id stringlengths 10 10 | question stringlengths 18 294 | comment stringlengths 28 6.89k | passages list | presuppositions list | corrections list | labels list | raw_presuppositions list | raw_labels list | raw_corrections list |
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2018-00749 | Why does ice form a hexagonal structure when water’s bond angle (104.5) is closer to a pentagon (108) than a hexagon (120)? | You are correct the angles are 104.5 however water is polar with the hydrogen's being slightly +ve and the oxygen being slightly -ve. The +ve side is attracted to the -ve side not -ve to -ve. The latice that ice is arranged in isn't straight sheets they're a 3d structure as /u/Petwins has pointed out which results in a hexagonal shape. [Here's a great visualisation of this]( URL_0 ) particularly if you use the spacefill scheme. | [
"Because \"K\" is a polyhedron only with vertices in which 3 edges come together it is possible for a hydrocarbon to exist (similar to the Platonic hydrocarbons) whose chemical structure is represented by the skeleton of \"K\". This “associahedrane” CH would have the SMILES notation: C12-C3-C4-C1-C5-C6-C2-C7-C3-C8-... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-21912 | How do testicles move on their own? | It’s the cremaster muscle that pulls them up or down. You can actually stimulate it by lightly brushing your thigh, a lot of guys don’t know this: URL_0 | [
"The non-motile spermatozoa are transported to the epididymis in \"testicular fluid\" secreted by the Sertoli cells with the aid of peristaltic contraction. While in the epididymis the spermatozoa gain motility and become capable of fertilization. However, transport of the mature spermatozoa through the remainder o... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Testicles move on their own."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The cremaster muscle pulls testicles up or down."
] |
2018-00207 | Why do lighters have a hard time lighting after being outside in the cold. | They depend on their liquid fuel turning to vapor so it can burn. When very cold, it doesn't evaporate as much. | [
"Zippo lighters, which have gained popularity as “windproof” lighters, are able to stay lit in harsh weather, due to the design of the windscreen and adequate rate of fuel delivery.\n",
"Section::::Other types.\n\nSection::::Other types.:Jet lighter.\n\nAs opposed to lighters of the naphtha or standard butane typ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02752 | How planes get AC working at such high altitude going so fast? | It takes superheated air off of the engine known as bleed air. The air is then sent through a heat exchanger that takes the cold ambient air and mixes them to the desired temperature. | [
"A near-term hybrid would need 1,000–3,000-volt and a fully turboelectric large aircraft 5,000–10,000-volt, like ship power systems but arcing occurs at much lower voltages at low pressures than at sea level.\n\nSection::::Inverters.\n\nWhile a battery power source would use a direct current distribution, a gas tur... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04791 | babies crying pre-sedentary/having shelters if it would technically be a death sentence attracting predators in nature | Hardly. First, remember that babies were not left unattended. Our early ancestors (much like some hunter gatherer tribes still do to this day) carries their babies around constantly. Babies that are worn cry much less because pretty much their every need (food and comfort) are very close by. Additionally, we are a species that lives in groups. A group of humans is going to be loud in any situation, and the occasional baby cry is not going to add much to that. Living in a group was our protection already, not stealth. | [
"Nestling tree swallows produce a begging display when their parents arrive at the nest with food, but they also beg to apparently inappropriate stimuli in the absence of parents, such as movements of the nest or broodmates. Begging rate and intensity varied in response to recordings of (1) a tree swallow adult lan... | [
"Babies crying would attract predators",
"Presedentary babies and/or babies without shelter that cried was the equivalent to a death sentence. "
] | [
"Humans are loud, not just babies. Babies that are worn cry much less.",
"It can not be considered a death sentence because babies were not left unattended, in addition to this most of the time they were carried which means most of their needs were met to minimize crying. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Babies crying would attract predators",
"Presedentary babies and/or babies without shelter that cried was the equivalent to a death sentence. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Humans are loud, not just babies. Babies that are worn cry much less.",
"It can not be considered a death sentence because babies were not left unattended, in addition to this most of the time they were carried which means most of their needs were met to minimize crying. "
] |
2018-03316 | Why aren’t race and other demographic info withheld in justice systems to create an impartial system? | The accused has a right to confront their accusers and to attend their own trials. So it's pretty obvious to all involved, when it comes to race, gender, etc. | [
"The NCJA believe that the over-representation of victims of color and under-representation of minority professionals employed within the criminal justice system are issues that need to be addressed and present significant challenges for the justice system. Criminal Justice professionals should strive to have admin... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-08732 | why does a planet need to have traces of water for it to be able to carry life? | The only life *we know to exist* requires water. So, we look for water as a shortcut to look for life as we know it. Is it possible life *as we don't know it,* that does not use water, exists? Sure maybe. But how do you look for "I don't know what"? You can't, effectively. Worse still, if it *doesn't* exist, then most of your searching is a waste of time. | [
"However, the question of what makes a planet habitable is much more complex than having a planet located at the right distance from its host star so that water can be liquid on its surface: various geophysical and geodynamical aspects, the radiation, and the host star's plasma environment can influence the evoluti... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04347 | how does one person (out of a group/family) fall ill (with a disease or virus) and yet no other group/family member is affected? | Your immune system likely fended off the bacteria that infected your grandma's lungs. A healthy immune system is typically capable of eliminating most bacteria before they become problematic. But many things may cause a person's immune system to be compromised or otherwise less capable of fending off disease. It may the person is very young or old, they have some other illness that has weakened or disabled the immune system, the person being on immunosuppressants, the person having a genetic disorder, or a variety of other reasons. In this case, the bacteria may spread before the immune system can contain them. In the vast majority of cases, the immune system eventually catches up and eliminates the bacteria, allowing the person to recover. | [
"BULLET::::- Homogeneous mixing of the population, i.e., individuals of the population under scrutiny assort and make contact at random and do not mix mostly in a smaller subgroup. This assumption is rarely justified because social structure is widespread. For example, most people in London only make contact with o... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18532 | How does blood vessel cauterizing work? Doesn’t it kill tissue since blood flow is lost? | Not every blood vessel is necessary. You have an entire network to shunt blood around, blocking off 1 or 2 vessels just redirects blood somewhere else. It’s like traffic redirecting traffic. There are surgeries where you purposely cauterize blood vessels to reduce vericrose veins (spider web bulging veins). The major threat is if the blood clot breaks off, enters your lung vessels and stops proper supply of oxygen. The tissue next to the removed/sealed veins is still supplied with blood from some other vessel, no major risks there. EDIT: blood clot from legs will end up in your lungs, causing oxygen deprivation. Not end up in heart and cause heart Attack. | [
"The electrically produced heat in this process inherently can do numerous things to the tissue, depending on the waveform and power level, including cauterize, coagulate, cut, and dry (desiccate). Thus electrocautery, electrocoagulation, electrodesiccation, and electrocurettage are closely related and can co-occur... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Tissue will die if blood vessel is cauterized."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"The tissue next to the cauterized vessel is still supplied with blood from some other vessel."
] |
2018-08924 | who set the rules for owning land? Obviously i bought my house/land from some guy, but where'd he get it? and the person before him? where does it start? | The government in control of the region you are in. Most often they got control via force some time in history. | [
"The concept, idea or philosophy of property underlies all property law. In some jurisdictions, historically all property was owned by the monarch and it devolved through feudal land tenure or other feudal systems of loyalty and fealty.\n\nThough the Napoleonic code was among the first government acts of modern tim... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
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2018-01827 | How do frat bros get into prestigious universities? | You don't join a fraternity until AFTER you start in at College or University, then there's a little thing called Rush Week where all the prospective pledges try to prove they're cool enough for their desired frat to accept them. | [
"The Farrelly Brothers have directed Frat Pack members Ben Stiller in \"There's Something About Mary\" and \"The Heartbreak Kid\", Jack Black in \"Shallow Hal\" and Owen Wilson in \"Hall Pass\".\n",
"At MIT Jim pledges Alpha Zeta Omicron (AZO), a raucous fraternity, and gets indoctrinated into MIT's hacking cultu... | [
"Frat bros get into prestigious universities."
] | [
"Normal people get into prestigious universities and then become frat bros. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Frat bros get into prestigious universities."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Normal people get into prestigious universities and then become frat bros. "
] |
2018-02383 | what actually happens when you die from the flu? | Depends. Probably the simplest thing is viral pneumonia leading to severe respiratory failure leading to death. If you have other long term illnesses these can also be triggered (e.g. someone with coronary heart disease might possibly have a heart attack due to the various stresses of being very unwell). Source: ITU doctor. | [
"On 16 September 2008, the body of British politician and diplomat Sir Mark Sykes was exhumed to study the RNA of the flu virus in efforts to understand the genetic structure of modern H5N1 bird flu. Sykes had been buried in 1919 in a lead coffin which scientists hoped had helped preserve the virus. The coffin was ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00245 | How do non-radio objects (eg fans, bed frames) pick up and play AM signals? | They have metal parts in them that can act like an antenna. If exposed to a strong enough electromagnetic field, they'll begin to oscillate at whatever frequency that field's at. This is essentially how a crystal radio works. But you'd need to be really close to a really, really powerful transmitter to hear music on your bedframe or water pipes. The origins of this story seem to date back to the 1930s when WLW in Cincinnati opened up a 500kW transmitter. The FCC no longer allows transmitters that powerful. They max out at 50kW nowadays, and they usually aren't built close to residential areas. | [
"Section::::Classic gear.\n\nVintage operating activity is not limited to the AM mode. Many devotees use their \"classic\" amateur gear from vintage-era American manufacturers like Eico, EF Johnson, National, Heathkit, Hammarlund, Drake, Collins, WRL, Swan, Signal/One, Lafayette and Hallicrafters, to make radiotele... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
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2018-13809 | When having a blocked nose, why do our nostrils "take turns" being blocked? | It's called the nasal cycle. URL_0 Basically, it's to help ensure that one side is always moist, which is necessary for proper breathing and smelling things. | [
"Some odor chemicals bind with olfactory receptors easily, even under conditions of high airflow, and other odors need more time, under low airflow conditions, to bind with receptors. With high airflow on one side and low airflow on the other side, the olfactory center detects a greater range of smells.\n\nSection:... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-14478 | Why do horses need the bits in their mouth rather than a harness over/under the mouth? | They don't. It's just the way that gained favor hundreds of years ago. Native Americans didn't use bits and today there is a surge in popularity of Hackamore and Bosal bridles that don't use bits. Bits cause pain. Pain causes compliance. That's a wildly oversimplified explanation, and I'm sure there will be no shortage of people who want to berate me for saying it. | [
"The mouthpiece of the bit does not rest on the teeth of the horse, but rather rests on the gums or \"bars\" of the horse's mouth in an interdental space behind the front incisors and in front of the back molars. When a horse is said to \"grab the bit in its teeth\" they actually mean that the horse tenses its lips... | [
"Horses need a bit in their mouth.",
"Horses need the parts in their mouth instead of over or under their mouth."
