Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-03797	How does a country mobilize the military when it is war or when war is near?	It depends on the country. In the US we no longer have a draft. We have a fully volunteer service and those that are on active duty are the ones that get mobilized when we are in conflict. This is how most nations in the West Operate. Those with mandatory service for everyone are not too dissimilar. They have a standing army that is active duty and in many cases a semi-active reserve that they will mobilize as needed. The only time that they will "force everyone" to get into the military is with a full draft which at this point in time would require a conflict far larger than WWI and WWII combined. It would be massive, with a massive amount of death.	[ "Almost all units of the Swedish Army were not manned during peacetime. The only exception was the PB -18 Gotland Brigade, which was fully manned at all times. Usually brigades recruited their personnel in the county where they were based, with the exception of the Gotland Brigade, whose men came from all of Sweden...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04305	how do genital warts spread? can it spread through indirect contact eg pants sharing/towel sharing?	According to the US dept of health genital warts cannot be spread through towel sharing or using public toilets. It is a common excuse though. > HPV cannot be spread by touching hard surfaces, like a doorknob or toilet seat. It also cannot be passed by sharing clothes or towels. URL_0	[ "HPV types 6 and 11 are the typical cause of genital warts. It is spread through direct skin-to-skin contact, usually during oral, genital, or anal sex with an infected partner. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and can be confirmed by biopsy. The types of HPV that cause cancer are not the same as those that...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02703	Why does it, when having a headache, hurt while shaking your head.	headaches, whatever their underlying causes, are usually the result of irritation of the important systems in and around your head, including muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. much like stretching your back when you have a crick in it, straining the muscles in your neck and head by shaking it is likely to further irritate the muscles causing the problem or cause your neurons to fire off more signals in your already over-stimulated neural pain pathways. headaches can also be caused by a buildup of pressure in the head (like when you get a sinus infection) and shaking your head around can cause sudden changes in pressure that make your headache worse. all that said, give your head a break when it's aching!	[ "There are varying theories as to why head shake is so frequently used to mean \"no\". One simple theory is that it is most common form of expressing negative reaction, indicating that one disagrees with the other person. It has also been stated that babies, when hungry, search for their mother's milk by moving the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00477	What is the legal basis for fines from HOAs, and where does the money go?	The legal basis is you sign a contract with the HOA when you move in. A HOA is a group of people who live on the same street/area that get together and pool resources for the shared good. This means on private streets they collect dues for taking care of the streets and storm water systems. The money earned from these proceedings would likely go into the HOA fund used to pay for these shared utilities. However often legal action is used to prevent you from doing the thing the HOA agreement prohibits, not making you pay after the fact. They also often decide what should be allowed. When 10 people get together and say "No splitting your property into tiny pieces and places 3-4 homes where 1 currently sits" they do so because it keeps the value of the area high. All 10 people benefit from no one else doing that and they agree not to do it themselves and screw over the others. Most people dislike HOAs because they buy into already existing ones and don't like the rules or the system gets corrupted the same way every form of government does. HOAs work best with a sense of community. When no one knows/likes each other they care far less about not screwing each other over. When suddenly HOAs get in the way of people getting ahead at other's expense those people get upset. TLDR: When you move in (or create) a HOA everyone signs that they will follow the rules they all agreed upon. If you don't follow those rules the legal basis would be breach of contract.	[ "A common example of a CAM item is the cost of cleaning the walkways in a shopping mall. It is assumed that every tenant benefits from a clean environment, and should share in that cost. An example of a CAM that is charged to only a subset of tenants might be the charges for cleaning the food court area, where all ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00103	why does antipsychotic medication mess with motor function and cause the body to tense up?	Super simplified laymans knowledge version: psych drugs affect various neurotransmitters in the brain (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, etc), these neurotransmitters are multipurpose and some regulate motor function in addition to mood.	[ "Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways, but atypicals at the time of marketing were claimed to differ from typical antipsychotics in that they are less likely to cause extrapyramidal motor control disabilities in patients, which include unsteady Parkinson's disease-...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03046	How does a BIOS update 'brick' hardware?	The bios contains the basic functions of the motherboard. If it’s not properly loaded then the motherboard won’t be able to boot. If the mobo has dual bios then you can boot the other bios and flash the bad one. Otherwise you need to replace the memory chip on the motherboard that contains the bios with another one that has a good bios loaded, this is generally not user doable. Otherwise buy a new mobo or send it in for repair.	[ "Most BIOS implementations are specifically designed to work with a particular computer or motherboard model, by interfacing with various devices that make up the complementary system chipset. Originally, BIOS firmware was stored in a ROM chip on the PC motherboard. In modern computer systems, the BIOS contents are...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18144	Why are certain elements bad for humans but when combined together arent so harmful?	For Sodium Chloride, AKA table salt, it has to do with ionization. An atom of Chlorine (Element #17) for reasons best left unexplained on this sub, really wants to gain an extra electron. [If you look at a periodic table]( URL_0 ), all the elements on its vertical column want to do the same. These elements are called Halogens. If you move one step to the right, you get to the Noble Gases. These elements have all the electrons that they want, and as a rule of thumb, an element wants the same number of electrons as the nearest Noble Gas. Now, if you look at Sodium, its nearest Noble Gas is Neon. It wants to lose an electron. So you have Sodium that wants to gain an electron, and Chlorine that wants to lose one. Match made in the cores of very large stars. This is called an ionic bond, and is often created whenever a non-metal (All the orange, dun and light blue ones on the periodic table I linked to, except Hydrogen, sometimes) and a metal (All the rest except the brown ones, those are metalloids or semi-metals.) are combine. If you have just pure Sodium or Chlorine, however, they try to get the amount of electrons they want from other sources, like taking electrons from your lungs (Poisonous) or giving them to water (explosive). Carbon dioxide is somewhat harmful to us in large amounts, but we have mechanisms specifically designed to get rid of it. It poses no danger to healthy humans. Carbon Monoxide however, is different. If introduced to our bloodstream, say, if you breath it in, it replaces oxygen in our red blood cells- Carbon Monoxide is better at binding to them than oxygen is, and this presents a problem because you need that oxygen to survive. Feel free to ask any other questions.	[ "Organohalogens are a family of synthetic organic molecules which all contain atoms of one of the halogens. Such materials include PCBs, Dioxins, DDT, Freon and many others. Although considered harmless when first produced, many of these compounds are now known to have profound physiological effects on many organis...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17885	Why is wood so good for construction?	Wood actually hardens over time, so long as its kept dry. It can easily be treated with a variety of chemicals for mold resistance. Its a very cheap, easily sustainable resource. Its very strong a lightweight. It comes in a wide variety of types with different properties. It can flex and return to its original shape without permanent damage.	[ "BULLET::::- Larix: in Italy it grows at high altitudes around mountain tops, its timber stand sudden climatic change, from icy winds to high temperatures in sunny afternoon summers, it is excellent for use in the building of exposed structures as bridges, roofs, etc.\n", "The species that are ideal for the many ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-13703	Why don’t raindrops hurt when they fall from the sky if they’re falling so far, or why don’t they evaporate before they hit the Earth?	They don't hurt because the air resistance slows their fall. They do evaporate a bit, but they're only falling for a short while and usually in a very humid situation (where evaporation is hard).	[ "Tenebra has an atmosphere \"consisting of water heavily laced with oxygen and oxides of sulphur\". At the surface the temperature comes close enough to the critical point of water (temperature = 374 Celsius; 705 Fahrenheit : pressure = 22.1 megaPascals; 217.755 atmospheres) that during the night the atmosphere beg...	[ "Raindrops don't evaporate before they hit the Earth." ]	[ "Raindrops do evaporate a bit but humidity makes evaporation hard." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Raindrops don't evaporate before they hit the Earth.", "Raindrops don't evaporate before they hit the Earth." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Raindrops do evaporate a bit but humidity makes evaporation hard.", "Raindrops do evaporate a bit but humidity makes evaporation hard." ]
2018-01977	How does your body suppress sneezing/sniffling when you're asleep?	Those nerves also are asleep is the answer. So you don't receive the sneeze signal and your sleeping body doesn't sneeze	[ "Sneezing cannot occur during sleep due to REM atonia – a bodily state where motor neurons are not stimulated and reflex signals are not relayed to the brain. Sufficient external stimulants, however, may cause a person to wake from sleep to sneeze, but any sneezing occurring afterwards would take place with a parti...	[ "Body supresses a sneeze during sleep." ]	[ "The nerves that cause a sneeze are also asleep so they do not fire. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Body supresses a sneeze during sleep." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The nerves that cause a sneeze are also asleep so they do not fire. " ]
2018-00825	Why is it, when travelling at high speeds, that I lose mobile phone reception	The phone network is made up of "cells" (hence the name cellphone), one signal tower represents one cell, when you move between cells one tower needs to hand your phone off to the next one, this takes a few seconds to happen. If you move too fast the towers can't switch you fast enough, the result is simply no signal.	[ "In addition, the weather may affect the strength of a signal, due to the changes in radio propagation caused by clouds (particularly tall and dense thunderclouds which cause signal reflection), precipitation, and temperature inversions. This phenomenon, which is also common in other VHF radio bands including FM br...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01602	How do people breathe when skydive?	You don't normally skydive from high enough for the thin air to have an effect (remember, you're falling really, really fast). Normal skydiving altitude is 10,000-12,000 feet (3,000-3,500 meters). If you do skydive from a great height, you bring an oxygen tank with you.	[ "Zipser started skydiving in the experimental phase of the Accelerated Freefall progression skydiving program in 1986, and immediately began experimenting with non-traditional forms of body flight. He studied and trained human aerodynamics for four months in a wind tunnel. From that experience he developed a new co...	[ "People cannot breathe while skydiving." ]	[ "You can breathe just fine. If you are that high where oxygen is an issue you would have an oxygen tank. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People cannot breathe while skydiving." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You can breathe just fine. If you are that high where oxygen is an issue you would have an oxygen tank. " ]
2018-01408	how is it that small birds like sparrows can fly around in freezing temperatures without dying of cold in minutes?	Its because of the way their blood vessels are structured. Some birds even have a natural "anti-freeze" in their blood. URL_0	[ "BULLET::::- The capacity of some species of birds \"to fly under conditions of low temperature and low oxygen pressure\" was confirmed when a military aircraft checked out a radar station's report of an object at high altitude passing at low speed over Northern Ireland. The pilot reported that the cause was a floc...	[ "Small birds such as sparrows that fly during freezing temperatures should freeze to death." ]	[ "Said birds have antifreeze within their blood which allows them to survive." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Small birds such as sparrows that fly during freezing temperatures should freeze to death.", "Small birds such as sparrows that fly during freezing temperatures should freeze to death." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Said birds have antifreeze within their blood which allows them to survive.", "Said birds have antifreeze within their blood which allows them to survive." ]
2018-14427	How have we not run out of phone numbers and car license numbers?	There are more license plate options than people. 10 possible numbers and 26 possible letters in 6 to 8 possible configurations equals literally trillions of possible combinations. As for phone numbers, they just added an additional digit option for business lines and cleared a lot of clutter for residential.	[ "As cellular phones become more popular, there has been debate about releasing cell phone numbers into public 411 and reverse number directories. (S. 1963, the \"Wireless 411 Privacy Act\" 9/2004). However, opposition led by leading consumer-protection organization Consumers Union presented several privacy concerns...	[ "It is impossible for there to be enough license plates and phone numbers for every person. ", "It should not be possible that there are enough license plates and phone numbers for human beings.", "It is impossible for there to still be remaining phone numbers and license numbers." ]	[ "There is currently an excess of license plates, and some phone numbers have been cleared out, whilst others have had added digits which creates enough for every person. ", "There are more possible license plate combinations than human beings, and phone numbers have been altered with added digits and cleared out ...	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is impossible for there to be enough license plates and phone numbers for every person. ", "It should not be possible that there are enough license plates and phone numbers for human beings.", "It is impossible for there to still be remaining phone numbers and license numbers.", "We have not run out of li...	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is currently an excess of license plates, and some phone numbers have been cleared out, whilst others have had added digits which creates enough for every person. ", "There are more possible license plate combinations than human beings, and phone numbers have been altered with added digits and cleared out ...
