Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-03462	How does breastfeeding reduce the risk of developing breast cancer later in life?	Breast tissue remains immature in women until lactation. There's a reason your breasts feel swollen when you first become pregnant: immature lobule glands are changing. The longer you breastfeed, the more of these cells mature. The source of many cancers are immature versions of these cells. There's a lot of interesting research going on right now though about the wider causes of breast cancer. Even light at night may play a role. Most breast cancer does not have a detectable cause or family history component.	[ "BULLET::::- For women with a \"BRCA1\" mutation, the woman's age when she first gives birth has no association with her risk of breast cancer. Childbearing provides no protection against breast cancer, unless the woman has five or more full-term pregnancies, at which point she receives only modest protection. Simi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01796	Why isn't every person's DNA collected after birth to create a giant database?	Because people have whats called a right to privacy. It might sound a bit crazy but there’s a whole lot more to be done with people’s DNA. Also its not often DNA is left at the scene.	[ "Across the world, each country has unique healthcare and research frameworks that produce different policy needs – genetic privacy policy is further complicated when considering international collaborations on genetic research or international biobanks, databases that store biological samples and DNA information. ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "DNA should be collected at birth." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "This would be a violation of privacy. " ]
2018-01706	How does our body learn and improve in Cycling, skating, skiing, etc. ?	As I understand it, you split it up into 2 parts: the body's nervous system and neural connections in the brain. There's a sheath that covers the nerves called [myelin]( URL_1 ). Simply put, the sheath improves the speed of signals along the nerves and the more those nerves are used, the more efficient the sheath becomes. So, when you practice muscular actions like playing music, athletics, etc., you improve the efficiency of the nerves as well as strengthen the muscle. Some call this your muscles or body "learning", but it might better be described as programming certain movement combinations so that less conscious effort is needed for fine control. This same principle applies for neural connections in the brain, although I don't know if it's myelin that's in play here. I think synaptic connections contribute more, but perhaps someone more knowledgeable here can confirm/deny this. Regardless of the mechanism, the more you use your brain in a given area, the better it becomes at it. There's a book called [Outliers]( URL_0 ) on this. I never read the book, but I heard several interviews with the author on the major themes and points. There's also another idea that might be involved called learning windows. IIR, this theory has significant support but I'm not sure if it's generally accepted. The basic idea is that as children progress from birth through childhood their brains are very "plastic", meaning that the neural connections in the brain are very easily changed. But, as they pass certain ages, those connections become permanent and cannot be easily changed if at all. An example is language; Children learn languages very easily in about the first five years, the difficulty increases proportionally as they get older. It could be that since you developed the balance necessary for riding a bike at a young age makes this a skill you've permanently programmed.	[ "About using the method, Christopher stated, \"When we arrived in Spain [to consult] we met a [US track cycling team] that was basically underfunded and only had one coach, while comparatively their competition were well funded and had experts staffed full-time: sports physiologists, psychologists, video analysis, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-20703	how were wisdom teeth removed before the advances in modern dentistry	Pliers. To be fair, a lot of people just kept their teeth in if it wasn’t causing them pain. Wisdom teeth usually crowd the mouth in those who need them removed, but it would only be pulled if it was painful. Whiskey, pliers, and a few minutes will get that pain right out of your mouth.	[ "In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the collision of sterile technique, anaesthesia and radiology made routine surgery on the wisdom teeth possible. John Tomes's 1873 text \"A System of Dental Surgery\" describes techniques for removal of \"third molars, or dentes sapientiæ\" including descriptions of infer...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23508	Why do people prefer some music over others? For instance, I enjoy rock n roll. I try listening to mariachi music bc Mexicans love it. And there's no way my brain even considers it as a viable option to listen to any time of the day.	It has a lot to do with the culture you were raised in. Different cultures (and genres) value different aspects of music over others. For example, european classical music traditionally values harmony over melody over rhythm whereas indian classical music values melody over rhythm over harmony; african traditional music tends to value rhythm over melody over harmony. Also, there is something to be said for instrumentation: the brain values what it finds familiar more highly, so I'd say you likely grew up listening to more guitars, bass, and drums than say accordions, trumpets, etc. There's a lot I haven't covered, but I hope this provides some insight...	