , also in the Peerage of Ireland . Lord Baltinglass was the nephew and heir of Rowland FitzEustace , 1st Baron Portlester , who died without legitimate male issue . His grandson , the third Viscount , took part in the Desmond Rebellion of 1581 and was attainted in 1585 with his titles forfeited . He died the same year . His younger brothers both Edmund and William both subsequently styled themselves Viscount Baltinglass although the titles were never restored . The second creation came on 27 June 1627 in favour of Sir Thomas Roper . He was made Baron of Bantry , in the County of Cork , at the same time , also in the Peerage of Ireland . Two of his sons , Thomas , the second Viscount , and Cary , the third Viscount , both succeeded in the titles . The titles became extinct on the latter 's death in 1672 ."}]}, {'value': 'Baron Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Power', 'summary': "The Earl of Tyrone is a title created three times in the Peerage of Ireland . It was first created as part of the Tudor attempt to establish a uniform social structure in Ireland by converting the Gaelic kings and chiefs into hereditary nobles of the Kingdom of Ireland . Under brehon law , clans were effectively independent , and chose their chiefs from the members of a bloodline - normally , but not always , a close relative of the previous chief ; the clan as a whole generally had a voice in the chief 's decisions . Also , acknowledged sons of a clan member were members of the bloodline , even when not begotten in lawful marriage . The holder of a title , on the other hand , was subject to the Crown , but held his lands by hereditary right , which the Crown would help to enforce ; the rest of the clan were usually now his tenants . Illegitimate sons had no right of succession under the new system unless expressly granted . The title in the Peerage of Ireland was created again in 1673 for Richard Power , 6th Baron Power , the Anglo-Norman peer and Restoration politician , along with a large grant of land in County Waterford , at the other end of Ireland . He was also given the subordinate title of Viscount Decies ; both titles became extinct upon the death of his younger son , the third earl , in 1704 ; he left an only daughter , Lady Katherine Power , but both titles descended by patent to male heirs only . It was created a final time in 1746 for Marcus Beresford , 1st Viscount Tyrone , son-in-law of the last Power earl . His son was created Marquess of Waterford in 1789 , and the title has since been a subsidiary title of the Waterford title ."}]}, {'value': '1535', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Power', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'forfeit 1704', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'subsidiary title of the Earl of Tyrone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_of_Tyrone', 'summary': "The Earl of Tyrone is a title created three times in the Peerage of Ireland . It was first created as part of the Tudor attempt to establish a uniform social structure in Ireland by converting the Gaelic kings and chiefs into hereditary nobles of the Kingdom of Ireland . Under brehon law , clans were effectively independent , and chose their chiefs from the members of a bloodline - normally , but not always , a close relative of the previous chief ; the clan as a whole generally had a voice in the chief 's decisions . Also , acknowledged sons of a clan member were members of the bloodline , even when not begotten in lawful marriage . The holder of a title , on the other hand , was subject to the Crown , but held his lands by hereditary right , which the Crown would help to enforce ; the rest of the clan were usually now his tenants . Illegitimate sons had no right of succession under the new system unless expressly granted . The title in the Peerage of Ireland was created again in 1673 for Richard Power , 6th Baron Power , the Anglo-Norman peer and Restoration politician , along with a large grant of land in County Waterford , at the other end of Ireland . He was also given the subordinate title of Viscount Decies ; both titles became extinct upon the death of his younger son , the third earl , in 1704 ; he left an only daughter , Lady Katherine Power , but both titles descended by patent to male heirs only . It was created a final time in 1746 for Marcus Beresford , 1st Viscount Tyrone , son-in-law of the last Power earl . His son was created Marquess of Waterford in 1789 , and the title has since been a subsidiary title of the Waterford title ."}]}, {'value': 'Baron Odorney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Odorney', 'summary': "Baron Kerry is an ancient title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created circa 1223 for Thomas Fitzmaurice . In 1325 , Maurice FitzMaurice , 4th Baron of Kerry , murdered Diarmaid Óg MacCarthy ( son of Cormac Mór MacCarthy ) in the courtroom at Tralee . For this act , Maurice was tried and attainted by the parliament in Dublin and his lands forfeited , but after his death they were restored to his brother John FitzMaurice , 5th Baron of Kerry . In 1537 the eleventh Baron was created Baron Odorney and Viscount Kilmaule in the Peerage of Ireland . However , these titles became extinct on his death in 1541 while he was succeeded in the Barony of Kerry by his younger brother . The twenty-first Baron was created Earl of Kerry in the Peerage of Ireland in 1723 . His younger son John Petty was created Earl of Shelburne in the Peerage of Ireland in 1753 and his son , the second Earl of Shelburne , was created Marquess of Lansdowne in 1784 . In 1818 the latter 's son , the third Marquess , succeeded his cousin as 4th Earl of Kerry and 24th Baron Kerry ."}]}, {'value': '1537', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fitzmaurice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'extinct 1541', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'subsidiary title of the Viscount Kilmaule , also Baron Kerry , a title now held by the Marquess of Lansdowne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viscount_Kilmaule', 'summary': "Baron Kerry is an ancient title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created circa 1223 for Thomas Fitzmaurice . In 1325 , Maurice FitzMaurice , 4th Baron of Kerry , murdered Diarmaid Óg MacCarthy ( son of Cormac Mór MacCarthy ) in the courtroom at Tralee . For this act , Maurice was tried and attainted by the parliament in Dublin and his lands forfeited , but after his death they were restored to his brother John FitzMaurice , 5th Baron of Kerry . In 1537 the eleventh Baron was created Baron Odorney and Viscount Kilmaule in the Peerage of Ireland . However , these titles became extinct on his death in 1541 while he was succeeded in the Barony of Kerry by his younger brother . The twenty-first Baron was created Earl of Kerry in the Peerage of Ireland in 1723 . His younger son John Petty was created Earl of Shelburne in the Peerage of Ireland in 1753 and his son , the second Earl of Shelburne , was created Marquess of Lansdowne in 1784 . In 1818 the latter 's son , the third Marquess , succeeded his cousin as 4th Earl of Kerry and 24th Baron Kerry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Baron_Kerry', 'summary': "Baron Kerry is an ancient title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created circa 1223 for Thomas Fitzmaurice . In 1325 , Maurice FitzMaurice , 4th Baron of Kerry , murdered Diarmaid Óg MacCarthy ( son of Cormac Mór MacCarthy ) in the courtroom at Tralee . For this act , Maurice was tried and attainted by the parliament in Dublin and his lands forfeited , but after his death they were restored to his brother John FitzMaurice , 5th Baron of Kerry . In 1537 the eleventh Baron was created Baron Odorney and Viscount Kilmaule in the Peerage of Ireland . However , these titles became extinct on his death in 1541 while he was succeeded in the Barony of Kerry by his younger brother . The twenty-first Baron was created Earl of Kerry in the Peerage of Ireland in 1723 . His younger son John Petty was created Earl of Shelburne in the Peerage of Ireland in 1753 and his son , the second Earl of Shelburne , was created Marquess of Lansdowne in 1784 . In 1818 the latter 's son , the third Marquess , succeeded his cousin as 4th Earl of Kerry and 24th Baron Kerry ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marquess_of_Lansdowne', 'summary': 'Marquess of Lansdowne is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain created in 1784 , and held by the head of the Petty-FitzMaurice family . The first Marquess served as Prime Minister of Great Britain .'}]}, {'value': 'Baron Offaly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baron_Offaly', 'summary': "There have been two creations of the title Baron Offaly , both in the Peerage of Ireland . Two earlier medieval creations as Baron of Offaly existed for an earlier FitzGerald , who owned land in County Kildare , Ireland , including what was then Offelan , a word that derived from the Irish Uí Faelain and not from what is now County Offaly . The original grant of the lordship of Offelan was in 1175 to Maurice FitzGerald , one of Strongbow 's main supporters . In 1538-50 the title was recreated for Brian O Conor Faly , who was based in neighbouring County Offaly . The first modern creation by Queen Mary I was for Gerald FitzGerald on 13 May 1554 , who was also created Earl of Kildare at the same time and later restored to the senior earldom of Kildare ( forfeit by his half-brother , Thomas ) in 1569 . The title ( as well as the second creation of the earldom ) , became extinct in 1599 when the 13th earl 's branch of the family became extinct and the senior earldom passed to his cousin , Gerald . The second creation of the title was for Lettice Digby on 29 July 1620 . She was the daughter of Gerald FitzGerald , Lord Offally ( 1559-1580 ; the eldest son of the 11th earl , who predeceased his father ) and the wife of Sir Robert Digby . Her eldest son , Robert , was created Baron Digby on the same day . The patent of the barony stipulated that it was not to pass to Lord Digby , but instead to the head of the House of Kildare , who , at the time of Baroness Offaly 's death in 1658 , was George FitzGerald , 16th Earl of Kildare . The 20th earl was later created Duke of Leinster in 1766 and the dukedom and barony remain united ."}]}, {'value': '1538', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'O Conor Faly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Uí_Failghe', 'summary': "Uí Failghe seems to have existed as a kingdom in Ireland since at least the early historic era , and successfully fought off encroachments by the Uí Néill , the Eóganachta , and most especially the Normans . From the mid eleventh century its dynasty adopted the surname Ua Conchobhair Failghe , or O Connor Faly ( they were unrelated to the other notable Ua Conchobhair dynasties of Connacht and Kerry ) . Their seat was originally in Rathangan , County Kildare but moved to Daingean with the Norman arrival . In the 1530s Brian supported the revolt of Silken Thomas ; on his defeat he was pardoned and was given the title Baron of Offaly . On the death of the last de facto king , and de jure baron , Brian mac Cathaoir O Conchobhair Failghe , in about 1556 , Uí Failghe was split between the modern day counties of King 's County ( Offaly ) , Queen 's County ( Laois ) and County Kildare by Mary I of England during the Plantations of Ireland . Two Baronies in County Kildare , Offaly East and Offaly West , retained the anglicised name of the Kingdom . Upon Irish independence King 's County was renamed as County Offaly ."}]}, {'value': '1552', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Peerages and baronetcies of Britain and Ireland Extant All Dukes Dukedoms Marquesses Marquessates Earls Earldoms Viscounts Viscountcies Barons Baronies En , Sc , GB , Ir , UK ( Law , Life:1958–1979 , 1979–1997 , 1997–2010 , 2010–present ) Baronets Baronetcies This page , one list of hereditary baronies , lists all baronies , extant , extinct , dormant , abeyant , or forfeit , in the Peerage of Ireland .', 'uid': 'List_of_baronies_in_the_Peerage_of_Ireland_0', 'intro': 'This page, one list of hereditary baronies, lists all baronies, extant, extinct, dormant, abeyant, or forfeit, in the Peerage of Ireland.'} | null | null | Who is the Baron whose notes include a title that is created three times in the Peerage of Ireland ? | Baron Power |
0a861862d7da2719 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_youngest_state_leaders_since_1900', 'title': 'List of youngest state leaders since 1900', 'header': ['Name', 'State', 'Position', 'Born', 'Assumed office', 'Age'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jean-Claude Duvalier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier', 'summary': "Jean-Claude Duvalier ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʒɑ̃klod dyvalje ] ) , nicknamed Baby Doc ( Haitian Creole : Bebe Dòk ; 3 July 1951 - 4 October 2014 ) , was a Haitian politician who was the President of Haiti from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular uprising in 1986 . He succeeded his father François Papa Doc Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti after his death in 1971 . After assuming power , he introduced cosmetic changes to his father 's regime and delegated much authority to his advisors . Thousands of Haitians were killed or tortured , and hundreds of thousands fled the country during his presidency . He maintained a notoriously lavish lifestyle ( including a state-sponsored US $ 2 million wedding in 1980 ) while poverty among his people remained the most widespread of any country in the Western Hemisphere . Relations with the United States improved after Duvalier 's ascension to the presidency , and later deteriorated under the Carter administration , only to again improve under Ronald Reagan due to the strong anti-communist stance of the Duvaliers . Rebellion against the Duvalier regime broke out in 1985 and Baby Doc fled to France in 1986 on a U.S. Air Force flight . Duvalier unexpectedly returned to Haiti on 16 January 2011 , after two decades in self-imposed exile in France . The following day , he was arrested by Haitian police , facing possible charges for embezzlement . On 18 January , Duvalier was charged with corruption . On 28 February 2013 , Duvalier pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and human rights abuse . He died of a heart attack on 4 October 2014 , at the age of 63 ."}]}, {'value': 'Haiti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Haiti', 'summary': "Haiti ( /ˈheɪti/ ( listen ) ; French : Haïti [ a.iti ] ; Haitian Creole : Ayiti [ ajiti ] ) , officially the Republic of Haiti ( French : République d'Haïti ; Haitian Creole : Repiblik D Ayiti ) and formerly called Hayti , [ note 1 ] is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea , to the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands . It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic . To its south-west lies the small island of Navassa Island , which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration . Haiti is 27,750 square kilometers ( 10,714 sq mi ) in size and has an estimated population of 11.1 million , making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean after Cuba . The island was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people , who migrated from South America . The first Europeans arrived on 5 December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus , who initially believed he had found India or China . Columbus subsequently founded the first European settlement in the Americas , La Navidad , on what is now the northeastern coast of Haiti . The island was claimed by Spain and named La Española , forming part of the Spanish Empire until the early 17th century . However , competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France in 1697 , which was subsequently named Saint-Domingue . French colonists established lucrative sugarcane plantations , worked by vast numbers of slaves brought from Africa , which made the colony one of the richest in the world . In the midst of the French Revolution ( 1789-99 ) , slaves and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution ( 1791-1804 ) , led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army , Toussaint Louverture . After 12 years of conflict , Napoleon Bonaparte 's forces were defeated by Louverture 's successor , Jean-Jacques Dessalines ( later Emperor Jacques I ) , who declared Haiti 's sovereignty on 1 January 1804 - the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean , the second republic in the Americas , the first country to abolish slavery , and the only state in history established by a successful slave revolt ."}]}, {'value': 'President', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_Haiti', 'summary': "The President of Haiti ( French : Président d'Haïti , Haitian Creole : Prezidan peyi Ayiti ) , officially called the President of the Republic of Haiti ( French : Président de la République d'Haïti , Haitian Creole : Prezidan peyi Repiblik Ayiti ) is the head of state of Haiti . Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti . [ A133 ] The current president is Jovenel Moïse , who took office on February 7 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valentine Strasser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valentine_Strasser', 'summary': "Valentine Esegragbo Melvine Strasser ( born 26 April 1967 ) is an ex-military leader who served as head of state of Sierra Leone from 1992 to 1996 . He had been a junior military officer but in 1992 , he became the world 's youngest Head of State when he seized power three days after his 25th birthday . He was the leading member in a group of six young Sierra Leonean soldiers who overthrew president Joseph Saidu Momoh in the 29 April 1992 military coup . They established a military junta called the National Provisional Ruling Council ( NPRC ) . On January 1996 , after nearly four years in power , Strasser was ousted in a second military coup , but this time it was his own NPRC soldiers who were not satisfied with his handling of the peace process . The coup was led by his deputy , Brigadier General Julius Maada Bio . Strasser is the first , and one of two Sierra Leonean Heads of State ( the other is Julius Maada Bio ) born after Sierra Leone had become an Independent nation . He is also the second Sierra Leonean Head of State from the Krio ethnic group . Strasser was born and raised in the neighbourhood of Allen Town in the east end of Sierra Leone 's capital Freetown to Creole parents . Strasser enlisted in the Republic of Sierra Leone Military Forces ( RSLMF ) at age eighteen , immediately after graduating from secondary school ."}]}, {'value': 'Sierra Leone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Leone', 'summary': "Sierra Leone ( /siˌɛrə liˈoʊn ( i ) / ( listen ) , also UK : /siˌɛərə -/ , US : /ˌsɪərə -/ ) , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone , informally Salone , is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa . It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea to the northeast . Sierra Leone has a tropical climate , with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests , and a total area of 71,740 km2 ( 27,699 sq mi ) and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census . The capital and largest city is Freetown . Sierra Leone is divided into five administrative regions , which are further subdivided into sixteen districts . Sierra Leone was a British Crown Colony from 1808 to April 27 , 1961 , when it achieved independence from Britain as Milton Margai became the country 's first Prime Minister . Milton Margai 's political party , the Sierra Leone People 's Party ( SLPP ) , under the leadership of Albert Margai , narrowly lost the 1967 Sierra Leone parliamentary elections to the main opposition party , the All People 's Congress ( APC ) , led by Siaka Stevens . Stevens , a political strongman , ruled Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1985 when he retired from politics due to poor health . On 19 April 1971 , Stevens ' government abolished Sierra Leone 's parliamentary government system and declared Sierra Leone a presidential republic . From 1978 to 1985 , president Stevens APC party was the only legal political party in Sierra Leone . The current multiparty democratic constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted in 1991 by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh , Stevens ' hand picked successor , just as the rebel group Revolutionary United Front , led by former imprisoned Sierra Leone army officer Foday Sankoh , launched a brutal civil war in the country . On 29 April 1992 , a group of Junior soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army led by a 25 year old Captain Valentine Strasser overthrew President Momoh , and Sierra Leone was under Military rule from 1992 to 1996 during the civil war ."}]}, {'value': 'President', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_Sierra_Leone', 'summary': 'The President of the Republic of Sierra Leone is the head of state and the head of government of Sierra Leone , as well as the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces . As the head of the executive branch of the Sierra Leone government , the president implements laws passed by parliament . The president has influence especially over members of the party of the President in the legislative branch of Parliament . The president constitutionally appoints judges of the Sierra Leone Judicial branch , including judges of the high court , the court of appeals and the Supreme Court . The president heads a Cabinet of ministers , which must be approved by the Parliament . The president is the most powerful , and the most influential person in the Government of Sierra Leone .'}]}, {'value': '1967', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michel Micombero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michel_Micombero', 'summary': "General Michel Micombero ( 26 August 1940 - 16 July 1983 ) was a Burundian politician and soldier who ruled the country as its first president and de facto dictator for the decade between 1966 and 1976 . Micombero was an ethnic Tutsi who began his career as an officer in the Burundian army at the time of Burundi 's independence in 1962 . He studied abroad and was given a ministerial portfolio on his return . He rose to prominence for his role in helping to crush an attempted coup d'état in October 1965 by ethnic Hutu soldiers against the country 's monarchy , itself Tutsi . In its aftermath , in 1965 and 1966 , Micombero himself instigated two further coups against the monarchy which he perceived as too moderate . The first coup forced the incumbent king into exile , propelling Micombero to the role of prime minister . The second abolished the monarchy itself , bringing Micombero to power as the first president of the new Republic of Burundi . Micombero ruled Burundi as a military dictator from 1966 . He led a one-party state which centralised the country 's institutions and adopted a neutral stance in the Cold War . Dissent was repressed and , in 1972 , an attempt to challenge Micombero 's power led to genocidal violence against the Hutu population in which around 100,000 people , mainly Hutus , were killed . His regime finally collapsed in 1976 when he was ousted in a coup d'état by another army officer Jean-Baptiste Bagaza , who installed himself as president . Micombero went into exile in Somalia where he died in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Burundi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burundi', 'summary': "Burundi ( /bəˈrʊndi/ ( listen ) , /-ˈrʌn-/ ) , officially the Republic of Burundi ( Kirundi : Republika y'Uburundi , [ u.βu.ɾǔː.ndi ] ; French : République du Burundi , [ buʁundi ] or [ byʁyndi ] ) , is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge . It is bordered by Rwanda to the north , Tanzania to the east and southeast , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border . The capital is Bujumbura . The Twa , Hutu and Tutsi peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years . For more than 200 of those years , Burundi was an independent kingdom , until the beginning of the 20th century , when Germany colonised the region . After the First World War and Germany 's defeat , it ceded the territory to Belgium . Both Germans and Belgians ruled Burundi and Rwanda as a European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi . Despite common misconceptions , Burundi and Rwanda had never been under common rule until the time of European colonisation . Burundi gained independence in 1962 and initially had a monarchy , but a series of assassinations , coups and a general climate of regional instability culminated in the establishment of a republic and one-party state in 1966 . Bouts of ethnic cleansing and ultimately two civil wars and genocides during the 1970s and again in the 1990s left the economy undeveloped and the population as one of the world 's poorest . The presidents of Rwanda and Burundi , both Hutus , died together when their aeroplane was shot down in April 1994 . 2015 witnessed large-scale political strife as President Pierre Nkurunziza opted to run for a third term in office , a coup attempt failed and the country 's parliamentary and presidential elections were broadly criticised by members of the international community ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burundi', 'summary': 'This article lists the prime ministers of Burundi since the formation of the post of Prime Minister of Burundi in 1961 , to its abolition in 1998 . A total of fourteen people have served as Prime Minister of Burundi ( not counting one Acting Prime Minister ) . Additionally , two persons , Pierre Ngendandumwe and Albin Nyamoya , have served on two non-consecutive occasions .'}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dogsomyn Bodoo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dogsomyn_Bodoo', 'summary': "Dogsomyn Bodoo ( Mongolian : Догсомын Бодоо ; July 1 , 1895 - August 31 , 1922 ) was a prominent early 20th century Mongolian politician who was one of the founding members of the Mongolian People 's Revolutionary Party . He was elected leader of the provisional revolutionary government and following the Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1921 became the country 's first Prime Minister from July 1921 to January 1922 . A power struggle led to his resignation on January 7 , 1922 . He was subsequently charged with treason for conspiring to overthrow the government , and was executed on August 31 , 1922 ."}]}, {'value': 'Mongolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mongolia', 'summary': "Mongolia [ a ] is a landlocked country in East Asia . Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia , and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state . It is sandwiched between Russia to the north and China to the south , where it neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan , although only 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) separate them . At 1,564,116 square kilometres ( 603,909 sq mi ) , Mongolia is the 18th-largest and the most sparsely populated sovereign state in the world , with a population of around three million people . It is also the world 's second-largest landlocked country behind Kazakhstan and the largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea . The country contains very little arable land , as much of its area is covered by grassy steppe , with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south . Ulaanbaatar , the capital and largest city , is home to about 45% of the country 's population . Ulaanbaatar also shares the rank of the world 's coldest capital city with Moscow , Ottawa , and Nur-Sultan . Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic ; horse culture is still integral . The majority of its population are Buddhists . The non-religious population is the second-largest group ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia', 'summary': 'The Prime Minister of Mongolia ( Mongolian : Монгол Улсын Ерөнхий Сайд , Mongol Ulsyn Yerönkhii Said ) is the head of government , and heads the Mongolian cabinet . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Mongolia , and can be removed by the State Great Hural with a vote of no confidence .'}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Lea_Pedini-Angelini', 'summary': 'Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini ( born 15 July [ citation needed ] 1954 ) served as a Captain Regent of San Marino from April 1 , 1981 to October 1 , 1981 . She served with Gastone Pasolini . She was the first female head of state of San Marino and , at age 26 , one of the youngest . She later served as Director in the Ministry of Government and Foreign Affairs , and has been non-resident Ambassador in the Ministry to France , Denmark , Sweden , Norway and Hungary .'}]}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino', 'summary': "San Marino ( /ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ( listen ) , Italian : [ sam maˈriːno ] ) , officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ) , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ) , is an enclave microstate in Southern Europe , on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains , completely surrounded by Italy . It is just over 61 km2 ( 24 sq mi ) , with a population of 33,562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest settlement is Dogana in the municipality of Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of any member of the Council of Europe . The official language is Italian , and San Marino maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its much larger neighbour . It is located close to the riviera of Rimini , one of Italy 's main coastal resort areas . The country derives its name from Saint Marinus , a stonemason from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In AD 257 , [ clarification needed ] Marinus , according to legend , participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301 ; thus , San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . The nation is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ) , a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century , that dictate the country 's political system , among other matters . San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect . The country 's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , [ which ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Captain Regent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Regent_of_San_Marino', 'summary': "The captains regent ( Italian : Capitani reggenti ) are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino . They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council , the country 's legislative body . Normally the Regents are chosen from opposing parties and they serve a six-month term . The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year . This tradition dates back to 1243 . The practice of dual heads of government ( diarchy ) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic , equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome ."}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmet Zogu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmet_Zogu', 'summary': 'Zog I , King of the Albanians ( Albanian : Naltmadhnija e tij Zogu I , Mbreti i Shqiptarëve , IPA : [ ˈzɔɡu ] ; 8 October 1895 - 9 April 1961 ) , born Ahmet Muhtar Zogolli , taking the surname Zogu in 1922 , was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939 . He first served as Prime Minister of Albania ( 1922-1924 ) , then as President ( 1925-1928 ) , and finally as the first and only King ( 1928-1939 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Albania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albania', 'summary': 'Albania ( /ælˈbeɪniə , ɔːl-/ ( listen ) a ( w ) l-BAY-nee-ə ; Albanian : Shqipëri or Shqipëria ; Gheg Albanian : Shqipni or Shqipnia also Shqypni or Shqypnia ) , officially the Republic of Albania ( Albanian : Republika e Shqipërisë , pronounced [ ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːsə ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea . It shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest , Kosovo [ a ] to the northeast , North Macedonia to the east , Greece to the south and maritime borders with Greece , Montenegro and Italy to the west . Geographically , the country displays varied climatic , geological , hydrological and morphological conditions , defined in an area of 28,748 km2 ( 11,100 sq mi ) . It possesses remarkable diversity with the landscape ranging from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps as well as the Korab , Skanderbeg , Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains to the hot and sunny coasts of the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea along the Mediterranean Sea . Historically , the country has been inhabited by numerous civilisations such as the Illyrians , Thracians , Ancient Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Venetians and Ottomans . The Albanians established the autonomous Principality of Arbër in the 12th century . The Kingdom of Albania and Principality of Albania formed between the 13th and 14th centuries . Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Albania in the 15th century , the Albanian resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg won them acclaim over most of Europe . Between the 18th and 19th centuries , Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance . After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars , the modern nation state of Albania declared independence in 1912 . In the 20th century , the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy which formed Greater Albania before becoming a protectorate of Nazi Germany . Enver Hoxha formed Communist Albania after the Second World War and launched the Albanians on a path of oppression and decades of isolation .'}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania', 'summary': 'The prime minister of Albania ( Albanian : Kryeministri i Shqipërisë ) , officially styled Prime Minister of the Republic of Albania ( Albanian : Kryeministri i Republikës së Shqipërisë ) , is the head of government of the Republic of Albania and as well the most powerful and influential person in Albanian politics . The prime minister holds the executive power of the nation and represents the Council of Ministers and chairs its meetings . The prime minister is appointed by the president of Albania after each general election and must have the confidence of the Parliament of Albania to stay in office . The Council is responsible for carrying out both foreign and domestic policies . It directs and controls the activities of the ministries and other state organs . The prime minister is elected on the basis of universal suffrage , through a secret ballot , for a four-year term . The Constitution of Albania sets no limit as to office terms of the prime minister . The 33rd and current officeholder is Edi Rama of the Socialist Party who was elected on 23 June 2013 and started his first four-year-term on 15 September 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '1895', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1922', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Muammar Gaddafi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi', 'summary': "Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi [ b ] ( c. 1942 - October 20 , 2011 ) , commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi , was a Libyan revolutionary , politician , and political theorist . He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 , and then as the Brother Leader of the Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011 . He was initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism but later ruled according to his own Third International Theory . Born near Sirte , Italian Libya , to a poor Bedouin family , Gaddafi became an Arab nationalist while at school in Sabha , later enrolling in the Royal Military Academy , Benghazi . Within the military , he founded a revolutionary group which deposed the Western-backed Senussi monarchy of Idris in a 1969 coup . Having taken power , Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed by his Revolutionary Command Council . Ruling by decree , he deported Libya 's Italian and Jewish populations and ejected its Western military bases . Strengthening ties to Arab nationalist governments - particularly Gamal Abdel Nasser 's Egypt - he unsuccessfully advocated pan-Arab political union . An Islamic modernist , he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and promoted Islamic socialism . He nationalized the oil industry and used the increasing state revenues to bolster the military , fund foreign revolutionaries , and implement social programs emphasizing house-building , healthcare and education projects . In 1973 , he initiated a Popular Revolution with the formation of Basic People 's Congresses , presented as a system of direct democracy , but retained personal control over major decisions . He outlined his Third International Theory that year , publishing these ideas in The Green Book ."}]}, {'value': 'Libya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Libya', 'summary': "Libya ( /ˈlɪbiə/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : ليبيا , romanized : Lībiyā ) , officially the State of Libya ( Arabic : دولة ليبيا , romanized : Dawlat Lībiyā ) , [ dubious - discuss ] is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa , bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , Egypt to the east , Sudan to the southeast , Chad to the south , Niger to the southwest , Algeria to the west , and Tunisia to the northwest . The sovereign state is made of three historical regions : Tripolitania , Fezzan and Cyrenaica . With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres ( 700,000 sq mi ) , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa , and is the 16th largest country in the world . Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world . The largest city and capital , Tripoli , is located in western Libya and contains over one million of Libya 's six million people . The second-largest city is Benghazi , which is located in eastern Libya . The Latin name Libya is based on the name the region west of the Nile ( Λιβύη ) used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans for all of North Africa , and was first adopted during the Italian colonization since 1911 . Libya has been inhabited by Berbers since the late Bronze Age as descendants from Iberomaurusian and Capsian cultures . The Phoenicians established trading posts in western Libya , and ancient Greek colonists established city-states in eastern Libya . Libya was variously ruled by Carthaginians , Persians , Egyptians and Greeks before becoming a part of the Roman Empire . Libya was an early centre of Christianity . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the area of Libya was mostly occupied by the Vandals until the 7th century , when invasions brought Islam to the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Leader of the Revolution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Libya', 'summary': "This article lists the heads of state of Libya since the country 's independence in 1951 ."}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gloriana Ranocchini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gloriana_Ranocchini', 'summary': 'Gloriana Ranocchini ( 1957 ) was Captain Regent of San Marino from 1 April 1984 to 1 October 1984 and 1 October 1989 to 1 April 1990 . In 1984 she was co-regent with Giorgio Crescentini . In 1989 Leo Achilli was her co-regent . She was a member of the Sammarinese Socialist Party .'}]}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino', 'summary': "San Marino ( /ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ( listen ) , Italian : [ sam maˈriːno ] ) , officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ) , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ) , is an enclave microstate in Southern Europe , on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains , completely surrounded by Italy . It is just over 61 km2 ( 24 sq mi ) , with a population of 33,562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest settlement is Dogana in the municipality of Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of any member of the Council of Europe . The official language is Italian , and San Marino maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its much larger neighbour . It is located close to the riviera of Rimini , one of Italy 's main coastal resort areas . The country derives its name from Saint Marinus , a stonemason from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In AD 257 , [ clarification needed ] Marinus , according to legend , participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301 ; thus , San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . The nation is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ) , a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century , that dictate the country 's political system , among other matters . San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect . The country 's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , [ which ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Captain Regent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Regent_of_San_Marino', 'summary': "The captains regent ( Italian : Capitani reggenti ) are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino . They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council , the country 's legislative body . Normally the Regents are chosen from opposing parties and they serve a six-month term . The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year . This tradition dates back to 1243 . The practice of dual heads of government ( diarchy ) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic , equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome ."}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giovanni Lonfernini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giovanni_Lonfernini', 'summary': 'Giovanni Lonfernini ( born 2 October 1976 ) was captain regent of San Marino for the semester from October 2003 to March 2004 . He is of the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party , and his co-captain-regent was Valeria Ciavatta . Lonfernini was the second captain regent of this name , the previous one having served in 1934 , 1937 , and 1941 ; see List of Captains Regent of San Marino .'}]}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino', 'summary': "San Marino ( /ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ( listen ) , Italian : [ sam maˈriːno ] ) , officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ) , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ) , is an enclave microstate in Southern Europe , on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains , completely surrounded by Italy . It is just over 61 km2 ( 24 sq mi ) , with a population of 33,562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest settlement is Dogana in the municipality of Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of any member of the Council of Europe . The official language is Italian , and San Marino maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its much larger neighbour . It is located close to the riviera of Rimini , one of Italy 's main coastal resort areas . The country derives its name from Saint Marinus , a stonemason from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In AD 257 , [ clarification needed ] Marinus , according to legend , participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301 ; thus , San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . The nation is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ) , a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century , that dictate the country 's political system , among other matters . San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect . The country 's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , [ which ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Captain Regent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Regent_of_San_Marino', 'summary': "The captains regent ( Italian : Capitani reggenti ) are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino . They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council , the country 's legislative body . Normally the Regents are chosen from opposing parties and they serve a six-month term . The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year . This tradition dates back to 1243 . The practice of dual heads of government ( diarchy ) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic , equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdessalam Jalloud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdessalam_Jalloud', 'summary': 'Abdessalam Jalloud ( Arabic : عبد السلام جلود ) ( born 15 December 1944 ) was Prime Minister of Libya from 16 July 1972 to 2 March 1977 , during the government of Muammar Gaddafi . He was also Minister of Finance from 1970 until 1972 .'}]}, {'value': 'Libya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Libya', 'summary': "Libya ( /ˈlɪbiə/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : ليبيا , romanized : Lībiyā ) , officially the State of Libya ( Arabic : دولة ليبيا , romanized : Dawlat Lībiyā ) , [ dubious - discuss ] is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa , bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , Egypt to the east , Sudan to the southeast , Chad to the south , Niger to the southwest , Algeria to the west , and Tunisia to the northwest . The sovereign state is made of three historical regions : Tripolitania , Fezzan and Cyrenaica . With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres ( 700,000 sq mi ) , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa , and is the 16th largest country in the world . Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world . The largest city and capital , Tripoli , is located in western Libya and contains over one million of Libya 's six million people . The second-largest city is Benghazi , which is located in eastern Libya . The Latin name Libya is based on the name the region west of the Nile ( Λιβύη ) used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans for all of North Africa , and was first adopted during the Italian colonization since 1911 . Libya has been inhabited by Berbers since the late Bronze Age as descendants from Iberomaurusian and Capsian cultures . The Phoenicians established trading posts in western Libya , and ancient Greek colonists established city-states in eastern Libya . Libya was variously ruled by Carthaginians , Persians , Egyptians and Greeks before becoming a part of the Roman Empire . Libya was an early centre of Christianity . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the area of Libya was mostly occupied by the Vandals until the 7th century , when invasions brought Islam to the region ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Libya', 'summary': "This article lists the heads of government of Libya since the country 's independence in 1951 ."}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea Zafferani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Zafferani', 'summary': 'Andrea Zafferani ( born 19 December 1982 ) is a Sammarinese politician , who was a Captain Regent of San Marino together with Giovanni Francesco Ugolini for the semester from 1 October 2010 to 1 April 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino', 'summary': "San Marino ( /ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ( listen ) , Italian : [ sam maˈriːno ] ) , officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ) , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ) , is an enclave microstate in Southern Europe , on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains , completely surrounded by Italy . It is just over 61 km2 ( 24 sq mi ) , with a population of 33,562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest settlement is Dogana in the municipality of Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of any member of the Council of Europe . The official language is Italian , and San Marino maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its much larger neighbour . It is located close to the riviera of Rimini , one of Italy 's main coastal resort areas . The country derives its name from Saint Marinus , a stonemason from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In AD 257 , [ clarification needed ] Marinus , according to legend , participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301 ; thus , San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . The nation is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ) , a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century , that dictate the country 's political system , among other matters . San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect . The country 's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , [ which ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Captain Regent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Regent_of_San_Marino', 'summary': "The captains regent ( Italian : Capitani reggenti ) are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino . They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council , the country 's legislative body . Normally the Regents are chosen from opposing parties and they serve a six-month term . The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year . This tradition dates back to 1243 . The practice of dual heads of government ( diarchy ) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic , equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome ."}]}, {'value': '1982', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matteo Ciacci', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matteo_Ciacci', 'summary': 'Matteo Ciacci ( born 5 May 1990 ) is a Sammarinese politician , who served as one of the Captains Regent , alongside with Stefano Palmieri . He took office on 1 April 2018 and served until 1 October 2018 . He worked as an official and sports manager . Ciacci graduated in law from the University of Urbino . In time of his service , he was the youngest serving state leader in the world , being the first to be born after the fall of the Berlin Wall .'}]}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino', 'summary': "San Marino ( /ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ( listen ) , Italian : [ sam maˈriːno ] ) , officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ) , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ) , is an enclave microstate in Southern Europe , on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains , completely surrounded by Italy . It is just over 61 km2 ( 24 sq mi ) , with a population of 33,562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest settlement is Dogana in the municipality of Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of any member of the Council of Europe . The official language is Italian , and San Marino maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its much larger neighbour . It is located close to the riviera of Rimini , one of Italy 's main coastal resort areas . The country derives its name from Saint Marinus , a stonemason from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In AD 257 , [ clarification needed ] Marinus , according to legend , participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301 ; thus , San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . The nation is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ) , a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century , that dictate the country 's political system , among other matters . San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect . The country 's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , [ which ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Captain Regent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Regent_of_San_Marino', 'summary': "The captains regent ( Italian : Capitani reggenti ) are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino . They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council , the country 's legislative body . Normally the Regents are chosen from opposing parties and they serve a six-month term . The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year . This tradition dates back to 1243 . The practice of dual heads of government ( diarchy ) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic , equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maktoum_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum', 'summary': 'Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum ( ca . 1941 - 4 January 2006 ) ( Arabic : مكتوم بن راشد آل مكتوم ; Maktūm bin Rāshid Āl Maktūm ) , also referred to as Sheikh Maktoum ( honorific ) was the Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) and the emir ( ruler ) of Dubai .'}]}, {'value': 'United Arab Emirates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates', 'summary': "The United Arab Emirates ( UAE ; Arabic : الإمارات العربية المتحدة al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyyah al-Muttaḥidah ) , sometimes simply called the Emirates ( Arabic : الإمارات al-ʾImārāt ) , is a country in Western Asia at the northeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf , bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south and west , as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north . The sovereign constitutional monarchy is a federation of seven emirates consisting of Abu Dhabi ( which serves as the capital ) , Ajman , Dubai , Fujairah , Ras Al Khaimah , Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain . Their boundaries are complex , with numerous enclaves within the various emirates . Each emirate is governed by a ruler ; together , they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council . One of the rulers serves as the President of the United Arab Emirates . In 2013 , the UAE 's population was 9.2 million , of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates . Human occupation of the present UAE has been traced back to the emergence of anatomically modern humans from Africa some 125,000 BCE through finds at the Faya-1 site in Mleiha , Sharjah . Burial sites dating back to the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age include the oldest known such inland site at Jebel Buhais . Known as Magan to the Sumerians , the area was home to a prosperous Bronze Age trading culture during the Umm Al Nar period , which traded between the Indus Valley , Bahrain and Mesopotamia as well as Iran , Bactria and the Levant . The ensuing Wadi Suq period and three Iron Ages saw the emergence of nomadism as well as the development of water management and irrigation systems supporting human settlement in both the coast and interior . The Islamic age of the UAE dates back to the expulsion of the Sasanians and the subsequent Battle of Dibba . The UAE 's long history of trade led to the emergence of Julfar , in the present-day emirate of Ras Al Khaimah , as a major regional trading and maritime hub in the area ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates', 'summary': "The prime minister of the United Arab Emirates is the head of government of the United Arab Emirates . While not required by the UAE constitution , the practice is that the emir of Dubai serve as the prime minister and vice president of the UAE . The first prime minister , Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum , took office on 9 December 1971 . He left office on 25 April 1979 and was succeeded by his father Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , the vice president of the United Arab Emirates . Every prime minister since has also held the title of vice president . Upon the death of Sheikh Rashid Al Maktoum on 7 October 1990 , his son Sheikh Maktoum Al Maktoum became prime minister for a second time . Upon Sheikh Maktoum Al Maktoum 's death on 11 February 2006 while on a visit to the Gold Coast of Australia , his younger brother Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , the current prime minister , succeeded him . The UAE 's prime minister chairs the Council of Ministers , which meets once a week in the capital , Abu Dhabi ."}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Vanessa D'Ambrosio", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Vanessa_D'Ambrosio", 'summary': "Vanessa D'Ambrosio ( born 26 April 1988 ) was Captain Regent of San Marino , serving from April until October 2017 ( alongside Mimma Zavoli ) ."}]}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino', 'summary': "San Marino ( /ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ( listen ) , Italian : [ sam maˈriːno ] ) , officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ) , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ) , is an enclave microstate in Southern Europe , on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains , completely surrounded by Italy . It is just over 61 km2 ( 24 sq mi ) , with a population of 33,562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest settlement is Dogana in the municipality of Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of any member of the Council of Europe . The official language is Italian , and San Marino maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its much larger neighbour . It is located close to the riviera of Rimini , one of Italy 's main coastal resort areas . The country derives its name from Saint Marinus , a stonemason from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In AD 257 , [ clarification needed ] Marinus , according to legend , participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301 ; thus , San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . The nation is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ) , a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century , that dictate the country 's political system , among other matters . San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect . The country 's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , [ which ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Captain Regent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Regent_of_San_Marino', 'summary': "The captains regent ( Italian : Capitani reggenti ) are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino . They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council , the country 's legislative body . Normally the Regents are chosen from opposing parties and they serve a six-month term . The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year . This tradition dates back to 1243 . The practice of dual heads of government ( diarchy ) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic , equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome ."}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mario Frick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Frick_(politician)', 'summary': 'Mario K. Frick ( born 8 May 1965 ) is a former Head of Government ( Regierungschef ) of Liechtenstein ( December 15 , 1993 - April 5 , 2001 ) and attorney-at-law .'}]}, {'value': 'Liechtenstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liechtenstein', 'summary': "Liechtenstein ( /ˈlɪktənstaɪn/ ( listen ) LIK-tən-styne ; German : [ ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn ] ) , officially the Principality of Liechtenstein ( German : Fürstentum Liechtenstein ) , is a German-speaking microstate situated in the Alps and in the southwest of Central Europe . The principality is a semi-constitutional monarchy headed by the Prince of Liechtenstein ; the Prince 's extensive powers are equivalent to those of a President in a semi-presidential system . Liechtenstein is bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and Austria to the east and north . It is Europe 's fourth-smallest country , with an area of just over 160 square kilometres ( 62 square miles ) and a population of 38,557 . Divided into 11 municipalities , its capital is Vaduz , and its largest municipality is Schaan . It is also the smallest country to border two countries . Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan are the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world . Economically , Liechtenstein has one of the highest gross domestic products per person in the world when adjusted for purchasing power parity . It was once known as a billionaire tax haven , but is no longer on any blacklists of uncooperative tax haven countries . An Alpine country , Liechtenstein is mountainous , making it a winter sport destination . The country has a strong financial sector centered in Vaduz . Liechtenstein is a member of the United Nations , the European Free Trade Association , and the Council of Europe , and although not a member of the European Union , it participates in both the Schengen Area and the European Economic Area ."}]}, {'value': 'Prime Minister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Liechtenstein', 'summary': 'This is a list of the Regierungschef ( Heads of Government or Prime Ministers ) of Liechtenstein . The current head of government is Adrian Hasler , since 27 March 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kim Jong-un', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Jong-un', 'summary': "Kim Jong-un ( officially transcribed Kim Jong Un ; Korean : 김정은 ; Korean pronunciation : [ kim.dzɔŋ.ɯn ] ; [ a ] born 8 January 1983 or 1984 ) is a North Korean politician who has been the Supreme Leader of North Korea since 2011 and chairman of the Workers ' Party of Korea since 2012 . He is the second child of Kim Jong-il ( 1941-2011 ) , who was North Korea 's second leader from 1994 to 2011 , and Ko Yong-hui ( 1952-2004 ) . He is the grandson of Kim Il-sung , who was the founder and led North Korea from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994 . From late 2010 , Kim Jong-un was viewed as heir apparent to the leadership of North Korea , and following the elder Kim 's death , North Korean state television announced him as the Great Successor . Kim holds the titles of Chairman of the Workers ' Party of Korea ( as First Secretary between 2012 and 2016 ) , Chairman of the Central Military Commission , Chairman of the State Affairs Commission , commander-in-chief ( as SAC chairman ) , and member of the Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers ' Party of Korea , the highest decision-making body in North Korea . Kim was promoted to the rank of Marshal of North Korea in the Korean People 's Army on 18 July 2012 , consolidating his position as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces . North Korean state media often refers to him as Marshal Kim Jong-un , the Marshal or Dear Respected . Kim rules a dictatorship where elections are not free and fair , government critics are persecuted , media is controlled by the regime , internet access is limited by the regime , and there is no freedom of religion . His regime operates an extensive network of prisons and labor camps ; the regime convicts people for political crimes and uses collective punishment whereby members of a family get punished for the crimes of one person . According to the United Nations , North Koreans live under systematic , widespread and gross human rights violations where the regime seeks to dominate every aspect of its citizens lives and terrorizes them from within . The regime exerts extensive control over the North Korean economy , with substantial state-controlled economic enterprises and significant restrictions on North Koreans ' ability to engage in foreign economic activity . On 12 December 2013 , Kim ordered the execution of his uncle Jang Song-thaek for treachery ."}]}, {'value': 'North Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Korea', 'summary': "North Korea ( Korean : 조선 ; MR : Chosŏn or literally 북조선 ; MR : Pukchosŏn ) , officially the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK or DPR Korea ; Korean : 조선민주주의인민공화국 , Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk ) , is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula , with Pyongyang as its capital and the largest city in the country . To the north and northwest , the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok ( known as the Yalu in Chinese ) and Tumen rivers , and to the south , it is bordered by South Korea , with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) separating the two . Nevertheless , North Korea , like its southern counterpart , claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands . In 1910 , Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan . At the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II in 1945 , Korea was divided into two zones , with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States . Negotiations on reunification failed , and in 1948 , separate governments were formed : the socialist Democratic People 's Republic of Korea in the north , and the capitalist Republic of Korea in the south . An invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War ( 1950-1953 ) . The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire , but no peace treaty was signed . North Korea officially describes itself as a self-reliant socialist state , and formally holds elections , though they have been described by outside observers as sham elections . Outside observers also generally view North Korea as a Stalinist dictatorship , particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around the Kim dynasty . The Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) , led by a member of the ruling family , holds absolute power in the state and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland of which all political officers are required to be members . Juche , an ideology of national self-reliance , was introduced into the constitution in 1972 ."}]}, {'value': 'Supreme Leader', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_North_Korea', 'summary': "This article lists the political leaders of North Korea , officially the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( DPRK ) . At the end of World War II , the Soviet Union occupied the northern half of Korea and in 1946 established the Provisional People 's Committee for North Korea chaired by Kim Il-sung . On 9 September 1948 , the DPRK was proclaimed , also led by Kim Il-sung . The supreme leaders of the DPRK have been Kim Il-sung , his son Kim Jong-il , and his grandson Kim Jong-un . In this role they have not held consistent titles , though they were each leaders of the Workers ' Party of Korea ( WPK ) - titled as Chairman from 1948 to 1966 , General Secretary from 1966 to 2011 , First Secretary from 2011 to 2016 , and finally Chairman again since 2016 - for almost all of their period in power . Even though they have the appearance of a dynasty , succession is informal . From 1948 to 1972 , the nominal head of state was the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People 's Assembly ( SPA ) . In 1972 , the constitution was amended to create an executive presidency . Kim Il-sung , who had served as Premier of North Korea since the DPRK 's inception , was unanimously elected President of North Korea by the Supreme People 's Assembly on December 28 . He held this office until his death on 8 July 1994 when he was proclaimed the eternal President of the Republic . Since then , the practical functions of the head of state have been exercised by the President of the Presidium of the SPA . [ needs update ] After the death of Kim Il-sung , his son Kim Jong-il was understood to have inherited his father 's near-absolute control over the country ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giuliano Gozi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi', 'summary': 'Giuliano Gozi ( 7 August 1894 - 18 January 1955 ) was Captain-Regent of San Marino 5 times between April 1923 and April 1942 . He also served as foreign minister from 1917 until 1943 . When Italy entered World War I in 1915 , he joined the Royal Italian Army , and rose to the rank of lieutenant . He was a recipient of the Gold Medal of Military Valour . As founder and leader of the Sammarinese Fascist Party ( the only legal party ) , he was the de facto leader of the country from the early 1920s until the end of World War II , when he retired from politics . A previous Giuliano Gozi was also Captain Regent of San Marino for the following dates :'}]}, {'value': 'San Marino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Marino', 'summary': "San Marino ( /ˌsæn məˈriːnoʊ/ ( listen ) , Italian : [ sam maˈriːno ] ) , officially the Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Repubblica di San Marino ) , also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( Italian : Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino ) , is an enclave microstate in Southern Europe , on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains , completely surrounded by Italy . It is just over 61 km2 ( 24 sq mi ) , with a population of 33,562 . Its capital is the City of San Marino and its largest settlement is Dogana in the municipality of Serravalle . San Marino has the smallest population of any member of the Council of Europe . The official language is Italian , and San Marino maintains strong financial and ethno-cultural connections to its much larger neighbour . It is located close to the riviera of Rimini , one of Italy 's main coastal resort areas . The country derives its name from Saint Marinus , a stonemason from the Roman colony on the island of Rab , in modern-day Croatia . In AD 257 , [ clarification needed ] Marinus , according to legend , participated in the reconstruction of Rimini 's city walls after their destruction by Liburnian pirates . Marinus then went on to found an independent monastic community on Monte Titano in AD 301 ; thus , San Marino lays claim to be the oldest extant sovereign state as well as the oldest constitutional republic . The nation is governed by the Constitution of San Marino ( Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini ) , a series of six books written in Latin in the late 16th century , that dictate the country 's political system , among other matters . San Marino is considered to have the earliest written governing documents still in effect . The country 's economy mainly relies on finance , industry , [ which ? ]"}]}, {'value': 'Captain Regent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Regent_of_San_Marino', 'summary': "The captains regent ( Italian : Capitani reggenti ) are the two heads of state of the Republic of San Marino . They are elected every six months by the Grand and General Council , the country 's legislative body . Normally the Regents are chosen from opposing parties and they serve a six-month term . The investiture of the captains regent takes place on 1 April and 1 October every year . This tradition dates back to 1243 . The practice of dual heads of government ( diarchy ) is derived directly from the customs of the Roman Republic , equivalent to the consuls of ancient Rome ."}]}, {'value': '1894', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1923', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ieremia Tabai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ieremia_Tabai', 'summary': 'Ieremia Tienang Tabai GCMG AO ( modern orthography - Tabwai ) , born 16 December 1949 , was a Kiribatian politician who served as the first Beretitenti ( President ) of the Republic of Kiribati . During his presidency he was described as being the most able leader of the Pacific island states .'}]}, {'value': 'Kiribati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kiribati', 'summary': "Kiribati ( /ˌkɪrɪˈbæs , -ˈbɑːti/ ) , officially the Republic of Kiribati ( Gilbertese : Ribaberiki Kiribati ) , is a country in the central Pacific Ocean . The permanent population is just over 110,000 ( 2015 ) , more than half of whom live on Tarawa atoll . The state comprises 32 atolls and one raised coral island , Banaba . They have a total land area of 800 square kilometres ( 310 sq mi ) and are dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres ( 1.3 million square miles ) . In terms with its Exclusive Economic Zone in the Pacific , it straddles all three primary geographic regions ; Banaba ( Melanesian-Micronesian Border ) , the Gilbert Islands ( Micronesia ) and the Line and Phoenix Islands ( Polynesia ) . Their spread straddles the equator and the 180th meridian , although the International Date Line goes round Kiribati and swings far to the east , almost reaching the 150°W meridian . This brings the Line Islands into the same day as the Kiribati Islands . Kiribati 's easternmost islands , the southern Line Islands , south of Hawaii , have the most advanced time on Earth : UTC+14 hours . Kiribati is the only country in the world to be situated in all four hemispheres . Kiribati gained its independence from the United Kingdom , becoming a sovereign state in 1979 . The capital , South Tarawa , now the most populated area , consists of a number of islets , connected by a series of causeways . These comprise about half the area of Tarawa Atoll ."}]}, {'value': 'President', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_Kiribati', 'summary': 'The president of Kiribati ( Beretitenti in I-Kiribati ) is the head of state and head of government of Kiribati . Following a general election , by which citizens elect the members of the House of Assembly , members select from their midst not less than 3 nor more than 4 candidates for the presidency . No other person may stand as candidate . The citizens of Kiribati then elect the president from among the proposed candidates with first-past-the-post voting .'}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel Doe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Doe', 'summary': "Samuel Kanyon Doe ( May 6 , 1951 - September 9 , 1990 ) was a Liberian politician who served as the Liberian leader from 1980 to 1990 , first as a military leader and later as a politician . While a master sergeant in the Armed Forces of Liberia ( AFL ) , Doe staged a violent coup d'etat in April 1980 that left him de facto head of state . During the coup , then president William Tolbert , and much of the True Whig Party leadership were executed . Doe then established the People 's Redemption Council , assuming the rank of general . Doe suspended the constitution and headed the country 's military junta for the next five years . In 1985 he ordered an election and officially became the 21st President of Liberia . The election was marked by controversy as there was evidence of election fraud . Doe had support from the United States ; it was a strategic alliance due to his anti-Soviet stance taken during the years of the Cold War prior to the changes in 1989 that led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union . The first native head of state in the country 's history , Doe was a member of the Krahn ethnic group , a largely rural people . Before the 1980 coup , natives had often held a marginal role in society , which was dominated by the descendants of the Americo-Liberian Pioneers ; composed primarily of free-born American blacks and freed slaves , the Pioneers were the immigrants who had established Liberia in the 1820s and led the country beginning with independence in 1847 . Doe opened Liberian ports to Canadian , Chinese and European ships . This brought in considerable foreign investment from foreign shipping firms and earned Liberia a reputation as a tax haven ."}]}, {'value': 'Liberia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberia', 'summary': "Liberia ( /laɪˈbɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Liberia , is a country on the West African coast . It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest , Guinea to its north , Ivory Coast to its east , and the Atlantic Ocean to its south-southwest . It covers an area of 111,369 square kilometres ( 43,000 sq mi ) and has a population of around 4,900,000 . English is the official language , but over 20 indigenous languages are spoken , representing the numerous ethnic groups who make up more than 95% of the population . The country 's capital and largest city is Monrovia . Liberia began as a settlement of the American Colonization Society ( ACS ) , who believed black people would face better chances for freedom and prosperity in Africa than in the United States . The country declared its independence on July 26 , 1847 . The U.S. did not recognize Liberia 's independence until February 5 , 1862 , during the American Civil War . Between January 7 , 1822 , and the American Civil War , more than 15,000 freed and free-born black people who faced legislated limits in the U.S. , and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans , relocated to the settlement . The settlers carried their culture and tradition with them . The Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after those of the U.S. On January 3 , 1848 , Joseph Jenkins Roberts , a wealthy , free-born African American from Virginia who settled in Liberia , was elected Liberia 's first president after the people proclaimed independence . Liberia was the first African republic to proclaim its independence , and is Africa 's first and oldest modern republic ."}]}, {'value': 'President', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_Liberia', 'summary': "The president of the Republic of Liberia is the head of state and government of Liberia . The president serves as the leader of the executive branch and as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Liberia . Prior to the independence of Liberia in 1847 , executive power in the Commonwealth of Liberia was held by the governor of Liberia , who was appointed by the American Colonization Society . The 1847 Constitution transferred the executive powers of the governorship to the presidency , which was largely modeled on the presidency of the United States . Between 1847 and 1980 , the presidency was exclusively held by Americo-Liberians , the original American settlers of Liberia and their descendants . The original two-party system , with the Republican Party and the True Whig Party , ended in 1878 , when the election of Anthony W. Gardiner marked the beginning of 102 years of single-party rule by the True Whigs . Following a coup d'état by disgruntled army officers led by Samuel Doe in 1980 , the presidency was vacated until the election of Doe in the 1985 general election . After the overthrow and murder of Doe in 1990 , the presidency was again vacated for seven years during the First Liberian Civil War and again for two years following the conclusion of the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003 . Under the 1986 Constitution , the president is directly elected by eligible voters to a six-year term , which may be renewed once . Overall , 25 individuals have served as president , including Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , the first elected female head of state in Africa . On January 22 , 2018 , George Weah was sworn in as the twenty-fifth and current president of Liberia ."}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jamtsangiin Damdinsüren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamtsangiin_Damdinsüren', 'summary': "Jamtsangiin Damdinsüren ( Mongolian : Жамцангийн Дамдинсүрэн ) ( 1898-1938 ) was a Mongolian politician , member of the Mongolian People 's Revolutionary Party ( MPRP ) and titular Head of state of Mongolia from the period of January 16 , 1927 to January 23 , 1929 . Damdinsüren was born in Sain Noyon Khan Aimag ( present day Zavkhan Province ) . As a young child he studied Tibetan language and classical Mongolian script . At age 16 he became a clerk in the local government . In 1923 he was appointed chief of staff of the new rural district in present-day Uliastai . In 1925 he was elected as a delegate to the Fourth Congress of the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League ( MRYL ) . At this congress Damdinsuren was elected a member of the Presidium and head of the Central Committee of the MYRL . At the MPRP Fifth Congress he was elected member of the Great Hural which in turn elected him a member of the Small Khural . At the Sixth Party Congress in early 1927 he was re-elected Chairman of the MRYL and a member of the MPRP Central Committee . The Central Committee elected him as a member of the MPRP Presidium and he was then chosen as its Chairman , making him titular head of state of Mongolian People 's Republic . Damdinsuren would hold this post from January 16 , 1927 to January 23 , 1929 . In 1928 the MPRP Seventh Party Congress ushered in the Leftist Period that signaled a more aggressive approach to implementation of Soviet backed leftist policies such as more rapid collectivization , land expropriation , and persecution of the Buddhist Church ."}]}, {'value': 'Mongolia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mongolia', 'summary': "Mongolia [ a ] is a landlocked country in East Asia . Its area is roughly equivalent with the historical territory of Outer Mongolia , and that term is sometimes used to refer to the current state . It is sandwiched between Russia to the north and China to the south , where it neighbours the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region . Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan , although only 37 kilometres ( 23 mi ) separate them . At 1,564,116 square kilometres ( 603,909 sq mi ) , Mongolia is the 18th-largest and the most sparsely populated sovereign state in the world , with a population of around three million people . It is also the world 's second-largest landlocked country behind Kazakhstan and the largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea . The country contains very little arable land , as much of its area is covered by grassy steppe , with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south . Ulaanbaatar , the capital and largest city , is home to about 45% of the country 's population . Ulaanbaatar also shares the rank of the world 's coldest capital city with Moscow , Ottawa , and Nur-Sultan . Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic ; horse culture is still integral . The majority of its population are Buddhists . The non-religious population is the second-largest group ."}]}, {'value': 'Chairman of the Presidium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/President_of_Mongolia', 'summary': 'The president of Mongolia ( Mongolian : Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч , Mongol Ulsyn Yerönkhiilögch ) is the Executive Head of state of Mongolia .'}]}, {'value': '1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Non-royal leaders', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_youngest_state_leaders_since_1900_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of state leaders aged 30 or younger when they assumed office (since 1900). It does not include leaders who did not assume power in their own right, or leaders who served under colonial rule.'} | null | null | What ministerial position was held by the Libyan leader of a state born 1944 ? | Minister of Finance |
0a86eb0f09c6e4b6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiel_des_Jahres', 'title': 'Spiel des Jahres', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Designer', 'Publisher'], 'data': [{'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wingspan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wingspan_(board_game)', 'summary': "Wingspan is a board game for 1 to 5 players designed by Elizabeth Hargrave and published by Stonemaier Games in 2019 . Wingspan is a card-driven , medium-weight , engine-building board game in which players compete to attract birds to their wildlife reserves . Wingspan has been strongly praised for its artwork , its accurate portrayal of its bird habitats , and its gameplay , winning the 2019 Kennerspiel des Jahres for best connoisseur game of the year . The game sold 44,000 copies worldwide over three printings in its first two months of release , with the publisher issuing a public apology for not having more copies available . The game had sold around 200,000 copies worldwide by the end of 2019 . The game is currently rated as the 24th best game of all time on BoardGameGeek 's database of over 18,000 games . The Wingspan European Expansion was released in November 2019 , which included 81 new cards of European birds and new mechanisms and bird powers , such as birds which benefit from extra food and powers which trigger at the end of the round ."}]}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Hargrave', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feuerland Spiele', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Die Quacksalber von Quedlinburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Die_Quacksalber_von_Quedlinburg', 'summary': 'The Quacks of Quedlinburg ( Die Quacksalber von Quedlinburg ) , also known as Quacksalber , is a board game designed by Wolfgang Warsch that was released by Schmidt Spiele in 2018 . After winning the Kennerspiel des Jahres ( Spiel des Jahres Connoisseur-gamer Game of the Year ) in 2018 , an English version of the game was released by North Star Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Wolfgang Warsch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Schmidt Spiele', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exit - Das Spiel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inka Brand and Markus Brand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kosmos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kosmos_(publisher)', 'summary': "Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. is a media publishing house based in Stuttgart , Germany , founded in 1822 by Johann Friedrich Franckh . In the nineteenth century the company published the fairy tales of Wilhelm Hauff as well as works by Wilhelm Waiblinger and Eduard Mörike . The Friends of Nature Club ( Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde ) was set up in 1903 in response to booming public interest in science and technology , and by 1912 100,000 members were receiving its monthly magazine Cosmos ( Kosmos ) . The company moved into publishing books on popular science topics under the brands Franckhsche Verlagshandlung and KOSMOS , including successful non-fiction guidebooks by Hanns Günther and Heinz Richter . Children 's fiction and Kosmos-branded science experimentation kits were introduced in the 1920s . Kosmos 's current output includes non-fiction , children 's books , science kits and German-style board games . Many of their games are translated into English and published by Thames & Kosmos . Their line of experiment kits and science kits is distributed in North America and the United Kingdom by Thames & Kosmos ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isle of Skye : From Chieftain to King', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Pelikan and Alexander Pfister', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayfair', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broom Service', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andreas Pelikan and Alexander Pfister', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ravensburger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ravensburger', 'summary': 'Ravensburger AG is a German game and toy company , publishing house and market leader in the European jigsaw puzzle market .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Istanbul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Istanbul_(board_game)', 'summary': 'Istanbul is a German-style board game designed by Rüdiger Dorn and illustrated by Andreas Resch and Hans-Georg Schneider , published in 2014 by Pegasus Spiele . In 2014 , Istanbul won the Kennerspiel des Jahres award . In 2015 , an expansion Istanbul : Mocha & Baksheesh was released , which includes coffee , guild halls and taverns . In 2016 , the expansion Istanbul : Letters & Seals was released , which has players delivering letters and may be integrated with the other expansion .'}]}, {'value': 'Rüdiger Dorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rüdiger_Dorn', 'summary': 'Rüdiger Dorn ( born 1969 ) is a German-style board game designer .'}]}, {'value': 'Pegasus Spiele', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legends of Andor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Menzel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Menzel', 'summary': 'Michael Menzel is a prolific game artist and occasional game designer from Germany . His most famous game design is probably Legends of Andor for which he won the Kennerspiel award . Menzel is credited as an artist for over 300 board games or game items . He is known for creating beautiful , detailed art for game boards . Games for which Michael Menzel has provided artwork include the following :'}]}, {'value': 'Fantasy Flight Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fantasy_Flight_Games', 'summary': 'Fantasy Flight Games ( FFG ) is a game company based in Roseville , Minnesota , United States , that creates and publishes role-playing , board , and card games .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Village', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inka Brand and Markus Brand', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'eggertspiele and its partner Pegasus Spiele', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 Wonders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/7_Wonders_(board_game)', 'summary': "7 Wonders is a board game created by Antoine Bauza in 2010 and originally published by Repos Production in Belgium . 7 Wonders is a card drafting game that is played using three decks of cards featuring depictions of ancient civilizations , military conflicts and commercial activity . The game is highly regarded , being one of the highest rated games on the board game discussion website BoardGameGeek . 7 Wonders has won a total of more than 30 gaming awards , including the inaugural Kennerspiel des Jahres connoisseurs ' award in 2011 . The game has been cited by leading designers as one of the most influential board games of the last decade ."}]}, {'value': 'Antoine Bauza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antoine_Bauza', 'summary': "Antoine Bauza ( born August 25 , 1978 ) is a French game designer . He designs board games , role-playing games and video games as well as being an author of children 's books . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Repos Production', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Previous winners -- Connoisseurs ' game of the year", 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Spiel_des_Jahres_24', 'intro': 'The Spiel des Jahres (German: [ˈʃpiːl dəs ˈjaːʁəs], Game of the Year) is an award for board and card games, created in 1978 with the stated purpose of rewarding excellence in game design, and promoting top-quality games in the German market. It is thought that the existence and popularity of the award is one of the major drivers of the quality of games coming out of Germany. A Spiel des Jahres nomination can increase the typical sales of a game from 500-3000 copies to around 10,000; and the winner can usually expect to sell 300,000 to 500,000 copies.'} | null | null | Where is the board game company based that published the board game designed by Michael Menzel which won in 2013 ? | Roseville , Minnesota , United States |
0a891f6fa7f59c18 | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_Women's_Curling_Championship", 'title': "2012 United States Women's Curling Championship", 'header': ['Skip', 'Third', 'Second', 'Lead', 'Locale', 'Qualification Method'], 'data': [{'value': 'Erika Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erika_Brown', 'summary': 'Erika Lynn Brown ( born January 25 , 1973 in Madison , Wisconsin ) is an American curler , currently residing in Oakville , Ontario , Canada . She started curling in 1980 and throws right-handed .'}]}, {'value': 'Debbie McCormick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debbie_McCormick', 'summary': 'Deborah Debbie McCormick ( born January 8 , 1974 , in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada , as Debbie Henry ) is an American curler from Rio , Wisconsin . Although born in Canada , McCormick moved to Madison , Wisconsin , when she was very young . Both her parents are Canadian .'}]}, {'value': 'Jessica Schultz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Schultz', 'summary': 'Jessica Schultz ( born January 2 , 1985 in Anchorage , Alaska ) is an American curler from Richfield , Minnesota . She currently plays second for Erika Brown .'}]}, {'value': 'Ann Swisshelm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Swisshelm', 'summary': 'Ann Swisshelm ( born March 9 , 1968 in Middletown , Ohio ) is a curler from Chicago . Swisshelm represented the United States in the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics and the 2014 Sochi Olympics . She has also been known as Ann Swisshelm Silver .'}]}, {'value': 'Madison , Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Madison is the capital of the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the seat of Dane County . As of July 1 , 2018 , Madison 's estimated population of 258,054 made it the second-largest city in Wisconsin by population , after Milwaukee , and the 81st-largest in the United States . The city forms the core of the Madison Metropolitan Area which includes Dane County and neighboring Iowa , Green , and Columbia counties for a population of 654,230 . Located on an isthmus and lands surrounding four lakes-Lake Mendota , Lake Monona , Lake Kegonsa and Lake Waubesa-the city is home to the University of Wisconsin-Madison , the Wisconsin State Capitol , Henry Vilas Zoo , lakes , and an extensive network of parks and bike trails . Madison has historically been a center for progressive political activity , protests , and demonstrations . The presence of the University of Wisconsin-Madison ( the largest employer in the state ) as well as other educational institutions has a significant impact on the economy , culture , and demographics of Madison . Madison is a growing technology economy and the region is home to the headquarters of Epic Systems , American Family Insurance , Exact Sciences , American Girl , Sub-Zero , Lands ' End , a regional office for Google , the University Research Park , as well as many biotech and health systems startups . A 2018 report ranked Madison 14th among the top fifteen cities worldwide for venture capital deals per capita . Madison , which is named for US Founding Father James Madison , is home to eight National Historic Landmarks , including one UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Order of Merit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rebecca Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rebecca_Hamilton', 'summary': 'Rebecca Becca Hamilton ( born July 12 , 1990 ) is an American curler from McFarland , Wisconsin . She is a two-time national junior champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Tara Peterson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tara_Peterson', 'summary': 'Tara S. Peterson ( born May 28 , 1991 ) is an American curler from Eagan , Minnesota . She currently plays second for her sister Tabitha .'}]}, {'value': 'Karlie Koenig', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sophie Brorson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madison , Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin', 'summary': "Madison is the capital of the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the seat of Dane County . As of July 1 , 2018 , Madison 's estimated population of 258,054 made it the second-largest city in Wisconsin by population , after Milwaukee , and the 81st-largest in the United States . The city forms the core of the Madison Metropolitan Area which includes Dane County and neighboring Iowa , Green , and Columbia counties for a population of 654,230 . Located on an isthmus and lands surrounding four lakes-Lake Mendota , Lake Monona , Lake Kegonsa and Lake Waubesa-the city is home to the University of Wisconsin-Madison , the Wisconsin State Capitol , Henry Vilas Zoo , lakes , and an extensive network of parks and bike trails . Madison has historically been a center for progressive political activity , protests , and demonstrations . The presence of the University of Wisconsin-Madison ( the largest employer in the state ) as well as other educational institutions has a significant impact on the economy , culture , and demographics of Madison . Madison is a growing technology economy and the region is home to the headquarters of Epic Systems , American Family Insurance , Exact Sciences , American Girl , Sub-Zero , Lands ' End , a regional office for Google , the University Research Park , as well as many biotech and health systems startups . A 2018 report ranked Madison 14th among the top fifteen cities worldwide for venture capital deals per capita . Madison , which is named for US Founding Father James Madison , is home to eight National Historic Landmarks , including one UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin', 'summary': "Wisconsin ( /wɪˈskɒnsɪn/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the north-central , Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the country . It is bordered by Minnesota to the west , Iowa to the southwest , Illinois to the south , Lake Michigan to the east , Michigan to the northeast , and Lake Superior to the north . Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous . The state capital is Madison , and its largest city is Milwaukee , which is located on the western shore of Lake Michigan . The state is divided into 72 counties . Wisconsin 's geography is diverse , having been greatly impacted by glaciers during the Ice Age with the exception of the Driftless Area . The Northern Highland and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain occupies the western part of the state , with lowlands stretching to the shore of Lake Michigan . Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , many European settlers entered the state , many of whom emigrated from Germany and Scandinavia . Like neighboring Minnesota , the state remains a center of German American and Scandinavian American culture . The state is one of the nation 's leading dairy producers and is known as America 's Dairyland ; it is particularly famous for its cheese . Manufacturing ( especially paper products ) , information technology ( IT ) , cranberries , ginseng , and tourism are also major contributors to the state 's economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Order of Merit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patti Lank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Patti_Lank', 'summary': 'Patti Lank ( born July 4 , 1964 in Midale , Saskatchewan ) is an American curler from Lewiston , New York .'}]}, {'value': 'Nina Spatola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nina_Spatola', 'summary': "Nina Roth ( born July 21 , 1988 as Nina Spatola ) is an American curler from McFarland , Wisconsin . She was the skip of the American women 's team at the 2018 Winter Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Caitlin Maroldo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caitlin_Maroldo', 'summary': 'Caitlin Pulli ( born May 3 , 1975 in Utica , New York , United States as Caitlin Maroldo ) is an American curler . She is a 2006 World silver medallist .'}]}, {'value': 'Molly Bonner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lewiston , New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York', 'summary': 'Lewiston is a town in Niagara County , New York United States . The population was 16,262 at the 2010 census . The town and its contained village are named after Morgan Lewis , a governor of New York . The Town of Lewiston is on the western border of the county . The Village of Lewiston is within the town .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': 'Order of Merit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexandra Carlson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandra_Carlson', 'summary': 'Alexandra ( Alex ) Agre ( born December 14 , 1988 in Saint Paul , Minnesota as Alexandra Carlson ) is an American curler .'}]}, {'value': 'Monica Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monica_Walker', 'summary': 'Monica Walker ( born February 20 , 1987 in Concord , Massachusetts ) is an American born curler originally from Brighton , MA .'}]}, {'value': 'Kendall Moulton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordan Moulton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}, {'value': 'Order of Merit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maureen Stolt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maureen_Stolt', 'summary': 'Maureen Stolt ( born March 3 , 1979 ) is an American curler from Plymouth , Minnesota . Stolt competes with her husband Peter Stolt in mixed doubles competition . Together they have won the United States Mixed Doubles Curling Championship once , in 2013 , and finished in second place three times . Their national championship in 2013 earned them the right to represent the US at the 2013 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship , where they finished in fourth place in the Yellow Pool .'}]}, {'value': 'Megan Pond', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emilia Juocys', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sherri Schummer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}, {'value': 'Challenge Round', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012_United_States_Women's_Curling_Championship_–_Qualification", 'summary': "Qualification for the 2012 United States Women 's Curling Championship took place in one round in January in Marshfield , Wisconsin . The number of entrants to the national championships was cut down to ten teams through a challenge round ."}]}, {'value': 'Cassandra Potter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cassandra_Potter', 'summary': "Cassandra Cassie Potter ( née Johnson ) ( born October 30 , 1981 ) is an American curler best known for skipping the United States Women 's Curling Team at the 2006 Winter Olympics and the 2005 Women 's World Curling Championships . Her sister is fellow curler Jamie Haskell ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamie Haskell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Haskell', 'summary': "Jamie Haskell ( née Johnson ; born July 18 , 1980 ) is an American curler . Haskell was born in Bemidji , Minnesota . She was a member of the United States women 's curling team at the 2006 Winter Olympics and is the older sister of skip Cassandra Potter ."}]}, {'value': 'Jaclyn Lemke', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephanie Sambor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}, {'value': 'Challenge Round', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012_United_States_Women's_Curling_Championship_–_Qualification", 'summary': "Qualification for the 2012 United States Women 's Curling Championship took place in one round in January in Marshfield , Wisconsin . The number of entrants to the national championships was cut down to ten teams through a challenge round ."}]}, {'value': 'Janice Langanke', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nina Reiniger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley Lawreck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicole Arsenault', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middletown , New Jersey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middletown,_New_Jersey', 'summary': "Middletown Township is a township in Monmouth County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the township had a total population of 66,522 , making it the state 's 16th largest municipality , having seen an increase of 195 residents ( 0.3% ) from its population of 66,327 in the 2000 Census , when it was the state 's 17th most populous municipality , which had in turn declined by 1,856 ( −2.7% ) from the 68,183 counted in the 1990 Census . Middletown is one of the oldest sites of European settlement in New Jersey . Due to its affluence , low crime , access to cultural activities , public school system , and central commuting location , Middletown was ranked in 2006 , 2008 , and 2010 , and 2014 Top 100 in CNNMoney.com 's Best Places to Live . Time magazine listed Middletown on its list of Best Places to Live 2014 . In 2016 , SafeWise named Middletown Township as the fifth-safest city in America to raise a child ; the township was the highest ranked of the 12 communities in New Jersey included on the list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Jersey', 'summary': "New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'Challenge Round', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012_United_States_Women's_Curling_Championship_–_Qualification", 'summary': "Qualification for the 2012 United States Women 's Curling Championship took place in one round in January in Marshfield , Wisconsin . The number of entrants to the national championships was cut down to ten teams through a challenge round ."}]}, {'value': 'Allison Pottinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allison_Pottinger', 'summary': 'Allison Pottinger /ˈpɒtəndʒər/ ( born July 5 , 1973 ) is an American curler from Eden Prairie , Minnesota . She currently plays third for Erika Brown , but is best known as having played for Debbie McCormick in multiple Olympics and World Championships . McCormick left the team in 2010 . She competed in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games , in Vancouver , Canada . She was named USA female curling athlete of the year in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nicole Joraanstad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicole_Joraanstad', 'summary': 'Nicole Joraanstad ( /ˈdʒɔːrənstɛd/ ; born November 10 , 1980 in Seattle , Washington ) is an American curler from Verona , Wisconsin . She currently plays second for Erika Brown .'}]}, {'value': 'Natalie Nicholson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natalie_Nicholson', 'summary': 'Natalie Nicholson ( born March 10 , 1976 in Bemidji , Minnesota as Natalie Simenson ) is an American curler . She currently plays lead for Erika Brown .'}]}, {'value': 'Tabitha Peterson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tabitha_Peterson', 'summary': "Tabitha S. Peterson ( born March 6 , 1989 in Burnsville , Minnesota ) is an American curler from Eagan , Minnesota . She is currently the vice skip of the American women 's team ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}, {'value': 'Challenge Round', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012_United_States_Women's_Curling_Championship_–_Qualification", 'summary': "Qualification for the 2012 United States Women 's Curling Championship took place in one round in January in Marshfield , Wisconsin . The number of entrants to the national championships was cut down to ten teams through a challenge round ."}]}, {'value': 'Aileen Sormunen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aileen_Sormunen', 'summary': 'Aileen Geving ( born February 13 , 1987 as Aileen Sormunen ) is an American curler from Duluth , Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': 'Courtney George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Courtney_George', 'summary': 'Courtney George ( born June 24 , 1986 ) is an American curler from Duluth , Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': 'Amanda McLean', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miranda Solem', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duluth , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Duluth /dəˈluːθ/ ( listen ) is a major port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Saint Louis County . Duluth has a population of 85,884 and is the 4th largest city in Minnesota . It is the 2nd largest city on Lake Superior , after Thunder Bay , Ontario . It has the largest metropolitan area on the lake , with a population of 279,771 in 2010 , the second-largest in the state . Situated on the north shore of Lake Superior at the westernmost point of the Great Lakes , Duluth is accessible to oceangoing vessels from the Atlantic Ocean 2,300 miles ( 3,700 km ) away via the Great Lakes Waterway and the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Duluth forms a metropolitan area with neighboring Superior , Wisconsin ; together they are called the Twin Ports . The cities share the Duluth-Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes ' largest port , transporting coal , iron ore ( taconite ) , and grain . A tourist destination for the Midwest , Duluth features the United States ' only all-freshwater aquarium , the Great Lakes Aquarium ; the Aerial Lift Bridge , which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor ; and Minnesota Point ( known locally as Park Point ) , the world 's longest freshwater baymouth bar , spanning 6 miles ( 10 km ) . The city is also the starting point for vehicle trips along Minnesota 's North Shore . The city is named for Daniel Greysolon , Sieur du Lhut , the first known European explorer of the area ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}, {'value': 'Challenge Round', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012_United_States_Women's_Curling_Championship_–_Qualification", 'summary': "Qualification for the 2012 United States Women 's Curling Championship took place in one round in January in Marshfield , Wisconsin . The number of entrants to the national championships was cut down to ten teams through a challenge round ."}]}, {'value': 'Kimberly Wapola', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria Forconi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carol Strojny', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharon Wright', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Paul , Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Minnesota', 'summary': "Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 ."}]}, {'value': 'Challenge Round', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/2012_United_States_Women's_Curling_Championship_–_Qualification", 'summary': "Qualification for the 2012 United States Women 's Curling Championship took place in one round in January in Marshfield , Wisconsin . The number of entrants to the national championships was cut down to ten teams through a challenge round ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Teams', 'section_text': 'The teams are listed as follows : [ 5 ]', 'uid': "2012_United_States_Women's_Curling_Championship_0", 'intro': "The 2012 United States Women's Curling Championship took place from February 11 to 18 at the IceWorks Skating Complex in Aston, Pennsylvania (with the host city being listed as Philadelphia). It was held in conjunction with the 2012 United States Men's Curling Championship. The winning team, skipped by Madison Dew, will represent the United States at the 2012 Ford World Women's Curling Championship in Lethbridge, Alberta. The first and second placed teams, skipped respectively by Madison Dew and Cassandra Potter, earned qualification spots to the 2014 United States Olympic Curling Trials, which will determine the teams that will represent the United States at the 2014 Winter Olympics."} | null | null | How did the team with a skip from Lewiston , New York qualify ? | Order of Merit |