2018-23717	Why are m.2 NVMe SSDs at times cheaper or the same price as standard 2.5inch, despite being about 3-5 times faster?	Most likely because it's such a nice form factor, yes. Manufacturers are likely to have leftover stock of them, and be willing to sell them for cheap. Also, since they mount more or less directly into the motherboard, there's probably less material cost in making them - no big enclosure, less control electronics, no cables in the box, etc.	[ "Taken together, these differences make NF1 more suitable for enterprise deployment than M.2, at higher density than 2.5\" SSD (U.2) drives. As of late 2018, NF1 modules of up to 16TiB of NAND SSD storage have come to market. An NF1-based 1U server can hold up to 36 such NF1 modules (576TiB) in a single 1U rack hei...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18056	what the exponents in the Cobb-Douglas Utility function represent.	The exponents are typically called "share weights" because they are the share of income that the consumer will spend on that good. So if u(x,y)=(x\^a)\*(y\^b), the consumer will spend a/(a+b) of her income on good x and b/(a+b) of her income on good y. What that means in practice is that in a Cobb-Douglas world, if you spend $10 a week on steak, the only thing that can change how much money you spend on steak is a change in your income. If your income increases by 10%, you'd spend $11 on steak. If the price of steak went up, you'd still spend $10 on steak, but now it would buy you less. If the price of fish went down, that would have no bearing on your consumption of steak.	[ "BULLET::::- The numbers formula_58 are called the \"parameters\" of the scheme. They are also referred to as the \"structural constants\".\n\nSection::::History.\n", "This suggests that there is an optimal protection limit formula_13. If the capacity left is less than this limit demand for class 2 is rejected. I...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18761	Why do people tell me that lemonade, coffee, soft drinks, alcohol, etc. dehydrate me when those beverages are a very high percentage water?	Alcohol dehydrates you because it is a diuretic - it makes you pee. The rest don't dehydrate you, you're just better off drinking water because it doesn't contain all that sugar.	[ "is based on the natural and non-destructive phenomenon of osmosis across cell membranes. The driving force for the diffusion of water from the tissue into the solution is provided by the higher osmotic pressure of the hyper-tonic solution. The diffusion of water is accompanied by the simultaneous counter diffusion...	[ "Drinks such as lemonade, coffee, soft drinks, and alcohol dehydrate a person. ", "Lemonade makes you dehydrated like alcohol." ]	[ "Alcohol dehydrates a person, but lemonade, coffee, and soft drinks do not. ", "Only alcohol actually dehydrates you, the rest just have sugar that is not needed." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Drinks such as lemonade, coffee, soft drinks, and alcohol dehydrate a person. ", "Lemonade makes you dehydrated like alcohol." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Alcohol dehydrates a person, but lemonade, coffee, and soft drinks do not. ", "Only alcohol actually dehydrates you, the rest just have sugar that is not needed." ]
2018-04327	how we can create and maintain a vaccum when drinking through a straw or from a cup, even while breathing?	Drinking through a straw does not have to involve sucking with your lungs. You seal the back of your mouth with your tongue, and seal your lips around the straw. That way, no air can enter or leave your mouth. Then you open your jaw while keeping everything sealed. That attempts to increase the empty space inside your mouth. But since air can't get in, the pressure in your mouth gets lower, and air pressure from outside pushed the drink up the straw and into your mouth.	[ "Nollet tried to seal wine containers with a pig's bladder and stored them under water. After a while the bladder bulged outwards. He noticed the high pressure that discharged after he pierced the bladder. Curious, he did the experiment the other way round: he filled the container with water and stored it in wine. ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02613	In the double split experiment, people say that, mathematically, electrons go through both slits, no slits and one slit and that all these possibilities are 'in superposition' with each other. What does this mean and do we know how/why it happens?	We don't really know how and why they move, we only know where and when we can detect them. What happens between launch and detection is pure speculation.	[ "Anton Zeilinger, referring to the prototypical example of the double-slit experiment, has elaborated regarding the creation and destruction of quantum superposition:\n", "BULLET::::- A \"cat state\" has been achieved with photons.\n\nBULLET::::- A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.\n\nBULLET::...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02375	Why is the word “record” pronounced differently as a verb than as a noun?	Because in modern American English, we generally put the emphasis on the first half of the word if it is a noun and the second half if it is a verb, if they are homographs. Record, project, contest, object, and so on.	[ "BULLET::::- \"record\".\n\nBULLET::::- \"permit\".\n\nSection::::Origins.\n\nIn English, since the early modern period, polysyllabic nouns tend to have an unstressed final syllable, while verbs do not. Thus, the stress difference between nouns and verbs applies generally in English, not just to otherwise-identical...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04087	How does fiber reduce cholesterol & how does saturated/trans fat increase cholesterol ?	Fiber lowers cholesterol by encouraging the body to make more bile, a process that consumes cholesterol. URL_0	[ "Dietary fibers can change the nature of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and can change how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed through bulking and viscosity. Some types of soluble fibers bind to bile acids in the small intestine, making them less likely to re-enter the body; this in turn lowers c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04838	Gas Station Gasoline Grades as well as additives (Techron etc.)	The grades of gasoline are Octane measurements. Higher octanes ignite at a higher pressure. High performance engines have high compression, so a low octane fuel will explode too early which will mess with your engine, so they need high octane fuel. Regular cars don't get anything special out of high octane fuel. It's a waste to use it. Detergents like techron do actually remove carbon buildup in your engine, but you don't need to use them that often considering how much more expensive Chevron is compared to other filling stations. Some of them work really well, but the question becomes "is the buildup at any given time in my car that big of a deal?" The answer is probably no. You can go to an auto store and get a similar product you add to your own tank for around $1 (which is less expensive than paying an extra 20 cents per gallon for techron).	[ "BULLET::::- Petrochemicals are organic compounds that are the ingredients for the chemical industry, ranging from polymers and pharmaceuticals, including ethylene and benzene-toluene-xylenes (\"BTX\") which are often sent to petrochemical plants for further processing in a variety of ways. The petrochemicals may b...	[ "Higher gasoline grades and additives have benefits." ]	[ "Regular cars do not get anything special from high octane fuel and adding a similar product from an auto store is less expensive. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Higher gasoline grades and additives have benefits.", "Higher gasoline grades and additives have benefits." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Regular cars do not get anything special from high octane fuel and adding a similar product from an auto store is less expensive. ", "Regular cars do not get anything special from high octane fuel and adding a similar product from an auto store is less expensive. " ]
2018-15162	Why does traffic happen if there’s no accidents or anything to cause it?	More cars within the same area mean those cars have to be closer together. At some point, they get so close people don't feel safe traveling at highway speeds. They slow down, which makes the cars even closer together which make even more people slow down, and you get traffic.	[ "The term originated in the United States in 1987–1988 (specifically, from Newscasters at KTLA, a local television station), when a rash of freeway shootings occurred on the 405, 110 and 10 freeways in Los Angeles, California. These shooting sprees even spawned a response from the AAA Motor Club to its members on h...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08374	What makes a piece of glass/mirror shatter into more pieces than another?	Different crystal patterns in the molecular structure. The shockwave that causes it to shatter travels along the edges and causes them to separate at different intervals depending on how it's structured. Rocks for example have fault lines where each mineral attaches itself without much crystalization, so when a rock shatters it's very jagged and crumbly. Glass has a more uniform pattern and there for breaks along very long, fine edges, leading to large, straight, sharp pieces.	[ "Section::::Manufacturing.:Tolerances.:Surface defects.\n", "Glass expands and contracts with changes in temperature and deflects due to wind, so almost all modern glass is set on resilient blocks at the bottom and with space for expansion at the sides and top. The gaskets holding the glass in the frame are also ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07200	Why is it that when you cut a magnet in half you get 2 magnets and not a South Pole and a North Pole?	Think of a Magnet as consisting of lot's and lot's of arrows all pointing in the same direction, a bit like this: < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ Each arrow is like a 'mini magnet' where the Point of the arrow is the north pole and the other end is the south pole. Because they're all pointing in the same direction it allows their magnetic fields to combine into a field that's strong enough for us humans to notice. The arrows themselves are indivisible, so when you cut a magnet in half what you're actually making is this- Magnet 1- < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ Magnet 2- < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ < ------ Thus you now have two smaller magnets. edit- If you're interested, if a magnet ever 'lost' it's magnetism it's because this has happened- < ------ ------ > < ------ < ------ ------ > > ------ < ------ < ------ ------ > ------ > < ------ < ------ ------ > ------ > < ------ ------ > < ------ ------ > The mini-magnets are now all pointing in random directions so their individual magnetic fields cancel out instead of adding up.	[ "Although for many purposes it is convenient to think of a magnet as having distinct north and south magnetic poles, the concept of poles should not be taken literally: it is merely a way of referring to the two different ends of a magnet. The magnet does not have distinct north or south particles on opposing sides...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15981	How can cells, when dividing, during mitosis, produce another cell if they need more materials for the new cell. How do they get the structures for the nucleus. cell wall. mitochondira. etc. n	A cell grows in large size before splitting and creating 2 baby sized cells. The sum of the mass of baby cells is same as the original beefcake cell.	[ "BULLET::::2. Then, the nuclei on the micropylar end of the structure undergo a second round of mitosis.\n\nBULLET::::3. Next, the nuclei rearrange to form a trinucleate endosperm mother cell and the characteristic arrangement of the micropylar end, with an egg cell and two synergid cells.\n\nBULLET::::4. Cell plat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "During mitosis, a cell needs more materials for the new cell." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "A cell grows large before splitting, and the sum mass of the baby cells are the same as the original cell." ]