] | [
"They do not need this, it is just what has been done historically. ",
"They don;t need it it is just the standard that we use due to popularity."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Horses need a bit in their mouth.",
"Horses need the parts in their mouth instead of over or under their mouth."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"They do not need this, it is just what has been done historically. ",
"They don;t need it it is just the standard that we use due to popularity."
] |
2018-00723 | Why isn't national debt treated like a national emergency? | The reason it isn't treated as a national emergency **is because it isn't**. Trillions of dollars sounds like a lot of money and it is *to an individual*, but not if you are a multi-trillion dollar entity. The US government's annual budget in 2015 was **3.8 Trillion**. So when you hear that the US is $20 Trillion in debt, remember that is the same as someone making $50,000 a year being $250,000 in debt. That is a very common occurrence considering that mortgages are a thing. On top of that, the US government borrows at (effectively) the lowest interest rate in the world through Treasury Bonds. These bonds are considered "risk free" by the financial world and the result is that the US can borrow extremely cheaply and from damn near everybody. So long as that continues to be true the US government has little to fear from that debt. The only reason that a debt becomes an issue is that the payments on it are too much for the country to bear. So yes, at some large amount the US government will not be able to pay the interest on its debt off but we aren't near that point yet. Assuming the US economy continues to perform and function it is unlikely we'll reach that level any time soon. | [
"On July 9, 2014 a hearing on the crisis was held by the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. The testimony of Statement of Craig Fugate Administrator, Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Department of Homeland Security was that \"We are talking about large numbers of c... | [
"National debt should be treated like an emergency.",
"National debt should be considered a national emergency. "
] | [
"National debt is not bad, it is how the country is financed. It is only bad if you can't make the payments. ",
"National debt is not a national emergency because trillions of dollars is not very much to a mutli trillion dollar entity."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"National debt should be treated like an emergency.",
"National debt should be considered a national emergency. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"National debt is not bad, it is how the country is financed. It is only bad if you can't make the payments. ",
"National debt is not a national emergency because trillions of dollars is not very much to a mutli trillion dollar entity."
] |
2018-03677 | How do YouTube mashup artists like 'oneboredjeu' and 'InanimateMashups' not get copyright strikes? | First, Youtube takes down things in part based on how likely they are to get issued legal challenges to the videos. So the question is, are mashups illegal copyright infringement? Most mashups and sample usage in original songs are protected under the doctrine of fair use. If you take chunks of someone else's song and transform them into something new, generally the new song which is created is protected and not considered copyright infringement. This extends to parodies and, in some cases, covers. [More on fair use from URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) | [
"Copyright strikes have also been issued against creators themselves. \"Miracle of Sound\"'s channel was hit with multiple copyright strikes as a result of automated strikes by the distributor of their own music. \n\nSection::::Reasons for strikes.:Strikes for works in Public Domain.\n",
"Starting from Wednesday ... | [
"YouTube mashup artists never get copyright strikes.",
"Youtube Mashup artists such as oneboredjeu and Inanimatemashups should receive copyright strikes. "
] | [
"Youtube takes down things in part based on how likely they are to get issued legal challenges to the videos.",
"Artists such of these transform the samples they place in their videos, therfore the content they produce is considered fair use."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"YouTube mashup artists never get copyright strikes.",
"Youtube Mashup artists such as oneboredjeu and Inanimatemashups should receive copyright strikes. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Youtube takes down things in part based on how likely they are to get issued legal challenges to the videos.",
"Artists such of these transform the samples they place in their videos, therfore the content they produce is considered fair use."
] |
2018-06640 | What’s the difference between the words “further” and “farther?” | Further = degree/magnitude. She told him that she did not want to take their friendship any further. Farther = distance. Drive 2 kms farther down the road. | [
"Section::::In Languages.:English.\n\nBecause of the many dialects in English, there are multiple ways morphological leveling affects the language.\n\nSection::::In Languages.:English.:\"to be\" Leveling.\n\nIn African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) and Appalachian English, they both exhibit the \"to be\" level... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00636 | how do solar panels capture energy from the sun? | Photons have energy in them. When those photons hit a special semiconducting material, they can transfer that energy to the electrons in the semiconductor. This allows the electrons to move to a nearby metal electrode and loop around through a circuit to a baseline electrode on the other side of the semiconductor. | [
"The sun's rays can be used to produce electrical energy. The direct user of sunlight is the solar cell or photovoltaic cell, which converts sunlight directly into electrical energy without the incorporation of a mechanical device. This technology is simpler than the fossil-fuel-driven systems of producing electric... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-10096 | What exactly stops us from urinating and defecating in our sleep? | Same thing that keeps you breathing. It's a semi automatic muscle, not full auto. So not quite like your heart but not like your bicep, either. | [
"Other causes of nocturnal polyuria include diseases such as congestive heart failure, nephritic syndrome and liver failure; or lifestyle patterns such as excessive nighttime drinking. The increased airway resistance that is associated with obstructive sleep apnea may also lead to nocturnal polyuria. Obstructive sl... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-16605 | Why is the floor considered ‘dirty’ from a microbial perspective? Isn’t it a poor environment for growth with no water or nutrients? | Bacteria can live for a short time on the floor and it's considered that you walk on there so you drag new ones from the outside. Also dust settles on the floor after falling from objects and as it's mostly skin cells the bacteria aren't totally out of food (also dust is bad on it's own) | [
"Studies by 3M show that over 80% of contamination enters the cleanroom through entrances and exits, mostly at or near floor level. To combat this problem, suitable flooring systems are used that effectively attract, retain and inhibit the growth of viable organisms. Studies show that the most effective type of flo... | [
"Bacteria will die immediately on a floor with out water or nutrients. "
] | [
"Bacteria can live for a short time without water and nutrients. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Bacteria will die immediately on a floor with out water or nutrients. ",
"Bacteria will die immediately on a floor with out water or nutrients. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Bacteria can live for a short time without water and nutrients. ",
"Bacteria can live for a short time without water and nutrients. "
] |
2018-18402 | why do some countries have such superior internet speed and connectivity compared to others? What are these speeds based off of? | Network Admin/Engineer here. It's hard to be certain about specific countries because I don't know how their internet is set up. What I can answer is how various speeds work in general. Essentially internet in high density areas is faster because of the framework that is built. Imagine it like a plumbing system. An apartment building has many pipes filtering into a single big pipe. This big pipe is the internet and the little pipes directing your poop is your network connections being filtered and forwarded into the internet. The internet is kind of like this magical cloud that people tap into but it's not *really* there. What is really there is all the wiring and routers and switches directing traffic in various ways. An area like a city has a very big network of cables directing packets to even bigger centralized data centers that host and store data from the internet. An area like a farm, the country, or less developed countries have further to send that data. The easiest way to explain that is if you have a router and you have a computer plugged into it with a 6 foot cable it will have a faster connection than if you used a 100ft cable. It might not be that noticeable when you are on a LAN but imagine being miles away from the data centers and you can see why it's even slower. Some countries might have to travel via satellite or hundreds or even thousands of miles away from the host connections. This gives you entire countries with slower connections. And finally just because I feel like this might also be a follow up question - why can I connect to the same website in Europe and it's just as fast in America if these websites are being hosted in other countries? Well bigger companies that can afford it actually have servers in multiple countries hosting the same content to have faster speeds in other markets. So something like Blizzard or Valve will have their sites hosted in multiple countries and even though you are still going to URL_0 their servers have packet filtering set up to automatically pick the faster server for you based on your IP address. | [
"BULLET::::- Paralympic Gold Medals\n\nBULLET::::- Paralympic Medals\n\nSection::::By category.:Technology.\n\nBULLET::::- UN International Telecommunications Union: ICT Development Index\n\nBULLET::::- Economist Intelligence Unit: Government Broadband Index\n\nBULLET::::- List of countries by Internet connection s... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01599 | Why is snot produced when we cry? | Your eye is connected to your nose. The corner on the inner side of each eye has a little duct called "tear duct", that helps transfer excess fluids to your nose. For more info: URL_0 | [
"NFAT5\n\nNuclear factor of activated T-cells 5, also known as NFAT5, is a human gene that encodes a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in the osmotic stress.\n",
"Section::::Causes.:Lacrimation.\n\nRhinorrhea is also associated with shedding tears, whether from emotional events ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-14107 | How do sites like 4chan figure out who an individual is based on vague photos/background imagery? | Every photo you take has tags that can be extracted if not removed/hidden properly. It’s just a matter of taking the tags and searching the area the picture was taken from. (Largely dumbed down there’s more to this but I’m on my phone and typing one handed) | [
"BULLET::::- In late 2017, the Washington County, Oregon Sheriff's Office began using Rekognition to identify suspects' faces. Rekognition was marketed as a general-purpose computer vision tool, and an engineer working for Washington County decided to use the tool for facial analysis of suspects.\n\nBULLET::::- In ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-16000 | Why does pain, atleast in some cases, throb rather than being a consistent stream? | Pretty sure it throbs because it's your heartbeat. You're area where the damaged nerves are receives blood each throb, and sends that signal of pain even stronger to your brain. This is just my guess. | [
"Response to motor-level stimulation is often not immediately but its effect is long-lasting. Due to the lack of immediate effect, treatment times are typically longer and are conducted for 45 minutes or longer. The mechanism of action may be attributed to the production of rhythmic motor contractions that activate... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01642 | How does Egg cholesterol not translate to dietary cholesterol? | Egg cholesterol is dietary cholesterol, it just doesn't translate to serum cholesterol because serum cholesterol has more to do with consumption of saturated fats | [
"More than half the calories found in eggs come from the fat in the yolk; 50 grams of chicken egg (the contents of an egg just large enough to be classified as \"large\" in the US, but \"medium\" in Europe) contains approximately five grams of fat. People on a low-cholesterol diet may need to reduce egg consumption... | [
"Egg cholesterol does not translate to dietary cholesterol"
] | [
"Egg cholesterol is dietary cholesterol"
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Egg cholesterol does not translate to dietary cholesterol"
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Egg cholesterol is dietary cholesterol"
] |
2018-12932 | To people learning new languages: How does assimilation of words from a foreign language to one's vocabulary usually go? | When you first start, you usually try to make word to word associations, but this will only get you so far. Words often don't mean the exact same thing from language to language, garçon is translated as boy, but it has slightly different meanings in French than boy does in English. Beyond that you have grammatic constructs and idioms that don't translate at all. Eventually, you need to stop trying to assimilate and translate, and start being able to switch your brain into a different mode. One of the biggest milestones in learning a language is being about to think in that language. | [
"Section::::Second language acquisition.\n\nSpontaneous second language acquisition (and the genesis of pidgins) involves the gradual relexification of the native or source language with target-language vocabulary. After relexification is completed, native language structures alternate with structures acquired from... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01994 | How do the Voyager Satellites survive the extreme temperatures of Space? | They built the electronics to survive the conditions by using materials that don't degrade. (much, anyway) Gold is a good one, that's why the Voyager record is plated in gold. It's expected to last approximately a billion years before it becomes unreadable. Actually, the cold is less of a problem than you'd think. Most spacecraft have more trouble getting rid of excess heat than with freezing. That's because without air to conduct heat away, you have to rely on radiation which is a much slower process. Spacecraft will often have large radiators to deal with the heat problem. The bigger problems are debris and radiation. Those are dealt with by various forms of shielding, either strong materials to protect from debris or conductive materials to protect from radiation. Aluminum is nice, because it fits both requirements, is lightweight so it's cheaper to launch, and is relatively common and easy to work with. | [
"Spacecraft are often protected from temperature fluctuations with insulation. Some spacecraft use mirrors and sunshades for additional protection from solar heating. They also often need shielding from micrometeoroids and orbital debris.\n\nSection::::Design.:Propulsion.\n",
"The hottest areas of all, the nose-c... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04415 | We often read about how hackers stole some number of terabytes of data. How do forensic analysts know how much was taken? | Either by raw count of data to the attacking IP address, or, by viewing the results of the COPY commands they issued on your system and taking the inventory of those files. | [
"Computer forensics can deal with a broad range of information; from logs (such as internet history) through to the actual files on the drive. In 2007 prosecutors used a spreadsheet recovered from the computer of Joseph E. Duncan III to show premeditation and secure the death penalty. Sharon Lopatka's killer was id... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00464 | Why does cheese make you constipated? | So at least one study actually suggests that it doesn’t. Mykkanen et al in The Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (1993) found that “ the results of the present study do not support the practice that cheese should be avoided as a means of preventing constipation”. Go figure. | [
"Before the age of pasteurization, cheesemakers knew that certain cheeses can cause constipation or kidney stones, so they advised their customers to supplement these side effects by eating in moderation along with other foods and consuming walnuts, almonds, or horseradish.\n\nSection::::Process.\n",
"Once the ch... | [
"Cheese makes you constipated."