0a8954df90d4cfa6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland', 'title': 'List of battles involving the Kingdom of Scotland', 'header': ['Battle', 'Date', 'Location', 'Allies', 'Enemies', 'Result'], 'data': [{'value': 'Battle of Piperdean', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Piperdean', 'summary': "The Battle of Piperdean ( 1435 ) was an engagement in the Scottish Borders , fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England . An English force led by George de Dunbar , 11th Earl of March and Henry Percy , 2nd Earl of Northumberland attempted to take the forfeited Dunbar 's Castle of Dunbar , back from William Douglas , 2nd Earl of Angus who as Warden of the Scottish Marches had invested the castle the previous summer . Percy and Dunbar came north with some 4000 men . Angus did not want to undergo a siege , and decided to pre-empt the English by attacking them en route . An army of roughly the same force surprised the English , under Angus , Adam Hepburn of Hailes , Alexander Elphinstone of that ilk and Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie . Although an overwhelming Scots victory , there is some confusion as to casualties and prisoners taken . Ridpath states that the Scots lost 200 men including Elphinstone , with Brenan concurring about this 'trifling ' amount , whilst stating that the English fatalities were to the tune of 1500 men , including 40 knights . Northumberland retreated to Alnwick Castle , but it was not long before he returned to Scotland to successfully relieve Roxburgh Castle , under siege by King James ."}]}, {'value': '10 September 1436', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berwickshire , Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berwickshire', 'summary': "Berwickshire is a historic county , registration county and lieutenancy area in the Scottish Borders . It takes its name from Berwick-upon-Tweed , which was part of Scotland at the time of the county 's formation , but became part of England in 1482 after several centuries of being fought over and swapping back and forth between the two kingdoms . Formerly the county was often called the Merse , from Old English mǣres , border . From 1596 to 1890 the county town was Greenlaw . However , this was changed to Duns by the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1889 , the act which established the system of county councils in Scotland . The county borders Midlothian to the west , East Lothian to the north , the North Sea to the east and Roxburghshire and the English county of Northumberland to the south ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingdom of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_England', 'summary': "The Kingdom of England ( Anglo-Norman : Realme d'Engleterre , French : Royaume d'Angleterre ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 927 , when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 1707 , when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . On 12 July 927 , the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united by Æthelstan ( r. 927-939 ) to form the Kingdom of England . In 1016 , the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great , a personal union between England , Denmark and Norway . The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster , and the City of London quickly established itself as England 's largest and principal commercial centre . Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties : Norman 1066-1154 , Plantagenet 1154-1485 , Tudor 1485-1603 and Stuart 1603-1707 ( interrupted by the Interregnum of 1649-1660 ) . Dynastically , all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans ; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional , beginning with Henry II ( reigned 1154-1189 ) as from that time , the Angevin kings became more English in nature ; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches , the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor . The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown . Edward III ( reigned 1327-1377 ) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe ; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government - in particular the evolution of the English parliament . From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France , but after the Hundred Years ' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455 , the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent , except for Calais . After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses , the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 . Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation , and his daughter Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558-1603 ) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World . From the accession of James VI and I in 1603 , the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Victory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Sark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Sark', 'summary': 'The Battle of Sark , alternatively called the Battle of Lochmaben Stone , was fought between England and Scotland in October 1448 . A large battle , it was the first significant Scottish victory over the English in over half a century , following the Battle of Otterburn of 1388 . It placed the Scots in a position of strength against the English for over a decade , until Edward IV ascended the English throne , and it brought the powerful Douglas family to even greater prominence in Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '23 October 1448', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dumfries and Galloway , Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway', 'summary': 'Dumfries and Galloway ( Scots : Dumfries an Gallowa ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Phrìs is Gall-Ghaidhealaibh ) is one of 32 unitary council areas of Scotland and is located in the western Southern Uplands . It comprises the historic counties of Dumfriesshire , Stewartry of Kirkcudbright and Wigtownshire , the latter two of which are collectively known as Galloway . The administrative centre is the town of Dumfries . Following the 1975 reorganisation of local government in Scotland , the three counties were joined to form a single region of Dumfries and Galloway , with four districts within it . Since the Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 , however , it has become a unitary local authority . For lieutenancy purposes , the historic counties are largely maintained with its three lieutenancy areas being Dumfries , Wigtown and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright . To the north , Dumfries and Galloway borders East Ayrshire , South Ayrshire and South Lanarkshire ; in the east the Borders ; and to the south the county of Cumbria in England and the Solway Firth . To the west lies the Irish Sea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingdom of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_England', 'summary': "The Kingdom of England ( Anglo-Norman : Realme d'Engleterre , French : Royaume d'Angleterre ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 927 , when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 1707 , when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . On 12 July 927 , the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united by Æthelstan ( r. 927-939 ) to form the Kingdom of England . In 1016 , the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great , a personal union between England , Denmark and Norway . The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster , and the City of London quickly established itself as England 's largest and principal commercial centre . Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties : Norman 1066-1154 , Plantagenet 1154-1485 , Tudor 1485-1603 and Stuart 1603-1707 ( interrupted by the Interregnum of 1649-1660 ) . Dynastically , all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans ; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional , beginning with Henry II ( reigned 1154-1189 ) as from that time , the Angevin kings became more English in nature ; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches , the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor . The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown . Edward III ( reigned 1327-1377 ) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe ; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government - in particular the evolution of the English parliament . From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France , but after the Hundred Years ' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455 , the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent , except for Calais . After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses , the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 . Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation , and his daughter Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558-1603 ) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World . From the accession of James VI and I in 1603 , the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Victory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capture of Roxburgh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capture_of_Roxburgh', 'summary': "The Capture of Roxburgh was a siege that took place during the Anglo-Scottish Wars . James II of Scotland had started a campaign to capture back all Scotland 's castles from England , for the English were presently involved in a civil war . Roxburgh Castle was one of the last remaining English strongholds in Scotland and James led a large army and several cannons to take it . Victory was near when one of the King 's cannons exploded and killed him . His army nonetheless took the castle . James ' queen Mary of Guelders ordered the castle destroyed shortly after its capture ."}]}, {'value': '1460', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roxburghshire , Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roxburghshire', 'summary': 'Roxburghshire or the County of Roxburgh is a historic county and registration county in the Southern Uplands of Scotland . It borders Dumfriesshire to the west , Selkirkshire and Midlothian to the north-west , and Berwickshire to the north . To the south-west it borders Cumberland and to the south-east Northumberland , both in England . It was named after the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh , a town which declined markedly in the 15th century and is no longer in existence . Latterly , the county town of Roxburghshire was Jedburgh . The county has much the same area as Teviotdale , the basin drained by the River Teviot and tributaries together with the adjacent stretch of the Tweed into which it flows . The term is often treated as synonymous with Roxburghshire , but may omit Liddesdale as Liddel Water drains to the west coast .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingdom of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_England', 'summary': "The Kingdom of England ( Anglo-Norman : Realme d'Engleterre , French : Royaume d'Angleterre ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 927 , when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 1707 , when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . On 12 July 927 , the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united by Æthelstan ( r. 927-939 ) to form the Kingdom of England . In 1016 , the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great , a personal union between England , Denmark and Norway . The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster , and the City of London quickly established itself as England 's largest and principal commercial centre . Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties : Norman 1066-1154 , Plantagenet 1154-1485 , Tudor 1485-1603 and Stuart 1603-1707 ( interrupted by the Interregnum of 1649-1660 ) . Dynastically , all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans ; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional , beginning with Henry II ( reigned 1154-1189 ) as from that time , the Angevin kings became more English in nature ; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches , the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor . The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown . Edward III ( reigned 1327-1377 ) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe ; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government - in particular the evolution of the English parliament . From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France , but after the Hundred Years ' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455 , the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent , except for Calais . After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses , the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 . Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation , and his daughter Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558-1603 ) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World . From the accession of James VI and I in 1603 , the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Victory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capture of Berwick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capture_of_Berwick_(1482)', 'summary': "In July 1482 an English army invaded Scotland during the Anglo-Scottish Wars . The town of Berwick-upon-Tweed and its castle were captured and the English army briefly occupied Edinburgh . These events followed the signing of the Treaty of Fotheringhay , 11 June 1482 , in which Alexander Stewart , Duke of Albany , the brother of James III of Scotland declared himself King of Scotland and swore loyalty to Edward IV of England . The follow-up invasion of Scotland under the command of Edward 's brother , Richard , Duke of Gloucester failed to install Albany on the throne , but Berwick has remained English ever since the castle surrendered on 24 August 1482 . The English army left Edinburgh with a promise for the repayment of the dowry paid for the marriage of Princess Cecily of England to the Scottish Prince ."}]}, {'value': 'July and August 1482', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berwickshire , Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berwickshire', 'summary': "Berwickshire is a historic county , registration county and lieutenancy area in the Scottish Borders . It takes its name from Berwick-upon-Tweed , which was part of Scotland at the time of the county 's formation , but became part of England in 1482 after several centuries of being fought over and swapping back and forth between the two kingdoms . Formerly the county was often called the Merse , from Old English mǣres , border . From 1596 to 1890 the county town was Greenlaw . However , this was changed to Duns by the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1889 , the act which established the system of county councils in Scotland . The county borders Midlothian to the west , East Lothian to the north , the North Sea to the east and Roxburghshire and the English county of Northumberland to the south ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingdom of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_England', 'summary': "The Kingdom of England ( Anglo-Norman : Realme d'Engleterre , French : Royaume d'Angleterre ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 927 , when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 1707 , when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . On 12 July 927 , the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united by Æthelstan ( r. 927-939 ) to form the Kingdom of England . In 1016 , the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great , a personal union between England , Denmark and Norway . The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster , and the City of London quickly established itself as England 's largest and principal commercial centre . Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties : Norman 1066-1154 , Plantagenet 1154-1485 , Tudor 1485-1603 and Stuart 1603-1707 ( interrupted by the Interregnum of 1649-1660 ) . Dynastically , all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans ; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional , beginning with Henry II ( reigned 1154-1189 ) as from that time , the Angevin kings became more English in nature ; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches , the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor . The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown . Edward III ( reigned 1327-1377 ) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe ; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government - in particular the evolution of the English parliament . From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France , but after the Hundred Years ' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455 , the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent , except for Calais . After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses , the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 . Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation , and his daughter Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558-1603 ) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World . From the accession of James VI and I in 1603 , the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Defeat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Lochmaben Fair', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Lochmaben_Fair', 'summary': 'The Battle of Lochmaben Fair was an engagement in Lochmaben , Scotland , on 22 July 1484 between Scottish loyalists to James III of Scotland and the rebels Alexander Stewart , Duke of Albany and James Douglas , 9th Earl of Douglas , leading cavalry from England . Both exiles from Scotland , Albany and Douglas invaded with permission but not support of Richard III of England , hoping to encourage rebellion against James . Instead , they were met with armed resistance . The loyalists took the day . Douglas was captured and Albany forced to retreat .'}]}, {'value': '22 July 1484', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dumfries and Galloway , Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway', 'summary': 'Dumfries and Galloway ( Scots : Dumfries an Gallowa ; Scottish Gaelic : Dùn Phrìs is Gall-Ghaidhealaibh ) is one of 32 unitary council areas of Scotland and is located in the western Southern Uplands . It comprises the historic counties of Dumfriesshire , Stewartry of Kirkcudbright and Wigtownshire , the latter two of which are collectively known as Galloway . The administrative centre is the town of Dumfries . Following the 1975 reorganisation of local government in Scotland , the three counties were joined to form a single region of Dumfries and Galloway , with four districts within it . Since the Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 , however , it has become a unitary local authority . For lieutenancy purposes , the historic counties are largely maintained with its three lieutenancy areas being Dumfries , Wigtown and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright . To the north , Dumfries and Galloway borders East Ayrshire , South Ayrshire and South Lanarkshire ; in the east the Borders ; and to the south the county of Cumbria in England and the Solway Firth . To the west lies the Irish Sea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scottish rebels , with support from the Kingdom of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_England', 'summary': "The Kingdom of England ( Anglo-Norman : Realme d'Engleterre , French : Royaume d'Angleterre ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 927 , when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 1707 , when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . On 12 July 927 , the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united by Æthelstan ( r. 927-939 ) to form the Kingdom of England . In 1016 , the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great , a personal union between England , Denmark and Norway . The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster , and the City of London quickly established itself as England 's largest and principal commercial centre . Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties : Norman 1066-1154 , Plantagenet 1154-1485 , Tudor 1485-1603 and Stuart 1603-1707 ( interrupted by the Interregnum of 1649-1660 ) . Dynastically , all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans ; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional , beginning with Henry II ( reigned 1154-1189 ) as from that time , the Angevin kings became more English in nature ; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches , the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor . The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown . Edward III ( reigned 1327-1377 ) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe ; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government - in particular the evolution of the English parliament . From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France , but after the Hundred Years ' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455 , the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent , except for Calais . After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses , the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 . Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation , and his daughter Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558-1603 ) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World . From the accession of James VI and I in 1603 , the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Victory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Flodden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden', 'summary': 'The Battle of Flodden , Flodden Field , or occasionally Branxton ( Brainston Moor ) was a battle fought on 9 September 1513 during the War of the League of Cambrai between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland , resulting in an English victory . The battle was fought in Branxton in the county of Northumberland in northern England , between an invading Scots army under King James IV and an English army commanded by the Earl of Surrey . In terms of troop numbers , it was the largest battle fought between the two kingdoms . James IV was killed in the battle , becoming the last monarch from the British Isles to die in battle .'}]}, {'value': '9 September 1513', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northumberland , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northumberland', 'summary': 'Northumberland ( /nɔːrˈθʌmbərlənd/ ) is a unitary authority and historic county in North East England . The northernmost county of England , the unitary authority borders Cumbria to the west , County Durham and Tyne and Wear to the south and the Scottish Borders to the north . To the east is the North Sea coastline with a path 103 kilometres ( 64 mi ) long . The county town is Alnwick , although the county council is based in Morpeth . The county of Northumberland included Newcastle upon Tyne until 1400 , when the city became a county of itself . Northumberland expanded greatly in the Tudor period , annexing Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1482 , Tynedale in 1495 , Tynemouth in 1536 , Redesdale around 1542 and Hexhamshire in 1572 . Islandshire , Bedlingtonshire and Norhamshire were incorporated into Northumberland in 1844 . Tynemouth and other settlements in North Tyneside were transferred to Tyne and Wear in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 . Lying on the Anglo-Scottish border , Northumberland has been the site of a number of battles . The county is noted for its undeveloped landscape of high moorland , now largely protected as the Northumberland National Park . Northumberland is the least densely populated county in England , with only 62 people per square kilometre .'}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Part of the War of the League of Cambrai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai', 'summary': 'The War of the League of Cambrai , sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names , was a major conflict in the Italian Wars of 1494-1559 . The main participants of the war , fought from 1508 to 1516 , were France , the Papal States and the Republic of Venice , joined at various times by nearly every significant power in Western Europe , including Spain , the Holy Roman Empire , England , the Duchy of Milan , the Republic of Florence , the Duchy of Ferrara and Swiss mercenaries . Pope Julius II , intending to curb Venetian influence in northern Italy , brought together the League of Cambrai - an anti-Venetian alliance consisting of himself , Louis XII of France , Ferdinand II of Aragon and Maximilian I , the Holy Roman Emperor - in December 1508 . Although the League was initially successful , friction between Julius and Louis caused it to collapse by 1510 ; Julius then allied himself with Venice against France . The Veneto-Papal alliance eventually expanded into the Holy League , which drove the French from Italy in 1512 ; disagreements about the division of the spoils , however , led Venice to abandon the alliance in favor of one with France . Under the leadership of Francis I , who had succeeded Louis on the throne of France , the French and Venetians would , through victory at Marignano in 1515 , regain the territory they had lost ; the treaties of Noyon and Brussels , which ended the war the next year , would essentially return the map of Italy to the status quo of 1508 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kingdom of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_England', 'summary': "The Kingdom of England ( Anglo-Norman : Realme d'Engleterre , French : Royaume d'Angleterre ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 927 , when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 1707 , when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . On 12 July 927 , the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united by Æthelstan ( r. 927-939 ) to form the Kingdom of England . In 1016 , the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great , a personal union between England , Denmark and Norway . The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster , and the City of London quickly established itself as England 's largest and principal commercial centre . Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties : Norman 1066-1154 , Plantagenet 1154-1485 , Tudor 1485-1603 and Stuart 1603-1707 ( interrupted by the Interregnum of 1649-1660 ) . Dynastically , all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans ; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional , beginning with Henry II ( reigned 1154-1189 ) as from that time , the Angevin kings became more English in nature ; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches , the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor . The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown . Edward III ( reigned 1327-1377 ) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe ; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government - in particular the evolution of the English parliament . From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France , but after the Hundred Years ' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455 , the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent , except for Calais . After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses , the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 . Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation , and his daughter Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558-1603 ) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World . From the accession of James VI and I in 1603 , the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Defeat', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Haddon Rig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Haddon_Rig', 'summary': "The Battle of Hadden Rig was a battle fought about 3 miles east of Kelso , in the Scottish Borders , between Scotland and England on 24 August 1542 , during the reign of King James V of Scotland . The English army was led by Robert Bowes , Deputy Warden of the English East March . It was a significant Scottish victory , but it was overshadowed by the disastrous Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss in November . Roy depicts a small medieval settlement at Hadden surrounded by agricultural land but there is no reference to Haddon Rig . However , it is named Crawford and Brookes 1843 county map of Roxburghshire . The First Edition Ordnance Survey ( 1859 ) map depicts a woodland plantation Haddonrig Wood , within an area of land called Haddon Rig . To the west of Haddon rig wood is a small circular area of woodland named Jockscairn plantation , the naming of which may have some association with the battle , or its commemoration . Immediately to the south of Haddon Rig is the old Kelso to Wooler Road ( currently the B6396 ) , which also appears on Roys map and , which may have been used by raiding forces . Henry of England , being disgusted at his nephews connections with France , and finding that Henry of England , Francis had sufficient employment at home , resolved to invade Scotland , both by sea and land . He , ' appointed a very considerable army to rendezvous upon the borders , under the command of Sir Robert Bowes , one of his wardens , the Earl of Angus , and his brothers . James had nominated the Earl of Huntly to command his army on the borders , consisting of 10,000 men ; and his lieutenant was Sir Walter Lindsay of Torphichen , who had seen a great deal of foreign service , and was esteemed an ' excellent-officer . Huntly acquitted himself admirably Well in his commission , and was so well served by his spies , as to have certain intelligence that the English intended to surprise and burn Jedburgh and Kelso ."}]}, {'value': '24 August 1542', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teviotdale , Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teviotdale', 'summary': 'Roxburghshire or the County of Roxburgh is a historic county and registration county in the Southern Uplands of Scotland . It borders Dumfriesshire to the west , Selkirkshire and Midlothian to the north-west , and Berwickshire to the north . To the south-west it borders Cumberland and to the south-east Northumberland , both in England . It was named after the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh , a town which declined markedly in the 15th century and is no longer in existence . Latterly , the county town of Roxburghshire was Jedburgh . The county has much the same area as Teviotdale , the basin drained by the River Teviot and tributaries together with the adjacent stretch of the Tweed into which it flows . The term is often treated as synonymous with Roxburghshire , but may omit Liddesdale as Liddel Water drains to the west coast .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingdom of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_England', 'summary': "The Kingdom of England ( Anglo-Norman : Realme d'Engleterre , French : Royaume d'Angleterre ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 927 , when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 1707 , when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . On 12 July 927 , the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united by Æthelstan ( r. 927-939 ) to form the Kingdom of England . In 1016 , the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great , a personal union between England , Denmark and Norway . The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster , and the City of London quickly established itself as England 's largest and principal commercial centre . Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties : Norman 1066-1154 , Plantagenet 1154-1485 , Tudor 1485-1603 and Stuart 1603-1707 ( interrupted by the Interregnum of 1649-1660 ) . Dynastically , all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans ; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional , beginning with Henry II ( reigned 1154-1189 ) as from that time , the Angevin kings became more English in nature ; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches , the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor . The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown . Edward III ( reigned 1327-1377 ) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe ; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government - in particular the evolution of the English parliament . From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France , but after the Hundred Years ' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455 , the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent , except for Calais . After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses , the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 . Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation , and his daughter Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558-1603 ) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World . From the accession of James VI and I in 1603 , the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Victory', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Battle of Solway Moss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss', 'summary': 'The Battle of Solway Moss took place on Solway Moss near the River Esk on the English side of the Anglo-Scottish border in November 1542 between English and Scottish forces . The Scottish King James V had refused to break from the Roman Catholic church , as urged by his uncle King Henry VIII , who then launched a major raid into South West Scotland . The Scottish army that marched against them was poorly led and organised , and many Scots were either captured or drowned in the river . News of the defeat is believed to have hastened the early death of James V .'}]}, {'value': '24 November 1542', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cumbria , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumbria', 'summary': "Cumbria ( /ˈkʌmbriə/ KUM-bree-ə ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England . The county and Cumbria County Council , its local government , came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 . Cumbria 's county town is Carlisle , in the north of the county , and the only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the southwestern tip of the county . The county of Cumbria consists of six districts ( Allerdale , Barrow-in-Furness , Carlisle , Copeland , Eden , and South Lakeland ) and in 2008 had a population of just under 500,000 people . Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in England , with 73.4 people per km2 ( 190/sq mi ) . Cumbria is the third largest county in England by area , and is bounded to the north by the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders , to the west by the Irish Sea , to the south by Lancashire , to the southeast by North Yorkshire , and to the east by County Durham and Northumberland . Cumbria is predominantly rural and contains the Lake District National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered one of England 's finest areas of natural beauty , serving as inspiration for artists , writers , and musicians . A large area of the southeast of the county is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park while the east of the county fringes the North Pennines AONB . Much of Cumbria is mountainous , and it contains every peak in England over 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) above sea level , with Scafell Pike at 3,209 feet ( 978 m ) being the highest point of England . An upland , coastal , and rural area , Cumbria 's history is characterised by invasions , migration , and settlement , as well as battles and skirmishes between the English and the Scots . Notable historic sites in Cumbria include Carlisle Castle , Furness Abbey , Hardknott Roman Fort , Brough Castle and Hadrian 's Wall ( also a World Heritage Site ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kingdom of England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingdom_of_England', 'summary': "The Kingdom of England ( Anglo-Norman : Realme d'Engleterre , French : Royaume d'Angleterre ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 927 , when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 1707 , when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . On 12 July 927 , the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united by Æthelstan ( r. 927-939 ) to form the Kingdom of England . In 1016 , the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great , a personal union between England , Denmark and Norway . The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster , and the City of London quickly established itself as England 's largest and principal commercial centre . Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties : Norman 1066-1154 , Plantagenet 1154-1485 , Tudor 1485-1603 and Stuart 1603-1707 ( interrupted by the Interregnum of 1649-1660 ) . Dynastically , all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans ; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional , beginning with Henry II ( reigned 1154-1189 ) as from that time , the Angevin kings became more English in nature ; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches , the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor . The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown . Edward III ( reigned 1327-1377 ) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe ; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government - in particular the evolution of the English parliament . From the 1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of France , but after the Hundred Years ' War and the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in 1455 , the English were no longer in any position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on the continent , except for Calais . After the turmoils of the Wars of the Roses , the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power beyond England proper , achieving the full union of England and the Principality of Wales in 1542 . Henry VIII oversaw the English Reformation , and his daughter Elizabeth I ( reigned 1558-1603 ) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , meanwhile establishing England as a great power and laying the foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the New World . From the accession of James VI and I in 1603 , the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'Defeat', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Anglo-Scottish wars', 'section_text': 'Main article : Anglo-Scottish Wars', 'uid': 'List_of_battles_involving_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland_5', 'intro': 'This is a chronological list of the battles involving the Kingdom of Scotland. The list gives the name, the date, the present-day location of the battles, the Scottish allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:'} | null | null | Who was queen during the battle in 1460 ? | Mary of Guelders |
0a8b2548d5c98466 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_NFL/AFL_Draft', 'title': '1967 NFL/AFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': "The 1967 season was the Chicago Bears ' 48th in the National Football League . The team improved on their 5-7-2 record from 1966 and finished with a 7-6-1 record and earning them a second-place finish in the newly formed Central Division within the NFL 's Western Conference . 1967 also marked the final season with George Halas , as the team 's head coach . Halas , one of the founders of the NFL , continued as the owner of the franchise until his death in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Rudy Kuechenberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudy_Kuechenberg', 'summary': 'Rudy Kuechenberg is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for five seasons with the following teams : Chicago Bears , Green Bay Packers , Cleveland Browns , and Atlanta Falcons . His brother , Bob Kuechenberg , was an All-Pro offensive lineman with the team : Miami Dolphins .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1966 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1966 Big Ten Conference football season . The Hoosiers played their home games at Seventeenth Street Stadium in Bloomington , Indiana . The team was coached by John Pont , in his second year as head coach of the Hoosiers .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Ten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Ten Conference ( stylized B1G , formerly the Western Conference and the Big Nine Conference ) is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States . It is based in Rosemont , Illinois . For decades the conference consisted of 10 universities , while the present conference has 14 member institutions . They compete in the NCAA Division I ; its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A , the highest level of NCAA competition in that sport . The conference includes the flagship public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska , as well as two additional public land-grant schools and a private university . The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H. Smart and representatives from the University of Chicago , University of Illinois , University of Michigan , University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , and University of Wisconsin gathered at Chicago 's Palmer House Hotel to set policies aimed at regulating intercollegiate athletics . In 1899 , Indiana University and the University of Iowa joined the conference to increase the membership to nine schools . In 1905 , the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives . The conference is one of the nation 's oldest , predating the founding of the NCAA by a decade , and was one of the first collegiate conferences to sponsor men 's basketball . Big Ten member institutions are major research universities with large financial endowments and strong academic reputations . All institutions except full member University of Nebraska and associate member Notre Dame are members of the Association of American Universities . Large student enrollment is a hallmark of Big Ten Universities , as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 Dallas Cowboys season was their eighth in the league . The team posted a 9-5 record and won the new four-team Capitol Division . The Cowboys hosted the Century Division winner Cleveland Browns at the Cotton Bowl and won 52-14 for the Eastern Conference title . This gained a rematch the following week for the NFL title with the two-time defending champion Green Bay Packers . Played in frigid sub-zero and windy conditions at Lambeau Field in Green Bay on December 31 , the Packers scored a late touchdown to win by four points for their third consecutive NFL title . Green Bay easily won Super Bowl II two weeks later over the Oakland Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'Coy Bacon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coy_Bacon', 'summary': 'Lander McCoy Bacon ( August 30 , 1942 - December 22 , 2008 ) was a professional American football defensive lineman in the National Football League . He was selected to three Pro Bowls during his 14-year career . While quarterback sacks were not an official statistic during his career , researchers credit Bacon with a career total of 130 .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Jackson State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_State_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Jackson State Tigers are the college football team representing the Jackson State University . The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 Dallas Cowboys season was their eighth in the league . The team posted a 9-5 record and won the new four-team Capitol Division . The Cowboys hosted the Century Division winner Cleveland Browns at the Cotton Bowl and won 52-14 for the Eastern Conference title . This gained a rematch the following week for the NFL title with the two-time defending champion Green Bay Packers . Played in frigid sub-zero and windy conditions at Lambeau Field in Green Bay on December 31 , the Packers scored a late touchdown to win by four points for their third consecutive NFL title . Green Bay easily won Super Bowl II two weeks later over the Oakland Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'Ron East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ron_East', 'summary': 'Ronald Allan East ( born August 26 , 1943 ) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League from 1967 to 1977 . He played college football at Oregon State University and Montana State University following his completion of service to the United States Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_tackle', 'summary': "A defensive tackle ( DT ) is typically the largest and strongest of the defensive players in American football . The defensive tackle typically lines up opposite one of the offensive guards . Depending on a team 's individual defensive scheme , a defensive tackle may be called upon to fill several different roles . These roles may include merely holding the point of attack by refusing to be moved or penetrating a certain gap between offensive linemen to break up a play in the opponent 's backfield . If a defensive tackle reads a pass play , his primary responsibility is to pursue the quarterback , or simply knock the pass down at the line if it is within arm 's reach . Other responsibilities of the defensive tackle may be to pursue the screen pass or drop into coverage in a zone blitz scheme . In a traditional 4-3 defense , there is no nose tackle . Instead there is a left and right defensive tackle . Some teams , especially in the National Football League ( NFL ) , do have a nose tackle in this scheme , but most of them do not ."}]}, {'value': 'Montana State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana_State_University', 'summary': "Montana State University ( MSU ) is a public land-grant research university in Bozeman , Montana . It is the state 's largest university . MSU offers baccalaureate degrees in 51 fields , master 's degrees in 41 fields , and doctoral degrees in 18 fields through its nine colleges . The university regularly reports annual research expenditures in excess of $ 100 million , including a record $ 138.8 million in 2019 . More than 16,700 students attend MSU , and the university faculty numbers , including department heads , are 602 full-time and 460 part-time . The university 's main campus in Bozeman is home to KUSM television , KGLT radio , and the Museum of the Rockies . MSU provides outreach services to citizens and communities statewide through its agricultural experiment station and 60 county and reservation extension offices ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Sky Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I , with football competing in the Football Championship Subdivision . Member institutions are located in the western United States in the nine states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . Four affiliate members each participate in one sport . Two schools from California are football-only participants , and two schools from the Northeast participate only in men 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 Dallas Cowboys season was their eighth in the league . The team posted a 9-5 record and won the new four-team Capitol Division . The Cowboys hosted the Century Division winner Cleveland Browns at the Cotton Bowl and won 52-14 for the Eastern Conference title . This gained a rematch the following week for the NFL title with the two-time defending champion Green Bay Packers . Played in frigid sub-zero and windy conditions at Lambeau Field in Green Bay on December 31 , the Packers scored a late touchdown to win by four points for their third consecutive NFL title . Green Bay easily won Super Bowl II two weeks later over the Oakland Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'Mac Percival', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mac_Percival', 'summary': 'Mac L. Percival ( born February 26 , 1940 in Vernon , Texas ) is a former American football placekicker in the National Football League for the Chicago Bears and Dallas Cowboys . He played college basketball at Texas Tech University .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas Tech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football_team', 'summary': "The 1966 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University in the Southwest Conference during the 1966 NCAA University Division football season . In their sixth season under head coach J. T. King , the Red Raiders compiled a 4-6 record ( 2-5 against conference opponents ) , tied for sixth place in the conference , and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 216 to 181 . The team 's statistical leaders included John Scovell with 1,323 passing yards , Mike Leinert with 495 rushing yards , and Larry Gilbert with 767 receiving yards . The team played its home games at Clifford B . & Audrey Jones Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'SWC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwest_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996 . Composed primarily of schools from Texas , at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas as well , but not from the actual Southwestern United States . For most of its history , the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas : Rice University , Southern Methodist University , Texas A & M University , Texas Christian University , Baylor University , the University of Arkansas , and the University of Texas . After a long period of stability , the conference 's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s , due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules , culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ( death penalty ) for the 1987 and 1988 seasons . Arkansas , after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference , left after the 1990-91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference , although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season . Five years later , the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor , Texas , Texas A & M , and Texas Tech ( which had entered in 1956 ) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league , the Big 12 Conference , while Rice , SMU , TCU , and Houston ( which entered the SWC in 1976 ) found homes in less prominent conferences ( although TCU later joined the Big 12 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Denver_Broncos_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Denver Broncos season was the eighth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . Led by first-year head coach and general manager Lou Saban , the Broncos posted a record of three wins and eleven losses , last in the AFL 's Western division . Running back Floyd Little , a first round draft choice ( sixth overall ) , was team captain in his rookie season . After an opening win at home , the Broncos lost nine straight games , then split the last four . Inter-league play between the AFL and NFL in the exhibition season began this year . In the first matchup on August 5 , the Broncos defeated the Detroit Lions 13-7 and became the first AFL team to beat an NFL team . Before the season , the Broncos changed from orange helmets to blue helmets . Hired in December 1966 , Saban left the University of Maryland after just one season ; he had previously been an AFL head coach at Boston and Buffalo , where he won consecutive AFL titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Chip Myrtle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chip_Myrtle', 'summary': 'Charles Joseph Myrtle III ( born February 6 , 1945 ) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for seven seasons for the Denver Broncos and the San Diego Chargers . His final season of pro football came in 1975 as a member of the Jacksonville Express of the World Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Maryland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Maryland_Terrapins_football_team', 'summary': "The 1966 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1966 NCAA University Division football season . In their first and only season under head coach Lou Saban , the Terrapins compiled a 4-6 record ( 3-3 in conference ) , finished in a tie for third place in the Atlantic Coast Conference , and were outscored by their opponents 204 to 180 . The team 's statistical leaders included Alan Pastrana with 1,499 passing yards , Billy Lovett with 451 rushing yards , and Billy Van Heusen with 536 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 Houston Oilers season was the 8th season for the Houston Oilers as a professional AFL franchise ; The team improved on their previous output of 3-11 , with a 9-4-1 record . They won the Eastern Division and qualified for the postseason for the first time in five seasons , but lost to the Raiders in the AFL Championship Game at Oakland .'}]}, {'value': 'Alvin Reed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alvin_Reed', 'summary': "Alvin D. Reed ( born August 1 , 1944 ) is a former professional American football player . A 6 ' 5 , 232 lbs . tight end from Prairie View A & M University , after being drafted by the American Football League 's Houston Oilers in 1967 , Reed played nine seasons in professional football , from 1967-1975 ."}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tight_end', 'summary': "The tight end ( TE ) is a position in American football , arena football , and formerly Canadian football , on the offense . The tight end is often seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a wide receiver . Like offensive linemen , they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers . On the other hand , unlike offensive linemen , they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defense 's attention when running pass patterns . Because of the hybrid nature of the position , the tight end 's role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach . In some systems , the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman , rarely going out for passes . Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver , frequently taking advantage of the tight end 's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary . Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in obvious passing situations . Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time ."}]}, {'value': 'Prairie View A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_View_A&M_Panthers_football', 'summary': 'The Prairie View A & M Panthers football team is the college football team representing the Prairie View A & M University . The Panthers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . From 1989 to 1998 , Prairie View A & M lost 80 straight games , the longest losing streak in NCAA history .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City Chiefs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Kansas_City_Chiefs_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Kansas City Chiefs season was the 8th season for the Kansas City Chiefs as a professional AFL franchise ; Despite their AFL championship win and an appearance in the inaugural AFL-NFL championship game the previous year , the Chiefs missed the AFL playoffs for the first time since 1965 . The clubs special teams got a boost with the addition of kicker Jan Stenerud from Montana State and kick returner Noland Super Gnat Smith from Tennessee State . Interest in the team skyrocketed , forcing an increase in seating capacity at Municipal Stadium from 40,000 to 47,000 . In June , Jackson County voters approved a $ 43 million bond issue for construction of a sports complex to be completed by 1972 . The Chiefs ' first non-playoff game against an NFL team resulted in a commanding 66-24 Chiefs preseason victory against the Chicago Bears at Municipal Stadium on August 23 . Injuries again hit the club hard during the regular season as the Chiefs clawed their way to a 9-5 record , well behind the division-winning Oakland Raiders ( 13-1 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jan Stenerud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jan_Stenerud', 'summary': 'Jan Stenerud ( /ˈstɛnəruːd/ , Norwegian : [ ˈstèːnərʉːd ] ( listen ) ; born November 26 , 1942 ) is a Norwegian-American former American football player for the AFL/NFL Kansas City Chiefs ( 1967-1979 ) , Green Bay Packers ( 1980-1983 ) , and Minnesota Vikings ( 1984-1985 ) . He is the first pure placekicker to be inducted in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Stenerud is the first Norwegian to play in the NFL .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Montana State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montana_State_University', 'summary': "Montana State University ( MSU ) is a public land-grant research university in Bozeman , Montana . It is the state 's largest university . MSU offers baccalaureate degrees in 51 fields , master 's degrees in 41 fields , and doctoral degrees in 18 fields through its nine colleges . The university regularly reports annual research expenditures in excess of $ 100 million , including a record $ 138.8 million in 2019 . More than 16,700 students attend MSU , and the university faculty numbers , including department heads , are 602 full-time and 460 part-time . The university 's main campus in Bozeman is home to KUSM television , KGLT radio , and the Museum of the Rockies . MSU provides outreach services to citizens and communities statewide through its agricultural experiment station and 60 county and reservation extension offices ."}]}, {'value': 'Big Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Sky Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division I , with football competing in the Football Championship Subdivision . Member institutions are located in the western United States in the nine states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . Four affiliate members each participate in one sport . Two schools from California are football-only participants , and two schools from the Northeast participate only in men 's golf ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_New_Orleans_Saints_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 New Orleans Saints season was the inaugural season for the franchise . The team went 3-11 , finishing in last place in the four-team NFL Eastern Conference Capitol Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Elijah Nevett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elijah_Nevett', 'summary': 'Elijah L. Nevett ( born April 28 , 1944 ) is a former American football defensive back in the National Football League . After playing college football at Clark Atlanta University , he played professionally for the New Orleans Saints from 1967 to 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Clark Atlanta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_Panthers_football', 'summary': 'The Clark Atlanta Panthers are the athletic teams that represent Clark Atlanta University , located in Atlanta , Georgia , in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports . The Panthers compete as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for all ten varsity sports .'}]}, {'value': 'SIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SIAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference consisting mostly of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , with all but one member located in the Southern United States . Formed in 1913 , the SIAC is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes in Division II . Only three charter members are still part of the conference - Clark Atlanta University ( formerly Clark College ) , Tuskegee University , and Morehouse ( which briefly left before returning ) . Before 2014 , all members had been southern HBCUs , but two of the SIAC 's three newest members include its only non-HBCU , Spring Hill College ( joined in 2014 ) , and its only member outside the South , Central State University of Ohio ( joined in 2015 ) . The newest member , Savannah State University , returned to the SIAC in 2019 after a nearly 20-year absence . The U.S. Army 's 24th Infantry Division teams competed as members of the SIAC from 1930 until 1935 . The SIAC leads all NCAA Division II conferences in football attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_New_York_Giants_season', 'summary': "The 1967 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 43rd season in the National Football League . The Giants improved from 1-12-1 the previous season to 7-7 , and finished in second place in the NFL Eastern Conference/Century Division ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Lurtsema', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Lurtsema', 'summary': "Robert Ross Lurtsema ( born March 29 , 1942 ) is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League for the Minnesota Vikings , New York Giants , and Seattle Seahawks . He played in two Super Bowls with Vikings ( Super Bowl VIII in 1974 and Super Bowl IX in 1975 ) . Lurtsema played college football at Michigan Technological University where he also led the basketball team . During the 1970s and 1980s , Lurtsema could often be seen in TCF Bank ( TCF Savings and Loan ) TV commercials . [ citation needed ] He formerly owned Benchwarmer Bob 's Sports Cafe , with two locations in the Twin Cities . He pitched for a season with the Minnesota Norseman semi-pro softball team . He was also seen playing the part of a blatantly biased referee in the American Wrestling Association during its last year , most famously in a match between The Trooper and Mike Enos . His character states he is in the Trooper 's corner and repeatedly helps the trooper during the match , and the bias is discussed by the announcers after the match . At one of the final AWA shows , AWA Twin Wars '90 on May 5 , 1990 , Lurtsema teamed with Brad Rheingans and the Trooper and defeated Tully Blanchard and the Destruction Crew ."}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defensive_end', 'summary': 'Defensive End ( DE ) is a defensive position in the sport of gridiron football . This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line , but changes in formations over the years have substantially changed how the position is played .'}]}, {'value': 'Western Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Western_Michigan_Broncos_football_team', 'summary': "The 1966 Western Michigan Broncos football team represented Western Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1966 college football season . In their third season under head coach Bill Doolittle , the Broncos compiled a 7-3 record ( 5-1 against MAC opponents ) , finished in a tie for first place in the MAC , and were outscored by their opponents , 194 to 175 . The team played its home games at Waldo Stadium in Kalamazoo , Michigan . The team 's statistical leaders included Jim Boreland with 756 passing yards , Tim Majerle with 731 rushing yards , and Gary Crain with 450 receiving yards . Defensive tackle Bob Rowe and halfback Gary Crain were the team captains . For the second consecutive year , Bob Rowe received the team 's most outstanding player award . Bill Doolittle was named the MAC coach of the year ."}]}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_New_York_Jets_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 New York Jets season was the eighth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . The season began with the team trying to improve on their 6-6-2 record from 1966 under head coach Weeb Ewbank . The Jets finished the season 8-5-1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Randy Beverly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Beverly', 'summary': "Randy Beverly ( born April 3 , 1944 ) is a former professional American football player . He played cornerback for the American Football League 's New York Jets and is best known for making two key interceptions that helped the Jets to their historic victory in Super Bowl III in 1969 ."}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_State_Rams_football', 'summary': "The Colorado State Rams football program , established in 1893 , represents Colorado State University and is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision and Mountain West Conference . Rams football teams have had relative success over the years , including winning or sharing the Mountain West title in 1999 , 2000 and 2002 . The team 's head coach role is vacant as of December 2019 . The Rams completed a 49-season tenure at Sonny Lubick Field at Hughes Stadium , located four miles west of the school 's campus in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains , in 2016 . The university completed construction of Canvas Stadium , a new on-campus facility , in 2017 . The first game at Canvas Stadium ( then named Colorado State Stadium for only the 2017 season ) was played on August 26 , 2017 , when the Rams defeated the Oregon State Beavers 58-27 . The Rams have long-standing rivalries with Colorado , Wyoming , and Air Force ."}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'New York Jets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_New_York_Jets_season', 'summary': 'The 1967 New York Jets season was the eighth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) . The season began with the team trying to improve on their 6-6-2 record from 1966 under head coach Weeb Ewbank . The Jets finished the season 8-5-1 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Matlock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Matlock', 'summary': 'John James Matlock III ( October 19 , 1944 - January 13 , 2012 ) was an American football center who played for the New York Jets , Cincinnati Bengals , Atlanta Falcons , and Buffalo Bills of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He also played for Birmingham Vulcans of the World Football League ( WFL ) . He played college football at University of Miami .'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'Miami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Miami_Hurricanes_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1966 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami as an independent during the 1966 NCAA University Division football season . The Hurricanes were led by head coach Charlie Tate in his third year and finished the season with a record of 8-2-1 and with a victory in the Liberty Bowl .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Steelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the team 's 35th in the National Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Davis_(American_football)', 'summary': "Samuel Davis ( July 5 , 1944 - September 10 , 2019 ) was an American football player , who played for the National Football League 's Pittsburgh Steelers from 1967 to 1979 ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Allen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_Yellow_Jackets_football', 'summary': 'Allen University is a private , coeducational historically black university located in Columbia , South Carolina , United States . Allen University has more than 600 students and still serves a predominantly Black constituency .'}]}, {'value': 'SIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SIAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference consisting mostly of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , with all but one member located in the Southern United States . Formed in 1913 , the SIAC is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes in Division II . Only three charter members are still part of the conference - Clark Atlanta University ( formerly Clark College ) , Tuskegee University , and Morehouse ( which briefly left before returning ) . Before 2014 , all members had been southern HBCUs , but two of the SIAC 's three newest members include its only non-HBCU , Spring Hill College ( joined in 2014 ) , and its only member outside the South , Central State University of Ohio ( joined in 2015 ) . The newest member , Savannah State University , returned to the SIAC in 2019 after a nearly 20-year absence . The U.S. Army 's 24th Infantry Division teams competed as members of the SIAC from 1930 until 1935 . The SIAC leads all NCAA Division II conferences in football attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_San_Diego_Chargers_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Season was the 8th season for the San Diego Chargers as a professional AFL franchise ; the team improved on their 7-6-1 record in 1966 and fishing at 8-5-1 . It was the team 's first season at San Diego Stadium ( now known as Qualcomm Stadium ) , and the Chargers finished in third place in the AFL West Division with a record of 8-5-1 . In August 1967 , the San Diego Chargers played their first game at the new football stadium . The city named it the San Diego Stadium . In 1980 , the city officially changed it to Jack Murphy Stadium . The city revamped the stadium in 1984 and added 11,000 seats and fancy booths at a cost of 9.1 million dollars . But this was still not enough for the city and in 1997 another 11,500 seats were added along with more suites and a club level . This was the same year that the city sold the stadium 's naming rights to a San Diego company for $ 18 million and the name officially changed to Qualcomm Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Larry Little', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Larry_Little', 'summary': 'Lawrence Chatmon Little ( born November 2 , 1945 ) is a former professional American football offensive guard who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played collegiately at Bethune-Cookman University , in Daytona Beach , Florida . He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Tackle is a playing position in gridiron football . Historically , in the one-platoon system prevalent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , a tackle played on both offense and defense . In the modern system of specialized units , offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions , and the stand-alone term tackle refers to the offensive tackle position only . The offensive tackle ( OT , T ) is a position on the offensive line , left and right . Like other offensive linemen , their job is to block : to physically keep defenders away from the offensive player who has the football and enable him to advance the football and eventually score a touchdown . The term tackle is a vestige of an earlier era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense .'}]}, {'value': 'Bethune-Cookman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bethune-Cookman_Wildcats_football', 'summary': 'The Bethune-Cookman Wildcats football team represents Bethune-Cookman University in the sport of college football . The Wildcats compete in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the south division of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) . They play their home games at Daytona Stadium . The Wildcats have won two black college football national championships and seven MEAC titles in the history of their football program .'}]}, {'value': 'SIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SIAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference consisting mostly of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) , with all but one member located in the Southern United States . Formed in 1913 , the SIAC is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and competes in Division II . Only three charter members are still part of the conference - Clark Atlanta University ( formerly Clark College ) , Tuskegee University , and Morehouse ( which briefly left before returning ) . Before 2014 , all members had been southern HBCUs , but two of the SIAC 's three newest members include its only non-HBCU , Spring Hill College ( joined in 2014 ) , and its only member outside the South , Central State University of Ohio ( joined in 2015 ) . The newest member , Savannah State University , returned to the SIAC in 2019 after a nearly 20-year absence . The U.S. Army 's 24th Infantry Division teams competed as members of the SIAC from 1930 until 1935 . The SIAC leads all NCAA Division II conferences in football attendance ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_San_Diego_Chargers_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Season was the 8th season for the San Diego Chargers as a professional AFL franchise ; the team improved on their 7-6-1 record in 1966 and fishing at 8-5-1 . It was the team 's first season at San Diego Stadium ( now known as Qualcomm Stadium ) , and the Chargers finished in third place in the AFL West Division with a record of 8-5-1 . In August 1967 , the San Diego Chargers played their first game at the new football stadium . The city named it the San Diego Stadium . In 1980 , the city officially changed it to Jack Murphy Stadium . The city revamped the stadium in 1984 and added 11,000 seats and fancy booths at a cost of 9.1 million dollars . But this was still not enough for the city and in 1997 another 11,500 seats were added along with more suites and a club level . This was the same year that the city sold the stadium 's naming rights to a San Diego company for $ 18 million and the name officially changed to Qualcomm Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Staggs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Staggs', 'summary': "Jeffrey Hugh Staggs was an American college and professional football player . He played college football at San Diego State University , where he was a linebacker on the Aztecs ' winning the Camellia Bowl in 1966 and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2009 . He played professionally in the American Football League and the National Football League for the San Diego Chargers ( 1967-1972 and 1974 ) and the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1973 ) . Jeff died suddenly and peacefully in his sleep September 17 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'San Diego State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1966 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State College [ note 1 ] during the 1966 NCAA College Division football season . San Diego State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . The team was led by head coach Don Coryell , in his sixth year , and played home games at both Aztec Bowl and Balboa Stadium . They finished the season as champions of the CCAA , undefeated and untied with eleven wins and zero losses ( 11-0 , 5-0 CCAA ) . The Aztecs finished the season ranked number 1 in both the AP Small College Football Poll and the UPI Small College Football Poll . The offense scored 317 points during the season , while the defense only gave up 105 . At the end of the regular season , San Diego State qualified for the Camellia Bowl , which at the time was the Western Regional Final in the College Division of the NCAA . The Aztecs beat Montana State in the game , 28-7 . The Aztecs were voted the College Division national champion at the end of the season .'}]}, {'value': 'CCAA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Collegiate_Athletic_Association', 'summary': 'The California Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) is a collegiate athletic conference at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . All of its current members are public universities , and all except for UC San Diego are members of the California State University system . It was founded in December 1938 and began competition in 1939 . The interim commissioner of the CCAA is Mitch Cox . CCAA offices are located in San Ramon , California . The CCAA is the most successful conference in NCAA Division II , as its former and current members have won 153 National Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'San Diego Chargers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_San_Diego_Chargers_season', 'summary': "The 1967 Season was the 8th season for the San Diego Chargers as a professional AFL franchise ; the team improved on their 7-6-1 record in 1966 and fishing at 8-5-1 . It was the team 's first season at San Diego Stadium ( now known as Qualcomm Stadium ) , and the Chargers finished in third place in the AFL West Division with a record of 8-5-1 . In August 1967 , the San Diego Chargers played their first game at the new football stadium . The city named it the San Diego Stadium . In 1980 , the city officially changed it to Jack Murphy Stadium . The city revamped the stadium in 1984 and added 11,000 seats and fancy booths at a cost of 9.1 million dollars . But this was still not enough for the city and in 1997 another 11,500 seats were added along with more suites and a club level . This was the same year that the city sold the stadium 's naming rights to a San Diego company for $ 18 million and the name officially changed to Qualcomm Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Kay Stephenson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kay_Stephenson', 'summary': "George Kay Stephenson ( born December 17 , 1944 ) is an American former college and professional football player and current coach , whose latter career has seen him work in four different professional leagues . Stephenson played quarterback for the American Football League 's San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills . He finished his playing career in 1974 in the World Football League with the Jacksonville Sharks before entering the coaching ranks ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_Florida_Gators_football_team', 'summary': "The 1966 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida in the sport of American football during the 1966 NCAA University Division football season . The Gators competed in the University Division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . In their seventh season under head coach Ray Graves , the Gators compiled a 9-2 overall win-loss record , finished 5-1 and placed third among the SEC 's ten teams . Led by quarterback Steve Spurrier , the Gators outscored their opponents by a combined total of 265 to 147 and concluded their 1966 season with a 27-12 victory over the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in the 1967 Orange Bowl . The Gators were not ranked in the final AP Poll , but finished No . 11 in the final UPI Coaches Poll . Spurrier won the 1966 Heisman Trophy and was the unanimous first-team quarterback on the 1966 All-America Team . He completed 179 of 291 passes for 2,012 yards and 16 touchdowns with eight interceptions . Tailback Larry Smith was the team 's leading rusher with 742 yards and nine touchdowns on 162 carries . Smith was also selected as the most valuable player in the 1967 Orange Bowl after setting two Orange Bowl records with 187 rushing yards and a 94-yard touchdown run . Finally , flanker Richard Trapp set a new team record with 63 catches during the 1966 season . In addition to Spurrier , center Bill Carr was the team 's only other first-team All-American , receiving first-team honors from Time magazine and The Sporting News ."}]}, {'value': 'SEC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southeastern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States . Its fourteen members include the flagship public universities of ten states , three additional public land grant universities , and one private research university . The conference is headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama . The SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I in sports competitions ; for football , it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , formerly known as Division I-A . The SEC is regarded as one of the most accomplished sports conferences in terms of its winning reputation , with 43 national football championships , 21 basketball championships , 41 indoor track championships , 42 outdoor track championships , 24 swimming championships , 20 gymnastics championships , and 13 College World Series . The conference is also highly successful financially , as it consistently leads most others in revenue distribution to its members , including an SEC record $ 455.8 million for the 2014-15 fiscal year , which was a sizable increase over the $ 292.8 million for the 2013-14 fiscal year , largely due to the revenue from the introduction of the SEC Network . The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a championship game ( and award a subsequent title ) for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey . The conference sponsors team championships in nine men 's sports and twelve women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco 49ers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_San_Francisco_49ers_season', 'summary': "The 1967 San Francisco 49ers season was the team 's 18th year with the National Football League . The 49ers had two first round picks and drafted Heisman Trophy winner Steve Spurrier with one of those draft picks ."}]}, {'value': 'Dave Olerich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dave_Olerich', 'summary': 'Dave Olerich ( born November 14 , 1944 ) is a former professional American football player who played linebacker for seven seasons for the San Francisco 49ers , St. Louis Cardinals , and Houston Oilers .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'San Francisco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_Dons_football', 'summary': "The San Francisco Dons football program were the intercollegiate American football team for University of San Francisco located in San Francisco , California . The team competed in NCAA Division II as a Division II Independent football program . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1917 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ind . ( Coll . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_independent_schools', 'summary': 'NCAA Division II independent schools are four-year institutions that are not formally affiliated with any athletic conference . Schools that are members of a conference may also field intercollegiate teams in football , lacrosse , soccer , wrestling , and other sports not affiliated with a conference , usually due to their primary conference not having enough teams in a certain sport to enable sponsorship of the sport by that conference .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '† = Pro Bowler [ 5 ] ‡ = Hall of Famer [ 16 ]', 'uid': '1967_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1967 National Football League draft was conducted March 14-15, 1967, at the Gotham Hotel in New York City. It was the first common draft with the AFL, part of the AFL-NFL merger agreement of June 1966. This draft was delayed as new guidelines were established; redshirt (or future) players were no longer eligible. It began on a Tuesday in mid-March; the previous two years the leagues held their separate drafts on the final Saturday of November, immediately following the college football regular season.'} | null | null | Who was the brother of a an offensive lineman for the Miami Dolphins and was drafted by the team that saw their final season with coach George Halas within the same year ? | Rudy Kuechenberg |