2018-00409	How the speed of light is constant in all reference frames	How it does so may not have a satisfying answer, but the answer mostly boils down to: because it's a basic property of the universe. Generally, we start with the fact that c is constant in all frames, then find out what that implies. A slightly more satisfying way to think about it is that time itself is relative to the observer. If we have an explosion on a railcar moving very fast (by the by, an object with mass cannot travel at the speed of light), the scientist on the ground sees everything that's on the railcar happening slower than the monkey on the railcar. The monkey in turn sees the scientist moving in slow mo. Similarly, the scientist sees the train as being shorter in length than the monkey does. The fact that time and distance don't work the same for all observers allows velocity = distance/time to make more sense when we see that the distance and time parts change for different observers.	[ "Notable attempts to incorporate a variable speed of light into physics have been made by Einstein in 1911, by Robert Dicke in 1957, and by several researchers starting from the late 1980s.\n\nThe speed of light in vacuum instead is considered a constant, and defined by the SI as 299792458 m/s. Variability of the s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02345	If someone were to fire an object into space that was attached to a rope, would the object float or be pulled down?	What you're describing is a [space elevator]( URL_0 ) which is well studied concept. While we're far from being able to make this possible, we largely understand how it could work. The biggest hurdle is developing a material that's strong enough. It would also have to have to be exactly on the equator and extend out to exactly the right altitude. The only difference from your scenario is that it has to built from the ground up to at least extend mostly beyond the atmosphere. For a number of reasons, you can't just attach one end to a rocket on the surface and launch it.	[ "Mass drivers can be used to propel spacecraft in three different ways: A large, ground-based mass driver could be used to launch spacecraft away from Earth, the Moon, or another body. A small mass driver could be on board a spacecraft, flinging pieces of material into space to propel itself. Another variation woul...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04560	How do airplanes take off?	They use their engines to push them down the runway faster and faster, until the amount of wind passing under their wings is enough to lift them into the air.	[ "Apart from some scattered reference in ancient and medieval records, resting on slender evidence and in need of interpretation, the earliest clearly verifiable human flight took place in Paris in 1783, when Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent d'Arlandes went in a hot air balloon invented by the Mo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02223	What happens when an adult male is castrated? Is voluntary castration a thing e.g. if a person doesn't want kids and would rather spend their effort on their job instead of the "distraction" of sexual thoughts?	Castration messes with testosterone levels, as the testis are the main place it is produced. Testosterone levels fall off a cliff following castration. Testosterone is strongly associated with motivation and drive in men, so castration certainly wouldn’t help with focusing on your job.	[ "Section::::Preventive measure.\n\n\"Voluntary\" chemical or surgical castration has been in practice in many countries—reports are available from American and European countries in particular for over eighty years (chemical for circa thirty)—as an option for treatment for people who have broken laws of a sexual na...	[ "Castration would allow one to focus on their job instead of sex." ]	[ "Castration would reduce testosterone in men drastically which would inhibit their motivation and drive. This in turn would likely cause less focus on work." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Castration would allow one to focus on their job instead of sex." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Castration would reduce testosterone in men drastically which would inhibit their motivation and drive. This in turn would likely cause less focus on work." ]
2018-17596	Why are some allergies, like to nuts, so severe?	I’m not sure if this is really an answer to your question but peanuts in particular trigger especially violent immune reactions because they contain several proteins not found in most other foods. Roasting nuts damages the protein which can make allergic reactions worse. [Apparently, allergy rates are lower in China, where it's customary to boil peanuts, which damages the proteins less.]( URL_0 )	[ "Section::::Prevention.:Cross-reactivity.\n", "The severity of the allergy varies from person to person, and exposure can increase sensitization. For those with a milder form of the allergy, a reaction which makes the throat feel like cotton may occur. Subjects allergic to tree nut can experience asthma, skin ras...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00382	why is there no thunder or lightning during a snowstorm?	I've seen and heard lightning in a snowstorm. Worked at a ski resort as a lift operator, nothing more scary than lightning when you're sitting in a metal shack at the top of a mountain. The weather people call it thundersnow.	[ "On February 1, utility crews were working overtime to get power back to the 14,000 residents of Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation. The wind chill factor averaged about −25° and there was about 1-foot of snow on the ground on average.\n", "The British Isles and other parts of northwestern Europe occasionally repor...	[ "Thunder or lightning is not possible during a thunderstorm.", "Lightning and/or thunder can't occur during a snow storm. " ]	[ "Thunder and lightning are possible during snow.", "Lightning and/or thunder has been witnessed in the midst of a snowstorm, therefore thunder and lightning can exist in the midst of a snowstorm. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Thunder or lightning is not possible during a thunderstorm.", "Lightning and/or thunder can't occur during a snow storm. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Thunder and lightning are possible during snow.", "Lightning and/or thunder has been witnessed in the midst of a snowstorm, therefore thunder and lightning can exist in the midst of a snowstorm. " ]
2018-01567	Why would an employer require an active security clearance for an "entry level" job?	because you are physically going to be in a space that requires a higher security clearance. they are giving you an excuse to be in and around high security individuals and information, regardless of entry level or not.	[ "Jobs that require a security clearance can be found either as positions working directly for the federal government or as authorized federal contractors. Over time, more clearance jobs are being outsourced to contractors. Due to an overall shortage in security-cleared candidates and a long time frame to obtain the...	[ "Employer should not require security clearance for entry level job." ]	[ "They need you to have a security clearance because of the location you are working at. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Employer should not require security clearance for entry level job." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "They need you to have a security clearance because of the location you are working at. " ]
2018-00623	how does a creek continue to flow without a snowpack?	ahh i finally have some use for my last semesters Hydrology Course. the reason why it could run for months even after the rain in your area has ceased, is due to the the speed at which runoff happens. when it first rains, before the creek is formed, the ground becomes saturated (empty spaces filled) with water, over the entire watershed where rain fell. Once the ground has become saturated surface runoff can occur. the water on the surface will run to the lowest spots available, aka, your creek. During the storm the creek will surge with water, as rainwater travels along the surface quickly. Once the storm is over, the water levels will begin to decrease as all the surface water has entered the creek. however the creek will remain because now there is groundwater from the saturated soil which will flow to the low levels of terrain (your creek) and this takes much longer. TLDR: the reason why the creek remains so long after a rain is due to groundwater flow, instead of surface water flow.	[ "Avalanches can only occur in a standing snowpack. Typically winter seasons at high latitudes, high altitudes, or both have weather that is sufficiently unsettled and cold enough for precipitated snow to accumulate into a seasonal snowpack. Continentality, through its potentiating influence on the meteorological ex...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02407	Why does everyone say not to land in the water if your parachute fails or some other reason?	Water doesn't compress readily. It's also pretty heavy. So if you hit water, in order to sink, you have to accelerate a pretty massive amount of 'stuff' out of your way. This is hard to do. The result is the energy going into 'moving water' comes out of you 'going forward' (down in this case), and because moving the water is so hard (takes a lot of energy), it does so rapidly. So you slow down, fast. And slowing down fast is what causes injury (or kills you). The part of you hitting the water comes to a near stop, and the rest of you slams into it, which slows down in turn (possibly breaking in the process), and more of the rest of you slams into that, and so on. Snow, on the other hand, tends to have lots of airspaces in it. You can compress that. So if you hit snow, it'll squash under you. If it's deep enough, then that stretches out the period over which you are decelerating and, if you are lucky, results in less "smash." That being said, unless it's a hell of a snowdrift, you're still going to feel it.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Ditching\" is the same as a forced landing, only on water. After the disabled aircraft makes contact with the surface of the water, the aircraft will most likely sink if it is not designed to float, although it may float for hours, depending on damage.\n\nSection::::Procedures.\n", "For some dives ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06715	Do fishes have to drink water?	Only saltwater fish drink. In freshwater, the inside of the fish is "saltier" than the surrounding environment. Water moves into the fish by osmosis, passively, through the gills and the skin and the stomach. Fish have to eliminate all this excess water by peeing dilute urine.	[ "Some marine fish, like sharks, have adopted a different, efficient mechanism to conserve water, i.e., osmoregulation. They retain urea in their blood in relatively higher concentration. Urea damages living tissues so, to cope with this problem, some fish retain trimethylamine oxide. This provides a better solution...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16633	Why does the sun make me sneeze?	It's called photic sneezing. It has has a genetic component but I don't think the pathophysiology behind it is well understood.	[ "While this phenomenon is poorly understood, recent research has shown that antihistamines being used to treat rhinitis due to seasonal allergies may also reduce the occurrence of photic sneezes in people affected by both conditions.\n\nThose affected by photic sneezing may find relief by shielding their eyes and/o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00313	when a wood screw is tightened into wood so much that it begins to just spin without tightening, how does it not just fall right out?	It can. But there is also a bunch of wood fibres in the space so it has friction to overcome before it can just "slide out" under pressure that screw will pop out but just the fact that the wood material is there helps hold it in place.	[ "This self-locking property is one reason for the very large use of the screw in threaded fasteners such as wood screws, sheet metal screws, studs and bolts. Tightening the fastener by turning it puts compression force on the materials or parts being fastened together, but no amount of force from the parts will cau...	[ "Screw will not fall out when tightened to much." ]	[ "Screw can actually fall out when over tightened. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Screw will not fall out when tightened to much." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Screw can actually fall out when over tightened. " ]