] | [
"At least one study suggests that cheese does not make you constipated."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Cheese makes you constipated."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"At least one study suggests that cheese does not make you constipated."
] |
2018-05698 | Why do some older male bodybuilders on gear have very pronounced jawlines / see apparent growth in their jaws (specifically the associated muscle/bones in that area) if jaw development for men ceases somewhere around the mid-twenties? | In short, growth hormone can trigger growth in the hands, head and feet. Our natural growth hormone levels diminish after our late teens, but obviously supplementation in bodybuilders causes a rise in our levels again. Not necessarily supplementing with growth hormone directly. But supplementing with high levels of testosterone and other anabolics can cause an increase in HGH and IGF which causes the pronounced jawlines you see. Another factor, is the extremely low bodyfat levels of these bodybuilders can make this seem more pronounced again. | [
"Non-surgical techniques are essentially limited to cases in which the masseter is enlarged. While a masseter muscle can be large due to congenital reasons, it can commonly be an acquired deformity. Like any muscle it increases in size with exercise. Behaviors such as repeated gum chewing, teeth clenching, or bruxi... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Jaw development for all men ceases in the mid-twenties."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Growth hormones taken by bodybuilders can trigger growth in the jaw."
] |
2018-01271 | In the world of medicine, how can we possibly know how drugs interact with our body so precisely, often times down to the type of cells, receptors, etc they target? | Drugs are developed specifically to target one or a few receptors, enzymes or other targets. The first experimental step in developing a new drug is testing different candidates just with your target in a test tube, and finding effective candidates. You also test it with targets related to your target and other common drug targets. Then you move up to cells in culture, then small animals, then humans. Every step is designed to weed out those compounds with “offtarget effects”, trying to get the most selective compound as possible. An obvious red flag is if the cells/animals/humans die or exhibit bad side effects, but also lots of clever bioassays go into discerning whether or not you’re only hitting the target. It’s also a lot more complicated when you put a drug candidate in such a complex system as an animal or human, so you do things like metabolite analysis to see how fast the drug is cleared and what your body does to it. These are also good clues about how the drug is working. Edit for clarification - So in summary, you start with a nice selective binder in a test tube, then test its efficacy, adverse effects and drug metabolism in complex organisms. It’s a lot easier to find compounds that hit your target selectively in a test tube, than to find compounds that actually work as orally-available drugs in people or animals. This is why most drugs fail, either because of poor absorption and metabolic profiles, or because of off target and adverse side effects. The human body is so complex that we still don’t know most of what’s going on, we just have educated guesses. | [
"The study of chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected. With the knowledge of cell biology and biochemistry increasing, the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially. It has become possible, through molecular analysis of receptors, to design chemicals that act on specific c... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-06210 | how is pornhub able to stay up when most of it's content is pirated material | If it's user-submitted content, then DMCAs can be handled with a little foot-dragging if they're even submitted at all. Of course, they could also simply get permission to use the clips. Maybe that's how Pornhub is able to 'stay up'. Giggity. | [
"In 2010, Mansef Inc. and Interhub, the then-owners of Pornhub, were sued by the copyright holding company of the pornographic film production company Pink Visual, Ventura Content, for the copyright infringement of 95 videos on websites, including Pornhub, Keezmovies, Extremetube, and Tube8. According to Ventura Co... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00576 | Why do some fabrics get softer when they're washed a lot, while others get rougher? | It depends on the textile. With wearing and use, some materials relax and become softer and looser because the thread is bent, pulled, and twisted through mechanical motion, much the way that crumpling a sheet of notebook paper over and over makes it very soft. Wearing the clothes often contributes more to this than the washing by itself. However other materials may contain oils, waxes, and other materials naturally present in the fiber such as lanolin. Washing, and especially bleaching, removes these soft, greasy, fatty substances which can make the fibers dry, scratchy, or cause them to begin to fray or lose their water proofness. The primary purpose of fabric softeners, is to help replenish these substances, but it's always a downhill battle short of soaking the clothing in lard or oil. Lastly, some synthetic cloth can become brittle with use, similar to the way that bending a plastic spoon back and forth in the same spot will cause it to snap. The fabric begins to get creases and folds in it that don't come out with ironing. They don't exactly get scratchy, but they become stiff like folded paper, and don't bend and take the shape of the body as well. As fibers wear and break and tear, it has an effect of reducing thread count. Thread count is the number one thing for comfort up close to the skin, with higher thread count cloth feeling softer and silky versus lower but thicker thread count like a knitted sweater which can feel rough. | [
"Machine washing puts great mechanical stress on textiles, particularly natural fibers such as cotton and wool. The fibers at the fabric surface are squashed and frayed, and this condition hardens while drying the laundry in air, giving the laundry a harsh feel. Adding a liquid fabric softener to the final rinse (r... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-07866 | Why do shower curtains tend to get inside the shower and stick to the body when taking a shower, instead of staying were they should or outside the shower? | Ooh, i know this one 😎 The difference in temperature inside the cubicle / shower space vs. The cooler air outside the shower creates a vacuum, pulling the curtain into you ✔✔✔ | [
"Section::::Structure and design.:Shower and bathtub curtains.\n\nCurtains can be used in shower or bathtub enclosures with two main purposes: to provide privacy and to prevent water from flooding or spraying outside the shower or bathtub area. Shower and bathtub curtains usually surround the bath inside the tub or... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01459 | How was the FIRST blast furnace constructed? | You don't need metal in a furnace to produce iron. You can make a furnace complete out of stone, brick or clay. Or more precisely you can never have the inside of blast furnace made of the same metal you you are melting in it since then the furnace itself would also melt. But you have a pure metal furnace if the metal that you melts have a lower melting temperature, lead can be molten in a furnace with a steel inside if you cool it with water. Modern blast furnaces have the outside made of metal because it is strong and easy to build the structure. The inside are lined with ceramic bricks that survive the temperature. | [
"BULLET::::- Phase 1: walls of the Davey blower house; pump house foundations; footings for the first Parsons turbo-blower; the well outside the pumphouse; the floor of the boiler house; the brick revetment wall of the furnaces and stoves area; the foundations of No. 1 furnace and its four stoves; the base of the b... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00506 | Why do humans have different voices? | Animals sound different. You just might not notice unless you spend plenty of time with them or are one of them. My dogs sound different from each other and strays. Same with my cats. People that study animals can tell them apart even better than me. | [
"BULLET::::- Independent convergent evolution: All three avian groups evolved vocal learning and similar neural pathways independently (not through a common ancestor). This suggests that there are strong epigenetic constraints imposed by the environment or morphological needs, and so this hypothesis predicts that g... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17518 | If the female hemp plant contains THC, how do farmers make sure they don't grow it? | The main way to ensure you don’t get the wrong gendered plant is cloning; once you have a male plant, you can basically just cut a piece of stem off and put it in a pod and it will root and begin to grow into a new plant with the same genetics and thus gender. I know you can also buy feminized seeds so maybe there’s the same for male seeds, although I’m not entirely sure how that process works. You can also grow female plants that are high in CBD and just extract the CBD from them (that’s how my company did it). | [
"Propagation in finger millet farming is done mainly by seeds. In rainfed cropping, four sowing methods are used:\n\nBULLET::::- Broadcasting: Seeds are directly sown in the field. This is the common method because it is the easiest way and no special machinery is required. The organic weed management with this met... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03721 | Why must countries borrow from the World Bank but not banks with lower interest rate? | First, the amount of money may exceed the bank's abilities. My local bank couldn't loan me 80 billion dollars. Even the world largest banks sometimes have trouble providing the level of liquid capital (i.e. cash) to a nation, given the size and scale. Second, sometimes the banks don't trust the country. The world has a fairly recent history of countries defaulting or nearly defaulting on their debts. That level of uncertainty is bad for business. I loan you 100billion and I might get back 140billion, I might get back 70billion, or you might declare me an enemy of the state and give me the shaft. Lots of banks have divested/given-up on bond purchases and large loans to developing nations, or those with a history of debt repayment issues. It's to this end that the World Bank is supposed to function, as a sometimes "bank of last resort" for countries. | [
"Borrowers can use 25 per cent of the ECB to repay rupee debt and the remaining 75 per cent should be used for new projects. A borrower can not refinance its entire existing rupee loan through ECB. The money raised through ECB is cheaper given near-zero interest rates in the US and Europe, Indian companies can repa... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05253 | Why does the video feed cut out when a Falcon 9 lands on the drone ship? | The satellite link gets disrupted. You have to aim the antenna at the satellite, and that is rather hard when something [this big]( URL_0 ) is landing right on the platform. | [
"The booster was then retired to the SpaceX facility in Hawthorne California.\n\nSection::::Test program.:Falcon 9 booster post-mission flight tests.:Near-misses on the oceans.\n\nFalcon 9 Flight 21 launched the Jason-3 satellite on January 17, 2016, and attempted to land on the floating platform \"Just Read the In... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00077 | How does the reusable gel heating pads work? | There is a chemical mixture inside, that when excited (by the metallic disk being clicked) produces a self-sustaining exothermic reaction. What this means in layman speak is that the reaction, once started, will continue on its own until it runs out of material, and that the reaction releases heat. When you heat the pads afterwards, you are using heat to cause an endothermic reaction; ie. a reaction that requires heat. You can think of it as melting the stuff back to liquid (or gel) so you can re-use it. | [
"Disposable chemical pads employ a one-time exothermic chemical reaction. One type, frequently used for hand warmers, is triggered by unwrapping an air-tight packet containing slightly moist iron powder and salt or catalysts which rusts over a period of hours after being exposed to oxygen in the air. Another type c... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04754 | How does obesity lead to increased risk of cancer? | Being obese raises the amount of insulin and other hormones like oestrogen in your body. Hormones are basically like little messengers that go around telling cells what to do. This encourages cells to divide. Basically it’s like making your cells age much faster. The more they split, the more likely they are to improperly copy themselves, the DNA gets all messed up, then you have more messed up cells than your body is able to deal with, this is cancer. | [