0a8c11ca948ca70c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phi_Sigma_Kappa_brothers', 'title': 'List of Phi Sigma Kappa brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Daniel Brandenstein', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Brandenstein', 'summary': 'Daniel Charles Brandenstein ( born January 17 , 1943 ) is the Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of United Space Alliance . He is a former Naval Aviator , test pilot and NASA astronaut , who flew four Space Shuttle missions .'}]}, {'value': 'Sigma Zeta ( Wisconsin-River Falls ) 1965', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–River_Falls', 'summary': 'The University of Wisconsin-River Falls ( UW-River Falls or UWRF ) is a public university in River Falls , Wisconsin . It is part of the University of Wisconsin System . The 226-acre ( 91 ha ) campus is situated on the Kinnickinnic River in the St. Croix River Valley . The university has 32 major buildings and two laboratory farms , with a total of 440 acres ( 178 ha ) of land . In 2013-2014 , UWRF had an enrollment of 6,061 students in more than 40 undergraduate and graduate programs . UWRF is a member of the American Council of Education Internationalization Laboratory and provides several global studies and study abroad programs . The university also hosts the St. Croix Institute for Sustainable Community Development .'}]}, {'value': 'Retired Captain , U.S.N . ; Former Chief of the NASA Astronaut Office ; Veteran of four space shuttle missions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S.N.', 'summary': "The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps', 'summary': 'The NASA Astronaut Corps is a unit of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) that selects , trains , and provides astronauts as crew members for U.S. and international space missions . It is based at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Space_shuttle', 'summary': "The Space Shuttle is a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system that was operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) as part of the Space Shuttle program . Its official program name was Space Transportation System ( STS ) , taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development . The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 , leading to operational flights beginning in 1982 . In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled , five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011 , launched from the Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) in Florida . Operational missions launched numerous satellites , interplanetary probes , and the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) ; conducted science experiments in orbit ; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station . The Shuttle fleet 's total mission time was 1322 days , 19 hours , 21 minutes and 23 seconds . Shuttle components include the Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) with three clustered Rocketdyne RS-25 main engines , a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters ( SRBs ) , and the expendable external tank ( ET ) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen . The Space Shuttle was launched vertically , like a conventional rocket , with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV 's three main engines , which were fueled from the ET . The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit , and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion , which used the orbiter 's two Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) engines . At the conclusion of the mission , the orbiter fired its OMS to deorbit and reenter the atmosphere . The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing , usually to the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center , Florida or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base , California . After landing at Edwards , the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft , a specially modified Boeing 747 ."}]}, {'value': 'Major Watt Espy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M._Watt_Espy', 'summary': "Major Watt Espy , Jr. ( March 2 , 1933 - August 13 , 2009 ) was a researcher and expert on capital punishment in the United States . Espy , a resident of Headland , Alabama , attended the University of Alabama where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity . Even in college he had garnered a reputation as an engaging speaker , serving as toastmaster for the 30th anniversary banquet of the chapter , held in 1955 . He graduated in 1957 . Espy was an author , with John Ortiz Smykla , of The Espy Files , a database of executions carried out in the United States and preceding territories from 1608 , which is the most complete source of data on the issue , identifying 15,487 people put to death . He began his research in the 1970s when he was a salesman , working with everything from cemetery plots to security systems . While making calls he 'd stop at a prison or courthouse for information . He became a full-time researcher in 1977 . Espy became a death penalty opponent due to his concerns about racial bias , innocence and lack of deterrence . Espy served as a citizen witness to exactly one execution - that of John Louis Evans in the Alabama electric chair on April 22 , 1983 . Espy died aged 76 on August 13 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Omicron Deuteron ( Alabama ) , 1957', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'Researcher and historian on Capital Punishment in America , co-author with John Ortiz Smykla of The Espy Files , a database of executions carried out in the United States and preceding territories from 1608 . This database is the most complete source of data on the issue , identifying 15,487 people put to death', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States , currently used by 29 states , the federal government , and the military . Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies . The United States is the only developed Western nation that applies the death penalty regularly . It is one of 54 countries worldwide applying it , and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution , which has since been adopted by five other countries . The Philippines has since abolished executions , and Guatemala has done so for civil offenses , leaving the United States as one of four countries to still use this method ( along with China , Thailand , and Vietnam ) . There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977 . In 1972 , the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia , reducing all death sentences pending at the time to life imprisonment . Subsequently , a majority of states passed new death penalty statutes , and the court affirmed the legality of capital punishment in the 1976 case Gregg v. Georgia . Since then , more than 7,800 defendants have been sentenced to death ; of these , more than 1,500 have been executed . A total of 165 who were sentenced to death in the modern era were exonerated before their execution . As of December 17 , 2019 , 2,656 are still on death row . The death penalty for federal crimes was reinstated in July 2019 after a 16-year hiatus .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'John Fabian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_M._Fabian', 'summary': "John McCreary Fabian ( born January 28 , 1939 ) is a former NASA astronaut , Air Force officer , and director who flew two Space Shuttle missions and on the development of the Shuttle 's robotic arm . He later led the Air Force 's space operations ."}]}, {'value': 'Chi Deuteron ( Washington State ) 1961', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_State_University', 'summary': "Washington State University ( Washington State , WSU , or Wazzu ) is a public research university in Pullman , Washington . Founded in 1890 , WSU is one of the oldest land-grant universities in the American West . With an undergraduate enrollment of 24,470 and a total enrollment of 29,686 , it is the second largest institution for higher education in Washington state behind the University of Washington . The WSU Pullman campus is perched upon a hill , characterized by open spaces , views , deep green conifers , and a restrained red brick and basalt material palette - materials originally found on site . The university is nestled within the rolling topography of the Palouse in rural eastern Washington and remains intimately connected to the town , the region , and the landscape in which it sits . The university also operates campuses across Washington known as WSU Spokane , WSU Tri-Cities , and WSU Vancouver , all founded in 1989 . In 2012 , WSU launched an Internet-based Global Campus , which includes its online degree program , WSU Online . In 2015 , WSU expanded to a sixth campus , known as WSU Everett . These campuses award primarily bachelor 's and master 's degrees . Freshmen and sophomores were first admitted to the Vancouver campus in 2006 and to the Tri-Cities campus in 2007 . Enrollment for the four campuses and WSU Online exceeds 29,686 students . This includes 1,751 international students ."}]}, {'value': 'Former NASA Astronaut ; Veteran of two space shuttle missions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Astronaut', 'summary': 'An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft . Although generally reserved for professional space travelers , the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space , including scientists , politicians , journalists and tourists . Until 2002 , astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments , either by the military or by civilian space agencies . With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004 , a new category of astronaut was created : the commercial astronaut .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Space_shuttle', 'summary': "The Space Shuttle is a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system that was operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) as part of the Space Shuttle program . Its official program name was Space Transportation System ( STS ) , taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development . The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 , leading to operational flights beginning in 1982 . In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled , five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011 , launched from the Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) in Florida . Operational missions launched numerous satellites , interplanetary probes , and the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) ; conducted science experiments in orbit ; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station . The Shuttle fleet 's total mission time was 1322 days , 19 hours , 21 minutes and 23 seconds . Shuttle components include the Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) with three clustered Rocketdyne RS-25 main engines , a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters ( SRBs ) , and the expendable external tank ( ET ) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen . The Space Shuttle was launched vertically , like a conventional rocket , with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV 's three main engines , which were fueled from the ET . The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit , and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion , which used the orbiter 's two Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) engines . At the conclusion of the mission , the orbiter fired its OMS to deorbit and reenter the atmosphere . The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing , usually to the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center , Florida or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base , California . After landing at Edwards , the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft , a specially modified Boeing 747 ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard F. Gordon , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Richard Francis Gordon Jr. ( October 5 , 1929 - November 6 , 2017 ) was an American naval officer and aviator , chemist , test pilot , and NASA astronaut , and an American football executive . He was one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon , as the command module pilot of the 1969 Apollo 12 mission which orbited the Moon 45 times . Prior to his lunar flight Gordon had flown in space as the pilot of the 1966 Gemini 11 mission .'}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Deuteron ( Washington ) 1951', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_University', 'summary': 'Washington University in St. Louis ( WashU , or WUSTL ) is a private research university in Greater St. Louis with its main campus mostly in unincorporated St. Louis County , Missouri and Clayton , Missouri , its West Campus in Clayton , its North Campus in the West End neighborhood of St. Louis , Missouri , and its Medical Campus in the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis , Missouri . Founded in 1853 , and named after George Washington , the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries . As of 2017 , 24 Nobel laureates in economics , physiology and medicine , chemistry , and physics have been affiliated with Washington University , nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university . Washington University is made up of seven graduate and undergraduate schools that encompass a broad range of academic fields . To prevent confusion over its location , the Board of Trustees added the phrase in St. Louis in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'Retired Captain , U.S.N . ; NASA Astronaut , missions : Gemini 11 & Apollo 12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NASA', 'summary': "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA , /ˈnæsə/ ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program , as well as aeronautics and aerospace research . [ note 1 ] NASA was established in 1958 , succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) . The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation , encouraging peaceful applications in space science . Since its establishment , most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA , including the Apollo Moon landing missions , the Skylab space station , and later the Space Shuttle . NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles . The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches . NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System ; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate 's Heliophysics Research Program ; exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as New Horizons ; and researching astrophysics topics , such as the Big Bang , through the Great Observatories and associated programs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Astronaut', 'summary': 'An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command , pilot , or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft . Although generally reserved for professional space travelers , the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space , including scientists , politicians , journalists and tourists . Until 2002 , astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments , either by the military or by civilian space agencies . With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004 , a new category of astronaut was created : the commercial astronaut .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gemini_11', 'summary': "Gemini 11 ( officially Gemini XI ) was the ninth crewed spaceflight mission of NASA 's Project Gemini , which flew from September 12 to 15 , 1966 . It was the 17th crewed American flight and the 25th spaceflight to that time ( includes X-15 flights over 100 kilometers ( 54 nmi ) ) . Astronauts Charles Pete Conrad Jr. and Richard F. Gordon Jr. performed the first-ever direct-ascent ( first orbit ) rendezvous with an Agena Target Vehicle , docking with it 1 hour 34 minutes after launch ; used the Agena rocket engine to achieve a world-record high-apogee Earth orbit ; and created a small amount of artificial gravity by spinning the two spacecraft connected by a tether . Gordon also performed two extra-vehicular activities for a total of 2 hours 41 minutes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Apollo_12', 'summary': "Apollo 12 was the sixth crewed flight in the United States Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon . It was launched on November 14 , 1969 , from the Kennedy Space Center , Florida , four months after Apollo 11 . Commander Charles Pete Conrad and Apollo Lunar Module Pilot Alan L. Bean performed just over one day and seven hours of lunar surface activity while Command Module Pilot Richard F. Gordon remained in lunar orbit . The landing site for the mission was located in the southeastern portion of the Ocean of Storms . On November 19 Conrad and Bean achieved a precise landing at their expected location within walking distance of the site of the Surveyor 3 robotic probe , which had landed on April 20 , 1967 . They carried the first color television camera to the lunar surface on an Apollo flight , but transmission was lost after Bean accidentally pointed the camera at the Sun and the camera 's sensor was destroyed . On one of two moonwalks they visited Surveyor 3 and removed some parts for return to Earth . Lunar Module Intrepid lifted off from the Moon on November 20 and docked with the command module , which then , after completing its 45th lunar orbit , traveled back to Earth . The Apollo 12 mission ended on November 24 with a successful splashdown ."}]}, {'value': 'Leonard J . Grant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lambda ( George Washington ) 1950', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Washington_University', 'summary': "George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C . It was chartered in 1821 by an act of the United States Congress . The university is organized into 14 colleges and schools , including the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , the Elliott School of International Affairs , the GW School of Business , the School of Media and Public Affairs , the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration , the GW Law School and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design . George Washington 's main Foggy Bottom Campus is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank located on campus and the White House and the U.S. Department of State within blocks of campus . GWU hosts numerous research centers and institutes , including the National Security Archive and the Institute for International Economic Policy . GWU has two satellite campuses : the Mount Vernon Campus , located in D.C. 's Foxhall neighborhood and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus . It is the largest institution of higher education in the District of Columbia . George Washington , the first President of the United States , advocated the establishment of a national university in the U.S. capital in his first State of the Union address in 1790 and continued to promote this idea throughout his career and until his death . In his will , Washington left shares in the Potomac Company to endow the university . However , due to the company 's financial difficulties , funds were raised independently . On February 9 , 1821 , the university was founded by an Act of Congress , making it one of only five universities in the United States with a Congressional charter . George Washington offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines , enrolling an average of 11,000 undergraduate and 15,500 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Retired Vice-President , National Geographic Society', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Geographic_Society', 'summary': "The National Geographic Society ( NGS ) , headquartered in Washington , D.C. , United States , is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational organizations in the world . Founded in 1888 , its interests include geography , archaeology , and natural science , the promotion of environmental and historical conservation , and the study of world culture and history . The National Geographic Society 's logo is a yellow portrait frame - rectangular in shape - which appears on the margins surrounding the front covers of its magazines and as its television channel logo . Through National Geographic Partners ( a joint venture with The Walt Disney Company ) , the Society operates the magazine , TV channels , a website , worldwide events , and other media operations ."}]}, {'value': 'Milton Harris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton_Harris_(scientist)', 'summary': 'Milton Harris ( March 21 , 1906 - September 12 , 1991 ) was a scientist who founded the Harris Research Laboratories and , for six years , chaired the Board of Directors of the American Chemical Society .'}]}, {'value': 'Theta Deuteron ( Oregon State ) 1926', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_State_University', 'summary': "Oregon State University ( OSU ) is a public flagship research university in Corvallis , Oregon . The university offers more than 200 undergraduate degree programs along with a variety of graduate and doctoral degrees . With a student enrollment approaching 32,000 , it is Oregon 's largest university . More than 230,000 students have graduated from OSU since its founding . The Carnegie Foundation designates Oregon State University as a Community Engagement university and classifies it as a doctoral university with a status of Highest research activity . OSU is one of 73 land-grant universities in the United States . The school is also a sea-grant , space-grant , and sun-grant institution , making it one of only four U.S. institutions to obtain all four designations . ( University of Hawaii at Manoa , Cornell University and Pennsylvania State University are the only others with similar designation . ) OSU received $ 441 million in research funding for the 2017 fiscal year ."}]}, {'value': 'President , American Institute of Chemists , former vice-president for Research and Development , the Gillette Company', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Institute_of_Chemists', 'summary': "The American Institute of Chemists ( AIC ) is an organization founded in 1923 with the goal of advancing the chemistry profession in the United States . The institute is known for its yearly awards recognizing contributions of individuals in this field of work . The American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal , given since 1926 , is the institute 's highest award and is awarded annually to a person who has promoted activity of service to the science or profession of chemist or chemical engineer in the United States of America . The Chemical Pioneer Award , first given in 1966 , recognizes chemists or chemical engineers who have made outstanding contributions to advances in chemistry or the chemical profession . Former Presidents of the Institute include Gustav Egloff who served from 1942 to 1946 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gillette_(brand)', 'summary': "Gillette is an American brand of safety razors and other personal care products including shaving supplies , owned by the multi-national corporation Procter & Gamble ( P & G ) . Based in Boston , Massachusetts , United States , it was owned by The Gillette Company , a supplier of products under various brands until that company merged into P & G in 2005 . The Gillette Company was founded by King C. Gillette in 1901 as a safety razor manufacturer . Under the leadership of Colman M. Mockler Jr. as CEO from 1975 to 1991 , the company was the target of multiple takeover attempts , from Ronald Perelman and Coniston Partners . In January 2005 , Procter & Gamble announced plans to merge with the Gillette Company . The Gillette Company 's assets were incorporated into a P & G unit known internally as Global Gillette . In July 2007 , Global Gillette was dissolved and incorporated into Procter & Gamble 's other two main divisions , Procter & Gamble Beauty and Procter & Gamble Household Care . Gillette 's brands and products were divided between the two accordingly . The Gillette R & D center in Boston , Massachusetts , and the Gillette South Boston Manufacturing Center ( known as Gillette World Shaving Headquarters ) , still exist as functional working locations under the Procter & Gamble-owned Gillette brand name . Gillette 's subsidiaries Braun and Oral-B , among others , have also been retained by P & G ."}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Paul H. Jeserich', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta Deuteron ( Michigan ) , 1914', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Michigan', 'summary': "The University of Michigan ( UM , U-M , U of M , or UMich ) , often simply referred to as Michigan , is a public research university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The university is Michigan 's oldest ; it was founded in 1817 in Detroit , as the Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , 20 years before the territory became a state . The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of what is now known as Central Campus . Since its establishment in Ann Arbor , the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet ( 780 acres ; 3.2 km2 ) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus , two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn , and a Center in Detroit . The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States with annual research expenditures approaching $ 1.5 billion , Michigan is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 25 Nobel Prize winners , 6 Turing Award winners and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the University of Michigan . Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities , social sciences , and STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) as well as professional degrees in architecture , business , medicine , law , pharmacy , nursing , social work , public health , and dentistry . Michigan 's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people , one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world . Michigan 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines . They are members of the Big Ten Conference . More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events , winning more than 150 medals ."}]}, {'value': 'President of the American Dental Association , 1959 . Dean of University of Michigan School of Dentistry , 1950-62', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Dental_Association', 'summary': "The American Dental Association ( ADA ) is an American professional association established in 1859 which has more than 161,000 members . Based in the American Dental Association Building in the Near North Side of Chicago , the ADA is the world 's largest and oldest national dental association and promotes good oral health to the public while representing the dental profession . The ADA publishes a monthly journal of dental related articles named the Journal of the American Dental Association ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Dentistry', 'summary': 'The University of Michigan School of Dentistry is the dental school of the University of Michigan , located in Ann Arbor , Michigan . Established in 1875 , the School of Dentistry engages in oral and craniofacial health care education , research , patient care and community service . It is currently the number one ranked dental school in the U.S. and fifth in the world according to two independent rankings . The University of Michigan was the first state university in the world and the second university in the United States to offer education in dentistry . ( Harvard was the first ) . The University of Michigan was also the first to provide graduate-level dentistry education . Four of its faculty members have been elected president of the American Dental Association . The Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry is housed within the School of Dentistry .'}]}, {'value': 'J. Walter Larkin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tau ( Dartmouth ) 1924', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dartmouth_College', 'summary': "Dartmouth College ( /ˈdɑːrtməθ/ DART-məth ) is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover , New Hampshire , United States . Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock , it is the ninth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Although founded as a school to educate Native Americans in Christian theology and the English way of life , Dartmouth primarily trained Congregationalist ministers throughout its early history before it gradually secularized , emerging at the turn of the 20th century from relative obscurity into national prominence . Following a liberal arts curriculum , the university provides undergraduate instruction in 40 academic departments and interdisciplinary programs including 57 majors in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering , and enables students to design specialized concentrations or engage in dual degree programs . Dartmouth comprises five constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Geisel School of Medicine , the Thayer School of Engineering , the Tuck School of Business , and the Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies . The university also has affiliations with the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , the Rockefeller Institute for Public Policy , and the Hopkins Center for the Arts . With a student enrollment of about 6,400 , Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League . Undergraduate admissions are highly competitive , with an acceptance rate of 7.9% for the Class of 2023 . Situated on a terrace above the Connecticut River , Dartmouth 's 269-acre main campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England . The university functions on a quarter system , operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms . Dartmouth is known for its undergraduate focus , strong Greek culture , and wide array of enduring campus traditions . Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I. Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings , and has been cited as a leading university for undergraduate teaching and research by U.S. News & World Report ."}]}, {'value': 'President , Osteopathic College of Ophthalmology , 1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles C. Price', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phi ( Swarthmore ) 1934', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swarthmore_College', 'summary': "Swarthmore College ( /ˈswɔːrθmɔːr/ , locally [ swɑθ- ] ) is a private liberal arts college in Swarthmore , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1864 , with its first classes being held in 1869 , Swarthmore was one of the earliest coeducational colleges in the United States . It was established to be a college .under the care of Friends , at which an education may be obtained equal to that of the best institutions of learning in our country . By 1906 , Swarthmore had dropped its religious affiliation and became officially non-sectarian . Swarthmore is a member of the Tri-College Consortium along with Bryn Mawr and Haverford College , a cooperative academic arrangement between the three schools . Swarthmore is also affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania through the Quaker Consortium , which allows for students to cross-register for classes at all four institutions . Swarthmore offers over 600 courses a year in more than 40 areas of study , including an ABET accredited engineering program which culminates with a Bachelor of Science in engineering . Swarthmore has a variety of sporting teams with a total of 22 Division III Varsity Intercollegiate Sports Teams and competes in the Centennial Conference , a group of private colleges in Pennsylvania and Maryland . Despite the school 's small size , Swarthmore alumni have attained prominence in a broad range of fields . Graduates include five Nobel Prize winners ( as of 2016 , the third-highest number of Nobel Prize winners per graduate in the U.S. ) , 11 MacArthur Foundation fellows , 30 Rhodes Scholars , 27 Truman Scholars , 10 Marshall Scholars , 201 Fulbright Grantees , and many noteworthy figures in law , art , science , academia , business , politics , and other fields ."}]}, {'value': 'Chairman of the Board , Swarthmore College , winner of the 1974 American Chemical Society Award for Creative Invention of polyether polyurethane rubber , President , World Federalist Educational Fund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Chemical_Society', 'summary': "The American Chemical Society ( ACS ) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry . Founded in 1876 at New York University , the ACS currently has nearly 157,000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry , chemical engineering , and related fields . It is the world 's largest scientific society by membership . The ACS is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Its headquarters are located in Washington , D.C. , and it has a large concentration of staff in Columbus , Ohio . The ACS is a leading source of scientific information through its peer-reviewed scientific journals , national conferences , and the Chemical Abstracts Service . Its publications division produces over 60 scholarly journals including the prestigious Journal of the American Chemical Society , as well as the weekly trade magazine Chemical & Engineering News . The ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the complete field of chemistry and also holds smaller conferences concentrating on specific chemical fields or geographic regions . The primary source of income of the ACS is the Chemical Abstracts Service , a provider of chemical databases worldwide . The organization also publishes textbooks , administers several national chemistry awards , provides grants for scientific research , and supports various educational and outreach activities ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry Steenbock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Steenbock', 'summary': 'Harry Steenbock ( August 16 , 1886 , Charlestown , Wisconsin - December 25 , 1967 , Madison , Wisconsin ) was a Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison . Steenbock graduated from Wisconsin in 1916 , where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeta Deuteron ( Wisconsin ) 1916', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Madison', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin-Madison ( also known as University of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , UW , regionally as UW-Madison , or simply Madison ) is a public research university in Madison , Wisconsin . Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848 , UW-Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin , and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System . It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state . It became a land-grant institution in 1866 . The 933-acre ( 378 ha ) main campus , located on the shores of Lake Mendota , includes four National Historic Landmarks . The University also owns and operates a historic 1,200-acre ( 486 ha ) arboretum established in 1932 , located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the main campus . UW-Madison is organized into 20 schools and colleges , which enrolled 30,361 undergraduate and 14,052 graduate students in 2018 . Its comprehensive academic program offers 136 undergraduate majors , along with 148 master 's degree programs and 120 doctoral programs . A major contributor to Wisconsin 's economy , the university is the largest employer in the state , with over 21,600 faculty and staff . The UW is one of America 's Public Ivy universities , which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League . UW-Madison is also categorized as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . In 2012 , it had research expenditures of more than $ 1.1 billion , the third highest among universities in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Professor of Biochemistry at Wisconsin . Invented the process of irradiation with ultraviolet light , to increase the amount of Vitamin D in foods and other organic materials . Most notably used in milk . Credited with elimination of the disease of Rickets in the U.S. by 1945 . Steenbock Memorial Library is named in his honor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rickets', 'summary': 'Rickets is a condition that results in weak or soft bones in children . Symptoms include bowed legs , stunted growth , bone pain , large forehead , and trouble sleeping . Complications may include bone fractures , muscle spasms , an abnormally curved spine , or intellectual disability . The most common cause of rickets is a vitamin D deficiency . This can result from eating a diet without enough vitamin D , dark skin , too little sun exposure , exclusive breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation , celiac disease , and certain genetic conditions . Other factors may include not enough calcium or phosphorus . The underlying mechanism involves insufficient calcification of the growth plate . Diagnosis is generally based on blood tests finding a low calcium , low phosphorus , and a high alkaline phosphatase together with X-rays . Prevention for exclusively breastfed babies is vitamin D supplements . Otherwise , treatment depends on the underlying cause . If due to a lack of vitamin D , treatment is usually with vitamin D and calcium . This generally results in improvements within a few weeks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin–Madison', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin-Madison ( also known as University of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , UW , regionally as UW-Madison , or simply Madison ) is a public research university in Madison , Wisconsin . Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848 , UW-Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin , and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System . It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state . It became a land-grant institution in 1866 . The 933-acre ( 378 ha ) main campus , located on the shores of Lake Mendota , includes four National Historic Landmarks . The University also owns and operates a historic 1,200-acre ( 486 ha ) arboretum established in 1932 , located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the main campus . UW-Madison is organized into 20 schools and colleges , which enrolled 30,361 undergraduate and 14,052 graduate students in 2018 . Its comprehensive academic program offers 136 undergraduate majors , along with 148 master 's degree programs and 120 doctoral programs . A major contributor to Wisconsin 's economy , the university is the largest employer in the state , with over 21,600 faculty and staff . The UW is one of America 's Public Ivy universities , which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League . UW-Madison is also categorized as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . In 2012 , it had research expenditures of more than $ 1.1 billion , the third highest among universities in the country ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Phi_Sigma_Kappa_brothers_1', 'intro': "This is a list of notable brothers of Phi Sigma Kappa men's collegiate fraternity, including those who were members of Phi Sigma Epsilon prior to the 1985 merger. See Talk page to review guidelines for inclusion."} | null | null | What lab did the person from Oregon state help to start ? | Harris Research Laboratories |
0a8df2f0efb0bf68 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_United_States_Congress', 'title': '20th United States Congress', 'header': ['District', 'Vacator', 'Reason for change', 'Successor', "Date of successor 's formal installation"], 'data': [{'value': 'Georgia 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Georgia's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "Georgia 's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia . It is currently represented by Republican Buddy Carter , though the district 's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 United States Census , which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia . The first election using the new district boundaries were the 2012 congressional elections . The district comprises the entire coastal area of Sea Islands and much of the southeastern part of the state . In addition to Savannah , the district includes the cities of Brunswick , Jesup , and Waycross . There are four military bases in the district :"}]}, {'value': 'Edward F. Tattnall ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Fenwick_Tattnall', 'summary': 'Edward Fenwick Tattnall ( June 3 , 1788 - November 21 , 1832 ) was an American politician , soldier and lawyer .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned some time in 1827 before the assembling of Congress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George R. Gilmer ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Rockingham_Gilmer', 'summary': 'George Rockingham Gilmer ( April 11 , 1790 - November 16 , 1859 ) was an American politician . He served two non-consecutive terms as the 34th Governor of Georgia , the first from 1829 to 1831 and the second from 1837 to 1839 . He also served multiple terms in the United States House of Representatives .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated October 1 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delaware At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Delaware's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': "Delaware 's at-large congressional district is a congressional district that includes the entire U.S. state of Delaware . The district is currently represented by Lisa Blunt Rochester , a Democrat ."}]}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis McLane ( J ) resigned despite winning reelection in 1826 after being elected to the US Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_McLane', 'summary': "Louis McLane ( May 28 , 1786 - October 7 , 1857 ) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington , in New Castle County , Delaware , and Baltimore , Maryland . He was a veteran of the War of 1812 and a member of the Federalist Party and later the Democratic Party . He served as the U.S. Representative from Delaware , U.S . Senator from Delaware , U.S. Secretary of the Treasury , U.S. Secretary of State , Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom , and President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . As a member of President Andrew Jackson 's Cabinet , McLane was a prominent figure during the Bank War . McLane pursued a more moderate approach towards the Second Bank of the United States than the President , but agreed with Jackson 's decision in 1832 to veto a Congressional bill renewing the Bank 's charter . He also helped draft the Force Bill in 1833 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/US_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Kensey Johns Jr. ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kensey_Johns_Jr.', 'summary': 'Kensey Johns Jr. ( December 10 , 1791 - March 28 , 1857 ) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle , in New Castle County , Delaware . He was a member of the Federalist and Whig Parties who served as U.S. Representative from Delaware .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated October 2 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York 29th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_York's_29th_congressional_district", 'summary': 'The Twenty-ninth district of New York is an obsolete congressional district for the United States House of Representatives which most recently included a portion of the Appalachian mountains in New York known as the Southern Tier . It was most recently represented by Tom Reed . This district number became obsolete for the 113th Congress in 2013 as a result of the 2010 Census . Most of the former 29th district remained intact and was to be renumbered as the 23rd district .'}]}, {'value': 'David E. Evans ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Ellicott_Evans', 'summary': 'David Ellicott Evans ( March 19 , 1788 - May 17 , 1850 ) , was a United States Representative from New York . Evans was born in Ellicotts Upper Mills , Maryland . He attended the common schools , moved to New York in 1803 and settled in Batavia . He was employed as a clerk and afterward as an accounting clerk with the Holland Land Company . He served as a member of the New York State Senate , and was a member of the council of appointment . Evans was elected as a Jacksonian candidate to the Twentieth Congress and served from March 4 , 1827 , until his resignation May 2 , 1827 , before the assembling of Congress . He was appointed resident agent of the Holland Land Company in 1827 and served until his resignation in 1837 . Evans also engaged in banking , was a delegate to the convention held at Albany in 1827 to advocate a protective tariff , and retired from active business pursuits in 1837 to devote his attention to his extensive land interests . He died in Batavia and was interred in Batavia Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned May 2 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phineas L. Tracy ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phineas_L._Tracy', 'summary': 'Phineas Lyman Tracy ( December 25 , 1786 - December 22 , 1876 ) was a U.S. Representative from New York , brother of Albert Haller Tracy . Born in Norwich , Connecticut , Tracy graduated from Yale College in 1806 . He engaged in teaching for two years . He studied law . He was admitted to the bar in 1811 and commenced practice in the village of Madison , New York . He moved to Batavia , Genesee County , about 1815 and continued the practice of law . Tracy was elected to the Twentieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of David E. Evans . He was reelected as an Anti-Masonic candidate to the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Congresses and served from November 5 , 1827 , to March 3 , 1833 . He was a presidential elector on the Whig ticket in 1840 , voting for William Henry Harrison and John Tyler . He was appointed presiding judge of Genesee County Court in 1841 , and continued in that office until 1846 , when he retired from public life . He died in Batavia , New York , December 22 , 1876 . He was interred in Batavia Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated November 5 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Massachusetts 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Massachusetts's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "Massachusetts 's 1st congressional district is located in western and central Massachusetts . The largest Massachusetts district in area , it covers about one-third of the state and is more rural than the rest . It has the state 's highest point , Mount Greylock . The district includes the cities of Springfield , West Springfield , Pittsfield , Holyoke , and Westfield . The shape of the district underwent some changes effective from the elections of 2012 , after Massachusetts congressional redistricting to reflect the 2010 census . The entire Springfield area is included in the new 1st district , and the Worcester County areas of the old 1st district were split between the new 2nd and 3rd districts . Richard Neal , a Democrat from Springfield , represents the district ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Webster ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Webster', 'summary': "Daniel Webster ( January 18 , 1782 - October 24 , 1852 ) was an American statesman who represented New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the United States Congress and served as the United States Secretary of State under Presidents William Henry Harrison , John Tyler , and Millard Fillmore . He was also a prominent attorney , especially during the period of the Marshall Court . Throughout his career , he was a member of the Federalist Party , the National Republican Party , and the Whig Party . Born in New Hampshire in 1782 , Webster established a successful legal practice in Portsmouth , New Hampshire after undergoing a legal apprenticeship . He emerged as a prominent opponent of the War of 1812 and won election to the United States House of Representatives , where he served as a leader of the Federalist Party . Webster left office after two terms and relocated to Boston , Massachusetts . He became a leading attorney before the Supreme Court of the United States , winning cases such as Dartmouth College v. Woodward , McCulloch v. Maryland , and Gibbons v. Ogden . Webster returned to the House in 1823 and became a key supporter of President John Quincy Adams . He won election to the United States Senate in 1827 and worked with Henry Clay to build the National Republican Party in support of Adams . After Andrew Jackson defeated Adams in the 1828 presidential election , Webster became a leading opponent of Jackson 's domestic policies . He strongly objected to the theory of nullification espoused by John C. Calhoun , and his Second Reply to Hayne speech is widely regarded as one of the greatest speeches ever delivered in Congress . Webster supported Jackson 's defiant response to the Nullification Crisis , but broke with the president due to disagreements over the Second Bank of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned May 30 , 1827 , to run for the US Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/US_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Benjamin Gorham ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham', 'summary': 'Benjamin Gorham ( February 13 , 1775 - September 27 , 1855 ) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts . He was the son of Nathaniel Gorham , who served as one of the Presidents of the Continental Congress . Benjamin was born in Charlestown , Massachusetts . He pursued preparatory studies , graduated from Harvard University in 1795 , and studied law . When he was admitted to the bar he commenced practice in Boston . From 1814 to 1818 he served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and then turned to the Massachusetts State Senate , where he served from May 26 , 1819 until he resigned on January 10 , 1821 . He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Sixteenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jonathan Mason ; he was re-elected when the term expired , and served until March 3 , 1823 . Afterwards he returned to the State senate for one term beginning May 28 , 1823 , before being elected as an Adams candidate to the Twentieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Daniel Webster and then reelected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-first Congress and served from July 23 , 1827 , to March 3 , 1831 . After a term filled by Nathan Appleton , he was elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-third Congress ( March 4 , 1833 - March 3 , 1835 ) . Afterward he served again a member of the State house of representatives in 1841 and resumed the practice of law . He died in Boston in 1855 , aged 80 , and was interred in the Phipps Street Burying Ground in Charlestown .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated July 23 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio 8th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_8th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 8th congressional district sits on the west side of Ohio , bordering Indiana . The cities of Hamilton , Fairfield , Middletown , Springfield , Eaton , Greenville , Piqua , and Troy are part of the district . The district was represented by Republican John Boehner , the 53rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . On September 25 , 2015 , Boehner announced his resignation from the speakership and retirement from Congress , which became effective on October 31 , 2015 . The current representative for this district is Republican Warren Davidson , who defeated Democrat Corey Foister and Green Party candidate James J. Condit Jr. in the 2016 special election to fill Boehner 's seat ."}]}, {'value': 'William Wilson ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Wilson_(Ohio_politician)', 'summary': 'William Wilson ( March 19 , 1773 - June 6 , 1827 ) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio . Born in New Boston , New Hampshire , Wilson attended the public schools and was graduated from Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire , in 1797 . He studied law in Johnstown , New York , and was admitted to the bar . He moved to Ohio and settled in Chillicothe about 1805 . He engaged in the practice of law there before moving to Newark , Ohio in 1808 , having been appointed chief judge of the court of common pleas , and served until 1823 . He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1818 . Wilson was elected to the 18th , 19th , and 20th Congresses , serving from March 4 , 1823 , until his death in Newark , Ohio on June 6 , 1827 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Post Office Department in the 19th Congress . Wilson was interred in the Old Cemetery and was re-interred on March 23 , 1853 , in Cedar Hill Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'Died June 6 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Stanbery ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Stanbery', 'summary': 'William Stanbery ( August 10 , 1788 - January 23 , 1873 ) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1827 to 1833 .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated October 9 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maine 1st', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Maine's_1st_congressional_district", 'summary': "Maine 's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Maine . The geographically smaller of the two congressional districts in the state , the district covers the southern coastal area of the state . The district consists of all of Cumberland , Knox , Lincoln , Sagadahoc and York counties and most of Kennebec County . Located within the district are the cities of Portland , Augusta , Brunswick and Saco . The district is currently represented by Democrat Chellie Pingree ."}]}, {'value': 'William Burleigh ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Burleigh', 'summary': 'William Burleigh ( October 24 , 1785 - July 2 , 1827 ) was a United States Representative from Maine . He was born in Northwood , New Hampshire , on October 24 , 1785 . He moved with his parents to Gilmanton , New Hampshire , in 1788 where he attended the common schools and taught for several years . He then studied law , was admitted to the bar in 1815 and commenced practice in South Berwick , Maine . He was elected as an Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican to the Eighteenth United States Congress and as an Adams candidate to the Nineteenth , and Twentieth Congresses , and served in the U.S. Congress from March 4 , 1823 , until his death in South Berwick on July 2 , 1827 . He served as chairman of Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Treasury for the Nineteenth Congress . His interment was in Portland Street Cemetery . His son was the later Maine state legislator and U.S. Congressional Representative , John Holmes Burleigh .'}]}, {'value': 'Died July 2 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rufus McIntire ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rufus_McIntire', 'summary': 'Rufus McIntire ( December 19 , 1784 - April 28 , 1866 ) was a United States lawyer , captain of artillery in the War of 1812 , congressman , land surveyor and prisoner of war .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated September 10 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky 11th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kentucky's_11th_congressional_district", 'summary': 'United States House of Representatives , Kentucky District 11 was a district of the United States Congress in Kentucky . It was lost to redistricting in 1933 . Its last Representative was Charles Finley .'}]}, {'value': 'William S. Young ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Singleton_Young', 'summary': 'William Singleton Young ( April 10 , 1790 - September 20 , 1827 ) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky , brother of Bryan Rust Young and uncle of John Young Brown .'}]}, {'value': 'Died September 20 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Calhoon ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Calhoon', 'summary': 'John Calhoon ( 1797- ? ) was a United States Representative from Kentucky . He was born in Henry County , Kentucky in 1797 . He studied law , was admitted to the bar , and practiced . Calhoon was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1820 , 1821 , 1829 , and 1830 . He was unsuccessful candidate for election to the Twentieth Congress . He received the credentials of an election as an Adams candidate to the Twentieth Congress , held November 5-7 , 1827 , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative William S. Young , but , in order to avoid a contest , resigned and , together with his opponent , Thomas Chilton , petitioned the Governor of Kentucky for a new election . He was again unsuccessful in this election . Calhoon was elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress and as a Whig to the Twenty-fifth Congress ( March 4 , 1835 - March 3 , 1839 ) and was not a candidate for reelection to the Twenty-sixth Congress . After leaving Congress , he moved to St. Louis , Missouri in 1839 and resumed the practice of law . He returned to Kentucky and was appointed judge of the fourteenth judicial district in January 1842 . He is the namesake of Calhoun , Kentucky , the seat of McLean County .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated November 5 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky 11th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kentucky's_11th_congressional_district", 'summary': 'United States House of Representatives , Kentucky District 11 was a district of the United States Congress in Kentucky . It was lost to redistricting in 1933 . Its last Representative was Charles Finley .'}]}, {'value': 'John Calhoon ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Calhoon', 'summary': 'John Calhoon ( 1797- ? ) was a United States Representative from Kentucky . He was born in Henry County , Kentucky in 1797 . He studied law , was admitted to the bar , and practiced . Calhoon was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1820 , 1821 , 1829 , and 1830 . He was unsuccessful candidate for election to the Twentieth Congress . He received the credentials of an election as an Adams candidate to the Twentieth Congress , held November 5-7 , 1827 , to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative William S. Young , but , in order to avoid a contest , resigned and , together with his opponent , Thomas Chilton , petitioned the Governor of Kentucky for a new election . He was again unsuccessful in this election . Calhoon was elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress and as a Whig to the Twenty-fifth Congress ( March 4 , 1835 - March 3 , 1839 ) and was not a candidate for reelection to the Twenty-sixth Congress . After leaving Congress , he moved to St. Louis , Missouri in 1839 and resumed the practice of law . He returned to Kentucky and was appointed judge of the fourteenth judicial district in January 1842 . He is the namesake of Calhoun , Kentucky , the seat of McLean County .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned November 7 , 1827 , to avoid an election dispute', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Chilton ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Chilton', 'summary': "Thomas Chilton ( July 30 , 1798 - August 15 , 1854 ) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky , a prominent Baptist clergyman , and the ghost writer of David Crockett 's autobiography . Born near Lancaster , Kentucky , a son of Rev . Thomas John Chilton and Margaret Bledsoe , Chilton attended schools in Paris , Kentucky . One week before his seventeenth birthday he married and commenced study for ordination as a Baptist minister . Simultaneously he began studying for the bar with Jesse Bledsoe , a maternal uncle . After setting up a law practice in Owingsville he was elected to the State House of Representatives at age 21 . Chilton became enamored of the political persona of Andrew Jackson and carried Jackson 's banner to the Twenty-first Congress from Elizabeth , Kentucky . Chilton was first seated in the U.S. House of Representatives on January 11 , 1828 . In Washington , DC Chilton took residence at the boarding house of Mary Ball . He was lodged in the same room as a Representative from Tennessee , named David Crockett . The two men rapidly became friends and would spend the better part of the next six years acting in political concert . The most significant event they shared was disillusion with Andrew Jackson , and abandonment of his political party in March 1830 ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 22 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia 2nd', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Georgia's_2nd_congressional_district", 'summary': "Georgia 's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia . The district is currently represented by Democrat Sanford D. Bishop , Jr. , though the district 's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 census , which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia . The first election using the new district boundaries ( listed below ) were the 2012 congressional elections . One of the largest districts by size , it comprises much of the southwestern portion of the state of Georgia . Much of the district is rural , although the district has a number of small cities and medium-sized towns , such as Albany , Americus , Bainbridge , and Thomasville , and portions of Columbus and Macon . The district is also the historic and current home of President Jimmy Carter . The district is one of the most consistently Democratic in the country , as Democrats have held the seat since 1875 ."}]}, {'value': 'John Forsyth ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)', 'summary': 'John Forsyth Sr. ( October 22 , 1780 - October 21 , 1841 ) was a 19th-century American politician from Georgia . He represented the state in both the House of Representatives and the Senate , and also served as the 33rd Governor of Georgia . As a supporter of the policies of President Andrew Jackson , Forsyth was appointed secretary of state by Jackson in 1834 , and continued in that role until 1841 during the presidency of Martin Van Buren .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned November 7 , 1827 , after being elected Governor of Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia', 'summary': "The governor of Georgia is the head of the executive branch of Georgia 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor also has a duty to enforce state laws , the power to either veto or approve bills passed by the Georgia Legislature , and the power to convene the legislature . The current governor is Republican Brian Kemp , who assumed office on January 14 , 2019 . There have officially been 77 governors of the state of Georgia , including 11 who served more than one distinct term . The early days were chaotic , with several gaps and schisms in the state 's power structure , as the state capital of Savannah was captured during the American Revolutionary War . After independence was achieved , the office was solidly Democratic-Republican until the 1830s , when the office began to be contested by Democrats and Whigs for a few decades . The state seceded and was part of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War , after which it had several governors appointed by the President of the United States and the military occupation . During Reconstruction , it had two Republican governors , but after local rule was re-established , Democrats would be the only party elected for the next 131 years . The longest-serving governors are George Busbee , Joe Frank Harris , Zell Miller , Sonny Perdue , and Nathan Deal , each of whom served two full four-year terms ; Joseph E. Brown , governor during the Civil War , was elected four times , serving seven and a half years . The shortest term of the post-revolutionary period is that of Matthew Talbot , who served 13 days after succeeding his predecessor who died in office . One man , Eugene Talmadge , died before taking office in his second distinct term , leading to a dispute in which three people claimed the office ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard H. Wilde ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Henry_Wilde', 'summary': 'Richard Henry Wilde ( September 24 , 1789 - September 10 , 1847 ) was a United States Representative and lawyer from Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated November 17 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas Territory At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Arkansas_Territory's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': "Arkansas Territory 's at-large congressional district was the congressional district for the Arkansas Territory . The Arkansas Territory was created on July 4 , 1819 , from a portion of the Missouri Territory . It existed until Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15 , 1836 ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry W. Conway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_Wharton_Conway', 'summary': 'Henry Wharton Conway ( March 18 , 1793 - November 9 , 1827 ) was a United States naval officer during the War of 1812 and a politician in Arkansas Territory , who was elected as a territorial delegate ( 1823-1827 ) to the United States House of Representatives for three consecutive congresses . He died in 1827 as a result of wounds from a duel with Robert Crittenden , a former friend and political ally .'}]}, {'value': 'Died November 9 , 1827', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ambrose H. Sevier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier', 'summary': 'Ambrose Hundley Sevier ( November 4 , 1801 - December 31 , 1848 ) was an attorney , politician and planter from Arkansas . A member of the political Family that dominated the state and national delegations in the antebellum years , he was elected by the legislature as a Democratic US Senator .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated February 13 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_Jersey's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'Beginning from its inception into statehood , New Jersey elected its representatives at-large instead of from individual districts . This continued for most years until 1843 , with the exception of the years 1799-1801 , and 1813-1815 when they were elected in districts . After 1843 , New Jersey returned to district representation . Four at-large representatives were elected in 1789 until 1793 when a 5th representative was added . 6 seats were allocated beginning in 1803 , continuing until at-large representation ceased in 1843 .'}]}, {'value': 'George Holcombe ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Holcombe', 'summary': "George Holcombe ( March 1786 - January 4 , 1828 ) was a United States Representative from New Jersey . Born in what was then Amwell Township ( now in part of Lambertville in Hunterdon County , New Jersey ) he completed preparatory studies and graduated from Princeton College in 1805 . He attended the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia and later studied medicine in Trenton . Holcombe was granted a license by the Medical Society of New Jersey and practiced medicine in Allentown from 1808 to 1815 . Holcombe held several local offices and was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly in 1815 and 1816 . He was elected as Democratic-Republican to the Seventeenth Congress , elected as a Jacksonian Democratic-Republican to the Eighteenth Congress , and reelected as a Jacksonian to the Nineteenth and Twentieth Congresses , and held office from March 4 , 1821 , until his death in Allentown in 1828 . Holcombe 's remains were interred in the Congressional Cemetery ."}]}, {'value': 'Died January 14 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James F. Randolph ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_F._Randolph', 'summary': 'James Fitz Randolph ( June 26 , 1791 - January 25 , 1872 ) was a United States Representative from New Jersey . He was also the father of Theodore Fitz Randolph . Born in Middlesex County , New Jersey , he received a limited schooling . Randolph learned the printing trade and edited the New Brunswick Fredonian 1812-1842 . He served as the United States collector of internal revenue 1815-1846 and clerk of the Court of Common Pleas . He was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly in 1823 and 1824 . Randolph was elected as an Adams candidate to the Twentieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of George Holcombe . He was reelected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Congresses and served in office from December 1 , 1828 , to March 3 , 1833 . After Congress , he served as president of a bank in New Brunswick , New Jersey . He died in Easton , Pennsylvania in 1872 and was buried in Easton Cemetery .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 1 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York 5th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_York's_5th_congressional_district", 'summary': "The 5th Congressional District of New York is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives , represented by Democrat Gregory Meeks . Most of the district is in Queens , but a small portion is located in Nassau County . A plurality of the district 's population is African-American . The district includes the entire Rockaway Peninsula as well as the Queens neighborhoods of Broad Channel , Cambria Heights , Hollis , Jamaica , Laurelton , Queens Village , Rosedale , Saint Albans , Springfield Gardens , and South Ozone Park , as well as John F. Kennedy International Airport . In Nassau County , the district covers Inwood and parts of Valley Stream and Elmont . From 2003-13 , the district consisted of northeastern Queens County and northwestern Nassau County . The Queens portion of the district included the neighborhoods of Bayside , Corona , Douglaston , Flushing , Jamaica Estates , Little Neck , and Whitestone . The Nassau portion of the district included Albertson , Great Neck , Manhasset , Port Washington , Roslyn , and Sands Point ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas J. Oakley ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Jackson_Oakley', 'summary': 'Thomas Jackson Oakley ( November 10 , 1783 - May 11 , 1857 ) was a New York attorney , politician , and judge . He served as a United States Representative and as New York State Attorney General .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned May 9 , 1828 , after being appointed judge of the Superior Court of New York City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Taber II ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Taber_II', 'summary': 'Thomas Taber II ( May 19 , 1785 - March 21 , 1862 ) was a United States Representative from New York . Taber was born in Dover , New York , and attended the common schools . He worked in agriculture before becoming a member of the New York State Assembly in 1826 . Taber was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twentieth United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas Jackson Oakley and served from November 5 , 1828 , to March 3 , 1829 . He died in the village of Roslyn on Long Island at age 76 and was buried at the Friends Cemetery in Westbury . He was the father of Stephen Taber , also a Congressman .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated November 5 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kentucky 2nd', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kentucky's_2nd_congressional_district", 'summary': "Kentucky 's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Kentucky . Located in west central Kentucky , the district includes Bowling Green , Owensboro , and Elizabethtown . The district has not seen an incumbent defeated since 1884 . The district is currently represented by Republican Brett Guthrie . Former Representative Democrat William Natcher is noted for holding the record for most consecutive roll call votes in the history of Congress - more than 18,000 votes ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Metcalfe ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Metcalfe_(US_politician)', 'summary': "Thomas Metcalfe ( March 20 , 1780 - August 18 , 1855 ) , also known as Thomas Metcalf or as Stonehammer , was a U.S. Representative , Senator , and the tenth Governor of Kentucky . He was the first gubernatorial candidate in the state 's history to be chosen by a nominating convention rather than a caucus . He was also the first governor of Kentucky who was not a member of the Democratic-Republican Party . At age 16 , Metcalfe was apprenticed to his older brother and became a stonemason . He helped construct the Green County courthouse , known as the oldest courthouse in Kentucky . Later , political opponents would mock his trade , giving him the nickname Old Stone Hammer . His political career began with four terms in the Kentucky House of Representatives . His service was interrupted by the War of 1812 , in which he commanded a company in the defense of Fort Meigs . At the age of thirty-eight , he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives . He held his seat in the House for five terms , then resigned to run for governor . In an election decided by 709 votes , Metcalfe defeated William T. Barry in the gubernatorial election of 1828 . Metcalfe 's predecessor , Joseph Desha was so stunned by his party 's loss that he threatened not to vacate the governor 's mansion ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned June 1 , 1828 , after being elected Governor of Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky', 'summary': "The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of Kentucky 's executive branch of government . 57 men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky . The governor 's term is four years in length ; since 1992 , incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years . Throughout the state 's history , four men have served two non-consecutive terms as governor , and two others have served two consecutive terms . Kentucky is one of only five U.S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years . The current governor is Andy Beshear , who was first elected in 2019 . The governor 's powers are enumerated in the state constitution . There have been four constitutions of Kentucky - adopted in 1792 , 1799 , 1850 , and 1891 , respectively - and each has enlarged the governor 's authority . Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons , veto legislation , and call the legislature into session . The governor serves as commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state . The officeholder is given broad statutory authority to make appointments to the various cabinets and departments of the executive branch , limited somewhat by the adoption of a merit system for state employees in 1960 . Because Kentucky 's governor controls so many appointments to commissions , the office has been historically considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'John Chambers ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Chambers_(politician)', 'summary': 'John Chambers ( October 6 , 1780 - September 21 , 1852 ) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky and the second Governor of the Iowa Territory .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 1 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Jersey At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_Jersey's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': 'Beginning from its inception into statehood , New Jersey elected its representatives at-large instead of from individual districts . This continued for most years until 1843 , with the exception of the years 1799-1801 , and 1813-1815 when they were elected in districts . After 1843 , New Jersey returned to district representation . Four at-large representatives were elected in 1789 until 1793 when a 5th representative was added . 6 seats were allocated beginning in 1803 , continuing until at-large representation ceased in 1843 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hedge Thompson ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hedge_Thompson', 'summary': "Hedge Thompson ( January 28 , 1780 - July 23 , 1828 ) , a Representative from New Jersey . Thompson was born in Salem , New Jersey on January 28 , 1780 . He graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1802 and practiced his profession in Salem ; member of the New Jersey General Assembly in 1805 ; served in the New Jersey Legislative Council ( now the New Jersey Senate ) in 1819 ; appointed associate judge of Salem County , N.J. , in 1815 and again in 1824 ; served as collector for Salem County from 1826 to 1828 ; elected to the Twentieth Congress and served from March 4 , 1827 , until his death in Salem , N.J. , on July 23 , 1828 ; interment in St. John 's Protestant Episcopal Churchyard . Information found on public domain website of the Bioguide of the US Congress ."}]}, {'value': 'Died July 23 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Sinnickson ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Sinnickson_(jurist)', 'summary': "Thomas Sinnickson ( December 13 , 1786 - February 17 , 1873 ) was an American jurist and statesman from Salem , New Jersey . He represented New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives in 1828-1829 . He was the nephew of Congressman Thomas Sinnickson ( 1744-1817 ) He was interred at St. John 's Episcopal Cemetery in Salem , New Jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 1 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mississippi At-large', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mississippi's_at-large_congressional_district", 'summary': "The U.S. state of Mississippi 's at-large congressional district existed from December 10 , 1817 , when it was admitted to the Union until 1847 , when representatives were elected in districts . Mississippi briefly elected an at-large representative from 1853-1855 , in addition to having the rest of the delegation elected from districts ."}]}, {'value': 'William Haile ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Haile_(Mississippi)', 'summary': 'William Haile ( 1797 - March 7 , 1837 ) was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi . Born in 1797 , Haile moved to Mississippi and settled in Woodville , Wilkinson County . He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1826 . Haile was elected as a Jacksonian to the Nineteenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Christopher Rankin . He was reelected as a Jacksonian to the Twentieth Congress and served from July 10 , 1826 , to September 12 , 1828 , when he resigned . He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1828 to the Twenty-first Congress . He served as delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1832 . He died near Woodville , Mississippi , March 7 , 1837 .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned September 12 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Hinds ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Hinds', 'summary': 'Thomas Hinds ( 1780-1840 ) was an American soldier and politician from the state of Mississippi , who served in the United States Congress from 1828 to 1831 . A hero of the War of 1812 , Hinds is best known today as the namesake of Hinds County .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated October 21 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio 6th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ohio's_6th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Ohio 's 6th congressional district is represented by Representative Bill Johnson ( R-OH ) . This district runs along the southeast side of the state , bordering Kentucky , West Virginia , and Pennsylvania . It stretches from rural Lucasville through Athens and several older Ohio River industrial towns all the way to the Youngstown city limits ."}]}, {'value': 'William Creighton Jr. ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Creighton_Jr.', 'summary': 'William Creighton Jr. ( October 29 , 1778 - October 1 , 1851 ) was the 1st Secretary of State of Ohio , a United States Representative from Ohio and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Resigned before December 19 , 1828 , after being nominated as a judge to district court', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francis S. Muhlenberg ( A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francis_Swaine_Muhlenberg', 'summary': 'Francis Swaine Muhlenberg ( April 12 , 1795 - December 17 , 1831 ) was a political leader , member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio , and a member of the Muhlenberg Family political dynasty . Francis Swaine Muhlenberg was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . His father , John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg , was a Revolutionary War hero and member of Congress . His uncle , Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg , was the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . Muhlenberg attended Dickinson College in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , studied law , and was admitted at the Pennsylvania bar in 1816 . From 1820 to 1823 , he served as private secretary to Pennsylvania Governor Joseph Hiester . He moved west to Pickaway County , Ohio , and was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1827 . In 1828 , he was elected the U.S. House of Representatives to fill the congressional seat vacated by the resignation of William Creighton , Jr. in the Twentieth United States Congress . He served until March 3 , 1829 . After his congressional career , Muhlenberg worked as a businessman and land speculator in Ohio and Kentucky . Francis Swaine Muhlenberg died in Pickaway County on December 17 , 1831 .'}]}, {'value': 'Seated December 19 , 1828', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York 20th', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/New_York's_20th_congressional_district", 'summary': "The 20th Congressional District of New York is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York 's Capital District . It includes all of Albany and Schenectady counties , and portions of Montgomery , Rensselaer , and Saratoga counties . From 2003 to 2013 , the 20th district surrounded the Capital District , which had been part of the 21st district . This district included all or parts of Columbia , Dutchess , Delaware , Essex , Greene , Otsego , Rensselaer , Saratoga , Warren , and Washington counties . It included the cities of Glens Falls and Saratoga Springs . This largely rural district stretched to include parts of the Adirondacks , Catskills and Hudson Valley . On Nov 2 , 2010 , Republican Chris Gibson defeated first term incumbent Democrat Scott Murphy , and took office on January 3 , 2011 . In 2013 , Gibson was redistricted to the 19th . Democrat Paul Tonko now represents the district after redistricting ."}]}, {'value': 'Silas Wright ( J )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silas_Wright', 'summary': "Silas Wright Jr. ( May 24 , 1795 - August 27 , 1847 ) was an American attorney and Democratic politician . A member of the Albany Regency , he served as a member of the United States House of Representatives , New York State Comptroller , United States Senator , and Governor of New York . Born in Amherst , Massachusetts and raised in Weybridge , Vermont , Wright graduated from Middlebury College in 1815 , studied law , attained admission to the bar , and began a practice in Canton , New York . He soon began a career in politics and government , serving as St. Lawrence County 's surrogate judge , a member of the New York State Senate , and a brigadier general in the state militia . Wright became a member of the Albany Regency , the coterie of friends and supporters of Martin Van Buren who led New York 's Democratic Party beginning in the 1820s . As his career progressed , he served in the United States House of Representatives ( 1827-1829 ) , as State Comptroller ( 1829-1833 ) , and U.S . Senator ( 1833-1844 ) . In the Senate , Wright became chairman of the Finance Committee , a post he held from 1836 to 1841 . In 1844 , Van Buren lost the Democratic presidential nomination to James K. Polk ; Polk supporters nominated Wright for vice president as a way to attract Van Buren 's support to the ticket , but Wright declined . Later that year he was elected governor , and he served one two-year term . Defeated for reelection in 1846 , he retired to his home in Canton . He died in Canton in 1847 , and was buried at Old Canton Cemetery ."}]}, {'value': 'Resigned February 16 , 1829', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vacant', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not filled this Congress', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Changes in membership -- House of Representatives', 'section_text': 'replacements : 9 Anti-Jacksonian ( A ) : 1-seat net loss Jacksonian ( J ) : 1-seat net gain deaths : 5 resignations : 9 contested election : 1 Total seats with changes : 15 Main article : List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives', 'uid': '20th_United_States_Congress_1', 'intro': "The Twentieth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1827, to March 4, 1829, during the third and fourth years of John Quincy Adams's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820. Both chambers had a Jacksonian majority."} | null | null | The successor of the district currently represented by Democrat Chellie Pingree held what position in the War of 1812 ? | Captain of artillery |
0a8e93e543c19bb8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCup_Basketball_Awards', 'title': 'EuroCup Basketball Awards', 'header': ['Season', 'Finals MVP', 'Team'], 'data': [{'value': '2002-03', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurocup_2002-03', 'summary': "The 2002-03 ULEB Cup was the inaugural season of Europe 's secondary level professional club basketball tournament , the ULEB Cup , which is organised by Euroleague Basketball . The 2003 ULEB Cup Finals were played between Pamesa Valencia and Krka , and won by Valencia , their first title in a European-wide competition . As the winners of the 2002-03 ULEB Cup , Valencia qualified for the European top-tier level 2003-04 Euroleague ."}]}, {'value': 'Dejan Tomašević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dejan_Tomašević', 'summary': 'Dejan Tomašević ( Serbian : Дејан Томашевић ; born 6 May 1973 ) is a Serbian professional basketball executive and former player . An All-EuroLeague Team selection on two occasions , he played with Borac Čačak , Crvena zvezda , Partizan , Budućnost Podgorica , TAU Cerámica , Pamesa Valencia , Panathinaikos , and PAOK , which he joined in September 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Valencia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valencia_BC', 'summary': 'Valencia Basket Club S.A.D. , commonly known as Valencia Basket ( pronounced [ baˈlenθja basˈket ] ) , is a professional basketball team based in Valencia , Spain . The team plays in the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague , with home games played at the Fuente de San Luis . The club is sponsored by the Spanish billionaire Juan Roig .'}]}, {'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurocup_2003-04', 'summary': 'The 2003-04 ULEB Cup was the second season of the second-tier level European professional club basketball competition , EuroCup Basketball , organized by the Euroleague Basketball Company . The EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one tier below the EuroLeague level . Thirty-six teams participated in the competition . The final was held on April 13 , in Charleroi , Belgium , between Real Madrid and Hapoel Jerusalem , the latter winning it by a score of 82-73 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kelly McCarty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_McCarty', 'summary': "Kelly Deshawn McCarty ( born August 24 , 1975 ) is a naturalized Russian former professional basketball player , originally from the United States . He represented the senior men 's Russian national basketball team internationally . At 2.01 m ( 6 ' 7 ) 235 lbs. , he played at both the shooting guard and small forward positions . His primary position was small forward ."}]}, {'value': 'Hapoel Jerusalem', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hapoel_Jerusalem_B.C.', 'summary': 'Hapoel Jerusalem Basketball Club ( Hebrew : הפועל ירושלים ) , for sponsorships reasons Hapoel Bank Yahav Jerusalem , is a professional basketball club based out of the City of Jerusalem and competes in the Israeli Premier League , the Israeli State Cup and the Basketball Champions League . Hapoel has won several titles , including the ULEB Cup ( now called EuroCup ) in 2004 , the Israeli League championship in 2015 and 2017 and six state Cups . In 2013 , a new ownership group headed by Ori Allon took over , and the club has since seen a remarkable advancement and expansion . The team began playing in the Jerusalem Arena in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '2004-05', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurocup_2004-05', 'summary': 'The 2004-05 ULEB Cup was the third season of the second-tier level European professional club basketball competition , the EuroCup , which is organized by the Euroleague Basketball Company . The season started on November 9 , 2004 , and officially ended on April 19 , 2005 . The second-tier level EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one tier below the EuroLeague level . Lietuvos rytas won the trophy , by defeating Makedonikos in the final , by a score of 78-74 .'}]}, {'value': 'Robertas Javtokas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robertas_Javtokas', 'summary': "Robertas Javtokas ( born March 20 , 1980 ) is a Lithuanian professional basketball executive and former player . He currently serves as sports director of Žalgiris Kaunas . Standing at 2.11 m ( 6 ft 11 in ) , he played the center position . He has been a member of the senior men 's Lithuanian national team since 2004 . In the 2001 NBA draft , he was selected by the San Antonio Spurs with the 55th overall pick ."}]}, {'value': 'Lietuvos Rytas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BC_Lietuvos_Rytas', 'summary': "BC Rytas Vilnius , formerly known as Lietuvos rytas , is a Lithuanian professional basketball club based in Vilnius , Lithuania . The club was founded in 1997 from another club , Statyba , and has become one of the most successful Lithuanian basketball clubs . Rytas have won two EuroCup titles , five Lithuanian League titles , three Lithuanian Cups and three Baltic Championships . The team plays their home games at the 11,000-seat Siemens Arena and the 2,741-seat Jeep Arena . Some of the greatest Lithuanian basketball players have played for Rytas over the years including : Šarūnas Marčiulionis , Šarūnas Jasikevičius , Ramūnas Šiškauskas , Arvydas Macijauskas , Jonas Valančiūnas , Martynas Gecevičius , Renaldas Seibutis , Simas Jasaitis , Robertas Javtokas , Darius Songaila , Marijonas Petravičius , Rimantas Kaukėnas , Rimas Kurtinaitis , Gintaras Einikis . Rytas plays in the EuroCup , Lithuanian Basketball League , and the King Mindaugas Cup . The team 's farm club , Perlas , is used for the development of young players and plays in the second-tier NKL ."}]}, {'value': '2005-06', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurocup_2005-06', 'summary': 'The 2005-06 ULEB Cup was the fourth season of the second-tier level European professional club basketball competition , the EuroCup . The EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one tier below the EuroLeague level . Dynamo Moscow won the trophy , by defeating Aris TT Bank in the final , by a score of 73-60 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ruben Douglas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruben_Douglas', 'summary': 'Ruben Enrique Douglas ( born October 30 , 1979 ) is a Panamanian-American professional basketball player . He is a 1.96 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) point guard-shooting guard .'}]}, {'value': 'Dynamo Moscow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/MBC_Dynamo_Moscow', 'summary': 'MBC Dynamo Moscow ( Russian : МБК Динамо Москва ) is a Russian basketball team from Moscow . The club was active for 93 years ( from 1923 until 2016 ) as professional club before being dissolved due to financial problems . The club had several successful years in the highest division in Russian basketball . In 2006 , Dynamo won a European trophy in the Eurocup . In 2018 the club reestablished as amateur club in the Moscow Basketball League .'}]}, {'value': '2006-07', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurocup_2006-07', 'summary': 'The 2006-07 ULEB Cup was the fifth season of the second-tier level European professional club basketball competition , the EuroCup . The second-tier level EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one tier below the EuroLeague level . It featured 24 basketball clubs , from 15 countries . Real Madrid defeated Lietuvos rytas in the final , by a score of 87-75 , to lift the trophy .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Cornelius_Smith', 'summary': 'Charles Cornelius Smith ( born August 22 , 1975 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He was the Alphonso Ford Trophy winner and an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Real Madrid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto', 'summary': "Real Madrid Baloncesto ( English : Real Madrid Basketball ) is a Spanish professional basketball team that was founded in 1931 , as a division of the Real Madrid CF multi sports club . They play domestically in the Liga ACB , and internationally in the EuroLeague . As successful as the Real Madrid athletic association 's football club , the basketball team has been the most successful of its peers in both Spain and Europe . The Real Madrid squads have won a record 35 Spanish League championships , including in 7-in-a-row and 10-in-a-row sequences . They have also won a record 28 Spanish Cup titles , a record 10 EuroLeague Championships , and a record 4 Saporta Cups . Madrid has also won a record 5 Intercontinental Cups , and they have also won 3 Triple Crowns . Some of the club 's star players over the years have included : Arvydas Sabonis , Dražen Petrović , Rudy Fernández , Serge Ibaka , Dražen Dalipagić , Nikola Mirotić , Juan Antonio Corbalán , Fernando Martín , Alberto Herreros , Dejan Bodiroga , and Luka Dončić . Real Madrid also has a developmental basketball team that plays in the amateur level Spanish 4th-tier Liga EBA , called Real Madrid B ."}]}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurocup_2007-08', 'summary': 'The 2007-08 ULEB Cup was the sixth season of the second-tier level European professional club basketball competition , the EuroCup , which is organized by Euroleague Basketball S.L . It was also the last season for the competition under the name of ULEB Cup . The EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one tier below the EuroLeague level . On July 2 , 2008 , EuroLeague Basketball S.L . and FIBA Europe announced that the competition would be renamed to the Eurocup , starting with the 2008-09 season . For the first time , 54 teams competed . The Final Eight was held from April 10 , to April 13 , in Turin , Italy , in the Palavela arena . The trophy was won by the Spanish club DKV Joventut , with the other finalist being another Spanish team , Akasvayu Girona . Dynamo Moscow took third place .'}]}, {'value': 'Rudy Fernández', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudy_Fernández_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Rodolfo Rudy Fernández Farrés ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈruði feɾˈnandeθ ] ; born April 4 , 1985 ) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays for Real Madrid of the Liga ACB . He is a 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) tall shooting guard and small forward . He is a three-time All-EuroLeague Team selection and won the EuroLeague title in 2015 and 2018 . During his stint in the NBA , he was an NBA All-Rookie Second Team member . Fernández represents the senior Spain national team internationally . He has won two FIBA World Cup titles , in 2006 and 2019 , two Olympic silver medals in 2008 and 2012 , as well as a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics . He also won three EuroBasket titles in 2009 , 2011 , and 2015 , a silver medal in 2007 , and a bronze medal in 2013 . Fernández earned an All-EuroBasket Team selection in 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Joventut Badalona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joventut_Badalona', 'summary': "Club Joventut de Badalona , S.A.D . ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈklub ʒuβənˈtud bəðəˈlonə ] ) is a Spanish professional basketball club based in Badalona , Spain , playing in the Liga ACB and the EuroCup . Known to their fans as La Penya ( in English , The Club ) , it is one of only three teams that have never been relegated from the top division of the Spanish League . The only other two are Real Madrid and Estudiantes . In 1994 , Badalona was the champion of the FIBA European Champions ' Cup , which is now called the EuroLeague . Well-known players have included : Zoran Slavnić , Jordi Villacampa , Rafael Jofresa , Raül López , Rudy Fernández , Ricky Rubio and Joe Galvin ."}]}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurocup_2008-09', 'summary': "2008-09 Eurocup Basketball was the seventh edition of Europe 's second-tier level transnational competition for men 's professional basketball clubs , the EuroCup , and the first to be contested under the Eurocup name . From the inception of the competition in 2002 , it had been known as the ULEB Cup . The EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one tier below the EuroLeague level . During this season , there were 48 teams , from 22 countries . After the preliminary rounds , there were 32 teams left for the regular season , with the 16 eliminated teams being relegated down and parachuting into Europe 's third-tier transnational competition , the EuroChallenge . Lithuanian club Lietuvos Rytas of Vilnius , won the tournament and promotion to the top level EuroLeague for the next season ."}]}, {'value': 'Marijonas Petravičius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marijonas_Petravičius', 'summary': 'Marijonas Petravičius ( born October 24 , 1979 ) is a Lithuanian retired professional basketball player . He was a member of the Lithuania national team . He mainly played the center position , but he could also play the power forward position .'}]}, {'value': 'Lietuvos Rytas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BC_Lietuvos_Rytas', 'summary': "BC Rytas Vilnius , formerly known as Lietuvos rytas , is a Lithuanian professional basketball club based in Vilnius , Lithuania . The club was founded in 1997 from another club , Statyba , and has become one of the most successful Lithuanian basketball clubs . Rytas have won two EuroCup titles , five Lithuanian League titles , three Lithuanian Cups and three Baltic Championships . The team plays their home games at the 11,000-seat Siemens Arena and the 2,741-seat Jeep Arena . Some of the greatest Lithuanian basketball players have played for Rytas over the years including : Šarūnas Marčiulionis , Šarūnas Jasikevičius , Ramūnas Šiškauskas , Arvydas Macijauskas , Jonas Valančiūnas , Martynas Gecevičius , Renaldas Seibutis , Simas Jasaitis , Robertas Javtokas , Darius Songaila , Marijonas Petravičius , Rimantas Kaukėnas , Rimas Kurtinaitis , Gintaras Einikis . Rytas plays in the EuroCup , Lithuanian Basketball League , and the King Mindaugas Cup . The team 's farm club , Perlas , is used for the development of young players and plays in the second-tier NKL ."}]}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurocup_2009-10', 'summary': "2009-10 Eurocup Basketball was the eighth edition of Europe 's second-tier level transnational competition for men 's professional basketball clubs , the EuroCup . The EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one tier below the EuroLeague level . It began with qualifying round matches on October 20 , 2009 , and ended with the Eurocup Finals on April 17 and 18 , 2010 , at Fernando Buesa Arena in Vitoria-Gasteiz , Basque Country , Spain . The competition was won by Spanish club Power Electronics Valencia , who won their second EuroCup title , and also secured a place in the 2010-11 edition of the EuroCup 's parent competition , the EuroLeague . For the first time , the EuroCup conducted a four-team final round , as in the EuroLeague . To accommodate this change , a quarterfinal round was introduced . As in the EuroLeague , where the top two teams from each of the four groups in its Top 16 phase advanced to the quarterfinals , the top two teams from each group in the analogous Last 16 phase advanced to the quarterfinals . However , the structure of the EuroCup quarterfinals was very different from that of the EuroLeague - instead of a best-of-5 series , as in the EuroLeague , each EuroCup quarterfinal was a two-legged tie , with the winner determined on aggregate score . Unlike virtually all other basketball competitions , the quarterfinals did not use overtime , unless necessary to break an aggregate tie ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Nielsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Nielsen', 'summary': 'Matthew Peter Nielsen ( born 3 February 1978 ) is an Australian former professional basketball player who is currently an assistant coach for the Austin Spurs of the NBA G League . Between 2015 and 2019 , he served as an assistant coach for the Perth Wildcats of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Valencia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valencia_BC', 'summary': 'Valencia Basket Club S.A.D. , commonly known as Valencia Basket ( pronounced [ baˈlenθja basˈket ] ) , is a professional basketball team based in Valencia , Spain . The team plays in the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague , with home games played at the Fuente de San Luis . The club is sponsored by the Spanish billionaire Juan Roig .'}]}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eurocup_2010-11', 'summary': "2010-11 Eurocup Basketball was the ninth edition of Europe 's second-tier level transnational competition for men 's professional basketball clubs , the EuroCup . The EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one tier below the EuroLeague level . It began with qualifying round matches on September 29 , 2010 , and ended on April 16-17 , 2011 , with the 2010-11 Eurocup Finals , which was played at the Arena Palaverde , in Treviso ."}]}, {'value': 'Marko Popović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marko_Popović_(born_1982)', 'summary': 'Marko Popović ( born 12 June 1982 ) is a Croatian former professional basketball player . Standing at a height of 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , he played at the point guard and shooting guard positions . He currently serves as a sporting director for Zenit Saint Petersburg of the VTB United League and the EuroLeague .'}]}, {'value': 'UNICS Kazan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BC_UNICS_Kazan', 'summary': "BC UNICS ( Russian : БК УНИКС ) is a professional basketball club in Kazan , Russia , that plays in the VTB United League and EuroCup . Their home arena is Basket-Hall Kazan . Though officially the club 's men 's professional club was founded in 1991 , ( when it first began to play in the lowest level of the national pro leagues ) , UNICS traces its origins back to KSU 's college team Burevestnik , which participated in the USSR student championships from 1957 , and won the all-Soviet college title twice - in 1965 and 1970 . Because of this , the name 'UNICS ' is quite an abbreviation - UNI ( versity ) , C ( ulture ) , S ( port ) . In 1997 , UNICS was promoted to the Russian Basketball Super League A , which was , at the time , the top-tier level Russian league . A year later , Yevgeny Bogachev , the chairman of the National Bank of the Tatarstan , became the president of the club ."}]}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_Eurocup_Basketball', 'summary': "The 2011-12 Eurocup Basketball season was the tenth edition of Europe 's second-tier level transnational competition for men 's professional basketball clubs , the EuroCup . The EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one level below the EuroLeague . It ran from September 27 , 2011 , until April 15 , 2012 . The winner of this competition earned a place at the group stage of the next season 's EuroLeague ."}]}, {'value': 'Zoran Planinić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoran_Planinić', 'summary': 'Zoran Planinić ( born September 12 , 1982 ) is a Croatian former professional basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'Khimki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BC_Khimki', 'summary': "BC Khimki ( Russian : БК Химки ) is a Russian professional basketball team that is based in Khimki , Moscow Oblast . The club 's senior men 's first team participates in the EuroLeague and the VTB United League . The club 's full official name is BC Khimki Moscow Region . Khimki has a Moscow-based rivalry with the Russian club CSKA Moscow . The club also has a reserve team , called BC Khimki Podmoskovye Region , which plays in the Russian 2nd-tier level Russian Super League 1 ."}]}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_Eurocup_Basketball', 'summary': "2012-13 Eurocup Basketball was the 11th edition of Europe 's second-tier level transnational competition for men 's professional basketball clubs , the EuroCup . The EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one level below the EuroLeague . The winner of this competition earned a place at the group stage of the next season 's EuroLeague . In this edition , semifinals were played in home-and-away series , and the final in a single game . Eurocup Qualifying Rounds were deleted . The final game was played at Spiroudome in Charleroi , Belgium ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Hendrix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Hendrix', 'summary': 'Venard Richard Hendrix ( Macedonian : Венард Ричард Хендрикс ; born November 15 , 1986 ) is an American-Macedonian professional basketball player for Osaka Evessa of the B.League . He also represents Macedonia in the international competitions . Hendrix attended the University of Alabama , where he played for the Crimson Tide . He was drafted with 49th pick in the second round of the 2008 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors .'}]}, {'value': 'Lokomotiv Kuban', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv_Kuban', 'summary': "PBC Lokomotiv Kuban ( Russian : ПБК « Локомотив Кубань » ) is a Russian professional basketball team that is based in Krasnodar . The club participates in the VTB United League , and EuroCup . The team is one of the top tier basketball teams in Russia . The team 's honour list includes a EuroCup championship in the 2012-13 season , and two Russian Cup victories in 1999-00 and 2017-18 ."}]}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_Eurocup_Basketball', 'summary': "The 2013-14 Eurocup Basketball season was the 12th edition of Europe 's second-tier level transnational competition for men 's professional basketball clubs , the EuroCup . The EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one level below the EuroLeague . Valencia , the winner of this competition , earned a place at the group stage of the next season 's EuroLeague . Valencia beat UNICS in two legs . It was the first time since the 2002-03 season , that the Finals were played over two games ."}]}, {'value': 'Justin Doellman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justin_Doellman', 'summary': 'Justin Joseph Doellman ( born 3 February 1985 ) is an American-born naturalized Kosovan professional basketball player who last played for Baxi Manresa of the Liga ACB . Standing at 2.08 m ( 6 ft 10 in ) , he plays at the power forward position .'}]}, {'value': 'Valencia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valencia_BC', 'summary': 'Valencia Basket Club S.A.D. , commonly known as Valencia Basket ( pronounced [ baˈlenθja basˈket ] ) , is a professional basketball team based in Valencia , Spain . The team plays in the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague , with home games played at the Fuente de San Luis . The club is sponsored by the Spanish billionaire Juan Roig .'}]}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_Eurocup_Basketball', 'summary': "The 2014-15 Eurocup Basketball season was the 13th edition of Europe 's second-tier level transnational competition for men 's professional basketball clubs , the EuroCup . The EuroCup is the European-wide league level that is one level below the EuroLeague . Khimki won the competition , after beating Herbalife Gran Canaria in the Finals , and earned a spot in the regular season of the 2015-16 Euroleague ."}]}, {'value': 'Tyrese Rice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tyrese_Rice', 'summary': "Tyrese Jammal Rice ( born May 15 , 1987 ) is an American-Montenegrin professional basketball player for Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League and the Euroleague . He also represents the senior men 's National Team of Montenegro . Rice played college basketball with the Boston College Eagles ."}]}, {'value': 'Khimki', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BC_Khimki', 'summary': "BC Khimki ( Russian : БК Химки ) is a Russian professional basketball team that is based in Khimki , Moscow Oblast . The club 's senior men 's first team participates in the EuroLeague and the VTB United League . The club 's full official name is BC Khimki Moscow Region . Khimki has a Moscow-based rivalry with the Russian club CSKA Moscow . The club also has a reserve team , called BC Khimki Podmoskovye Region , which plays in the Russian 2nd-tier level Russian Super League 1 ."}]}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_Eurocup_Basketball', 'summary': "The 2015-16 Eurocup Basketball season was the 14th season of Europe 's secondary level professional club basketball tournament , which is organised by Euroleague Basketball , and the eighth season since it was renamed from the ULEB Cup to the Eurocup . The 2016 Eurocup Finals were played between Galatasaray Odeabank and Strasbourg , and won by Galatasaray , which was their first title in a European-wide competition . As the winners of the 2015-16 Eurocup Basketball competition , Galatasaray qualified for the European top-tier level 2016-17 EuroLeague ."}]}, {'value': 'Stéphane Lasme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stéphane_Lasme', 'summary': 'Yann Ulrich Stéphane Lasme ( born December 17 , 1982 ) is a Gabonese professional basketball player . He played college basketball at the University of Massachusetts ( UMass ) , with the UMass Minutemen , and he was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the second round , 46th overall , in the 2007 NBA draft . He earned an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2014 and won the EuroLeague Best Defender award in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Galatasaray Odeabank', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(men's_basketball)", 'summary': 'Galatasaray S.K. , for sponsorship reasons Galatasaray Doğa Sigorta , is a professional basketball team based in the city of Istanbul in Turkey . It is a part of the Galatasaray Sports Club . The team competes in the Turkish Basketball Super League and EuroCup . The team has won 16 Turkish championships ( 5 titles in the Turkish Super League and 11 in the former Turkish Basketball Championship ) . The team furthermore won 3 Turkish Cups , 2 Turkish Super Cups , and 1 EuroCup .'}]}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_Eurocup_Basketball', 'summary': "The 2016-17 EuroCup Basketball season , also known as 7DAYS EuroCup , for sponsorship reasons , was the 15th season of Europe 's secondary level professional club basketball tournament , organised by Euroleague Basketball . It was the ninth season since it was renamed from the ULEB Cup to the EuroCup , and the first season under the title sponsorship name of 7DAYS . The 2017 EuroCup Finals were played between Unicaja and Valencia Basket , and won by Unicaja , which was their first EuroCup title , and their second title overall in a European-wide competition , after they previously won the Korać Cup 16 years earlier . As the winners of the 2016-17 EuroCup Basketball competition , Unicaja qualified for the European top-tier level 2017-18 EuroLeague season ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberto Díaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Díaz', 'summary': "Alberto Díaz Ortiz ( born April 23 , 1994 ) is a Spanish professional basketball player for Unicaja of the Liga ACB and the EuroCup . At a height of 1.91 m ( 6 ' 3 ) in shoes , and a weight of 86 kg ( 190 lbs . ) , he plays at the point guard position ."}]}, {'value': 'Unicaja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baloncesto_Málaga', 'summary': 'Baloncesto Málaga , S.A.D. , for sponsorship reasons named Unicaja , is a Spanish professional basketball team that is based in Málaga , Spain . The team plays in the Liga ACB and the EuroCup . The team is sponsored by the Spanish bank Unicaja .'}]}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_EuroCup_Basketball', 'summary': "The 2017-18 EuroCup Basketball , also known as 7DAYS EuroCup for sponsorship reasons , season was the 16th season of Europe 's secondary level professional club basketball tournament , organised by Euroleague Basketball . It will be the tenth season since it was renamed from the ULEB Cup to the EuroCup , and the second season under the title sponsorship name of 7DAYS . The 2018 EuroCup Finals were played between Darüşşafaka and Lokomotiv Kuban , and won by Darüşşafaka , which was their first EuroCup title . As the winners of the 2017-18 EuroCup Basketball , Darüşşafaka qualified for the European top-tier level 2018-19 EuroLeague season ."}]}, {'value': 'Scottie Wilbekin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottie_Wilbekin', 'summary': 'Scottie Jordan Wilbekin ( born April 5 , 1993 ) is an American-born , naturalized Turkish professional basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israeli Premier League and the EuroLeague . He played college basketball for the Florida Gators , where he was named the Southeastern Conference Player of the Year in 2014 . Wilbekin played professional basketball in Australia , Greece , Turkey and Israel . He led Darüşşafaka to win the 2018 EuroCup title , while earning the EuroCup Finals and the Regular Season MVP awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Darüşşafaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darüşşafaka_S.K.', 'summary': "Darüşşafaka Basketbol ( Darussafaka Basketball ) , known as Darüşşafaka Tekfen Basketbol for sponsorship reasons , and also commonly known as Daçka Basketbol , is a professional basketball club that is based in Istanbul , Turkey . Darüşşafaka 's basketball section , which was founded in 1951 , is a part of the Darüşşafaka Spor Kulübü ( Darussafaka Sports Club ) multi-sport club , which was founded in 1914 . The club 's basketball department is their most successful section . The club plays in the Turkish Basketball Super League . Its home arena for national domestic Turkish Super League games is the Darüşşafaka Ayhan Şahenk Sports Hall , with a seating capacity of 3,500 , while its home arena for European-wide games is the Volkswagen Arena Istanbul , with a seating capacity of 5,240 . Daçka have won two Turkish Basketball Championships ( 1961 , 1962 ) , over the course of their history . In European-wide competitions , they won the second tier level EuroCup , in the 2017-18 season , by defeating the Russian club Lokomotiv Kuban , in the finals ."}]}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_EuroCup_Basketball', 'summary': "The 2018-19 EuroCup Basketball season , also known as 7DAYS EuroCup for sponsorship reasons , is the 17th season of Europe 's secondary level professional club basketball tournament , organised by Euroleague Basketball . It is the 11th season since it was renamed from the ULEB Cup to the EuroCup , and the third season under the title sponsorship name of 7DAYS ."}]}, {'value': 'Will Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Will_Thomas_(basketball)', 'summary': 'William Benson Thomas ( born July 1 , 1986 ) is an American professional basketball player for Zenit Saint Petersburg of the VTB United League and the EuroLeague . He is former college basketball player for George Mason University . He also holds a Georgian passport .'}]}, {'value': 'Valencia Basket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valencia_Basket', 'summary': 'Valencia Basket Club S.A.D. , commonly known as Valencia Basket ( pronounced [ baˈlenθja basˈket ] ) , is a professional basketball team based in Valencia , Spain . The team plays in the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague , with home games played at the Fuente de San Luis . The club is sponsored by the Spanish billionaire Juan Roig .'}]}], 'section_title': 'EuroCup awards -- EuroCup Basketball Finals MVP', 'section_text': 'Main article : EuroCup Basketball Finals MVP The EuroCup Basketball Finals MVP award began with the 2002–03 season .', 'uid': 'Eurocup_Basketball_Awards_1', 'intro': "The EuroCup Basketball Awards are the awards given to the top individual performers of each season's edition of EuroCup Basketball, which is Europe's second-tier level continental-wide professional club basketball competition. The EuroCup is the league level that is one tier below the EuroLeague level."} | null | null | Which team does the most valuable player of the EuroCup championship held in 2010 now assit in coaching ? | Austin Spurs |