2018-00306	why is it we can it people into a medical induced coma but not any medical use to get them out of coma?	Medically induced coma is done through drugs(barbiturates). Drugs wear off, patient wakes up. Comas cause by accident are a result of damage to the brain which is slow to repair/rewire if it ever does.	[ "Controversy exists over the benefits of using barbiturates to control intracranial hypertension. Some studies have shown that barbiturate-induced coma can reduce intracranial hypertension but does not necessarily prevent brain damage. Furthermore, the reduction in intracranial hypertension may not be sustained. So...	[ "If there is medicine to place someone in a coma, there should also be medicine to take someone out of a coma. " ]	[ "Medicine induced comas are caused by drugs that eventually wear off, however non medically induced comas cause brain damage, which is very slow to repair." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If there is medicine to place someone in a coma, there should also be medicine to take someone out of a coma. ", "If there is medicine to place someone in a coma, there should also be medicine to take someone out of a coma. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Medicine induced comas are caused by drugs that eventually wear off, however non medically induced comas cause brain damage, which is very slow to repair.", "Medicine induced comas are caused by drugs that eventually wear off, however non medically induced comas cause brain damage, which is very slow to repair."...
2018-18779	Why do vehicles jerk backwards when they come to a full stop?	Suspension is the part of the vehicle that acts like a spring so when you drive over bumps they're less noticeable Inertia is the force that pushes back on you when you push into it So when you come to a stop, when the force of the brakes stop you from going forward, the vehicle is pushed forward on the suspension along with it And then it comes back to its resting position	[ "Section::::In the geometric design of roads and tracks.\n", "This is why driver training courses teach that if a car begins to slide sideways, the driver should try to steer in the same direction as the slide with no brakes. It gives the wheels a chance to regain static contact by rolling, which gives the driver...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01914	In video games, cars have a max speed. In real life if a car exceeds this max speed, what happens or could happen, if anything, to the car’s engine, chassis, etc.?	Depends on the car. Most real life street cars, the max speed is either an electronic limit (basically the gas pedal stops working once you hit it) or it's the actual limit that the engines horse power ceases to accelerate the car, this is more common in higher end cars. The max speed is thus the speed that air resistance (and other losses) matches engine horse power. Now what happens if you exceed that? Say you strapped a rocket to your sports car? The most common thing, if in gear, the engine may redline, and likely the failure mode is valve float (the valve springs are not strong enough to close the valves, and they may hit the piston), some engines the connecting rods might break from the forces. Those are the common RPM limit failure modes, and would result in a rapid unplanned disassembly of the engine. There are a bunch of other common failure modes (like lack of oil to the pistons, resulting in it seizing, and head gasket blowing resulting from too much fuel/air in the cylinder, but those are more common if the engine is supped up to provide more power than the engine block was designed for). Now if you pop the car into neutral and let the rockets power you, typically the first component to fail will be the tires, exceed their speed rating and they'll blow apart. At very high speeds, and if you have special super high speed tires, the next failure is aerodynamic, a bad bump or something and the front lifts up and you start flying. This depends a lot on the aerodynamics of the car.	[ "BULLET::::- A car crash can result from hitting rocks, drains, barriers and bridge supports at any speed, or from passing through roadworks on the Mulholland Drive track at speeds greater than 50 mph. Travelling too far up a sloped wall on the aqueduct track at high speed results in the car flipping over.\n\nBULLE...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19956	Phones have data plans that basically allow us internet access where ever we go. Why don’t all devices (like laptops) have this capability?	It's a moderately expensive feature with relatively little demand: most people will just connect to a phone's hotspot or a local wireless network. That being said, there are a few laptops, mainly some business-oriented models, with integrated celluar modems. There are also a few USB celluar modems.	[ "Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the de...	[ "laptops don't have the capability to connect to internet basically anywhere" ]	[ "Some laptops are made that have integrated cellular modems. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "laptops don't have the capability to connect to internet basically anywhere" ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some laptops are made that have integrated cellular modems. " ]
2018-03312	How do we know that Pi decimals never repeat ?	URL_0 Unfortunately, the proof that pi is irrational isn't really possible in ELI5 since it is complicated by necessity. Suffice it to say, we do have proofs that it is indeed irrational, and an irrational number is one whose decimal expansion goes on forever and never repeats. If it did end or repeat, it could be represented as a ratio between two integers which is what being rational means.	[ "Randomness occurs in numbers such as log (2) and pi. The decimal digits of pi constitute an infinite sequence and \"never repeat in a cyclical fashion.\" Numbers like pi are also considered likely to be normal, which means their digits are random in a certain statistical sense.\n\nPi certainly seems to behave this...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02995	What makes the sport Skeleton difficult and what makes certain riders faster than others?	It's all about the lines you take to maximize speed, and avoid contact with the wall. It looks easy, like most racing does, but the easier it is, the harder it is to stand out among the others, leaving the very best in front.	[ "Section::::International competitions.\n\nThe IBSF organizes four competitive circuits for international skeleton competition, in three tiers: two Continental Cups, the Intercontinental Cup (ICC), and the top level World Cup. Each athlete receives points based on their results and the level of the competition, whi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09517	Why does salt preserve foods like meat? Can't bacteria live in salt?	Salt sucks the water out of the cells via osmosis. Compare with drying or smoking meat. Bacteria growth is highly restricted in dehydrated environment.	[ "Salting is used because most bacteria, fungi and other potentially pathogenic organisms cannot survive in a highly salty environment, due to the hypertonic nature of salt. Any living cell in such an environment will become dehydrated through osmosis and die or become temporarily inactivated.\n\nIt was discovered i...	[ "If bacteria can live in salt, then salt should not be able to preserve foods such as meats." ]	[ "Salt removes water from cells, and the growth of bacteria is restricted in a dehydrated environment." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If bacteria can live in salt, then salt should not be able to preserve foods such as meats.", "If bacteria can live in salt, then salt should not be able to preserve foods such as meats." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Salt removes water from cells, and the growth of bacteria is restricted in a dehydrated environment.", "Salt removes water from cells, and the growth of bacteria is restricted in a dehydrated environment." ]
2018-21830	Why is the switch that controls the rear defroster almost universally on a timer rather than an on/off switch?	Heating tempered glass too hot while surrounded by such cold might cause an imbalance in the forces of compression and tension within the glass. Tempered glass is strong until it isn't, and then it just explodes practically.	[ "Sony timer\n\nThe or Sony kill switch, is an urban legend prevalently present in Japan, but which over time became known in the Western civilization. According to this legend, many electronic devices produced by Sony were equipped with a timer that, once reached a deliberately preset deadline, causing a planned ob...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02149	Why do slippers squeak when they get wet?	Water in between the surface of the floor and the rubber bottom of the slipper creates a situation with incomplete grip and it’s basically the sound of the rubber sliding around.	[ "Sometimes geta are worn in rain to keep the feet dry, due to their extra height and impermeability compared to other footwear such as \"zōri\". They make a similar noise to flip-flops slapping against the heel whilst walking. When worn on water or dirt, flip-flops may flip dirt or water up the back of the legs. Th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02153	Why does cold soda have stronger carbonation than warm soda?	Gases are more soluble in cold liquids than in hot liquids. The hotter a liquid is, the closer to boiling it is.......the closer to boiling, the more it wants to release gases.	[ "where \"k\" is a temperature-dependent constant, \"p\" is the partial pressure and \"c\" is the concentration of the dissolved gas in the liquid. Thus the partial pressure of CO in the gas has increased until Henry's law is obeyed. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the liquid has decreased and the drink has l...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12301	Why do tray tables and seats have to be set back while planes are taking off and landing?	Imagine you sitting down in your seat. Seat belt unbuckled tray table down. The 100 tons of aircraft and cargo and passengers are all buckled in. The plane is landing. Now imagine a critical failure of the landing gear. Not exploding just collapsing a foot or so. The nose dives down the plane lurches forward. So does everything in the plane. Including you. That tray table has now broken your ribs or caused some internal bruising. It’s the same as holding something on your lap in a car accident. Where is the cute puppy or laptop gonna go. With the momentum of the vehicle. Stow your tray table. Put your items in the overhead. Turn off your phone or put it in airplane mode. There are reasons for all these things. Some are outdated. Most aren’t. The airlines would love to have you do whatever and not care. But liability lawsuits would cripple them.	[ "Section::::Mitigation of AOG status.\n\nWhen an aircraft \"goes AOG\" and materials required are not on hand, parts and personnel must be driven, flown, or sailed to the location of the \"grounded A/C\". Usually the problem is escalated through an internal AOG Desk, then the Manufacturer's AOG Desk, and finally co...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02178	How do wireless phone chargers work.	