"Both general and central obesity are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). The relative risk among obese people relative to those of normal weight has been reported to be 1.334. An association between increased BMI and risk of colorectal adenoma has been reported, as has a dose–response rel... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05010 | How do we get hens to lay larger eggs? | Genetic engineering, or as its more commonly known, husbandry. You have a flock of hens who lay eggs of varying sizes. You take the ones who lay the biggest eggs, fertilise some of their eggs and wait till they hatch. Use the roosters from them to fertilize more eggs, fertilize the eggs of the daughter hens that lay the biggest ones, repeat ad infinitum. Keep this going for a few thousand generations, we humans have been doing since we figured out agriculture even if we only understood the actual mechanism far later thanks to Gregor Mendel, and you have chickens in general that lay large eggs. In effect you are just doing natural selection but artificially, you are promoting certain traits within your chicken population over time. There are almost definitely more micro ways to increase egg size in individual hens rather than just the whole population over time, like the environment you keep the hens in, their food, etc. But I have no idea about that stuff, cant help there. | [
"Meat chickens, commonly called broilers, are floor-raised on litter such as wood shavings, peanut shells, and rice hulls, indoors in climate-controlled housing. Under modern farming methods, meat chickens reared indoors reach slaughter weight at 5 to 9 weeks of age, as they have been selectively bred to do so. In ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00751 | why is it impossible to duplicate crypto currencies and can we do somethimg simialiar with digital movies and games to counter piracy? | You can duplicate crypto currencies quite easily- it's just copying a file on a hard drive. What you can't do is spend it twice, because in order to spend a crypto currency you have to announce to every other user of the currency that "I am sending this coin to this other wallet" and they're going to be like "no, our records show that you no longer have that coin" because the blockchain keeps a list of all of the past transactions. It's theoretically possible to trick the network into accepting some different record as true, but coming up with another record that it would think is valid would require every computer on Earth to work on this problem for several thousand years. | [
"Most cryptocurrencies are designed to gradually decrease production of that currency, placing a cap on the total amount of that currency that will ever be in circulation. Compared with ordinary currencies held by financial institutions or kept as cash on hand, cryptocurrencies can be more difficult for seizure by ... | [
"It is not possible to duplicate cryptocurrency.",
"Crypto is impossible to duplicate."
] | [
"Cryptocurrency can be duplicated but can't be spent twice.",
"Crypto can be duplicated by copying a file on a hard drive, it just can't be spent more than once. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"It is not possible to duplicate cryptocurrency.",
"Crypto is impossible to duplicate."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Cryptocurrency can be duplicated but can't be spent twice.",
"Crypto can be duplicated by copying a file on a hard drive, it just can't be spent more than once. "
] |
2018-13434 | Why do emergency broadcasts over the radio have such horrible sound quality? | The emergency broadcast system was originally built during the cold war. Today we use it largely for storm warnings, but it also has the capacity to operate during major natural disasters and national security events. Basically, the equipment is supposed to withstand a nuclear bombing and deliver instructions to the survivors. So fancy power hungry high-fidelity radio equipment isn't important. Rugged, low power wartime radios that can run from a bunker are. It sounds like a cold war era doomsday radio message because it is. | [
"BULLET::::- An EBS Test from WPGC in Washington D.C., c. 1981 Windows Media Player is required to hear this file.\n\nBULLET::::- A tornado warning from WNAS Cable-TV in New Albany, IN for Clark County, IN, c. 1990\n\nBULLET::::- North Carolina EBS Training Video, c. 1990\n\nBULLET::::- A history of CONELRAD to EBS... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00768 | why doesn’t glue stick to the inside of the glue bottle? | Glue needs air to cure, or a second component in case of two component glue. That is also why glue bottles clog up so quicky once they are open, since the opening has contact to air. | [
"As the loads are usually fixed, an acceptable design will result from combination of a material selection procedure and geometry modifications, if possible. In adhesively bonded structures, the global geometry and loads are fixed by structural considerations and the design procedure focuses on the material propert... | [
"Glue should stick to inside of bottle.",
"Conditions inside a glue bottle are the same as outside of a glue bottle. "
] | [
"Glue needs air to cure and dry.",
"Conditions inside a glue bottle are not the same as outside a glue bottle, and opening a glue bottle and exposing the glue to air will cure the glue. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Glue should stick to inside of bottle.",
"Conditions inside a glue bottle are the same as outside of a glue bottle. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Glue needs air to cure and dry.",
"Conditions inside a glue bottle are not the same as outside a glue bottle, and opening a glue bottle and exposing the glue to air will cure the glue. "
] |
2018-16308 | How do offices generate money? Industries create products and generate money by selling them. What about offices? How do those guys make money by doing desk jobs? | All of the inventory and purchasing, invoicing, HR, training, health and safety, and other general day to day management is usually handled in an office environment. They don't generally make any money but an efficient office will allow the other parts of the business to focus on making money instead of handling the paperwork. Some office jobs are in sales however, where they would actually generate income. | [
"Another problem here may be called the \"false recipe\" syndrome where the metaphor is that of the chef who, unconsciously or otherwise, neglects to communicate subtle but important elements of a recipe. Managers often lose the support of labor in initiating productivity improvement exercise because, rightly or wr... | [
"Offices make money.",
"Offices make money for the company."
] | [
"Most offices are used to handle the part of the business that doesn't generate money directly, unless it is a sales office. ",
"Offices don't directly make money, they just handle the things that the rest of the company don't handle and allow the rest of the company to make money. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Offices make money.",
"Offices make money for the company."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Most offices are used to handle the part of the business that doesn't generate money directly, unless it is a sales office. ",
"Offices don't directly make money, they just handle the things that the rest of the company don't handle and allow the rest of the company to make money. "
] |
2018-00505 | How did the United States become so powerful, in such a short amount of time? | The rest of the industrialized world was devastated by the Second World War. Because the war did not impact the mainland US and the US maximized their industrial processes to fight the war, this left the US as the only major western power intact. On top of this, the US used their financial and industrial might to help rebuild the rest of the world which gave direct access to these markets for US goods. Unionized labor in the US combined with increased immigration and technological advances also allowed for huge increases in the US standard of living. | [
"Founded in 1776 by thirteen coastal colonies that declared their independence from Great Britain, the United States began its westward expansion following the end of the American Revolutionary War and the recognition of U.S. sovereignty in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The treaty bequeathed to the nascent republic all... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04753 | Why do most restaurants/fast food places use foamy soap? | The soap is the same as normal hand soap. It is the dispenser that makes the soap foam. These dispensers help to reduce waste by making it seem like you have more soap than you really do. It doesn't take a lot of soap to effectively wash your hands either. | [
"The Lano soap bar was introduced in 1934, and is today dominant soap bar in the Norwegian market. In 1959, Lano introduced \"Lano-ungen\", or \"the Lano-kid\", a competition where one entered a picture of a child which could then be picked out to represent the soap for the whole coming year, as well as receive var... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"The soap used in restaurants is foamy."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"The soap used in restaurants is the same as any other soap. It is the dispenser that makes the soap foam."
] |
2018-04271 | How did they get the resistivity from any material (example copper)? | R= rho*L/A where R is resistance, rho is resitivity, L is length of your sample, A is your cross sectional area. Slightly oversimplified, you can think of it as the resistance is the resistivity * L (because the longer your sample, the more "crap" it has to bump past), and divided by A (the wider pipe, the easier for it to "flow") Then you would measure some kind of test sample (say, a cylinder). If you can get R (say, via Ohm's Law, V=I*R). Originally, it would've been experimentally observed (the proper name that no one uses is Pouillet's Law). Like Ohm's Law (or Law's in general) , it's an observed fact of the universe. You can derive it via Maxwell's Equations/QED but they're nontrivial. edit: > how did they know it’s THAT resistivity when it can change depending of the dimensions of that piece of copper and other stuff In the earliest days, usually it's often taking the data, and fitting it to something. Then trying to find a simple model that makes sense. Ie, if you started with a cylinder, test with a longer/shorter fatter/thinner one. Eventually you'll notice correlations You can often make analogies to things like hydraulics (although that doesn't always work) as well, to give yourself a basic guide. Or trying to picture what physically happens to an electron moving through a material. You know the electron is going to move in a direction. So, what happens in a real material? It's going to bump into atoms. So the longer you make it (more junk to bump into) should be harder. More area means more room for electrons to "slip past" things. Very crude. And if you don't get lucky and it's not nice and linear, it gets much harder quickly. We like nice linear systems for a reason :) | [
"A number of high voltage dry piles were invented between the early 19th century and the 1830s in an attempt to determine the answer to this question, and specifically to support Volta’s hypothesis of contact tension. The Oxford Electric Bell is one example. Francis Ronalds in 1814 was one of the first to realise t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04883 | Why do toddlers like to see their own reflections so much? | "It looks like me, but I'm right here, it moves the same as me too, I must observe the specimen." | [
"Section::::Live performance.\n",
"Reflective Parenting\n\nReflective Parenting is a theory of parenting developed from the work of psychoanalyst Peter Fonagy and his colleagues at the Tavistock Clinic in London. Fonagy introduced the concept of “reflective functioning”, which is defined as the ability to imagine... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01800 | if someone is strangled but can still be revived with CPR - why can their body not start breathing again on its own ? | When someone is strangled the problem is not lack of oxygen (or excess CO2), since the body can handle that for a few minutes. Instead, blocking the respiratory tract results in a strong negative pressure in the lungs as they try to breathe against the blockage. This pulls fluid out of the veins and into the air sacs, so it’s much more like drowning. Thus cardiac resuscitation alone won’t work, because the lungs are full of fluid that is hard to remove. | [
"While the heart is asystolic, there is no blood flow to the brain unless CPR or internal cardiac massage (when the chest is opened and the heart is manually compressed) is performed, and even then it is a small amount. After many emergency treatments have been applied but the heart is still unresponsive, it is tim... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00757 | Why can't a barcode/qr code store an executable virus? | Barcodes, whether one or two dimensional, are rarely used for more than a few hundred bytes. It would be difficult to place malicious code in such a space, and that code would have to exploit a weakness in a particular scanning application, which could be patched relatively quickly. | [
"Also, some older virus scanners simply report all compressed executables as viruses because the decompressor stubs share some characteristics with those. Most modern virus scanners can unpack several different executable compression layers to check the actual executable inside, but some popular anti-virus and anti... | [
"QR Cods cannot store a virus."