0a8e9d1d5a661050 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Tirana', 'title': 'KF Tirana', 'header': ['', 'Player', 'Goals'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indrit Fortuzi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indrit_Fortuzi', 'summary': 'Indrit Shaban Fortuzi ( born 23 November 1973 ) is an Albanian retired national football forward who has played almost all his career for Tirana .'}]}, {'value': '152', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arben Minga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arben_Minga', 'summary': 'Arben Minga ( 16 March 1959 - 31 January 2007 ) was an Albanian professional footballer , who played as a striker and later in his final years as a centre-back . He was known as Beni i modh ( Big Ben ) .'}]}, {'value': '136', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agustin Kola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agustin_Kola', 'summary': "Agustin Kola ( born 10 May 1959 ) , is an Albanian professional football coach and retired player . He played most of his career at 17 Nëntori Tirana where he established himself as one of the greatest strikers of his generation , winning several individual and collective awards . Towards the end of his career , Kola moved for the first time abroad following the fall of communism , by signing with Greece 's Egaleo alongside compatriot Adrian Barbullushi . He played there for only one season before returning to the renamed KF Tirana once again to play until his retirement ."}]}, {'value': '133', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shkëlqim Muça', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shkëlqim_Muça', 'summary': 'Shkëlqim Muça ( born 19 May 1960 ) is an Albanian football coach and former player .'}]}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petrit Dibra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petrit_Dibra', 'summary': 'Petrit Dibra ( born 15 September 1953 in Tiranë ) is an Albanian former footballer who spent his entire career at his hometown club 17 Nëntori Tirana ( present day KF Tirana ) as a forward .'}]}, {'value': '70', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Devi Muka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devi_Muka', 'summary': 'Devi Muka ( born 21 December 1976 in Vlorë ) is av Albanian retired footballer who has spent the majority of his career playing for KF Tirana in the Albanian Superliga as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skënder Hyka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skënder_Hyka', 'summary': 'Skender Hyka ( born 6 September 1944 - 5 July 2018 ) was an Albanian who spent his entire career at his hometown club 17 Nëntori Tirana ( present day KF Tirana ) as a forward . He also represented the Albanian national team , although he only earned one senior cap at international level . He worked for Albanian Football Association as an Executive Committee member and he was head of the Competition Commission since 2009 .'}]}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahir Halili', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahir_Halili', 'summary': 'Mahir Halili ( born 30 June 1975 ) is an Albanian retired footballer . He played for Tirana , Dinamo Tirana , Kastrioti Krujë and his last team Partizani Tirana . He also played abroad in Switzerland with SR Delémont in the 1997-98 season and in Slovenia with ND Gorica where he played for two seasons from 1998-00 . He was also a member of the Albanian national team from 1996 to 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '46', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hamdi Salihi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hamdi_Salihi', 'summary': "Hamdi Abdullah Salihi ( born 19 January 1984 ) is an Albanian retired professional footballer who played as a forward . He is currently the assistant manager of Albania . Nicknamed 'The Bomber ' by his former international coach Otto Barić who would compare him to Gerd Müller , Salihi is known for being a prolific goalscorer both in Albania and Austria , the two countries where he has spent the majority of his career . An Albania international player , Salihi has won 50 caps and was a regular starter between 2009 and 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eldorado Merkoçi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eldorado_Merkoçi', 'summary': 'Eldorado Merkoçi ( born 6 January 1978 in Tirana ) is an Albanian retired football player . He spent most of his playing career at KF Tirana , making over 200 appearances for the club and scoring a total of 40 goals .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'KF_Tirana_Presidents_1', 'intro': "Klubi i Futbollit Tirana is an Albanian football club based in the country's capital city, Tirana. The men's football club is part of the multi-disciplinary sports club SK Tirana, and is the most successful in Albania, having won 51 recognized major domestic trophies. They play their home games at the Selman Stërmasi Stadium in Tirana and they play in the Albanian Superliga. The club was founded on 15 August 1920 as Shoqata Sportive Agimi (in English: Agimi Sports Association) and they had since participated in all the top tier national championships ever held in Albania. However the ninth-place finish in the 2016-17 season relegated the club to the Albanian First Division (second-tier) for the first time in their history. They have competed under the name of SK Tirana between 1927 and 1947, when the communist regime forcibly renamed the club 17 Nëntori Tirana, Puna Tirana and KS 17 Nëntori. In 1991 KF Tirana retook its pre-1947 name and was divided into two branches, the multi disciplinary SK Tirana and the football branch of KF Tirana. KF Tirana is the most successful Albanian team in European competitions, having progressed from the first rounds on 11 occasions since making their European debut in the 1965-66 European Cup. They reached Round of 16 in European Competitions four times, three such in the European Cup (now Champions League) alone in 1980s. The club also holds the record of being the highest ever ranking Albanian club according to IFFHS, having been ranked 31st in the world in 1987, following good results in their 1986-87 campaign. In addition, KF Tirana is an ECA member."} | null | null | Which country did the player that scored 46 goals for KF Tirana first play abroad in ? | Switzerland |
0a8fc2da663e7b6e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_domes', 'title': 'List of Roman domes', 'header': ['Diameter ⌀', 'Name , Part', 'Location', 'Built'], 'data': [{'value': '~ 30.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baths of Trajan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan', 'summary': "The Baths of Trajan were a massive thermae , a bathing and leisure complex , built in ancient Rome starting from 104 AD and dedicated during the Kalends of July in 109 . Commissioned by Emperor Trajan , the complex of baths occupied space on the southern side of the Oppian Hill on the outskirts of what was then the main developed area of the city , although still inside the boundary of the Servian Wall . The architect of the complex is said to be Apollodorus of Damascus . The baths were being utilized mainly as a recreational and social center by Roman citizens , both men and women , as late as the early 5th century . The complex seems to have been deserted soon afterwards as a cemetery dated to the 5th century ( which remained in use until the 7th century ) has been found in front of the northeastern exedra . The baths were thus no longer in use at the time of the siege of Rome by the Ostrogoths in 537 ; with the destruction of the Roman aqueducts , all thermae were abandoned , as was the whole of the now-waterless Mons Oppius . Early Christian writers misnamed the remains the 'Baths of Domitian ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': '~ ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '~ 22.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baths of Diocletian , Two apse halls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian', 'summary': "The Baths of Diocletian ( Latin : Thermae Diocletiani , Italian : Terme di Diocleziano ) were public baths in ancient Rome , in what is now Italy . Named after emperor Diocletian and built from 298 AD to 306 AD , they were the largest of the imperial baths . The project was originally commissioned by Maximian upon his return to Rome in the autumn of 298 and was continued after his and Diocletian 's abdication under Constantius , father of Constantine ."}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': '~ 300', 'urls': []}, {'value': '~ 18.50', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Trajan 's Forum", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Trajan's_Forum", 'summary': "Trajan 's Forum ( Latin : Forum Traiani ; Italian : Foro di Traiano ) was the last of the Imperial fora to be constructed in ancient Rome . The architect Apollodorus of Damascus oversaw its construction ."}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': '~ ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '~ 15.80', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santi Cosma e Damiano , Apse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano', 'summary': 'The basilica of Santi Cosma e Damiano is a church in the Roman Forum , parts of which incorporate original Roman buildings . The circular building at the entrance onto the Forum ( not used today ) was built in the early 4th century as a Roman temple , thought to have been dedicated to Valerius Romulus , deified son of the emperor Maxentius . The main building was perhaps the library of an imperial forum . It became a church in 527 and contains important but much restored early Christian art , especially in its mosaics . Today it is one of the ancient churches called tituli , of which cardinals are patrons as cardinal-deacons : the current Cardinal Deacon of the Titulus Ss . Cosmae et Damiani is Beniamino Stella , created Cardinal on 22 February 2014 . The basilica , devoted to the two Arabian Christian brothers , doctors , martyrs and saints Cosmas and Damian , is located in the Forum of Vespasian , also known as the Forum of Peace .'}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': '~ 6th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': '~ 11.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nymphaeum', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerash', 'summary': 'Jerash ( Arabic : جرش ; Ancient Greek : Γέρασα ) is a city in northern Jordan . The city is the administrative center of the Jerash Governorate , and has a population of 50,745 as of 2015 . It is located 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) north of the capital city Amman . The earliest evidence of settlement in Jerash is in a Neolithic site known as Tal Abu Sowan , where rare human remains dating to around 7500 BC were uncovered . Jerash flourished during the Greco and Roman periods until the mid-eighth century CE , when the 749 Galilee earthquake destroyed large parts of it , while subsequent earthquakes contributed to additional destruction . However , in the year 1120 , Zahir ad-Din Toghtekin , atabeg of Damascus ordered a garrison of forty men stationed in Jerash to convert the Temple of Artemis into a fortress . It was captured in 1121 by Baldwin II , King of Jerusalem , and utterly destroyed . Then , the Crusaders immediately abandoned Jerash and withdrew to Sakib ( Seecip ) ; the eastern border of the settlement . Jerash was then deserted until it reappeared by the beginning of the Ottoman rule in the early 16th century . In the census of 1596 , it had a population of 12 Muslim households . However , the archaeologists have found a small Mamluk hamlet in the Northwest Quarter which indicates that Jerash was resettled before the Ottoman era . The excavations conducted since 2011 have shed light on the Middle Islamic period as recent discoveries have uncovered a large concentration of Middle Islamic/Mamluk structures and pottery .'}]}, {'value': '~ 2nd c', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ~ 9.60', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basilica , Apse', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bostra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bostra', 'summary': "Bosra ( Arabic : بصرى , romanized : Buṣrā ) , also spelled Bostra , Busrana , Bozrah , Bozra and officially known Busra al-Sham ( Arabic : بصرى الشام , romanized : Buṣrā al-Shām ) is a town in southern Syria , administratively belonging to the Daraa District of the Daraa Governorate and geographically being part of the Hauran region . According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) , Bosra had a population of 19,683 in the 2004 census . It is the administrative center of the nahiyah ( subdistrict ) of Bosra which consisted of nine localities with a collective population of 33,839 in 2004 . Bosra 's inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims , although the town has a small Shia Muslim community . Bosra has an ancient history and during the Roman era it was a prosperous provincial capital and Metropolitan Archbishopric , under the jurisdiction of Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East . It continued to be administratively important during the Islamic era , but became gradually less prominent during the Ottoman era . It also became a Latin Catholic titular see and the episcopal see of a Melkite Catholic Archeparchy . Today , it is a major archaeological site and has been declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '~ 3rd c', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ~ 8.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cathedral , Annex rooms', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bostra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bostra', 'summary': "Bosra ( Arabic : بصرى , romanized : Buṣrā ) , also spelled Bostra , Busrana , Bozrah , Bozra and officially known Busra al-Sham ( Arabic : بصرى الشام , romanized : Buṣrā al-Shām ) is a town in southern Syria , administratively belonging to the Daraa District of the Daraa Governorate and geographically being part of the Hauran region . According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) , Bosra had a population of 19,683 in the 2004 census . It is the administrative center of the nahiyah ( subdistrict ) of Bosra which consisted of nine localities with a collective population of 33,839 in 2004 . Bosra 's inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims , although the town has a small Shia Muslim community . Bosra has an ancient history and during the Roman era it was a prosperous provincial capital and Metropolitan Archbishopric , under the jurisdiction of Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East . It continued to be administratively important during the Islamic era , but became gradually less prominent during the Ottoman era . It also became a Latin Catholic titular see and the episcopal see of a Melkite Catholic Archeparchy . Today , it is a major archaeological site and has been declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': '~ 6th c', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 ~ 5.70', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pantheon , Front niches', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome', 'summary': "The Pantheon ( UK : /ˈpænθiən/ , US : /-ɒn/ ; Latin : Pantheum , [ nb 1 ] from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheion , [ temple ] of all the gods ) is a former Roman temple , now a Catholic church ( Basilica di Santa Maria ad Martyres or Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs ) , in Rome , Italy , on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus ( 27 BC - 14 AD ) . It was completed by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated about 126 AD . Its date of construction is uncertain , because Hadrian chose not to inscribe the new temple but rather to retain the inscription of Agrippa 's older temple , which had burned down . The building is cylindrical with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns ( eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind ) under a pediment . A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda , which is under a coffered concrete dome , with a central opening ( oculus ) to the sky . Almost two thousand years after it was built , the Pantheon 's dome is still the world 's largest unreinforced concrete dome . The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same , 43 metres ( 142 ft ) . It is one of the best-preserved of all Ancient Roman buildings , in large part because it has been in continuous use throughout its history and , since the 7th century , the Pantheon has been in use as a church dedicated to St. Mary and the Martyrs ( Latin : Sancta Maria ad Martyres ) but informally known as Santa Maria Rotonda . The square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotonda . The Pantheon is a state property , managed by Italy 's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism through the Polo Museale del Lazio ; in 2013 it was visited by over 6 million people . The Pantheon 's large circular domed cella , with a conventional temple portico front , was unique in Roman architecture . Nevertheless , it became a standard exemplar when classical styles were revived , and has been copied many times by later architects ."}]}, {'value': 'Rome', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rome', 'summary': "Rome ( Latin and Italian : Roma [ ˈroːma ] ( listen ) ) is the capital city and a special comune of Italy ( named Comune di Roma Capitale ) . Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region . With 2,879,728 residents in 1,285 km2 ( 496.1 sq mi ) , it is also the country 's most populated comune . It is the third most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits . It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome , which has a population of 4,355,725 residents , thus making it the second or third most populous metropolitan city in Italy depending on definition . Rome is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , within Lazio ( Latium ) , along the shores of the Tiber . Vatican City ( the smallest country in the world ) is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome , the only existing example of a country within a city ; for this reason Rome has sometimes been defined as the capital of two states . Rome 's history spans 28 centuries . While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around 753 BC , the site has been inhabited for much longer , making it one of the oldest continuously occupied cities in Europe . The city 's early population originated from a mix of Latins , Etruscans , and Sabines . Eventually , the city successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom , the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire , and is regarded by many as the first ever Imperial City and metropolis . It was first called The Eternal City ( Latin : Urbs Aeterna ; Italian : La Città Eterna ) by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC , and the expression was also taken up by Ovid , Virgil , and Livy ."}]}, {'value': '~ 2nd c', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Half-domes', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Roman_domes_1', 'intro': "This is a list of Roman domes. The Romans were the first builders in the history of architecture to realize the potential of domes for the creation of large and well-defined interior spaces. Domes were introduced in a number of Roman building types such as temples, thermae, palaces, mausolea and later also churches. Half-domes also became a favoured architectural element and were adopted as apses in Christian sacred architecture. Monumental domes began to appear in the 1st century BC in Rome and the provinces around the Mediterranean Sea. Along with vaults and trusses, they gradually replaced the traditional post and lintel construction which makes use of the column and architrave. The construction of domes was greatly facilitated by the invention of concrete, a process which has been termed the Roman Architectural Revolution. Their enormous dimensions remained unsurpassed until the introduction of structural steel frames in the late 19th century (see List of the world's largest domes)."} | null | null | What was the building with a diameter greater than 22 ? | thermae |
0a9036c3a200091e | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrin_First_League', 'title': 'Montenegrin First League', 'header': ['Season', 'Top scorer ( s )', 'Club', 'Goals'], 'data': [{'value': '2006-07', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2006–07_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': "The 2006-07 Montenegrin First League season was the inaugural season of the league as Montenegro 's top-tier football competition . Although the league existed before , it was previously a second-tier league , underneath the Serbo-Montenegrin First League . Upon the independence of Montenegro , and the establishment of a Montenegrin Football Association , the league became disassociated with the Serbo-Montenegrin league and thus was given its present position . The league played its first games of the season on August 12 , 2006 and its final matches were played on May 26 , 2007 . On May 26 , after their final match , FK Zeta were confirmed as the league 's first ever champions under the new FA , and thus qualified as the country 's first ever UEFA Champions League competitor ."}]}, {'value': 'Damir Čakar Žarko Korać', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damir_Čakar', 'summary': 'Damir Čakar ( Cyrillic : Дамир Чакар ; born 28 June 1973 ) is a Montenegrin former professional footballer who played as either a striker or an attacking midfielder . He is mostly known for his powerful shots and set pieces .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Žarko_Korać_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Žarko Korać ( Serbian Cyrillic : Жapкo Kopaћ , born 11 June 1987 ) is a Montenegrin football player who plays for Hapoel Afula as a forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Rudar Zeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Rudar_Pljevlja', 'summary': "FK Rudar Pljevlja ( commonly known as FK Rudar or simply Rudar ) is a football club based in Pljevlja , Montenegro . It currently plays in the First League of Montenegro , the country 's highest tier . Rudar have played in the First League since its inception in 2006 , and won two league titles in 2009-10 and 2014-15 . The club have been the strongest in the Montenegrin Cup , with three triumphs , one runner-up position and two semi-final finishes in the tournament 's six seasons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FK_Zeta', 'summary': 'FK Zeta is a football club from Golubovci , a suburb of Podgorica , the capital of Montenegro . It plays in the Montenegrin First League , of which it was the inaugural champion in 2006-07 .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007-08', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2007–08_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': "The Montenegrin First League 2007-08 was the second season of the Montenegrin First League and the second time the league had run under the Football Association of Montenegro , since the vote for Montenegrin independence split the Montenegrin FA from Serbia 's . FK Jedinstvo and FK Berane were relegated to the second league , giving FK Bokelj their first time in the top league of Montenegro . The 2007-08 season began on 11 August 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ivan Jablan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lovćen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Lovćen', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Lovćen Cetinje is a football club based in Old Royal Capital Cetinje , Montenegro . It was founded on 20 June 1913 . It was named after Mount Lovćen near Cetinje . Lovćen is the oldest football club in Montenegro and one of the oldest in Southeastern Europe . As one of the most successful Montenegrin teams , Lovćen won the Montenegrin Cup 2014 . Today , Lovćen is a member of Montenegrin First League . FK Lovćen is a part of Lovćen Cetinje sports society .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-09', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008–09_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': 'Montenegrin First League 2008-09 is the third season of top-tier football in Montenegro . The season began on 9 August 2008 and ended in May 2009 . The defending champions are Budućnost Podgorica .'}]}, {'value': 'Fatos Bećiraj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatos_Bećiraj', 'summary': 'Fatos Bećiraj ( Albanian : Fatos Besim Beqiraj ; born 5 May 1988 ) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays as a striker for Maccabi Netanya and the Montenegro national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Budućnost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Budućnost_Podgorica', 'summary': 'Fudbalski Klub Budućnost Podgorica ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Будућност Подгорица , pronounced [ budǔːt͡ɕnoːst ] ) is a football club from Podgorica , Montenegro , currently competing in the Montenegrin First League . Its colours are blue and white . Founded in 1925 , Budućnost was the Montenegrin club with most appearances in the Yugoslav First League , debuting in 1946 . Due to the city being renamed during the communist rule in Yugoslavia , Budućnost was known as Budućnost Titograd throughout that era . Since Montenegrin independence in 2006 , the club has won three Montenegrin First League titles and one Montenegrin Cup . They are the Montenegrin club with the most games and seasons in European competitions , winning the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1981 . The team produced many European top-class players among whom are the UEFA Champions League winning strikers Dejan Savićević and Predrag Mijatović . FK Budućnost is a part of Budućnost Podgorica sports society .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009–10_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': 'Montenegrin First League 2009-10 ( also known as T-Com 1.CFL for sponsorship reasons ) is the fourth season of top-tier football in Montenegro . The season began on 8 August 2009 and will end in May 2010 . Mogren Budva are the defending champions .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivan Bošković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Bošković', 'summary': 'Ivan Bošković ( Cyrillic : Иван Бошковић , born 1 January 1982 ) is a Montenegrin professional football player .'}]}, {'value': 'Grbalj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OFK_Grbalj', 'summary': 'Omladinski fudbalski klub Grbalj ( pronounced [ ɡr̩̂baʎ ] ) is a Montenegrin football club based in the small town of Radanovići , municipality of Kotor . They currently compete in the Montenegrin First League .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010–11_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': '2010-11 Montenegrin First League ( also known as T-Com 1.CFL for sponsorship reasons ) was the fifth season of top-tier football in Montenegro . The season began on 14 August 2010 and is scheduled to end in May 2011 . Rudar were the defending champions having won their first Montenegrin championship last season'}]}, {'value': 'Ivan Vuković', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Vuković', 'summary': 'Ivan Giga Vuković ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Иван Вуковић , born 9 February 1987 ) is a Montenegrin football forward who plays for FK Iskra Danilovgrad . He is best known for his abilities as a striker but can also play as a supporting striker .'}]}, {'value': 'Budućnost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Budućnost_Podgorica', 'summary': 'Fudbalski Klub Budućnost Podgorica ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Будућност Подгорица , pronounced [ budǔːt͡ɕnoːst ] ) is a football club from Podgorica , Montenegro , currently competing in the Montenegrin First League . Its colours are blue and white . Founded in 1925 , Budućnost was the Montenegrin club with most appearances in the Yugoslav First League , debuting in 1946 . Due to the city being renamed during the communist rule in Yugoslavia , Budućnost was known as Budućnost Titograd throughout that era . Since Montenegrin independence in 2006 , the club has won three Montenegrin First League titles and one Montenegrin Cup . They are the Montenegrin club with the most games and seasons in European competitions , winning the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1981 . The team produced many European top-class players among whom are the UEFA Champions League winning strikers Dejan Savićević and Predrag Mijatović . FK Budućnost is a part of Budućnost Podgorica sports society .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011-12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011–12_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': '2011-12 Montenegrin First League is the sixth season of top-tier football in Montenegro . The season began on 6 August 2011 and will end at a yet unknown date in 2012 , with a winter break beginning on 8 December 2011 . [ citation needed ] Mogren are the defending champions .'}]}, {'value': 'Admir Adrović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Admir_Adrović_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Admir Adrović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Адмир Адровић ; born 8 May 1988 ) is a Montenegrin football forward who is currently a free agent .'}]}, {'value': 'Budućnost', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Budućnost_Podgorica', 'summary': 'Fudbalski Klub Budućnost Podgorica ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Будућност Подгорица , pronounced [ budǔːt͡ɕnoːst ] ) is a football club from Podgorica , Montenegro , currently competing in the Montenegrin First League . Its colours are blue and white . Founded in 1925 , Budućnost was the Montenegrin club with most appearances in the Yugoslav First League , debuting in 1946 . Due to the city being renamed during the communist rule in Yugoslavia , Budućnost was known as Budućnost Titograd throughout that era . Since Montenegrin independence in 2006 , the club has won three Montenegrin First League titles and one Montenegrin Cup . They are the Montenegrin club with the most games and seasons in European competitions , winning the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1981 . The team produced many European top-class players among whom are the UEFA Champions League winning strikers Dejan Savićević and Predrag Mijatović . FK Budućnost is a part of Budućnost Podgorica sports society .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012–13_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': 'The 2012-13 Montenegrin First League was the seventh season of top-tier football in Montenegro . The season began on 11 August 2012 and ended on June 1 , 2013 . The mid-season winter break began on 2 December 2012 and ended on 7 March 2013 . FK Budućnost Podgorica are the defending champions .'}]}, {'value': 'Admir Adrović Žarko Korać', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Admir_Adrović_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Admir Adrović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Адмир Адровић ; born 8 May 1988 ) is a Montenegrin football forward who is currently a free agent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Žarko_Korać_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Žarko Korać ( Serbian Cyrillic : Жapкo Kopaћ , born 11 June 1987 ) is a Montenegrin football player who plays for Hapoel Afula as a forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Budućnost Zeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Budućnost_Podgorica', 'summary': 'Fudbalski Klub Budućnost Podgorica ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Будућност Подгорица , pronounced [ budǔːt͡ɕnoːst ] ) is a football club from Podgorica , Montenegro , currently competing in the Montenegrin First League . Its colours are blue and white . Founded in 1925 , Budućnost was the Montenegrin club with most appearances in the Yugoslav First League , debuting in 1946 . Due to the city being renamed during the communist rule in Yugoslavia , Budućnost was known as Budućnost Titograd throughout that era . Since Montenegrin independence in 2006 , the club has won three Montenegrin First League titles and one Montenegrin Cup . They are the Montenegrin club with the most games and seasons in European competitions , winning the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1981 . The team produced many European top-class players among whom are the UEFA Champions League winning strikers Dejan Savićević and Predrag Mijatović . FK Budućnost is a part of Budućnost Podgorica sports society .'}, {'url': '/wiki/FK_Zeta', 'summary': 'FK Zeta is a football club from Golubovci , a suburb of Podgorica , the capital of Montenegro . It plays in the Montenegrin First League , of which it was the inaugural champion in 2006-07 .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013-14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013–14_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': 'The 2013-14 Montenegrin First League was the eighth season of top-tier football in Montenegro . The season begins on 9 August 2013 . The season has a winter break beginning on 28 December 2013 and ending on 31 January 2014 . Sutjeska Nikšić are the defending champions .'}]}, {'value': 'Stefan Mugoša', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Mugoša', 'summary': 'Stefan Mugoša ( Montenegrin : Стефан Мугоша ; born 26 February 1992 ) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays as a striker for Korean club Incheon United and the Montenegrin national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'OFK Titograd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Mladost_Podgorica', 'summary': 'OFK Titograd ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : ОФК Титоград ) is a professional football club based in Podgorica , Montenegro . Founded in 1951 , they play in the First League of Montenegro . The team has one league trophy and two Montenegrin Cup trophies . OFK Titograd is a member of the European Club Association .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014-15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014–15_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': 'The 2014-15 Montenegrin First League is the ninth season of top-tier football in Montenegro .'}]}, {'value': 'Goran Vujović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goran_Vujović', 'summary': 'Goran Vujović ( Cyrillic : Горан Bуjoвић , born 3 May 1987 ) is a Montenegrin footballer who plays as forward for FK Kom .'}]}, {'value': 'Sutjeska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Sutjeska_Nikšić', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Sutjeska ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Сутјеска ) is football club from Nikšić , Montenegro , currently competing in the Montenegrin First League . The club was established in 1920 , and has been known by its current name since 1945 . Since the restoration of Montenegrin independence in 2006 , the club has a record four First League titles . FK Sutjeska is a part of the Sutjeska sports society .'}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2015–16_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': 'The 2015-16 Montenegrin First League is the tenth season of top-tier football in Montenegro . Rudar are the defending champions .'}]}, {'value': 'Marko Šćepanović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marko_Šćepanović', 'summary': 'Marko Šćepanović ( born 8 August 1982 ) is a Montenegrin football . He scored 14 goal in 28 match in Montenegrin First League 2012-13 .'}]}, {'value': 'OFK Titograd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Mladost_Podgorica', 'summary': 'OFK Titograd ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : ОФК Титоград ) is a professional football club based in Podgorica , Montenegro . Founded in 1951 , they play in the First League of Montenegro . The team has one league trophy and two Montenegrin Cup trophies . OFK Titograd is a member of the European Club Association .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016–17_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': 'The 2016-17 Montenegrin First League ( known as 1 . CFL 2016-17 ) is the eleventh season of top-tier football in Montenegro . Mladost Podgorica are the defending champions . The season began on 6 August 2016 and will end on 27 May 2017 ; the relegation play-offs will follow .'}]}, {'value': 'Zoran Petrović', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OFK Titograd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Mladost_Podgorica', 'summary': 'OFK Titograd ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : ОФК Титоград ) is a professional football club based in Podgorica , Montenegro . Founded in 1951 , they play in the First League of Montenegro . The team has one league trophy and two Montenegrin Cup trophies . OFK Titograd is a member of the European Club Association .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017–18_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': "The 2017-18 Montenegrin First League was the 12th season of top-tier football in Montenegro . The season began on 5 August 2017 and ended on 26 May 2018 . Budućnost Podgorica are the defending champions . The league champions earned a place in the 2018-19 Champions League first qualifying round , and the second and third placed clubs earned a place in the 2018-19 Europa League first qualifying round . Since the third-placed Mladost Podgorica won the 2017-18 Montenegrin Cup which earned them the same spot in the Europa League , the spot was taken by the fourth-placed team . There was one new club this season , Kom , who earned promotion from the Montenegrin Second League . Bokelj , Lovćen and Jedinstvo Bijelo Polje were relegated after the 2016-17 season , as the league 's contestants amount was reduced from 12 clubs to 10 ."}]}, {'value': 'Igor Ivanović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Igor_Ivanović', 'summary': 'Igor Ivanović ( Cyrillic : Игор Ивановић , born 9 September 1990 ) is a Montenegrin footballer who plays for FK Sutjeska Nikšić .'}]}, {'value': 'Sutjeska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Sutjeska_Nikšić', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Sutjeska ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Сутјеска ) is football club from Nikšić , Montenegro , currently competing in the Montenegrin First League . The club was established in 1920 , and has been known by its current name since 1945 . Since the restoration of Montenegrin independence in 2006 , the club has a record four First League titles . FK Sutjeska is a part of the Sutjeska sports society .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2018-19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2018–19_Montenegrin_First_League', 'summary': 'The 2018-19 Montenegrin First League was the 13th season of top-tier association football in Montenegro . The season began on 3 August 2018 and ended on 25 May 2019 . Sutjeska Nikšić were the defending champions .'}]}, {'value': 'Nikola Krstović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nikola_Krstović', 'summary': 'Nikola Krstović ( Cyrillic : Никола Крстовић ; born 5 April 2000 ) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays as a striker for Grafičar Beograd on loan from Red Star Belgrade . He is considered to be one of the most promising young talents in Montenegro .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Zeta', 'summary': 'FK Zeta is a football club from Golubovci , a suburb of Podgorica , the capital of Montenegro . It plays in the Montenegrin First League , of which it was the inaugural champion in 2006-07 .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Champions and top goalscorers by season -- Top scorers', 'section_text': 'Every season , best scorer of Prva CFL is awarded with Radio Montenegro Trophy . The biggest number of goals during one single season scored Ivan Bošković ( 28 ) during the season 2009–10 . On two seasons , top-scorers were two different players . Žarko Korać and Admir Adrović are the only players which were top-scorers on two different seasons . Most top scorers during the single seasons were from Budućnost ( 4 ) , followed by 3 which played for OFK Titograd and Zeta .', 'uid': 'Montenegrin_First_League_4', 'intro': 'The First League of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Prva crnogorska fudbalska liga - Prva CFL - 1. CFL; pronounced [pr̂ːvaː t͡srnǒɡorskaː fûdbaːlskaː lǐːɡa]) is the top football league in Montenegro. Founded in 2006, competition is headed by the Football Association of Montenegro. 10 teams participate in this league. The winner of the Montenegrin First League starts the qualifications for the UEFA Champions League from the second round. The second and third placed team and Montenegrin Cup winner play in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Europa League. The last placed team is directly relegated to the Montenegrin Second League, and the two others are playing in Montenegrin First League playoffs.'} | null | null | What club did the top scorer play for who is considered to be one of the most promising young talents in Montenegro ? | Zeta |
0a90805e1e156318 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONCE_(cycling_team)', 'title': 'ONCE (cycling team)', 'header': ['Date', 'Race', 'Location', 'Winner'], 'data': [{'value': '2005-01-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 3 , Tour Down Under', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_Down_Under', 'summary': "The Tour Down Under is a cycling race in and around Adelaide , South Australia , and is the opening event of the UCI World Tour and features all 19 UCI WorldTeams . It also runs as a UCI Women 's ProSeries event and features a one-day circuit race as a 'prelude ' to the main race . The race was established in 1999 with the support of then Premier of South Australia John Olsen as part of an effort to fill the gap in the state 's sporting calendar left by the move of the Australian Grand Prix from Adelaide to Melbourne , Victoria . Since then , the event has been organised by South Australia 's Major Event 's arm Events South Australia . It has seen rapid growth in its first two decades , having notably become the first race to be granted UCI UCI ProTour status ( now UCI WorldTour ) in 2008 , and becoming the first event of the UCI World Ranking calendar in 2009 . The race has always been held in the middle of the Australian summer season , and features a series of stages incorporating hills and flat sections over a six-day period . Like other UCI WorldTour races , the event attracts all of the top UCI teams , as well as features a national representative team made up of riders without full-time professional contracts . Teams traditionally consist of six riders . The rider with the lowest cumulative time after each stage is honoured with the Ochre Jersey . Similarly , leaders in the Sprint , Mountains and Youth classifications wear jerseys to signify their positions in those standings ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis Leon Sanchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Leon_Sanchez', 'summary': "Luis León Sánchez Gil ( born 24 November 1983 ) is a Spanish road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Astana . Sánchez 's major achievements include winning the overall classifications of the 2009 Paris-Nice and the 2005 Tour Down Under , as well as the one-day race Clásica de San Sebastián in 2010 and 2012 . He also has 4 Tour de France stage victories and is a four-time winner of the Spanish National Time Trial Championships . He is a time trial specialist and has improved his climbing skills over the course of his career ."}]}, {'value': '2005-01-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 5 , Tour Down Under', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_Down_Under', 'summary': "The Tour Down Under is a cycling race in and around Adelaide , South Australia , and is the opening event of the UCI World Tour and features all 19 UCI WorldTeams . It also runs as a UCI Women 's ProSeries event and features a one-day circuit race as a 'prelude ' to the main race . The race was established in 1999 with the support of then Premier of South Australia John Olsen as part of an effort to fill the gap in the state 's sporting calendar left by the move of the Australian Grand Prix from Adelaide to Melbourne , Victoria . Since then , the event has been organised by South Australia 's Major Event 's arm Events South Australia . It has seen rapid growth in its first two decades , having notably become the first race to be granted UCI UCI ProTour status ( now UCI WorldTour ) in 2008 , and becoming the first event of the UCI World Ranking calendar in 2009 . The race has always been held in the middle of the Australian summer season , and features a series of stages incorporating hills and flat sections over a six-day period . Like other UCI WorldTour races , the event attracts all of the top UCI teams , as well as features a national representative team made up of riders without full-time professional contracts . Teams traditionally consist of six riders . The rider with the lowest cumulative time after each stage is honoured with the Ochre Jersey . Similarly , leaders in the Sprint , Mountains and Youth classifications wear jerseys to signify their positions in those standings ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberto Contador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Contador', 'summary': "Alberto Contador Velasco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ alˈβeɾto kontaˈðoɾ βeˈlasko ] ; born 6 December 1982 ) is a Spanish former professional cyclist . He is one of the most successful riders of his era , winning the Tour de France twice ( 2007 , 2009 ) , the Giro d'Italia twice ( 2008 , 2015 ) , and the Vuelta a España three times ( 2008 , 2012 , 2014 ) . He is one of only seven riders to have won all three Grand Tours of cycling . He has also won the Vélo d'Or a record 4 times . He was regarded as the natural successor of Lance Armstrong and won the 2007 Tour de France with the Discovery Channel team . During his time at the Astana team , he won the 2008 Giro d'Italia , the 2008 Vuelta a España and the 2009 Tour de France . Between 2007 and 2011 he won six consecutive Grand Tours that he entered . This included winning the 2010 Tour de France with Astana , although it later emerged that he had tested positive for clenbuterol during the race . After a long battle in court , he was suspended by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and stripped of his 2010 Tour and 2011 Giro wins . Contador was known as an attacking rider who excelled as a climber , and on his best days was also an excellent time-trialist . He was also known for being able to turn races around to his favour , most notably during the Fuente Dé stage at the 2012 Vuelta a España . Following his return from suspension , he won the Vuelta twice and the Giro once more ."}]}, {'value': '2005-01-23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Overall , Tour Down Under', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_Down_Under', 'summary': "The Tour Down Under is a cycling race in and around Adelaide , South Australia , and is the opening event of the UCI World Tour and features all 19 UCI WorldTeams . It also runs as a UCI Women 's ProSeries event and features a one-day circuit race as a 'prelude ' to the main race . The race was established in 1999 with the support of then Premier of South Australia John Olsen as part of an effort to fill the gap in the state 's sporting calendar left by the move of the Australian Grand Prix from Adelaide to Melbourne , Victoria . Since then , the event has been organised by South Australia 's Major Event 's arm Events South Australia . It has seen rapid growth in its first two decades , having notably become the first race to be granted UCI UCI ProTour status ( now UCI WorldTour ) in 2008 , and becoming the first event of the UCI World Ranking calendar in 2009 . The race has always been held in the middle of the Australian summer season , and features a series of stages incorporating hills and flat sections over a six-day period . Like other UCI WorldTour races , the event attracts all of the top UCI teams , as well as features a national representative team made up of riders without full-time professional contracts . Teams traditionally consist of six riders . The rider with the lowest cumulative time after each stage is honoured with the Ochre Jersey . Similarly , leaders in the Sprint , Mountains and Youth classifications wear jerseys to signify their positions in those standings ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis Leon Sanchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Leon_Sanchez', 'summary': "Luis León Sánchez Gil ( born 24 November 1983 ) is a Spanish road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Astana . Sánchez 's major achievements include winning the overall classifications of the 2009 Paris-Nice and the 2005 Tour Down Under , as well as the one-day race Clásica de San Sebastián in 2010 and 2012 . He also has 4 Tour de France stage victories and is a four-time winner of the Spanish National Time Trial Championships . He is a time trial specialist and has improved his climbing skills over the course of his career ."}]}, {'value': '2005-03-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 3 , Vuelta a Murcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vuelta_a_Murcia', 'summary': "The Vuelta Ciclista a Murcia ( English : Tour of Murcia ) is a road bicycle race held in and around Murcia , Spain . The first four editions were reserved to amateurs . Originally the race was held in early March and consisted of five stages . However , due to Spain 's financial turmoil , the race was scaled back to three stages in 2011 and two stages in 2012 . From 2013 to 2018 the Vuelta a Murcia was organised as a single-day race and shifted to mid-February on the international calendar . In 2019 the race was expanded to two stages . It is part of the UCI Europe Tour as a 2.1 event ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Allan Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': '2005-03-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 5 , Vuelta a Murcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vuelta_a_Murcia', 'summary': "The Vuelta Ciclista a Murcia ( English : Tour of Murcia ) is a road bicycle race held in and around Murcia , Spain . The first four editions were reserved to amateurs . Originally the race was held in early March and consisted of five stages . However , due to Spain 's financial turmoil , the race was scaled back to three stages in 2011 and two stages in 2012 . From 2013 to 2018 the Vuelta a Murcia was organised as a single-day race and shifted to mid-February on the international calendar . In 2019 the race was expanded to two stages . It is part of the UCI Europe Tour as a 2.1 event ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Allan Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': '2005-03-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Overall , Vuelta a Murcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vuelta_a_Murcia', 'summary': "The Vuelta Ciclista a Murcia ( English : Tour of Murcia ) is a road bicycle race held in and around Murcia , Spain . The first four editions were reserved to amateurs . Originally the race was held in early March and consisted of five stages . However , due to Spain 's financial turmoil , the race was scaled back to three stages in 2011 and two stages in 2012 . From 2013 to 2018 the Vuelta a Murcia was organised as a single-day race and shifted to mid-February on the international calendar . In 2019 the race was expanded to two stages . It is part of the UCI Europe Tour as a 2.1 event ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Koldo Gil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koldo_Gil', 'summary': "Koldo Gil Pérez ( born 16 January 1978 in Burlata , Navarra ) is a former Spanish professional road racing cyclist who last rode for the UCI Continental team Liberty Seguros Continental . His career highlights include winning a stage of the Giro d'Italia and leading the overall classification at the Tour de Suisse . At the 2006 Tour de Suisse , Gil took stage 6 and held the leader 's yellow jersey until the final stage when he was overtaken by 2004 winner Jan Ullrich in the final stage 's individual time trial . He finished a disappointing second . After Gil was unable to find a team for the 2009 season , he announced his retirement ."}]}, {'value': '2005-03-23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 3 , Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Setmana_Catalana_de_Ciclisme', 'summary': "The Catalan Cycling Week ( Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme in Catalan ) was a multi-stage road bicycle race held in Catalonia , Spain . Held annually from 1963 until 2005 , it was run as a 2.HC race on the UCI Europe Tour in the second half of March . The Setmana Catalana was discontinued in 2006 due to financial problems and is no longer on the UCI Calendar . Since 2010 , the Volta a Catalunya , Catalonia 's oldest existing cycling race , was moved to the calendar slot formerly held by the Setmana Catalana in late March . The first winner of the race was José Pérez-Francés in 1963 . Six rider have won the race twice : Spaniards José Pérez-Francés and Luis Ocaña , Belgian Eddy Merckx , Swiss Alex Zülle , Dutchman Michael Boogerd and Frenchman Laurent Jalabert . Alberto Contador was the last to win in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberto Contador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Contador', 'summary': "Alberto Contador Velasco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ alˈβeɾto kontaˈðoɾ βeˈlasko ] ; born 6 December 1982 ) is a Spanish former professional cyclist . He is one of the most successful riders of his era , winning the Tour de France twice ( 2007 , 2009 ) , the Giro d'Italia twice ( 2008 , 2015 ) , and the Vuelta a España three times ( 2008 , 2012 , 2014 ) . He is one of only seven riders to have won all three Grand Tours of cycling . He has also won the Vélo d'Or a record 4 times . He was regarded as the natural successor of Lance Armstrong and won the 2007 Tour de France with the Discovery Channel team . During his time at the Astana team , he won the 2008 Giro d'Italia , the 2008 Vuelta a España and the 2009 Tour de France . Between 2007 and 2011 he won six consecutive Grand Tours that he entered . This included winning the 2010 Tour de France with Astana , although it later emerged that he had tested positive for clenbuterol during the race . After a long battle in court , he was suspended by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and stripped of his 2010 Tour and 2011 Giro wins . Contador was known as an attacking rider who excelled as a climber , and on his best days was also an excellent time-trialist . He was also known for being able to turn races around to his favour , most notably during the Fuente Dé stage at the 2012 Vuelta a España . Following his return from suspension , he won the Vuelta twice and the Giro once more ."}]}, {'value': '2005-03-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Overall , Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Setmana_Catalana_de_Ciclisme', 'summary': "The Catalan Cycling Week ( Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme in Catalan ) was a multi-stage road bicycle race held in Catalonia , Spain . Held annually from 1963 until 2005 , it was run as a 2.HC race on the UCI Europe Tour in the second half of March . The Setmana Catalana was discontinued in 2006 due to financial problems and is no longer on the UCI Calendar . Since 2010 , the Volta a Catalunya , Catalonia 's oldest existing cycling race , was moved to the calendar slot formerly held by the Setmana Catalana in late March . The first winner of the race was José Pérez-Francés in 1963 . Six rider have won the race twice : Spaniards José Pérez-Francés and Luis Ocaña , Belgian Eddy Merckx , Swiss Alex Zülle , Dutchman Michael Boogerd and Frenchman Laurent Jalabert . Alberto Contador was the last to win in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberto Contador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Contador', 'summary': "Alberto Contador Velasco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ alˈβeɾto kontaˈðoɾ βeˈlasko ] ; born 6 December 1982 ) is a Spanish former professional cyclist . He is one of the most successful riders of his era , winning the Tour de France twice ( 2007 , 2009 ) , the Giro d'Italia twice ( 2008 , 2015 ) , and the Vuelta a España three times ( 2008 , 2012 , 2014 ) . He is one of only seven riders to have won all three Grand Tours of cycling . He has also won the Vélo d'Or a record 4 times . He was regarded as the natural successor of Lance Armstrong and won the 2007 Tour de France with the Discovery Channel team . During his time at the Astana team , he won the 2008 Giro d'Italia , the 2008 Vuelta a España and the 2009 Tour de France . Between 2007 and 2011 he won six consecutive Grand Tours that he entered . This included winning the 2010 Tour de France with Astana , although it later emerged that he had tested positive for clenbuterol during the race . After a long battle in court , he was suspended by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and stripped of his 2010 Tour and 2011 Giro wins . Contador was known as an attacking rider who excelled as a climber , and on his best days was also an excellent time-trialist . He was also known for being able to turn races around to his favour , most notably during the Fuente Dé stage at the 2012 Vuelta a España . Following his return from suspension , he won the Vuelta twice and the Giro once more ."}]}, {'value': '2005-04-08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 5b , Tour of the Basque Country', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_of_the_Basque_Country', 'summary': "The Tour of the Basque Country ( Officially : Itzulia Basque Country , Spanish : Vuelta al País Vasco , Basque : Euskal Herriko Itzulia ) is an annual cycling stage race held in the Spanish Basque Country in April . It is one of the races that make up the UCI World Tour calendar . As the Basque Country is a mountainous area , there are few flat stages , and thus the event favors those who are strong climbers . The race is characterized by its short stages , rarely exceeding 200 km , and steep ascents . While the ascents featured in the race are n't particularly high compared to other stage races , they are among the steepest seen in professional cycling , some having sections with gradients reaching well above 20% ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberto Contador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Contador', 'summary': "Alberto Contador Velasco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ alˈβeɾto kontaˈðoɾ βeˈlasko ] ; born 6 December 1982 ) is a Spanish former professional cyclist . He is one of the most successful riders of his era , winning the Tour de France twice ( 2007 , 2009 ) , the Giro d'Italia twice ( 2008 , 2015 ) , and the Vuelta a España three times ( 2008 , 2012 , 2014 ) . He is one of only seven riders to have won all three Grand Tours of cycling . He has also won the Vélo d'Or a record 4 times . He was regarded as the natural successor of Lance Armstrong and won the 2007 Tour de France with the Discovery Channel team . During his time at the Astana team , he won the 2008 Giro d'Italia , the 2008 Vuelta a España and the 2009 Tour de France . Between 2007 and 2011 he won six consecutive Grand Tours that he entered . This included winning the 2010 Tour de France with Astana , although it later emerged that he had tested positive for clenbuterol during the race . After a long battle in court , he was suspended by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and stripped of his 2010 Tour and 2011 Giro wins . Contador was known as an attacking rider who excelled as a climber , and on his best days was also an excellent time-trialist . He was also known for being able to turn races around to his favour , most notably during the Fuente Dé stage at the 2012 Vuelta a España . Following his return from suspension , he won the Vuelta twice and the Giro once more ."}]}, {'value': '2005-04-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klasika Primavera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Klasika_Primavera', 'summary': 'The Klasika Primavera ( English : Spring classic ) is a single-day road bicycle race held annually in April in Amorebieta , Spain . Since 2005 , the race is organised as a 1.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour . Established in 1946 as Gran Premio de Primavera , it is now held as Klasika Primavera . It is also known as Clásica de Amorebieta .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'David Etxebarria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Etxebarria', 'summary': 'David Etxebarria Alkorta ( 23 July 1973 , Abadiño , Basque Country ) is a Spanish professional road racing cyclist .'}]}, {'value': '2005-04-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 5 , Vuelta a Aragon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vuelta_a_Aragon', 'summary': 'Vuelta a Aragón is a professional bicycle road race held in Spain in May of each year . The event was first run in 1939 , and was not held between 2006 and 2017 . The future of the race is uncertain ; there had been plans to organise it again , but an effort to revive it in 2009 failed due to a lack of sufficient sponsorship to be held . It was not until May 2018 that another race was organized ; it was added to the UCI road calendar as a 2.1 road race event on the Europe Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Allan Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': '2005-04-30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 4 , Tour de Romandie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_de_Romandie', 'summary': 'The Tour de Romandie is a stage race which is part of the UCI World Tour . It runs through the Romandie region , or French-speaking part of Switzerland . The competition began in 1947 , to coincide with the 50-year anniversary of Swiss Cycling . The race traditionally starts with an individual time trial prologue and ends with an individual time-trial in hilly terrains ; many a times in Lausanne . The final time-trial traditionally starts in the stadium north of Lausanne , goes downhill southwards to Lake Léman ( Lake Geneva ) , and makes its way back uphill to the stadium again . The winner and several of the top-ten finishers are usually excellent time trialists . Four winners of the Tour de Romandie had gone on to win the Tour de France in the same year ; Stephen Roche in 1987 , then Cadel Evans , Bradley Wiggins and Chris Froome in 2011 , 2012 and 2013 , respectively . The course of the race usually heads northwards towards the Jura mountains and Alpine mountain ranges of western Switzerland .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberto Contador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Contador', 'summary': "Alberto Contador Velasco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ alˈβeɾto kontaˈðoɾ βeˈlasko ] ; born 6 December 1982 ) is a Spanish former professional cyclist . He is one of the most successful riders of his era , winning the Tour de France twice ( 2007 , 2009 ) , the Giro d'Italia twice ( 2008 , 2015 ) , and the Vuelta a España three times ( 2008 , 2012 , 2014 ) . He is one of only seven riders to have won all three Grand Tours of cycling . He has also won the Vélo d'Or a record 4 times . He was regarded as the natural successor of Lance Armstrong and won the 2007 Tour de France with the Discovery Channel team . During his time at the Astana team , he won the 2008 Giro d'Italia , the 2008 Vuelta a España and the 2009 Tour de France . Between 2007 and 2011 he won six consecutive Grand Tours that he entered . This included winning the 2010 Tour de France with Astana , although it later emerged that he had tested positive for clenbuterol during the race . After a long battle in court , he was suspended by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and stripped of his 2010 Tour and 2011 Giro wins . Contador was known as an attacking rider who excelled as a climber , and on his best days was also an excellent time-trialist . He was also known for being able to turn races around to his favour , most notably during the Fuente Dé stage at the 2012 Vuelta a España . Following his return from suspension , he won the Vuelta twice and the Giro once more ."}]}, {'value': '2005-05-08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 3 , Clasica a Alcobendas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis Leon Sanchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Leon_Sanchez', 'summary': "Luis León Sánchez Gil ( born 24 November 1983 ) is a Spanish road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Astana . Sánchez 's major achievements include winning the overall classifications of the 2009 Paris-Nice and the 2005 Tour Down Under , as well as the one-day race Clásica de San Sebastián in 2010 and 2012 . He also has 4 Tour de France stage victories and is a four-time winner of the Spanish National Time Trial Championships . He is a time trial specialist and has improved his climbing skills over the course of his career ."}]}, {'value': '2005-05-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Stage 7 , Giro d'Italia", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Giro_d'Italia", 'summary': "The Giro d'Italia ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈdʒiːro diˈtaːlja ] ; English : Tour of Italy ; also known as the Giro ) is an annual multiple-stage bicycle race primarily held in Italy , while also starting in , or passing through , other countries . The first race was organized in 1909 to increase sales of the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport ; and is still run by a subsidiary of that paper 's owner . The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1909 , except during the two world wars . As the Giro gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened , and the peloton expanded from primarily Italian participation to riders from all over the world . The Giro is a UCI World Tour event , which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams , with some additional teams invited as 'wild cards ' . Along with the Tour de France and Vuelta a España , the Giro is one of cycling 's prestigious three-week-long Grand Tours . The Giro is usually held during May , sometimes continuing into early June . While the route changes each year , the format of the race stays the same , with at least two time trials , and a passage through the mountains of the Alps , including the Dolomites . Like the other Grand Tours , the modern editions of the Giro d'Italia normally consist of 21 stages over a 23 or 24 day period that includes two or three rest days . The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the general classification and wears the pink jersey . While the general classification gathers the most attention , stages wins are prestigious of themselves , and there are other contests held within the Giro : the points classification , the mountains classification for the climbers , young rider classification for the riders under the age of 25 , and the team classification ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Koldo Gil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koldo_Gil', 'summary': "Koldo Gil Pérez ( born 16 January 1978 in Burlata , Navarra ) is a former Spanish professional road racing cyclist who last rode for the UCI Continental team Liberty Seguros Continental . His career highlights include winning a stage of the Giro d'Italia and leading the overall classification at the Tour de Suisse . At the 2006 Tour de Suisse , Gil took stage 6 and held the leader 's yellow jersey until the final stage when he was overtaken by 2004 winner Jan Ullrich in the final stage 's individual time trial . He finished a disappointing second . After Gil was unable to find a team for the 2009 season , he announced his retirement ."}]}, {'value': '2005-06-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 1 , Euskal Bizikleta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euskal_Bizikleta', 'summary': "Euskal Bizikleta ( Spanish : Bicicleta Vasca , English : Basque Bicycle ) was an annual cycling stage race held in the Basque Country in June . From 2005 to 2008 , the race was organized as a 2.HC event on the UCI Europe Tour . In 2009 , it was merged with the Tour of the Basque Country . The first race was held in 1952 , but it has only been called Euskal Bizikleta since 1991 . The first winner ( 1952 ) was Louis Caput from France . The first winner of the 'modern ' Euskal Bizikleta ( 1991 ) was Gianni Bugno . The most recent edition ( 2008 ) was won by Eros Capecchi from Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Angel Vicioso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_Vicioso', 'summary': 'Ángel Vicioso Arcos ( born 13 April 1977 ) is a Spanish former road racing cyclist , who competed professionally between 1999 and 2017 for the Kelme-Costa Blanca , Astana , Relax-GAM , LA-MSS , Andalucía-Cajasur , Androni Giocattoli and Team Katusha-Alpecin squads .'}]}, {'value': '2005-06-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 4a , Euskal Bizikleta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euskal_Bizikleta', 'summary': "Euskal Bizikleta ( Spanish : Bicicleta Vasca , English : Basque Bicycle ) was an annual cycling stage race held in the Basque Country in June . From 2005 to 2008 , the race was organized as a 2.HC event on the UCI Europe Tour . In 2009 , it was merged with the Tour of the Basque Country . The first race was held in 1952 , but it has only been called Euskal Bizikleta since 1991 . The first winner ( 1952 ) was Louis Caput from France . The first winner of the 'modern ' Euskal Bizikleta ( 1991 ) was Gianni Bugno . The most recent edition ( 2008 ) was won by Eros Capecchi from Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Angel Vicioso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angel_Vicioso', 'summary': 'Ángel Vicioso Arcos ( born 13 April 1977 ) is a Spanish former road racing cyclist , who competed professionally between 1999 and 2017 for the Kelme-Costa Blanca , Astana , Relax-GAM , LA-MSS , Andalucía-Cajasur , Androni Giocattoli and Team Katusha-Alpecin squads .'}]}, {'value': '2005-07-21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 18 , Tour de France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_de_France', 'summary': "The Tour de France ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ tuʁ də fʁɑ̃s ] ) is an annual men 's multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in France , while also occasionally passing through nearby countries . Like the other Grand Tours ( the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España ) , it consists of 21 day-long stages over the course of 23 days . It has been described as the worlds most prestigious and most difficult bicycle race . The race was first organized in 1903 to increase sales for the newspaper L'Auto and is currently run by the Amaury Sport Organisation . The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1903 except when it was stopped for the two World Wars . As the Tour gained prominence and popularity , the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe . Participation expanded from a primarily French field , as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year . The Tour is a UCI World Tour event , which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams , with the exception of the teams that the organizers invite . It has become the world 's biggest annual sporting event . A women 's Tour de France was held under different names between 1984 and 2009 . Since 2014 , the La Course by Le Tour de France is held for women in a one- or two-day format during the men 's race . Traditionally , the race is held primarily in the month of July ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcos Serrano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcos_Serrano', 'summary': 'Marcos-Antonio Serrano Rodríguez ( born 8 September 1972 in Redondela , Province of Pontevedra ) is a professional cyclist from Galicia , Spain . Turning professional in 1993 , he joined the Kelme team and then in 1999 the lottery-sponsored Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles ( ONCE ) . He remained part of the same team when in 2004 sponsorship and name passed to Liberty Seguros-Würth and in 2006 , as the Astana-Würth Team . His most significant achievement was victory in the Milano-Torino in 2004 . Other palmarès include victory in the 18th stage of the 2005 Tour de France and in the 5th stage of the 1999 Tour of Galicia . His best overall classification in the Tour de France was a ninth-place finish in 2001 . His name was on the list of doping tests published by the French Senate on 24 July 2013 that were collected during the 1998 Tour de France and found positive for EPO when retested in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '2005-08-06', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 3 , Eneco Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eneco_Tour', 'summary': 'The BinckBank Tour ( previously known as the Eneco Tour until 2016 ) is a road bicycle racing stage-race . Its name refers to its main sponsor , the online discount broker BinckBank . It is part of the UCI World Tour . The race was established in 2005 and was originally known as the Eneco Tour , named after the original sponsor . In 2017 the name changed to BinckBank Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Allan Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': '2005-09-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stage 6 , Vuelta a España', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vuelta_a_España', 'summary': "The Vuelta a España ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbwelta a esˈpaɲa ] ; English : Tour of Spain ) is an annual multi-stage bicycle race primarily held in Spain , while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries . Inspired by the success of the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France , the race was first organized in 1935 . The race was prevented from being run by the Spanish Civil War and World War II in the early years of its existence ; however , the race has been held annually since 1955 . As the Vuelta gained prestige and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend all around the globe . Since 1979 , the event has been staged and managed by Unipublic , until in 2014 , when Amaury Sport Organisation acquired control , with both working together . The peloton expanded from a primarily Spanish participation to include riders from all over the world . The Vuelta is a UCI World Tour event , which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams , with the exception of the wild card teams that the organizers can invite . Along with the Tour de France and Giro d'Italia , the Vuelta makes up cycling 's prestigious , three-week-long Grand Tours . While the route changes each year , the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of at least two time trials , the passage through the mountain chain of the Pyrenees , and the finish in the Spanish capital Madrid . The modern editions of the Vuelta a España consist of 21 day-long segments ( stages ) over a 23-day period that includes 2 rest days . All of the stages are timed to the finish , after finishing the riders ' times are compounded with their previous stage times . The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the red jersey ."}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': 'Roberto Heras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Heras', 'summary': 'Roberto Heras Hernández ( born 1 February 1974 ) is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer who won the Vuelta a España ( Tour of Spain ) a record-tying three times . He broke the record with a fourth win in 2005 , but was disqualified for taking EPO . In June 2011 , Heras successfully appealed the disqualification in the civil court of Castilla y León , and this decision was upheld in the Spanish supreme court in December 2012 . The Spanish cycling federation subsequently reinstated Heras as 2005 Vuelta champion .'}]}, {'value': '2005-09-04', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Stage 4 , Tour de l'Avenir", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tour_de_l'Avenir", 'summary': "Tour de l'Avenir ( English : Tour of the Future ) is a French road bicycle racing stage race , which started in 1961 as a race similar to the Tour de France and over much of the same course but for amateurs and for semi-professionals known as independents . Felice Gimondi , Joop Zoetemelk , Greg LeMond , Miguel Indurain , Laurent Fignon and Egan Bernal won the Tour de l'Avenir and went on to win 13 Tours de France , with an additional 10 podium placings between them . The race was created in 1961 by Jacques Marchand , the editor of L'Équipe , to attract teams from the Soviet Union and other communist nations that had no professional riders to enter the Tour de France . Until 1967 , it took place earlier the same day as some of the stages of the Tour de France and shared the latter part of each stage 's route , but moved to September and a separate course from 1968 onwards . It became the Grand Prix de l'Avenir in 1970 , the Trophée Peugeot de l'Avenir from 1972 to 1979 and the Tour de la Communauté Européenne from 1986 to 1990 . It was restricted to amateurs from 1961 to 1980 , before opening to professionals in 1981 . After 1992 , it was open to all riders of less than 25 . Since 2007 it is for riders 23 or younger . Since 2007 , the tour has been a national team competition ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Koen de Kort', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koen_de_Kort', 'summary': 'Koen de Kort ( born 8 September 1982 ) is a Dutch professional cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Trek-Segafredo .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Victories -- 2005 results', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'ONCE_(cycling_team)_3', 'intro': "ONCE cycling team, (UCI team code: ONC) also known as Liberty Seguros, Liberty Seguros-Würth and in succession in its final year, Astana-Würth and Astana was a Spanish cycling team. It competed in the UCI ProTour circuit. On 25 May 2006, Liberty Mutual (seguros means insurance in Spanish) pulled out of primary sponsorship due to a doping scandal involving the directeur sportif, Manolo Saiz. On 2 June 2006, the team acquired a primary sponsor named Astana, after the capital of Kazakhstan. Würth was co-sponsor until 3 July 2006, withdrawing at the end of the 2006 Tour de France, in which Astana-Würth didn't compete . At the end of the season, Astana also withdrew due to the non-participation in the Tour. On 16 December 2006, the UCI withdrew the ProTour licence of Saiz's company, Active Bay . Some riders and staff formed the Kazakhstan-based Astana Team."} | null | null | Which Tour takes place in the country which includes the island of Tasmania ? | Tour Down Under |
0a9117924ae61e8e | hybridqa | {'url': "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Cup", 'title': "2008 UCI Women's Road World Cup", 'header': ['', 'Date', 'Race', 'Country', 'Winner', 'Team'], 'data': [{'value': '# 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geelong World Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geelong_World_Cup', 'summary': "The Australia World Cup was a women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in Australia from 1998 to 2008 as part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup . The location of the race varied : in 1998 , it was held in Sydney ; from 1999 to 2001 , it was held in Canberra ; in 2002 it was held in the Snowy Mountains and ; from 2003 to 2008 it was held in Geelong , Victoria ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Katheryn Mattis ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katheryn_Curi', 'summary': "Katheryn Curi ( born May 29 , 1974 in Goshen , Connecticut ) is an American racing cyclist who rides for the Webcor Builders Women 's Professional Cycling Team . She won the United States National Road Race Championships in Park City , Utah in June 2005 . In February 2008 she won the Geelong World Cup thereby claiming the UCI World Cup leader 's jersey . Curi received a B.A . in psychology from Mount Holyoke College in 1996 and began competing as a professional cyclist in 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Webcor Builders Cycling Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Webcor_Builders_Cycling_Team', 'summary': 'Webcor Builders is a commercial construction contractor with headquarters in San Francisco , California . The firm also has regional offices in Alameda , Los Angeles , San Diego , and Hawaii , and is among the largest builders in California with clients including Starwood Lodging , Lucasfilm , Oracle Corporation , The California Academy of Sciences , eBay and Electronic Arts . It has been part of Obayashi since 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '# 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trofeo_Alfredo_Binda-Comune_di_Cittiglio', 'summary': "Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio is a women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in the comune ( municipality ) of Cittiglio and nearby comunes located within the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy . Since 2008 , the Trofeo Alfredo Binda serves as the second race of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup . In 2016 the Trofeo Alfredo Binda became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour The field of riders complete a 15.5 km circuit 8 times to determine the winner . The circuit traces Cittiglio , Brenta , Casalzuigno , Casale Alto , Cuveglio , Cuvio , Azzio , Gemonio before returning to Cittiglio . The race consists of two significant climbs on the circuit , which are the Casale Alto , in the early part of the circuit and the climb of Azzio , which typically separates the field as it is located just before the conclusion of the circuit ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': 'Emma Pooley ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emma_Pooley', 'summary': "Emma Jane Pooley ( born 3 October 1982 ) is an English sportswoman and former presenter on the Global Cycling Network . A former professional cyclist who specialised in time trials and hilly races , she later transferred to endurance running , duathlon and triathlon , and is currently a professional triathlete and duathlete , and the reigning quadruple world champion in long distance duathlon . She won an Olympic silver medal in the time trial in 2008 and was world time trial champion in 2010 . She has won six UCI Women 's Road World Cup one-day races , as well as several stage races including the ten-day Tour de l'Aude . She is three-times a British time trial champion and in 2010 also won the British road race championships . Pooley retired from professional cycling after the 2014 Commonwealth Games to concentrate on triathlon , duathlon and long-distance running , having won the Lausanne Marathon and the Swissman triathlon the previous year . She went on to win the ITU Powerman Duathlon World Championships at Poweran Zofingen in September 2014 and again in 2015 . On 16 December 2015 , Pooley announced that she would be returning temporarily to cycling , seeking to qualify to represent Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio , as she felt the unusually mountainous time trial course on offer played to her strengths . [ citation needed ] In June 2016 , Pooley came out of retirement and re-signed for her former team , Lotto-Soudal Ladies , in time for the 2016 Giro Rosa . After racing in the Olympic time trial and road race she returned to duathlon with two further world championship titles at ITU Powerman Duathlon World Championships at Poweran Zofingen in September 2016 and 2017 as well as a European middle distance duathlon title in 2017 . Between February 2018 and March 2019 Pooley worked at Global Cycling Network as a presenter ."}]}, {'value': 'Team Specialized Designs For Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Specialized_Designs_For_Women', 'summary': "Team Specialized Designs for Women ( UCI Code : TSW ) was an elite women 's professional road bicycle racing team licensed in Switzerland that competed in national events ( NE ) , UCI-rated events ( 2.HC , 2.1 , 2.2 , 1.HC , 1.1 and 1.2 ) and UCI Women 's Road World Cup ( WC ) events . After operating under various names for seven years , it disbanded at the end of the 2008 season ."}]}, {'value': '# 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour of Flanders for Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_of_Flanders_for_Women', 'summary': "The Tour of Flanders for Women ( Dutch : Ronde van Vlaanderen voor Vrouwen ) is the women 's edition of the Tour of Flanders , an annual road bicycle racing event in Flanders , Belgium , held in early April . It is held on the same day as the men 's race , on much of the same roads but at a shorter distance . Dutch rider Mirjam Melchers and German Judith Arndt hold the record with two wins . Dutch rider Anna van der Breggen won the most recent race in 2018 . The event has been held annually since 2004 on the same day as the men 's race . From 2004 to 2015 it was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup . Since 2016 , the race is included in the UCI Women 's World Tour , cycling 's top-tier female elite competition . Since the first edition , organisers have included more climbs and extended the race gradually from 94 km in the first edition to 157 km in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Judith Arndt ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Arndt', 'summary': 'Judith Arndt ( born 23 July 1976 ) is a retired German professional cyclist , who last rode for the GreenEDGE-AIS cycling team . She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m pursuit event at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she was 20 . In 2004 , she won the world road race championship and came second in the Olympic road race .'}]}, {'value': 'Team High Road Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velocio–SRAM_Pro_Cycling', 'summary': "Velocio-SRAM Pro Cycling , formerly known as Specialized-lululemon , was a professional cycling team based in the United States that competes in elite road bicycle racing and track cycling events . The final-season title sponsors were SRAM Corporation and Cervelo bicycles . Velocio Sports was the holding company for the team and the place-holder during a larger search for a title sponsor . Before 2012 , the team was owned by Bob Stapleton 's High Road Sports and was known in 2011 as HTC-Highroad Women . Following HTC 's withdrawal of sponsorship and the failure to find a replacement sponsor , a new company , Velocio Sports , directed by High Road 's former Marketing and Communications officer Kristy Scrymgeour , was set up to own the team , but most of the riders and other staff remained the same . High Road also operated an elite men 's professional team known most recently as HTC-Highroad , which disbanded . Prior to 2008 , the team was named T-Mobile Women . Columbia Sportswear were a title sponsor from July 2008 until the end of 2010 . In August 2015 , Scrymgeour announced that the team would be disbanded at the end of the 2015 season . Under Scrymgeour 's management , and with the introduction of team time trials world championships for trade teams in 2012 , the team has won every TTT world championships in the team 's existence ."}]}, {'value': '# 4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ronde van Drenthe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronde_van_Drenthe', 'summary': "Ronde van Drenthe ( English : Tour of Drenthe ) is an elite men 's and women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually in the Drenthe , Netherlands and sanctioned by the Royal Dutch Cycling Union . Since 1998 there is also a women 's event , known as Novilon Internationale Damesronde van Drenthe and since 2007 there is also a Ronde van Drenthe for women which was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup until 2015 . In 2016 , the race became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour . Since 2005 , the men 's event is UCI 1.1 rated and is part of the UCI Europe Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Chantal Beltman ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chantal_Beltman', 'summary': 'Chantal Beltman ( born 25 August 1976 in Slagharen , Overijssel ) is a former Dutch professional cyclist . She was part of the 2008 Team High Road Women team . In 2007 this was called the T-Mobile Women cycling team . In 2006 , Beltman raced for Vrienden van het Platteland team . She is the older sister of Ghita Beltman , who is a former cyclist .'}]}, {'value': 'Team High Road Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velocio–SRAM_Pro_Cycling', 'summary': "Velocio-SRAM Pro Cycling , formerly known as Specialized-lululemon , was a professional cycling team based in the United States that competes in elite road bicycle racing and track cycling events . The final-season title sponsors were SRAM Corporation and Cervelo bicycles . Velocio Sports was the holding company for the team and the place-holder during a larger search for a title sponsor . Before 2012 , the team was owned by Bob Stapleton 's High Road Sports and was known in 2011 as HTC-Highroad Women . Following HTC 's withdrawal of sponsorship and the failure to find a replacement sponsor , a new company , Velocio Sports , directed by High Road 's former Marketing and Communications officer Kristy Scrymgeour , was set up to own the team , but most of the riders and other staff remained the same . High Road also operated an elite men 's professional team known most recently as HTC-Highroad , which disbanded . Prior to 2008 , the team was named T-Mobile Women . Columbia Sportswear were a title sponsor from July 2008 until the end of 2010 . In August 2015 , Scrymgeour announced that the team would be disbanded at the end of the 2015 season . Under Scrymgeour 's management , and with the introduction of team time trials world championships for trade teams in 2012 , the team has won every TTT world championships in the team 's existence ."}]}, {'value': '# 5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Flèche Wallonne Féminine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Flèche_Wallonne_Féminine', 'summary': "La Flèche Wallonne Féminine is a professional women 's bicycle road race held each year in Wallonia , Belgium , in April . It is part of the UCI Women 's World Tour , cycling 's season-long competition of top-tier races , in which it is the third-oldest single-day event after the Trofeo Alfredo Binda in Italy and the Emakumeen Euskal Bira in the Basque Country . The event is raced on the same day as La Flèche Wallonne for men . The race was inaugurated by Tour de France organizers ASO in 1998 and quickly became a road race classic . From 1999 onwards , the women 's Flèche Wallonne was a UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup event . In 2016 , the race became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour . The Flèche Wallonne Féminine is held in conjunction with the men 's race , on much of the same roads but at a shorter distance . Likewise , the race always finishes on the steep Mur de Huy . Two Dutch riders hold the record with five wins . Marianne Vos between 2007 and 2013 . Fellow Dutch Anna van der Breggen won her fifth consecutive Flèche Wallonne in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Marianne Vos ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marianne_Vos', 'summary': "Marianne Vos ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Dutch cyclo-cross , road bicycle racer , mountain bike racer and track racer , who currently rides for UCI Women 's WorldTeam CCC Liv . Vos has drawn comparison to Eddy Merckx as being the finest cyclist of [ her ] generation . After winning a junior European and world championship in road racing , she continued her success in senior cycling by becoming world champion in cyclo-cross and road racing at the age of 19 . Vos added track racing world championships when she won the points race in 2008 and the scratch race in 2011 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , she won the gold medal in the points race ; at the 2012 Summer Olympics , gold in the women 's road race . She is a 3 times World Road Race Champion - in 2006 , 2012 and 2013 - and 7 times World Cyclocross Champion - in 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'DSB Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CCC_Liv', 'summary': "CCC Liv ( UCI Code : CCC ) is a women 's professional cycling team , based in the Netherlands . The title sponsors are CCC , a Polish-based shoe retailer and Liv , a sub-brand of Taiwanese bicycle manufacturer Giant Bicycles . The team 's directeur sportif is Jeroen Blijlevens . Riders for CCC Liv compete in the UCI Women 's World Tour and other Elite Women 's Cycling events throughout the world ."}]}, {'value': '# 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour de Berne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_de_Berne', 'summary': 'Tour de Berne is an elite professional road bicycle racing event held in Berne , Switzerland with races for men and women .'}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': 'Susanne Ljungskog ( SWE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susanne_Ljungskog', 'summary': 'Susanne Ljungskog ( born 16 March 1976 in Halmstad ) is a Swedish cyclist . A four-time Olympian ( 1996 , 2000 , 2004 and 2008 ) , she won the world road race championship in 2002 and 2003 . The same years , she was UCI points champion . She has also won two World Cup races . Ljungskog received the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Menikini - Selle Italia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Coupe_du_Monde_Cycliste_Féminine_de_Montréal', 'summary': "The Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal ( English : Women 's Cycling World Cup of Montreal , or simply Montreal World Cup ) was an elite women 's professional road bicycle racing event held annually between 1998 and 2009 in Montréal , Quebec , Canada as part of the UCI Women 's Road Cycling World Cup season ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Judith Arndt ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Arndt', 'summary': 'Judith Arndt ( born 23 July 1976 ) is a retired German professional cyclist , who last rode for the GreenEDGE-AIS cycling team . She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m pursuit event at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she was 20 . In 2004 , she won the world road race championship and came second in the Olympic road race .'}]}, {'value': 'Team High Road Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velocio–SRAM_Pro_Cycling', 'summary': "Velocio-SRAM Pro Cycling , formerly known as Specialized-lululemon , was a professional cycling team based in the United States that competes in elite road bicycle racing and track cycling events . The final-season title sponsors were SRAM Corporation and Cervelo bicycles . Velocio Sports was the holding company for the team and the place-holder during a larger search for a title sponsor . Before 2012 , the team was owned by Bob Stapleton 's High Road Sports and was known in 2011 as HTC-Highroad Women . Following HTC 's withdrawal of sponsorship and the failure to find a replacement sponsor , a new company , Velocio Sports , directed by High Road 's former Marketing and Communications officer Kristy Scrymgeour , was set up to own the team , but most of the riders and other staff remained the same . High Road also operated an elite men 's professional team known most recently as HTC-Highroad , which disbanded . Prior to 2008 , the team was named T-Mobile Women . Columbia Sportswear were a title sponsor from July 2008 until the end of 2010 . In August 2015 , Scrymgeour announced that the team would be disbanded at the end of the 2015 season . Under Scrymgeour 's management , and with the introduction of team time trials world championships for trade teams in 2012 , the team has won every TTT world championships in the team 's existence ."}]}, {'value': '# 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Open de Suède Vårgårda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_de_Suède_Vårgårda', 'summary': "Open de Suède Vårgårda is an elite professional women 's road bicycle event held annually in the Vårgårda Municipality of Sweden . Created in 2006 , the Open de Suède Vårgårda was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup until 2015 and sanctioned by the Swedish Cycling Federation . Since 2016 , the race has been part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour . Since 2008 , a team time trial has been held in conjunction with the main race as a part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Kori Kelley Seehafer ( USA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kori_Kelley_Seehafer', 'summary': 'Kori Kelley Seehafer ( born 30 April 1975 ) is a road cyclist from United States . She represented her nation at the 2005 and 2008 UCI Road World Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Menikini - Selle Italia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 9', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_Open_de_Suède_Vårgårda_TTT', 'summary': "The 2008 Open de Suède Vårgårda - team time trial was the first team time trial running on the Open de Suède Vårgårda . It was held on 1 August 2008 over a distance of 32 kilometres ( 19.9 miles ) and was the ninth race of the 2008 UCI Women 's Road World Cup season ."}]}, {'value': '1 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Open de Suède Vårgårda TTT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Open_de_Suède_Vårgårda', 'summary': "Open de Suède Vårgårda is an elite professional women 's road bicycle event held annually in the Vårgårda Municipality of Sweden . Created in 2006 , the Open de Suède Vårgårda was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup until 2015 and sanctioned by the Swedish Cycling Federation . Since 2016 , the race has been part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour . Since 2008 , a team time trial has been held in conjunction with the main race as a part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': 'Priska Doppmann ( SUI ) Karin Thürig ( SUI ) Christiane Soeder ( AUT ) Carla Ryan ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Priska_Doppmann', 'summary': "Priska Doppmann ( born 10 May 1971 ) is a Swiss road racing cyclist , born in Cham . She was the Swiss National Road Race champion in 1999 . She finished 7th in the Women 's road race at the 2008 Summer Olympics . Currently [ when ? ] , she is a manager for the women 's team Garmin-Cervélo ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Karin_Thürig', 'summary': "Karin Thürig ( born 4 July 1972 in Rothenburg ) is a Swiss professional racing cyclist and triathlete . She is the winner of the 2004 and 2005 UCI Road World Championships - Women 's time trial . In 2011 , she took second at the Ironman 70.3 World Championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christiane_Soeder', 'summary': 'Christiane Soeder ( born January 15 , 1975 in Remscheid , North Rhine-Westphalia ) is a German-born Austrian road racing cyclist and former duathlete who now lives in Vienna . She won the Austrian National Road Race Championships in 2004 , 2006 and 2009 . She finished fourth in the 2008 Olympic road race with a time of 3h 32′ 28 . She rides professionally for Garmin-Cervélo .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carla_Ryan', 'summary': 'Carla Ryan ( born 21 September 1985 ) is a former Australian professional racing cyclist . She was previously a distance runner before taking up cycling in 2005 as a result of a Queensland Academy of Sport talent ID programme . She has won multiple Australian National Road Race Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Cervélo-Lifeforce Pro Cycling Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garmin–Cervélo_(women)', 'summary': "Garmin-Cervélo was an elite professional women 's cycling team registered in Great Britain and racing on the UCI Women 's Road World Cup circuit . The team was previously known was Cervélo-Lifeforce Pro Cycling Team , but in 2009 , with the creation of the UCI Professional Continental team Cervélo TestTeam , the women 's team changed names to match the men 's team . When the men 's Cervélo TestTeam merged with Garmin-Transitions for the 2011 season , the team changed names again , becoming Garmin-Cervélo to again match the men 's team . In 2007 , the team was known as Raleigh-Lifeforce-Creation and prior to 2007 , the team was known as the Univega Pro Cycling Team . The Garmin-Cervélo women 's team disbanded at the end of 2011 due to funding problems . Six of its ten riders , including all four Britons , transferred to the AA Drink-leontien.nl team for the 2012 season ."}]}, {'value': '# 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GP de Plouay-Bretagne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GP_de_Plouay', 'summary': "The Grand Prix de Plouay - Lorient Agglomération is an elite professional women 's road bicycle race held in Plouay , France . It is organized annually since 2002 , on the day of the men 's race and on the same circuit . The race consists of four 26,9 km laps and two 13,9 km lap , totalling 135,4 km . The race was part of the UCI Women 's Road World Cup until 2015 . In 2016 , the race became part of the new UCI Women 's World Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fabiana Luperini ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabiana_Luperini', 'summary': "Fabiana Luperini ( born 14 January 1974 in Pontedera ) is an Italian professional cyclist . Luperini has won the Giro d'Italia Femminile a record five times , with four consecutive victories in 1995-1998 and a fifth ten years later , in 2008 . She has won the Grande Boucle Féminine three times consecutively , from 1995 to 1997 . In 1998 she won the Tour de l'Aude , and in 2006 she won the Iurreta-Emakumeen Bira ."}]}, {'value': 'Menikini - Selle Italia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '# 11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rund_um_die_Nürnberger_Altstadt', 'summary': "Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt ( English : Tour of Old Town Nuremberg ) is an elite men 's and women 's professional road bicycle racing event held each September in the old town section of Nuremberg , Germany ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Judith Arndt ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Arndt', 'summary': 'Judith Arndt ( born 23 July 1976 ) is a retired German professional cyclist , who last rode for the GreenEDGE-AIS cycling team . She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m pursuit event at the 1996 Summer Olympics when she was 20 . In 2004 , she won the world road race championship and came second in the Olympic road race .'}]}, {'value': 'Team Columbia Women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Velocio–SRAM_Pro_Cycling', 'summary': "Velocio-SRAM Pro Cycling , formerly known as Specialized-lululemon , was a professional cycling team based in the United States that competes in elite road bicycle racing and track cycling events . The final-season title sponsors were SRAM Corporation and Cervelo bicycles . Velocio Sports was the holding company for the team and the place-holder during a larger search for a title sponsor . Before 2012 , the team was owned by Bob Stapleton 's High Road Sports and was known in 2011 as HTC-Highroad Women . Following HTC 's withdrawal of sponsorship and the failure to find a replacement sponsor , a new company , Velocio Sports , directed by High Road 's former Marketing and Communications officer Kristy Scrymgeour , was set up to own the team , but most of the riders and other staff remained the same . High Road also operated an elite men 's professional team known most recently as HTC-Highroad , which disbanded . Prior to 2008 , the team was named T-Mobile Women . Columbia Sportswear were a title sponsor from July 2008 until the end of 2010 . In August 2015 , Scrymgeour announced that the team would be disbanded at the end of the 2015 season . Under Scrymgeour 's management , and with the introduction of team time trials world championships for trade teams in 2012 , the team has won every TTT world championships in the team 's existence ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Races', 'section_text': '', 'uid': "2008_UCI_Women's_Road_World_Cup_0", 'intro': "The 2008 UCI Women's Road World Cup is the 11th edition of the UCI Women's Road World Cup. The calendar remains close to the 2007 UCI Women's Road World Cup with the addition of the Trofeo Alfredo Binda-Comune di Cittiglio and a team time trial event in conjunction with the Open de Suède Vargarda."} | null | null | How many cities are traced by the race whose winning team disbanded at the end of the 2008 season ? | 8 |