Wireless chargers use the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Electricity is basically just the movement of electrons through some form of conductor (usually a metal wire). Electrons are negatively charged particles. Since they have a charge, they are susceptible to magnetic force. A wireless charger works with two metal coils. One in the charger and one in the receiver. The charger runs an electric current through its own coil, which creates a magnetic field with a certain 'direction' (oversimplified). This magnetic field 'pulls' (again, oversimplified) the electrons in the coil of the receiver and sets them in motion. This motion is the 'electricity' that is then used to charge the device the receiver is connected to. [An exemplary visualization of the two coils.]( URL_0 ) [A picture of one of the actual coils in a smartphone.]( URL_1 )	[ "Mobile phones generally obtain power from rechargeable batteries. There are a variety of ways used to charge cell phones, including USB, portable batteries, mains power (using an AC adapter), cigarette lighters (using an adapter), or a dynamo. In 2009, the first wireless charger was released for consumer use. Some...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04330	If the Earths atmosphere is 78% Nitrogen, why dont we have Nitrogen based life?	Life isn't nitrogen based, but life does make use of lots of nitrogen atoms. Life is carbon based because the structure of carbon enables lots of different variations of organic molecules. Nitrogen doesn't form the types of bonds to enable the same amount of variation.	[ "The family is allied with an alien, an octopus-like being, who can survive in the new atmosphere. Humans must live in shelters with oxygen-generating plants, or use suitable breathing equipment. Some of Earth's original life forms have mutated to survive in the changed atmosphere. Since almost no metals can exist ...	[ "If Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, nitrogen based life should exist." ]	[ "Life isn't nitrogen based, it is carbon based." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, nitrogen based life should exist.", "If Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, nitrogen based life should exist." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Life isn't nitrogen based, it is carbon based.", "Life isn't nitrogen based, it is carbon based." ]
2018-01521	How does a Javelin Rocket launcher track moving targets.	> How does a Javelin Rocket launcher track moving targets. It has an automatic infrared guidance system which locks on to a heat signature and will adjust the two rear fins in order to steer it toward the target.	[ "Section::::Components.:Missile.:Tracker.\n", "As of January 2019, over 5,000 Javelin missiles have been fired in combat.\n\nSection::::Overview.\n", "Range of up to 4,750 m (15,600 ft) is another advantage of this missile. In UK Vehicle Tests in June 2016, Javelin missile scored 100% in five test firings from ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13380	Why is it when it rains, peoples old injurys or places they had surgery on tend to hurt them?	Some say it is primarily psychological; conformation bias mostly. Your knee hurts a lot, and it rains sometimes, so eventually your knee will hurt right before it rains, and you will remember those times and forget the others. But my favorite theory is air pressure. Before it rains, the air pressure drops. Your body already has an internal pressure, and in places where it is not properly put to gether, (i.e. the places where it had been previously injured,) the internal pressure staying the same and the external pressure droping could cause it to move in uncomfortable ways.	[ "Section::::Reliability.:Sayings which may be locally accurate.:Aches and pains.\n\nThere have been medical studies done which indicate some people experience this effect. The most likely reason is that with a fall in atmospheric pressure, blood vessels dilate slightly in reaction. This has the effect of aggravatin...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01896	why do things that are hot (like lava or fire, or... lights) generate light?	When a thing is at a temperature over absolute zero, the atoms composing it are moving. When those atoms collide with each other, they lose a little bit of energy. That energy loss become electromagnetic radiation, in other words, light. The energy of light is related to its wavelength, so matter with different temperature will emit light with different wavelength. In the end, everything emit light, but things that are hot emit visible light. (While colder thing emit light that the human eyes can't see. For example, you're emitting infrared light) Of course, this come from an idealized physics object called black body, and not all light is made this way.	[ "There are many sources of light. A body at a given temperature emits a characteristic spectrum of black-body radiation. A simple thermal source is sunlight, the radiation emitted by the chromosphere of the Sun at around peaks in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum when plotted in wavelength units an...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-19771	Why is suspension from school a punishment? Isn't that just giving them what they want?	It is intended that they are punished by the parents, at home. Schools have very limited ability to discipline children, so leaving it up to the parents should be beneficial to everyone.	[ "Schools are usually required to notify the student's parents/guardians of the reason for and duration of a suspension (whether ISS or OSS). Students are often required to continue to learn and complete assignments during their suspension. Studies suggest that exclusion can be associated with psychological distress...	[ "School suspension is not punishment for students. " ]	[ "Parents are to punish student when suspension is received. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "School suspension is not punishment for students. ", "School suspension is not punishment for students. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Parents are to punish student when suspension is received. ", "Parents are to punish student when suspension is received. " ]
2018-10904	When I soak a plaster container that has been stained with red sauce in hydrogen peroxide, the stain disappears. But the peroxide stays clear. Where does the color go?	Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizer that reacts with the compounds that give the color, producing colorless byproducts and likely some gases.	[ "Acid digestion is the most common dissolution method used for many types of samples. Unfortunately, acid digestion involves numerous manipulations of concentrated acids. Some types of samples even require the use of perchloric acid (HClO) that is explosive when it comes into contact with any organic materials. It ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10097	Why does Christianity have so many denominations compared to Islam/Judaism/Hinduism?	I'm not sure that it does. I don't know much about Hinduism, but both [Islam]( URL_0 ) and [Judaism]( URL_1 ) have many different branches and schools.	[ "Roman Rite Catholicism was introduced to India by the Portuguese, Italian and Irish Jesuits in the 16th century under the influence of its allied empires. Most Christian schools, hospitals, primary care centres originated through the Roman Catholic missions brought by the trade of these countries. Traditional Angl...	[ "Religions like Judaism lack different denominations." ]	[ "Religions like Judaism have many different branches." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Religions like Judaism lack different denominations.", "Religions like Judaism lack different denominations." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Religions like Judaism have many different branches.", "Religions like Judaism have many different branches." ]
2018-02050	Why do you gain weight when you quit smoking?	Nicotine is an [appetite suppressant ]( URL_0 ) , so it follows that people will want to eat more when they stop nicotine. Another side effect of nicotine withdrawal is anxiety, which causes some people to turn to food for comfort. Some people turn to snacking to stave off nicotine cravings as well, because it's a distraction and because it is something to do with your mouth that isn't smoking cigarettes.	[ "Weight gain as a side effect of smoking cessation remains a major aspect of smoking and weight control. People can be discouraged by weight gain experienced while quitting smoking. Weight gain is a common experience during smoking cessation, with roughly 75% of smokers gaining weight after quitting. As nicotine is...	[ "People gain weight because they quit smoking." ]	[ "People choose to eat more because of lack of nicotine, an appetite suppresant, or because of anxiety. This causes them to gain weight." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People gain weight because they quit smoking." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People choose to eat more because of lack of nicotine, an appetite suppresant, or because of anxiety. This causes them to gain weight." ]
2018-00795	If a ballistic missile were to hit the island of Oahu in Hawaii, how much damage would be done? Would it wipe out the whole island?	depends on what kind of warhead is on it. if it was a low yield nuke, you'd be looking at dying either quick or slow. if it was a conventional warhead, you'd be looking at damage to a quite a few city blocks.	[ "On April 28, 2017, North Korea launched an unidentified ballistic missile over Pukchang airfield, in North Korean territory. It blew up shortly after take-off at an altitude of approximately 70 km (44 mi).\n\nOn July 4, 2017, North Korea launched Hwasong-14 from Banghyon airfield, near Kusong, in a lofted trajecto...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Ballistic missile could destroy all of Oahu." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Missile destruction depends on the size of the missile but probably wouldn't wipe out the whole island. " ]
2018-22260	How are firefighters able to identify the cause of a fire after its end?	The fire burns differently as it spreads. There's a specific pattern of the ignition site that varies with materials used.	[ "Meanwhile, Charlie and Dr. Larry Fleinhardt (Peter MacNicol), Charlie's friend and colleague, discuss creating a \"fireprint\", a profile of the fires and the possible motives for them. Using records from the LAFD, Charlie and Larry learn that 17 fires over the past two years match the fireprint for the current fi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03574	Why is it so hard to wake up in the mornings, but then also so hard to go to sleep in the night?	Not sure why you're having trouble falling asleep, but as for waking up, "Sleep inertia is a physiological state of impaired cognitive and sensory-motor performance that is present immediately after awakening. It persists during the transition of sleep to wakefulness, where an individual will experience feelings of drowsiness, disorientation and a decline in motor dexterity. Impairment from sleep inertia may take several hours to dissipate. In the majority of cases, morning sleep inertia is experienced for 15 to 60 minutes after waking". A more ELI5 description: You know how an object in motion tends to stay in motion? Same goes for sleep. If you're asleep, your body wants to stay that way. Source: URL_0	[ "The morning period may be a period of enhanced or reduced energy and productivity. The ability of a person to wake up effectively in the morning may be influenced by a gene called \"Period 3\". This gene comes in two forms, a \"long\" and a \"short\" variant. It seems to affect the person's preference for mornings...	[ "It is difficult to fall asleep at night. " ]	[ "Not everybody finds it difficult to fall asleep at night." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is difficult to fall asleep at night. ", "It is difficult to fall asleep at night. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Not everybody finds it difficult to fall asleep at night.", "Not everybody finds it difficult to fall asleep at night." ]