] | [
"They can store a virus it would just be difficult to fit in the space and would be easily fixed. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"QR Cods cannot store a virus."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"They can store a virus it would just be difficult to fit in the space and would be easily fixed. "
] |
2018-04570 | How does hand sanitizer "evaporate"? | Hand sanitizer has a high alcohol content which requires less energy to evaporate than water. Also, because it's on your hands, it is pulling heat from you very quickly (you'll notice it makes your hands cold). | [
"There have been reported incidents of people drinking the gel in prisons and hospitals, where alcohol consumption is not allowed, to become intoxicated leading to its withdrawal from some establishments.\n\nSection::::Safety.:Non-alcohol based.\n",
"Section::::Safety.\n\nSection::::Safety.:Fire.\n\nAlcohol gel c... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-16646 | I am from germany, what can I or others from the EU do against Article 13+11? | Contact your representatives and tell them that you are against the bill. If they vote for it anyway take note and if your country elects your EU reps vote for someone else. | [
"As of 21 March 2019, 100 MEPs have signed in support of the directive, while 126 have agreed to vote against it. On 20 March 2019 74 MEPs asked for Article 13 to be deleted from the directive. In the end, 348 voted for and 274 voted against.\n",
"The publishers argue that licensed content providers such as Spoti... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01472 | Why do whales surface to exhale, and when do they inhale? | Exhaling under water decreases buoyancy. Try it next time you're at a pool - humans generally float with full lungs but sink after fully exhaling. Exhaling *before* surfacing makes it more difficult to surface. | [
"A 2008 study found that sperm whales sleep in vertical postures just under the surface in passive shallow 'drift-dives', generally during the day, during which whales do not respond to passing vessels unless they are in contact, leading to the suggestion that whales possibly sleep during such dives.\n\nSection::::... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15655 | If a person were to place their body across one or more boundaries/jurisdictions, how would it be decided where they were located if he or she committed a crime? | Well anyone can be extradited to an adjacent county to be charged for a crime in the United states. They would find out where you committed the crime, or which county you were in prior to the crime and charge you there. However, judges and DAs can do some crazy stuff. If they wanted it to happen, you could be tried in both counties for the same crime. If you are on a state line, you could be charged with crimes in either state but also have additional charges for inter-state criminal acts. If you are on the border of 2 countries, I do not know what would happen. | [
"The court district governing Wyoming is currently the only court district in the US to have jurisdiction over land in other states. This is due to the fact that all of Yellowstone National Park, which includes parts of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, is part of the Wyoming judicial district. Any criminal discovered t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01218 | why do you get all achy when you're sick with the flu? | Inflammation from your immune response. It helps fight the infection but makes you feel pretty awful. | [
"In infection, there is often weakness, fever and chills. If due to a bacterial infection, the sputum may be slightly streaked with blood and coloured yellow or green.\n\nSection::::Causes.\n\nAs the lungs tend to be vulnerable organs due to their exposure to harmful particles in the air, several things can cause a... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-12937 | Why did the Soviet government change their opinion on Shostakovich after the 5th Symphony? | Shostakovich fell out of favor with the Soviet government because his works were at odds with their notion of how classical music should sound. The Bolshevik authorities wanted artists to create works that could easily be appreciated by the masses, and Shostakovich wasn't doing that. His work was dissonant and not especially tuneful, and he was accused of "formalism." The 5th Symphony is more traditional. It's tonal. It has tunes you can hum. It was more like the kind of music the authorities expected composers to create - supposedly easier for people to appreciate and enjoy. This gave the appearance of his having acquiesced to their demands, and he was returned to their good graces. | [
"The composer's response to his denunciation was the Fifth Symphony of 1937, which was musically more conservative than his earlier works. Premiered on 21 November 1937 in Leningrad, it was a phenomenal success. The Fifth brought many to tears and welling emotions. Later, Shostakovich's purported memoir, \"Testimon... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-14295 | How are cows so muscular? | Selective breeding, and sometimes hormones and steroids. Humans, for centuries, have only bred the very best candidates from their pool of livestock. That often means we're forcing the continuation of genes that increase body mass accumulation, muscle formation, etc. But many also pump their cows full of compounds that increase their size further, including hormone treatments and steroids. Makes them extra "beefy". | [
"Going along with the development of agriculture traditional cattle raising gave way in the 1990s to the use of high technology, with cultivated pastures in corrected areas; the raising of more productive breeds; maintenance of the herd with the use of mineral supplements; periodical vaccination and the use of mode... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00133 | Why do some webpages say "if not reloaded in 10 seconds, click next to continue"? | the automatic reload feature can be turned off in some web browsers. So...if your site relies on the ability to automatically reload...how do you make it happen anyway? Well, the second best is to just tell the user to wait a bit and then press a link. | [
"For instance, in this scenario, a website visitor views seven pages (note how the pages are tracked in order the user viewed them) :\n\nTypical breadcrumbs following a hierarchical structure are shown as follows:\n\nSection::::Usage.:Software.\n\nCurrent file managers including Linux Mint's Nemo, Windows Explorer ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04922 | why is it better to get some diseases when you’re a child (chicken pox for instance) because they are less severe in childhood than adulthood? Especially when you consider that children have weaker immune systems than adults. | it is because adult chicken pox tends to cause complications like pneumonia and encephalitis while childhood chicken pox does not. Adults’ immune systems are stronger and employ more antibodies (rather than white blood cells) than children’s immune systems do, which is what triggers the immune response and the subsequent symptoms. Some strains of the flu are like this, too, such as the 1918 pandemic. The Spanish Flu killed young adults instead of the usual flu victims (old people and kids) because that strain triggered a severe immune reaction called a cytokine storm which basically shut down the bodies of infected people. A stronger immune system=stronger immune reaction=worse symptoms. | [
"Infection occurs more easily as one ages, as the immune system starts to slow and become less effective. Aging also changes how the immune system reacts to infection, making new infections harder to detect and attack. Essentially, the immune system has a higher chance of being compromised the older one gets.\n\nSe... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15538 | why dishwashers have sault compartment to soften water and washing machine do not ? | The salt in the water can ruin the glass and dishes immediately but your clothes are more durable. | [
"Hand dishwashing is generally performed in the absence of a dishwashing machine, when large \"hard-to-clean\" items are present, or through preference. Some dishwashing liquids can harm household silver, fine glassware, anything with gold leaf, disposable plastics, and any objects made of brass, bronze, cast iron,... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-11677 | When you go to the ocean or a water park with a wave pool, why can you still feel the waves hours later when you’ve gone home? | > In order for you to estimate your location, your brain combines information from a variety of sources, including sight, touch, joint position, the inner ear and its internal expectations. Internal expectations, in particular, provide a useful predictive component to this mental motion processing. Under most circumstances, the senses and internal expectations all agree. When they disagree, there is imprecision and ambiguity about motion estimation, which can result in loss of balance and motion sickness. > > On boats, seasickness may develop because of conflict between sensory input and internal expectations about motion. Developing "sea legs" is nature's cure for seasickness: you become accustomed to anticipating the boat's movements and prepare to adjust your posture accordingly. When you finally go ashore, you may feel your body continuing to do this for hours or even days afterwards, making it seem as if the room is moving and sometimes even leading to nausea. > > A few unfortunate people experience persistent symptoms lasting months or even years. This is known as mal de debarquement syndrome. Exactly why their symptoms persist so long isn't understood, but they can be treated. > > Sailing isn't the only activity that causes illusory motion after-effects. Overnight rail passengers sometimes say they can feel the "clickety-clack" of the track in their legs after they leave the train. And astronauts returning to Earth commonly experience vertigo, nausea, difficulty walking and sensory flashbacks. In all cases, the longer one is exposed to the unfamiliar motion environment, the more prominent and long-lasting are the after-effects. > > Timothy Hain, Department of physical therapy and human movement sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, US > > Charles Oman, Man Vehicle Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US URL_0 | [
"By use of validated numerical models, the availability of metocean data can be extended. For instance, consider the case of a coastal location where no wave measurements are available. If there is long-term wave data available in a nearby offshore location (e.g. from satellites), a wind wave model can be employed ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-06932 | Why does Adobe Acrobat Reader have so many updates? | The short answer is it's not a simple document viewer. Think about Chrome or firefox, they "Just view HTML documents", and well that means a lot of things, new features get added to HTML itself, people find ways to do stuff faster, and better ways to integrate other things into the browser. Like HTML, PDF is a document format that supports a lot of features, you can have a simple reader that supports the common things, or a complex one that supports everything in a PDF, Adobe has gone even further and added their own extensions and extra features. In the end this makes the Adobe products very complex, they support a lot of new and old features, many very obscure. But this makes them very complex, and it's a very old code base (so it's slow, and may be difficult to fix bugs, which can lead to bugs on it's own). | [
"Version 15.2 was released on November 13, 2015, supporting iOS 8.0 and above. The new features include:\n\nBULLET::::- Integration with Dropbox to open and save files. Connect your Dropbox account to Acrobat Reader to:\n\nBULLET::::- Browse and open your Dropbox files\n\nBULLET::::- Annotate, edit and sign PDF fil... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-10738 | Why do the US and UK have the same Father’s Day but different Mother’s Days? | In the UK they dont celebrate "Mothers day" they celebrate "Mothering Sunday" (although it is named interchangeably). It is celebrated on the Sunday closest to March 25th, because it is nine months prior to Christmas, meaning it is approximately the time Jesus would have been conceived (well. Except he probably wasn't born on Christmas, but that's a whole other story). In the US the date for Mothers day is loosely chosen on the founder's mother's day of death. Tldr, religion in the UK (Anglicanism, Catholicism, doesnt matter; they are similar in beliefs and practices) created the different day; fathers day has no such religious connection | [
"Section::::International history and traditions.:Europe.:Lithuania.\n\nIn [[Lithuania]], Father's Day (\"Tėvo diena\") is celebrated on the first Sunday of June and is a public holiday.\n\nSection::::International history and traditions.:Europe.:Malta.\n\nMalta has followed the international trend and celebrates F... | [
"Mother's Day is celebrated in the UK."