0a91f82e9dce9642 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Aircraft', 'title': 'Fairchild Aircraft', 'header': ['Model name', 'First flight', 'Number built', 'Type'], 'data': [{'value': 'Fairchild-Dornier 728JET', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild-Dornier_728JET', 'summary': "The Fairchild Dornier 728/928 family was a series of jet-powered regional airliners that was being developed by German-American aviation conglomerate Fairchild Dornier GmbH . It was a relatively ambitious bid to develop a group of aircraft that would have seated between 50 and 110 passengers , supplementing the existing 328JET series , a smaller regional jet . The 728/928 family is a monoplane design with fixed wings in low wing configuration and two engines mounted under the wings . It has a retractable undercarriage ( or landing gear ) in tricycle configuration . On 21 March 2002 , the roll-out of the first 728 took place . The company planned its maiden flight to occur during the summer of 2002 and for deliveries to commence during mid-2003 to the launch customer Lufthansa Cityline . The 728 family benefitted from a modern design while the company attracted considerable interest from various airlines upon the programme 's launch . By March 2002 , a total of eight customers had altogether placed 125 firm orders in addition to signed options for an additional 164 aircraft . However , the programme was derailed at a late stage by the insolvency of Fairchild Dornier , which occurred shortly after the official roll-out of the first 728 . Despite attempts to revive the programme , including the establishment of Fairchild Dornier Aeroindustries , customers opted to cancel their orders and no aircraft actually ever flew . The three prototypes that were completed have been sold on for other purposes ."}]}, {'value': '2002 ( plan . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2002_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 2002 :'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prototype commuter jet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild-Dornier 428JET', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild-Dornier_428JET', 'summary': 'The Fairchild Dornier 428JET was a program undertaken by Fairchild Dornier to develop a 44-seat regional jet aircraft . The program was part of a broader attempt by the company to develop a family of regional jets , comprising the 328JET , 428JET , and the 728 series . This family of aircraft was designed to compete with the Bombardier CRJ and Embraer ERJ/Embraer E-Jets families . The aircraft was announced on May 19 , 1998 . It was cancelled in August 2000 .'}]}, {'value': '2001 ( plan . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2001_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is the year of the deadliest air disaster in history , the September 11 attacks . This is a list of aviation-related events from 2001 :'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cancelled regional jet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild-Dornier 328JET', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild-Dornier_328JET', 'summary': "The Fairchild-Dornier 328JET is a commuter airliner , based upon the turboprop-powered Dornier 328 , developed by the German aircraft manufacturer Dornier Luftfahrt GmbH . It would be the last Dornier-designed aircraft to reach production before the company 's collapse during the early 2000s . The 328JET was designed by Dornier in response to negative feedback from some customers on the marketability of turboprops against the more appealing turbofan engine . It was a relatively straightforward re-reengining of the existing 328 , being originally designated as the 328-300 prior to being rebranded as the 328JET . During 1996 , early on in the programme , the financially distressed Dornier company was acquired by the American aerospace firm Fairchild Aircraft ; the resulting corporation , named Fairchild Dornier , continued development of the 328JET . On 20 January 1998 , the first 328JET prototype conducted its maiden flight . While production of the 328 family was performed in Oberpfaffenhofen , Germany , sales activity was centred in San Antonio , Texas and support for Dornier 's products was provided from both locations . At one stage , a stretched variant of the 328JET , commonly referred to as the 428JET , was under active development . However , amid intense competition in the international market for regional jets , Fairchild Dornier were unable to attain enough sales of the type to maintain production . During 2002 , the final 328JET left the production line , while support for existing aircraft continues to be provided . While a prospective revival of the programme has been mooted on multiple occasions , nothing concrete has occurred as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1991 :'}]}, {'value': '110', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'commuter jet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild T-46', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_T-46', 'summary': 'The Fairchild T-46 was an American light jet trainer aircraft of the 1980s . It was cancelled in 1986 with only three aircraft being produced .'}]}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1985 . It remains one of the deadliest years in aviation history for aviation disasters , including the crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 ( 520 people killed ) , bombing of Air India Flight 182 ( 329 ) , crash of Arrow Air Flight 1285 ( 256 ) , crash of Aeroflot Flight 7425 ( 200 ) , crash of Iberia Airlines Flight 610 ( 148 ) , Delta Air Lines Flight 191 ( 137 ) , Galaxy Airlines Flight 203 ( 70 ) , and British Airtours Flight 28M ( 55 ) , a mid-air collision between Aeroflot Flight 8381 and a Soviet Air Forces transport aircraft ( 94 ) , the hijacking of Egyptair Flight 648 ( 60 ) , and various crashes and other incidents with under 50 fatalities . August 1985 remains the worst single month for commercial aviation fatalities in history ; a total of 2,010 people were killed in commercial aviation accidents in 1985 ; the second highest in commercial aviation history since 1942 ; only 1972 had more fatalities ( 2,373 ) .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trainer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II', 'summary': "The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat , twin turbofan engine , straight wing jet aircraft developed by Fairchild-Republic for the United States Air Force ( USAF ) . It is commonly referred to by the nicknames Warthog or Hog , although the A-10 's official name comes from the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt , a World War II fighter-bomber effective at attacking ground targets . The A-10 was designed for close air support ( CAS ) of friendly ground troops , attacking armored vehicles and tanks , and providing quick-action support against enemy ground forces . It entered service in 1976 and is the only production-built aircraft that has served in the USAF that was designed solely for CAS . Its secondary mission is to provide forward air controller - airborne support , by directing other aircraft in attacks on ground targets . Aircraft used primarily in this role are designated OA-10 . The A-10 was intended to improve on the performance of the A-1 Skyraider and its lesser firepower . The A-10 was designed around the 30 mm GAU-8 Avenger rotary cannon . Its airframe was designed for durability , with measures such as 1,200 pounds ( 540 kg ) of titanium armor to protect the cockpit and aircraft systems , enabling it to absorb a significant amount of damage and continue flying . Its short takeoff and landing capability permits operation from airstrips close to the front lines , and its simple design enables maintenance with minimal facilities . The A-10 served in the Gulf War ( Operation Desert Storm ) , the American led intervention against Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , where the A-10 distinguished itself . The A-10 also participated in other conflicts such as in Grenada , the Balkans , Afghanistan , Iraq , and against Islamic State in the Middle East ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1972_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1972 . This particular year remains the bloodiest year in commercial aviation history since 1942 ; 2,313 people were killed in aviation accidents .'}]}, {'value': '716', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Close air support', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Close_air_support', 'summary': 'In military tactics , close air support ( CAS ) is defined as air action such as air strikes by fixed or rotary-winged aircraft against hostile targets that are in proximity to friendly forces and which requires detailed integration of each air mission with fire and movement of these forces and attacks with aerial bombs , glide bombs , missiles , rockets , aircraft cannons , machine guns , and even directed-energy weapons such as lasers . The requirement for detailed integration because of proximity , fires or movement is the determining factor . CAS may need to be conducted during shaping operations with Special Operations Forces ( SOF ) if the mission requires detailed integration with the fire and movement of these forces . A closely related subset of air interdiction ( AI ) , battlefield air interdiction , denotes interdiction against units with near-term effects on friendly units , but which does not require integration with friendly troop movements . The term battlefield air interdiction is not currently used in U.S. joint doctrine . Close air support requires excellent coordination with ground forces . In advanced modern militaries , this coordination is typically handled by specialists such as Joint Fires Observers ( JFOs ) , Joint Terminal Attack Controllers ( JTACs ) , and forward air controllers ( FACs ) . Close air support proved effective in many combat operations including by the us in operation desert storm , and operation Iraqi freedom as well as by Russia in both the Chechen and Syria and by Iran and Iraq in the Iran-Iraq war .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairchild AU-23 Peacemaker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_AU-23_Peacemaker', 'summary': 'The Fairchild AU-23 Peacemaker is an American armed gunship , counter-insurgency , utility transport version of the Pilatus PC-6 Porter for the United States Air Force . A total of 35 were built under license in the United States by Fairchild Industries , for use during the Vietnam War in the early 1970s . All aircraft were later sold to the Royal Thai Air Force .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1971_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1971 :'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Counter-insurgency aircraft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner / C-26', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_Swearingen_Metroliner', 'summary': 'The Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner ( previously the Swearingen Metro and later Fairchild Aerospace Metro ) is a 19-seat , pressurized , twin-turboprop airliner first produced by Swearingen Aircraft and later by Fairchild Aircraft at a plant in San Antonio , Texas .'}, {'url': '/wiki/C-26_Metroliner', 'summary': 'The Fairchild C-26 Metroliner is the designation for the Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner series twin turboprop aircraft in the service of the United States military . It was not officially named by the US Armed Forces , but is unofficially known by the same name as its civilian counterpart . The C-26A is the military version of the Model SA227-AC Metro III ; the C-26B is the military version of the Model SA227-BC Metro III and Model SA227-DC Metro 23 ; and UC-26C is the military designation for the Model SA227-AT Merlin IVC .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1968 :'}]}, {'value': '600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turboprop airliner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild AC-119', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_AC-119', 'summary': 'The Fairchild AC-119G Shadow and AC-119K Stinger were twin-engine piston-powered gunships developed by the United States during the Vietnam War . They replaced the Douglas AC-47 Spooky and operated alongside the early versions of the AC-130 Spectre gunship .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1968_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1968 :'}]}, {'value': '52', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ground-attack conversion of C-119', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild-Hiller FH-1100', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild-Hiller_FH-1100', 'summary': "The Fairchild Hiller FH-1100 is a single-engine , single two-bladed rotor , light helicopter which began as a design entry into the United States Army 's Light Observation Helicopter program . The Hiller Model 1100 was not selected but after Hiller Aircraft was purchased by Fairchild Stratos in 1964 , the Model 1100 was successfully marketed as a civilian helicopter , the FH-1100 . The type certificate is now held by the FH1100 Manufacturing Corporation of Century , Florida ."}]}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1966_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1966 :'}]}, {'value': '253', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turbine helicopter', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild-Swearingen Merlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild-Swearingen_Merlin', 'summary': 'The Swearingen Merlin or the Fairchild Aerospace Merlin is a pressurized , twin turboprop business aircraft first produced by Swearingen Aircraft , and later by Fairchild at a plant in San Antonio , Texas .'}]}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1965_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1965 :'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turboprop corporate', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild 228', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_228', 'summary': 'The Fairchild 228 was a regional jet developed for the United States market by Fairchild Hiller using Fokker F28 sub-assemblies .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regional jet airliner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild VZ-5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_VZ-5', 'summary': 'The Fairchild VZ-5 ( or Model M-224-1 ) was a 1950s American experimental VTOL research aircraft built by Fairchild Aircraft for the United States Army .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1959_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1959 :'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Experimental VTOL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild Hiller F-27 , FH-227', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_F-27', 'summary': 'The Fairchild F-27 and Fairchild Hiller FH-227 were versions of the Fokker F27 Friendship twin-engined turboprop passenger aircraft manufactured under license by Fairchild Hiller in the United States . The Fairchild F-27 was similar to the standard Fokker F27 , while the FH-227 was an independently developed stretched version .'}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1958_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1958 :'}]}, {'value': '206', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turboprop commuter airliner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild XC-120 Packplane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_XC-120_Packplane', 'summary': "The Fairchild XC-120 Packplane was an American experimental transport aircraft first flown in 1950 . It was developed from the company 's C-119 Flying Boxcar , and was unique in the unconventional use of removable cargo pods that were attached below the fuselage , instead of possessing an internal cargo compartment ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1950_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1950 :'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Military transport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild C-123 Provider', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_C-123_Provider', 'summary': 'The Fairchild C-123 Provider is an American military transport aircraft designed by Chase Aircraft and then built by Fairchild Aircraft for the U.S. Air Force . In addition to its USAF service , which included later service with the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard , it also went on to serve most notably with the U.S. Coast Guard and various air forces in Southeast Asia . During the War in Vietnam , the C-123 was used to deliver supplies , to evacuate the wounded , and also used to spray Agent Orange .'}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1949_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1949 :'}]}, {'value': '307', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Military transport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild XNQ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_XNQ', 'summary': 'The Fairchild XNQ ( T-31 ) ( Model M-92 ) was an American trainer designed as a standard primary trainer for the U.S. Air Force during the 1950s .'}]}, {'value': '1949', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1949_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1949 :'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trainer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar', 'summary': 'The Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar ( Navy and Marine Corps designation R4Q ) was an American military transport aircraft developed from the World War II-era Fairchild C-82 Packet , designed to carry cargo , personnel , litter patients , and mechanized equipment , and to drop cargo and troops by parachute . The first C-119 made its initial flight in November 1947 , and by the time production ceased in 1955 , more than 1,100 C-119s had been built . Its cargo-hauling ability and unusual twin-boom design earned it the nickname Flying Boxcar .'}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1947_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1947 :'}]}, {'value': '1,183', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Military transport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild M-84', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_M-84', 'summary': 'The Fairchild M-84 was a four-seat cabin aircraft designed using PT-19 components .'}]}, {'value': '1945', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1945_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1945 :'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Four-Five place family aircraft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild C-82 Packet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_C-82_Packet', 'summary': 'The C-82 Packet is a twin-engine , twin-boom cargo aircraft designed and built by Fairchild Aircraft . It was used briefly by the United States Army Air Forces and the successor United States Air Force following World War II . The aircraft was named as a tribute to the packet boats that hauled mail , passengers and freight in Europe and its colonies , including North American rivers and canals , for most of the 18th and 19th centuries . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1944_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1944 :'}]}, {'value': '223', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Military transport', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fairchild BQ-3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairchild_BQ-3', 'summary': "The Fairchild BQ-3 , also known as the Model 79 , was an early expendable unmanned aerial vehicle - referred to at the time as an assault drone - developed by Fairchild Aircraft from the company 's AT-21 Gunner advanced trainer during the Second World War for use by the United States Army Air Forces . Two examples of the type were built and flight-tested , but the progress of guided missiles rendered the assault drone quickly obsolete , and the type was not produced ."}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1944_in_aviation', 'summary': 'This is a list of aviation-related events from 1944 :'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assault Drone', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Aircraft', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Fairchild_Aircraft_0', 'intro': 'Fairchild was an American aircraft and aerospace manufacturing company based at various times in Farmingdale, New York; Hagerstown, Maryland; and San Antonio, Texas.'} | null | null | Which of the crafts which took their first flight in the 70s only fit one person ? | Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II |
0a94a379c6114b4a | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Thompson', 'title': 'Gerry Thompson', 'header': ['Season', 'Event type', 'Location', 'Format', 'Date', 'Rank'], 'data': [{'value': '2003-04', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2003–04', 'summary': "The 2003-04 Pro Tour season was the ninth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 23 August 2003 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Yokohama and London . It ended on 5 September 2004 with the conclusion of the 2004 World Championship in San Francisco . Beginning with this season Wizards of the Coast moved the Pro Tour schedule farther backwards in the year to synchronize it with the calendar year . The season consisted of 26 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Boston , New Orleans , Amsterdam , Kobe , San Diego , Seattle , and San Francisco . Also the Master Series tournaments were discontinued and replaced by payout at the end of the year based on the Pro Player of the year standings . At the end of the season Gabriel Nassif was proclaimed Pro Player of the year , the first player after Kai Budde 's three-year-domination period , and also the first player to win the title without winning a Pro Tour in the same season ."}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Kansas City , Missouri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochester Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 18-19 , 2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Austin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 9-10 , 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2005', 'summary': 'The 2005 Pro Tour season was the tenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 10 September 2004 the season began with Grand Prix Rimini . It ended on 4 December 2005 with the conclusion of the 2005 World Championship in Yokohama and was thus the longest Pro Tour season ever . The season consisted of 31 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours , held in Columbus , Nagoya , Atlanta , Philadelphia , London , Los Angeles , and Yokohama . At the end of the season Kenji Tsumura was proclaimed Pro Player of the year as the first Japanese player . Also the first class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Jon Finkel , Darwin Kastle , Tommi Hovi , Alan Comer , and Olle Råde .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Minneapolis', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 16-17 , 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 4-5 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2006', 'summary': 'The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte . It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris . The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours , held in Honolulu , Prague , Charleston , Kobe , and Paris . At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year . At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted . The inductees were Bob Maher , Jr. , Dave Humpherys , Raphaël Lévy , Gary Wise , and Rob Dougherty .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 1-12 , 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2008', 'summary': 'The 2008 Pro Tour season was the thirteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 15 December 2007 , with Grand Prix Stuttgart , and ended on 14 December 2008 , with the 2008 World Championship in Memphis . The season consisted of twenty-one Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kuala Lumpur , Hollywood , Berlin , and Memphis . The Grand Prixs from June until August were designated Summer Series Grand Prixs , awarding more prizes and additional Pro Points . At the end of the season , Shuhei Nakamura became the fourth consecutive Japanese player to win Pro Player of the year . Dirk Baberowski , Michael Turian , Jelger Wiegersma , Olivier Ruel , and Ben Rubin were inducted into the Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Denver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Block Constructed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 9-10 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2008', 'summary': 'The 2008 Pro Tour season was the thirteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 15 December 2007 , with Grand Prix Stuttgart , and ended on 14 December 2008 , with the 2008 World Championship in Memphis . The season consisted of twenty-one Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in Kuala Lumpur , Hollywood , Berlin , and Memphis . The Grand Prixs from June until August were designated Summer Series Grand Prixs , awarding more prizes and additional Pro Points . At the end of the season , Shuhei Nakamura became the fourth consecutive Japanese player to win Pro Player of the year . Dirk Baberowski , Michael Turian , Jelger Wiegersma , Olivier Ruel , and Ben Rubin were inducted into the Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Atlanta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 15-16 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2010', 'summary': 'The 2010 Pro Tour season was the fifteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It began on 13 February 2010 with Grand Prix Oakland , and ended on 12 December 2010 with the conclusion of the 2010 World Championship in Chiba , Japan . The season consisted of eighteen Grand Prixs , and four Pro Tours , located in San Diego , San Juan , Amsterdam , and Chiba . Gabriel Nassif , Brian Kibler , and Bram Snepvangers were inducted into the Hall of Fame at the World Championship in Chiba . Although the season formally ended with the conclusion of the World Championship , the final title of season was not awarded until three months later . Guillaume Matignon and Brad Nelson tied for Player of the Year . The title was decided by a single match between the two at the 2011 Pro Tour in Paris , which Nelson won by four games to two .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Nashville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sealed and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 20-21 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2012', 'summary': 'The 2012 Pro Tour season is the seventeenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . Due to major changes in the Pro Tour systems the 2012 season was retroactively made to overlap with the 2011 season . Originally the 2012 season was supposed to begin on 7 January 2012 with Grand Prix Austin , but retroactively the events from after Pro Tour Nagoya on 10-12 June 2011 were made to count towards the 2012 season as well as the 2011 season . The major changes included a shift of the season . Instead of Pro Tour seasons aligning with the calendar year , beginning with the 2012-13 season Pro Tour seasons will be going from spring to spring . Also a major overhaul of the ratings system was conducted . A new bye policy based upon the new ratings system and a new invitation policy for the Pro Tour were introduced . Finally the number of Grand Prix tournaments was greatly increased .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Charleston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 17-18 , 2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012-13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2012–13', 'summary': "The 2012-13 Pro Tour season was the eighteenth season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It started on 19 May 2012 with Grand Prix Malmö , and ended on 19 May 2013 with the conclusion of Pro Tour Dragon 's Maze in San Diego . The season consisted of 44 Grand Prix and three Pro Tours , which were held in Seattle , Montreal and San Diego . At the end of the season Josh Utter-Leyton was proclaimed Pro Player of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Montreal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 15-17 , 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015-16', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2015–16', 'summary': 'The 2015-16 Pro Tour season was the twenty-first season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It started on 8 August 2015 with Grand Prix San Diego and Hong Kong and ended on 7 August 2016 with the conclusion of Pro Tour Sydney . The season consisted of 49 Grand Prix and 4 Pro Tours , located in Milwaukee , Atlanta , Madrid , and Sydney .'}]}, {'value': 'Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'Grands Prix ( GPs ) are professional Magic : The Gathering tournaments , awarding cash prizes , Pro Points and invitations to Pro Tours . They are open to all players and are usually the biggest Magic tournaments . The first Grand Prix was held on 22-23 March 1997 in Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) . By the end of 2018 , 654 Grand Prix events have been held , the biggest being GP Las Vegas 2015 with 7,551 competitors , making it the biggest trading card game tournament ever held . Grand Prix tournaments are the main event of a minimum three-day mini-convention . The term Grand Prix can refer to either the tournament or to the entire weekend . Starting in 2019 , as part of a broader re-branding , the term MagicFest was introduced to refer to the overall event , which includes both the Grand Prix main event and a number of Side Events , which last for only a few hours and which have comparatively smaller prize pools .'}]}, {'value': 'Detroit', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 5-6 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_Pro_Tour_season_2016–17', 'summary': 'The 2016-17 Pro Tour season was the twenty-second season of the Magic : The Gathering Pro Tour . It started on 13 August 2016 with Grand Prix Portland and Rimini and ended on 30 July 2017 with the conclusion of Pro Tour Kyoto . The season consisted of 49 Grand Prix and 4 Pro Tours , located in Honolulu , Dublin , Nashville , and Kyoto .'}]}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Nashville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard and Booster Draft', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 12-14 , 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pro Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pro_Tour_(Magic:_The_Gathering)', 'summary': 'The Pro Tour ( often abbreviated as PT ) is the second-highest form of competitive play ( after the World Championship ) for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game . It consists of a series of tournaments held throughout the world , each requiring an invitation to participate . Every Pro Tour awards a total of $ 240,000 in cash prizes , with $ 50,000 going to the winner . Pro Tour competitors also receive Pro Points , the amount depending on their results . Pro Points award special benefits to players , including automatic qualification and travel awards for subsequent Pro Tours . Currently , four Pro Tours are held during a twelve-month season also known colloquially as a year . The Pro Tour was introduced in 1996 with the first event being held in New York . Over 100 such tournaments have been held since . Finishing within the Top 8 of a Pro Tour is considered to be one of the greatest accomplishments a competitive Magic player can achieve . Professional players are thus often compared by the number of Pro Tour Top 8 finishes they have made throughout their career . The most successful players on the Pro Tour are Kai Budde , who won seven Pro Tours out of ten Top 8 finishes , and Jon Finkel , who won three Pro Tours , while making it to the Top 8 sixteen times .'}]}, {'value': 'Bilbao', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modern', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 2-4 , 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Achievements -- Top 8 appearances', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Gerry_Thompson_0', 'intro': 'Gerry W. Thompson is an American Magic: The Gathering player. His career accomplishments include two Grand Prix victories, Pro Tour Top 8 at Montreal in 2013, Bilbao in 2018, and a Pro Tour win at Nashville in 2017. He is also known for his repeated success at the StarCityGames tournament series. His hometown is Elk River, Minnesota.'} | null | null | What was the designation given to the grand prixs held from June until August during the season that began with Grand Prix Stuttgart and saw Gerry Thompson compete in Denver ? | Summer Series Grand Prixs |
0a95cbf3ba714a97 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Mallorca', 'title': 'Vuelta a Mallorca', 'header': ['Year', 'Trofeo Palma de Mallorca', 'Trofeo Alcúdia', 'Trofeo Calvia', 'Trofeo Manacor', 'Trofeo Sóller'], 'data': [{'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenneth Weltz ( DEN )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfonso Gutiérrez ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfonso_Gutiérrez', 'summary': "Alfonso Gutiérrez ( born 17 November 1961 ) is a Spanish former professional racing cyclist . He rode in three editions of the Tour de France , one edition of the Giro d'Italia and seven editions of the Vuelta a España ."}]}, {'value': 'Neil Stephens ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neil_Stephens', 'summary': "Neil Stephens OAM ASM ( born 1 October 1963 in Canberra ) is an Australian former road bicycle racer . He won the Australian national road race title in 1991 and 1994 . He is a Tour de France stage winner and is one of the relatively few riders to have completed the three Grand Tours ( Giro d'Italia , Tour de France and Vuelta a España ) in a calendar year , as well as being the first Australian to complete the feat . He was involved in the Festina doping scandal in 1998 Tour de France . He claimed that he took EPO but believed he was taking vitamin supplements intravenously . In late 2007 , Caisse d'Epargne announced that Neil Stephens would be the team 's new sport director . Stephens was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia ( OAM ) in the 1996 Australia Day Honours for his service to cycling and the Australian Sports Medal in September 2000 in recognition of his Tour de France stage win ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfonso Gutiérrez ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfonso_Gutiérrez', 'summary': "Alfonso Gutiérrez ( born 17 November 1961 ) is a Spanish former professional racing cyclist . He rode in three editions of the Tour de France , one edition of the Giro d'Italia and seven editions of the Vuelta a España ."}]}, {'value': 'Juan Carlos González ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Carlos_González_Salvador', 'summary': 'Juan Carlos González Salvador ( born 28 January 1964 in Bilbao ) is a Spanish former cyclist .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asiat Saitov ( RUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asiat_Saitov', 'summary': "Asyat Mansurovich Saitov ( Russian : Асят Мансурович Саитов ; born 1 January 1965 ) is a retired Russian cyclist . He missed the 1984 Summer Olympics due to their boycott by the Soviet Union and competed at the Friendship Games instead , winning a silver medal in the team road race . The same year he won the Tour of Greece and Olympia 's Tour . He also won the GP Cuprosan in 1991 , Vuelta a Castilla y León in 1992 , Vuelta a Mallorca in 1993 and Gran Premio de Llodio in 1994 . In 1988 he competed at the Summer Olympics in the 100 km team time trial and in the individual road race and finished in seventh and 51st place , respectively . He is married to Svetlana Masterkova , a Russian Olympic middle distance runner ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfonso Gutiérrez ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfonso_Gutiérrez', 'summary': "Alfonso Gutiérrez ( born 17 November 1961 ) is a Spanish former professional racing cyclist . He rode in three editions of the Tour de France , one edition of the Giro d'Italia and seven editions of the Vuelta a España ."}]}, {'value': 'Federico Echave ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federico_Echave', 'summary': "Federico Echave Musatadi ( born 20 July 1960 in Kortezubi ) is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer . He won the prestigious stage up to Alpe d'Huez in 1987 Tour de France ."}]}, {'value': 'Laurent Jalabert ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurent_Jalabert', 'summary': "Laurent Jalabert ( born 30 November 1968 ) is a French former professional road racing cyclist , from 1989 to 2002 . Affectionately known as Jaja ( slang for a glass of wine ; when he continued drinking wine as a professional , the nickname stuck because of the similarity to his name ) , he won many one-day and stage races and was ranked number 1 in the world in 1995 , 1996 , 1997 and 1999 . Although he never won the Tour de France , where he suffered altitude sickness , he won the Vuelta a España in 1995 ; as well as the leader 's jersey , he won the sprinter 's jersey and climber 's jersey in the same race - only the third rider to have done this in a Grand Tour . With Alessandro Petacchi , Eddy Merckx , Djamolidine Abdoujaparov and Mark Cavendish , he is one of only five riders to win the points classification in all three grand tours ."}]}, {'value': 'Laurent Jalabert ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurent_Jalabert', 'summary': "Laurent Jalabert ( born 30 November 1968 ) is a French former professional road racing cyclist , from 1989 to 2002 . Affectionately known as Jaja ( slang for a glass of wine ; when he continued drinking wine as a professional , the nickname stuck because of the similarity to his name ) , he won many one-day and stage races and was ranked number 1 in the world in 1995 , 1996 , 1997 and 1999 . Although he never won the Tour de France , where he suffered altitude sickness , he won the Vuelta a España in 1995 ; as well as the leader 's jersey , he won the sprinter 's jersey and climber 's jersey in the same race - only the third rider to have done this in a Grand Tour . With Alessandro Petacchi , Eddy Merckx , Djamolidine Abdoujaparov and Mark Cavendish , he is one of only five riders to win the points classification in all three grand tours ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan Llaneras ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Llaneras', 'summary': 'Joan Llaneras Rosselló'}]}, {'value': 'Asier Guenetxea ( ESP )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alfonso Gutiérrez ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfonso_Gutiérrez', 'summary': "Alfonso Gutiérrez ( born 17 November 1961 ) is a Spanish former professional racing cyclist . He rode in three editions of the Tour de France , one edition of the Giro d'Italia and seven editions of the Vuelta a España ."}]}, {'value': 'José Ramón Uriarte ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Ramón_Uriarte', 'summary': "José Ramón Uriarte ( born 21 January 1967 ) is a Spanish former professional racing cyclist . He rode in five editions of the Tour de France , three editions of the Giro d'Italia and five editions of the Vuelta a España ."}]}, {'value': 'Ángel Edo ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ángel_Edo', 'summary': 'Ángel Edo Alsina ( born 4 August 1970 ) is a former professional road racing cyclist since 1992 , who last rode for Vitoria-ASC . He competed in the individual road race at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adriano Baffi ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adriano_Baffi', 'summary': 'Adriano Baffi ( born 7 August 1962 ) is a former Italian bicycle road racer . After his career as a rider , he became a team director . He is the son of Italian bicycle racer Pierino Baffi . Baffi was born in Vailate , Italy . He joined Luxembourg team Leopard Trek as a sporting director in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeroen Blijlevens ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeroen_Blijlevens', 'summary': "Jeroen Johannes Hendrikus Blijlevens ( born 29 December 1971 ) is a retired road bicycle racer from the Netherlands , who was a professional rider from 1994 to 2004 . He now works as a directeur sportif for UCI Women 's Team CCC Liv , and has also worked as a cycling co-commentator at Eurosport Netherlands . Nicknamed Jerommeke , he was one of Holland 's leading sprinters in the 1990s , claiming a total of 11 stage victories across the three Grand Tours ( Tour de France , Vuelta a España and Giro d'Italia ) . He won a total number of 74 races in his professional career ."}]}, {'value': 'Beat Zberg ( SUI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beat_Zberg', 'summary': 'Beat Zberg ( born May 10 , 1971 in Altdorf , Uri ) is a Swiss former professional road bicycle racer for UCI ProTeam Gerolsteiner . In 2007 he became the Swiss National champion , winning the road race alone and over 2 minutes ahead of 2nd placed Fabian Cancellara . Later that year , he retired from active competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Samuele Schiavina ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuele_Schiavina', 'summary': 'Samuele Schiavina ( 5 June 1971 - 26 October 2016 ) was an Italian professional racing cyclist . He rode in the 1998 Tour de France .'}]}, {'value': 'Laurent Jalabert ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurent_Jalabert', 'summary': "Laurent Jalabert ( born 30 November 1968 ) is a French former professional road racing cyclist , from 1989 to 2002 . Affectionately known as Jaja ( slang for a glass of wine ; when he continued drinking wine as a professional , the nickname stuck because of the similarity to his name ) , he won many one-day and stage races and was ranked number 1 in the world in 1995 , 1996 , 1997 and 1999 . Although he never won the Tour de France , where he suffered altitude sickness , he won the Vuelta a España in 1995 ; as well as the leader 's jersey , he won the sprinter 's jersey and climber 's jersey in the same race - only the third rider to have done this in a Grand Tour . With Alessandro Petacchi , Eddy Merckx , Djamolidine Abdoujaparov and Mark Cavendish , he is one of only five riders to win the points classification in all three grand tours ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeroen Blijlevens ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeroen_Blijlevens', 'summary': "Jeroen Johannes Hendrikus Blijlevens ( born 29 December 1971 ) is a retired road bicycle racer from the Netherlands , who was a professional rider from 1994 to 2004 . He now works as a directeur sportif for UCI Women 's Team CCC Liv , and has also worked as a cycling co-commentator at Eurosport Netherlands . Nicknamed Jerommeke , he was one of Holland 's leading sprinters in the 1990s , claiming a total of 11 stage victories across the three Grand Tours ( Tour de France , Vuelta a España and Giro d'Italia ) . He won a total number of 74 races in his professional career ."}]}, {'value': 'Goder De Leeuw ( NED )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Francisco Cabello ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Cabello_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Francisco Cabello Luque ( born 20 May 1969 , in La Zubia ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer who competed from 1990 to 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Federico Colonna ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federico_Colonna', 'summary': 'Federico Colonna ( born 17 August 1972 ) is an Italian former professional road racing cyclist .'}]}, {'value': 'Francisco Cabello ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Cabello_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Francisco Cabello Luque ( born 20 May 1969 , in La Zubia ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer who competed from 1990 to 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erik Zabel ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Zabel', 'summary': 'Erik Zabel ( born 7 July 1970 ) is a German former professional road bicycle racer who last raced with Milram . With 152 professional wins and 211 wins in his career , he is considered by some to be one of the greatest German cyclists and cycling sprinters of all-time . Zabel won a record nine points classifications in grands tours including the points classification in the Tour de France six consecutive years between 1996 and 2001 and the points classification in the Vuelta a España in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . Zabel won the Milan-San Remo four times and numerous six-day track events . He was one of the few road cyclists of recent times who raced all year , including track cycling in winter . For season 2012 he joined Team Katusha as sprint coach . He previously held that same position with the HTC-Highroad team until their dissolution . Zabel admitted to doping from 1996 to 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Peter Van Petegem ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Van_Petegem', 'summary': 'Peter van Petegem ( born 18 January 1970 in Brakel , Belgium ) is a former professional road racing cyclist . Van Petegem last rode for Quick Step-Innergetic , in 2007 . He lived in Horebeke . He was a specialist in spring classics , one of ten riders to win the Tour of Flanders and Paris-Roubaix in the same season . He also earned a medal at the World Championship on two occasions ; taking the silver in 1998 and winning the bronze in 2003 . His last race was the GP Briek Schotte in Desselgem on 11 September 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Steels ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Steels', 'summary': "Tom Steels ( born 2 September 1971 ) is a Belgian former professional road bicycle racer , specialising in sprint finishes and one-day races . He was one of the top sprinters in the peloton . Steels competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , in the Men 's 1000 metres Time Trial , finishing 19th . Steels began his professional cycling career in 1994 with the Vlaanderen 2002 team , winning eight times in his first two seasons . His breakthrough was after he signed with Mapei in 1996 . That year he won Omloop Het Volk , and Gent-Wevelgem . In 1997 , he rode in his first Tour de France , and looked capable of a stage win after coming second on Stage 2 . However , during the sprint for the finish for the sixth stage he found himself blocked and boxed in by other sprinters and in frustration threw his water bottle at another rider , an offence for which he was disqualified from that year 's Tour . As a result , he earned the nickname Tom Bidon . His best season was 1998 when he won the national championship for the second time and returned to the Tour de France to win four stages . The point jersey would also have been his , as the people in front of him all admitted to doping . He was also national champion in 2002 and 2004 and won five more stages in the Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Hendrik Van Dijck ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hendrik_Van_Dijck', 'summary': 'Hendrik Van Dijck ( born 5 February 1974 , in Herentals ) is a Belgian former professional road bicycle racer .'}]}, {'value': 'Laurent Jalabert ( FRA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laurent_Jalabert', 'summary': "Laurent Jalabert ( born 30 November 1968 ) is a French former professional road racing cyclist , from 1989 to 2002 . Affectionately known as Jaja ( slang for a glass of wine ; when he continued drinking wine as a professional , the nickname stuck because of the similarity to his name ) , he won many one-day and stage races and was ranked number 1 in the world in 1995 , 1996 , 1997 and 1999 . Although he never won the Tour de France , where he suffered altitude sickness , he won the Vuelta a España in 1995 ; as well as the leader 's jersey , he won the sprinter 's jersey and climber 's jersey in the same race - only the third rider to have done this in a Grand Tour . With Alessandro Petacchi , Eddy Merckx , Djamolidine Abdoujaparov and Mark Cavendish , he is one of only five riders to win the points classification in all three grand tours ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erik Zabel ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Zabel', 'summary': 'Erik Zabel ( born 7 July 1970 ) is a German former professional road bicycle racer who last raced with Milram . With 152 professional wins and 211 wins in his career , he is considered by some to be one of the greatest German cyclists and cycling sprinters of all-time . Zabel won a record nine points classifications in grands tours including the points classification in the Tour de France six consecutive years between 1996 and 2001 and the points classification in the Vuelta a España in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . Zabel won the Milan-San Remo four times and numerous six-day track events . He was one of the few road cyclists of recent times who raced all year , including track cycling in winter . For season 2012 he joined Team Katusha as sprint coach . He previously held that same position with the HTC-Highroad team until their dissolution . Zabel admitted to doping from 1996 to 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jeremy Hunt ( GBR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt_(cyclist)', 'summary': "Jeremy Hunt ( born 12 March 1974 ) is a retired British road racing cyclist who raced for numerous years mainly a sprinter . Hunt was the British national road race champion in 1997 and in 2001 . Hunt was born in Canada and grew up in England , firstly in Bury before moving to Devon . His father had been an amateur racing cyclist , and as a teenager in Devon Hunt was coached by former Tour de France rider Colin Lewis . He pursued his career in northern France before turning professional . He made his professional cycling debut for Banesto in 1996 , and rode there for 4 seasons , when in 2000 he began a 3-year stint at BigMat-Auber 93 , taking a win against Mario Cipollini in a stage of the Tour Méditerranéen in his first season with the team . He spent 1 season for MBK-Oktos until in 2004 he joined Mr. Bookmaker-Palmans-Collstrop . Hunt joined Crédit Agricole in 2008 , following the demise of the MrBookmaker , now called Unibet.com . In 2009 he joined Cervélo TestTeam , where he made his Tour de France debut in 2010 at the age of 36 , having previously turned down the opportunity of racing in the Tour whilst at Banesto in 1997 . In October 2010 , after the demise of the Cervélo team , he was announced as a member of Team Sky 's 2011 line-up . Hunt was part of the Great Britain team that helped Mark Cavendish win the 2011 UCI World Road Race Championship . He is now director sportif of Azerbaijani Continental team Synergy Baku Cycling Project ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Steels ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Steels', 'summary': "Tom Steels ( born 2 September 1971 ) is a Belgian former professional road bicycle racer , specialising in sprint finishes and one-day races . He was one of the top sprinters in the peloton . Steels competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , in the Men 's 1000 metres Time Trial , finishing 19th . Steels began his professional cycling career in 1994 with the Vlaanderen 2002 team , winning eight times in his first two seasons . His breakthrough was after he signed with Mapei in 1996 . That year he won Omloop Het Volk , and Gent-Wevelgem . In 1997 , he rode in his first Tour de France , and looked capable of a stage win after coming second on Stage 2 . However , during the sprint for the finish for the sixth stage he found himself blocked and boxed in by other sprinters and in frustration threw his water bottle at another rider , an offence for which he was disqualified from that year 's Tour . As a result , he earned the nickname Tom Bidon . His best season was 1998 when he won the national championship for the second time and returned to the Tour de France to win four stages . The point jersey would also have been his , as the people in front of him all admitted to doping . He was also national champion in 2002 and 2004 and won five more stages in the Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Elio Aggiano ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elio_Aggiano', 'summary': 'Elio Aggiano ( born 15 March 1972 in Brindisi ) is a former Italian racing cyclist .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Steels ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Steels', 'summary': "Tom Steels ( born 2 September 1971 ) is a Belgian former professional road bicycle racer , specialising in sprint finishes and one-day races . He was one of the top sprinters in the peloton . Steels competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , in the Men 's 1000 metres Time Trial , finishing 19th . Steels began his professional cycling career in 1994 with the Vlaanderen 2002 team , winning eight times in his first two seasons . His breakthrough was after he signed with Mapei in 1996 . That year he won Omloop Het Volk , and Gent-Wevelgem . In 1997 , he rode in his first Tour de France , and looked capable of a stage win after coming second on Stage 2 . However , during the sprint for the finish for the sixth stage he found himself blocked and boxed in by other sprinters and in frustration threw his water bottle at another rider , an offence for which he was disqualified from that year 's Tour . As a result , he earned the nickname Tom Bidon . His best season was 1998 when he won the national championship for the second time and returned to the Tour de France to win four stages . The point jersey would also have been his , as the people in front of him all admitted to doping . He was also national champion in 2002 and 2004 and won five more stages in the Tour ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jeroen Blijlevens ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeroen_Blijlevens', 'summary': "Jeroen Johannes Hendrikus Blijlevens ( born 29 December 1971 ) is a retired road bicycle racer from the Netherlands , who was a professional rider from 1994 to 2004 . He now works as a directeur sportif for UCI Women 's Team CCC Liv , and has also worked as a cycling co-commentator at Eurosport Netherlands . Nicknamed Jerommeke , he was one of Holland 's leading sprinters in the 1990s , claiming a total of 11 stage victories across the three Grand Tours ( Tour de France , Vuelta a España and Giro d'Italia ) . He won a total number of 74 races in his professional career ."}]}, {'value': 'Claus Michael Møller ( DEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claus_Michael_Møller', 'summary': 'Claus Michael Møller ( born 3 October 1968 ) is a Danish former professional cyclist . He competed in the individual road race at the 1992 Summer Olympics . He turned professional in 1995 with the Castellblanch team before moving to Milaneza MSS in 2000 . He won the overall classification of the Volta a Portugal in 2002 , and was a stage winner in the 2001 Vuelta a España . He also won the Subida al Naranco in 2001 , and won stages of the Volta a Portugal and the Trofeo Mallorca . His career was marred in the late 1990s by a suspension for doping ; as a result he was also banned for life from representing the Danish national team .'}]}, {'value': 'Francisco Cabello ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Cabello_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Francisco Cabello Luque ( born 20 May 1969 , in La Zubia ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer who competed from 1990 to 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mario Cipollini ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Cipollini', 'summary': 'Mario Cipollini ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈmaːrjo tʃipolˈliːni ] ; born 22 March 1967 ) , often abbreviated to Cipo , is a retired Italian professional road cyclist most noted for his sprinting ability , the longevity of his dominance ( his first pro win came in 1988 , his last in 2005 ; 170 professional wins , 192 including criteriums ) and his colourful personality . His nicknames include Il Re Leone ( The Lion King ) and Super Mario . He is regarded as the best sprinter of his generation .'}]}, {'value': 'Mario Cipollini ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Cipollini', 'summary': 'Mario Cipollini ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈmaːrjo tʃipolˈliːni ] ; born 22 March 1967 ) , often abbreviated to Cipo , is a retired Italian professional road cyclist most noted for his sprinting ability , the longevity of his dominance ( his first pro win came in 1988 , his last in 2005 ; 170 professional wins , 192 including criteriums ) and his colourful personality . His nicknames include Il Re Leone ( The Lion King ) and Super Mario . He is regarded as the best sprinter of his generation .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Óscar Freire ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óscar_Freire', 'summary': 'Óscar Freire Gómez ( born 15 February 1976 ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer . He was one of the top sprinters in road bicycle racing , having won the world championship three times , equalling Alfredo Binda , Rik Van Steenbergen , Eddy Merckx and Peter Sagan . In the later years of his career , he became more of a classics rider . He has won the cycling monument Milan-San Remo three times , four stages in the Tour de France and seven stages of the Vuelta a España , throughout a successful career . Despite his diminutive stature , Freire was a good sprinter . He had a training philosophy where he rode shorter distances than most pro cyclists , sometimes covering only about half the distance his colleagues would . When growing up he contracted tuberculosis and narrowly avoided having a leg amputated .'}]}, {'value': 'Robbie McEwen ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robbie_McEwen', 'summary': "Robert Robbie McEwen AM ( born 24 June 1972 in Brisbane , Queensland ) is a former Australian professional road cycling rider . He last rode for Orica-GreenEDGE on the UCI World Tour . Robbie is a three-time winner of the Tour de France points classification and , at the peak of his career , was considered one of the world 's fastest sprinters . A former Australian BMX champion , McEwen switched to road cycling in 1990 at 18 years of age . He raced as a professional from 1996 until 2012 . McEwen lives in Australia with his Belgian wife , Angélique Pattyn , his son , Ewan , and his daughters , Elena and Claudia . In 2011 , McEwen published an autobiography entitled One Way Road . McEwen lived for many years in the Belgian town of Everbeek and is fluent in Dutch . Robbie retired from the World Tour after riding the 2012 Tour of California and is now an occasional cyclist journalist , commentating on the Tour Down Under and the Tour de France ."}]}, {'value': 'Elio Aggiano ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elio_Aggiano', 'summary': 'Elio Aggiano ( born 15 March 1972 in Brindisi ) is a former Italian racing cyclist .'}]}, {'value': 'Paolo Bettini ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paolo_Bettini', 'summary': 'Paolo Bettini ( born 1 April 1974 in Cecina , Livorno , Tuscany ) is an Italian former champion road racing cyclist , and the former coach of the Italian national cycling team . Considered the best classics specialist of his generation , and probably one of the strongest of all times , he won gold medals in the 2004 Athens Olympics road race and in the 2006 and 2007 World Road Race Championships . He is nicknamed Il Grillo ( the cricket ) for his repeated sudden attacks and his sprinting style . He gained prominence by winning Liège-Bastogne-Liège in 2000 and 2002 . He set the record for World Cup wins in a season in 2003 , winning the Milan-San Remo , HEW Cyclassics and Clásica de San Sebastián . He won the Giro di Lombardia in 2005 and 2006 , the Züri-Metzgete in 2001 and 2005 and Tirreno-Adriatico in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Francisco Cabello ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Cabello_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Francisco Cabello Luque ( born 20 May 1969 , in La Zubia ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer who competed from 1990 to 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erik Zabel ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Zabel', 'summary': 'Erik Zabel ( born 7 July 1970 ) is a German former professional road bicycle racer who last raced with Milram . With 152 professional wins and 211 wins in his career , he is considered by some to be one of the greatest German cyclists and cycling sprinters of all-time . Zabel won a record nine points classifications in grands tours including the points classification in the Tour de France six consecutive years between 1996 and 2001 and the points classification in the Vuelta a España in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . Zabel won the Milan-San Remo four times and numerous six-day track events . He was one of the few road cyclists of recent times who raced all year , including track cycling in winter . For season 2012 he joined Team Katusha as sprint coach . He previously held that same position with the HTC-Highroad team until their dissolution . Zabel admitted to doping from 1996 to 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Boogerd ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Boogerd', 'summary': 'Michael Boogerd ( born 28 May 1972 in The Hague ) is a Dutch former professional road bicycle racer . He was one of the leaders of a generation of Dutch cyclists in the late 1990s and early 2000s , together with teammate Erik Dekker .'}]}, {'value': 'Robbie McEwen ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robbie_McEwen', 'summary': "Robert Robbie McEwen AM ( born 24 June 1972 in Brisbane , Queensland ) is a former Australian professional road cycling rider . He last rode for Orica-GreenEDGE on the UCI World Tour . Robbie is a three-time winner of the Tour de France points classification and , at the peak of his career , was considered one of the world 's fastest sprinters . A former Australian BMX champion , McEwen switched to road cycling in 1990 at 18 years of age . He raced as a professional from 1996 until 2012 . McEwen lives in Australia with his Belgian wife , Angélique Pattyn , his son , Ewan , and his daughters , Elena and Claudia . In 2011 , McEwen published an autobiography entitled One Way Road . McEwen lived for many years in the Belgian town of Everbeek and is fluent in Dutch . Robbie retired from the World Tour after riding the 2012 Tour of California and is now an occasional cyclist journalist , commentating on the Tour Down Under and the Tour de France ."}]}, {'value': 'Erik Zabel ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Zabel', 'summary': 'Erik Zabel ( born 7 July 1970 ) is a German former professional road bicycle racer who last raced with Milram . With 152 professional wins and 211 wins in his career , he is considered by some to be one of the greatest German cyclists and cycling sprinters of all-time . Zabel won a record nine points classifications in grands tours including the points classification in the Tour de France six consecutive years between 1996 and 2001 and the points classification in the Vuelta a España in 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . Zabel won the Milan-San Remo four times and numerous six-day track events . He was one of the few road cyclists of recent times who raced all year , including track cycling in winter . For season 2012 he joined Team Katusha as sprint coach . He previously held that same position with the HTC-Highroad team until their dissolution . Zabel admitted to doping from 1996 to 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mathew Hayman ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mathew_Hayman', 'summary': 'Mathew Hayman ( born 20 April 1978 ) is an Australian former professional road bicycle racer , who rode professionally between 2000 and 2019 for the Rabobank , Team Sky and Mitchelton-Scott teams . During his career , Hayman was an experienced and respected domestique , as he typically took on a supporting role within his team . Hayman was also a specialist in the cobbled classics , and was the winner of Paris-Roubaix in 2016 . Following his retirement from racing after the 2019 Tour Down Under , Hayman remained with the Mitchelton-Scott team as a part-time directeur sportif alongside a special projects position .'}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isaac Gálvez ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Gálvez', 'summary': "Isaac Gálvez López ( May 20 , 1975 , in Vilanova i la Geltrú , Spain - November 26 , 2006 , Ghent ) was a Spanish track and road racing cyclist who rode for Caisse d'Epargne-Illes Balears in the UCI ProTour . He died during the Six Days of Ghent cycling event in Belgium after colliding with Dimitri De Fauw and crashing against the railing . He died from internal bleeding . At the time of the accident he had only been married for three weeks . After this , De Fauw suffered from depression and he committed suicide on November 6 , 2009 . After the second stage of the 2007 edition of the Vuelta a Murcia was cancelled due to strong winds , the organisers dedicated the day 's prizes to Gálvez in his memory . Gálvez 's sister Débora Gálvez is also a racing cyclist ."}]}, {'value': 'Igor Flores ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Igor_Flores', 'summary': 'Igor Flores Galarza ( born 5 December 1973 in Urdiain , Navarre ) is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer . He became professional in 1996 and ended his professional career in 2002 . He rode his entire career for the Euskaltel-Euskadi team . In 2002 , Flores finished last in the Tour de France . Igor Flores is the brother of Iker Flores , who finished last in the 2005 Tour de France .'}]}, {'value': 'Erik Dekker ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Dekker', 'summary': "Hendrik Erik Dekker ( born 21 August 1970 ) is a retired Dutch professional road racing cyclist active from 1992 until 2006 . He was a member of the Rabobank cycling team from 1996 till 2006 . In 2007 he became one of Rabobank 's team managers ."}]}, {'value': 'Óscar Freire ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óscar_Freire', 'summary': 'Óscar Freire Gómez ( born 15 February 1976 ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer . He was one of the top sprinters in road bicycle racing , having won the world championship three times , equalling Alfredo Binda , Rik Van Steenbergen , Eddy Merckx and Peter Sagan . In the later years of his career , he became more of a classics rider . He has won the cycling monument Milan-San Remo three times , four stages in the Tour de France and seven stages of the Vuelta a España , throughout a successful career . Despite his diminutive stature , Freire was a good sprinter . He had a training philosophy where he rode shorter distances than most pro cyclists , sometimes covering only about half the distance his colleagues would . When growing up he contracted tuberculosis and narrowly avoided having a leg amputated .'}]}, {'value': 'Óscar Freire ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óscar_Freire', 'summary': 'Óscar Freire Gómez ( born 15 February 1976 ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer . He was one of the top sprinters in road bicycle racing , having won the world championship three times , equalling Alfredo Binda , Rik Van Steenbergen , Eddy Merckx and Peter Sagan . In the later years of his career , he became more of a classics rider . He has won the cycling monument Milan-San Remo three times , four stages in the Tour de France and seven stages of the Vuelta a España , throughout a successful career . Despite his diminutive stature , Freire was a good sprinter . He had a training philosophy where he rode shorter distances than most pro cyclists , sometimes covering only about half the distance his colleagues would . When growing up he contracted tuberculosis and narrowly avoided having a leg amputated .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isaac Gálvez ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Gálvez', 'summary': "Isaac Gálvez López ( May 20 , 1975 , in Vilanova i la Geltrú , Spain - November 26 , 2006 , Ghent ) was a Spanish track and road racing cyclist who rode for Caisse d'Epargne-Illes Balears in the UCI ProTour . He died during the Six Days of Ghent cycling event in Belgium after colliding with Dimitri De Fauw and crashing against the railing . He died from internal bleeding . At the time of the accident he had only been married for three weeks . After this , De Fauw suffered from depression and he committed suicide on November 6 , 2009 . After the second stage of the 2007 edition of the Vuelta a Murcia was cancelled due to strong winds , the organisers dedicated the day 's prizes to Gálvez in his memory . Gálvez 's sister Débora Gálvez is also a racing cyclist ."}]}, {'value': 'Allan Davis ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': 'Remmert Wielinga ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Remmert_Wielinga', 'summary': 'Remmert Wielinga ( born April 27 , 1978 in Eindhoven ) is a Dutch professional road bicycle racer . Wielinga turned professional in 2001 with the De Nardi-Pasta Montegrappa team . In 2003 , he moved to Dutch squad Rabobank , where he took early victories with a stage win in the Vuelta a Andalucía and the Trofeo Calvia . In 2006 , Wielinga moved to the Quick-Step-Innergetic team , where he took victory in Gran Premio di Chiasso . In 2007 , Wielinga moved to Saunier Duval-Prodir , where he stayed for one season . Wielinga retired as a professional after the 2007 season but in 2011 he made a comeback riding for Itera-Katusha , the feeder team of Team Katusha , a UCI ProTeam .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac Gálvez ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Gálvez', 'summary': "Isaac Gálvez López ( May 20 , 1975 , in Vilanova i la Geltrú , Spain - November 26 , 2006 , Ghent ) was a Spanish track and road racing cyclist who rode for Caisse d'Epargne-Illes Balears in the UCI ProTour . He died during the Six Days of Ghent cycling event in Belgium after colliding with Dimitri De Fauw and crashing against the railing . He died from internal bleeding . At the time of the accident he had only been married for three weeks . After this , De Fauw suffered from depression and he committed suicide on November 6 , 2009 . After the second stage of the 2007 edition of the Vuelta a Murcia was cancelled due to strong winds , the organisers dedicated the day 's prizes to Gálvez in his memory . Gálvez 's sister Débora Gálvez is also a racing cyclist ."}]}, {'value': 'Alexandre Usov ( BLR )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexandre_Usov', 'summary': 'Alexandre Usov ( born 27 August 1977 in Minsk ) is a Belarusian racing cyclist . His specialty is sprinting .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allan Davis ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': 'Óscar Freire ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óscar_Freire', 'summary': 'Óscar Freire Gómez ( born 15 February 1976 ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer . He was one of the top sprinters in road bicycle racing , having won the world championship three times , equalling Alfredo Binda , Rik Van Steenbergen , Eddy Merckx and Peter Sagan . In the later years of his career , he became more of a classics rider . He has won the cycling monument Milan-San Remo three times , four stages in the Tour de France and seven stages of the Vuelta a España , throughout a successful career . Despite his diminutive stature , Freire was a good sprinter . He had a training philosophy where he rode shorter distances than most pro cyclists , sometimes covering only about half the distance his colleagues would . When growing up he contracted tuberculosis and narrowly avoided having a leg amputated .'}]}, {'value': 'Unai Etxebarria ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unai_Etxebarria', 'summary': 'Unai Etxebarria Arana ( born November 21 , 1972 ) is a Venezuelan retired road racing cyclist . He rode for Euskaltel-Euskadi his entire career , from 1996 until 2007 . He is of Basque heritage , hence his ability to ride for Euskaltel . He is not related to former teammate David Etxebarria .'}]}, {'value': 'Allan Davis ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allan_Davis_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Allan Howard Davis ( born 27 July 1980 ) is an Australian former professional road racing cyclist , who last rode for UCI ProTour team Orica-GreenEDGE . Born in Ipswich , Queensland , Davis resides in Bundaberg , Queensland and in Spain . Known for his sprinting ability , he started competitive cycling at the age of 10 , and turned professional in 2002 . He is also the brother of fellow cyclist , Scott Davis , and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder .'}]}, {'value': 'Alejandro Valverde ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alejandro_Valverde', 'summary': "Alejandro Valverde Belmonte ( born 25 April 1980 ) is a Spanish road racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Movistar Team . Valverde 's biggest wins have been the Vuelta a España in 2009 , Critérium du Dauphiné in 2008 and 2009 , Tour of the Basque Country in 2017 , Volta a Catalunya in 2009 , 2017 and 2018 , Liège-Bastogne-Liège in 2006 , 2008 , 2015 and 2017 , La Flèche Wallonne in 2006 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 , the Clásica de San Sebastián in 2008 and 2014 , the 2006 and 2008 UCI ProTours , the 2014 and 2015 UCI World Tours , and the road race in the 2018 World Championships . Overall , Valverde has 123 professional wins . Prior to his Worlds win , he already held the record for most medals won at World Championships - he twice collected the silver medal in the World Championships , in 2003 and 2005 , as well as the bronze four times in 2006 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 . As of 2019 , Valverde has placed in the Top 10 of a Grand Tour nineteen times . Valverde is rare in combining different specialities in road bicycle racing , being a strong climbing specialist , sprinter and a good time-trialist . The online database Cycling Ranking ranks him as the 4th best cyclist of all time . After a lengthy court battle , he was suspended for two years as part of the Operación Puerto blood doping investigation , but he returned to competition in 2012 upon completion of the ban . All his results from 2010 were stripped , including the overall win in the 2010 Tour de Romandie , and he did not compete in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Óscar Freire ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óscar_Freire', 'summary': 'Óscar Freire Gómez ( born 15 February 1976 ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer . He was one of the top sprinters in road bicycle racing , having won the world championship three times , equalling Alfredo Binda , Rik Van Steenbergen , Eddy Merckx and Peter Sagan . In the later years of his career , he became more of a classics rider . He has won the cycling monument Milan-San Remo three times , four stages in the Tour de France and seven stages of the Vuelta a España , throughout a successful career . Despite his diminutive stature , Freire was a good sprinter . He had a training philosophy where he rode shorter distances than most pro cyclists , sometimes covering only about half the distance his colleagues would . When growing up he contracted tuberculosis and narrowly avoided having a leg amputated .'}]}, {'value': 'Óscar Freire ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óscar_Freire', 'summary': 'Óscar Freire Gómez ( born 15 February 1976 ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer . He was one of the top sprinters in road bicycle racing , having won the world championship three times , equalling Alfredo Binda , Rik Van Steenbergen , Eddy Merckx and Peter Sagan . In the later years of his career , he became more of a classics rider . He has won the cycling monument Milan-San Remo three times , four stages in the Tour de France and seven stages of the Vuelta a España , throughout a successful career . Despite his diminutive stature , Freire was a good sprinter . He had a training philosophy where he rode shorter distances than most pro cyclists , sometimes covering only about half the distance his colleagues would . When growing up he contracted tuberculosis and narrowly avoided having a leg amputated .'}]}, {'value': 'Antonio Colom ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Colom', 'summary': 'Antonio Colóm Mas ( born 11 May 1978 ) is a Spanish professional road bicycle racer from Bunyola . He is a specialist in short stage races , having won the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana in 2006 , the Vuelta a Mallorca in 2004 and the Vuelta a Andalucía in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alejandro Valverde ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alejandro_Valverde', 'summary': "Alejandro Valverde Belmonte ( born 25 April 1980 ) is a Spanish road racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Movistar Team . Valverde 's biggest wins have been the Vuelta a España in 2009 , Critérium du Dauphiné in 2008 and 2009 , Tour of the Basque Country in 2017 , Volta a Catalunya in 2009 , 2017 and 2018 , Liège-Bastogne-Liège in 2006 , 2008 , 2015 and 2017 , La Flèche Wallonne in 2006 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 , the Clásica de San Sebastián in 2008 and 2014 , the 2006 and 2008 UCI ProTours , the 2014 and 2015 UCI World Tours , and the road race in the 2018 World Championships . Overall , Valverde has 123 professional wins . Prior to his Worlds win , he already held the record for most medals won at World Championships - he twice collected the silver medal in the World Championships , in 2003 and 2005 , as well as the bronze four times in 2006 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 . As of 2019 , Valverde has placed in the Top 10 of a Grand Tour nineteen times . Valverde is rare in combining different specialities in road bicycle racing , being a strong climbing specialist , sprinter and a good time-trialist . The online database Cycling Ranking ranks him as the 4th best cyclist of all time . After a lengthy court battle , he was suspended for two years as part of the Operación Puerto blood doping investigation , but he returned to competition in 2012 upon completion of the ban . All his results from 2010 were stripped , including the overall win in the 2010 Tour de Romandie , and he did not compete in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alejandro Valverde ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alejandro_Valverde', 'summary': "Alejandro Valverde Belmonte ( born 25 April 1980 ) is a Spanish road racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Movistar Team . Valverde 's biggest wins have been the Vuelta a España in 2009 , Critérium du Dauphiné in 2008 and 2009 , Tour of the Basque Country in 2017 , Volta a Catalunya in 2009 , 2017 and 2018 , Liège-Bastogne-Liège in 2006 , 2008 , 2015 and 2017 , La Flèche Wallonne in 2006 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 , the Clásica de San Sebastián in 2008 and 2014 , the 2006 and 2008 UCI ProTours , the 2014 and 2015 UCI World Tours , and the road race in the 2018 World Championships . Overall , Valverde has 123 professional wins . Prior to his Worlds win , he already held the record for most medals won at World Championships - he twice collected the silver medal in the World Championships , in 2003 and 2005 , as well as the bronze four times in 2006 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 . As of 2019 , Valverde has placed in the Top 10 of a Grand Tour nineteen times . Valverde is rare in combining different specialities in road bicycle racing , being a strong climbing specialist , sprinter and a good time-trialist . The online database Cycling Ranking ranks him as the 4th best cyclist of all time . After a lengthy court battle , he was suspended for two years as part of the Operación Puerto blood doping investigation , but he returned to competition in 2012 upon completion of the ban . All his results from 2010 were stripped , including the overall win in the 2010 Tour de Romandie , and he did not compete in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Palma de Mallorca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Cala Millor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Calvia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Pollença', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Sóller', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isaac Gálvez ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Gálvez', 'summary': "Isaac Gálvez López ( May 20 , 1975 , in Vilanova i la Geltrú , Spain - November 26 , 2006 , Ghent ) was a Spanish track and road racing cyclist who rode for Caisse d'Epargne-Illes Balears in the UCI ProTour . He died during the Six Days of Ghent cycling event in Belgium after colliding with Dimitri De Fauw and crashing against the railing . He died from internal bleeding . At the time of the accident he had only been married for three weeks . After this , De Fauw suffered from depression and he committed suicide on November 6 , 2009 . After the second stage of the 2007 edition of the Vuelta a Murcia was cancelled due to strong winds , the organisers dedicated the day 's prizes to Gálvez in his memory . Gálvez 's sister Débora Gálvez is also a racing cyclist ."}]}, {'value': 'Isaac Gálvez ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Gálvez', 'summary': "Isaac Gálvez López ( May 20 , 1975 , in Vilanova i la Geltrú , Spain - November 26 , 2006 , Ghent ) was a Spanish track and road racing cyclist who rode for Caisse d'Epargne-Illes Balears in the UCI ProTour . He died during the Six Days of Ghent cycling event in Belgium after colliding with Dimitri De Fauw and crashing against the railing . He died from internal bleeding . At the time of the accident he had only been married for three weeks . After this , De Fauw suffered from depression and he committed suicide on November 6 , 2009 . After the second stage of the 2007 edition of the Vuelta a Murcia was cancelled due to strong winds , the organisers dedicated the day 's prizes to Gálvez in his memory . Gálvez 's sister Débora Gálvez is also a racing cyclist ."}]}, {'value': 'David Kopp ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Kopp_(cyclist)', 'summary': "David Kopp ( born 5 January 1979 in Bonn ) is a former German road racing cyclist , who competed as a professional between 2001 and 2011 . Kopp 's speciality was sprinting and the cobbled classics of Belgium . Kopp started his pro career with Team Telekom in 2001 before moving to smaller German teams for 2004 and 2005 . In 2006 , he returned to top level cycling with Gerolsteiner for two years before moving to Pro Continental team Cycle Collstrop in 2008 . He did not get a contract for 2009 . In March 2009 , it was announced that he tested positive for Cocaine during a National event in Belgium on 11 September 2008 . In February 2010 , it was announced that Kopp will ride for the Team Kuota-Indeland on a one-year contract for 2010 . He now ( 2016 ) works in the fuel retail industry ."}]}, {'value': 'David Bernabeu ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Bernabeu', 'summary': 'Vicente David Bernabeu Armengol ( born 9 January 1975 in Valencia ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer .'}]}, {'value': 'Paolo Bettini ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paolo_Bettini', 'summary': 'Paolo Bettini ( born 1 April 1974 in Cecina , Livorno , Tuscany ) is an Italian former champion road racing cyclist , and the former coach of the Italian national cycling team . Considered the best classics specialist of his generation , and probably one of the strongest of all times , he won gold medals in the 2004 Athens Olympics road race and in the 2006 and 2007 World Road Race Championships . He is nicknamed Il Grillo ( the cricket ) for his repeated sudden attacks and his sprinting style . He gained prominence by winning Liège-Bastogne-Liège in 2000 and 2002 . He set the record for World Cup wins in a season in 2003 , winning the Milan-San Remo , HEW Cyclassics and Clásica de San Sebastián . He won the Giro di Lombardia in 2005 and 2006 , the Züri-Metzgete in 2001 and 2005 and Tirreno-Adriatico in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Óscar Freire ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Óscar_Freire', 'summary': 'Óscar Freire Gómez ( born 15 February 1976 ) is a former Spanish professional road bicycle racer . He was one of the top sprinters in road bicycle racing , having won the world championship three times , equalling Alfredo Binda , Rik Van Steenbergen , Eddy Merckx and Peter Sagan . In the later years of his career , he became more of a classics rider . He has won the cycling monument Milan-San Remo three times , four stages in the Tour de France and seven stages of the Vuelta a España , throughout a successful career . Despite his diminutive stature , Freire was a good sprinter . He had a training philosophy where he rode shorter distances than most pro cyclists , sometimes covering only about half the distance his colleagues would . When growing up he contracted tuberculosis and narrowly avoided having a leg amputated .'}]}, {'value': 'Vicente Reynès ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicente_Reynès', 'summary': "Vicente Reynés Mimó ( born 30 July 1981 in Deià ) is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer , who rode professionally between 2003 and 2016 for the LA Alumínios-Pecol-Bombarral , Caisse d'Epargne , Team HTC-Columbia , Lotto-Belisol and IAM Cycling teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Unai Etxebarria ( VEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unai_Etxebarria', 'summary': 'Unai Etxebarria Arana ( born November 21 , 1972 ) is a Venezuelan retired road racing cyclist . He rode for Euskaltel-Euskadi his entire career , from 1996 until 2007 . He is of Basque heritage , hence his ability to ride for Euskaltel . He is not related to former teammate David Etxebarria .'}]}, {'value': 'Thomas Dekker ( NED )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Dekker_(cyclist)', 'summary': "Thomas Dekker ( born 6 September 1984 ) is a Dutch former professional road racing cyclist . His career highlights included winning Tirreno-Adriatico in 2006 and Tour de Romandie in 2007 . He won two Dutch National Time Trial Championships and represented his country at the 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens , Greece . A few days before the start of the 2009 Tour de France , it was announced that Dekker had tested positive for EPO in a retroactive test carried out on a urine sample taken in December 2007 . Dekker initially protested his innocence but he later admitted to using EPO , claiming it was a one-time mistake . He eventually admitted to using EPO over at least parts of the 2007 and 2008 seasons , although he declined to give exact dates . Dekker was suspended for two years , from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2011 . Dekker 's career has been marked by other doping allegations . He was a client of Luigi Cecchini , an Italian doctor who was investigated in relation to doping matters , though Dekker adamantly denies that Cecchini was involved in his doping . In 2009 he was also questioned in the Humanplasma doping scandal , a suspected doping ring connected to Austrian manager Stefan Matschiner . Dekker retired in March 2015 after narrowly failing to set a new world hour record ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonio Colom ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Colom', 'summary': 'Antonio Colóm Mas ( born 11 May 1978 ) is a Spanish professional road bicycle racer from Bunyola . He is a specialist in short stage races , having won the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana in 2006 , the Vuelta a Mallorca in 2004 and the Vuelta a Andalucía in 2002 .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippe Gilbert ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Gilbert', 'summary': "Philippe Gilbert ( born 5 July 1982 ) is a Belgian professional road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Lotto-Soudal . Gilbert is best known for winning the World Road Race Championships in 2012 , and for being one of two riders , along with Davide Rebellin , to have won the three Ardennes classics - the Amstel Gold Race , La Flèche Wallonne and Liège-Bastogne-Liège - in a single season , which he accomplished in 2011 . Gilbert also finished the 2011 season as the overall winner of the UCI World Tour . A Classics specialist , Gilbert has won several classic cycle races , including Paris-Tours twice ( 2008 , 2009 ) , the Giro di Lombardia twice ( 2009 , 2010 ) , the Amstel Gold Race four times ( 2010 , 2011 , 2014 , 2017 ) , La Flèche Wallonne ( 2011 ) , Liège-Bastogne-Liège ( 2011 ) , the Clásica de San Sebastián ( 2011 ) , the Tour of Flanders ( 2017 ) , and Paris-Roubaix ( 2019 ) . He is the second person ( and first Belgian ) in history to win all three Ardennes classics in a single year . In 2017 , Gilbert became the third rider after Eddy Merckx ( 1975 ) and Jan Raas ( 1979 ) to win both Ronde van Vlaanderen and Amstel Gold Race in the same year . He has also won stages at each of the three cycling Grand Tours : three stages at the Giro d'Italia ( one in 2009 and two in 2015 ) , one stage at the Tour de France ( in 2011 ) , and seven stages at the Vuelta a España ( two in both 2010 and 2012 , one in 2013 and two in 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Graeme Brown ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graeme_Brown', 'summary': 'Graeme Allen Brown OAM ( born 9 April 1979 ) was a professional cyclist and is a dual Olympic gold medallist from Australia . He last rode for UCI Pro Continental team Drapac Professional Cycling .'}]}, {'value': 'Gert Steegmans ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gert_Steegmans', 'summary': 'Gert Steegmans ( born 30 September 1980 in Hasselt ) is a Belgian former professional road bicycle racer who last rode for UCI ProTeam Trek-Segafredo . He was noted for a strong finishing sprint and could compete in the sprint with fellow Belgian cyclist , and teammate , Tom Boonen .'}]}, {'value': 'José Joaquín Rojas ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Joaquín_Rojas', 'summary': 'José Joaquín Rojas Gil ( born 8 June 1985 ) is a Spanish professional road racing cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Movistar Team .'}]}, {'value': 'Philippe Gilbert ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Gilbert', 'summary': "Philippe Gilbert ( born 5 July 1982 ) is a Belgian professional road bicycle racer , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Lotto-Soudal . Gilbert is best known for winning the World Road Race Championships in 2012 , and for being one of two riders , along with Davide Rebellin , to have won the three Ardennes classics - the Amstel Gold Race , La Flèche Wallonne and Liège-Bastogne-Liège - in a single season , which he accomplished in 2011 . Gilbert also finished the 2011 season as the overall winner of the UCI World Tour . A Classics specialist , Gilbert has won several classic cycle races , including Paris-Tours twice ( 2008 , 2009 ) , the Giro di Lombardia twice ( 2009 , 2010 ) , the Amstel Gold Race four times ( 2010 , 2011 , 2014 , 2017 ) , La Flèche Wallonne ( 2011 ) , Liège-Bastogne-Liège ( 2011 ) , the Clásica de San Sebastián ( 2011 ) , the Tour of Flanders ( 2017 ) , and Paris-Roubaix ( 2019 ) . He is the second person ( and first Belgian ) in history to win all three Ardennes classics in a single year . In 2017 , Gilbert became the third rider after Eddy Merckx ( 1975 ) and Jan Raas ( 1979 ) to win both Ronde van Vlaanderen and Amstel Gold Race in the same year . He has also won stages at each of the three cycling Grand Tours : three stages at the Giro d'Italia ( one in 2009 and two in 2015 ) , one stage at the Tour de France ( in 2011 ) , and seven stages at the Vuelta a España ( two in both 2010 and 2012 , one in 2013 and two in 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Palma de Mallorca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Cala Millor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Calvia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Pollença', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trofeo Inca', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gert Steegmans ( BEL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gert_Steegmans', 'summary': 'Gert Steegmans ( born 30 September 1980 in Hasselt ) is a Belgian former professional road bicycle racer who last rode for UCI ProTeam Trek-Segafredo . He was noted for a strong finishing sprint and could compete in the sprint with fellow Belgian cyclist , and teammate , Tom Boonen .'}]}, {'value': 'Robbie McEwen ( AUS )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robbie_McEwen', 'summary': "Robert Robbie McEwen AM ( born 24 June 1972 in Brisbane , Queensland ) is a former Australian professional road cycling rider . He last rode for Orica-GreenEDGE on the UCI World Tour . Robbie is a three-time winner of the Tour de France points classification and , at the peak of his career , was considered one of the world 's fastest sprinters . A former Australian BMX champion , McEwen switched to road cycling in 1990 at 18 years of age . He raced as a professional from 1996 until 2012 . McEwen lives in Australia with his Belgian wife , Angélique Pattyn , his son , Ewan , and his daughters , Elena and Claudia . In 2011 , McEwen published an autobiography entitled One Way Road . McEwen lived for many years in the Belgian town of Everbeek and is fluent in Dutch . Robbie retired from the World Tour after riding the 2012 Tour of California and is now an occasional cyclist journalist , commentating on the Tour Down Under and the Tour de France ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerald Ciolek ( GER )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_Ciolek', 'summary': 'Gerald Michael Ciolek ( born 19 September 1986 ) is a German former professional road bicycle racer who last rode for UCI Professional Continental team Stölting Service Group . Ciolek retired after the 2016 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniele Bennati ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniele_Bennati', 'summary': "Daniele Bennati ( born 24 September 1980 ) is an Italian former road racing cyclist , who rode professionally between 2002 and 2019 for the Acqua e Sapone-Cantina Tollo , Domina Vacanze-Elitron , Phonak , Lampre-Fondital , Liquigas-Doimo , RadioShack-Nissan , Tinkoff and Movistar Team squads . Specialising in fast sprint finishes , Bennati turned professional in 2002 , when he joined the team Acqua e Sapone-Cantina Tollo and wore zebra stripes as part of Mario Cipollini 's leadout train . Upon joining the Lampre-Caffita team in 2005 , he demonstrated the ability to win on his own , and continued to do so when he joined Liquigas in 2008 . Bennati has won 11 stages in Grand Tours : two in the Tour de France , three in the Giro d'Italia , and six in the Vuelta a España . He won the points jersey in the 2007 Vuelta a España , and the Giro d'Italia . He retired at the end of the 2019 season , citing back pain ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonio Colom ( ESP )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Colom', 'summary': 'Antonio Colóm Mas ( born 11 May 1978 ) is a Spanish professional road bicycle racer from Bunyola . He is a specialist in short stage races , having won the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana in 2006 , the Vuelta a Mallorca in 2004 and the Vuelta a Andalucía in 2002 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Individual Race Winners', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Vuelta_a_Mallorca_0', 'intro': 'The Challenge Vuelta Ciclista a Mallorca (English: Tour of Majorca, Catalan: Challenge Volta Ciclista a Mallorca) is a series of four (five until 2012) professional one day road bicycle races held on the Spanish island of Mallorca in late January or early February. The event is used as an early season preparatory event by many of the top teams in readiness for the bigger races later in the season. The five races are ranked 1.1 on the UCI Europe Tour. Although the race styles itself as the Tour of Majorca it has never been allowed to be classed as a multi day stage race by the sports governing body the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) because the race rules allows riders not to participate on certain days if they dont want to. However, there is an unofficial overall classification winner taken on total time over five days. This laid back attitude by the race organisers makes the race popular with team managers who can bring a large squad (sometimes as many as 20 riders) and interchange them over the five days. Apart from the overall classification on time there are the usual Mountains, Points and Sprints competitions associated with any stage race. There is also a competition for the top Majorcan based rider, in the past this has been won by Vicente Reynès, Antonio Colóm and Antonio Tauler. The first day of racing is the Trofeo Mallorca which is a criterium (circuit race) around the streets of Palma. The second day is the Trofeo Cala Millor, sometimes called the Trofeo Alcúdia. These two opening days are run over a fairly flat course and result in a sprint finish. The Trofeo Pollença (day three) and Trofeo Sóller (day four) are contested over a more hilly course using the climbs of the Col de Sóller (501 metres) and the Col de Puig Major (850 metres) amongst others on the route.'} | null | null | When did the Trofeo Sóller win the Vuelta a Mallorca ? | 2004 |
0a97956d1da696d3 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Indian_films', 'title': 'List of highest-grossing Indian films', 'header': ['Rank', 'Film', 'Year', 'Director', 'Studio ( s )', 'Gross'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chaal Jeevi Laiye ! *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chaal_Jeevi_Laiye!', 'summary': "Chaal Jeevi Laiye ! ( transl . Come , let 's live ! ) is a 2019 Indian Gujarati-language comedy-drama road film written and directed by Vipul Mehta . Produced by Rashmin Majithia , the film stars Siddharth Randeria , Yash Soni and Aarohi Patel . The soundtrack was composed by Sachin-Jigar . It became the highest-grossing film of Gujarati cinema grossing over est . ₹52.14 crore ( US $ 7.3 million ) ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vipul Mehta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coconut Motion Pictures', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coconut_Motion_Pictures', 'summary': 'Coconut Motion Pictures is an Indian film production , distribution and marketing company established by Rashmin Majithia . The company has ventures in the exhibition sector , having 8 cinema properties in Gujarat and in the process of acquiring more properties .'}]}, {'value': '₹ 52.14 crore ( US $ 7.3 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Desh_Re_Joya_Dada_Pardesh_Joya', 'summary': 'Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya ( English : ( I ) saw country ; Grandpa , ( I ) saw foreign ) is a 1998 Indian Gujarati film directed by Govindbhai Patel . It is one of the highest grossing Gujarati film of all time .'}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Govindbhai Patel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Govindbhai_Patel', 'summary': 'Govindbhai Patel was Gujarati filmmaker known for his superhits Dhola Maru and Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya .'}]}, {'value': 'GN films', 'urls': []}, {'value': '₹ 22 crore ( US $ 3.1 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shu Thayu ?', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shu_Thayu?', 'summary': 'Shu Thayu ? ( English : What Happened ? ) is a 2018 Indian Gujarati language comedy film written and directed by Krishnadev Yagnik and produced by Mahesh Danannavar , the founder of MD Media Corp & Vaishal Shah . It stars Malhar Thakar , Yash Soni , Mayur Chauhan , Mitra Gadhvi , Aarjav Trivedi and Kinjal Rajpriya . The score was composed by the Kedar-Bhargav and Rahul Munjariya . The film is a remake of the Tamil film Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom ( 2012 ) .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Krishnadev Yagnik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Krishnadev_Yagnik', 'summary': 'Krishnadev Yagnik ( born 17 October 1984 ) , is an Indian film director and screenwriter , known for his works primarily in Gujarati cinema . He is known for directing films such as Chhello Divas ( 2015 ) , Karsandas Pay & Use ( 2017 ) , and Shu Thayu ? ( 2018 ) . Shu Thayu ? and Chhello Divas are the 3rd and 4th Highest-grossing Gujarati films respectively . He has also directed the Hindi remake of his film Chhello Divas titled Days of Tafree in 2016 . He co-founded the film production house called Belvedere Films , under which the films Shu Thayu ? , Chhello Divas and Karsandas Pay & Use are produced .'}]}, {'value': 'Belvedere Films', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belvedere_Films', 'summary': 'Krishnadev Yagnik ( born 17 October 1984 ) , is an Indian film director and screenwriter , known for his works primarily in Gujarati cinema . He is known for directing films such as Chhello Divas ( 2015 ) , Karsandas Pay & Use ( 2017 ) , and Shu Thayu ? ( 2018 ) . Shu Thayu ? and Chhello Divas are the 3rd and 4th Highest-grossing Gujarati films respectively . He has also directed the Hindi remake of his film Chhello Divas titled Days of Tafree in 2016 . He co-founded the film production house called Belvedere Films , under which the films Shu Thayu ? , Chhello Divas and Karsandas Pay & Use are produced .'}]}, {'value': '₹ 21 crore ( US $ 2.9 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chhello Divas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chhello_Divas', 'summary': 'Chhello Divas - A New Beginning ( English : The Last Day - A New Beginning ) is a Gujarati comedy film , written and directed by Krishnadev Yagnik . The movie stars Malhar Thakar , Yash Soni , Mitra Gadhvi , Aarjav Trivedi , Rahul Raval , Janki Bodiwala , Kinjal Rajpriya , and Netri Trivedi . The plot revolves around the lives of eight friends in their last year of college . The film premiered on 20 November 2015 with positive reviews from critics and commercial success . The film was remade in Hindi as Days of Tafree .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Krishnadev Yagnik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belvedere Films', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belvedere_Films', 'summary': 'Krishnadev Yagnik ( born 17 October 1984 ) , is an Indian film director and screenwriter , known for his works primarily in Gujarati cinema . He is known for directing films such as Chhello Divas ( 2015 ) , Karsandas Pay & Use ( 2017 ) , and Shu Thayu ? ( 2018 ) . Shu Thayu ? and Chhello Divas are the 3rd and 4th Highest-grossing Gujarati films respectively . He has also directed the Hindi remake of his film Chhello Divas titled Days of Tafree in 2016 . He co-founded the film production house called Belvedere Films , under which the films Shu Thayu ? , Chhello Divas and Karsandas Pay & Use are produced .'}]}, {'value': '₹ 18 crore ( US $ 2.5 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharato Lagu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharato_Lagu', 'summary': 'Sharato Lagu ( transl . Terms and conditions apply ) is a 2018 Indian Gujarati-language comedy-drama film starring Malhar Thakar , Deeksha Joshi , Prashant Barot , Hemant Jha , Chhaya Vora and Alpana Buch . The film is directed by Neeraj Joshi . It was released on 25 October 2018 . It is produced by A. Dev Kumar and Yukit Vora from Superhit Entertainment and distributed by Rupam Entertainment . The film is a remake of the 2017 Marathi film Chi Va Chi Sau Ka .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neeraj Joshi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Superhit Entertainment', 'urls': []}, {'value': '₹ 17.5 crore ( US $ 2.5 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hellaro *', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hellaro', 'summary': 'Hellaro ( transl . The outburst ) is a 2019 Indian Gujarati period drama film co-written and directed by Abhishek Shah and produced by Ashish Patel , Nirav Patel , Aayush Patel , Prateek Gupta , Mit Jani and Abhishek Shah under the banner of Saarthi Productions and Harfanmaula films . The film having ensemble cast of Jayesh More , Shraddha Dangar , Brinda Trivedi Nayak , Shachi Joshi , Niilam Paanchal , Tejal Panchasara and Kausambi Bhatt , marks the directorial debut of Abhishek Shah . The film revolves around a group of women living in Kutch in 1970s . Hellaro won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film at the 66th National Film Awards . It was officially selected as the opening film at Indian Panorama , at 50th International Film Festival of India ( IFFI ) . It is also nominated for the best debut feature film of a director at the film festival . The film has been theatrically released in India on 8 November 2019 to positive reviews .'}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abhishek Shah', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harfanmaula Films', 'urls': []}, {'value': '₹ 16 crore ( US $ 2.2 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gujjubhai the Great', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gujjubhai_the_Great', 'summary': 'Gujjubhai The Great ( Gujarati : ગુજ્જુભાઈ ધ ગ્રેટ ) is a 2015 Gujarati comedy film directed by Ishaan Randeria . It is presented by Nakshatra Entertainment and produced by Devendra N. Patel in association with Siddharth Randeria Productions . The film is a comedy drama based on the super-hit franchise of Gujjubhai stage-plays . The film stars Siddharth Randeria , Jimit Trivedi , Swati Shah , Dipna Patel , Alekh Sangal , Sunil Vishrani , Khatera Hakimi and Dharmesh Vyas . The film released on 18 September .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ishaan Randeria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siddharth Randeria Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siddharth_Randeria', 'summary': 'Siddharth Randeria is an Indian actor of Gujarati theatre and films .'}]}, {'value': '₹ 15 crore ( US $ 2.1 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GujjuBhai - Most Wanted', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GujjuBhai_-_Most_Wanted', 'summary': 'GujjuBhai - Most Wanted is a 2018 Indian Gujarati comedy film directed by Ishaan Randeria . This is the second film in Gujjubhai film series and sequel to Gujjubhai the Great ( 2015 ) . It stars Siddharth Randeria and Jimit Trivedi in the lead roles . The film opened on 23 February 2018 to generally positive reviews .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ishaan Randeria', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Siddharth Randeria Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Siddharth_Randeria', 'summary': 'Siddharth Randeria is an Indian actor of Gujarati theatre and films .'}]}, {'value': '₹ 10 crore ( US $ 1.4 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bey Yaar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bey_Yaar', 'summary': "Bey Yaar ( transl . 'Oh friend ! ' - An expression ) is a 2015 Indian Gujarati-language coming-of-age film directed by Abhishek Jain . The film is about friendship and two friends . The film stars Manoj Joshi , Darshan Jariwala , Divyang Thakkar , Pratik Gandhi , Amit Mistry , Samvedna Suwalka . The film was released on 29 August 2014 , to positive reviews and became a box-office success . It completed 50 weeks in theatres . The film was screened at New York Indian Film Festival , becoming the first ever Gujarati film hosted by the festival ."}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abhishek Jain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abhishek_Jain', 'summary': 'Abhishek Jain ( Gujarati : અભિષેક જૈન ) is an Indian film director and producer known for his Gujarati films Kevi Rite Jaish , Bey Yaar , and Wrong Side Raju .'}]}, {'value': 'CineMan Productions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CineMan_Productions', 'summary': 'CineMan Productions is an Indian film production and distribution company established by Abhishek Jain , Mikhil Musale , and Anish Shah . It was founded in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '₹ 8.5 crore ( US $ 1.2 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karsandas Pay & Use', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karsandas_Pay_&_Use', 'summary': 'Karsandas Pay & Use is a 2017 Indian romantic comedy Gujarati film written and directed by Krishnadev Yagnik and produced by Nilay Chotai and Vaishal Shah . The film stars Mayur Chauhan , Deeksha Joshi and Hemang Shah in lead roles and was released on 19 May 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Krishnadev Yagnik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belvedere Films', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belvedere_Films', 'summary': 'Krishnadev Yagnik ( born 17 October 1984 ) , is an Indian film director and screenwriter , known for his works primarily in Gujarati cinema . He is known for directing films such as Chhello Divas ( 2015 ) , Karsandas Pay & Use ( 2017 ) , and Shu Thayu ? ( 2018 ) . Shu Thayu ? and Chhello Divas are the 3rd and 4th Highest-grossing Gujarati films respectively . He has also directed the Hindi remake of his film Chhello Divas titled Days of Tafree in 2016 . He co-founded the film production house called Belvedere Films , under which the films Shu Thayu ? , Chhello Divas and Karsandas Pay & Use are produced .'}]}, {'value': '₹ 8 crore ( US $ 1.1 million )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love Ni Bhavai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Ni_Bhavai', 'summary': 'Love Ni Bhavai is a 2017 Gujarati romantic drama film directed by Sandeep Patel and produced by Aarti Patel . Its plot is heavily based on the 2008 Hollywood Film The Accidental Husband . The background score and soundtrack was composed by Sachin-Jigar , with lyrics from Niren Bhatt .'}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saandeep Patel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akshar Communications', 'urls': []}, {'value': '₹ 8 crore ( US $ 1.1 million )', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Highest-grossing films by language -- Gujarati', 'section_text': 'The Gujarati cinema produces films in Gujarati language and is primarily focused on the audience in Gujarat and Mumbai . The film industry is sometimes referred to as Dhollywood or Gollywood .', 'uid': 'Bollywood_highest_grossing_films_by_month_3', 'intro': 'This is a ranking of the highest grossing Indian films which includes films from various languages based on the conservative global box office estimates as reported by reputable sources. There is no official tracking of domestic box office figures within India, and Indian sites publishing data are frequently pressured to increase their domestic box office estimates. Indian films have been screened in markets around the world since the early 20th century. As of 2003, there are markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. During the first decade of the 21st century, there was a steady rise in the ticket price, a tripling in the number of theaters and an increase in the number of prints of a film being released, which led to a large increase in the box office collections. The majority of highest-grossing Indian films are Bollywood (Hindi) films. As of 2014, Bollywood represents 43% of the net box office revenue in India, while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36%, and other regional industries constitute 21%. See List of highest-grossing films in India for domestic gross figures and List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets for overseas gross figures.'} | null | null | What was the genre of the third highest grossing Indian film ? | comedy |