2018-03399	How does a company know that a hack had occurred?	Systems that process logins and billing are typically built with logging that tracks logon attempts and IP addresses. Most likely someone phoned in to say that their account got hacked. Sony reviewed the logs, found that an unusual IP address was accessing the account, and they did a look up to find out what other accounts had been accessed by that IP address and took action. (one from a different country than the IP that usually accesses the account) On a proactive rather than reactive approach: Common hacking tools like those that attempt brute force logins (rapidly trying different combinations of passwords against an account) leave tell tale signs in the logs that security people look out for.	[ "The CERT/CC promotes a particular process of coordination known as \"Responsible Coordinated Disclosure\". In this case, the CERT/CC works privately with the vendor to address the vulnerability before a public report is published, usually jointly with the vendor's own security advisory. In extreme cases when the v...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01458	How does a camera focus have a set lower limit but an infinite upper limit?	The camera lens has to bend the light to focus it on the sensor. The closer the object is, the more the lens has to bend the light to focus it on the sensor. The farther away, the less it has to bend it. Objects infinitely far away barely need any focusing at all.	[ "This sets a limit close to 1.0 to 1.2 for most SLR mounts, whereas lenses for rangefinder and mirrorless cameras can be faster, as they can be brought closer to the image plane. Reproduction lenses incapable of infinity focus can have nominal f-numbers smaller than this limit, as the limit applies to the \"working...	[ "Camera focus should not have an infinite upper limit but a set lower limit. " ]	[ "Objects infinitely far away don't really need to focus at all. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Camera focus should not have an infinite upper limit but a set lower limit. ", "Camera focus should not have an infinite upper limit but a set lower limit. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Objects infinitely far away don't really need to focus at all. ", "Objects infinitely far away don't really need to focus at all. " ]
2018-00750	How do snails make their shells?	Shells of things like snails and clams have shells made (primarily) of calcium carbonate. There's some protein in there too, but it's just a chemical that their bodies produce in a structured way over time. I guess it's analogous to how you grow hair or fingernails, but instead of growing the protein keratin they're putting down layers of calcium ions in a crystal lattice.	[ "Section::::Formation.:Development.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cornu aspersum\", better known as the European brown snail, is cooked in many different ways, according to different local traditions (size: 28 to 35 mm for an adult weight of 7 to 15 g; typically found in the Mediterranean countries of Europe and North Afric...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-06446	If dead tissue rots so quickly, how do clothes based on animal matter like leather or wool endure so long?	Wool is not living tissue, it's just hair. Leather requires processing to preserve it. Its dried and cured to prevent decay.	[ "There are many factors when considering the sustainability of a material. The renewability and source of a fiber, the process of how a raw fiber is turned into a textile, the impact of preparation and dyeing of the fibers, energy use in production and preparation, the working conditions of the people producing the...	[ "Wool is dead tissue." ]	[ "Wool is hair, which is not living tissue." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Wool is dead tissue.", "Wool is dead tissue." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Wool is hair, which is not living tissue.", "Wool is hair, which is not living tissue." ]
2018-03233	So there are animals, plants and fungi. What's the difference between fungi and the other two?	Fungi and animals are very different from each other and classified as completely separate kingdoms. At the cellular level, both animals and fungi are composed of eukaryotic cells ; Fungal cells differ from plant cells in that they do not have chloroplasts and cannot carry out photosynthesis to make their own food , they are similar to animal cells in that fungal cells have centrioles, the structures that organize the spindle during mitosis. Like plants, fungi have a cell wall but it is composed of chitin, a polymer of n-acetyl glucosamine, rather than cellulose, a polymer of glucose. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs. Fungi secret enzymes to externally digest food then these nutrients are absorbed. Animals ingest (eat) food followed by internal digestion and absorption of nutrients. Some fungi have stages in their life cycle that are motile in liquid (water molds) and, in the past, they were considered "animal-like". That classification is many, many years outdated. This is a very simplistic comparison since Kingdom Fungi is extremely diverse and complex.	[ "Animals as a category have several characteristics that generally set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and usually multicellular (although see Myxozoa), which separates them from bacteria, archaea, and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-19477	if (most of) our cells turn over completely, why do skin imperfections stick around? Why don’t things like enlarged pores and scars reset?	You're talking about structures that have millions of cells in them. Though the individual cells regenerate, the structure as a whole tends to retain its higher level features. It's kinda like Britain. The population, and most of the buildings, have been completely replaced numerous times since the eleventh century. But there is still an unusually high number of them in the London area today.	[ "Skin is a soft tissue and exhibits key mechanical behaviors of these tissues. The most pronounced feature is the J-curve stress strain response, in which a region of large strain and minimal stress exists and corresponds to the microstructural straightening and reorientation of collagen fibrils. In some cases the ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00732	How can projector produce a black image.	It can't, black cannot be projected. It's the absence of light, so the black areas in a projected image are the areas not projected on. That's why you have to darken the room when using a projector. Black areas will only ever be as black as the surface you're projecting on under the ambient room brightness - this also means you will never have a perfect black in a projected image, since even in a perfectly dark room the projector produces ambient light.	[ "The most common type of projector used today is called a video projector. Video projectors are digital replacements for earlier types of projectors such as slide projectors and overhead projectors. These earlier types of projectors were mostly replaced with digital video projectors throughout the 1990s and early 2...	[ "Projectors produce a black image." ]	[ "They don't they just don't project anything to that area so it looks dark." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Projectors produce a black image." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "They don't they just don't project anything to that area so it looks dark." ]
2018-18239	Why is glass called a liquid?	It's wrong, a common fallacy. People noticed that old windows were thicker at the bottom, and wavy, and assumed they were slowly flowing downward. This is incorrect; builders of old windows just made them this way.	[ "The origin of \"liquor\" and its close relative \"liquid\" was the Latin verb \"liquere\", meaning \"to be fluid\". According to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\", an early use of the word in the English language, meaning simply \"a liquid\", can be dated to 1225. The first use the \"OED\" mentions of its meaning ...	[ "glass is called a liquid.", "Glass is a liquid." ]	[ "It's wrong, Builders just made old windows that way.", "Glass is a solid; some people, noticing old windows were thicker at the bottom, believed that they were flowing downward, but this is a fallacy." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "glass is called a liquid.", "Glass is a liquid." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "It's wrong, Builders just made old windows that way.", "Glass is a solid; some people, noticing old windows were thicker at the bottom, believed that they were flowing downward, but this is a fallacy." ]
2018-03037	Why does a long nap lead to grogginess and less energy than that of a shorter nap?	The longer the nap the deeper you're falling into REM sleep. Waking up from a deep REM sleep causes grogginess. The ideal nap is ~20 minutes if your goal is to wake up feeling better. REM sleep - look it up.	[ "For years, scientists have been investigating the benefits of napping, including the 30-minute nap as well as sleep durations of 1–2 hours. Performance across a wide range of cognitive processes has been tested. Studies demonstrate that naps are as good as a night of sleep for some types of memory tasks. A NASA st...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18086	Why do conditioners make little to no foam unlike shampoos?	It is about their purpose. The foam in soaps and shampoos is part of what makes it able to clean the dirt and oils from the hair and scalp. Conditioner is there to add back in some of what is lost since not all those oils are required to be stripped away as part of that cleaning, so they are made differently, conditioner is not a soap.	[ "In additional to the liquid shampoos, there are dry shampoos available for pets with fur. The waterless-foaming shampoo is applied directly into the fur of the pet without the need to pre-wet or rinse the pet after application. These shampoos often contain a combination of detergents, antimicrobial agents, and sur...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03615	Why do some lamps require two turns of the knob to turn on whereas a typical wall switch is just one flick	Because these lamps are set for a 3 way bulb but only have a standard bulb in them. A 3 way bulb has a low medium and high setting vs a normal bulb just being on or off.	[ "Most multi-function sets feature eight to sixteen moving light functions. Some very common functions are fading and chasing. More extravagant and less common functions are stepping on and two-channel flashing. These lights usually come in sets of 140 or 150. This is because to give the chasing effect, bulbs must b...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01997	Why is flu type A divided into subtypes but not type B?	Flu type B is a virus that infects only humans, and doesn't have subtypes. All the viruses are basically the same. Flu type A has "H" and "N" proteins on its surface. They infect humans and birds, and in the case of some subtypes pigs as well (swine flu). The subtypes are determined based on which "H" and "N" proteins are on the surface.	[ "Genetic diversity among unencapsulated strains is greater than within the encapsulated group. Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes; however, they can be classified by multilocus sequence typing. The pathogenesis of \"H. influenzae\" infections is not completely u...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01423	In what way is antimatter atom different than normal matter atom?	An anti-matter atom is one made up of the anti-matter equivilent of normal subatomic particles. That is, instead of being made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons, it will be made up of positrons, anti-protons, and anti-neutrons. At the most fundamental level, particles and their anti-particle counterparts have the same mass, but opposite electrical charges.	[ "BULLET::::- They can emit two photons and return directly to the ground state as they were\n\nBULLET::::- They can absorb another photon, which ionizes the atom\n\nBULLET::::- They can emit a single photon and return to the ground state via the 2P state—in this case the positron spin can flip or remain the same.\n...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12556	Why is there seemingly no research being done on purely recreational drugs?	