] | [
"In the UK, the holiday celebrating mothers is called Mothering Sunday."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Mother's Day is celebrated in the UK.",
"Mother's Day is celebrated in the UK."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"In the UK, the holiday celebrating mothers is called Mothering Sunday.",
"In the UK, the holiday celebrating mothers is called Mothering Sunday."
] |
2018-03619 | How does our body know when to wake up after getting used to an earlier/later schedule? | A wonderful little hormone called melatonin! Think of it as the gears in your internal clock. Your pineal gland, a little lump on the base of your brain, produces melatonin in the absence of light (aka nighttime). Different species are programmed to respond to melatonin differently. A build up encourages wakefulness in nocturnal species whereas it encourages sleepiness in diurnal species, like us. You can program your own response to melatonin through repetition and practice. That's why you can train yourself to get up at certain hours of the day/night. Additionally, too much screen time into the night can result in a lack of melatonin production, potentially disrupting your internal clock (and your normal sleep cycle). It's a super cool little hormone and commercially available over the counter to aid in sleep regulation. | [
"In most cases, it is not known what causes the abnormality in the biological clocks of DSPD patients. DSPD tends to run in families, and a growing body of evidence suggests that the problem is associated with the hPer3 (human period 3) gene and CRY1 gene. There have been several documented cases of DSPD and non-24... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-11037 | Do plants have a predetermined number of leaves? | As someone who's finally managed to keep a chilli plant (3, actually) alive over winter I can tell you that gradually changing leaves is quite normal in perennial plants. This doesn't mean they don't also add more leaves as they grow larger, but as the upper leaves start shading the lower ones (causing the lower ones to not regrow as often) it might seem like they're keeping a constant number. | [
"Specific leaf area can be used to estimate the reproductive strategy of a particular plant based upon light and moisture (humidity) levels, among other factors. Specific leaf area is one of the most widely accepted key leaf characteristics used during the study of leaf traits.\n\nSection::::Changes in response to ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02912 | What makes a painting worth so much? | because people agree its worth that much... though they dont really have to back that up with cold hard cash very often. art is about providence and history. it feeds on itself, just need one small thing to get the ball rolling and the hivemind will hype it up until its hype is its own justification. | [
"Three kinds of economic agents determine these values. Specific experts like gallery owners or museum directors use the first, social value. Experts like art historians and art professors use the second, artistic value. Buyers who buy works of art as an investment use the third, the price history and expectations ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-08786 | How does an overdose kill you? | Overdosing just means you took way too much and have dangerous symptoms, so it’s not like it’s the same mechanism for each case. Overdosing doesn’t even always mean dying. A common one is like when the drug sedates you so much that it compromises a vital body function, like your breathing, so you basically suffocate. Or if it’s stimulants you can have a heart attack, maybe seizures, etc. With hallucinogens you can have psychotic episodes or permanent psych problems. All of these could be considered “overdosing”. | [
"BULLET::::- In Andrew Holleran's novel \"Dancer from the Dance\" (1978), a case of overdose in a discotheque is mentioned: \"The boy passed out on the sofa from an overdose of Tuinols [sic] was a Puerto Rican who washed dishes in the employees' cafeteria at CBS, but the doctor bending over him had treated presiden... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Overdose always means death."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"There are other factors involved in some overdoses leading to death."
] |
2018-14134 | Human skin only varies from a light cream to a dark brown. Is there a particular reason that there are no other variations of skin colour? i.e Blue, Red, Green, etc. | Other colors ARE possible, through genetic mutations. Look up the Kentucky Blue People. Basically, remember that for something to change biologically requires 2 things: a mutation, and then for that mutation to be advantageous enough for the individual to propagate themselves. A tribe of people in a jungle environment may, through some odd means, develop a mutation that turns their skin more of a green/olive shade. This helps them naturally blend into their environment, both helping them avoid predators AND stalk prey. BUT, if no mutation triggers this skin tone change, then it does not matter how much of an advantage it would provide - it still will not happen. Now, flip it. A genetic mutation happens now, causing people from the same genetic background to grow gills. (Whatever, going for extreme example). Modern society does not provide the means for such people to gain a significant survival advantage at all. Also, most people would find such a change to be very disturbing, and would actively avoid such individuals. Some extremists might even take violent or political action against them. This isolates the population, and without anyone willing to intermarry with them, eventually they stop breeding and die out. So that oddball mutation never propagates itself. | [
"Human skin shows high skin color variety from the darkest brown to the lightest pinkish-white hues. Human skin shows higher variation in color than any other single mammalian species and is the result of natural selection. Skin pigmentation in humans evolved to primarily regulate the amount of ultraviolet radiatio... | [
"Human skin color outside the variations of light cream to dark brown is not possible."
] | [
"Other colors of human skin are possible through genetic mutations."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Human skin color outside the variations of light cream to dark brown is not possible.",
"The spectrum of human skin color only ranges from light cream to a dark brown."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Other colors of human skin are possible through genetic mutations.",
"Genetic mutations can cause rare skin color such as blue or green."
] |
2018-18522 | Why do grapes make you thirsty? | The grapes that are drying out your mouth might be unripe, or they might be a kind bred for more tannins, like some wine grapes. Tannins are important for some kinds of wine. The tannins chemically stick to proteins in your saliva, turning the proteins into powder instead of staying dissolved in your saliva. | [
"The presence of water is essential for the survival of all plant life. In a grapevine, water acts as a universal solvent for many of the nutrients and minerals needed to carry out important physiological functions, and the vine receives these by absorbing the nutrient-containing water from the soil. In the absence... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15757 | Why does fat seem to ‘separate’ from the arm as you go older? | As you age, your skin starts to lose collagen. It’s the skin’s ability to bounce back and stay tight. | [
"Older adults have a greater waist-to-hip ratio than young adults which indicates high levels of android fat in older adults. Computed tomography studies show that older adults have a two-fold increase in visceral fat compared to young adults.These changes in android fat distribution in older adults occurs in the a... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-19706 | How does the human body produce electricity? | Each cell pumps sodium ions out and potassium ions in producing a gradient for each ion. This produces a potential across the membrane of the cell. This potential plus the gradient can be used by the cell to transmit electrical signals | [
"Section::::Human-powered equipment.\n\nSome equipment uses human power. It may directly use mechanical power from muscles, or a generator may convert energy generated by the body into electrical power.\n",
"§Bioelectrogenesis in microbial life is a prominent phenomenon in soils and sediment ecology resulting fro... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02058 | can biological cells only divide or can they also be create/assembled? | That's a great and exciting question. According to the [abiotic hypothesis of the origin of life]( URL_0 ), the first living organisms came to be from the "assembling" of biomolecules that came to be due the primordial environment in Earth. With that idea in mind, a branch of biology known as [synthetic biology]( URL_1 ), is trying to do exactly that: Synthesize life. They're making cutting-edge research to know which are the minimal components required to create life. If they ever get to solve that problem, you'll hear about it in the news because it will mean one thing: We have created life from scratch. | [
"Most other cells cannot divide indefinitely as after a few cycles of cell division the cells stop expressing an enzyme telomerase. The genetic material, in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), continues to shorten with each cell division, and cells eventually stop dividing when they sense that their DNA is cri... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17835 | Why is the middle lane on the freeway considered the safest? | You can switch to right or left lane if you have to. For example, When you are in the left lane, you only have 1 option which is to go middle lane. If there is a problem, and you are in middle, you can cross to right or left, depending on which is easier. | [
"BULLET::::- the presence of injured pedestrian on the motorway was due to breakdowns, stopping in emergency lanes (40%), accidents (28%), motorway staff (3%), providing assistance (2%), or other reasons (27%).\n\nSection::::Legal view by jurisdiction.:Europe.:Germany.\n",
"A recent study conducted by the Nationa... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17950 | Why do planes need to dump fuel before emergency landing? | They are too heavy, and they are trying to reduce the risk of fire in the event of a crash. | [
"Since most twin jet airliners can meet these requirements, most aircraft of this type such as the Boeing 737 (all models), the DC-9/MD80 and Boeing 717, the A320 family and various regional jet (\"RJ\") aircraft do not have fuel dump systems installed. In the event of an emergency, requiring a return to the depart... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04063 | why can’t you buy alcohol/enter a bar with an expired ID in the US? | I can’t really think of anything either but it must be to prevent *some* fake ID’s, cause you couldn’t get them renewed? | [
"New alcohol laws in the state of Queensland require some Brisbane-based pubs and bars to scan ID documents against a database of people who should be denied alcohol, for which foreign passports and driver's licences are not valid.\n\nSection::::National policies.:Oceania.:New Zealand.\n",
"In the state of New Yo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04756 | What properties tell you whether a substance is a strong, weak, or non-electrolyte? | The ability for a species to be an electrolyte, or its magnitude as one, is directly related to it's solubility in water to form an aqueous solution. The extent to which it can dissolve in water tells you a lot about how well it will perform as a conductor, as well as the ions that dissociate from one another. Hence, ionic compounds made from group I and II metals with hallogens, are often the strongest. These compounds will readily dissolve, produce a good amount of ions, and thus good electrolyte. There are other factors that come into play, such as ionic radius, activity coefficients, and concentraion to name a few however those only play roles in situations where theyre explicity needed such as research settings, environmental studies, and pharmeceuticals. In short, if a species can dissolve in water, leaving anions and cations separated, you have a strong electrolyte. If a species can dissolve, but not all of it (in some cases a species will appear to be dissolved, I.e. you see no particles floating around, but will stay as hydrated pairs) than its a weak electrolyte. Can't dissolve, then its a non-electrolyte. Look up dissociation constants, and Ksps for solubility and start developing a range of common strong, weak, and non-electrolytes to give yourself a better understanding as well. I know its kind of a verbose explanation but I hope this helps! | [
"Section::::Examples.:Electrolyte – non-electrolyte systems.\n\nApparent quantities can underline interactions in electrolyte – non-electrolyte systems which show interactions like salting in and salting out, but also give insights in ion-ion interactions, especially by their dependence on temperature.\n\nSection::... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-21059 | SERIOUS: Why does an alcoholic get a red nose? (This is not a joke, even though it sounds like a joke.) | Alcohol is a vasodilator, meaning it opens up blood vessels. The blood vessels under the skin get bigger and get closer to surface of skin and make it look red. | [
"BULLET::::- Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions including rhinitis and exacerbations of asthma appear, in many cases, due to the direct actions of ethanol.\n\nBULLET::::- Rosacea, also known as gin blossoms, is a chronic facial skin condition in which capillaries are excessively reactive, leading to redness from... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02257 | How are AR15 rifles any different than another semi-automatic firearm? | Your question is more or less the point. It isn't different than any other semi automatic weapon, at least not functionally. You could make arguments about ergonomics, I suppose, but the main issue is that people are hyper focusing on the one thing, not realizing it's actually not that uncommon. I guess in that sense, the thing that sets the AR-15 apart is it's ubiquity. | [
"Section::::AR-7 variants.:Charter Arms Explorer II pistol.:Legal note.\n",
"This gun's internal design shares parts with its clone of M-16/Ar-15 body in .22 cal. See Armscor M16 22 for more info. Magazines can work between both Armscor rifles but each being designed to imitate a different style will of course no... | [
"AR15 rifles are different than another semi-automatic firearm.",
"AR15 rifles are different than semi automatic weapons."