0a994a176cb47c1f | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers', 'title': 'List of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Dennis Archer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dennis_Archer', 'summary': 'Dennis Wayne Archer ( born January 1 , 1942 ) is an American lawyer , jurist and former politician from Michigan . A Democrat , Archer served on the Michigan Supreme Court and as mayor of Detroit . He later served as president of the American Bar Association , becoming the first black president of the organization , which , until 1943 , had barred African American lawyers from membership .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Upsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_State_University', 'summary': 'Wayne State University ( WSU ) is a public research university in Detroit , Michigan . It is the third largest university in Michigan . Founded in 1868 , WSU consists of 13 schools and colleges offering nearly 350 programs to nearly 27,000 graduate and undergraduate students . Wayne State University , along with the University of Michigan and Michigan State University , comprise the University Research Corridor of Michigan . The WSU main campus comprises 203 acres linking more than 100 education and research buildings . The Wayne State Warriors compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court ; Mayor of Detroit , Michigan ; first Black President of the American Bar Association', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court', 'summary': "The Michigan Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is Michigan 's court of last resort and consists of seven justices . The Court is located in the Michigan Hall of Justice at 925 Ottawa Street in Lansing , the state capital ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit', 'summary': "Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michigan', 'summary': "Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Bar_Association', 'summary': "The American Bar Association ( ABA ) , founded August 21 , 1878 , is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students , which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States . The ABA 's most important stated activities are the setting of academic standards for law schools , and the formulation of model ethical codes related to the legal profession . As of fiscal year 2017 , the ABA had 194,000 dues-paying members , constituting approximately 14.4% of U.S. attorneys . In 1979 , half of all lawyers in the U.S. were members of the ABA . The organization 's national headquarters are in Chicago , Illinois ; it also maintains a significant branch office in Washington , D.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Arrington , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Arrington,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Richard Arrington Jr. ( born October 19 , 1934 in Livingston , Alabama ) was the first Black mayor of the city of Birmingham , Alabama ( U.S. ) , serving 20 years , from 1979 to 1999 . He replaced David Vann and , upon retiring after five terms in office , installed then-City Council president William A . Bell as interim mayor . Bell went on to lose the next election to Bernard Kincaid .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Kappa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miles_College', 'summary': 'Miles College is a private historically black liberal arts college in Fairfield , Alabama . Founded in 1898 , it is associated with the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church ( CME Church ) and a member of the United Negro College Fund .'}]}, {'value': 'First Black Mayor of Birmingham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "This is a list of mayors , or persons holding the equivalent office , of Birmingham , Alabama . The office of mayor was established with the incorporation of Birmingham in 1871 . Robert Henley was appointed by Governor , Robert B. Lindsay to a two-year term . Until 1910 , the Mayor presided over an ever-expanding Board of Aldermen who generally campaigned on the same ticket . Progressive reformers lobbied for a change in the form of government that year , resulting in the creation of a five-member Board of Commissioners ( later reduced to three members ) . The President of the Commission , though not formally holding the title , was widely acknowledged as Mayor under that system . In 1963 , as part of another progressive effort , this time to unseat Public Safety Commissioner Bull Connor , the form of government was again changed by referendum . Reorganized under Alabama 's Mayor Council Act of 1955 , the city government consisted of a mayor and nine at-large City Council representatives . Changing demographics in the city 's electorate led to the election of Birmingham 's first African-American mayor , Richard Arrington Jr. , in 1979 . In 1989 a change was made to elect council members by district , with 4-year terms coming at the midpoint of the mayoral term ( allowing sitting council members to campaign for the mayoral office without having to resign their seats ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Thomas V. Barnes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Rho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purdue_University', 'summary': 'Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .'}]}, {'value': 'Mayor of Gary , Indiana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary,_Indiana', 'summary': 'Gary is a city in Lake County , Indiana , United States , 25 miles ( 40 km ) from downtown Chicago , Illinois . Gary is adjacent to the Indiana Dunes National Park and borders southern Lake Michigan . Gary was named after lawyer Elbert Henry Gary , who was the founding chairman of the United States Steel Corporation . The city is known for its large steel mills , and as the birthplace of the Jackson 5 music group . Once the second largest city in Indiana , the population of Gary was 80,294 at the 2010 census , making it the ninth-largest city in the state of Indiana . It was a prosperous city from the 1920s through the mid-1960s due to its booming steel industry , but overseas competition and restructuring of the steel industry resulted in a decline and a severe loss of jobs . Since the late 1960s , Gary has suffered drastic population loss , falling by 55 percent from its peak of 178,320 in 1960 . The city faces the difficulties of many Rust Belt cities , including unemployment , decaying infrastructure , and low literacy and educational attainment levels . It is estimated that nearly one-third of all houses in the city are unoccupied or abandoned .'}]}, {'value': 'Marion Barry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marion_Barry', 'summary': 'Marion Shepilov Barry ( born Marion Barry Jr. ; March 6 , 1936 - November 23 , 2014 ) was an American politician who served as the second mayor of the District of Columbia from 1979 to 1991 , and again as the fourth mayor from 1995 to 1999 . A Democrat , Barry had served three tenures on the Council of the District of Columbia , representing as an at-large member from 1975 to 1979 and in Ward 8 from 1993 to 1995 , and again from 2005 to 2014 . In the 1960s he was involved in the civil rights movement , first as a member of the Nashville Student Movement and then serving as the first chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . Barry came to national prominence as mayor of the national capital , the first prominent civil rights activist to become chief executive of a major American city . He gave the presidential nomination speech for Jesse Jackson at the 1984 Democratic National Convention . His celebrity was transformed into international notoriety in January 1990 , when he was videotaped during a sting operation smoking crack cocaine and was arrested by Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) officials on drug charges . The arrest and subsequent trial precluded Barry from seeking re-election , and he served six months in a federal prison . After his release , he was elected to the Council of the District of Columbia in 1992 . He was elected again as mayor in 1994 , serving from 1995 to 1999 . Despite his history of political and legal controversies , Barry was a popular and influential figure in Washington , D.C . The alternative weekly Washington City Paper nicknamed him Mayor for life , a designation that remained long after Barry left the mayoralty . The Washington Post once stated that to understand the District of Columbia , one must understand Marion Barry .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Xi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LeMoyne-Owen_College', 'summary': 'LeMoyne-Owen College ( LOC or simply LeMoyne-Owen ) is a private historically black college affiliated with the United Church of Christ and located in Memphis , Tennessee . It resulted from the 1968 merger of historically black colleges and other schools established by northern Protestant missions during and after the American Civil War .'}]}, {'value': 'Mayor of Washington , DC ; first Chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': 'Below is a list of mayors of Washington , D.C. and associated political entities .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee', 'summary': "The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC , often pronounced /snɪk/ SNIK ) was the principal channel of student commitment in the United States to the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s . Emerging in 1960 from the student-led sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Greensboro , North Carolina and Nashville , Tennessee , the Committee sought to coordinate and assist direct-action challenges to the civic segregation and political exclusion of African-Americans . From 1962 , with the support of the Voter Education Project , SNCC committed to the registration and mobilization of black voters in the Deep South . Affiliates such as the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and the Lowndes County Freedom Organization in Alabama increased dramatically the pressure on federal and state government to enforce constitutional protections . But by the mid-1960s the measured nature of the gains made , and the violence with which they were resisted , were generating dissent from the principles of non-violence , of white participation in the movement , and of field-driven , as opposed to national-office , leadership and direction . At the same time organizers were being lost to a de-segregating Democratic Party and to federally-funded anti-poverty programs . Following an aborted merger with the Black Panther Party in 1968 , SNCC effectively dissolved . SNCC is nonetheless credited in its brief existence with breaking down barriers , both institutional and psychological , to the empowerment of African-American communities . It is also seen as offering subsequent social and political movements templates for grassroots organizing and , consistent with the vision of the Committee 's early mentor , Ella Baker , for the broad and creative participation of women ."}]}, {'value': 'Ted Berry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ted_Berry', 'summary': 'Theodore M. Berry ( November 5 , 1905 - October 15 , 2000 ) , an American politician of the Charter Party of Cincinnati , Ohio , was the first African-American mayor of Cincinnati , Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati', 'summary': 'The University of Cincinnati ( UC or Cincinnati ) is a public research university in Cincinnati , Ohio . Founded in 1819 as Cincinnati College , it is the oldest institution of higher education in Cincinnati and has an annual enrollment of over 44,000 students , making it the second largest university in Ohio . It is part of the University System of Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'First Black Mayor of Cincinnati ; board member of the NAACP', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Cincinnati,_Ohio', 'summary': "The mayor shall preside over all meetings of the Cincinnati City Council . The mayor may call a special meeting of the council , but ( s ) he may not have a vote in the council . ( S ) he has the power to propose legislation for debate among the council . The mayor shall appoint and may remove the vice-mayor and the chair of all committees of the council without the advice and consent of the council . The mayor of Cincinnati shall be recognized as the official head and representative of the city for all purposes , except as provided otherwise in the city charter of Cincinnati . ( S ) he may appoint a city manager upon an affirmative vote of five members of the city council following the mayor 's recommendation . The mayor shall deliver an annual address to the council and citizens of the city reporting on the state of the city and making recommendations for the establishment and achievement of future city goals . In time of public danger or emergency , the mayor , with the consent of the council , may take command of the police , maintain order and enforce the law ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NAACP', 'summary': 'The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) [ a ] is a civil rights organization in the United States , formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B . Du Bois , Mary White Ovington , Moorfield Storey and Ida B . Wells . Its mission in the 21st century is to ensure the political , educational , social , and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination . National NAACP initiatives include political lobbying , publicity efforts and litigation strategies developed by its legal team . The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct , the status of black foreign refugees and questions of economic development . Its name , retained in accordance with tradition , uses the once common term colored people , referring to those with some African ancestry . The NAACP bestows annual awards to African Americans in two categories : Image Awards are for achievement in the arts and entertainment , and Spingarn Medals are for outstanding achievement of any kind . Its headquarters is in Baltimore , Maryland .'}]}, {'value': 'Byron Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byron_Brown', 'summary': "Byron William Brown II ( born September 24 , 1958 ) is an American politician who is the 62nd and current mayor of Buffalo , New York , elected on November 8 , 2005 and is the City 's first African-American mayor . He previously served Western New York as a member of the New York State Senate and Buffalo Common Council . He was the first African-American politician elected to the New York State Senate to represent a district outside New York City and the first member of any minority race to represent a majority white New York State Senate district . Brown was born and raised in Queens , New York . He rose to elective office after serving in a variety of political roles . He began his political career performing as an aide to local representatives in several legislative bodies ( Buffalo Common Council , Erie County Legislature and New York State Assembly ) and later getting involved in a regional political organization . After several roles as a legislative aide , he was appointed to the Erie County cabinet-level Director of Equal Employment Opportunity post . As both a New York State Senator and Buffalo Mayor , he has been closely involved in the development of the three Seneca Nation casinos that have been planned and built in Western New York since 2002 . As someone born and raised downstate who went on to become an upstate political servant , he has been active on the statewide political front . He is a close political ally of New York Governor Andrew Cuomo . He has also been active with the National Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition in efforts to prevent gun-related crime . His plan to revitalize Buffalo by demolishing its abundant vacant buildings has drawn opposition from historic preservationists , but he has made the development of the Buffalo waterfront a priority ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta Epsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_at_Buffalo', 'summary': "The State University of New York at Buffalo ( University at Buffalo , UB , or SUNY Buffalo ) is a public research university with campuses in Buffalo and Amherst , New York . It is the flagship campus of the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , with the largest enrollment , largest endowment , and research funding as a comprehensive university center . The university was founded in 1846 as a private medical college , but in 1962 merged with the SUNY system . As of Fall 2018 , the university enrolls 31,508 students in 13 colleges , making it the largest public university in New York . In addition to the College of Arts and Sciences , the university houses the largest state-operated medical school , dental school , education school , business school , engineering school , pharmacy school , and also features the only state law school , architecture and urban planning school in the State University of New York System . The university offers over 100 bachelor 's , 205 master 's , 84 doctoral , and 10 professional areas of study . The University at Buffalo is classified as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity ( R1 ) . In 1989 , UB was elected to the Association of American Universities . UB 's alumni and faculty have included a prime minister , astronauts , Nobel laureates , Pulitzer Prize winners , three billionaires , Academy Award winners , Emmy Award winners , Fulbright Scholars , and Rhodes Scholars . U.S. President Millard Fillmore was one of the school 's principal founders and served as the school 's first chancellor ."}]}, {'value': 'Senator of New York ; first Black Mayor of Buffalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Buffalo,_New_York', 'summary': 'In 1853 , the charter of the city was amended to include the town of Black Rock and the city proper was divided into thirteen wards . In addition , the term of city offices , including mayor changed from a one year term to a two year term and was elected directly by the people .'}]}, {'value': 'Willie Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)', 'summary': "Willie Lewis Brown Jr. ( born March 20 , 1934 ) is an American politician of the Democratic Party . Brown served over 30 years in the California State Assembly , spending 15 years as its speaker . He later became mayor of San Francisco , and was the first African American to hold that office . The San Francisco Chronicle called Brown one of San Francisco 's most notable mayors , adding that he had celebrity beyond the city 's boundaries . Born in Mineola , Texas , Brown graduated from San Francisco State University in 1955 and earned a J.D . from the University of California , Hastings College of the Law in 1958 . He spent several years in private practice before being elected to the California Assembly in 1964 in his second attempt . Brown became the Democrats ' whip in 1969 , and then became speaker in 1980 . He was known for his ability to manage colleagues and maintain party discipline . According to The New York Times , Brown became one of the country 's most powerful state legislators . His long tenure and powerful position were used as a focal point of the California ballot proposition to limit the terms of state legislators , which passed in 1990 . During the last of his three allowed post-initiative terms , Brown maintained control of the Assembly despite a slim GOP majority by gaining the support of several Republicans ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Rho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University', 'summary': "San Francisco State University ( commonly referred to as San Francisco State , SF State and SFSU ) is a public university in San Francisco . As part of the 23-campus California State University system , the university offers 118 different bachelor 's degrees , 94 master 's degrees , and 5 doctoral degrees along with 26 teaching credentials among six academic colleges . The university was founded in 1899 as a state-run normal school for training school teachers , obtaining state college status in 1921 and state university status in 1972 . The 141 acre campus is located in the southwest part of the city , less than two miles from the Pacific coast . San Francisco State has 12 varsity athletic teams which compete at the NCAA Division II level , most as members of the California Collegiate Athletic Association ."}]}, {'value': 'First Black Mayor of San Francisco ; Speaker of the California State Assembly ; the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge is in part named in his honor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_San_Francisco', 'summary': "The mayor of the City and County of San Francisco is the head of the executive branch of the San Francisco city and county government . The officeholder has the duty to enforce city laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors , the legislative branch . The Mayor serves a four-year term and is limited to two successive terms . Because of San Francisco 's status as a consolidated city-county , the mayor also serves as the head of government of the county ; both entities have been governed together by a combined set of governing bodies since 1856 . There have been 45 individuals sworn into office . John W. Geary , elected in 1850 , was the first mayor of the city . Charles James Brenham , who served as mayor during the 1850s , is the only person who has served two non-consecutive terms ( excluding serving as Acting Mayor ) . The current mayor is former District 5 Supervisor and President of the Board of Supervisors London Breed , who won a special election following the death of Mayor Ed Lee on December 12 , 2017 . Breed will serve out the remainder of Lee 's uncompleted term ( until January 8 , 2020 ) , after which she is eligible to run for two full terms of her own including the 2019 San Francisco mayoral election which she won ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_California_State_Assembly', 'summary': 'The following is a list of Speakers of the California State Assembly . It does not number those individuals who served abbreviated terms or those who served during an extraordinary session called by the Governor of California for a narrowly-defined agenda .'}]}, {'value': 'David Dinkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Dinkins', 'summary': "David Norman Dinkins ( born July 10 , 1927 ) is an American politician , lawyer , and author who served as the 106th Mayor of New York City , from 1990 to 1993 . He was the first and , to date , the only African American to hold that office . Before entering politics , Dinkins was among the more than 20,000 Montford Point Marines , the first African-American U.S. Marines ( trained 1942-1949 ; Dinkins ' service was 1945-1946 ) ; he graduated cum laude from Howard University ; and he received his law degree from Brooklyn Law School ( 1956 ) . Dinkins began his political career by serving in the State Assembly ( 1966 ) , eventually advancing to Manhattan borough president before becoming mayor . Under the Dinkins administration , crime in New York City decreased more dramatically and more rapidly than at any time in previous New York City history . After leaving office , Dinkins joined the faculty of Columbia University . Dinkins was a member of the board of directors of the United States Tennis Association and a member of the Jazz Foundation of America . He serves on the boards of the New York City Global Partners , the Children 's Health Fund , the Association to Benefit Children and the Nelson Mandela Children 's Fund . Dinkins is also on the advisory board of Independent News & Media and the Black Leadership Forum , is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and is chairman emeritus of the board of directors of the National Black Leadership Commission on AIDS ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_University', 'summary': 'Howard University ( Howard or simply HU ) is a private , federally chartered historically black university ( HBCU ) in Washington , D.C . It is categorized among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all sexes and races . It offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate , graduate , and professional degrees . U.S. News & World Report ranked Howard tied for 104th among national universities , and second among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) for 2020 . Howard is the only HBCU ranked in the top 40 on the Bloomberg Businessweek business school rankings . The Princeton Review ranked the school of business first in opportunities for minority students and in the top five for most competitive students . The National Law Journal ranked the law school among the top 25 in the nation for placing graduates at the most successful law firms .'}]}, {'value': 'First Black Mayor of New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City', 'summary': "The mayor of New York City is head of the executive branch of the Government of New York City . The mayor 's office administers all city services , public property , police and fire protection , most public agencies , and enforces all city and state laws within New York City . The budget , overseen by New York City Mayor 's Office of Management and Budget , is the largest municipal budget in the United States at $ 92 billion a year . The city employs 325,000 people , spends about $ 21 billion to educate more than 1.1 million students ( the largest public school system in the United States ) and levies $ 27 billion in taxes . It receives $ 14 billion from the state and federal governments . The mayor 's office is located in New York City Hall ; it has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of New York City : Manhattan , Brooklyn , the Bronx , Staten Island and Queens . The mayor appoints numerous officials , including commissioners who head city departments , and his deputy mayors . The mayor 's regulations are compiled in title 43 of the New York City Rules . According to current law , the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office but may run again after a four-year break . It was changed from two to three terms on October 23 , 2008 , when the New York City Council voted 29-22 in favor of passing the term limit extension into law . However , in 2010 , a referendum reverting the limit to two terms passed overwhelmingly . The current mayor is Democrat Bill de Blasio , who was elected on November 5 , 2013 and reelected to a second term on November 7 , 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gow Fields', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gow_Fields', 'summary': 'Gow Fields is a politician and the former mayor of Lakeland , Florida ; he is the first African American to be elected to this office . Elected in 2009 , he completed his term in January 2014 . Together with service as a city commissioner , he had served more than 21 and half years on the commission . Fields was elected after a runoff election , succeeding mayor Buddy Fletcher . Fields served as a Lakeland City Commissioner since May 1992 . As mayor , Fields was involved in discussions about building high-speed rail connections between Orlando and Tampa . Fields was named as one of the defendants in a suit brought by atheists objecting to public prayer and city meetings . The suit was dismissed . During his tenure , Lakeland Airport began offering direct flights with Direct Air . Fields has also been involved in discussions over proposals to split off University of South Florida Polytechnic from the University of South Florida . Mayor Fields also served on the Florida League of Mayors Board of Directors , including a term as the board president from August 2012 to August 2013 . He is serving as the Advisor to the Florida Business Watch Board of Directors .'}]}, {'value': 'Mu Zeta Lambda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Black Mayor of Lakeland , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida', 'summary': 'Lakeland is a city in Polk County , Florida , along Interstate 4 east of Tampa . The westernmost city in Polk County , it is part of the Tampa Bay Area . According to the 2018 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , the city had a population of 110,516 . Lakeland is a principal city of the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area . Native Americans lived in the area from soon after the end of the last ice age until the end of the Second Seminole War . European-American settlers arrived in Lakeland from South Carolina in the 1870s . The city expanded in the 1880s with the arrival of rail service , with the first freedmen railway workers settling here in 1883 . They and European immigrants also came because of new jobs in the large phosphate industry that developed . Lakeland is home to the 1,267-acre Circle B Bar Reserve .'}]}, {'value': 'Maynard Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maynard_Jackson', 'summary': 'Maynard Holbrook Jackson Jr. ( March 23 , 1938 - June 23 , 2003 ) was an American politician and attorney from Georgia . A member of the Democratic Party , he was elected in 1973 at the age of 35 as the first black mayor of Atlanta , Georgia and of any major city in the South . He served three terms ( 1974-1982 , 1990-1994 ) , making him the second longest-serving mayor of Atlanta , after six-term mayor ( 1937-1941 , 1942-1962 ) William B. Hartsfield . He is notable also for public works projects , primarily the new Maynard H. Jackson International terminal at the Atlanta airport , and for greatly increasing minority business participation in the city . After his death , the William B. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport was re-named Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport to honor his service to the expansion of the airport , the city and its people .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Rho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morehouse_College', 'summary': "Morehouse College is a private , historically black men 's college located in Atlanta , Georgia . The college is one of the few remaining traditional men 's liberal arts colleges in the United States . [ a ] Founded in 1867 by William Jefferson White , an aggressive expansionary program undertaken by the college 's 6th President Benjamin Mays , established Morehouse as the largest liberal arts institution for men in the United States with an enrollment over 2,000 students . Along with Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse School of Medicine and nearby women 's college Spelman College , Morehouse is part of the Atlanta University Center . Morehouse is one of two historically black colleges in the country to produce Rhodes Scholars , and it is the alma mater of many African-American community and civil leaders , including Martin Luther King Jr ."}]}, {'value': "First Black and three-term Mayor of Atlanta ; Atlanta 's Hartsfield-Jackson Airport is in part named in his honor", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Atlanta', 'summary': "The Mayor is the highest elected official in Atlanta , Georgia . Since its incorporation in 1847 , the town has had 60 mayors . The current mayor is Keisha Lance Bottoms . This is a list of mayors of Atlanta in the state of Georgia in the United States . The term of office was one year until Cicero C. Hammock 's second term ( 1875-77 ) , when a new city charter changed it to two years . The term was changed to four years in 1929 , giving Isaac N. Ragsdale the modern stay in office . Though a political party is listed where known , the mayoral election is officially non-partisan , so candidates do not represent their party when elected . In recent history , the viable candidates in the race have primarily been Democrats ."}]}, {'value': 'Harvey Johnson , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvey_Johnson,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Harvey Johnson Jr. ( born December 21 , 1946 ) , is an American politician from Mississippi . He was elected in 1997 as the first African American Mayor of Jackson , Mississippi , serving two terms . He was known for his achievements in gaining reinvestment in the city to revitalize downtown . He ran again in 2009 and was elected . When he ran for what would have been his fourth term , he was defeated in the Democratic primary in July 2013 by challengers Chokwe Lumumba , who was elected as mayor , and Jonathan Lee .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Omicron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_State_University', 'summary': "Tennessee State University ( Tennessee State , Tenn State , or TSU ) is a public and historically black land-grant university in Nashville , Tennessee . Founded in 1912 , it is the largest and only state-funded historically black university in Tennessee . It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Tennessee State University offers 41 bachelors degrees , 23 master 's degrees , and eight doctoral degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'First Black Mayor of Jackson , Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Jackson,_Mississippi', 'summary': 'The post of Mayor of Jackson , Mississippi , was begun in 1834 and was originally referred to as President of Selectmen before being changed to Mayor . The following individuals have held the office : .'}]}, {'value': 'Kwame Kilpatrick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kwame_Kilpatrick', 'summary': 'Kwame Malik Kilpatrick ( born June 8 , 1970 ) is an American former politician , having served as a Democratic Michigan state representative and mayor of Detroit from 2002 to 2008 . Kilpatrick resigned as mayor in September 2008 after being convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice . He was sentenced to four months in jail and was released on probation after serving 99 days . On May 25 , 2010 , Kilpatrick was sentenced to eighteen months to five years in state prison for violating his probation , and served time at the Oaks Correctional Facility in northwest Michigan . On March 11 , 2013 , he was convicted on 24 federal felony counts , including mail fraud , wire fraud , and racketeering . On October 10 , 2013 , Kilpatrick was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Nu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_A&M_University', 'summary': "Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university in Tallahassee , Florida . Founded in 1887 , it is located on the highest geographic hill in Tallahassee . It is the 5th largest historically black university in the United States by enrollment and the only public historically black university in Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida , as well as one of the state 's land grant universities , and is accredited to award baccalaureate , master 's and doctoral degrees by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The 2020 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college rankings placed the university in Tier 1 among national universities ( 254th ) , 7th among all HBCUs and 2nd among all public HBCUs . The university is classified as an R2 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes higher research activity . For 2017 , the National Science Foundation ranked Florida A & M University 216th nationally and 2nd among HBCU for total research and development expenditures . FAMU sports teams are known as the Rattlers , and compete in Division I of the NCAA . They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mayor of Detroit who resigned after pleading guilty to felony charges stemming from a text message scandal ; convicted of federal charges including racketeering and extortion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Detroit,_Michigan', 'summary': 'This is a list of mayors of Detroit , Michigan . See History of Detroit , Michigan , for more information about the history of the incorporation of the city . The current mayor is Mike Duggan , who was sworn into office on January 1 , 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kilpatrick-Beatty_criminal_trial', 'summary': 'On March 24 , 2008 , Wayne County , Michigan Prosecutor Kym Worthy announced a 12-count criminal indictment against Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick and his former Chief of Staff and paramour Christine Beatty . Kilpatrick was charged with eight felonies and Beatty with seven . Charges for both included perjury , misconduct in office and obstruction of justice . Worthy also suggested that others in the Kilpatrick administration could also be charged . On December 1 , 2008 , Beatty admitted lying under oath and was sentenced to 120 days in jail . She began serving the sentence on January 5 , 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kilpatrick_and_Beatty_text-messaging_scandal', 'summary': 'The Kilpatrick and Beatty text-messaging scandal was a political-sex scandal emerging from a whistle blower lawsuit involving former Detroit Police Chief Gary Brown , Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick and his former Chief of Staff and paramour Christine Beatty .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act', 'summary': "The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations ( RICO ) Act is a United States federal law that provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization . The RICO Act focuses specifically on racketeering and allows the leaders of a syndicate to be tried for the crimes they ordered others to do or assisted them in doing , closing a perceived loophole that allowed a person who instructed someone else to , for example , murder , to be exempt from the trial because they did not actually commit the crime personally . RICO was enacted by section 901 ( a ) of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 ( Pub.L . 91-452 , 84 Stat . 922 , enacted October 15 , 1970 ) and is codified at 18 U.S.C . ch . 96 as 18 U.S.C . §§ 1961-1968 . G. Robert Blakey , an adviser to the United States Senate Government Operations Committee , drafted the law under the close supervision of the committee 's chairman , Senator John Little McClellan . It was enacted as Title IX of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 , and signed into law by Richard M. Nixon . While its original use in the 1970s was to prosecute the Mafia as well as others who were actively engaged in organized crime , its later application has been more widespread . Beginning in 1972 , 33 states adopted state RICO laws to be able to prosecute similar conduct ."}]}, {'value': 'Rudolph McCollum Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rudolph_McCollum_Jr.', 'summary': 'Rudolph Clyde McCollum Jr. ( born November 28 , 1955 ) is an American lawyer who served as the mayor of Richmond , Virginia from 2001 to 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Richmond,_Virginia', 'summary': "The Mayor of Richmond is the chief executive of the government of Richmond , Virginia , as stipulated by the city 's charter . This list includes mayors who were appointed by the Richmond City Council as well as those who were elected by popular vote . The current Mayor of Richmond , ( and 80th in the sequence of regular mayors ) , is Democrat Levar Stoney who succeeded Dwight C. Jones , a Baptist pastor and former member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 2016 . Jones was first elected in 2008 , he won a second term in November 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'James McGee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_H._McGee', 'summary': 'James Howell Jim McGee ( November 8 , 1918 - March 4 , 2006 ) was an American politician of the Ohio Democratic party . He served as the first black mayor of Dayton , Ohio . He was also the citys longest-tenured mayor to date . McGee was born in Berryberg , West Virginia and was raised in Steubenville , Ohio . He graduated from Wilberforce University in 1937 . After serving in the United States Army , he received a law degree from Ohio State University in 1948 . He moved to Dayton to practice law and worked with the NAACP in civil rights cases . He filed one of the first segregation cases after the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision . In 1959 , he became the 23rd president of the local NAACP chapter . McGee entered politics as an assistant to Rep. Rodney M. Love of Ohio working on the War on Poverty ] ] . in 1967 , Dayton City Commissioner Don Crawford resigned to become the Dayton City Clerk and McGee was selected to fill his term . McGee won re-election to the seat in 1969 .'}]}, {'value': 'Xi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilberforce_University', 'summary': "Wilberforce University is a private historically black university in Wilberforce , Ohio . Affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) , it was the first college to be owned and operated by African Americans . It participates in the United Negro College Fund . Central State University , also in Wilberforce , Ohio began as a department of Wilberforce University where Ohio state legislators could sponsor scholarship students . The college was founded in 1856 by a unique collaboration between the Cincinnati , Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) to provide classical education and teacher training for black youth . The first board members were leaders both black and white . However , during the American Civil War ( 1861-65 ) , the student population declined and financial losses closed the college in 1863 . The AME Church purchased the institution to ensure its survival . AME Bishop Daniel Payne was one of the university 's original founders and became the first president after re-opening , the first African American to become a college president in the United States . Prominent white supporters and the US government donated funds for rebuilding after an arson fire in 1865 . The college attracted the top professors of the day , including W. E. B . Du Bois ."}]}, {'value': 'First Black Mayor of Dayton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Dayton,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Since its creation as a town in the 18th century , the Politics of Dayton , Ohio have adapted to and reflected the changing needs of the community , from the Miami and Erie Canal through the World War II Dayton Project to the present day .'}]}, {'value': 'Wayne M. Messam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_M._Messam', 'summary': 'Wayne Martin Messam ( born June 7 , 1974 ) is an American former football player , businessman , and politician serving as the mayor of Miramar , Florida , a position he has held since 2015 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was first elected to the Miramar City Commission in 2011 before defeating incumbent mayor Lori Cohen Moseley in the 2015 election . Messam is also a general contractor and owner of a construction firm . Messam ran for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2020 United States presidential election . He officially launched his campaign on March 28 , 2019 . He suspended his presidential campaign on November 20 , 2019 , having failed to qualify for any of the Democratic debates .'}]}, {'value': 'Iota Delta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_University', 'summary': "Florida State University ( Florida State or FSU ) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university in Tallahassee , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida . Founded in 1851 , it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 10 billion . Florida State is home to Florida 's only national laboratory , the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol . Florida State University also operates the John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art , the State Art Museum of Florida and one of the largest museum/university complexes in the nation . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 18th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FSU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . In their 113-year history , Florida State 's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships ."}]}, {'value': 'First Black Mayor of Miramar , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miramar,_Florida', 'summary': 'Miramar is a city in Broward County , Florida , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 122,041 . It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area , which is home to over 6 million people .'}]}, {'value': 'Marc Morial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marc_Morial', 'summary': 'Marc Haydel Morial /ˌmɔːriˈæl/ ( born January 3 , 1958 ) is an American political and civic leader and the current president of the National Urban League . Morial served as mayor of New Orleans , from 1994 to 2002 . He is married to Michelle Miller , who has won awards as a CBS News Correspondent .'}]}, {'value': 'Psi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "The University of Pennsylvania ( Penn or UPenn ) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The University claims a founding date of 1740 [ note 2 ] and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded prior to the U.S . Declaration of Independence . Benjamin Franklin , Penn 's founder and first president , advocated an educational program that trained leaders in commerce , government , and public service , similar to a modern liberal arts curriculum . Penn has four undergraduate schools as well as twelve graduate and professional schools . Among its graduate and professional schools are the first school of medicine in North America ( Perelman School of Medicine , 1765 ) , the first collegiate business school ( Wharton School , 1881 ) , and the first student union building and organization ( Houston Hall , 1896 ) . In 2019 , the university had an endowment of $ 14.65 billion , the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States , as well as a research budget of $ 1.02 billion . The university 's athletics program , the Quakers , fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference . As of 2018 , distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state , 64 billionaires , 3 U.S. Supreme Court justices , 33 U.S . Senators , 44 U.S. Governors , 159 members of the U.S. House of Representatives , 8 signers of the U.S . Declaration of Independence , 12 signers of the U.S. Constitution , 24 members of the Continental Congress , and the current U.S. President , Donald Trump . Other notable alumni include 29 Rhodes Scholars , 15 Marshall Scholars , 16 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 48 Fulbright Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana State Legislature ; Mayor of New Orleans ; 8th CEO of the National Urban League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature', 'summary': "The Louisiana State Legislature ( French : Législature d'État de Louisiane ) is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Louisiana . It is a bicameral body , comprising the lower house , the Louisiana House of Representatives with 105 representatives , and the upper house , the Louisiana Senate with 39 senators . Members of each house are elected from single-member districts of roughly equal populations . The State Legislature meets in the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_Orleans', 'summary': 'The post of Mayor of the City of New Orleans ( French : Maire de La Nouvelle-Orléans ) has been held by the following individuals since New Orleans came under American administration following the Louisiana Purchase - the acquisition by the U.S. of 828,800 square miles ( 2,147,000 km2 ) of the French province La Louisiane in 1803 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Urban_League', 'summary': 'The National Urban League , formerly known as the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes , is a nonpartisan historic civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of economic and social justice for African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States . It is the oldest and largest community-based organization of its kind in the nation . Its current President is Marc Morial .'}]}, {'value': 'Ernest Nathan Morial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_Nathan_Morial', 'summary': 'Ernest Nathan Morial , known as Dutch Morial ( October 9 , 1929 - December 24 , 1989 ) , was an American political figure and a leading civil rights advocate . He was the first African-American mayor of New Orleans , serving from 1978 to 1986 . He was the father of Marc Morial , who subsequently served as Mayor of New Orleans from 1994 to 2002 . Morial , a New Orleans native , grew up in the Seventh Ward . His father was Walter Etienne Morial , a cigarmaker , and his mother was Leonie V. ( Moore ) Morial , a seamstress . He attended Holy Redeemer Elementary School and McDonogh No . 35 Senior High School . He graduated from Xavier University of Louisiana in New Orleans , Louisiana in 1951 . In 1954 , he became the first African American to receive a law degree from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge . Morial came to prominence as a lawyer fighting to dismantle segregation and as president of the local from 1962 to 1965 . He followed in the cautious style of his mentor A.P . Tureaud in preferring to fight for Civil and political rights in courtroom battles , rather than through sit-ins and demonstrations .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Tau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana', 'summary': 'Xavier University of Louisiana ( XULA ) , located in the Gert Town section of New Orleans , Louisiana , in the United States , is a private , coeducational , liberal arts college with the distinction of being the only historically black Roman Catholic institution of higher education in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana State Legislature ; first Black Mayor of New Orleans ; namesake of the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana', 'summary': "New Orleans ( /ˈɔːrl ( i ) ənz , ɔːrˈliːnz/ , locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ ; French : La Nouvelle-Orléans [ la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃ ] ( listen ) ) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana . With an estimated population of 391,006 in 2018 , it is the most populous city in Louisiana . Serving as a major port , New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States . New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinct music , Creole cuisine , unique dialect , and its annual celebrations and festivals , most notably Mardi Gras . The historic heart of the city is the French Quarter , known for its French and Spanish Creole architecture and vibrant nightlife along Bourbon Street . The city has been described as the most unique in the United States , owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage . Founded in 1718 by French colonists , New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before being traded to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . New Orleans in 1840 was the third-most populous city in the United States , and it was the largest city in the American South from the Antebellum era until after World War II . The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding , due to such factors as high rainfall , low lying elevation , poor natural drainage and location next to multiple bodies of water . State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city . New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , 2005 , which resulted in flooding more than 80% of the city , thousands of deaths , and so much displacement because of damaged communities and lost housing as to cause a population decline of over 50% . Since Katrina , major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city 's population ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ernest_N._Morial_Convention_Center', 'summary': 'The Ernest N. Morial Convention Center is in New Orleans , Louisiana , United States . The lower end of building one is located 1,640 feet ( 500 m ) upriver from Canal Street on the banks of the Mississippi River . It is named after former Mayor of New Orleans Ernest Nathan Morial . As of 2006 , it has about 1.1 million square feet ( 102,000 m² ) of exhibit space , covering almost 11 blocks , and over 3 million square feet ( 280,000 m² ) of total space . The front of the main building is 1 kilometer long .'}]}, {'value': 'Norm Rice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norm_Rice', 'summary': "Norman Blann Rice ( born May 4 , 1943 ) is an American politician who served as the 49th mayor of Seattle , Washington , serving two terms from 1990 to 1997 . Rice was Seattle 's first and to date only elected African-American mayor ( Bruce Harrell assumed the post of acting mayor on September 13 , 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Zeta Pi Lambda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First and only African-American Mayor of Seattle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Seattle', 'summary': "The Mayor of Seattle is the head of the executive branch of the city government of Seattle , Washington . The mayor is authorized by the city charter to enforce laws enacted by the Seattle City Council , as well as direct subordinate officers in city departments . The mayor serves a four-year term , without term limits , and is chosen in citywide , two-round elections between nonpartisan candidates . Since the appointment of Henry A. Atkins in 1869 , 56 individuals have held the office of mayor . The city elected Bertha Knight Landes , the first female mayor of a major U.S. city , in 1926 . Several mayors have served non-consecutive terms , while others have resigned or faced recall elections . Charles Royer holds the record for longest mayoral tenure in the city 's history , serving three full terms from 1978 to 1990 . Jenny Durkan took office as mayor on November 28 , 2017 , becoming the second female mayor and first lesbian mayor of Seattle ."}]}, {'value': 'Eugene Sawyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Sawyer', 'summary': 'Eugene Sawyer Jr. ( September 3 , 1934 - January 19 , 2008 ) was an American businessman , educator , and politician . Sawyer was selected as the 53rd Mayor of Chicago , Illinois after the sudden death of then-mayor Harold Washington , serving from December 2 , 1987 until April 24 , 1989 . Sawyer was the second African-American to serve as mayor of Chicago . Sawyer was a member of the Democratic Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Upsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alabama_State_University', 'summary': 'Alabama State University ( ASU ) is a public historically black university in Montgomery , Alabama . Founded in 1867 , ASU is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund .'}]}, {'value': 'Mayor of Chicago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Chicago', 'summary': "The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive of city government in Chicago , Illinois , the third-largest city in the United States . The mayor is responsible for the administration and management of various city departments , submits proposals and recommendations to the Chicago City Council , is active in the enforcement of the city 's ordinances , submits the city 's annual budget and appoints city officers , department commissioners or directors , and members of city boards and commissions . During sessions of the city council , the mayor serves as the presiding officer . The mayor is not allowed to vote on issues except in certain instances , most notably where the vote taken on a matter before the body results in a tie . The office of mayor was created when Chicago became a city in 1837 ."}]}, {'value': 'AC Wharton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AC_Wharton', 'summary': 'A C Wharton Jr. ( born August 17 , 1944 ) is an American educator , politician , and attorney who served as the 63rd mayor of Memphis , Tennessee and previously mayor of Shelby County . He is the first African American to serve as Mayor of Shelby County .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Omicron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_State_University', 'summary': "Tennessee State University ( Tennessee State , Tenn State , or TSU ) is a public and historically black land-grant university in Nashville , Tennessee . Founded in 1912 , it is the largest and only state-funded historically black university in Tennessee . It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Tennessee State University offers 41 bachelors degrees , 23 master 's degrees , and eight doctoral degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Mayor of Memphis , Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Memphis,_Tennessee', 'summary': 'This is a list of mayors of Memphis , Tennessee .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers_12', 'intro': "The list of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers (commonly referred to as Alphas) includes initiated and honorary members of Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ), the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter organization established for Black college students. Founded in December 1905 as a literary society with the first presiding officer being CC Poindexter, it was established as a fraternity on December 4, 1906 at Ithaca, New York. Alpha Phi Alpha opened chapters at other colleges, universities, and cities, and named them with Greek letters. Members traditionally pledge into a chapter, although some members were granted honorary status prior to the fraternity's discontinuation of the practice of granting honorary membership. A chapter name ending in Lambda denotes an alumni chapter. The only alumni chapter that does not end in Lambda is Rho Chapter, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. No chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha is designated Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet that traditionally signifies the end. Deceased brothers are respectfully referred to as having their membership transferred to Omega Chapter, the fraternity's chapter of sweet rest. Frederick Douglass is distinguished as the only member initiated posthumously when he became an exalted honorary member of Omega chapter in 1921."} | null | null | How many years did the person that served as mayor of Seattle serve for ? | 7 |
0a9a2d7b545da2fb | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_crimes_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'title': 'List of major crimes in the United Kingdom', 'header': ['Date', 'Name', 'No . of Deaths', 'Location', 'Details'], 'data': [{'value': '1860', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastbourne manslaughter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastbourne_manslaughter', 'summary': "R v Hopley ( more commonly known as the Eastbourne manslaughter ) was an 1860 legal case in Eastbourne , England , concerning the death of 15-year-old Reginald Cancellor ( some sources give his name as Chancellor and his age as 13 or 14 ) at the hands of his teacher , Thomas Hopley . Hopley used corporal punishment with the stated intention of overcoming what he perceived as stubbornness on Cancellor 's part , but instead beat the boy to death . An inquest into Cancellor 's death began when his brother requested an autopsy . As a result of the inquest Hopley was arrested and charged with manslaughter . He was found guilty at trial and sentenced to four years in prison , although he insisted that his actions were justifiable and that he was not guilty of any crime . The trial was sensationalised by the Victorian press and incited debate over the use of corporal punishment in schools . After Hopley 's release and subsequent divorce trial , he largely disappeared from the public record . The case became an important legal precedent in the United Kingdom for discussions of corporal punishment in schools and reasonable limits on discipline ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastbourne , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastbourne', 'summary': "Eastbourne ( /ˈiːstbɔːrn/ ( listen ) ) is a town , seaside resort and borough in the non-metropolitan county of East Sussex on the south coast of England , 19 miles ( 31 km ) east of Brighton . Eastbourne is immediately to the east of Beachy Head , the highest chalk sea cliff in Great Britain and part of the larger Eastbourne Downland Estate . With a seafront consisting largely of Victorian hotels , a pier and a Napoleonic era fort and military museum , Eastbourne was developed at the direction of the Duke of Devonshire from 1859 from four separate hamlets . It has a growing population , a broad economic base and is home to companies in a wide range of industries . Though Eastbourne is a relatively new town , there is evidence of human occupation in the area from the Stone Age . The town grew as a fashionable tourist resort largely thanks to prominent landowner , William Cavendish , later to become the Duke of Devonshire . Cavendish appointed architect Henry Currey to design a street plan for the town , but not before sending him to Europe to draw inspiration . The resulting mix of architecture is typically Victorian and remains a key feature of Eastbourne . As a seaside resort Eastbourne derives a large and increasing income from tourism , with revenue from traditional seaside attractions augmented by conferences , public events and cultural sightseeing . The other main industries in Eastbourne include trade and retail , healthcare , education , construction , manufacturing , professional scientific and the technical sector . Eastbourne 's population is growing ; between 2001 and 2011 it increased from 89,800 to 99,412 . The 2011 census shows that the average age of residents has decreased as the town has attracted students , families and those commuting to London and Brighton ."}]}, {'value': "15-year-old Reginald Cancellor died at the hands of his teacher , Thomas Hopley . Hopley used corporal punishment with the stated intention of overcoming what he perceived as stubbornness on Cancellor 's part , but instead beat the boy to death . The case became an important legal precedent regarding the use of corporal punishment in schools", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corporal_punishment', 'summary': 'Corporal punishment or physical punishment is a punishment intended to cause physical pain to a person . It is most often practised on minors , especially in home and school settings . Common methods include spanking or paddling . It has also historically been used on adults , particularly on prisoners and enslaved people . Other common methods include flagellation . Punishment for crime by inflicting pain or injury , including flogging , branding and even mutilation , was practised in most civilizations since ancient times . However , with the growth of humanitarian ideals since the Enlightenment , such punishments were increasingly viewed as inhumane . By the late 20th century , corporal punishment had been eliminated from the legal systems of most developed countries . The legality in the 21st century of corporal punishment in various settings differs by jurisdiction . Internationally , the late 20th century and early 21st century saw the application of human rights law to the question of corporal punishment in a number of contexts :'}]}, {'value': '1867', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The murder of Fanny Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fanny_Adams', 'summary': "Fanny Adams ( 30 April 1859 - 24 August 1867 ) was an English girl who was murdered by solicitor 's clerk Frederick Baker in Alton , Hampshire , on 24 August 1867 . The murder itself was extraordinarily brutal and caused a national outcry in the United Kingdom . Fanny was abducted by Baker and taken into a hop garden near her home . She was then brutally murdered and her body cut into several pieces , with some parts never being found . Further investigations suggested that two small knives were used for the murder , but it was later ruled they would have been insufficient to carry out the crime and that another weapon must have been used . Used to express total downtime or inaction , the military , manual-trade and locker room talk phrase sweet Fanny Adams has been in use since at least the mid 20th century , vying with a stronger expletive . [ n 1 ] Unusually , the phrase is not a bowdlerisation ; Fanny Adams arrived in 1860s naval slang to deplore unliked meat stews . It broadened to mean anything badly substandard then further so as to merge with the expletive sharing its initial letters to mean nothing at all . The phrase also appears today as sweet F.A ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alton , Hampshire , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire', 'summary': 'Alton ( /ˈɔːltən/ ) is a market town and civil parish in Hampshire , England , near the source of the River Wey . At the 2011 census , it had a population of 17,816 . Alton was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 as Aoltone . During the Saxon period Alton was known as Aweltun . The Battle of Alton occurred in the town during the English Civil War . It also has connections with Sweet Fanny Adams and Jane Austen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hampshire', 'summary': "Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ , /-ʃɪər/ ( listen ) ; postal abbreviation Hants . ) [ note 1 ] is a county in southern England . The county town is the city of Winchester . Its two largest cities , Southampton and Portsmouth , are administered separately as unitary authorities ; the rest of the county is governed by Hampshire County Council . First settled about 14,000 years ago , Hampshire 's history dates to Roman Britain , when its chief town was Winchester . When the Romans left Britain , the area was infiltrated by tribes from Scandinavia and mainland Europe , principally in the river valleys . The county was recorded in the 11th century Domesday Book , divided into 44 hundreds . From the 12th century , the ports grew in importance , fuelled by trade with the continent , wool and cloth manufacture in the county , and the fishing industry , and a shipbuilding industry was established . By the 16th century , the population of Southampton had outstripped that of Winchester . By the mid-19th century , with the county 's population at 219,210 ( double that at the beginning of the century ) in more than 86,000 dwellings , agriculture was the principal industry and 10 per cent of the county was still forest . Hampshire played a crucial military role in both World Wars . The Isle of Wight , historically part of Hampshire , became a separate ceremonial county in 1974 ."}]}, {'value': "Fanny Adams was a young English girl murdered by solicitor 's clerk Frederick Baker in Alton , Hampshire", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Solicitor's_clerk", 'summary': "An articled clerk is someone who is studying to be an accountant or a lawyer . In doing so , they are put under the supervision of someone already in the profession , now usually for two years these days , but previously three to five years was common . This can be compared as being an intern for a company . Trainees are obligated to sign a contract agreeing to the terms of being an articled clerk . The articled clerk signs a contract , known as articles of clerkship , committing to a fixed period of employment . Wharton 's Law Lexicon defines an articled clerk as a pupil of a solicitor , who undertakes , by articles of clerkship , continuing covenants , mutually binding , to instruct him in the principles and practice of the profession . The contract is with a specific partner in the firm and not with the firm as a whole . Now , some professions in some countries prefer to use the term students or trainees ( e.g . a trainee solicitor ) and the articles of clerkship training contracts . Apprentice architects can also be articled . Henry Percy Adams articled to Britwen Binyon ( 1846-1909 ) , architect ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire', 'summary': 'Alton ( /ˈɔːltən/ ) is a market town and civil parish in Hampshire , England , near the source of the River Wey . At the 2011 census , it had a population of 17,816 . Alton was recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 as Aoltone . During the Saxon period Alton was known as Aweltun . The Battle of Alton occurred in the town during the English Civil War . It also has connections with Sweet Fanny Adams and Jane Austen .'}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murder of Muriel Drinkwater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Muriel_Drinkwater', 'summary': 'The murder of Muriel Drinkwater ( Welsh : Llofruddiaeth Muriel Drinkwater ) is an unsolved 1946 child murder case from Wales . Drinkwater , a 12-year-old schoolgirl , was raped and shot in the woods in Penllergaer , Swansea . The case , which became known as the Little Red Riding Hood murder , is one of the oldest active cold cases in the United Kingdom . In 2008 , a DNA profile of the suspect was extracted from her clothes , possibly the oldest sample in the world to be successfully extracted in a murder investigation . In 2019 , the DNA was used to rule out notorious Welsh murderer Harold Jones as a suspect .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swansea , Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swansea', 'summary': 'Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis .'}]}, {'value': 'Muriel Drinkwater , 12 , was raped and murdered in the woods in Penllergaer , Swansea . The case became known as the Little Red Riding Hood murder . In 2008 , a DNA profile of the suspect was extracted from her clothes , possibly the oldest one in the world to be successfully extracted in a murder investigation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penllergaer', 'summary': "Penllergaer ( Welsh : Penlle ' r-gaer ) is a village and community in the City and County of Swansea , Wales , within the electoral ward of the same name . It is situated about 4.5 miles north west of Swansea city centre , near junction 47 of the M4 motorway ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Swansea', 'summary': 'Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ ; Welsh : Abertawe [ abɛrˈtawɛ ] ) is a coastal city and county , officially known as the City and County of Swansea ( Welsh : Dinas a Sir Abertawe ) in Wales . Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr on the southwest coast . The county area includes Swansea Bay ( Welsh : Bae Abertawe ) and the Gower Peninsula . Swansea is the second largest city in Wales and the twenty-fifth largest city in the United Kingdom . According to its local council , the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014 , the second most populous local authority area in Wales after Cardiff . Together with Neath and Port Talbot , Swansea formed a wider Urban Area of 300,352 in 2011 . During the 19th-century industrial heyday , Swansea was the key centre of the copper-smelting industry , earning the nickname Copperopolis .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teddington towpath murders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teddington_towpath_murders', 'summary': "The towpath murders was a case in which two teenage girls were murdered on the towpath near Teddington Lock on the River Thames , England , on 31 May 1953 . Alfred Charles Whiteway ( born 1931 ) was found guilty and hanged for the murders , which attracted a deal of press attention , the case being described at the time as one of Scotland Yard 's most notable triumphs in a century . At the trial , defence counsel Peter Rawlinson had subjected lead detective Herbert Hannam to what was at the time considered a very sharp cross-examination on Whiteway 's contention that the main evidence against him had been manufactured by police ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Notting Hill , London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Notting_Hill', 'summary': 'Notting Hill is an affluent district of West London , England , in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea . Notting Hill is known for being a cosmopolitan and multicultural neighbourhood , hosting the annual Notting Hill Carnival and Portobello Road Market . From around 1870 , Notting Hill had an association with artists . For much of the 20th century , the large houses were subdivided into multi-occupancy rentals . Caribbean immigrants were drawn to the area in the 1950s , partly because of the cheap rents , but were exploited by slum landlords like Peter Rachman and also became the target of white Teddy Boys in the 1958 Notting Hill race riots . Then known for its slum housing , in the early 21st century , after decades of gentrification , Notting Hill has a reputation as an affluent and fashionable area , known for attractive terraces of large Victorian townhouses and high-end shopping and restaurants ( particularly around Westbourne Grove and Clarendon Cross ) . A Daily Telegraph article in 2004 used the phrase the Notting Hill Set to refer to a group of emerging Conservative politicians , such as David Cameron and George Osborne , who would become respectively Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer and were once based in Notting Hill .'}]}, {'value': "Two girls went missing in Teddington and were found the next day , having been raped and murdered . After the country 's biggest manhunt at the time , Alfred Charles Whiteway was arrested and charged . He was found guilty at his subsequent trial and hanged . The case was described at the time as one of Scotland Yard 's most notable triumphs in a century", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teddington', 'summary': "Teddington is an area of South West London , England . Historically in Middlesex , it has been part of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames since 1965 . Teddington is on a long meander of the Thames between Hampton Wick and Strawberry Hill , Twickenham . Mostly residential , it stretches from the river to Bushy Park with a long high street of generally upmarket shops , restaurants and pubs . There is a suspension bridge over the lowest non-tidal lock on the Thames , Teddington Lock . At Teddington 's centre is a mid-rise urban development , containing offices and apartments . Teddington and surrounding areas have some of the highest house prices in the UK outside of Central London ."}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Murder of Roy Tutill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Roy_Tutill', 'summary': 'The murder of Roy Tutill occurred in 1968 in Surrey , England . The victim was a 14-year-old schoolboy who was raped and murdered on his way home from school . The crime went unsolved for 33 years , until Brian Lunn Field confessed to the crime after DNA evidence surfaced in 2001 . It is the oldest cold case to be solved in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Surrey , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Surrey', 'summary': 'Surrey ( /ˈsʌri/ SURR-ee ) is a county in South East England which borders Kent to the east , East Sussex to the southeast , West Sussex to the south , Hampshire to the west , Berkshire to the northwest , and Greater London to the northeast . With about 1.2 million people , Surrey is the twelfth most populous English county , the third most populous home county , after Kent and Essex , and the third most populous in the Southeast , after Hampshire and Kent . Surrey is a wealthy county . It has the highest GDP per capita of any English county , some of the highest property values outside Inner London , and also the highest cost of living outside the capital . It has the highest proportion of woodland of counties in England . It has four horse racing courses , and golf courses including the international competition venue at Wentworth . Guildford is popularly regarded as the county town , although Surrey County Council is based extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames . Surrey is divided into eleven districts .'}]}, {'value': 'Roy Tutill , 14 , was raped and murdered on his way home from school . The case went unsolved for 33 years , until Brian Field was convicted of the crime after DNA evidence surfaced . In 2001 , Field was sentenced to life in prison', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Mary Bell case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Bell', 'summary': 'Mary Flora Bell ( born 26 May 1957 ) is an English woman who , as a child aged 10-11 in 1968 , strangled to death two male toddlers in Scotswood , a district in the West End of Newcastle upon Tyne . She was convicted in December 1968 of the manslaughter of Martin Brown ( aged 4 ) and Brian Howe ( aged 3 ) . Since her release from prison in 1980 , she has lived under a series of pseudonyms . Her identity has been protected by a court order , which has also been extended to protect the identity of her daughter . In 1998 , Bell collaborated with Gitta Sereny on an account of her life , in which she details the abuse she suffered as a child at the hands of her prostitute mother and her clients .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newcastle upon Tyne , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne', 'summary': "Newcastle upon Tyne ( /ˌnjuːkɑːsəl -/ , locally /njuːˌkæsəl -/ ( listen ) ) , commonly known as Newcastle , is a city in Tyne and Wear , North East England , 103 miles ( 166 km ) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles ( 446 km ) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne , 8.5 mi ( 13.7 km ) from the North Sea . Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East , and forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation , the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom . Newcastle is a member of the UK Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities . Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400 , when it became a county of itself , a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974 . The regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie . Newcastle also houses Newcastle University , a member of the Russell Group , as well as Northumbria University . The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose , William the Conqueror 's eldest son . The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century , and later became a major coal mining area . The port developed in the 16th century and , along with the shipyards lower down the River Tyne , was amongst the world 's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres . Newcastle 's economy includes corporate headquarters , learning , digital technology , retail , tourism and cultural centres , from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the United Kingdom 's GVA . Among its icons are Newcastle United football club and the Tyne Bridge . Since 1981 the city has hosted the Great North Run , a half marathon which attracts over 57,000 runners each year ."}]}, {'value': 'Mary Flora Bell was convicted in December 1968 of the manslaughter of two boys , Martin Brown ( aged 4 ) and Brian Howe ( aged 3 ) earlier that year . Bell was ten years old at the time of one of the killings , and eleven at the time of the other . She was sentenced to life imprisonment and sent to a special approved school , being released from custody in 1980', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Life_imprisonment', 'summary': 'Life imprisonment ( also known as imprisonment for life , life in prison , whole-life order , a life sentence , a life term , lifelong incarceration , life incarceration or simply life ) is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted persons are to remain in prison either for the rest of their natural life or until paroled or otherwise commuted to a fixed term . Crimes for which , in some countries , a person could receive this sentence include murder , attempted murder , conspiracy to commit murder , blasphemy , apostasy , terrorism , severe child abuse , rape , child rape , espionage , treason , high treason , drug dealing , drug trafficking , drug possession , human trafficking , severe cases of fraud , severe cases of financial crimes , aggravated criminal damage in English law , and aggravated cases of arson , kidnapping , burglary , or robbery which result in death or grievous bodily harm , piracy , aircraft hijacking , and in certain cases genocide , ethnic cleansing , crimes against humanity , certain war crimes or any three felonies in case of three strikes law . Life imprisonment ( as a maximum term ) can also be imposed , in certain countries , for traffic offenses causing death . The life sentence does not exist in all countries : Portugal was the first to abolish life imprisonment , in 1884 . Where life imprisonment is a possible sentence , there may also exist formal mechanisms for requesting parole after a certain period of prison time . This means that a convict could be entitled to spend the rest of the sentence ( until that individual dies ) outside prison . Early release is usually conditional on past and future conduct , possibly with certain restrictions or obligations . In contrast , when a fixed term of imprisonment has ended , the convict is free . The length of time served and the conditions surrounding parole vary . Being eligible for parole does not necessarily ensure that parole will be granted . In some countries , including Sweden , parole does not exist but a life sentence may - after a successful application - be commuted to a fixed-term sentence , after which the culprit is released as if the sentence served was that originally imposed . In many countries around the world , particularly in the Commonwealth , courts have the authority to pass prison terms which may amount to de facto life imprisonment .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The David McGreavy case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_McGreavy', 'summary': "David McGreavy ( born 1951 ) is an English convicted murderer who in a drunken rage killed a baby and two toddlers in the United Kingdom in 1973 . He was in the news in 2013 when an anonymity order imposed in 2009 was lifted based on findings that there was a public interest in his application for parole and that there was no immediate danger to his life . He was held in a vulnerable prisoners ' unit , where he spent most of his 40 years in prison until he was cleared for release on parole in December 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worcester , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcester', 'summary': "Worcester ( /ˈwʊstər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər ) is a cathedral city in Worcestershire , England , 30 miles ( 48 km ) south-west of Birmingham , 101 miles ( 163 km ) west-north-west of London , 27 miles ( 43 km ) north of Gloucester and 23 miles ( 37 km ) north-east of Hereford . The population is about 100,000 . The River Severn flanks the western side of the city centre , which is overlooked by Worcester Cathedral . The Battle of Worcester in 1651 was the final battle of the English Civil War , where Oliver Cromwell 's New Model Army defeated King Charles II 's Royalists . Worcester is known as the home of Royal Worcester Porcelain , composer Edward Elgar , Lea & Perrins , makers of traditional Worcestershire sauce , University of Worcester , and Berrow 's Worcester Journal , claimed to be the world 's oldest newspaper ."}]}, {'value': "David McGreavy was a lodger in the home of his friends , Clive and Elsie Ralph . While minding the Ralphs ' three small children , Paul ( age 4 ) , Dawn ( age 2 ) and Samantha ( age 8 months ) , McGreavy murdered the children . He then mutilated their bodies with a pickaxe and impaled them outside on the spikes of a wrought-iron fence . McGreavy , called the Monster of Worcester in the press , later pleaded guilty to all three murders and was sentenced to multiple life terms with a minimum term of 20 years", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Life_imprisonment', 'summary': 'Life imprisonment ( also known as imprisonment for life , life in prison , whole-life order , a life sentence , a life term , lifelong incarceration , life incarceration or simply life ) is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted persons are to remain in prison either for the rest of their natural life or until paroled or otherwise commuted to a fixed term . Crimes for which , in some countries , a person could receive this sentence include murder , attempted murder , conspiracy to commit murder , blasphemy , apostasy , terrorism , severe child abuse , rape , child rape , espionage , treason , high treason , drug dealing , drug trafficking , drug possession , human trafficking , severe cases of fraud , severe cases of financial crimes , aggravated criminal damage in English law , and aggravated cases of arson , kidnapping , burglary , or robbery which result in death or grievous bodily harm , piracy , aircraft hijacking , and in certain cases genocide , ethnic cleansing , crimes against humanity , certain war crimes or any three felonies in case of three strikes law . Life imprisonment ( as a maximum term ) can also be imposed , in certain countries , for traffic offenses causing death . The life sentence does not exist in all countries : Portugal was the first to abolish life imprisonment , in 1884 . Where life imprisonment is a possible sentence , there may also exist formal mechanisms for requesting parole after a certain period of prison time . This means that a convict could be entitled to spend the rest of the sentence ( until that individual dies ) outside prison . Early release is usually conditional on past and future conduct , possibly with certain restrictions or obligations . In contrast , when a fixed term of imprisonment has ended , the convict is free . The length of time served and the conditions surrounding parole vary . Being eligible for parole does not necessarily ensure that parole will be granted . In some countries , including Sweden , parole does not exist but a life sentence may - after a successful application - be commuted to a fixed-term sentence , after which the culprit is released as if the sentence served was that originally imposed . In many countries around the world , particularly in the Commonwealth , courts have the authority to pass prison terms which may amount to de facto life imprisonment .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Carl Bridgewater Case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carl_Bridgewater', 'summary': "The Bridgewater Four is the collective name given to the four men who were tried and found guilty of killing 13-year-old paperboy Carl Bridgewater , who was shot in the head at close range near Stourbridge , England , in 1978 . In February 1997 , after almost two decades of imprisonment , their convictions were overturned on technical grounds and the three surviving defendants were released ; the fourth defendant had died in prison two years into his sentence . Bridgewater 's murder remains officially unsolved . The investigations were carried out by the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wordsley , West Midlands , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wordsley', 'summary': 'Wordsley is a village of Stourbridge in the West Midlands , England . It is part of the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley and falls into the Stourbridge ( DY8 ) postcode and address area , being just north of the River Stour . Wordsley is part of the Dudley South Parliamentary constituency and backs onto open countryside with an extensive array of luxury property .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)', 'summary': 'The West Midlands County is a metropolitan county and combined authority area in western-central England with a 2018 estimated population of 2,916,458 , making it the second most populous county in England after Greater London . It came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 , formed from parts of Staffordshire , Worcestershire and Warwickshire . The county itself is a NUTS 2 region within the wider NUTS 1 region of the same name . The county consists of seven metropolitan boroughs : the City of Birmingham , the City of Coventry and the City of Wolverhampton , as well as the boroughs of Dudley , Sandwell , Solihull and Walsall . The metropolitan county exists in law and as a geographic frame of reference , and as a ceremonial county it has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . Between 1974 and 1986 , the West Midlands County Council was the administrative body covering the county ; this was abolished on 31 March 1986 , and the constituent metropolitan boroughs effectively became unitary authorities . A new administrative body for the county ( and some of the district surrounding it as Non-Constituent members ) , the West Midlands Combined Authority , was created in June 2016 . Since May 2017 , the authority has been headed by a directly elected Mayor of the West Midlands , a position currently held by Andy Street of the Conservative Party . Other county-wide bodies include the West Midlands Police , the West Midlands Fire Service and Transport for West Midlands . The county is sometimes described as the West Midlands metropolitan area or the West Midlands conurbation or Greater Birmingham , although these have different , and less clearly defined , boundaries . The main conurbation , or urban area , does not include Coventry for example . The name West Midlands is also used for the much larger West Midlands region , which sometimes causes confusion , not surprising perhaps when geographically it is on the eastern side of the region , the western side comprising Shropshire and Herefordshire the southern side comprising Worcestershire and most of Warwickshire .'}]}, {'value': 'The body of 13-year-old paperboy Carl Bridgewater was found in the house of a local elderly couple who had been out for the day . It was presumed by police that Bridgewater had disturbed a burglar while delivering a newspaper to their home and was dragged into their living room where he was killed with a shotgun blast to the head . The following year , a group of men - widely referred to in the press as the Bridgewater Four - were convicted of the crime , three for murder and a fourth for manslaughter . The defendant convicted of manslaughter subsequently died in prison but the three convicted of murder were released in 1997 when their convictions were quashed on appeal . Nobody else has ever been charged', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgewater_Four', 'summary': "The Bridgewater Four is the collective name given to the four men who were tried and found guilty of killing 13-year-old paperboy Carl Bridgewater , who was shot in the head at close range near Stourbridge , England , in 1978 . In February 1997 , after almost two decades of imprisonment , their convictions were overturned on technical grounds and the three surviving defendants were released ; the fourth defendant had died in prison two years into his sentence . Bridgewater 's murder remains officially unsolved . The investigations were carried out by the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad ."}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Murder of Karen Price ( Little Miss Nobody )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Karen_Price', 'summary': "Karen Price ( known posthumously as Little Miss Nobody ) was a 15-year-old Welsh murder victim who disappeared in 1981 . After the discovery of her body in 1989 , British facial reconstruction artist Richard Neave used her skull to create a model of her physical appearance . The reconstruction and the matching of DNA in the body to that of Price 's parents allowed her body to be identified . The case was cited as one of the first instances in which DNA technology was used in this way ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardiff , Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff', 'summary': "Cardiff ( Welsh : Caerdydd [ kairˈdiːð , kaːɨrˈdɨːð ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Wales and its largest city . The eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom , it is Wales ' chief commercial centre , the base for most national cultural institutions and Welsh media , and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales . At the 2011 census , the unitary authority area population was estimated to be 346,090 , and the wider urban area 479,000 . Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 21.3 million visitors in 2017 . In 2011 , Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographic 's alternative tourist destinations . Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan , and in 1974 , South Glamorgan . Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities . A small town until the early 19th century , its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city . In 1905 , Cardiff was made a city and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955 . At the 2011 Census the population was 346,090 . The Cardiff Built-up Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth . Since the 1980s , Cardiff has seen significant development ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': "Karen Price was a 15-year-old Welsh murder victim who disappeared in 1981 . After the discovery of her body in 1989 , British facial reconstruction artist Richard Neave used her skull to create a model of her physical appearance . The reconstruction and the matching of DNA in the body to that of Price 's parents allowed her body to be identified . The case was cited as one of the first instances in which DNA technology was used in this way . The police later concluded that Price had run away from home and turned to prostitution . In 1991 , Idris Ali and Alan Charlton , who were alleged to have managed her solicitation as a prostitute , were charged with her murder . Ali 's charge was eventually reduced to manslaughter , and he was released in 1994 . Charlton is still serving a life sentence", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Neave', 'summary': "Richard Neave ( born c 1936 ) is a British expert in forensic facial reconstruction . Neave became an expert in anatomical art and was on the staff of the Unit of Art in Medicine at the University of Manchester . He has used his skill in recreating faces from skulls in police forensic work and in producing images of historical figures . One of his reconstructions was of a prehistoric bog body known as Yde Girl . In 1998 , a murder investigation resulted in a successful prosecution as a result of Neave 's work . Neave 's archaeological reconstructions include Philip II of Macedon and Midas . In 2001 , the television program Son of God used one of three first-century Jewish skulls from a leading department of forensic science in Israel to depict Jesus in a new way . Neave constructed a face using forensic anthropology which suggested that Jesus would have had a broad face and large nose , and differed significantly from the traditional depictions of Jesus in Renaissance art ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The murder of Colette Aram', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Colette_Aram', 'summary': "Colette Aram ( 3 February 1967 - 30 October 1983 ) was a 16-year-old British trainee hairdresser who was abducted , raped and strangled as she walked from her home to her boyfriend 's house in Keyworth , Nottinghamshire , on 30 October 1983 . The murder was the first case to be featured on the BBC television series Crimewatch when it began in 1984 . However , despite receiving over 400 calls as a result of the programme , Nottinghamshire Police were unable to catch the killer , and it was not until 2008 and following advances in forensic technology that police were able to develop a DNA profile of the suspect . Paul Stewart Hutchinson was finally charged with the murder in April 2009 . He initially pleaded not guilty but changed his plea to guilty on 21 December 2009 and was sentenced to life imprisonment on 25 January 2010 . Following his sentencing , Crimewatch ran a recap of the murder and investigation on BBC TV on 27 January 2010 exposing several inaccuracies reported in the press about his background , notably a lie about being a psychology graduate ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keyworth , Nottinghamshire England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keyworth', 'summary': 'Keyworth is a large village and civil parish in Nottinghamshire , England . It is located about 6 miles ( 11 km ) southeast of the centre of Nottingham . The village sits on a small , broad hilltop about 200 feet above sea level which is set in the wider undulating boulder clay that characterises the area south of Nottingham . Keyworth is twinned with the French town of Feignies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nottinghamshire', 'summary': 'Nottinghamshire ( pronounced /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃər , -ʃɪər/ ; abbreviated Notts . ) is a county in the East Midlands region of England , bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west , Lincolnshire to the east , Leicestershire to the south , and Derbyshire to the west . The traditional county town is Nottingham , though the county council is based at County Hall in West Bridgford in the borough of Rushcliffe , at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent . The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield , Bassetlaw , Broxtowe , Gedling , Mansfield , Newark and Sherwood , and Rushcliffe . The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 , but is now a unitary authority , remaining part of Nottinghamshire for ceremonial purposes . In 2017 , the county was estimated to have a population of 785,800 . Over half of the population of the county live in the Greater Nottingham conurbation ( which continues into Derbyshire ) . The conurbation has a population of about 650,000 , though less than half live within the city boundaries . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': "Colette Aram , a 16-year-old trainee hairdresser , was abducted , raped and strangled as she walked from her home to her boyfriend 's house in Keyworth , Nottinghamshire , on 30 October 1983 . The killer , Paul Stewart Hutchinson , was finally brought to justice more than 25 years later , receiving a life sentence for murder in January 2010", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The murder of Mark Tildesley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Mark_Tildesley', 'summary': "Mark Anthony Tildesley ( 31 August 1976 - 1 June 1984 ) was an English schoolboy who disappeared , at the age of seven , on 1 June 1984 , whilst visiting a fair in his home town of Wokingham in Berkshire . A widespread search was promptly conducted in the Wokingham area , involving both police officers and British Army soldiers , but no trace of Tildesley was ever discovered . As part of the investigation , a national poster campaign was launched , with one displayed in every police station in the country . Tildesley 's disappearance was publicised in the local Wokingham Times and also featured prominently in national newspapers . The Times , the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror all covered the story , and the case appeared in ITV 's Thames News . The disappearance was mentioned on the first ever episode of BBC Crimewatch UK in 1984 and a full reconstruction was aired on the same programme a year later . Despite a huge public response , however , these efforts brought little concrete evidence . In 1989 , Tildesley 's disappearance was linked to the Operation Orchid investigation into missing children . As part of this operation , in 1990 , it emerged that on the night he disappeared , Tildesley had been abducted , drugged , tortured , raped and murdered by a London-based paedophile gang , led by Sidney Cooke . Another man named Leslie Bailey was charged with murder in 1991 and the following year was given two life sentences . He was murdered in prison in 1993 . [ clarification needed ] A memorial service was held and a memorial bench was placed at the entrance to the fairground site ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wokingham , Berkshire , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wokingham', 'summary': 'Wokingham /ˈwoʊkɪŋəm/ is a historic market town in Berkshire , England , 39 miles ( 63 km ) west of London , 7 miles ( 11 km ) southeast of Reading , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Camberley and 4 miles ( 6 km ) west of Bracknell . Wokingham was a borough before the 1974 reorganisation of local government , when it merged with Wokingham Rural District to form the new Wokingham District . Borough status was granted in 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Berkshire', 'summary': 'Berkshire ( /ˈbɑːrkʃər , -ʃɪər/ ( listen ) BARK-shər , -\u2060sheer ; in the 17th century sometimes spelt phonetically as Barkeshire ; abbreviated Berks . ) is a county in South East England . One of the home counties , Berkshire was recognised by the Queen as the Royal County of Berkshire in 1957 because of the presence of Windsor Castle , and letters patent were issued in 1974 . Berkshire is a county of historic origin , a ceremonial county and a non-metropolitan county without a county council . The county town is Reading . The River Thames formed the historic northern boundary , from Buscot in the west to Old Windsor in the east . The historic county therefore includes territory that is now administered by the Vale of White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire in Oxfordshire , but excludes Caversham , Slough and five less populous settlements in the east of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead . All the changes mentioned , apart from the change to Caversham , took place in 1974 . The towns of Abingdon , Didcot , Faringdon , Wallingford and Wantage were transferred to Oxfordshire , the six places joining came from Buckinghamshire . Berkshire County Council was the main local government of most areas from 1889 to 1998 and was based in Reading , the county town which had its own County Borough administration ( 1888-1974 ) . Since 1998 , Berkshire has been governed by the six unitary authorities of Bracknell Forest , Reading , Slough , West Berkshire , Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham . The ceremonial county borders Oxfordshire ( to the north ) , Buckinghamshire ( to the north-east ) , Greater London ( to the east ) , Surrey ( to the south-east ) , Wiltshire ( to the west ) and Hampshire ( to the south ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Seven-year-old Mark Tildesley disappeared while visiting a funfair in Wokingham , Berkshire , on the evening of 1 June 1984 . He was lured away from the fair and his bicycle was found chained to railings nearby . In 1990 it emerged that Mark had been abducted , drugged , tortured , raped and murdered by a London-based paedophile gang on the night he disappeared . However , his body has never been found', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wokingham', 'summary': 'Wokingham /ˈwoʊkɪŋəm/ is a historic market town in Berkshire , England , 39 miles ( 63 km ) west of London , 7 miles ( 11 km ) southeast of Reading , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Camberley and 4 miles ( 6 km ) west of Bracknell . Wokingham was a borough before the 1974 reorganisation of local government , when it merged with Wokingham Rural District to form the new Wokingham District . Borough status was granted in 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Berkshire', 'summary': 'Berkshire ( /ˈbɑːrkʃər , -ʃɪər/ ( listen ) BARK-shər , -\u2060sheer ; in the 17th century sometimes spelt phonetically as Barkeshire ; abbreviated Berks . ) is a county in South East England . One of the home counties , Berkshire was recognised by the Queen as the Royal County of Berkshire in 1957 because of the presence of Windsor Castle , and letters patent were issued in 1974 . Berkshire is a county of historic origin , a ceremonial county and a non-metropolitan county without a county council . The county town is Reading . The River Thames formed the historic northern boundary , from Buscot in the west to Old Windsor in the east . The historic county therefore includes territory that is now administered by the Vale of White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire in Oxfordshire , but excludes Caversham , Slough and five less populous settlements in the east of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead . All the changes mentioned , apart from the change to Caversham , took place in 1974 . The towns of Abingdon , Didcot , Faringdon , Wallingford and Wantage were transferred to Oxfordshire , the six places joining came from Buckinghamshire . Berkshire County Council was the main local government of most areas from 1889 to 1998 and was based in Reading , the county town which had its own County Borough administration ( 1888-1974 ) . Since 1998 , Berkshire has been governed by the six unitary authorities of Bracknell Forest , Reading , Slough , West Berkshire , Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham . The ceremonial county borders Oxfordshire ( to the north ) , Buckinghamshire ( to the north-east ) , Greater London ( to the east ) , Surrey ( to the south-east ) , Wiltshire ( to the west ) and Hampshire ( to the south ) .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The murder of James Bulger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_James_Bulger', 'summary': "James Patrick Bulger ( 16 March 1990 - 12 February 1993 ) was a 2-year-old boy from Kirkby , Merseyside , England , who was abducted , tortured and killed by two 10-year-old boys , Robert Thompson and Jon Venables . Bulger was led away from the New Strand Shopping Centre in Bootle as his mother had taken her eyes off him momentarily . His mutilated body was found on a railway line 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) away in Walton , Liverpool , two days after his abduction . Thompson and Venables were charged on 20 February 1993 with Bulger 's abduction and murder . They were found guilty on 24 November 1993 , making them the youngest convicted murderers in modern British history . They were sentenced to detention during Her Majesty 's pleasure until a Parole Board decision in June 2001 recommended their release on a lifelong licence aged 18 . In 2010 , Venables was sent to prison for breaching the terms of his licence , and was released on parole again in 2013 . In November 2017 , Venables was again sent to prison for possessing child abuse images on his computer . The Bulger case has prompted widespread debate on the issue of how to handle young offenders when they are sentenced or released from custody ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walton , Merseyside , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walton,_Merseyside', 'summary': 'Walton is an area of Liverpool , England , north of Anfield and east of Bootle and Orrell Park . Historically in Lancashire , it is largely residential , with a diverse population .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Merseyside', 'summary': 'Merseyside ( /ˈmɜːrzisaɪd/ MUR-zee-syde ) is a metropolitan county in North West England , with a population of 1.38 million . It encompasses the metropolitan area centred on both banks of the lower reaches of the Mersey Estuary and comprises five metropolitan boroughs : Knowsley , St Helens , Sefton , Wirral , and the city of Liverpool . Merseyside , which was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 , takes its name from the River Mersey . Merseyside spans 249 square miles ( 645 km2 ) of land which border Lancashire ( to the north-east ) , Greater Manchester ( to the east ) , Cheshire ( to the south and south-east ) and the Irish Sea to the west . North Wales is across the Dee Estuary . There is a mix of high density urban areas , suburbs , semi-rural and rural locations in Merseyside , but overwhelmingly the land use is urban . It has a focused central business district , formed by Liverpool City Centre , but Merseyside is also a polycentric county with five metropolitan districts , each of which has at least one major town centre and outlying suburbs . The Liverpool Urban Area is the fifth most populous conurbation in England , and dominates the geographic centre of the county , while the smaller Birkenhead Urban Area dominates the Wirral Peninsula in the south . For the 12 years following 1974 the county had a two-tier system of local government ; district councils shared power with the Merseyside County Council . The county council was abolished in 1986 , and so its districts ( the metropolitan boroughs ) are now effectively unitary authority areas . However , the metropolitan county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference , and several county-wide services are co-ordinated by authorities and joint-boards , such as Merseytravel ( for public transport ) , Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service and the Merseyside Police ( for law-enforcement ) ; as a ceremonial county , Merseyside has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff . As the Lancashire county palatine boundaries remain the same as the historic boundaries , the High Sheriff of Merseyside , along with those of Lancashire and Greater Manchester are appointed within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster .'}]}, {'value': "Two-year-old James Patrick Bulger was killed in February 1993 by two 10-year-old boys , Jon Venables and Robert Thompson , after they lured him away from a shopping centre to a nearby railway line where they tortured and beat him before leaving him on a railway track to die of his injuries . After the discovery of Bulger 's body two days later , Venables and Thompson were found guilty of murder in November that year and sentenced to be detained indefinitely . They spent eight years in custody before being released on life licence in 2001 . Venables was recalled to prison in early 2010 for breaching his licence conditions , having been caught possessing child pornography", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Child_pornography', 'summary': 'Child pornography is pornography that exploits children for sexual stimulation . It may be produced with the direct involvement or sexual assault of a child ( also known as child sexual abuse images ) or it may be simulated child pornography . Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts or lascivious exhibitions of genitals or pubic areas which are recorded in the production of child pornography . Child pornography may use a variety of media , including writings , magazines , photos , sculpture , drawing , cartoon , painting , animation , sound recording , film , video , and video games . Laws regarding child pornography generally include sexual images involving prepubescents , pubescent or post-pubescent minors and computer-generated images that appear to involve them . Most possessors of child pornography who are arrested are found to possess images of prepubescent children ; possessors of pornographic images of post-pubescent minors are less likely to be prosecuted , even though those images also fall within the statutes . Producers of child pornography try to avoid prosecution by distributing their material across national borders , though this issue is increasingly being addressed with regular arrests of suspects from a number of countries occurring over the last few years . The prepubescent pornography is viewed and collected by pedophiles for a variety of purposes , ranging from private sexual uses , trading with other pedophiles , preparing children for sexual abuse as part of the process known as child grooming , or enticement leading to entrapment for sexual exploitation such as production of new child pornography or child prostitution . Children themselves also sometimes produce child pornography on their own initiative or by the coercion of an adult . Child pornography is illegal and censored in most jurisdictions in the world . Ninety-four of 187 Interpol member states had laws specifically addressing child pornography as of 2008 , though this does not include nations that ban all pornography . Of those 94 countries , 58 criminalized possession of child pornography regardless of intent to distribute .'}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The murder of Richard Everitt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Richard_Everitt', 'summary': "On 13 August 1994 , 15-year-old Richard Everitt was stabbed to death in London in a racially motivated attack . Everitt 's neighbourhood , Somers Town , had been the site of ethnic tensions . He was not involved in gangs , but was murdered by a gang of British Bangladeshis who were seeking revenge on another White British boy . The murderer was not apprehended , as members of the gang fled to Bangladesh . Badrul Miah and Showat Akbar were tried in 1995 as the ringleaders of the gang . Miah was given a life sentence , with minimum terms of 12 years . Akbar was sentenced to three years in custody for violent disorder ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London , England', 'urls': []}, {'value': "On 13 August 1994 , 15-year-old Richard Everitt was stabbed to death in London in a racially motivated attack . Everitt 's neighbourhood , Somers Town , had been the site of ethnic tensions , and although he was not involved in gangs , he was murdered by a gang of British Bangladeshis who were seeking revenge on another White British boy . The murderer was not apprehended , as members of the gang fled to Bangladesh . Badrul Miah and Showat Akbar were tried in 1995 as the ringleaders of the gang and were given life sentences , with minimum terms of 12 years and three years in custody respectively", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Somers_Town,_London', 'summary': "Somers Town is an inner-city district in North West London . It has been strongly influenced by the three mainline north London railway termini : Euston ( 1838 ) , St Pancras ( 1868 ) and King 's Cross ( 1852 ) , together with the Midland Railway Somers Town Goods Depot ( 1887 ) next to St Pancras , where the British Library now stands . Historically , the name Somers Town was used for the larger triangular area between the Pancras , Hampstead , and Euston Roads , but it is now taken to mean the rough rectangle bounded by Pancras Road , Euston Road , Eversholt Street , Crowndale Road , and the railway approaches to St Pancras station ; that is to say , the area about 200 metres east and west of Chalton Street . Somers Town was originally within the medieval Parish of St Pancras , Middlesex , which in 1900 became the Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras . In 1965 the Borough of St Pancras was abolished and its area became part of the London Borough of Camden ."}, {'url': '/wiki/British_Bangladeshi', 'summary': "British Bangladeshis ( Bangla : ব্রিটিশ বাংলাদেশী , Sylheti : ꠛꠤꠐꠤꠡ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ) are people of Bangladeshi origin who have attained citizenship in the United Kingdom , through immigration and historical naturalisation . During the 1970s , large numbers of Bangladeshis immigrated to the UK , primarily from the Sylhet Division . The largest concentration live in east London boroughs , such as Tower Hamlets . This large diaspora in London leads people in Bangladesh to refer to British Bangladeshis as Londonis . Bangladeshis form one of the UK 's largest group of people of overseas descent and are also one of the country 's youngest and fastest growing communities . The 2011 UK Census recorded nearly half-a-million residents of Bangladeshi ethnicity . British Bangladeshis had the highest overall relative poverty rate of any ethnic group in the UK with 65% of Bangladeshis living in low income households , as for 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/White_British', 'summary': "White British is an ethnicity classification used in the 2011 United Kingdom Census . In the 2011 census , the White British population was 51,736,290 , 81.9% of the UK total population ( NB : This total includes the population estimate for Northern Ireland , where only the term 'White ' is used in ethnic classification . National identity is listed separately in NI , where 40% classified themselves as British , making up a significant portion of the population , along with those specifying their national identity as Irish ) ."}]}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The murder of Daniel Handley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Daniel_Handley', 'summary': 'Daniel Charles Handley ( 27 April 1985 - 2 October 1994 ) was a nine year old boy abducted from a street near his home in East London and murdered in Hungerford , Berkshire in 1994 by Timothy John Morss ( born 11 March 1963 ) and his boyfriend Brett Tyler ( born 21 June 1965 ) . They were sentenced to life in 1996 for abducting , sexually assaulting and murdering the 9-year-old boy . When the couple , along with two others , received 50-year tariffs imposed by Home Secretary David Blunkett in 2002 , this was overturned within 24 hours by the European Court of Human Rights .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London , England', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nine-year-old Daniel Handley was lured away from his East London home in October 1994 and murdered by Timothy Morss and his partner Brett Tyler . They were sentenced to life imprisonment in May 1996 after admitting the murder . They had sexually abused Handley before murdering him and abandoning his body near Bristol , where it was found five months later . The trial judge described the pair as vultures and recommended they should never be set free . After their trial , it was revealed that both had convictions for sexual offences against children . In 2002 the then-Home Secretary David Blunkett sought to impose 50-year tariffs on Morss and Tyler , but they were overturned within 24 hours by both the High Court for England and Wales and the European Court of Human Rights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Handley', 'summary': 'Daniel Charles Handley ( 27 April 1985 - 2 October 1994 ) was a nine year old boy abducted from a street near his home in East London and murdered in Hungerford , Berkshire in 1994 by Timothy John Morss ( born 11 March 1963 ) and his boyfriend Brett Tyler ( born 21 June 1965 ) . They were sentenced to life in 1996 for abducting , sexually assaulting and murdering the 9-year-old boy . When the couple , along with two others , received 50-year tariffs imposed by Home Secretary David Blunkett in 2002 , this was overturned within 24 hours by the European Court of Human Rights .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_London', 'summary': 'East London is a popularly and informally defined part of London , capital of the United Kingdom . By most definitions it is east of the ancient City of London and north of the River Thames . It broadly comprises the London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham , Hackney , Havering , Newham , Redbridge , Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest . The East End of London is a subset of East London , consisting of areas close to the ancient City of London . The Eastern ( E ) Postal District is a different subset of East London ; and there is also an East sub-region used in the London Plan for planning policy reporting purposes . The most recent ( 2011 ) iteration includes seven boroughs north of the Thames , with the addition of three boroughs south of the river .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bristol', 'summary': 'Bristol ( /ˈbrɪstəl/ ( listen ) ) is a city and county in South West England with a population of 463,400 . The wider district has the 10th-largest population in England . The urban area population of 724,000 is the 8th-largest in the UK . The city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire , with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east , respectively . South Wales lies across the Severn estuary . Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon , and around the beginning of the 11th century , the settlement was known as Brycgstow ( Old English the place at the bridge ) . Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373 when it became a county of itself . From the 13th to the 18th century , Bristol was among the top three English cities , after London , in tax receipts . Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Birmingham , Manchester and Liverpool in the Industrial Revolution . Bristol was a starting place for early voyages of exploration to the New World . On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot , a Venetian , became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North America . In 1499 William Weston , a Bristol merchant , was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Blunkett', 'summary': "David Blunkett , Baron Blunkett , PC ( born 6 June 1947 ) is a British former politician , having represented the Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough constituency for 28 years through to 7 May 2015 when he stepped down at the general election . Blind since birth , and coming from a poor family in one of Sheffield 's most deprived districts , he rose to become Education and Employment Secretary , Home Secretary and Work and Pensions Secretary in Tony Blair 's Cabinet following Labour 's victory in the 1997 general election . After the 2001 general election he was promoted to Home Secretary , a position he held until 2004 , when he resigned following publicity about his personal life . After the 2005 general election , he was appointed Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , though he resigned from that role later that year following media coverage relating to external business interests in the period when he did not hold a cabinet post . The Cabinet Secretary Gus O'Donnell exonerated him from any wrongdoing in his letter of 25 November 2005 . On 20 June 2014 , Blunkett announced to his constituency party that he would be standing down from the House of Commons at the next general election in May 2015 . The editor of the right-wing The Spectator magazine , Fraser Nelson , commented , He was never under-briefed , and never showed any sign of his disability . he was one of Labour 's very best MPs - and one of the very few people in parliament whose life I would describe as inspirational . Responding to a question from Blunkett on 11 March 2015 , Prime Minister David Cameron said : As a new backbencher , I will never forget coming to this place in 2001 and , in the light of the appalling terrorist attacks that had taken place across the world , seeing the strong leadership he gave on the importance of keeping our country safe . He is a remarkable politician , a remarkable man . In May 2015 he accepted a professorship in Politics in Practice at the University of Sheffield ( in 2014 he was invited to be a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences ) , and in June 2015 he agreed to become Chairman of the Board of the University of Law . In addition to his other work with charities , he was also chairman of the David Ross Multi Academy Charitable Trust from June 2015 to January 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice', 'summary': "The High Court of Justice in London , together with the Court of Appeal and the Crown Court , are the Senior Courts of England and Wales . Its name is abbreviated as EWHC for legal citation purposes . The High Court deals at first instance with all high value and high importance cases , and also has a supervisory jurisdiction over all subordinate courts and tribunals , with a few statutory exceptions . The High Court consists of three divisions : the Queen 's Bench Division , the Chancery Division , and the Family Division . Their jurisdictions overlap in some cases , and cases started in one division may be transferred by court order to another where appropriate . The differences of procedure and practice between divisions are partly historical , derived from the separate courts which were merged into the single High Court by the 19th-century Judicature Acts , but are mainly driven by the usual nature of their work , for example , conflicting evidence of fact is quite commonly given in person in the Queen 's Bench Division , but evidence by affidavit is more usual in the Chancery Division which is primarily concerned with points of law . Most High Court proceedings are heard by a single judge , but certain kinds of proceedings , especially in the Queen 's Bench Division , are assigned to a divisional court , a bench of two or more judges . Exceptionally the court may sit with a jury , but in practice normally only in defamation cases or cases against the police . Litigants are normally represented by counsel but may be represented by solicitors qualified to hold a right of audience , or they may act in person . In principle , the High Court is bound by its own previous decisions , but there are conflicting authorities as to what extent this is so . Appeal from the High Court in civil matters normally lies to the Court of Appeal , and thence in cases of importance to the Supreme Court ( the House of Lords before 2009 ) ; in some cases a leapfrog appeal may be made directly to the Supreme Court . In criminal matters appeals from the Queen 's Bench Divisional Court are made directly to the Supreme Court ."}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Michael Stone Killings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Stone_(murderer)', 'summary': "Michael Stone ( born Michael John Goodban in 1960 in Tunbridge Wells ) is a British man who was convicted of the 1996 murders of Lin and Megan Russell and attempted murder of Josie Russell . Stone was sentenced to three life sentences with a tariff of 25 years . Stone maintains his innocence and continues to contest his conviction . Stone 's legal team assert that serial killer Levi Bellfield is the true perpetrator of the attack ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kent , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kent', 'summary': 'Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties . It borders Greater London to the north-west , Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west . The county also shares borders with Essex along the estuary of the River Thames ( connected by land via High Speed 1 and the Dartford Crossing ) , and with the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel . The county town is Maidstone . Kent was among the first British territories conquered and settled by Anglo-Saxons . Canterbury Cathedral in Kent has been the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury , leader of the Church of England , since the Reformation . Prior to that it was built by Catholics , dating back to the conversion of England to Catholicism by Saint Augustine that began in the 6th century . Before the English Reformation the cathedral was part of a Benedictine monastic community known as Christ Church , Canterbury , as well as being the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury . The last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury was Reginald Pole . Rochester Cathedral is also in Kent , in Medway . It is the second-oldest cathedral in England , with Canterbury Cathedral being the oldest . Between London and the Strait of Dover , which separates it from mainland Europe , Kent has seen both diplomacy and conflict , ranging from the Leeds Castle peace talks of 1978 and 2004 to the Battle of Britain in World War II .'}]}, {'value': "Michael Stone was convicted in October 1998 of the July 1996 murders of Lin Russell and her six-year-old daughter Megan , who were killed in a hammer attack . He was also convicted of attempting to murder Mrs Russell 's nine-year-old daughter Josie , who suffered serious head injuries . He has continued to assert his innocence since his conviction . His original conviction was overturned on appeal but a second trial in 2002 resulted in another guilty verdict after another prisoner claimed that Stone had confessed to the killings while on remand in jail . His most recent appeal , in 2004 , also failed", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The murder of Billie-Jo Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Billie-Jo_Jenkins', 'summary': 'Billie-Jo Margaret Jenkins ( 29 March 1983 - 15 February 1997 ) was an English girl who was murdered in Hastings , East Sussex in February 1997 . The case gained widespread media attention and remains unsolved .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hastings , East Sussex , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hastings', 'summary': 'Hastings /ˈheɪstɪŋz/ is a seaside town and borough in East Sussex on the south coast of England , 24 mi ( 39 km ) east to the county town of Lewes and 53 mi ( 85 km ) south east of London . The town gives its name to the Battle of Hastings , which took place 8 mi ( 13 km ) to the north-west at Senlac Hill in 1066 . It later became one of the medieval Cinque Ports . In the 19th century , it was a popular seaside resort , as the railway allowed tourists and visitors to reach the town . Today , Hastings is a fishing port with a beach-based fishing fleet . It had an estimated population of 92,855 in 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Sussex', 'summary': 'East Sussex is a county in South East England . It is bordered by the counties of Kent to the north and east , West Sussex to the west , and Surrey to the north-west , as well as the English Channel to the south .'}]}, {'value': '13-year-old Billie-Jo Jenkins was murdered on 15 February 1997 at the home where she lived with her foster parents . Her foster father , Siôn Jenkins , was charged with the murder and later convicted , but maintained his innocence . An appeal in 1999 against his conviction failed , but after a second appeal in August 2004 it was quashed by a court as unsafe and he was released on bail pending a retrial . The juries in two subsequent retrials were unable to reach verdicts , and a not guilty verdict was recorded in 2006 . Nobody else has been arrested since his acquittal and the case remains unsolved', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Child killings -- 19th and 20th centuries', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Major_crimes_in_the_United_Kingdom_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of major crimes in the United Kingdom that received significant media coverage or led to changes in legislation. Legally each deliberate and unlawful killing of a human being is murder; there are no crimes of assassination or serial killing as such, for example.'} | null | null | What are the number of deaths of the crime whose location is the home of the world 's oldest newspaper ? | 3 |
0a9b435ee72b3acf | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Acrobatic_Gymnastics_World_Championships', 'title': '2006 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Team', 'Country', 'Point'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elena Kirilova , Elena Moiseeva , Tatiana Alexeeva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '28.900', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekaterina Stroynova , Ekaterina Loginova , Albina Zinnurova', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '28.889', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Girut , Tatiana Motuz , Alina Starevich', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': '28.302', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anna Gorbatenko , Olena Nepytaeva , Olga Vorchuk', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ukraine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}]}, {'value': '28.154', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Emily Collins , Victoria Lamekin , Leanne Turner', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '28.070', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tisa Penny , Allysha Kidd , Mariah Henniger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '27.751', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erin Jameson , Claire-Louise Thompson , Grace Blacklock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '27.500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corinne Van Hombeeck , Maaike Croket , Soen Geirnaert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '26.910', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Results -- Women 's Group", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2006_Acrobatic_Gymnastics_World_Championships_3', 'intro': '20th Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Coimbra, Portugal from June 14 to June 17, 2006. This was the first time the competition was called Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships, after previously being called World Sports Acrobatics Championships.'} | null | null | What portion of the nation that scored 28.302 at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships of 2006 is covered by wooded areas ? | Over 40% |
0a9b9e5d2e281ba6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_York_Cosmos_season', 'title': '2013 New York Cosmos season', 'header': ['No', 'Position', 'Player', 'Nation'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jimmy Maurer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Maurer', 'summary': 'Jimmy Maurer ( born October 14 , 1988 ) is an American soccer player who plays for FC Dallas in MLS .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Hunter Freeman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunter_Freeman', 'summary': 'Hunter Freeman ( born January 8 , 1985 in Tyler , Texas ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for FC Motown . He is also the director of domestic scouting for FC Cincinnati .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Hunter Gorskie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunter_Gorskie', 'summary': 'Hunter J. Gorskie ( born June 27 , 1991 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for San Antonio FC in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Mendes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Mendes', 'summary': 'Carlos Mendes ( born December 25 , 1980 ) is an American soccer manager and former player currently serving as head coach of New York Cosmos B . He holds American and Portuguese nationality , due to lineage .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Rovérsio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rovérsio', 'summary': 'Rovérsio Rodrigues de Barros ( born 17 January 1984 ) , known simply as Rovérsio , is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a central defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Nane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Nane', 'summary': 'Joseph Nane Fils Eone ( born March 12 , 1987 in Yaoundé ) is a Cameroonian footballer , who last played for FC Atyrau in the Kazakhstan Premier League .'}]}, {'value': 'Cameroon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cameroon', 'summary': "Cameroon ( /ˌkæməˈruːn/ ( listen ) ; French : Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( French : République du Cameroun ) , is a country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean . Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state , it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having a strong West African history . The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa . Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people . The official languages of the country are English and French . Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun . After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Ayoze', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ayoze_García', 'summary': 'Ayoze García Pérez ( born 22 November 1985 ) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a left back for USL Championship club Indy Eleven . He spent most of his professional career with Tenerife and the New York Cosmos , signing with the latter club in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Diomar Díaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diomar_Díaz', 'summary': 'Diomar Ángel Díaz Calderón ( born 3 March 1990 ) is a footballer from Guasdualito , Venezuela . He plays for Jaguares de Córdoba .'}]}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venezuela', 'summary': "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Peri Marošević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peri_Marošević', 'summary': 'Perica Peri Marošević ( born May 5 , 1989 ) is an American former soccer player .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goalkeeper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Chad Calderone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Sebastian Guenzatti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sebastian_Guenzatti', 'summary': 'Sebastián Ignacio Guenzatti Varela ( born July 8 , 1991 ) is a Uruguayan-American soccer player who currently plays for Tampa Bay Rowdies in the USL Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Danny Szetela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danny_Szetela', 'summary': 'Daniel Gregory Szetela ( born June 17 , 1987 in Passaic , New Jersey ) is an American soccer player who currently plays for New York Cosmos in the National Premier Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Korey Veeder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Korey_Veeder', 'summary': 'Korey Veeder ( born October 3 , 1991 in St. Petersburg , Florida ) is an American soccer player who is currently without a club .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Dane Murphy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dane_Murphy', 'summary': 'Dane Murphy ( born March 15 , 1986 ) is a retired American soccer player . He is currently the CEO of Barnsley F.C .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Stefan Dimitrov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stefan_Dimitrov_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Stefan Dimitrov ( born October 8 , 1984 in Veliko Tarnovo ) is a Bulgarian footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Henry López', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henry_David_López', 'summary': 'Henry David López ( born 8 August 1992 ) is a Guatemalan football forward who plays for Caracas of the Venezuelan Primera División .'}]}, {'value': 'Guatemala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guatemala', 'summary': 'Guatemala ( /ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/ ( listen ) GWAH-tə-MAH-lə ; Spanish : [ gwateˈmala ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Guatemala ( Spanish : República de Guatemala ) , is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west , Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast , Honduras to the east , El Salvador to the southeast and the Pacific Ocean to the south . With an estimated population of around 17.2 million , it is the most populous country in Central America . Guatemala is a representative democracy ; its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción , also known as Guatemala City . The territory of modern Guatemala once formed the core of the Maya civilization , which extended across Mesoamerica . Most of the country was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century , becoming part of the viceroyalty of New Spain . Guatemala attained independence in 1821 as part of the Federal Republic of Central America , which dissolved by 1841 . From the mid- to late-19th century , Guatemala experienced chronic instability and civil strife . Beginning in the early 20th century , it was ruled by a series of dictators backed by the United Fruit Company and the United States government . In 1944 , the authoritarian leader Jorge Ubico was overthrown by a pro-democratic military coup , initiating a decade-long revolution that led to sweeping social and economic reforms . A U.S.-backed military coup in 1954 ended the revolution and installed a dictatorship . From 1960 to 1996 , Guatemala endured a bloody civil war fought between the US-backed government and leftist rebels , including genocidal massacres of the Maya population perpetrated by the military . Since a United Nations-negotiated peace accord , Guatemala has witnessed both economic growth and successful democratic elections , though it continues to struggle with high rates of poverty , crime , drug trade , and instability .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Midfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcos Senna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcos_Senna', 'summary': 'Marcos Antônio Senna da Silva ( born 17 July 1976 ) , known as Senna , is a retired footballer who played as a central midfielder . He was known for his passing range and long shooting and was also a penalty specialist , and spent most of his professional career in Spain with Villarreal , appearing in 363 official matches during 11 seasons , ten in La Liga ( 33 goals scored ) . He ended his career with the New York Cosmos , where he twice won the Soccer Bowl . Born in Brazil , Senna represented the Spain national team during four years , appearing at the 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008 and winning the latter tournament as starter .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Defender', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Chris Rodd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Rodd', 'summary': 'Christopher Henry Trevor Rodd ( born April 9 , 1985 in Danville , California ) is a former pro soccer player in Norway , England , and the USA .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'David Diosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Diosa', 'summary': 'David Diosa ( born 4 December 1992 ) is a Colombian footballer for the Richmond Kickers in USL League One .'}]}, {'value': 'Colombia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colombia', 'summary': "Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -\u2060LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law ."}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Alessandro Noselli', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alessandro_Noselli', 'summary': 'Alessandro Noselli ( born 1 September 1980 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a forward .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Club -- Roster', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2013_New_York_Cosmos_season_0', 'intro': "The 2013 New York Cosmos season was the first season of the new team playing in the new North American Soccer League. Including the previous franchise, this was the sixteenth season of the club playing professional soccer in the New York metropolitan area. In 2013, the team earned the league's Fall Championship, and became the 2013 NASL Champions by winning the Soccer Bowl."} | null | null | Which geographic feature contains the shore of the home country of Joseph Nane ? | Bight |
0a9c5465fe2b320c | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_transmitting_station', 'title': 'Angus transmitting station', 'header': ['Frequency', 'UHF', 'kW', 'Operator', 'System'], 'data': [{'value': '727.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '53', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Channel 4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Channel_4', 'summary': 'Channel 4 is a British public-service free-to-air television network headquartered in Leeds , United Kingdom . The channel was established to provide a fourth television service to the United Kingdom in addition to the licence-funded BBC One and BBC Two , and the single commercial broadcasting network ITV . It began transmission on 2 November 1982 . Although largely commercially self-funded , it is ultimately publicly owned ; originally a subsidiary of the Independent Broadcasting Authority ( IBA ) , the station is now owned and operated by Channel Four Television Corporation , a public corporation of the Department for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport , which was established in 1990 and came into operation in 1993 . In 2010 , Channel 4 extended service into Wales and became a UK-wide television channel .'}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '753.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '56-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva ( Mux C )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arqiva', 'summary': 'Arqiva /ɑːrˈkiːvə/ is a British telecommunications company which provides infrastructure and broadcast transmission facilities in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , along with commercial WiFi and smart meter facilities for Scotland and the north of England . The company headquarters is located at Crawley Court in the village of Crawley , Hampshire , just outside Winchester . Its main customers are broadcasters and mobile phone network operators , and its main asset is a network of over 1,000 radio and television transmission sites . It is owned by a consortium of investors led by CPP ( Canada Pension Plan ) and the Australian investment house Macquarie Bank . Arqiva is a patron of The Radio Academy . Through its NOW Digital subsidiary , it operates various local digital radio ensembles .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DVB-T', 'summary': 'DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial ; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February , 1998 . This system transmits compressed digital audio , digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream , using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( COFDM or OFDM ) modulation . It is also the format widely used worldwide ( including North America ) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point . It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators .'}]}, {'value': '759.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC One Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC_One_Scotland', 'summary': "BBC One Scotland is a British free-to-air television channel operated by BBC Scotland . It is the Scottish variation of the UK-wide BBC One . For all of the time the channel is referred to on screen as BBC One Scotland , sometimes using overlays to replace the normal channel identifier . The station also has its own team of continuity announcers , provided by BBC Scotland , to accommodate for the variations seen in Scotland from the rest of the BBC One network , whilst also providing the channel with an added Scottish identity . The announcers , based in Glasgow , also double up as transmission directors . BBC One Scotland updated its visual presentation style as part of the network BBC One revamp on 7 October 2006 . The presentation style fits in with the national BBC One 'Circle ' idents , but with the Scotland caption added to the network logo . A HD ( high-definition ) simulcast of BBC One Scotland launched on 14 January 2013 on Freeview , Freesat , Sky and Virgin Media . On 10 December 2013 , BBC One Scotland HD was swapped with the SD channel on Sky 's EPG for HD subscribers ."}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '777.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '59-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SDN ( Mux A )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S4C_Digital_Networks', 'summary': 'S4C Digital Networks ( SDN ) is a company that operates one of the six multiplexes of channels on digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom . It is now wholly owned by ITV plc .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '786.000 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '60', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BBC', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '801.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '62-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BBC ( Mux B )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '807.25 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '63', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'STV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/STV_(TV_network)', 'summary': "STV is a Scottish free-to-air television channel serving Scotland . It operates the two Channel 3 Network licences in northern and central Scotland , formerly known as Grampian Television ( now legally STV North ) and Scottish Television ( now legally STV Central Ltd ) . The brand was adopted on Tuesday 30 May 2006 replacing both franchises ' identities . STV celebrated its 60th birthday in 2017 , with special programmes broadcast on STV and the now defunct STV2 . In 2013 , STV won licences to launch local TV channels in Glasgow and Edinburgh . STV Glasgow launched on 2 June 2014 , with STV Edinburgh following on 12 January 2015 . From 24 April 2017 , the city channels were rebranded as STV2 and operated in combination with new franchises centred on Aberdeen , Dundee and Ayr . STV2 closed down in June 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'PAL System I', 'urls': []}, {'value': '825.833 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '65-', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arqiva ( Mux D )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}, {'value': '834.166 MHz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hertz', 'summary': "The hertz ( symbol : Hz ) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units ( SI ) and is defined as one cycle per second . It is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz , the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves . Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples : kilohertz ( 103 Hz , kHz ) , megahertz ( 106 Hz , MHz ) , gigahertz ( 109 Hz , GHz ) , terahertz ( 1012 Hz , THz ) , petahertz ( 1015 Hz , PHz ) , exahertz ( 1018 Hz , EHz ) , and zettahertz ( 1021 Hz , ZHz ) . Some of the unit 's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones , particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications . It is also used to describe the clock speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven . The units are sometimes also used as a representation of energy , via the photon energy equation ( E=hν ) , with one hertz equivalent to h joules ."}]}, {'value': '66+', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Digital 3 & 4 ( Mux 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Digital_3&4', 'summary': 'Digital 3 & 4 is a consortium consisting of ITV plc , STV Group plc and the Channel Four Television Corporation , which operates a multiplex broadcasting from a number of transmitter sites in the United Kingdom , carrying television and radio channels , together with interactive services , from both ITV and Channel 4 . Unlike other multiplexes , the regional ITV broadcaster has control over which services are to be broadcast on their allotted amount of the capacity , leading to small regional differences across the country .'}]}, {'value': 'DVB-T', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Television', 'section_text': '15 November 1998 – 3 August 2010 [ edit ] Digital terrestrial television was first transmitted from the Angus mast from 15 November 1998 using the frequency gaps between the analogue TV broadcasts . To limit interference to the analogue transmissions , power output on the digital multiplexes was low . Frequency UHF kW Operator System 727.25 MHz 53 100 Channel 4 PAL System I 753.833 MHz 56- 2 Arqiva ( Mux C ) DVB-T 759.25 MHz 57 100 BBC One Scotland PAL System I 777.833 MHz 59- 4 SDN ( Mux A ) DVB-T 783.25 MHz 60 100 STV PAL System I 801.833 MHz 62- 4 BBC ( Mux B ) DVB-T 807.25 MHz 63 100 BBC Two Scotland PAL System I 825.833 MHz 65- 2 Arqiva ( Mux D ) DVB-T 834.166 MHz 66+ 4 Digital 3 & 4 ( Mux 2 ) DVB-T 850.000 MHz 68 4 BBC ( Mux 1 ) DVB-T 4 August 2010 - 17 August 2010 [ edit ] On 4 August 2010 , BBC Two was switched off on UHF 63 and ITV1 was switched from UHF 60 for its final weeks of service . Multiplex 1 on UHF 68 was closed and replaced by BBC A on UHF 60 ( which had just been vacated by analogue ITV1 ) . BBC A was transmitted at full power ( 20 kW ) and in 64QAM , 8k carriers mode from the start .', 'uid': 'Angus_transmitting_station_6', 'intro': 'The Angus transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility, situated approximately five miles due north of the city of Dundee, approximately between the villages of Charleston and Tealing, Scotland (grid reference NO394407). It includes a guyed steel lattice mast which is 229.5 metres (753 ft) in height. Mounted at the top are the UHF television antennas, contained within a GRP shroud. These antennas have an average height above Ordnance Datum of 547 metres (1,795 ft). It is owned and operated by Arqiva.'} | null | null | How many transmission sites belong to the network of the station whose system is also used by US by Amateur television operators ? | over 1,000 |
0a9de0eacd77cee8 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romanian_football_club_owners', 'title': 'List of Romanian football club owners', 'header': ['Club', 'Owner ( s )', 'Estimated combined net worth', 'Source of wealth'], 'data': [{'value': 'FC Astra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Astra_Ploieşti', 'summary': "Asociația Fotbal Club Astra Giurgiu ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈastra ˈd͡ʒjurd͡ʒju ] ) , commonly known as Astra Giurgiu , or simply as Astra , is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Giurgiu , Giurgiu County , currently playing in the Liga I . Founded in 1921 in Ploiești , Prahova County , as Clubul Sportiv Astra-Română , the club spent the majority of its history in the lower leagues . Only after late 1990s , when taken under the ownership of businessman Ioan Niculae , the club began to achieve success , with a premiere promotion to the top of the Romanian football league system in 1998 . In September 2012 , the team was moved from Ploiești to Giurgiu . At the end of 2015-16 season , the side led by head coach Marius Șumudică won a historic championship title , at the same time ending a three-year successful run of FC Steaua București . Domestically , Astra 's major honours include one Liga I , one Cupa României and two Supercupa României . On the international stage , their best performance is reaching UEFA Europa League 's round of 32 in the 2016-17 season . The colours of the club are white and black , hence the old nickname Dracii negri ( The Black Devils ) . Red , which is present on the current crest , was worn on many occasions on away kits ."}]}, {'value': 'Ioan Niculae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ioan_Niculae', 'summary': 'Ioan Niculae , ( born July 19 , 1954 in Buturugeni , Romania ) is a Romanian businessman and entrepreneur . He is also known for his ownership of the Astra Giurgiu Romanian football club . As of August 2018 , his net worth decreased to $ 700 million dollars .'}]}, {'value': '€1,300m ( 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agriculture , Chemicals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agriculture', 'summary': 'Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock . Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities . The history of agriculture began thousands of years ago . After gathering wild grains beginning at least 105,000 years ago , nascent farmers began to plant them around 11,500 years ago . Pigs , sheep and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago . Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world . Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture in the twentieth century came to dominate agricultural output , though about 2 billion people still depended on subsistence agriculture into the twenty-first . Modern agronomy , plant breeding , agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers , and technological developments have sharply increased yields , while causing widespread ecological and environmental damage . Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat , but have raised concerns about animal welfare and environmental damage . Environmental issues include contributions to global warming , depletion of aquifers , deforestation , antibiotic resistance , and growth hormones in industrial meat production . Genetically modified organisms are widely used , although some are banned in certain countries . The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods , fibers , fuels and raw materials ( such as rubber ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chemicals', 'summary': "A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties . Some references add that chemical substance can not be separated into its constituent elements by physical separation methods , i.e. , without breaking chemical bonds . Chemical substances can be simple substances , chemical compounds , or alloys . Chemical elements may or may not be included in the definition , depending on expert viewpoint . Chemical substances are often called 'pure ' to set them apart from mixtures . A common example of a chemical substance is pure water ; it has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory . Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form are diamond ( carbon ) , gold , table salt ( sodium chloride ) and refined sugar ( sucrose ) . However , in practice , no substance is entirely pure , and chemical purity is specified according to the intended use of the chemical . Chemical substances exist as solids , liquids , gases , or plasma , and may change between these phases of matter with changes in temperature or pressure . Chemical substances may be combined or converted to others by means of chemical reactions . Forms of energy , such as light and heat , are not matter , and are thus not substances in this regard ."}]}, {'value': 'FC Braşov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Braşov', 'summary': "Asociația Sportivă Municipal SR Brașov ( Romanian pronunciation : [ braˈʃov ] ) , commonly known as SR Brașov or simply Brașov , is a Romanian football club based in the city of Brașov , Brașov County , currently playing in the Liga III . SR stands for Steagu ' Roșu ( the Red Flag ) as well as Steagul Renaşte ( Steagul Reborn ) Founded in 1939 as Uzinele Astra Brașov , the team has spent more than half of its history in the top division . Their best result in that competition was a second place in the 1959-60 campaign . SR Brașov 's home ground is the Silviu Ploeșteanu stadium , and its primary colors are yellow and black ."}]}, {'value': 'Ioan Neculae', 'urls': []}, {'value': '€390m ( 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Truck manufacturing , Tourism , Construction , Real estate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roman_(vehicle_manufacturer)', 'summary': 'ROMAN ( with the DAC division ) is a truck and bus manufacturer from Brașov , Romania . It was established after World War II on the foundation of the old ROMLOC automotive factory built in 1921 . In 1948 , the industrial plant was named Steagul Roșu ( The Red Flag ) , and later Intreprinderea de Autocamioane Brașov ( Brașov Truck Works ) . In 1990 , it became ROMAN SA . The company has a special truck division , under the DAC brand name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tourism', 'summary': "Tourism is travel for pleasure or business ; also the theory and practice of touring , the business of attracting , accommodating , and entertaining tourists , and the business of operating tours . The World Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally , in terms which go beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only , as people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure and not less than 24 hours , business and other purposes . Tourism can be domestic ( within the traveller 's own country ) or international , and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country 's balance of payments . Tourism numbers declined as a result of a strong economic slowdown ( the late-2000s recession ) between the second half of 2008 and the end of 2009 , and in consequence of the outbreak of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus , but slowly recovered . Globally , international tourism receipts ( the travel item in balance of payments ) grew to US $ 1.03 trillion ( €740 billion ) in 2005 , corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010. International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012 , emerging source markets such as China , Russia , and Brazil had significantly increased their spending over the previous decade . The ITB Berlin is the world 's leading tourism trade-fair . [ better source needed ] Global tourism accounts for c. 8% of global greenhouse-gas emissions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Construction', 'summary': 'Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure . Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries . Construction starts with planning , design , and financing ; it continues until the project is built and ready for use . Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines . A project manager normally manages the budget on the job , and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or architect supervises it . Those involved with the design and execution must consider zoning requirements , environmental impact of the job , scheduling , budgeting , construction-site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics , inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding . Large construction projects are sometimes referred to as megaprojects .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Real_estate', 'summary': 'Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general .'}]}, {'value': 'CFR Cluj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFR_Cluj', 'summary': 'Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj ( Romanian pronunciation : [ t͡ʃefeˌre ˈkluʒ ] or [ ˌt͡ʃefere ˈkluʒ ] ) is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . It was founded in 1907 and the current name CFR is the acronym for Căile Ferate Române ( Romanian Railways ) . Before receiving significant financial support from previous owner Árpád Pászkány in 2002 , the club had spent most of its existence in the lower divisions . Since returning to the top flight in 2004 , CFR Cluj has relied increasingly on foreign players for its success . In the 2005-06 season , they participated in their first European competition , the Intertoto Cup , finishing as runners-up . In the 2007-08 campaign , they were champions of Liga I for the first time in their history , taking the national title away from capital-based teams after seventeen years and consequently qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the process . Only six years earlier , CFR was playing in the third tier of the Romanian football league system . Between 2018 and 2019 , the White and Burgundies won back-to-back championships for the first time . CFR has won a total of twelve domestic trophies , all in the 21st century - five Liga I , four Cupa României , and three Supercupa României . CFR has a fierce rivalry with neighbouring Universitatea Cluj , with matches between the two being known as the Derbiul Clujului .'}]}, {'value': 'Árpád Pászkány', 'urls': []}, {'value': '€96 m ( 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real estate , Construction', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_estate', 'summary': 'Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Construction', 'summary': 'Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure . Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries . Construction starts with planning , design , and financing ; it continues until the project is built and ready for use . Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines . A project manager normally manages the budget on the job , and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or architect supervises it . Those involved with the design and execution must consider zoning requirements , environmental impact of the job , scheduling , budgeting , construction-site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics , inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding . Large construction projects are sometimes referred to as megaprojects .'}]}, {'value': 'Dinamo Bucureşti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Bucureşti', 'summary': "Fotbal Club Dinamo București ( Romanian pronunciation : [ diˈnamo bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ) , commonly known as Dinamo București or simply Dinamo , is a Romanian professional football club based in Bucharest . Founded in 1948 , they have spent their entire history in Romania 's top tier , the Liga I. Domestically , Dinamo București is one of the two most successful teams in the country , having won 18 Liga I , 13 Cupa României , two Supercupa României , and one Cupa Ligii . In the 1983-84 season , they became the first Romanian club to reach the semi-finals of the European Cup . Dinamo 's traditional home colours are white and red , while the current crest is a modified version of the one adopted in the 1998 . Their home venue is Stadionul Dinamo , although significant matches are also played at Arena Națională . Their bitter rivals are neighbouring FCSB , with the match between the two being commonly referred to as the Eternal Derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Cristian Borcea , Nicolae Badea ,', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cristian Borcea €125 m , Nicolae Badea €160 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real estate , Construction , Food , Tourism , Information Technology', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_estate', 'summary': 'Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Construction', 'summary': 'Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure . Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries . Construction starts with planning , design , and financing ; it continues until the project is built and ready for use . Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines . A project manager normally manages the budget on the job , and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or architect supervises it . Those involved with the design and execution must consider zoning requirements , environmental impact of the job , scheduling , budgeting , construction-site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics , inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding . Large construction projects are sometimes referred to as megaprojects .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Food', 'summary': "Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism . Food is usually of plant or animal origin , and contains essential nutrients , such as carbohydrates , fats , proteins , vitamins , or minerals . The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism 's cells to provide energy , maintain life , or stimulate growth . Historically , humans secured food through two methods : hunting and gathering and agriculture , which gave modern humans a mainly omnivorous diet . Worldwide , humanity has created numerous cuisines and culinary arts , including a wide array of ingredients , herbs , spices , techniques , and dishes . Today , the majority of the food energy required by the ever-increasing population of the world is supplied by the food industry . Food safety and food security are monitored by agencies like the International Association for Food Protection , World Resources Institute , World Food Programme , Food and Agriculture Organization , and International Food Information Council . They address issues such as sustainability , biological diversity , climate change , nutritional economics , population growth , water supply , and access to food . The right to food is a human right derived from the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) , recognizing the right to an adequate standard of living , including adequate food , as well as the fundamental right to be free from hunger ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tourism', 'summary': "Tourism is travel for pleasure or business ; also the theory and practice of touring , the business of attracting , accommodating , and entertaining tourists , and the business of operating tours . The World Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally , in terms which go beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only , as people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure and not less than 24 hours , business and other purposes . Tourism can be domestic ( within the traveller 's own country ) or international , and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country 's balance of payments . Tourism numbers declined as a result of a strong economic slowdown ( the late-2000s recession ) between the second half of 2008 and the end of 2009 , and in consequence of the outbreak of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus , but slowly recovered . Globally , international tourism receipts ( the travel item in balance of payments ) grew to US $ 1.03 trillion ( €740 billion ) in 2005 , corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010. International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012 , emerging source markets such as China , Russia , and Brazil had significantly increased their spending over the previous decade . The ITB Berlin is the world 's leading tourism trade-fair . [ better source needed ] Global tourism accounts for c. 8% of global greenhouse-gas emissions ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Information_Technology', 'summary': 'Information technology ( IT ) is the use of computers to store , retrieve , transmit , and manipulate data or information . IT is typically used within the context of business operations as opposed to personal or entertainment technologies . IT is considered to be a subset of information and communications technology ( ICT ) . An information technology system ( IT system ) is generally an information system , a communications system or , more specifically speaking , a computer system - including all hardware , software and peripheral equipment - operated by a limited group of users . Humans have been storing , retrieving , manipulating , and communicating information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 BC , but the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review ; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that the new technology does not yet have a single established name . We shall call it information technology ( IT ) . Their definition consists of three categories : techniques for processing , the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making , and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs . The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks , but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones . Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology , including computer hardware , software , electronics , semiconductors , internet , telecom equipment , and e-commerce . [ a ] Based on the storage and processing technologies employed , it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development : pre-mechanical ( 3000 BC - 1450 AD ) , mechanical ( 1450-1840 ) , electromechanical ( 1840-1940 ) , and electronic ( 1940-present ) . This article focuses on the most recent period ( electronic ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Gaz Metan Mediaş', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CS_Gaz_Metan_Mediaş', 'summary': 'Clubul Sportiv Gaz Metan Mediaș ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˌklubul sporˈtiv ˈgaz meˈtan ˈmedi.aʃ ] ) , commonly known as Gaz Metan Mediaș , or simply as Gaz Metan , is a Romanian professional football club based in Mediaș , Sibiu County . It was founded in 1945 as Karres Mediaș and currently plays in the Liga I , the highest level of the Romanian football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Romgaz , Transgaz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romgaz', 'summary': "Societatea Națională de Gaze Naturale Romgaz SA Mediaș ( SNGN Romgaz SA ) or simply Romgaz is the largest natural gas producer in Romania and one of the largest producers in Eastern Europe . The company is the country 's main supplier and responsible for producing around 40% of the total natural gas consumption in Romania . Its majority stockholder is the Government of Romania , which owns 70.01% , while the remaining 29.09% are free-floated . In 2018 , the company was the only state owned company surpassing €1 billion in revenues . Romgaz is specialized in geological research for the discovery of hydrocarbons , production , storage , commercialization and the supply of natural gas and natural gas condensate . The company is structured into six branches : two production branches located in Târgu Mureș and Mediaș , one underground storage branch located in Ploieşti , a special operations branch located in Mediaş , a maintenance branch located in Târgu Mureș and one international office located in Bratislava , Slovakia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Transgaz', 'summary': 'Transgaz is a state-owned company , which is the technical operator of the national natural gas transmission system in Romania . The company handled in 2017 a quantity of 12.87 billion m³ of natural gas . The company has a total transport capacity of 30 billion m³ of natural gas and a pipe network of 13,000 km . Transgaz is a member of the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Natural gas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natural_gas', 'summary': 'Natural gas ( also called fossil gas ) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane , but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes , and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide , nitrogen , hydrogen sulfide , or helium . It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years . The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas . Natural gas is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating , cooking , and electricity generation . It is also used as a fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals . Natural gas has a complicated effect on climate change ; it itself is a greenhouse gas , and it releases carbon dioxide when burned . However , natural gas use often supplants coal use , which is far more environmentally damaging , leading to lower net carbon dioxide emissions in countries such as the United States . Natural gas is found in deep underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds and as methane clathrates . Petroleum is another resource and fossil fuel found close to and with natural gas . Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms : biogenic and thermogenic . Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes , bogs , landfills , and shallow sediments . Deeper in the earth , at greater temperature and pressure , thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material .'}]}, {'value': 'Gloria Bistriţa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CF_Gloria_1922_Bistriţa', 'summary': 'Asociația Club de Fotbal Gloria Bistrița ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈɡlori.a ˈbistrit͡sa ] ) , commonly known as Gloria Bistrița , or simply as Gloria , was a Romanian professional football club based in Bistrița , Bistrița-Năsăud County founded on 6 July 1922 and dissolved in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'Jean Pădureanu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '€19 m ( 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Oţelul Galaţi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Oţelul_Galaţi', 'summary': "Asociația Suporter Club Oțelul Galați ( Romanian pronunciation : [ oˈt͡selul ɡaˈlat͡sʲ ] ; Galați Steel ) , commonly known as Oțelul Galați , or simply as Oțelul , is a Romanian football club based in the city of Galați , Galați County , currently playing in the Liga III . Founded in 1964 as the team of the Galați steel works , Oțelul spent the first two decades of their history in the lower leagues . They reached the Liga I for the first time in 1986 and have spent a total of twenty-seven seasons playing in the top flight , while also securing several seasons of European football . Oțelul won the league title at the end of the 2010-11 campaign , becoming the first Romanian champion from the region of Moldavia ; this triumph was accompanied by winning the 2011 Supercup . Their best result in the Romanian Cup is reaching the 2004 final . Internationally , Oțelul 's best performances are qualifying for the group stages of the 2011-12 UEFA Champions League , and being one of the eleven co-winners of the 2007 UEFA Intertoto Cup . Oțelarii 's team colors are red , white and blue , and they play at the Oțelul Stadium ."}]}, {'value': 'Lakshmi Mittal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal', 'summary': "Lakshmi Niwas Mittal ( Hindi : [ ˈləkʃmi nɪˈʋaːs ˈmɪtːəl ] ( listen ) ; born 15 June 1950 ) is an Indian born steel magnate , based in the United Kingdom . He is the chairman and CEO of ArcelorMittal , the world 's largest steelmaking company . Mittal owns 38% of ArcelorMittal and holds an 11% stake in Queens Park Rangers F.C . In 2005 , Forbes ranked Mittal as the third-richest person in the world , making him the first Indian citizen to be ranked in the top ten in the publication 's annual list of the world 's richest people . In 2007 , Mittal was considered to be the richest Asian person in Europe . He was ranked the sixth-richest person in the world by Forbes in 2011 , but dropped to 82nd place in March 2015 . He is also the 57th-most powerful person of the 72 individuals named in Forbes ' Most Powerful People list for 2015 . His daughter Vanisha Mittal 's wedding was the second-most expensive in recorded history . Mittal has been a member of the board of directors of Goldman Sachs since 2008 . He sits on the World Steel Association 's executive committee , and is a member of the Global CEO Council of the Chinese People 's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries , the Foreign Investment Council in Kazakhstan , the World Economic Forum 's International Business Council , and the European Round Table of Industrialists . He is also a member of the board of trustees of the Cleveland Clinic . In 2005 The Sunday Times named him Business Person of 2006 , the Financial Times named him Person of the Year , and Time magazine named him International Newsmaker of the Year 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 15,700m ( Mittal ) ( 2009 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steel', 'summary': "Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon , and sometimes other elements . Because of its high tensile strength and low cost , it is a major component used in buildings , infrastructure , tools , ships , trains , automobiles , machines , appliances , and weapons . Iron is the base metal of steel . Iron is able to take on two crystalline forms ( allotropic forms ) , body centered cubic and face-centered cubic , depending on its temperature . In the body-centered cubic arrangement , there is an iron atom in the center and eight atoms at the vertices of each cubic unit cell ; in the face-centered cubic , there is one atom at the center of each of the six faces of the cubic unit cell and eight atoms at its vertices . It is the interaction of the allotropes of iron with the alloying elements , primarily carbon , that gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties . In pure iron , the crystal structure has relatively little resistance to the iron atoms slipping past one another , and so pure iron is quite ductile , or soft and easily formed . In steel , small amounts of carbon , other elements , and inclusions within the iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations . The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.14% of its weight . Varying the amount of carbon and many other alloying elements , as well as controlling their chemical and physical makeup in the final steel ( either as solute elements , or as precipitated phases ) , slows the movement of those dislocations that make pure iron ductile , and thus controls and enhances its qualities . These qualities include the hardness , quenching behavior , need for annealing , tempering behavior , yield strength , and tensile strength of the resulting steel . The increase in steel 's strength compared to pure iron is possible only by reducing iron 's ductility ."}]}, {'value': 'Pandurii Târgu Jiu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CS_Pandurii_Târgu_Jiu', 'summary': 'Clubul Sportiv Pandurii Lignitul Târgu Jiu ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˌklubul sporˈtiv panˈdurij liɡˈnitul ˌtɨrɡu ˈʒiw ] ) , commonly known as Pandurii Târgu Jiu , or simply as Pandurii , is a Romanian professional football club based in Târgu Jiu , Gorj County , currently playing in the Liga II . Founded in 1962 , following the merger of Flacăra-Unirea Târgu Jiu and CIL Târgu Jiu , Pandurii is one of the four Romanian clubs that represent the country at the European Club Association . Domestically , Gorjenii have never won any major honour , but finished as runners-up in the league at the end of the 2012-13 season and lost a League Cup final in 2015 . They qualified for the very first time in a European competition in 2013 , playing in the UEFA Europa League and reaching the group stage . The colors of the team are white and blue .'}]}, {'value': 'Marin Condescu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coal mining', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coal', 'summary': "Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock , formed as rock strata called coal seams . Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements ; chiefly hydrogen , sulfur , oxygen , and nitrogen . Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years . Vast deposits of coal originate in former wetlands - called coal forests - that covered much of the Earth 's tropical land areas during the late Carboniferous ( Pennsylvanian ) and Permian times . As a fossil fuel burned for heat , coal supplies about a quarter of the world 's primary energy and two-fifths of its electricity . Some iron and steel making and other industrial processes burn coal . The extraction and use of coal causes many premature deaths and much illness . The coal industry damages the environment , including by climate change as it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide , 14 gigatonne ( Gt ) in 2016 , which is 40% of the total fossil fuel emissions and almost 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions . As part of the worldwide energy transition many countries have stopped using or use less coal , and the UN Secretary General has asked governments to stop building new coal plants by 2020 . To meet the Paris Agreement target of keeping global warming to well below 2 °C ( 3.6 °F ) coal use needs to halve from 2020 to 2030 . The largest consumer and importer of coal is China . China mines almost half the world 's coal , followed by India with about a tenth ."}]}, {'value': 'FC Politehnica Timișoara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Politehnica_Timișoara', 'summary': 'Fotbal Club Politehnica Timișoara ( Romanian pronunciation : [ po.liˈteh.nika timiˈʃo̯ara ] ) , commonly referred to as Poli Timișoara , was a Romanian football club established in 1921 and dissolved in September 2012 . The team had won two Romanian Cups and was twice a runner-up in Liga I . It is ranked eigtth in the Liga I All-Time Table , with 49 seasons played . Named after and initially run by the Polytechnic University of Timișoara , the club was founded in 1921 by Traian Lalescu . After two decades spent in the regional leagues , Poli promoted in the first division in 1948 . They have since spent 49 seasons at the top level , finishing as runner-up twice and featuring in six Romanian Cup finals . In the 2010-11 season , they finished in the second spot , but were relegated because of unpaid debts and incapacity to obtain a license for the next season . Over the years , Poli developed rivalries with Dinamo București and UTA Arad . Timișoara and Arad are located close to each other and are the main cities in the Romanian Banat region . Both Timișoara and Arad claim to be the first place where football was played in Romania . Poli has a friendly fan-relationship with the supporters of Rapid București and Borussia Mönchengladbach .'}]}, {'value': 'Marian Iancu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marian_Iancu', 'summary': "Marian Alexandru Iancu ( born 11 July 1965 in Bucharest ) is a Romanian businessman , president of oil company Balkan Petroleum ( UK ) Limited , and was the president of Romanian football club FC Politehnica Timișoara . After living abroad until the age of nine due to his parents ' job , Iancu played competitive football in his youth , and then worked as an auto mechanic . He made about 60.000 lei/month at a time when the average salary in Romania was 2.500 lei/month and soon became the owner of seven shops that sold spare auto parts for Dacia cars . Later he studied economics , finance and banking In October 2014 , he was sentenced to 12 years in prison for money laundering and tax evasion in the so-called RAFO-VGB case ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oil', 'summary': 'An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic ( does not mix with water , literally water fearing ) and lipophilic ( mixes with other oils , literally fat loving ) . Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable and surface active . The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure , properties , and uses . Oils may be animal , vegetable , or petrochemical in origin , and may be volatile or non-volatile . They are used for food ( e.g. , olive oil ) , fuel ( e.g. , heating oil ) , medical purposes ( e.g. , mineral oil ) , lubrication ( e.g . motor oil ) , and the manufacture of many types of paints , plastics , and other materials . Specially prepared oils are used in some religious ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents .'}]}, {'value': 'Rapid Bucureşti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Rapid_Bucureşti', 'summary': "Fotbal Club Rapid 1923 , commonly known as Rapid București ( Romanian pronunciation : [ raˈpid bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ) or simply as Rapid , is a Romanian football club based in Bucharest . It was founded in 1923 by a group of employees from the Grivița workshops under the name of Asociația Culturală și Sportivă CFR ( CFR Cultural and Sports Association ) . Domestically , Rapid București is one of the most successful clubs in Romania , having won 3 Liga I titles , 13 Cupa României and 4 Supercupa României . Internationally , their most notable achievements are reaching the quarter-finals of the 1972-73 Cup Winners ' Cup and of the 2005-06 UEFA Cup , and the final of the 1940 Mitropa Cup , which was not played because of the Second World War . In July 2016 , the club was declared bankrupt and subsequently replaced in the first division by ACS Poli Timișoara . Several new entities claimed the legacy of Rapid , including ACS Rapid - Frumoșii Nebuni ai Giuleștiului , AFC Rapid and Academia Rapid . In June 2018 , after 18 auctions along which the price of the Rapid brand had fallen with about €3 million , Academia officially became the successor of the original club . Since 1939 , the club plays its home matches at the Giulești-Valentin Stănescu in burgundy and white uniforms . Giuleștenii have fierce local rivalries with CSA Steaua and Dinamo București , as well as with Petrolul Ploiești ."}]}, {'value': 'George Copos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Copos', 'summary': "Gheorghe ( George ) Copos ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈd͡ʒe̯ord͡ʒe ˈkopos ] ; born 27 March 1953 , in Tăşnad , Satu Mare County ) is a Romanian businessman and politician . A graduate of the communist cadres ' training school Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy , he was in his youth a leader of the Union of Communist Youth . He is the owner of a chain of confectionery shops , a chain of electronics shops , several hotels . He owned the football club Rapid Bucureşti between 1992 and 2013 . Copos was a member of the Conservative Party and between December 2004 and January 2006 , he was a vice-prime-minister and State Minister in charge with coordination of the activities in the field of business environment and small and medium-sized enterprises in the Tăriceanu government . On January 21 , 2006 , he resigned from the Conservative Party amid a corruption scandal . He maintained , however , his function as vice prime-minister and State Minister in the government . He also resigned from the government in June 2006 , maintaining his function as a senator ."}]}, {'value': '€280m ( 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Industry , Tourism', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Industry', 'summary': 'An industry is a sector that produces goods or related services within an economy . The major source of revenue of a group or company is an indicator of what industry it should be classified in . When a large corporate group has multiple sources of revenue generation , it is considered to be working in different industries . The manufacturing industry became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution , upsetting previous mercantile and feudal economies . This came through many successive rapid advances in technology , such as the development of steam power and the production of steel and coal . Following the Industrial Revolution , possibly a third of the economic output came from manufacturing industries . Many developed countries and many developing/semi-developed countries ( China , India etc . ) depend significantly on manufacturing industry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tourism', 'summary': "Tourism is travel for pleasure or business ; also the theory and practice of touring , the business of attracting , accommodating , and entertaining tourists , and the business of operating tours . The World Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally , in terms which go beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only , as people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure and not less than 24 hours , business and other purposes . Tourism can be domestic ( within the traveller 's own country ) or international , and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country 's balance of payments . Tourism numbers declined as a result of a strong economic slowdown ( the late-2000s recession ) between the second half of 2008 and the end of 2009 , and in consequence of the outbreak of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus , but slowly recovered . Globally , international tourism receipts ( the travel item in balance of payments ) grew to US $ 1.03 trillion ( €740 billion ) in 2005 , corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010. International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012 , emerging source markets such as China , Russia , and Brazil had significantly increased their spending over the previous decade . The ITB Berlin is the world 's leading tourism trade-fair . [ better source needed ] Global tourism accounts for c. 8% of global greenhouse-gas emissions ."}]}, {'value': 'Sportul Studenţesc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Sportul_Studenţesc_Bucureşti', 'summary': "FC Sportul Studenţesc , commonly referred to as Sportul is a Romanian professional football club based in Bucharest , that last played at senior level in the Liga IV . Founded in 1916 , Sportul Studenţesc was one of the oldest Romanian clubs still active . The club 's best European performance came in the 1979-80 Balkans Cup , when it won the trophy , defeating Yugoslavian side NK Rijeka in the final . The club made it to the Balkans Cup final on one other occasion , in 1976 , when it lost to another Yugoslavian side , Dinamo Zagreb . In the UEFA Cup , Sportul Studenţesc 's most notable performance came in the 1987-88 season , when the club reached the Third Round . Domestically , Sportul Studenţesc 's best league performance was a second-place finish in the 1985-86 season , just behind ( back then ) European Champions , Steaua București . In the Romanian Cup , Sportul Studenţesc made it to the final on three occasions , in 1938-1939 , 1942-1943 , and 1978-1979 losing all three matches to Rapid București , CFR Turnu Severin , and Steaua București , respectively . Currently , the team is active only at youth level ."}]}, {'value': 'Vasile Şiman', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real estate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_estate', 'summary': 'Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general .'}]}, {'value': 'Steaua Bucureşti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucureşti', 'summary': "Fotbal Club FCSB ( Romanian pronunciation : [ fet͡ʃeseˌbe ] ) , formerly Fotbal Club Steaua București ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈste̯awa bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ) and sometimes colloquially known simply as Steaua , [ note 1 ] is a Romanian professional football club based in Bucharest . Founded in 1947 as Asociația Sportivă a Armatei București , it has spent its entire history in the Liga I , the top tier of the Romanian football league system . The team was initially part of the CSA Steaua București sports club and belonged to the Romanian Army . In 1998 , the club and facilities were separated from the armed forces and sold to a group of shareholders in a post-Ceaușescu privatization scheme , subsequently leading to one of the shareholders acquiring full ownership five years later . However , the same Army sued the football club in 2011 ; the club has since been in a legal conflict regarding the ownership of the Steaua brand and honours , which resulted in multiple court cases and the change of the name to FCSB in early 2017 . Domestically , the club have won Liga I 26 times , Cupa României 22 times , Cupa Ligii 2 times and Supercupa României 6 times - all competition records . Internationally , they have won the European Cup and European Super Cup , both in 1986 . They reached the European Cup final once again in 1989 , when they were defeated by A.C. Milan . Throughout its history , Steaua also played the final of the Intercontinental Cup , the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners ' Cup and the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup . Their home ground is Arena Națională , having moved here from the Ministry of National Defence-owned Stadionul Ghencea . Initially , the club played in the colours of the Romanian tricolour - blue , yellow and red - but yellow soon lost its importance and the team became associated with the red and blue colours . Recently , some kits have begun reintegrating the yellow colour ."}]}, {'value': 'Gigi Becali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gigi_Becali', 'summary': 'George Becali ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈd͡ʒe̯ord͡ʒe beˈkali ] ; born 25 June 1958 ) is a Romanian politician and businessman , mostly known for his ownership of the FCSB football club . He was a Member of the European Parliament between June 2009 and December 2012 and a Member of the Romanian Parliament since December 2012 up until his conviction in May 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '€2,500m ( 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real estate , Construction , Industry , Food', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_estate', 'summary': 'Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Construction', 'summary': 'Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure . Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries . Construction starts with planning , design , and financing ; it continues until the project is built and ready for use . Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines . A project manager normally manages the budget on the job , and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or architect supervises it . Those involved with the design and execution must consider zoning requirements , environmental impact of the job , scheduling , budgeting , construction-site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics , inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding . Large construction projects are sometimes referred to as megaprojects .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Industry', 'summary': 'An industry is a sector that produces goods or related services within an economy . The major source of revenue of a group or company is an indicator of what industry it should be classified in . When a large corporate group has multiple sources of revenue generation , it is considered to be working in different industries . The manufacturing industry became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution , upsetting previous mercantile and feudal economies . This came through many successive rapid advances in technology , such as the development of steam power and the production of steel and coal . Following the Industrial Revolution , possibly a third of the economic output came from manufacturing industries . Many developed countries and many developing/semi-developed countries ( China , India etc . ) depend significantly on manufacturing industry .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Food', 'summary': "Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism . Food is usually of plant or animal origin , and contains essential nutrients , such as carbohydrates , fats , proteins , vitamins , or minerals . The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism 's cells to provide energy , maintain life , or stimulate growth . Historically , humans secured food through two methods : hunting and gathering and agriculture , which gave modern humans a mainly omnivorous diet . Worldwide , humanity has created numerous cuisines and culinary arts , including a wide array of ingredients , herbs , spices , techniques , and dishes . Today , the majority of the food energy required by the ever-increasing population of the world is supplied by the food industry . Food safety and food security are monitored by agencies like the International Association for Food Protection , World Resources Institute , World Food Programme , Food and Agriculture Organization , and International Food Information Council . They address issues such as sustainability , biological diversity , climate change , nutritional economics , population growth , water supply , and access to food . The right to food is a human right derived from the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) , recognizing the right to an adequate standard of living , including adequate food , as well as the fundamental right to be free from hunger ."}]}, {'value': 'Târgu Mureş', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FCM_Târgu_Mureş', 'summary': 'Asociația Sportivă Ardealul 2013 Târgu Mureș , commonly known as ASA Târgu Mureș or simply as Târgu Mureș , was a Romanian professional football club based in Târgu Mureș , Mureș County , the club last played in the Liga II . It was founded in 2008 as FCM Târgu Mureș . In 2013 , the club changed its name from Fotbal Club Municipal ( FCM ) to Asociația Sportivă Ardealul ( ASA ) . ASA Târgu Mureș won their first and only major trophy in 2015 , after defeating Steaua București in the Supercupa României . In January 2018 the club announced its withdrawal from Liga II after a period marked by insolvency and financial problems , announcing a future reorganization from the summer of 2018 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'U Cluj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Universitatea_Cluj', 'summary': "Fotbal Club Universitatea Cluj ( Romanian pronunciation : [ universiˈtate̯a kluʒ ] ) , or simply as U Cluj , is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca , Cluj County . Founded in 1919 by Iuliu Hațieganu , the team currently plays in the Liga II , the second tier of the Romanian football league system . Universitatea Cluj spent most of their history in the first division , but never became national champions . They played five Romanian Cup finals , under four different names , and won the trophy in the 1964-65 season . They were considered to be the important in the region of Transylvania , however this status has recently been threatened by the success of their city rivals CFR Cluj . Its players and fans are nicknamed Șepcile roșii ( The Red Caps ) , because of the red berets worn by students of the Cluj University of Medicine . Universitatea Cluj traditionally plays in white and black kits , although variations of red , maroon and gold have been used in the past . The club 's home ground is the Cluj Arena ."}]}, {'value': 'Florian Walter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cleaning industry , Real estate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Housekeeping', 'summary': "Housekeeping refers to the management of duties and chores involved in the running of a household , such as cleaning , cooking , home maintenance , shopping , and bill payment . These tasks may be performed by members of the household , or by other persons hired for the purpose . The term is also used to refer to the money allocated for such use . By extension , an office or organization , as well as the maintenance of computer storage systems . A housekeeper is a person employed to manage a household and the domestic staff . According to the Victorian era Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management , the housekeeper is second in command in the house and except in large establishments , where there is a house steward , the housekeeper must consider his/herself as the immediate representative of her mistress ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Real_estate', 'summary': 'Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general .'}]}, {'value': 'Unirea Urziceni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Unirea_Urziceni', 'summary': "Fotbal Club Unirea Urziceni , commonly known as Unirea Urziceni ( Romanian pronunciation : [ uˈnire̯a urziˈt͡ʃenʲ ] ) , was a Romanian professional football club based in Urziceni , Ialomița County . Unirea became national champions in 2009 , at the end of their third season in the top-flight . The club was founded in 1954 , and spent the majority of its history in the lower tiers of the Romanian league system . In 2006 they reached Liga I for the first time , and received national praise for their results at this level . At the end of their second season in the top division they earned qualification to Europe , and one year later they claimed the domestic title . In 2010 , the team 's owner withdrew financial support and Urziceni was forced to sell most of its players to pay debts , leading to relegation at the end of the 2010-11 season . In the summer of 2011 , owner Dumitru Bucşaru did not file for a licence for the club to play in the Liga I and decided not to enroll the team in any championship . Unirea Urziceni was subsequently dissolved . In the summer 2015 Unirea Urziceni was refounded by a Bucharest man and the team plays in Liga V. In 2016 , there was another team that was founded in Urziceni , that has the name of FC Urziceni , They also play in Liga V ."}]}, {'value': 'Dumitru Bucşaru', 'urls': []}, {'value': '€150 m ( 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Construction , Real estate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Construction', 'summary': 'Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure . Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries . Construction starts with planning , design , and financing ; it continues until the project is built and ready for use . Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines . A project manager normally manages the budget on the job , and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or architect supervises it . Those involved with the design and execution must consider zoning requirements , environmental impact of the job , scheduling , budgeting , construction-site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics , inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding . Large construction projects are sometimes referred to as megaprojects .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Real_estate', 'summary': 'Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general .'}]}, {'value': 'Universitatea Craiova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Universitatea_Craiova', 'summary': "FCU1948 Craiova is a Romanian football club based in Craiova , Dolj County , and currently a member of the Liga III . In 1991 , promptly after the CS Universitatea Craiova sports club dissolved its football department , Fotbal Club Universitatea Craiova took its place in the first division . It continued the original club 's tradition for the next two decades , but was reorganised multiple times and retroactively deemed an unofficial successor . FC U 's only major honour is the 1992-93 Cupa României , although it also claims the four national titles and five national cups won between 1948 and 1991 . [ note 1 ] FC U Craiova was disaffiliated by the Romanian Football Federation on 14 May 2012 , following their temporary banishment since 20 July 2011 , and consequently retired from every competition . The Romanian Court confirmed that the 2012 disaffiliation was legal and in September 2014 the team was officially declared bankrupt . The club was reestablished in 2017 and commenced play in the fourth league ."}]}, {'value': 'Adrian Mititelu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '€50m ( 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real estate , Media', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_estate', 'summary': 'Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mass_media', 'summary': 'Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication . The technologies through which this communication takes place include a variety of outlets . Broadcast media transmit information electronically via media such as films , radio , recorded music , or television . Digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication . Internet media comprise such services as email , social media sites , websites , and Internet-based radio and television . Many other mass media outlets have an additional presence on the web , by such means as linking to or running TV ads online , or distributing QR Codes in outdoor or print media to direct mobile users to a website . In this way , they can use the easy accessibility and outreach capabilities the Internet affords , as thereby easily broadcast information throughout many different regions of the world simultaneously and cost-efficiently . Outdoor media transmit information via such media as AR advertising ; billboards ; blimps ; flying billboards ( signs in tow of airplanes ) ; placards or kiosks placed inside and outside buses , commercial buildings , shops , sports stadiums , subway cars , or trains ; signs ; or skywriting . Print media transmit information via physical objects , such as books , comics , magazines , newspapers , or pamphlets . Event organizing and public speaking can also be considered forms of mass media . The organizations that control these technologies , such as movie studios , publishing companies , and radio and television stations , are also known as the mass media . [ need quotation to verify ]'}]}, {'value': 'SC Vaslui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SC_Vaslui', 'summary': 'Fotbal Club Vaslui ( Romanian pronunciation : [ vasˈluj ] ) , commonly known as FC Vaslui or simply Vaslui , is a Romanian football club based in the city of Vaslui , Vaslui County , currently playing in the Liga IV . The team was formed in 2002 as Fotbal Club Vaslui , and became one of the most prominent in the country after its promotion to the top division three years later . Vasluienii earned a European spot in five consecutive seasons , lost a Cupa României final in 2010 and narrowly missed the league title in 2012 , before being relegated in 2014 because of financial issues . In July 2014 , the team was re-established by the association of supporters . The official club colours are yellow and green , hence the nickname the Yellow-Greens .'}]}, {'value': 'Adrian Porumboiu', 'urls': []}, {'value': '€160m ( 2008 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agriculture , Food', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agriculture', 'summary': 'Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock . Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities . The history of agriculture began thousands of years ago . After gathering wild grains beginning at least 105,000 years ago , nascent farmers began to plant them around 11,500 years ago . Pigs , sheep and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago . Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world . Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture in the twentieth century came to dominate agricultural output , though about 2 billion people still depended on subsistence agriculture into the twenty-first . Modern agronomy , plant breeding , agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers , and technological developments have sharply increased yields , while causing widespread ecological and environmental damage . Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat , but have raised concerns about animal welfare and environmental damage . Environmental issues include contributions to global warming , depletion of aquifers , deforestation , antibiotic resistance , and growth hormones in industrial meat production . Genetically modified organisms are widely used , although some are banned in certain countries . The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods , fibers , fuels and raw materials ( such as rubber ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Food', 'summary': "Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism . Food is usually of plant or animal origin , and contains essential nutrients , such as carbohydrates , fats , proteins , vitamins , or minerals . The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism 's cells to provide energy , maintain life , or stimulate growth . Historically , humans secured food through two methods : hunting and gathering and agriculture , which gave modern humans a mainly omnivorous diet . Worldwide , humanity has created numerous cuisines and culinary arts , including a wide array of ingredients , herbs , spices , techniques , and dishes . Today , the majority of the food energy required by the ever-increasing population of the world is supplied by the food industry . Food safety and food security are monitored by agencies like the International Association for Food Protection , World Resources Institute , World Food Programme , Food and Agriculture Organization , and International Food Information Council . They address issues such as sustainability , biological diversity , climate change , nutritional economics , population growth , water supply , and access to food . The right to food is a human right derived from the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) , recognizing the right to an adequate standard of living , including adequate food , as well as the fundamental right to be free from hunger ."}]}, {'value': 'Victoria Brăneşti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Victoria_Brăneşti', 'summary': 'Victoria Brăneşti was a Romanian professional football club from Brăneşti , Ilfov County , Romania , founded in 1968 and dissolved in 2012'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Liga I', 'section_text': 'As of January 6 , 2011', 'uid': 'List_of_Romanian_football_club_owners_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the current owners of Romanian football clubs, and their estimated net worth and source of their wealth.'} | null | null | This Romanian professional football club co-owned by the largest natural gas producer in Romania was founded under what name ? | Karres Mediaș |