The cost of creating an FDA approved drug is in the 100 million dollar range and those doing the initial research are typically PHDs. So drafting a proposal for funding on a drug that's only purpose is fun would be unlikely and not even cross the minds of everyone involved. imagine inventing a drug like ecstasy and then asking the government for money to make it, the government would deny you and take any licenses you have for even asking.	[ "Some reasons for the lack of clinical research have been the introduction of new synthetic and more stable pharmaceutical anticonvulsants, the recognition of important adverse side effects, and legal restrictions to the use of cannabis-derived medicines – although in December 2015, the DEA (United States Drug Enfo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16117	Why do some brands of vodka result in horrible hangovers, while others result in no hangover?	Congeners are small amounts of chemicals in alcohol produced during fermentation. These chemicals are said to be partly responsible for a hangover. Congeners can be filtered out through distilling, but cheaper alcohol is usually only distilled a couple of times. For example, Tito’s is distilled 6 times.	[ "A study conducted on NPR's \"Planet Money\" podcast revealed negligible differences in taste between various brands of vodka, leading to speculation as to how much branding contributes to the concept of \"super premium vodkas\".\n\nSection::::Production.:Distilling and filtering.\n", "Vodka perfect is produced a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02882	The advantages and disadvantages of a quad/multi-copter over a helicopter	Quadcopters are a very inefficient design from both a power use and a lift capacity standpoint. Compared to traditional single or tandem rotor helicopters though they are much easier to fly with simple controls.	[ "In the last few decades, small-scale unmanned aerial vehicles have been used for many applications. The need for aircraft with greater maneuverability and hovering ability has led to a rise in quadcopter research. The four-rotor design allows quadcopters to be relatively simple in design yet highly reliable and ma...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19918	How come school busses don’t have seatbelts?	There have been various studies regarding this. It seems counter intuitive but School buses don't have seatbelts because the drawbacks to having them outweigh the benefits. Kids are actually safer in a school bus during an accident than in a car wearing a selt belt. School buses are heavy and built very sturdy compared to cars. Also the kids are sitting high up compared to a car which is an advantage for safety in the majority of accidents. The seats are also quite tall and heavily padded to absorb energy. They are also close together to prevent much movement during a crash. One of the big arguments is that not having seat belts speeds up evacuation as it's a lot faster for the kids to get off the bus after an accident. Kids also tend to move around a lot and don't like using seatbelts so it's hard to make them sit down and use them so it's better to design the vehicle to be safer then concentrate on specific safety devices.	[ "A key priority for a bus driver when driving, as well as when loading and unloading students, is proper sightlines around their vehicle; the blind spots formed by the school bus can be a significant risk to bus drivers and traffic as well as pedestrians. In the United States, approximately ⅔ of students killed out...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23867	Why do bald people seem to have shiny heads	Your head produces oil that's good for your hair. If you have no hair, the oil just sits on your scalp and makes it really shiny. Source: I have a bald, shiny head.	[ "The genus \"Neopalpa\", including the species \"Neopalpa neonata\", was first described in 1998 by Dalibor Povolný. Almost two decades later, Nazari reviewed the material, including specimens that had been collected since the first description of the genus, from the Bohart Entomology Museum. He considered that som...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-08379	Why are there no underwater cities?	Because it would be ridiculously expensive to build a city underwater... also it would be just nonsense. Why build a city where you need tunnels to get from A to B, it would be a nightmare on the topic of air circulation, some parts would need to be ankered to the ground to not float off Tides and algae would become an issue... its simply 10000x easier to build a city on land and until now we didnt need the extra room that would verify an underwater city	[ "BULLET::::- The \"War of Powers\" series by Robert E. Vardeman and Victor Milan features a Sky City ruled by a race of human overlords called the Sky born who conquered the city from its original reptilian inhabitants. The city is powered by dark magic and floats in a set pattern over 5 surface cities.\n\nBULLET::...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12308	Why Does America Have So many varieties of snack products?	Well first off America's cosmopolitan so we get a bit from everywhere, and due to sheer size and diversity of the nation we get more brands than say - a relatively homogeneous nation.	[ "Snack cakes can be found in many American supermarkets and convenience stores, sold either individually or by the box. Examples include Drake's Devil Dogs, Twinkies and zebra cakes. Well-known American manufacturers of snack cakes include Hostess, Little Debbie, Dolly Madison, and Drake's. In 2004, the snack-cake ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00044	why aren’t planes designed to have enough overhead space to accommodate all passengers?	They would, except everyone insists on carrying bags on the plane instead of checking them, because checking them now costs money. Years ago, checking bags was usually free, and there was a lot more room in the overheads. Have you ever flown Southwest? Checked bags are free, and there's plenty of overhead bin room.	[ "Section::::Cabin configurations and features.:Overhead bins.\n", "First- and business-class are refurbished every 5–7 years compared to 6–10 years for economy.\n\nA 337 seats cabin (36 business, 301 economy) in a 787-10 for Singapore Airlines costs $17.5 million each.\n\nEmirates invested over $15 million each t...	[ "There isn't enough overhead space on planes to accommodate all passengers." ]	[ "Passengers choose to carry bags on and use the overhead space rather than check the bags." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There isn't enough overhead space on planes to accommodate all passengers." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Passengers choose to carry bags on and use the overhead space rather than check the bags." ]
2018-01527	Why whenever I wash bedding do the pillow cases always end up inside the duvet?	Indeed there is. Things move around randomly a lot in the machine, so they end up in random locations unless one of those locations is a very effective trap. A duvet is just that. Pillowcases check in, but they don't check out.	[ "Duvets can reduce the complexity of making a bed, as they can be used without a top sheet, blankets or quilts or other bed covers. Duvets can be made warmer than blankets without becoming heavy. The duvet itself fits into a specially made cover, usually of cotton or a cotton-polyester blend. The duvet cover can be...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00412	Why do colors disappear when you zoom in with a microscope?	In order to see something with a light microscope, you need to have a very, very thin cross-section. It has to be thin enough for light to be able to pass through it (for the most part). Otherwise, the image under the microscope would appear opaque or black. But a small cross section means that there's not really that much material and/or pigment to add color to the light. Look at a drop of water or a very shallow puddle of water on a white background. Not very much color is there? But look at the ocean from space. All that water is a rich, deep blue. It's the same with a microscope. A carrot may look deep orange with the naked eye, but when you slice a thin enough piece off to see it under a microscope, it's a very pale orange if any color can be [seen at all]( URL_0 ). If you're talking about images from an electron microscope, then an EM doesn't really see color. An EM uses electron beams and their reflection off of things for a computer to render a 3D image of what something looks like. It's like a blind person examining an object with his hands. Sure he can tell you precisely what shape and texture the object is, but he has no clue what color it is. An EM is the same way.	[ "When using a light microscope, unlike the case of fluorescent imaging, images are typically acquired using standard color camera-systems. This reflects partially the history of the field, where humans were often interpreting the images, but also the fact that the sample can be illuminated with white light and all ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03993	When censoring people’s identity, why are only the eyes covered?	There already a lot of identifying features in the eyes. Eye position, eye color, length of lashes, etc that could make it easier for a stranger to find them. But, people who already know the person could identify them based on other parts. TL:DR: enough censorship against strangers, just enough for family & friends to recognize	[ "With high importance is given to closing eyelids and covering the eyes as temporary and permanent flash blindness is a risk potential without this covering, especially at night.\n", "EYES ONLY may be used as part of the national caveats in English speaking countries performing as an addition to the security clas...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03749	Why don’t tattoo shops ever get sued for copyright infringement, and could they?	Do you remember how difficult it was for music companies to sue individual people for downloading music illegally on Napster and Limewire? Same concept. The amount of money Disney, Marvel or someone else would make from pursuing damages simply isn't going to be worth going to court for and the bad press they'd get for taking some of their most hardcore fans to court for getting inked up in the first place wouldn't be worth it. That's why you won't see an individual artist or person getting a tattoo sued. Now, if you had an individual tattoo artist who was making and selling their own designs with these characters as art pieces and that person hit it massively big to the point where they were making large-scale money (Picture Banksy or someone similar deciding to sell original drawings of Mickey and Minnie) then you might see it being worth it financially and see this person being sued because the original company wants to protect their copyright on the work. But a tattoo artist making $300 or something on drawing a Thor tattoo? Who the hell wants to bother with that?	[ "American Electric was the competitor tattoo shop to High Voltage during Season 3 and the first half of Season 4.\n\nSection::::Background.:Ratings.\n", "In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing \"any\" clients...	[ "Tattoo shops never get sued for copyright infringement.", "Tattoo shops should have been sued for copyright infringement. " ]	[ "Companies could sue a tattoo shop for copyright infringement, but usually it isn't going to be worth going to court.", "While tattoo shops might be susceptible to copyright infringement, the money that large scale companies would make from pursuing tattoo shops would be minimal and not worth the time and effort....	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Tattoo shops never get sued for copyright infringement.", "Tattoo shops should have been sued for copyright infringement. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Companies could sue a tattoo shop for copyright infringement, but usually it isn't going to be worth going to court.", "While tattoo shops might be susceptible to copyright infringement, the money that large scale companies would make from pursuing tattoo shops would be minimal and not worth the time and effort....