] | [
"AR15 rifles are not different than another semi-automatic firearm.",
"AR15 rifles aren't really any different than semi automatic weapons at all. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"AR15 rifles are different than another semi-automatic firearm.",
"AR15 rifles are different than semi automatic weapons."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"AR15 rifles are not different than another semi-automatic firearm.",
"AR15 rifles aren't really any different than semi automatic weapons at all. "
] |
2018-01243 | Why do military websites all have certificate issues that require you to add a security exception to access on civilian computers? | "How do you trust that someone is who they say they are" is a very tricky question. The approach that most of the modern Internet uses works well enough, but still has plenty of problems. Your computer keeps a list of trusted organizations. It also has a key to verify if something came from that trusted organization. If your receives a certificate signed by a trusted organization verifying the website's identity, it trusts it. Those organizations can also sign documents saying "this other organization is trustworthy, you can trust documents they sign too". So as long as an organization trusted by an organization your computer trusts signs the certificate, your computer is also fine with it. One tricky part of this is figuring out who is trustworthy in the first place. The initial list that your computer trusts is curated by the operating system and browser writers. Different browsers and operating systems may have different lists, but they're generally all pretty close and consist of a mix of private companies and governments. The US military is not one of these default trusted organizations. They also choose not to go through any of these default trusted organizations. Instead, they sign their own certificates and you have to tell your browser "the US military is an organization that I trust" in order for them to be OK with the connection. | [
"Section::::Public HTTPS access.\n\nThe web site for distribution of LPS-Public is served over HTTPS, but uses a TLS certificate that is signed by a certificate authority managed directly by the Department of Defense through Defense Information Systems Agency. This CA is not trusted by most non-DoD operating system... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18232 | We always hear that the military is "fighting to protect our rights." But who are they fighting and why do they want to take away our rights? | That statement is not meant to be taken literally. The implication is that if, *hypothetically,* someone were to bring us harm, the military would stop them. By that logic, anyone who joins the military has signed up to (maybe, someday) die for our freedom. | [
"BULLET::::- Military censorship of blogs written by military personnel claiming some include sensitive information ineligible for release. Some critics view military officials as trying to suppress dissent from troops in the field. The US Constitution specifically limits the human rights of active duty members, an... | [
"The military is fighting to protect our rights."
] | [
"The statement that the military is fighting to protect our rights is not meant to be taken literally, it refers to hypothetical future events."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The military is fighting to protect our rights.",
"The military is \"fighting to protect our rights.\""
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"The statement that the military is fighting to protect our rights is not meant to be taken literally, it refers to hypothetical future events.",
"The statement that the military is \"fighting to protect our rights\" is not meant to be taken literally, it refers to hypothetical future events."
] |
2018-18586 | How do fish live in aquariums and bowls without getting bored to death? | Actually, some fish are very aware of their surroundings. Like Oscars, they are known to sulk on the bottom of the tank when placed into a new tank. Some fish will stress out and die if their space is not adequate, or they simply will fight over territory and die that way. Fish generally spend their days looking for food, so I guess bored isn’t it, they’re so motivated to keep seeking food. Then some fish actually do create their spaces, they’ll suck up sand/gravel and spit them out in other places, they dig their little space. | [
"Section::::In the aquarium.:Feeding.\n\nThese fish will primarily feed on algae and vegetable laden wafers or tablets; though they might accept worms or such meatier fare, they do not do well on this type of diet. It is quite difficult to get a right balance in feeding these species because of their herbivorous pr... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Fish living in a small tank do not get bored."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Fish can be aware of their surroundings and be unhappy or \"bored\"."
] |
2018-16378 | Why do things that fall in the shower make such a loud noise? | Guessing, but seems plausible that it's to do with the shape and material. The material is highly reflective to sound waves - as are most hard smooth materials - and the shape of the bath or shower cubicle will cause the sound waves to be focused toward the centre. | [
"BULLET::::- Much quieter and unusual discharge noise. Smaller or empty powder loads, combined with the primer discharge echoing in the casing or barrel, produce an unusual noise. This noise is often called a \"ping\" or \"pop\", rather than the expected \"bang\" of a standard shot.\n\nBULLET::::- Lighter or nonexi... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-13061 | How does the Disney-Fox merge cause 10,000 people to lose their jobs? | First, this is an estimate from an analyst that is generally pretty bearish on Disney. Disney hasn't announced any layoffs yet. So the specific number should be taken with a grain of salt. However, it's reasonable to expect that Disney will lay off some people as a result of the merger. Disney and the portions of Fox that they're buying have a lot of people that do the same thing, and the combined company is likely to not need all of them. For example, if Disney has 100 film editors and Fox has 70 film editors (or riggers, or production assistants, or lots of other jobs), but the combined company only needs 150 film editors, then the company will look to lay off 20 of them. | [
"BULLET::::- Fox Networks Group\n\nBULLET::::- FX Networks\n\nBULLET::::- FX Productions\n\nBULLET::::- National Geographic Partners (73%)\n\nBULLET::::- Fox Networks Group Latin America\n\nBULLET::::- Fox Networks Group Europe\n\nBULLET::::- Fox Networks Group Africa\n\nBULLET::::- Fox Networks Group Asia Pacific\... | [
"The Disney-Fox merger caused 10,000 people to lose their jobs.",
"The Disney-Fox merge will cause 10,000 people to lose their jobs."
] | [
"An analyst has estimated that 10,000 people will lose their jobs due to the Disney-Fox merger; Disney has not announced any layoffs yet.",
"Disney has not announced layoffs yet and 10,000 people laid off is a bearish estimate."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The Disney-Fox merger caused 10,000 people to lose their jobs.",
"The Disney-Fox merge will cause 10,000 people to lose their jobs."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"An analyst has estimated that 10,000 people will lose their jobs due to the Disney-Fox merger; Disney has not announced any layoffs yet.",
"Disney has not announced layoffs yet and 10,000 people laid off is a bearish estimate."
] |
2018-03708 | Why do old forums have 2 or 3 words or phrases in every post linked to seemingly unrelated websites, usually to sell things? | It's a type of advertising that was being pushed a little over a decade ago and it didn't go over well. Over time advertisers pushed newer types of ads (like autoplay videos) so it's mostly legacy websites that still have it installed. On a technology level most of them work via Javascript - you get served the page as normal, but once on your computer a 3rd party script in the site header runs and converts certain words into links to (supposedly relevant) ads. So if I wrote a post and mentioned **video cards** it would turn that into a link to a site selling video cards that pays for clicks or referrals. | [
"Finally, using the CMS SPIP, the Web site was conceived to act both as a promotional tool as well as the text collecting interface. In this project, the Web was the obvious “drop point” for messages as it allowed anyone anywhere to participate in the creation of the fortunes. It also permits for the sent messages ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-14706 | Why are octopuses (octopi?) the next dominant species on earth | There are a few reasons for this theory: Octopi are one of the smartest non-human creatures on the planet. They can differentiate between different humans and remember them, they have the capacity to hold grudges (there was a story about an aquarium having an intern that, when it walked by their octopus's tank, it would unfailingly try to squirt her with water. It never did this with any other person, and she left for 6 months; when she came back the octopus resumed this, despite never doing it when she was gone to anyone else. Nobody's quite sure *why* the octopus seems to hold this grudge against her). If memory serves, while their intelligence is different from ours, there are estimates that place its' cognitive ability up near that of an older elementary-school-aged child (though estimates do vary, and again their brains are just fundamentally different from ours), and some argue that they experience consciousness. They can keep track of and map not just one, but multiple mazes concurrently and learn the fastest escape routes to both in relatively few tries. It's impressive as hell for animal intelligence. They can get nearly anywhere: their bodies are almost entirely amorphous, and with the exception of their beak they can squeeze any part through any opening. So they can escape anywhere that has a hole bigger than their beak (about the diameter of a quarter), and due to that intelligence, they can squeeze their tentacles through even smaller holes and undo complicated latching mechanisms on their tanks; even some of the best aquariums report octopi escaping and going to other fish tanks in the aquarium to eat fish, or retrieve toys that it wants from those tanks, and then going back to their own tank to pretend nothing had happened. They can already survive out of the water for a pretty long time. They have appendages that can manipulate tools, and have been seen using rudimentary tools, and if given access to human-made tools can typically work with that. They're very strong: it takes about half a ton of force to remove the grip of an octopus, and they can and will pull people into the water. If I had to bet my money though, I'd bet on hawks or crows. Some hawks have started using fire to hunt, and that's the first step towards civilization. | [
"In addition to competition and presumed predation, \"O. joubini\" also have to deal with anthropogenic threats such as pollution. In 1999, a harmful algal bloom wiped out an entire population of \"Octopus mercatoris\" in St Joseph’s Bay, Florida. After five years only one brooding female was collected, demonstrati... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Octopi will be the next dominant species on earth."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Hawks or crows will be the next dominant species because they have started using fire to hunt which is the first step towards civilization."