0a9dec923614ffb6 | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Kappa_Alpha_sisters', 'title': 'List of Alpha Kappa Alpha sisters', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Xernona Clayton Brady', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Xernona_Clayton_Brady', 'summary': 'Xernona Clayton Brady ( née Brewster , born August 30 , 1930 , in Muskogee , Oklahoma ) is an American civil rights leader and broadcasting executive . During the Civil Rights Movement , she worked for the National Urban League and Southern Christian Leadership Conference , where she became involved in the work of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. Later , Clayton went into television , where she became the first African American from the southern United States to host a daily prime time talk show . She became corporate vice president for urban affairs for Turner Broadcasting . Clayton created the Trumpet Foundation . She was instrumental in the development of the International Civil Rights Walk of Fame that was developed by the foundation to honor the achievements of African Americans and civil rights advocates . She convinced a Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan to denounce the Klan . Clayton has been honored by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the city of Atlanta for her work .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Psi', 'urls': []}, {'value': "creator of CNN 's Trumpet Awards and creator of the Xernona Clayton Show on WAGA-TV in Atlanta , Georgia", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CNN', 'summary': "CNN ( Cable News Network ) is an American news-based pay television channel owned by AT & T 's WarnerMedia . CNN was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel . Upon its launch in 1980 , CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and was the first all-news television channel in the United States . While the news channel has numerous affiliates , CNN primarily broadcasts from 30 Hudson Yards in New York City , and studios in Washington , D.C. and Los Angeles . Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming . CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S . ( or CNN Domestic ) to distinguish the U.S. channel from its international sister network , CNN International . The network is known for its dramatic live coverage of breaking news , some of which has drawn criticism as overly sensationalistic , and for its efforts to be nonpartisan , which have led to accusations of false balance . As of September 2018 , CNN has 90.1 million television households as subscribers ( 97.7% of households with cable ) in the United States . In 2019 , CNN ranked third in viewership among cable news networks , behind rivals Fox News and MSNBC , averaging 972,000 viewers . CNN ranks 14th among all basic cable networks . Globally , CNN programming airs through CNN International , which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories ."}, {'url': '/wiki/WAGA_(TV)', 'summary': "WAGA-TV , virtual channel 5 ( UHF digital channel 27 ) , is a Fox owned-and-operated television station licensed to Atlanta , Georgia , United States . The station is owned by the Fox Television Stations subsidiary of Fox Corporation . WAGA-TV 's studios and transmitter are located on Briarcliff Road Northeast in the Druid Hills area of unincorporated DeKalb County , just outside the Atlanta city limits ( but with an Atlanta mailing address ) . On cable , the station is available on Comcast Xfinity channels 804 and 1005 and Charter Spectrum channel 5 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dorothy Brunson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dorothy_Brunson', 'summary': 'Dorothy Edwards Brunson ( March 13 , 1939 - July 31 , 2011 ) was a notable African-American broadcaster . Between 1973 and 1979 , Brunson was an executive with Inner City Broadcasting Corporation , which owned WLIB and WBLS in New York City . After leaving Inner City Broadcasting , Brunson was the first African-American female to own a radio station , WEBB ( 1360 AM ) in Baltimore , Maryland , purchased from entertainer James Brown in 1979 . She also later purchased radio stations in Atlanta and Wilmington , North Carolina . Brunson would sell off her radio stations eleven years later in 1990 to provide funding to establish WGTW-TV ( Channel 48 ) , licensed to Burlington , New Jersey , a suburb of Philadelphia , to the east across the Delaware River , becoming the first African-American woman to establish a television station . She later sold WGTW-TV to the Trinity Broadcasting Network in 2004 , as the station was experiencing additional hardships with limited financial resources in acquiring additional quality syndicated programming .'}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first African-American woman to own a television station , WGTW-TV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/African-American', 'summary': 'African Americans ( also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans ) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa . The phrase generally refers to descendants of enslaved black people who are from the United States . African Americans constitute the third largest ethnic group and the second largest racial group in the US , after White Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans . Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States . On average , African Americans are of West/Central African and European descent , and some also have Native American ancestry . According to U.S. Census Bureau data , African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American . The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities ( ≈95% ) . Immigrants from some Caribbean , Central American , and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term . African-American history starts in the 16th century , with peoples from West Africa forcibly taken as slaves to Latin America , and in the 17th century with West African slaves taken to English colonies in North America . After the founding of the United States , black people continued to be enslaved , and the last four million black slaves were only liberated after the Civil War in 1865 . Due to notions of white supremacy , they were treated as second-class citizens . The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only , and only white men who owned property could vote .'}, {'url': '/wiki/WGTW-TV', 'summary': "WGTW-TV , virtual channel 48 ( UHF digital channel 36 ) , is a TBN owned-and-operated television station licensed to Millville , New Jersey , United States ( it previously served the Philadelphia , Pennsylvania television market , but can now only be received in Southern New Jersey ) . The station is owned by the Trinity Broadcasting Network . WGTW-TV 's studios are located on Columbia Avenue in suburban Folcroft , Pennsylvania ; its transmitter was previously located in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia , but is now shared with Justice Network affiliate WMGM-TV ( channel 40 ) along Avalon Boulevard in the Swainton section of Middle Township , east of the Garden State Parkway off Exit 13 ."}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Zoanne Clack', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zoanne_Clack', 'summary': "Zoanne Clack ( born July 14 , 1968 ) , also known as Zoanne Arnette , is an American television producer , writer , story editor , actress , and medical doctor/consultant . Clack 's most notable work has been on the medical drama series Grey 's Anatomy , in which she has served as executive story editor for twenty-three episodes , producer for nineteen episodes and writer for fifteen episodes . She has also served as an extra for the show . Her other work includes medical supervisor on ER , writer on Presidio Med and minor acting roles in The District and Philly ."}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': "writer for Grey 's Anatomy", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Grey's_Anatomy", 'summary': "Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27 , 2005 , on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement . The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns , residents , and attending doctors , as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is an allusion to Gray 's Anatomy , a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray . Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series ; she is also one of the executive producers , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although the series is set in Seattle ( at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , later renamed ) , it is filmed primarily in Los Angeles , California . The series is designed to be racially diverse and uses color-blind casting . It revolves around the title character , Dr. Meredith Grey , played by Ellen Pompeo , first featured as an intern . The original cast consisted of nine star-billed actors : Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , T. R. Knight , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. , Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey . The cast has undergone major changes through the series ' run , with many members leaving and being replaced by others . In its fifteenth season , the show has a large ensemble of fourteen actors , including three characters from the original cast ( Meredith Grey , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber ) . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a sixteenth season which premiered on September 26 , 2019 . The series ' success catapulted such long-running cast members as Pompeo , Dempsey , Chambers , Capshaw and Oh to worldwide recognition ; they were among the top five highest-earning television actors in 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Belva Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belva_Davis', 'summary': 'Belva Davis ( born Belvagene Melton ; October 13 , 1932 ) is an American television and radio journalist . She is the first African-American woman to become a television reporter on the U.S. West Coast . She has won eight Emmy Awards and been recognized by the American Women in Radio and Television and National Association of Black Journalists . After growing up in Oakland , California , Davis began writing freelance articles for magazines in 1957 . Within a few years , she began reporting on radio and television . As a reporter , Davis covered many important events of the day , including issues of race , gender , and politics . She became an anchorwoman and hosted her own talk show , before retiring in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'first African-American news anchor on the West Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/News_anchor', 'summary': 'A news presenter - also known as a newsreader , newscaster ( short for news broadcaster ) , anchorman or anchorwoman , news anchor or simply an anchor - is a person who presents news during a news program on the television , on the radio or on the Internet . They may also be a working journalist , assisting in the collection of news material and may , in addition , provide commentary during the program . News presenters most often work from a television studio or radio studio , but may also present the news from remote locations in the field related to a particular major news event .'}, {'url': '/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States', 'summary': 'The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the continental Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean . As a region , this term most often refers to the coastal states of California , Oregon , Washington , and Alaska . More specifically , it refers to an area defined on the east by the Alaska Range , Cascade Range , Sierra Nevada , and Mojave Desert , and on the west by the Pacific Ocean . The United States Census groups the five states of California , Oregon , Washington , Alaska , and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division .'}]}, {'value': 'Stephanie Elam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CNN Business News correspondent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CNN', 'summary': "CNN ( Cable News Network ) is an American news-based pay television channel owned by AT & T 's WarnerMedia . CNN was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel . Upon its launch in 1980 , CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and was the first all-news television channel in the United States . While the news channel has numerous affiliates , CNN primarily broadcasts from 30 Hudson Yards in New York City , and studios in Washington , D.C. and Los Angeles . Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming . CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S . ( or CNN Domestic ) to distinguish the U.S. channel from its international sister network , CNN International . The network is known for its dramatic live coverage of breaking news , some of which has drawn criticism as overly sensationalistic , and for its efforts to be nonpartisan , which have led to accusations of false balance . As of September 2018 , CNN has 90.1 million television households as subscribers ( 97.7% of households with cable ) in the United States . In 2019 , CNN ranked third in viewership among cable news networks , behind rivals Fox News and MSNBC , averaging 972,000 viewers . CNN ranks 14th among all basic cable networks . Globally , CNN programming airs through CNN International , which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories ."}]}, {'value': 'Tamara Hooks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'one of two African-American hosts for the Home Shopping Network', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network', 'summary': 'HSN , formerly Home Shopping Network , is an American free-to-air television network owned by the Qurate Retail Group , which also owns catalog company Cornerstone Brands . Based in the Gateway area of St. Petersburg , Florida , United States , the home shopping channel has former and current sister channels in several other countries . HSN also has an online outlet at HSN.com .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunny Hostin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunny_Hostin', 'summary': "Asunción Cummings Hostin ( /ˈhɒstɪn/ ; born October 20 , 1968 ) , known professionally as Sunny Hostin , is an American lawyer , columnist , journalist , and television host . Hostin is co-host on ABC 's morning talk show The View , as well as the Senior Legal Correspondent and Analyst for ABC News . She is also the host and executive producer of Investigation Discovery 's true crime series Truth About Murder with Sunny Hostin ."}]}, {'value': 'Upsilon Nu Omega', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Binghamton_University', 'summary': "The State University of New York at Binghamton ( also known as Binghamton University or SUNY Binghamton ) , is a public research university with campuses in Binghamton , Vestal , and Johnson City , New York . It is one of the four university centers in the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system . As of Fall 2018 , 17,768 undergraduate and graduate students attend the university . The Vestal campus is listed as a census-designated place , with a residential population of 6,177 as of the 2010 Census . Since its establishment in 1946 , the school has evolved from a small liberal arts college to a large research university that ranks among the top public universities in the United States . Greene 's Guides names Binghamton University as one of the Public Ivies , a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . The university is designated an R1 Doctoral University with very high research activity according to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . Binghamton 's athletic teams are the Bearcats and they compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The Bearcats are members of the America East Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'journalist , lawyer , social commentator on The View', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Journalist', 'summary': "A journalist is a person who collects , writes , or distributes news or other current information to the public . A journalist 's work is called journalism ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lawyer', 'summary': 'A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law , as an advocate , attorney , attorney at law , barrister , barrister-at-law , bar-at-law , canonist , canon lawyer , civil law notary , counsel , counselor , counsellor , solicitor , legal executive , or public servant preparing , interpreting and applying law , but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary . Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems , or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services . The role of the lawyer varies greatly across different legal jurisdictions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/The_View_(talk_show)', 'summary': "The View is an American talk show that was conceived by broadcast journalist Barbara Walters . It has aired on ABC as part of the network 's daytime programming block since August 11 , 1997 . In its twenty-third season , the show features a multi-generational panel of women , who discuss the day 's Hot Topics such as sociopolitical and entertainment news . In addition to the conversation segments , the panel also conducts interviews with prominent figures , such as celebrities and politicians . Production of the show was originally held in ABC Television Studio 23 in New York City . In 2014 , it relocated to ABC Broadcast Center , also in New York City . Throughout its run , The View has had a total of 22 permanent co-hosts of varying characteristics and ideologies , with the number of contracted permanent co-hosts ranging between four and eight women per season . The original panel comprised Walters , broadcast journalist Meredith Vieira , attorney Star Jones , then-aspiring television personality Debbie Matenopoulos , and comedian Joy Behar , while the current line-up consists of Behar , entertainer Whoopi Goldberg , attorney Sunny Hostin , and television personality Meghan McCain . Furthermore , the show often makes use of male and female guest panelists , including the addition of television personality Ana Navarro as a weekly guest co-host starting in season 22 . The View has won 30 Daytime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Talk Show and Outstanding Talk Show Host . The show has also received positive reviews from The New York Times , Slate , Entertainment Weekly , New York Post , and HuffPost . Beginning in 2007 , the show became subject to on-air controversies and media criticism due to frequent changes in its panel of co-hosts , subsequently causing a decline in ratings ."}]}, {'value': 'Janice Huff', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Janice_Huff', 'summary': 'Janice Huff ( born September 1 , 1960 ) is a chief meteorologist for WNBC in New York City .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeta Omicron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_University', 'summary': "Florida State University ( Florida State or FSU ) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university in Tallahassee , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida . Founded in 1851 , it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 10 billion . Florida State is home to Florida 's only national laboratory , the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol . Florida State University also operates the John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art , the State Art Museum of Florida and one of the largest museum/university complexes in the nation . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 18th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FSU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . In their 113-year history , Florida State 's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships ."}]}, {'value': 'meteorologist for WNBC in New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meteorologist', 'summary': 'Meteorologists are scientists who study and work in the field of meteorology . Those who study meteorological phenomena are meteorologist in research while those using mathematical models and knowledge to prepare daily weather forecast are called weather forecasters or operational meteorologists . They work in government agencies , private consulting and research services , industrial enterprises , utilities , radio and television stations , and in education . Not to be confused with weather presenters who are most often journalists presenting the weather forecast in the media , having just minimal training in meteorology .'}, {'url': '/wiki/WNBC', 'summary': "WNBC , virtual channel 4 ( UHF digital channel 35 ) , is the flagship station of the NBC television network , licensed to New York , New York , United States . The station is owned by the NBC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of NBCUniversal ( itself a subsidiary of Comcast ) , as part of a duopoly with Linden , New Jersey-licensed Telemundo co-flagship WNJU ( channel 47 ) . WNBC 's studios and offices are co-located with NBC 's corporate headquarters at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Midtown Manhattan ; it shares transmitter facilities with WNJU at One World Trade Center . WNBC holds the distinction as the oldest continuously operating commercial television station in the United States . In the few areas of the eastern United States where an NBC station is not receivable over-the-air , WNBC is available on satellite via DirecTV . It is carried on Dish Network and certain cable providers in markets where a local NBC affiliate is unavailable . The station is also relayed via WKAQ-DT3 in San Juan , Puerto Rico . DirecTV also allows subscribers in Greater Los Angeles to receive WNBC for an additional monthly fee ."}]}, {'value': 'Constance Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theta Epsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University', 'summary': "Sam Houston State University ( colloquially known as SHSU or Sam ) is a public university in Huntsville , Texas . It was founded in 1879 and is the third-oldest public college or university in Texas . It is one of the oldest purpose-built institutions for the instruction of teachers west of the Mississippi River and the first such institution in Texas . It is named for Sam Houston , who made his home in the city and is buried there . [ citation needed ] SHSU is a member of the Texas State University System and has an enrollment of more than 20,000 students across over 80 undergraduate , 59 master 's , and 10 doctoral degree programs . Its programs are ranked 230-301 by U.S. News & World Report . The university also offers more than 20 online bachelor 's and graduate degrees . It was the first institution classified as a Doctoral Research University by the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education within the Texas State University System ."}]}, {'value': 'news anchor/reporter , WPLG Miami , Florida ; KETK-TV in East Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WPLG', 'summary': "WPLG , virtual and VHF digital channel 10 , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Miami , Florida , United States and also serving Fort Lauderdale . The station is owned by Berkshire Hathaway as its sole broadcast property . WPLG 's studios are located on West Hallandale Beach Boulevard ( SR 858 ) in Pembroke Park , and its transmitter is located in Miami Gardens , Florida ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Miami,_Florida', 'summary': 'Miami , officially the City of Miami , is the seat of Miami-Dade County , and the cultural , economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States . The city covers an area of about 56 square miles ( 150 km2 ) between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east . Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2018 population of 470,914 . The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people , the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation . The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises , 55 of which exceed 490 ft ( 149 m ) . Miami is a major center and leader in finance , commerce , culture , media , entertainment , the arts , and international trade . The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States , with a GDP of $ 344.9 billion as of 2017 . In 2018 , Miami was classified as an Alpha level global city by the GaWC . In 2019 , Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in terms of business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience , and political engagement . According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities , the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in terms of purchasing power . Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality . Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States , and is home to many large national and international companies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/KETK-TV', 'summary': "KETK-TV , virtual channel 56 ( UHF digital channel 22 ) , is an NBC-affiliated television station serving Tyler and Longview , Texas , United States that is licensed to Jacksonville . The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group , which also operates Longview-licensed Fox affiliate KFXK-TV ( channel 51 ) and Tyler-licensed low-power MyNetworkTV affiliate KTPN-LD ( channel 48 ) under a shared services agreement ( SSA ) with owner White Knight Broadcasting . The three stations share studios on Richmond Road ( at Loop 323 ) in Tyler ; KETK 's transmitter is located near FM 855 in unincorporated northwestern Cherokee County . KETK-TV was previously relayed on repeater station KETK-LP ( UHF analog channel 53 ) in Nacogdoches . It originally simulcast KETK 's entire schedule , but began to produce local news inserts focused on the Nacogdoches-Lufkin area by the late 2000s . KETK-LP 's low-powered signal only covered the immediate Lufkin area , therefore requiring cable to view the station outside of the city . The station was carried by Consolidated and Suddenlink in Lufkin and Communicomm in Huntington . In recent years , KETK has refrained from identifying its channel number as part of its station IDs , newscasts , or promotions . The station prefers to use just its call letters in those situations ."}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Texas', 'summary': 'East Texas is a distinct cultural , geographic , and ecological area in the U.S. state of Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Star Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Star_Jones', 'summary': "Starlet Marie Jones ( born March 24 , 1962 ) is an American lawyer , journalist , television personality , fashion designer , author , and women 's and diversity advocate . She is best known as one of the original co-hosts on the ABC morning talk show The View , on which she appeared from 1997 to 2006 . She was also one of sixteen contestants of the fourth installment of The Celebrity Apprentice in 2011 , coming in fifth place ."}]}, {'value': 'Lambda Zeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_University', 'summary': "The American University ( AU or American ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C. Its main campus spans 90 acres ( 36 ha ) at the former site of Fort Gaines on Ward Circle , in the Spring Valley neighborhood in the northwest of the District . AU was chartered by an Act of Congress in 1893 at the urging of Methodist bishop John Fletcher Hurst , who sought to create an institution that would promote public service , internationalism , and pragmatic idealism . AU broke ground in 1902 , opened in 1914 , and admitted its first undergraduates in 1925 . Although affiliated with the United Methodist Church , religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission . American University has eight schools and colleges : the School of International Service , College of Arts and Sciences , Kogod School of Business , School of Communication , School of Professional and Extended Studies , School of Public Affairs , School of Education , and the Washington College of Law ( WCL ) . It has over 160 programs , including 71 bachelor 's degrees , 87 master 's degrees , and 10 doctoral degrees , as well as JD , LLM , and SJD programs . AU 's student body numbers over 13,000 and represents all 50 U.S. states and 141 countries ; around a fifth of students are international . Its prominent alumni include numerous journalists , media personalities , ambassadors , and Congress members . American University is one of the top five feeder schools to the U.S. Foreign Service , Congressional staff , and other governmental agencies . In 2018 , The Princeton Review ranked American University 1st for Top Colleges with the Most Politically Active Students ."}]}, {'value': 'author , television host , attorney , and former Second Supreme Anti-Basileus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawyer', 'summary': 'A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law , as an advocate , attorney , attorney at law , barrister , barrister-at-law , bar-at-law , canonist , canon lawyer , civil law notary , counsel , counselor , counsellor , solicitor , legal executive , or public servant preparing , interpreting and applying law , but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary . Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems , or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services . The role of the lawyer varies greatly across different legal jurisdictions .'}]}, {'value': 'Muriel Lyle-Smith', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'television producer ; granddaughter of Ethel Hedgeman Lyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Television_producer', 'summary': "A television producer is a person who oversees one or more aspects of video production on a television program . Some producers take more of an executive role , in that they conceive new programs and pitch them to the television networks , but upon acceptance they focus on business matters , such as budgets and contracts . Other producers are more involved with the day-to-day workings , participating in activities such as screenwriting , set design , casting and directing . There are a variety of different producers on a television show . A traditional producer is one who manages a show 's budget and maintains a schedule , but this is no longer the case in modern television ."}]}, {'value': 'Suzanne Malveaux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suzanne_Malveaux', 'summary': 'Suzanne Maria Malveaux ( /suːˈzɑːn mɑːlˈvoʊ/ ; born December 4 , 1966 ) is an American television news journalist . She co-anchored the CNN international news program Around The World and editions of CNN Newsroom . Malveaux also served as CNN White House correspondent and as primary substitute to Wolf Blitzer on The Situation Room . She joined CNN in 2002 and is based in Washington , D.C .'}]}, {'value': 'Honorary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'news anchor on CNN and TVOne contributor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lark McCarthy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iota Gamma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northeastern_University', 'summary': "Northeastern University ( NU or NEU ) is a private research university in Boston , Massachusetts , established in 1898 . It is categorized as an R1 institution ( Doctoral Universities : Highest Research Activity ) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . The university offers undergraduate and graduate programs on its main campus in Boston . The university has satellite campuses in Charlotte , North Carolina ; Seattle , Washington ; San Jose , California ; Toronto , Canada , and Portland , Maine that exclusively offer graduate degrees . Northeastern recently purchased the New College of the Humanities in London and plans to open an additional campus in Vancouver , Canada . The university 's enrollment is approximately 18,000 undergraduate students and 8,000 graduate students . Northeastern features a cooperative education program , more commonly known as co-op , that integrates classroom study with professional experience and contains over 3,100 partners across all seven continents . The program has been a key part of Northeastern 's curriculum of experiential learning for more than a hundred years and is one of the largest co-op/internship programs in the world . While it is not required for students of all academic disciplines to participate in the co-op program , participation is nearly universal among undergraduate students as it helps distinguish their university experience from that of other universities . Northeastern also has a comprehensive study abroad program that spans more than 170 universities and colleges . Northeastern is a large , highly residential university . Most students choose to live on campus but upperclassmen have the option to live off campus ."}]}, {'value': 'former news anchor for WTTG -TV in Washington , D.C. for 17 years', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WTTG', 'summary': "WTTG , virtual channel 5 ( UHF digital channel 36 ) , is a Fox owned-and-operated television station licensed to the American capital city of Washington , District of Columbia . The station is owned by the Fox Television Stations subsidiary of Fox Corporation , as part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV owned-and-operated station WDCA ( channel 20 ) . The two stations share studios and transmitter facilities on Wisconsin Avenue in the Friendship Heights neighborhood in the northwest quadrant of Washington . On cable , WTTG is available on Comcast Xfinity channel 25 in Washington , D.C. ( cable channel 5 is occupied by an alternate feed of MASN ) and channel 5 in the Maryland and Virginia suburbs , and on Cox Communications , RCN and Verizon FiOS channel 5 . The station 's signal is rebroadcast on a low-powered digital translator station , W24ES-D , in Moorefield , West Virginia ( which is owned by Valley TV Cooperative , Inc. ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Washington,_D.C.', 'summary': "Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Amie McLain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'reporter for NBC2 , Fort Myers , FL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Myers,_FL', 'summary': 'Fort Myers or Ft. Myers , is the county seat and commercial center of Lee County , Florida , United States . It has grown rapidly in recent years . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 62,298 and in 2018 was estimated at 82,254 . Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within Florida . The winter estates of Thomas Edison ( Seminole Lodge ) and Henry Ford ( The Mangoes ) are major attractions . The city is named after Colonel Abraham Myers , the quartermaster general of the Confederate States Army .'}]}, {'value': 'Wanda Sykes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Theta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampton_University', 'summary': 'Hampton University is a private historically black university in Hampton , Virginia . It was founded in 1868 by black and white leaders of the American Missionary Association after the American Civil War to provide education to freedmen . It is home to the Hampton University Museum , which is the oldest museum of the African diaspora in the United States , and the oldest museum in the commonwealth of Virginia . In 1878 , it established a program for teaching Native Americans that lasted until 1923 .'}]}, {'value': 'comedian/TV personality', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kathy Times', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta Alpha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_A&M_University', 'summary': "Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university in Tallahassee , Florida . Founded in 1887 , it is located on the highest geographic hill in Tallahassee . It is the 5th largest historically black university in the United States by enrollment and the only public historically black university in Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida , as well as one of the state 's land grant universities , and is accredited to award baccalaureate , master 's and doctoral degrees by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The 2020 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college rankings placed the university in Tier 1 among national universities ( 254th ) , 7th among all HBCUs and 2nd among all public HBCUs . The university is classified as an R2 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes higher research activity . For 2017 , the National Science Foundation ranked Florida A & M University 216th nationally and 2nd among HBCU for total research and development expenditures . FAMU sports teams are known as the Rattlers , and compete in Division I of the NCAA . They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Emmy Award-winning investigative reporter WVTM-TV ( NBC13 ) in Birmingham , Alabama ; president of National Association of Black Journalists', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WVTM-TV', 'summary': "WVTM-TV , virtual and VHF digital channel 13 , is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Birmingham , Alabama , United States . The station is owned by the Hearst Television subsidiary of Hearst Communications . WVTM 's studios and transmitter are located atop Red Mountain , between Vulcan Trail and Valley View Drive in southeastern Birmingham , adjacent to the Vulcan Statue and next to the studios of Fox affiliate WBRC ( channel 6 ) . On cable , WVTM is available on Charter Spectrum channel 8 in the immediate Birmingham area ( channel 5 in outlying areas ) , and Comcast Xfinity and AT & T U-verse channel 13 in standard definition ; and in high definition on Spectrum channel 1008 ( channels 705 or 1005 in outlying areas ) , Dish Network , Xfinity and AT & T U-verse channel 1013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama . With an estimated 2018 population of 209,880 , it is the most populous city in Alabama . Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County , Alabama 's most populous and fifth largest county . As of 2018 , the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 1,151,801 , making it the most populous in Alabama and 49th-most populous in the United States . Birmingham serves as an important regional hub and is associated with the Deep South , Piedmont , and Appalachian regions of the nation . Birmingham was founded in 1871 , during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era , through the merger of three farm towns , most notably Elyton . The new city was named for Birmingham , England , the United Kingdom 's second largest city and then a major industrial city . The Alabama city annexed its smaller neighbors as it developed into a major industrial center based on mining , the iron and steel industry , and rail transport . Most of the original settlers were of English ancestry . The city was developed as a place where low paid , non-unionized immigrants ( mainly Irish and Italian ) , along with African-Americans from rural Alabama , who worked in the city 's steel mills and blast furnaces and gave it a competitive advantage over unionized industrial cities of the Midwest and Northeast . :14"}]}, {'value': 'JaQuitta Williams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Upsilon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savannah_State_University', 'summary': 'Savannah State University is a public historically black university in Savannah , Georgia . It is the oldest public historically black university in the state . The university is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Savannah State operates three colleges ( College of Business Administration , College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences , College of Sciences and Technology ) and the Office of Graduate Studies and Sponsored Research ( OGSSR ) . It also participates in research centers and programs at the Center for Teaching , Learning and Academic Support ; Savannah Entrepreneurial Center ; the Midtown Project ; the Georgia Institute of Technology Regional Engineering Program ( GTREP ) ; and A Collaboration to Integrate Research and Education in Marine and Environmental Science and Biotechnology with the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography , part of the University of Georgia .'}]}, {'value': 'anchor/reporter for WSB-TV , ABC affiliate in Atlanta , Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WSB-TV', 'summary': "WSB-TV , virtual channel 2 ( UHF digital channel 32 ) , is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Atlanta , Georgia , United States . It is the flagship television property of locally based Cox Media Group , and is sister to radio stations WSB ( 750 AM ) , WSB-FM ( 98.5 MHz ) , WSBB-FM ( 95.5 MHz ) , WSRV ( 97.1 FM ) and WALR-FM ( 104.1 MHz ) . The stations share studios at the WSB Television and Radio Group building on West Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta ; WSB-TV 's transmitter is located on the border of the city 's Poncey-Highland and Old Fourth Ward neighborhoods . On cable , the station is available in standard definition on channel 3 on Comcast Xfinity and channel 2 on Charter Spectrum , and in high definition on Xfinity channel 803 and Spectrum channel 702 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company', 'summary': "The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) is an American commercial broadcast radio and television network owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . The network is headquartered in Burbank , California , on Riverside Drive , directly across the street from Walt Disney Studios and adjacent to the Roy E. Disney Animation Building . The network 's secondary offices , and headquarters of its news division , is in New York City , at its broadcast center at 77 West 66th Street on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . Since 2007 , when ABC Radio ( also known as Cumulus Media Networks ) was sold to Citadel Broadcasting , ABC has reduced its broadcasting operations almost exclusively to television . It is the fifth-oldest major broadcasting network in the world and the youngest of the Big Three television networks . ABC is nicknamed The Alphabet Network , as its initialism also represents the first three letters of the English alphabet , in order . ABC launched as a radio network on October 12 , 1943 , serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network , which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble . It extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC . In the mid-1950s , ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures . Leonard Goldenson , who had been the head of UPT , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . In the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 percent interest in cable sports channel ESPN , the network 's corporate parent , American Broadcasting Companies , Inc. , merged with Capital Cities Communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . In 1996 , most of Capital Cities/ABC 's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia', 'summary': "Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 ."}]}, {'value': 'Keisha Williams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': "host of Focus Atlanta ; CW Atlanta 's Public Affairs Director", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alpha_Kappa_Alpha_sisters_7', 'intro': 'This list of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorors (commonly referred to as AKAs) includes initiated and honorary members of Alpha Kappa Alpha (ΑΚΑ), the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter sorority established for Black college women. Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University in Washington, D.C., by nine women who were known as The Original Group of 1908, and seven sophomores, who were accepted as honor initiates and are known as The Sophomores of 1910. Alpha Kappa Alpha has a membership of more than 200,000 women in over 950 chapters in the United States and several other countries. Membership is extended to female college undergraduate and graduate students. The sorority also bestows honorary membership as its highest honor.'} | null | null | Who is the sister whose original chapter was founded in 1851 ? | Janice Huff |
0a9e077ae60dcbbf | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Hunter_and_Central_Coast', 'title': 'List of schools in the Hunter and Central Coast', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb/town', 'LGA', 'Opened', 'Closed'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aberglasslyn Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aberglasslyn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aberglasslyn,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Aberglasslyn is a rapidly expanding suburb of Maitland , located in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Maitland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Maitland', 'summary': 'The City of Maitland is a local government area in the lower Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is situated adjacent to the New England Highway and the Hunter railway line . The Mayor of the City of Maitland is Cr . Loretta Baker , a Country Labor politician .'}]}, {'value': '1859', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abernethy Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abernethy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abernethy,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Abernethy is a small town in the City of Cessnock , in the Hunter Region in the state of New South Wales , Australia . Abernethy is located 8 kilometres south-east of the town of Cessnock , NSW and is adjacent to Werakata National Park and the Aberdare State Forest . The town was founded near a coal mine and some of the historic buildings remain ( including the Abernethy Hotel which now operates as a guest house ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cessnock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Cessnock', 'summary': 'City of Cessnock is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is located to the west of Newcastle . The largest population centre and council seat is the city of Cessnock . The Mayor of the City of Cessnock Council is Cr . Bob Pynsent , a member of Country Labor .'}]}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adamstown Heights Infants School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adamstown Heights', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adamstown_Heights,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Adamstown Heights is a southern suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia , located 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) west-southwest of Newcastle 's central business district along the Pacific Highway . It is split between the City of Lake Macquarie and City of Newcastle local government areas . The suburb contains two schools , Kotara High School , established in 1968 and containing 3 hectares of native bushland , and also established in 1968 Belair Public School . The suburb is served by Westfield Kotara shopping centre , formerly Garden City Kotara , and originally Kotara Fair , on its northern border . Adamstown Heights is located on several bus routes and is near two railway stations on the Central Coast & Newcastle Line , Kotara and Adamstown . Adamstown Heights had a population of 5,299 in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alison Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alison,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Alison is a semi-rural suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , located on the north bank of the Wyong River 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) northwest of the regional centre of Wyong . It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area . It is named for Alison Homestead , located in Cape Road , the main building of which was extensively damaged by Arson in the early hours of 11 December 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Dungog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dungog_Shire', 'summary': 'Dungog Shire is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire is situated adjacent to the Barrington Tops and consists predominantly of very rugged to hilly country which becomes less rugged from north to south . Dungog Shire was formed on 1 July 1958 through the amalgamation of Wallarobba Shire with the Municipality of Dungog . The mayor of the Dungog Shire Council is Clr . Tracey Norman , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allandale Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allandale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allandale,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Allandale is a locality in Cessnock and Maitland in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Maitland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Maitland', 'summary': 'The City of Maitland is a local government area in the lower Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is situated adjacent to the New England Highway and the Hunter railway line . The Mayor of the City of Maitland is Cr . Loretta Baker , a Country Labor politician .'}]}, {'value': '1882', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allworth Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allworth,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Allworth is a small village in New South Wales , Australia . It is located 200 km ( 124 mi ) north of Sydney , and 61 km ( 38 mi ) north of Newcastle . At the 2011 census , Allworth had a population of 196 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mid-Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-Coast_Council', 'summary': 'Mid-Coast Council is a local government area ( LGA ) located in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The council was formed on 12 May 2016 through a merger of the Gloucester Shire , Great Lakes and City of Greater Taree councils . The council comprises an area of 10,053 square kilometres ( 3,881 sq mi ) and occupies the Mid North Coast stretching 190 km ( 118 mi ) between the coastal towns of Hawks Nest and Tea Gardens and onto Myall Lakes National Park . The council region includes the three great lakes , the coastal towns of Seal Rocks , Forster , Taree , and onto Crowdy Head north of Harrington . The LGA extends inland to the Barrington Tops National Park near Gloucester . It includes the Manning River and valley adjoining the Three Brothers mountains . At the time of its establishment the council had an estimated population of 90,504 . The Mayor of the Mid-Coast Council is Councillor David West , who was elected on 9 September 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allynbrook Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allynbrook', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dungog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dungog_Shire', 'summary': 'Dungog Shire is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire is situated adjacent to the Barrington Tops and consists predominantly of very rugged to hilly country which becomes less rugged from north to south . Dungog Shire was formed on 1 July 1958 through the amalgamation of Wallarobba Shire with the Municipality of Dungog . The mayor of the Dungog Shire Council is Clr . Tracey Norman , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1869', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ash Island Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kooragang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kooragang_Island', 'summary': 'Kooragang ( /ˈkuːrəɡæŋ/ ) is the northernmost and largest suburb of the city of Newcastle , in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia . Dominated by Kooragang Island , the eastern part of the suburb is primarily industrial , while the western part of the suburb consists of nature reserves . Covering an area of 35.4 km2 ( 13.7 sq mi ) , at the 2016 census , there were no people living in the suburb .'}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baerami Creek Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baerami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baerami,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Baerami is a locality in the Muswellbrook Shire in the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The Bylong Valley Way crosses the Baerami Creek via Kirks Bridge at Baerami . Downstream of the bridge , the creek meets its confluence with the Goulburn River . The Sandy Hollow-Gulgong goods railway line passes through the locality . Points of interest include Baerami Community Hall , James Estate , Dingo Gully , and the old Baerami Catholic Church .'}]}, {'value': 'Muswellbrook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Muswellbrook_Shire', 'summary': 'Muswellbrook Shire is a local government area in the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire is situated adjacent to the New England Highway and the Hunter railway line . Muswellbrook Shire was established on 1 July 1979 from the amalgamation of the Municipality of Muswellbrook with the adjacent Denman Shire . The Mayor of the Muswellbrook Shire Council is Cr . Martin Rush .'}]}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandon Grove Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandon Grove', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dungog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dungog_Shire', 'summary': 'Dungog Shire is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire is situated adjacent to the Barrington Tops and consists predominantly of very rugged to hilly country which becomes less rugged from north to south . Dungog Shire was formed on 1 July 1958 through the amalgamation of Wallarobba Shire with the Municipality of Dungog . The mayor of the Dungog Shire Council is Clr . Tracey Norman , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belford Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belford,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Belford is a commuter town in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia in Singleton Council . It is located 171 kilometres ( 106 mi ) north of Sydney . Coordinates : 32°40′S 151°17′E / 32.667°S 151.283°E / -32.667 ; 151.283'}]}, {'value': 'Singleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singleton_Council', 'summary': 'Singleton Council is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia . It is situated adjacent to the New England Highway and the Hunter railway line . The mayor of the Council is Cr . Sue Moore , an independent politician . Singleton Shire was established on 1 January 1976 with the amalgamation of Patrick Plains Shire and the Municipality of Singleton .'}]}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1935', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bendolba Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bendolba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dungog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dungog_Shire', 'summary': 'Dungog Shire is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire is situated adjacent to the Barrington Tops and consists predominantly of very rugged to hilly country which becomes less rugged from north to south . Dungog Shire was formed on 1 July 1958 through the amalgamation of Wallarobba Shire with the Municipality of Dungog . The mayor of the Dungog Shire Council is Clr . Tracey Norman , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1856', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1919', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Creek Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hilldale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dungog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dungog_Shire', 'summary': 'Dungog Shire is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire is situated adjacent to the Barrington Tops and consists predominantly of very rugged to hilly country which becomes less rugged from north to south . Dungog Shire was formed on 1 July 1958 through the amalgamation of Wallarobba Shire with the Municipality of Dungog . The mayor of the Dungog Shire Council is Clr . Tracey Norman , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham Gardens Infants School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham Gardens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_Gardens,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Birmingham Gardens ( /ˈbɜːrmɪŋhæm/ BUR-ming-ham ) is a suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia , bordering the University of Newcastle 11 kilometres ( 7 mi ) west-northwest of Newcastle 's central business district . It is part of the City of Newcastle local government area . Birmingham Gardens had a population of 2,376 in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1951', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishops Bridge Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishops Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishops_Bridge,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Bishops Bridge is a locality in the cities of Cessnock and Maitland in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Maitland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Maitland', 'summary': 'The City of Maitland is a local government area in the lower Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is situated adjacent to the New England Highway and the Hunter railway line . The Mayor of the City of Maitland is Cr . Loretta Baker , a Country Labor politician .'}]}, {'value': '1858', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolton Point Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolton Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolton_Point,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Bolton Point is a suburb of the City of Lake Macquarie in New South Wales , Australia , and is located northeast of Toronto on a peninsula extending southwards into western Lake Macquarie .'}]}, {'value': 'Lake Macquarie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie', 'summary': 'The City of Lake Macquarie is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia and was proclaimed a city from 7 September 1984 . The area is situated adjacent to the city of Newcastle and is part of the Greater Newcastle Area . The city is approximately 150 km ( 93 mi ) north of Sydney . One of its major tourist attractions is its lake , also named Lake Macquarie . The mayor of the City of Lake Macquarie Council is Councillor Kay Fraser , a member of the Labor Party . The Royal Australian Navy ship HMAS Tobruk was granted the Right of Freedom of Entry to the City of Lake Macquarie on 9 August 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1966', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brawboy Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brawboy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Upper Hunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Upper_Hunter_Shire', 'summary': 'The Upper Hunter Shire is a local government area in the Upper Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire was formed in May 2004 from the Scone Shire and parts of Murrurundi and Merriwa shires . The Mayor of the Upper Hunter Shire Council is Cr . Wayne Bedggood .'}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brookfield Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brookfield', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dungog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dungog_Shire', 'summary': 'Dungog Shire is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The Shire is situated adjacent to the Barrington Tops and consists predominantly of very rugged to hilly country which becomes less rugged from north to south . Dungog Shire was formed on 1 July 1958 through the amalgamation of Wallarobba Shire with the Municipality of Dungog . The mayor of the Dungog Shire Council is Clr . Tracey Norman , an independent politician .'}]}, {'value': '1851', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brown Muir Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Congewai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cessnock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Cessnock', 'summary': 'City of Cessnock is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is located to the west of Newcastle . The largest population centre and council seat is the city of Cessnock . The Mayor of the City of Cessnock Council is Cr . Bob Pynsent , a member of Country Labor .'}]}, {'value': '1882', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brunkerville Public School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brunkerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunkerville,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Brunkerville is a rural locality in the Hunter Region , New South Wales , Australia . Brunkerville is a part of Cessnock City area , and has the East Maitland postcode , 2323 . Geographically , Brunkerville consists of rolling country hills and is flanked by the Watagan and Sugarloaf Mountain Ranges . Coordinates : 32°57′24″S 151°28′34″E / 32.95667°S 151.47611°E / -32.95667 ; 151.47611'}]}, {'value': 'Cessnock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Cessnock', 'summary': 'City of Cessnock is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is located to the west of Newcastle . The largest population centre and council seat is the city of Cessnock . The Mayor of the City of Cessnock Council is Cr . Bob Pynsent , a member of Country Labor .'}]}, {'value': '1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Public schools -- Defunct primary schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_Hunter_and_the_Central_Coast_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the Hunter and Central Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia. The New South Wales education system traditionally consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6 (ages 5-12), and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 12 (ages 12-18).'} | null | null | Which town was opened first ? Was it a town which is between the City of Lake Macquarie and City of Newcastle local government areas , or on the north bank of the Wyong River 4 kilometres near Wyong ? | Alison |
0a9fca86f89c3dfa | hybridqa | {'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Victoria_(Australia)_named_from_pastoral_runs', 'title': 'List of places in Victoria (Australia) named from pastoral runs', 'header': ['Locality or Place', 'Local Government area', 'Run name', 'Pastoral District'], 'data': [{'value': 'Kotupna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kotupna,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Kotupna is a small locality in northern Victoria , Australia in the local government area of the Shire of Moira . The post office opened on 17 October 1881 , and closed on 30 June 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Moira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Moira', 'summary': 'The Shire of Moira is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 4,046 square kilometres ( 1,562 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 29,799 . It includes the towns of Cobram , Nathalia , Numurkah , Tungamah and Yarrawonga . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Cobram , Shire of Nathalia , Shire of Numurkah , and parts of the Shire of Tungamah and Shire of Yarrawonga . The Shire is governed and administered by the Moira Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Cobram , it also has service centres located in Numurkah and Yarrawonga . The Shire is named after the county of Moira , in which the LGA occupies the northern part of this county .'}]}, {'value': 'Kotupna', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benalla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benalla,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Benalla /bəˈnælə/ is a small city located on the Broken River in the High Country north-eastern region of Victoria , Australia , about 212 kilometres ( 130 mi ) north east of the state capital Melbourne . At the 2016 census the population was 9,298 . It is the administrative centre for the Rural City of Benalla local government area .'}]}, {'value': 'Terrick Terrick East', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Campaspe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Campaspe', 'summary': 'The Shire of Campaspe is a local government area in Victoria , Australia , located in the northern part of the state . It covers an area of 4,519 square kilometres ( 1,745 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 37,592 . It includes the towns of Girgarre , Echuca , Kyabram , Rochester , Tongala and Rushworth . It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the City of Echuca , Shire of Deakin , Shire of Rochester , Shire of Waranga , Town of Kyabram and part of the Shire of Rodney . The Shire is governed and administered by the Campaspe Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Echuca , it also has service centres located in Kyabram , Rochester , Rushworth and Tongala . The Shire is named after the Campaspe River , a major geographical feature that meanders through the LGA .'}]}, {'value': 'Terrick Terrick Plains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echuca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echuca,_Victoria', 'summary': "Echuca ( /əˈtʃuːkə/ ə-CHOO-kə ) is a town on the banks of the Murray River and Campaspe River in Victoria , Australia . The border town of Moama is adjacent on the northern side of the Murray River in New South Wales . Echuca is the administrative centre and largest settlement in the Shire of Campaspe . As at June 2018 Echuca had a population of 14,934 , and the population of the combined Echuca and Moama townships was 21,242 at the same time . Echuca lies within traditional Yorta Yorta country . The town 's name is an Aboriginal word meaning meeting of the waters . Echuca is close to the junction of the Goulburn , Campaspe , and Murray Rivers . Its position at the closest point of the Murray to Melbourne contributed to its development as a thriving river port city during the 19th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Bungil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Towong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Towong', 'summary': 'The Shire of Towong is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 6,675 square kilometres ( 2,577 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 6,054 . It includes the towns of Corryong , Tallangatta , Cudgewa , Bethanga , Bellbridge , Walwa and Tintaldra . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Tallangatta and Shire of Upper Murray . The Shire is governed and administered by the Towong Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Tallangatta , it also has a service centre located in Corryong . The Shire is named after an earlier shire , the Shire of Towong ( 1874-1920 ) , which occupied the same region as the current LGA .'}]}, {'value': 'Bungil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beechworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beechworth,_Victoria', 'summary': "Beechworth is a well-preserved historical town located in the north-east of Victoria , Australia , famous for its major growth during the gold rush days of the mid-1850s . At the 2011 census , Beechworth had a population of 2,789 . Beechworth 's many historical buildings are well preserved and the town has re-invented itself and evolved into a popular tourist destination and growing wine-producing centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Genoa is a town in Eastern Gippsland , Victoria , Australia . It is close to the New South Wales border where the Princes Highway crosses the Genoa River . The town is an important access point to the Croajingolong National Park . At the 2006 census , Genoa and the surrounding area had a population of 304 . The Genoa Post Office opened on 9 April 1888 . In 1972 the earliest fossil trackway of primitive tetrapods were found in the Genoa River Gorge , dating back 350 million years . In 2019 , bush fires in Eastern Gippsland did significant damage to Genoa and the nearby town of Mallacoota .'}]}, {'value': 'Shire of East Gippsland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_East_Gippsland', 'summary': 'The Shire of East Gippsland is a local government area in Gippsland , Victoria , Australia , located in the eastern part of the state . It covers an area of 20,940 square kilometres ( 8,080 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 46,818 . It includes the towns of Bairnsdale , Benambra , Bruthen , Buchan , Ensay , Lakes Entrance , Mallacoota , Metung , Omeo , Orbost , Paynesville , Swan Reach and Swifts Creek . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Bairnsdale , Shire of Bairnsdale , Shire of Omeo , Shire of Orbost , Shire of Tambo and parts of the Shire of Rosedale . The Shire is governed and administered by the East Gippsland Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Bairnsdale , it also has service centres located in Lakes Entrance , Omeo and Orbost . The Shire is named after the Gippsland region , in which the LGA occupies the eastern portion .'}]}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Gipps Land', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benambra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benambra,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Benambra is a small town 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) north-east of Omeo and 430 kilometres ( 267 mi ) east of the state capital Melbourne , in the Australian Alps of East Gippsland , Victoria , Australia . Nearby towns include Swifts Creek , Ensay , and the major town of Bairnsdale . At the 2016 census , Benambra and the surrounding area had a population of 149 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shire of East Gippsland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_East_Gippsland', 'summary': 'The Shire of East Gippsland is a local government area in Gippsland , Victoria , Australia , located in the eastern part of the state . It covers an area of 20,940 square kilometres ( 8,080 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 46,818 . It includes the towns of Bairnsdale , Benambra , Bruthen , Buchan , Ensay , Lakes Entrance , Mallacoota , Metung , Omeo , Orbost , Paynesville , Swan Reach and Swifts Creek . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Bairnsdale , Shire of Bairnsdale , Shire of Omeo , Shire of Orbost , Shire of Tambo and parts of the Shire of Rosedale . The Shire is governed and administered by the East Gippsland Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Bairnsdale , it also has service centres located in Lakes Entrance , Omeo and Orbost . The Shire is named after the Gippsland region , in which the LGA occupies the eastern portion .'}]}, {'value': 'Benambra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beechworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beechworth,_Victoria', 'summary': "Beechworth is a well-preserved historical town located in the north-east of Victoria , Australia , famous for its major growth during the gold rush days of the mid-1850s . At the 2011 census , Beechworth had a population of 2,789 . Beechworth 's many historical buildings are well preserved and the town has re-invented itself and evolved into a popular tourist destination and growing wine-producing centre ."}]}, {'value': 'Marysville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marysville,_Victoria', 'summary': "Marysville is a small town , 34 kilometres north-east of Healesville and 41 kilometres south of Alexandra , in the Shire of Murrindindi in Victoria , Australia . The town , which previously had a population of over 500 people , was devastated by the Murrindindi Mill bushfire on 7 February 2009 . On 19 February 2009 the official death toll was 45 . Around 90% of the town 's buildings were destroyed . Prior to the Black Saturday fire the population in 2006 was 519 . At the 2011 Census , the population had reduced to 226 , by the 2016 Census it had risen to 394 ."}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Murrindindi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Murrindindi', 'summary': 'The Shire of Murrindindi is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 3,880 square kilometres ( 1,500 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 14,478 . It includes the towns of Alexandra , Buxton , Eildon , Flowerdale , Kinglake , Marysville , Molesworth , Strath Creek , Taggerty , Yarck and Yea . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Alexandra , Shire of Yea , and parts of the Shire of Broadford , Shire of Eltham , Shire of Euroa , Shire of Healesville and City of Whittlesea . The Shire is governed by the Murrindindi Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Alexandra , it also has service centres located in Kinglake and Yea . The Shire is named after the locality of Murrindindi , which is located near the geographical centre of the LGA . Parts of Murrindindi were badly affected by the 2009 Victorian bushfires , notably the towns of Marysville and Kinglake . In total , 106 people lost their lives across the Shire including 38 in Kinglake and 34 in Marysville .'}]}, {'value': 'Maryville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Gipps Land', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gelantipy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of East Gippsland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gelantiby', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omeo,_Victoria', 'summary': "Omeo ( /ˈoʊmiːoʊ/ OH-mee-oh ) is a town in Victoria , Australia on the Great Alpine Road , east of Mount Hotham , in the Shire of East Gippsland . At the 2016 census , Omeo had a population of 406 . The name is derived from the Aboriginal word for 'mountains ' or 'hills ' . [ citation needed ] Omeo is affectionately known as the City of the Alps with many historic buildings remaining in the town . [ citation needed ] The town is still the commercial hub for the Omeo Region and is a service centre for outlying communities such as Benambra , Cobungra , Cassilis , Swifts Creek , and Ensay ."}]}, {'value': 'Rodborough', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Central Goldfields', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Central_Goldfields', 'summary': 'Central Goldfields Shire is a local government area in Victoria , Australia , located in the central part of the state . It covers an area of 1,533 square kilometres ( 592 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 had a population of 13,209 . It includes the towns of Bealiba , Carisbrook , Dunolly , Maryborough and Talbot . It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the City of Maryborough , most of the Shire of Tullaroop , and parts of the Shire of Bet Bet and Shire of Talbot and Clunes . The Shire is governed and administered by the Central Goldfields Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Maryborough , it also has a service centre located in Talbot . The Shire is named after the region having historically been a major goldfields region in central Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Rodborough Vale', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castlemaine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castlemaine,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Castlemaine ( /ˈkæsəlmeɪn/ ) is a small city in Victoria , Australia , in the Goldfields region about 120 kilometres northwest by road from Melbourne and about 40 kilometres from the major provincial centre of Bendigo . It is the administrative and economic centre of the Shire of Mount Alexander . The population at the 2016 Census was 6,757 . Castlemaine was named by the chief goldfield commissioner , Captain W. Wright , in honour of his Irish uncle , Viscount Castlemaine . Castlemaine began as a gold rush boomtown in 1851 and developed into a major regional centre , being officially proclaimed a City on 4 December 1965 , although since declining in population . It is home to many cultural institutions including the Theatre Royal , the oldest continuously operating theatre in mainland Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Tarcombe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Strathbogie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Strathbogie', 'summary': 'The Shire of Strathbogie is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 3,303 square kilometres ( 1,275 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 10,645 . It includes the towns of Avenel , Euroa , Longwood , Nagambie , Strathbogie and Violet Town . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of parts of the Shire of Euroa , Shire of Goulburn , Shire of Violet Town , Shire of McIvor and Rural City of Seymour . The Shire is governed and administered by the Strathbogie Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Euroa , it also has service centres located in Nagambie and Violet Town . The Shire is named after the major geographical feature in the region , the Strathbogie Ranges , which is located in the south-east of the LGA . The Shire is about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) from Melbourne and bordered to the east by the Strathbogie Ranges and to the west by the Nagambie Lakes district . It is also known for its sheep production , horse studs ( earning the title The Horse Capital of Victoria ) , wineries ( Mitchelton , Tahbilk , Fowles Wines ) , olives and alpacas . Tourism is a growing industry in the area , with many B & Bs , hotels and restaurants .'}]}, {'value': 'Tarcombe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benalla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benalla,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Benalla /bəˈnælə/ is a small city located on the Broken River in the High Country north-eastern region of Victoria , Australia , about 212 kilometres ( 130 mi ) north east of the state capital Melbourne . At the 2016 census the population was 9,298 . It is the administrative centre for the Rural City of Benalla local government area .'}]}, {'value': 'St Germains', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of Greater Shepparton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Greater_Shepparton', 'summary': "The City of Greater Shepparton is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 2,422 square kilometres ( 935 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 66,007 . It includes the city of Shepparton and the towns of Arcadia , Ardmona , Congupna , Dookie , Grahamvale , Kialla , Lemnos , Merrigum , Mooroopna , Murchison , Tallygaroopna , Tatura , Toolamba and Undera . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Shepparton , Shire of Shepparton , and parts of the Shire of Rodney , Shire of Euroa , Shire of Goulburn , Shire of Tungamah , Shire of Violet Town and Shire of Waranga . The City is governed and administered by the Greater Shepparton City Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Shepparton , it also has a service centre located in Tatura . The City is named after the main urban settlement located in the centre of the LGA , that is Shepparton , which together with adjoining Mooroopna form the LGA 's most populous urban area with a population of 51,903 ."}]}, {'value': "St Germain 's", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echuca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Echuca,_Victoria', 'summary': "Echuca ( /əˈtʃuːkə/ ə-CHOO-kə ) is a town on the banks of the Murray River and Campaspe River in Victoria , Australia . The border town of Moama is adjacent on the northern side of the Murray River in New South Wales . Echuca is the administrative centre and largest settlement in the Shire of Campaspe . As at June 2018 Echuca had a population of 14,934 , and the population of the combined Echuca and Moama townships was 21,242 at the same time . Echuca lies within traditional Yorta Yorta country . The town 's name is an Aboriginal word meaning meeting of the waters . Echuca is close to the junction of the Goulburn , Campaspe , and Murray Rivers . Its position at the closest point of the Murray to Melbourne contributed to its development as a thriving river port city during the 19th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Ghin Ghin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Murrindindi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghin Ghin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benalla', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birchip', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birchip,_Victoria', 'summary': "Birchip is a town in the Mallee region of Victoria , Australia on the Sunraysia Highway north of Donald . The town is located in the Shire of Buloke local government area . At the 2016 census , Birchip had a population of 702 , up from the 2011 figure of 662 . It has a P-12 school , and an Australian rules football club called Birchip-Watchem , also known as the Birchip-Watchem Bulls , or just the Bulls . A pastoral run was established in the region named Wirmburchep and when surveyed a parish was gazetted as Wirmbirchip . Closer settlement began in the area by then known as Wirrimbirchip around 1882 and a Post Office under that name opened on 2 July 1883 ( Birchip from 1 January 1890 ) . The town was surveyed as Birchip in 1887 though known by the inhabitants by the original name for quite some years later . The farms in the area typically grow wheat , barley , canola , and other cereals . Some people have pig sheds , though most livestock in the district are sheep . There is a hospital which shares a lodge for elderly care . Five main roads enter the town . It is located approximately 312 kilometres ( 194 mi ) northwest of Victoria 's capital city Melbourne ."}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Buloke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Buloke', 'summary': 'The Shire of Buloke is a local government area in Victoria , Australia , located in the western part of the state . It covers an area of 8,000 square kilometres ( 3,100 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 6,184 . It includes the towns of Birchip , Charlton , Donald , Sea Lake and Wycheproof . It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Wycheproof , Shire of Birchip , Shire of Charlton , Shire of Donald , and parts of the Shire of Kara Kara . The Shire is governed and administered by the Buloke Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the Council headquarters in Wycheproof , it also has service centres located in Birchip , Charlton , Donald and Sea Lake . The Shire is named after a major geographical feature in the region , Lake Buloke , which is located in the south of the LGA ; the name also comes from the buloke or bulloak tree Allocasuarina luehmannii , which is common in the region .'}]}, {'value': 'Wirmburchep', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Wimmera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wimmera', 'summary': 'The Wimmera is a region of the Australian state of Victoria . The district is located within parts of the Loddon Mallee and the Grampians regions ; and covers the dryland farming area south of the range of Mallee scrub , east of the South Australia border and north of the Great Dividing Range . It can also be defined as the land within the social catchment of Horsham , its main settlement . Most of the Wimmera is very flat , with only the Grampians and Mount Arapiles rising above vast plains and the low plateaux that form the Great Divide in this part of Victoria . The Grampians are very rugged and tilted , with many sheer sandstone cliffs on their eastern sides , but gentle slopes on the west . In the context of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia , the Wimmera is a sub-region of 2,145,380 hectares ( 5,301,300 acres ) located within the Murray Darling Depression bioregion . The Wimmera is one of the nine districts in Victoria used for weather forecasting by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology . The Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries defines the district as a 30,000-square-kilometre ( 12,000 sq mi ) region for agricultural production purposes encompassing the Buloke , Hindmarsh , Horsham City , Northern Grampians , West Wimmera and Yarriambiack local government areas . At the 2011 census , the six local government areas ( LGAs ) that are thought to comprise the district had a combined population of 54,645 . The area of these same four LGAs is 41,963 square kilometres ( 16,202 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornella', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Campaspe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Campaspe', 'summary': 'The Shire of Campaspe is a local government area in Victoria , Australia , located in the northern part of the state . It covers an area of 4,519 square kilometres ( 1,745 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 37,592 . It includes the towns of Girgarre , Echuca , Kyabram , Rochester , Tongala and Rushworth . It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the City of Echuca , Shire of Deakin , Shire of Rochester , Shire of Waranga , Town of Kyabram and part of the Shire of Rodney . The Shire is governed and administered by the Campaspe Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Echuca , it also has service centres located in Kyabram , Rochester , Rushworth and Tongala . The Shire is named after the Campaspe River , a major geographical feature that meanders through the LGA .'}]}, {'value': 'Cornella Creek', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echuca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tongala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tongala,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Tongala /təŋˈɡɑːlə/ is a town in the Goulburn Valley region of northern Victoria , Australia . The town is in the Shire of Campaspe local government area , between Kyabram and Echuca , 225 kilometres ( 140 mi ) north of the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2016 census , Tongala had a population of 1,926 .'}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Campaspe', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tongala', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Echuca', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangholme', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangholme,_Victoria', 'summary': "Bangholme is a suburb in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , 31 km south-east of Melbourne 's central business district and adjacent to the urban area . Its local government area is the City of Greater Dandenong . At the 2016 census , Bangholme had a population of 784 , most of who live in the Willow Lodge Village , a mobile home development on Frankston-Dandenong Rd . The area is semi-rural and is part of Melbourne 's South East Green Wedge , with a significant part of the land used by the Melbourne Water Eastern Sewage Treatment Plant , and the remainder being mostly small land holdings , with some used for horse acreage . The EastLink tollway passes through the area ."}]}, {'value': 'City of Greater Dandenong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Greater_Dandenong', 'summary': 'The City of Greater Dandenong is a local government area in Victoria , Australia in the southeastern suburbs of Melbourne . It has an area of just under 130 square kilometres ( 50 sq mi ) and 166,094 residents in 2018 . 29% of its land area forms part of the South East Green Wedge . It was formed in 1994 by the merger of parts of the former City of Dandenong and City of Springvale .'}]}, {'value': 'Bangholme', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Settled Districts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yawong Hills', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of Buloke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Buloke', 'summary': 'The Shire of Buloke is a local government area in Victoria , Australia , located in the western part of the state . It covers an area of 8,000 square kilometres ( 3,100 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 6,184 . It includes the towns of Birchip , Charlton , Donald , Sea Lake and Wycheproof . It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Wycheproof , Shire of Birchip , Shire of Charlton , Shire of Donald , and parts of the Shire of Kara Kara . The Shire is governed and administered by the Buloke Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the Council headquarters in Wycheproof , it also has service centres located in Birchip , Charlton , Donald and Sea Lake . The Shire is named after a major geographical feature in the region , Lake Buloke , which is located in the south of the LGA ; the name also comes from the buloke or bulloak tree Allocasuarina luehmannii , which is common in the region .'}]}, {'value': 'Yawong or Springs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castlemaine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Castlemaine,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Castlemaine ( /ˈkæsəlmeɪn/ ) is a small city in Victoria , Australia , in the Goldfields region about 120 kilometres northwest by road from Melbourne and about 40 kilometres from the major provincial centre of Bendigo . It is the administrative and economic centre of the Shire of Mount Alexander . The population at the 2016 Census was 6,757 . Castlemaine was named by the chief goldfield commissioner , Captain W. Wright , in honour of his Irish uncle , Viscount Castlemaine . Castlemaine began as a gold rush boomtown in 1851 and developed into a major regional centre , being officially proclaimed a City on 4 December 1965 , although since declining in population . It is home to many cultural institutions including the Theatre Royal , the oldest continuously operating theatre in mainland Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Kergunyah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kergunyah,_Victoria', 'summary': "Kergunyah is a locality in north eastern Victoria . The locality is on the Kiewa Valley Highway , 353 kilometres ( 219 mi ) north east of the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2006 census , Kergunyah had a population of 188 . The town was home to the Kergunyah Football Club which was established in 1923 . They competed in leagues including the Allans Flat District Football Association , the Yackandandah Football Association , the Dederang And District Football Association , and the Tallangatta And District Football League . They won Tallangatta And District Football League premierships in 1955 , 1956 , 1957 . They folded in 1975 after dwindling numbers . After folding , a number of former players met to form a new club with 'Kergunyah being the Origins for the Wodonga Raiders ."}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Indigo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Indigo', 'summary': 'The Shire of Indigo , a local government area ( LGA ) in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , lies in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 2,040 square kilometres ( 790 sq mi ) and on June 2018 had a population of 16,490 . It includes the towns of Beechworth , Chiltern , Rutherglen and Yackandandah . It formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Rutherglen , Shire of Chiltern , Shire of Yackandandah and United Shire of Beechworth . The Shire is governed and administered by the Indigo Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Beechworth , it also has service centres located in Chiltern , Rutherglen and Yackandandah . The Shire is named after the Indigo Valley and Indigo Creek , geographical features that meander through the LGA and into the Murray River . In 2008 the BankWest Quality of Life Index rated Indigo fifteenth of 590 Australian local government areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Kergunia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beechworth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peechelba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peechelba,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Peechelba is a small town in north eastern Victoria , Australia . The town is located in the Rural City of Wangaratta and the Shire of Moira local government area between Wangaratta and Yarrawonga and 277 kilometres ( 172 mi ) north west of the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2011 census , Peechelba and the surrounding area had a population of 345 . The town is home to a nature reserve , not far from the Ovens River .'}]}, {'value': 'Shire of Moira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_Moira', 'summary': 'The Shire of Moira is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria , Australia , located in the north-east part of the state . It covers an area of 4,046 square kilometres ( 1,562 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 29,799 . It includes the towns of Cobram , Nathalia , Numurkah , Tungamah and Yarrawonga . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Cobram , Shire of Nathalia , Shire of Numurkah , and parts of the Shire of Tungamah and Shire of Yarrawonga . The Shire is governed and administered by the Moira Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Cobram , it also has service centres located in Numurkah and Yarrawonga . The Shire is named after the county of Moira , in which the LGA occupies the northern part of this county .'}]}, {'value': 'Peechelba', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benalla', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windermere', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windermere,_Victoria', 'summary': 'Windermere is a locality in central Victoria , Australia . The locality is in the City of Ballarat local government area , 134 kilometres ( 83 mi ) west of the state capital , Melbourne . At the 2016 census , Windermere had a population of 97 .'}]}, {'value': 'City of Ballarat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Ballarat', 'summary': "The City of Ballarat is a local government area in the west of the state of Victoria , Australia . It covers an area of 739 square kilometres ( 285 sq mi ) and , in June 2018 , had a population of 107,325 . It is primarily urban with the vast majority of its population living in the Greater Ballarat urban area , while other significant settlements within the LGA include Buninyong , Waubra , Learmonth and Addington . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Ballaarat , Shire of Ballarat , Borough of Sebastopol and parts of the Shire of Bungaree , Shire of Buninyong , Shire of Grenville and Shire of Ripon . The City is governed and administered by the Ballarat City Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Ballarat , it also has a service centre located in Buninyong . The City is named after the main urban settlement lying in the centre-south of the LGA , Ballarat , which is also the LGA 's most populous urban area with a population of 105,471 ."}]}, {'value': 'Windermere', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Castlemaine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cobungra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shire of East Gippsland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shire_of_East_Gippsland', 'summary': 'The Shire of East Gippsland is a local government area in Gippsland , Victoria , Australia , located in the eastern part of the state . It covers an area of 20,940 square kilometres ( 8,080 sq mi ) and in June 2018 had a population of 46,818 . It includes the towns of Bairnsdale , Benambra , Bruthen , Buchan , Ensay , Lakes Entrance , Mallacoota , Metung , Omeo , Orbost , Paynesville , Swan Reach and Swifts Creek . It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the City of Bairnsdale , Shire of Bairnsdale , Shire of Omeo , Shire of Orbost , Shire of Tambo and parts of the Shire of Rosedale . The Shire is governed and administered by the East Gippsland Shire Council ; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Bairnsdale , it also has service centres located in Lakes Entrance , Omeo and Orbost . The Shire is named after the Gippsland region , in which the LGA occupies the eastern portion .'}]}, {'value': 'Cobungra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omeo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omeo,_Victoria', 'summary': "Omeo ( /ˈoʊmiːoʊ/ OH-mee-oh ) is a town in Victoria , Australia on the Great Alpine Road , east of Mount Hotham , in the Shire of East Gippsland . At the 2016 census , Omeo had a population of 406 . The name is derived from the Aboriginal word for 'mountains ' or 'hills ' . [ citation needed ] Omeo is affectionately known as the City of the Alps with many historic buildings remaining in the town . [ citation needed ] The town is still the commercial hub for the Omeo Region and is a service centre for outlying communities such as Benambra , Cobungra , Cassilis , Swifts Creek , and Ensay ."}]}], 'section_title': 'The list', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_places_in_Victoria_(Australia)_named_from_pastoral_runs_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of places in Victoria, Australia which retain the names of pastoral leases or runs which were granted from the late 1830s.'} | null | null | Which highway passes through this suburb located in the LGA with an area of less than 130 square kilometres ? | EastLink tollway |
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