2018-09883	Did the Greeks look at the gods as actual beings or more like representations of different elements of the world?	Herodotus recounted actions of deities as if they were real entities and not fictional personifications of natural forces. For instance: > The Scythians who plundered the temple were punished by the goddess with the female sickness, which still attaches to their posterity. I seem to recall some more direct intervention accounts, but I'm not finding them quickly.	[ "Herodotus was one of the earliest authors to engage in this form of interpretation. In his observations regarding the Egyptians, he establishes Greco-Egyptian equivalents that endured into the Hellenistic era, including Amon/Zeus, Osiris/Dionysus, and Ptah/Hephaestus. In his observations regarding the Scythians, h...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21682	Germany currently contribute the most in European Union budget, giving directly more money than they receive. How is it profitable for them?	It doesn't need to be profitable to be beneficial Germany benefits from a stable European Union and they're willing to dedicate resources to ensure that. A stable EU will see better growth and avoid war which is good for everyone in the long run, they've already seen enough	[ "DBH Deutsche Buch Handels GmbH & Co. KG\n", "Investment partnerships are in place with Hochtief AirPort Capital GmbH & Co. KGaA and Hochtief PPP Schools Capital Ltd. as well as with subsidiary Hochtief AirPort Retail SH.P.K. Via Hochtief AirPort, the company also has a 100 percent interest in Transport and L...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Germany is profiting from contrbuting the most in the European Union budget." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "It doesn't need to be profitable." ]
2018-00327	When light is reflected onto something, why does the reflection always have the same brightness on shadows and on other lights? Why do shadows "add up", but lights and reflections don't?	They don't. thats how concave mirrors work, they focus light into a single spot, you can use it to burn things. light is waves and both the light and the shadows add up equally.	[ "When the angle of reflection is close to the angle at which the light's rays hit the surface (that is, when the sun and the object are close to opposition from the viewpoint of the observer), this intrinsic brightness is usually close to its maximum. At a phase angle of zero degrees, all shadows disappear and the ...	[ "Shadows add up.", "When light is reflected on something, the reflection always shares the same brightness on shadows and on other lights, the shadows add up but the lights and reflections don't." ]	[ "Light adds together to make things brighter so a reflection will have the brightness that is already there plus more from the reflection. ", "They actually don't, light is waves and everything adds up equally. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Shadows add up.", "When light is reflected on something, the reflection always shares the same brightness on shadows and on other lights, the shadows add up but the lights and reflections don't." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Light adds together to make things brighter so a reflection will have the brightness that is already there plus more from the reflection. ", "They actually don't, light is waves and everything adds up equally. " ]
2018-17602	How does conversion of food into energy in our bodies work? How can ~500 grams of food sustain an ~80 kg human for approximately 6-8 hours?	* It's like how a gallon of gas can move a 2000 pound car for 30 miles. Or it's like how a full glass of water just needs enough extra water added to account for evaporation. You aren't growing a whole human with the extra energy. All you're doing is accounting for the energy that was burned off. As for 500 grams of food, if it was all simple carbohydrates, that's 2000 calories. That's plenty of calories, even for a 175 pound person. Human metabolism is slightly more energy efficient than a car engine. If you're talking about 500 grams including fiber and water weight, it would be less. As for your main question of how does the conversion of food into energy work, [it works like this.]( URL_0 ) The short version is you take food, break it down into smaller and smaller molecules so that the various parts of your cells can use them.	[ "Food energy\n\nFood energy is chemical energy that animals (including humans) derive from food through the process of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration may either involve the chemical reaction of food molecules with molecular oxygen (aerobic respiration) or the process of reorganizing the food molecules w...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07798	In hotels, the bathroom light switch is often on the outside of the bathroom wall. Why not just put the switch on the other side of the wall in the same spot?	Its an electrical code / safety thing. In your home the light switch is waay the other side of the bathroom so you couldn't - easily - stand in the bathtub and flick it, thereby possibly electrocuting yourself. You could still do it, but you'd have to be pretty determined, and its in your own home. Have at it. Hotels are rather risk averse (insurance things), so by putting the switch outside there's almost NO way you could do something stupid and electrocute yourself in THEIR bathtub.	[ "A switch of basically the same design is also used on Australian power outlet wall-plates. It is now extremely rare to find any other type of switch in Australian homes, although the Australian Wiring Standard AS 3112 does not forbid other types.\n\nWhile many variations of Australian designs and cover plates are ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15406	How is genetic memory different from instinct?	instinct is coded into DNA itself and is unchangeable except by mutation. if it's a good adaptation it gets passed to the next generation, if it isnt it goes extinct genetic memory, assuming you're referring to stuff like rats being exposed to a smell + pain and having their kids be afraid of that smell, works via proteins attaching themselves to the rat's DNA. it can change as a result of life experience, and can fade if the kids dont experience the same thing	[ "BULLET::::- In CW's \"Supergirl\", Braniac 5 warns interrogators that his species possesses \"ancestral\" memory, and that his ancestors were \"collectors, conquerors\". After repeatedly being struck in the head, his programming defaults to that of ancestors, sealing off his emotional awareness, causing him to beh...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00222	Why after hundred years of flying airplanes, when communicating with towers the level of audio distortion and compressing still sucks to this day?	It's not as bad as ye think; at times 'tis just a bad recordin'. But the system is slow ta improve because o' compatibility -- they want ta use a system present in every airplane. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why is it so difficult to understand radio comms between aircraft and ATCs when it'd be much more beneficial for it to be crystal clear. ]( URL_1 ) ^(_7 comments_) 1. [ELI5: how do pilots and Air Traffic Control understand each other when the audio quality over their radios is so bad? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_3 comments_) There ye have it!	[ "However, the finally released High Com system, which was marketed by Telefunken since 1978, worked as a broadband 2:1:2 compander, achieving almost 15 dB of noise reduction for low and up to 20 dB RMS A-weighted for higher frequencies, while avoiding most of the acoustic problems observed with other high compressi...	[ "Audio distortion is still very bad." ]	[ "It was likely just a bad recording, the system is improving slowly." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Audio distortion is still very bad." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It was likely just a bad recording, the system is improving slowly." ]
2018-20769	As of 2018, exactly how far have we come in terms of finding a cure for cancer?	Cancer is like saying "plant". There are thousands of varieties with their own characteristics. The type and location as well as whether it spread, how invasive it is, and other comorbidities of the patient all effect not only the treatment options but also the outcome and survival rates.	[ "Treatment of cancer\n\nCancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy) and synthetic lethality. The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00442	Why has it become virtually impossible for politicians on either side to work across party lines? Why has "bipartisan" become such a dirty word?	It gives their voters the illusion that they’re fighting for what they want, but the rival party won’t let them get any new laws passed. In reality, they all work together and pass whatever the lawmakers want.	[ "In the United States in 2010, however, there was wide disagreement between the Republicans and Democrats because the minority party has been voting as a bloc against major legislation, according to James Fallows in \"The Atlantic\". In 2010, the minority party has the ability to \"discipline its ranks\" so that no...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-17584	Why does 24fps look appropriate for film but is too slow/choppy for any other form of media?	When a real camera capture a frame, it capture 1/48th of a second worth of information. Moving objects will appear blurry, so a single frame will still give some sense of movement. Video games (for examples) don't do that. They simulate the world frame per frame. The world doesn't exists in between frames, there is no real movement: objects are basically teleported during the simulation. This means that when the game renders a frame it can only display the world as it is at this exact point in time, all information about movement is lost, it thus need to display at a higher framerate to appear as smooth as a real camera. Motion blur tries to circumvent this (by computing the difference between the current and last state). While it helps a bit, it is an approximation (like anything else in real-time CG) and isn't as good as true, physically correct, motion blur.	[ "Section::::Disadvantages of 24p.\n\nIn general, 24 frames-per-second video has more trouble with fast camera motion than other, higher frame rates, sometimes showing a \"strobe\" or \"choppy\" motion, just like 24 frame/s film will if shot as if it is video, without slower camera panning & zooming motion. It is th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Frame rate works the same for different types of medias." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Video games need to simulate worlds frame by frame, while cameras capture the real world frame by frame." ]
2018-01700	How Did Newton Discover His Law of Cooling?	You need to remember that Newton was one of the creators of calculus & differential equations. Without going into too much detail, these are the branches of math dealing with things that continuously change & finding nice formulas for working with them. Newton's law of cooling, as stated, doesn't actually involve e - it says that the rate of change of temperature in a substance a any point in time is proportional to the difference between it and the environment. When you do the math to convert rates of change to simple formulas, you often end up with an e involved. So, it's not a matter of saying "this looks like something that needs e", he set up a complex math problem that, once you solved it, had e in the result.	[ "Sir Isaac Newton did not originally state his law in the above form in 1701, when it was originally formulated. Rather, using today's terms, Newton noted after some mathematical manipulation that \"the rate of temperature change\" of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures between the body and its...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02209	Why when making a new product (food most of the times) advertised as limited edition companies sell it for very, very long time and it becomes available permanently?	They are implying scarcity, which makes people want to buy more of it or not put off purchasing it. It's USUALLY but not always a marketing tactic, and a highly effective one. Simply by implying something will only be available in limited quantities and/or for a limited time. That being said, there are also cases where products are intended to be produced in a limited run, get much better than anticipated sales, and so the company decides to make it permanent. Eventually the "Limited edition" label usually gets dropped though.	[ "\"Special editions\", \"limited editions\" and variants on these terms fall under the category of manufactured collectables and are used as a marketing incentive for various types of product. They were originally applied to products related to the arts—such as books, prints or recorded music and films—but are now ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12796	How is our brain able to work on "autopilot" when having a conversation, where we will not actually be paying attention at all?	For simple conversations or “small talk” we have become so used to the kinds of answers we are likely to give and receive that we can do it with very little effort. My best hypothesis would be that the neural connections are heavily myelinated (reinforced) so it seems like an easy task and requires very little brain power. Keep in mind that you aren’t actually paying no attention at all; if that were the case you wouldn’t be able to respond to their questions. You probably just didn’t perceive the conversation as particularly useful so you forgot most of it as it happened.	[ "Section::::Research on supervisory attentional system.:Parkinson's disease (PD).\n\nPatients with Parkinson's disease had trouble inhibiting habitual tendencies, constructing new responses, and produced more errors. They showed similar performance to controls on allocating attention and resources of working memory...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15064	Why can't we directly mix engine oil into gas, but have to add it separately?	The kind of engines we use for most things has separate places for gasoline and for oil because gasoline and oil serve different functions.	[ "In addition to a suitable quantity of feedstock, the price spread between the value of alkylate product and alternate feedstock disposition value must be large enough to justify the installation. Alternative outlets for refinery alklylation feedstocks include sales as LPG, blending of C streams directly into gasol...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]

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