] |
2018-00565 | Why do businesses such as grocery stores have cheaper prices for "members" when membership is free? How do they benefit from that? | Customer Loyalty programs ensure that customers keep coming back to your store. It's like a sandwich shop that has a "buy 10 get 1 free" deal. These days, it also helps them collect data about who is purchasing what. Getting your phone number gives them a single unique identifier so they track your purchases and get better information about what people are buying. Beyond that, grocery stores used to offer sales *all the time* without a rewards/loyalty number. These days, they just require a membership to get the sales they used to have *without them*. It's not costing them anything extra. | [
"Collective buying allows for direct cost savings, both for the consumer as well as the business. Consumers participating in on-line buying reap the benefits of discounted prices for restaurants, spas, attractions, hotels, etc., while organizations can save money by directly reaching target markets. Participating m... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-19971 | Why does most of the world drive and walk on the right side? | Initially, almost everyone would travel on the left side of the road, as it was the wiser choice in more violent societies since most people are right-handed, swordsmen preferred to keep to the left in order to have their right arm nearer to an opponent and their scabbard further from him. However in the 1700's, teamsters in France and the United States began using very large wagons to transport farm produce. These wagons were usually pulled by multiple horses and the driver sat on the rear left horse leaving his right hand free to control the rest of the horses. As a result these wagons preferred people passing on the left to ensure they could see how much space there was to move ensuring they don't hit any other passing wagons and eventually became a standard. & #x200B; **REFERENCES** [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) | [
"In the late 1700s, traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses. The wagons had no driver's seat, so the (typically right-handed) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse. Seated on the left, the driver p... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02692 | How can we sometimes wake up a minute before our alarm clock goes off? | A combination of two factors: 1) Because we have a pretty damn accurate internal body clock (the [circadian clock]( URL_0 )) that keeps time to within a few minutes of 24 hr, providing it gets 'trained' by daylight signals. The researchers who discovered and explored how the clock works won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2017. 2) Confirmation bias - that is, you don't notice the times you *don't* wake up within a minute of your alarm, either because you woke up half an hour early or because you got woken up by the alarm. It's only notable when you wake up before the alarm by a small margin. | [
"Today, many humans wake up with an alarm clock; however, people can also reliably wake themselves up at a specific time with no need for an alarm. Many sleep quite differently on workdays versus days off, a pattern which can lead to chronic circadian desynchronization. Many people regularly look at television and ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03375 | why cleft palates are more prevalent in 3rd world countries | They're not more prevalent in the developing world - though they are more prevalent among people of certain races (most common in Native Americans, least common in black people). They *seem* more prevalent because they are less likely to be treated in poorer countries because the surgery to fix it can be expensive. In the US and other rich countries, it's likely to be fixed within a few months of birth, and with good plastic surgery, you won't even notice the scar. | [
"A look into the prevalence rates of different cultures in the U.S. when compared to country of origin begins with Africans and African Americans. One per 2500 African Americans are born with a cleft (Suleiman, Hamzah, Abusalab, & Samaan, 2005). African Americans have a lower prevalence rate of CL +/- P when compar... | [
"Cleft palates are more common in 3rd world countries."
] | [
"They are not more common they are just not treated as commonly so they are seen more often. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Cleft palates are more common in 3rd world countries."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"They are not more common they are just not treated as commonly so they are seen more often. "
] |
2018-13650 | Why does the number of sleep hours that we human need daily decreases as we get older? | It doesn't. Children and babies need more sleep because they're still developing and that can take additional resources. But once you settle into the 8ish hours, that doesn't change. What changes is your ability to sleep. As you age you still need sleep, you just don't get it. And cognitive performance suffers as a result. | [
"\"National Geographic Magazine\" has reported that the demands of work, social activities, and the availability of 24-hour home entertainment and Internet access have caused people to sleep less now than in premodern times. \"USA Today\" reported in 2007 that most adults in the USA get about an hour less than the ... | [
"As humans age less sleep is required. ",
"The number of sleep hours that we humans need daily decreases as we get older."
] | [
"As humans age sleep requirements stay the same, only the ability to sleep changes. ",
"The number of sleep hours that we humans need daily does not decreases as we get older, however there is a change in our ability to sleep."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"As humans age less sleep is required. ",
"The number of sleep hours that we humans need daily decreases as we get older."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"As humans age sleep requirements stay the same, only the ability to sleep changes. ",
"The number of sleep hours that we humans need daily does not decreases as we get older, however there is a change in our ability to sleep."
] |
2018-13283 | if all clouds are made of water, what makes them different colors, even if they are next to each other? | It could possibly the the density, when more light goes through one area than another creating different shades and the way the light is, it shines more on some parts than others due to the sun's angle and clouds shape. I hope that Answered It in terms of shades, I'm not sure if you meant actual colors | [
"Section::::Classification: How clouds are identified in the troposphere.:Species and varieties.:Varieties.:Combinations.\n\nIt is possible for some species to show combined varieties at one time, especially if one variety is opacity-based and the other is pattern-based. An example of this would be a layer of altoc... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17751 | are thyroid problems a legitimate “excuse” to being overweight or is this just used by people who are uneducated on diet and exercise? | Thyroids and other hormonal issues can for sure be legitimate, doctor-diagnosed problems that affect weight loss in a variety of ways. For instance, I had a friend who gained like 50 pounds over a few months because her thyroid pretty much shut off. Once she was able to get medication, she could lose weight again. I think the problem is that a lot of people just claim "thyroid issue" when they're either lazy or uneducated about weight loss. It can be a real thing, but I'm not sure it's as common as the internet leads us to believe. | [
"Thyroid agents should not be used to treat obesity, particularly in euthyroid patients. Regular doses in hypothyroid patients are acceptable, but only in the context of treating hypothyroidism. Excessive doses (and regular doses in euthyroid patients) can result in life-threatening cardiovascular events. Patients ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02569 | How do subtitles done on live TV? | No expert but I'm pretty sure all live TV is delayed something like 7 seconds so I assume someone types it up in the moments between | [
"On the way into the theatre, viewers pick up a reflective plastic panel mounted on a flexible stalk. The panel sits in a seat cupholder or on the floor adjacent to the seat. A large LED display is mounted on a rear wall that displays caption characters in mirror image. Viewers move the panels into position (usuall... | [
"Because TV is live, it should not be possible for it to have any subtitles. "
] | [
"A person types the subtitles during the period of delay on live television."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Because TV is live, it should not be possible for it to have any subtitles. ",
"Because TV is live, it should not be possible for it to have any subtitles. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"A person types the subtitles during the period of delay on live television.",
"A person types the subtitles during the period of delay on live television."
] |
2018-14906 | Why can’t we eat some food raw, instead we cook/boil/steam it until we can eat it in that form? | Pretty sure you can eat agonist anything raw if you're savage enough, it's just not recommended due to bacteria etc...also most things taste better cooked...IMO | [
"Cooking increases the digestibility of many foods which are inedible or poisonous when raw. For example, raw cereal grains are hard to digest, while kidney beans are toxic when raw or improperly cooked due to the presence of phytohaemagglutinin, which is inactivated by cooking for at least ten minutes at .\n",
"... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"There are some foods we cannot eat raw."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"You can eat anytthing raw it just might have bacteria. "
] |
2018-13841 | If skin is constantly regenerated, why do blemishes persist? | The thing that everybody believes about skin being "constantly regenerated" isn't exactly true. Your skin is made up of five different layers. Blemishes are located in the lower layers. It's only the top layer (the epidermis) that falls off and is replaced. It's the same layer that peels off when you have a sunburn. | [
"Section::::Inflammaging.\n\nThis is the long-lasting inflammation that occurs as a result of aging. It affects the start and the progression of diseases that occur as a result of aging e.g. type 2 diabetes. It occurs in the skin because when exposed to the UV radiation it leads to the damaging of the epidermal cel... | [
"Skin is entirely regenerated.",
"All skin is regenerated and should heal blemishes."
] | [
"Only the top layer of skin is regenerated. The bottom layer, where blemishes are, does not regenerate. ",
"Only the top layer of skin is regenerated. Blemishes are in the lower layers. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Skin is entirely regenerated.",
"All skin is regenerated and should heal blemishes."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Only the top layer of skin is regenerated. The bottom layer, where blemishes are, does not regenerate. ",
"Only the top layer of skin is regenerated. Blemishes are in the lower layers. "
] |
2018-07395 | How does chemicals that you mix with polluted water cleanse the water to become pure? | The chemicals you treat water with are to kill organisms (bacteria, parasites, etc), not cleanse it of other chemicals. Drinking water with dead organisms in it might make you a little sick to the stomach but it won't kill you because the organisms won't multiply inside you. I suppose it's possible you could use one chemical to have a reaction with other chemicals in the water, resulting in a new chemical that isn't harmful, but I've never heard of such a thing in reality. | [
"Section::::Techniques.:Chemical treatment technologies.\n\nSection::::Techniques.:Chemical treatment technologies.:Chemical precipitation.\n\nChemical precipitation is commonly used in wastewater treatment to remove hardness and heavy metals. In general, the process involves addition of agent to an aqueous waste s... | [
"Chemicals that you mix with polluted water cleanse the water.",
"Chemicals mixed in polluted water make the water pure."
] | [
"Chemical additives to water kill organisms such bacteria and parasites, but do not cleanse the water of other chemicals.",
"Chemicals mixed in polluted water kill the organisms in it, but the dead organisms are still there."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Chemicals that you mix with polluted water cleanse the water.",
"Chemicals mixed in polluted water make the water pure."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Chemical additives to water kill organisms such bacteria and parasites, but do not cleanse the water of other chemicals.",
"Chemicals mixed in polluted water kill the organisms in it, but the dead organisms are still there."
] |
2018-19208 | Why does being submerged in water feel significantly colder than walking around in the same air temperature? | Specific heat. Water has a higher specific heat than air so water will take more energy from your body than the air will. Remember, the world wants to equalize temperature (which is a measure of kinetic energy of the molecules)... Specifically temperature is proportional to how fast a molecule vibrates and if you put two molecules at different temperatures together then they will exchange energy on interaction until they are both vibrating at the same frequency. Water takes a lot of energy to change how fast it vibrates and as such your body loses a lot more energy when heating water than it does when heating air and as such it feels colder (as we feel temperature based on the exchange of energy, if we gain energy then it feels hot and if we lose energy then it feels cold). | [
"Heat transfers very well into water, and body heat is therefore lost extremely quickly in water compared to air, even in merely 'cool' swimming waters around 70F (~20C). A water temperature of can lead to death in as little as one hour, and water temperatures hovering at freezing can lead to death in as little as ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
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