[ "Of all the traits, openness to experience has been shown to have the greatest effect upon genre preference. In general, those rated high in openness to experience prefer more music categorized as complex and novel like classical, jazz, and eclecticism, and intense and rebellious music. In the study, reflective and...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15917	Why can't we think properly when we get angry?	Your adrenal glands are producing adrenaline, which in turn stimulates fight-or-flight response. It is so, because in the cavemen days when somebody was in danger, people who were quick to act rather than think things through survived long enough to produce offspring and pass their genes and by extend their behaviour.	[ "Anger causes a reduction in cognitive ability and the accurate processing of external stimuli. Dangers seem smaller, actions seem less risky, ventures seem more likely to succeed, and unfortunate events seem less likely. Angry people are more likely to make risky decisions, and make less realistic risk assessments...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24276	When an online video dips in resolution why doesn't the audio lose quality as well?	The way quality shifting happens is that when the receiving computer realizes that data isn't showing up fast enough to show the next video frame in time, it sends a message back to the transmitting computer to drop down the quality of the video. & #x200B; But audio doesn't use nearly as much data per second, so dropping the quality of the audio isn't going to help that much. So the transmitting computer sends the audio as-is despite dropping the video quality.	[ "An industry that is impacted by data streaming is the Video Streaming industry. Consumers are now demanding videos to be available at immediate request, meaning that it is no longer only the quality resolution of image that acts as important performance metrics in the media industry, but also how quickly video sta...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04231	Why are cameras mounted on planes used for the various militaries around the world such poor quality?	They're generally very high quality; they just have poor optics and low resolution because they're designed to always work under any circumstances. Poor optics is caused by glass tolerances required, and low resolution is due to the energy and emissions constraints they need to comply with (you don't want someone stealing your milspec video feed).	[ "Section::::Disadvantages.:Interference.\n\nIn certain types of TOF devices, if several time-of-flight cameras are running at the same time, the TOF cameras may disturb each other's measurements. To be clear, this is not true of all TOF sensors. There exist several possibilities for dealing with this problem:\n\nBU...	[ "Cameras mounted on planes used for the various militaries around the world are of poor quality.", "Cameras that are mounted on planes used for militaries around the world are very low quality." ]	[ "Cameras mounted on planes used for the various militaries around the world are of high quality but have poor optics and low resolution.", "The cameras mounted on said planes are actually very high quality, they're only designed to work under any circumstances which results in them appearing to be of low quality....	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cameras mounted on planes used for the various militaries around the world are of poor quality.", "Cameras that are mounted on planes used for militaries around the world are very low quality." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cameras mounted on planes used for the various militaries around the world are of high quality but have poor optics and low resolution.", "The cameras mounted on said planes are actually very high quality, they're only designed to work under any circumstances which results in them appearing to be of low quality....
2018-04967	Why do the plates for my bullet resistant vest have an expiration, and need to be replaced every 5 years?	The material will get worn out in the vest. Just like how a wallet will get worn out in your pocket.	[ "Durability standards are high for E-SAPI plates, with Army requirements on environmental condition testing involving the plates being kept 6 hours at both a high temperature and a low temperature in addition to being dropped twice among a variety of other requirements. USSOCOM requirements are even more stringent,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01113	How do people get accurate measures of the highest peak of a mountain?	These days? GPS Before that, trigonometry	[ "When the key col for a peak is close to the peak itself, prominence is easily computed by hand using a topographic map. However, when the key col is far away, or when one wants to calculate the prominence of many peaks at once, a computer is quite useful. Edward Earl has written a program called WinProm\n\nwhich c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18485	Why do old PDFs have really weird font, as if they've been scanned in, yet we are able to still select and copy text from them?	If it’s that old, it probably was scanned and then the Optical Character Recognition software of the day made it editable text (instead of an image of text).	[ "The original imaging model of PDF was, like PostScript's, \"opaque\": each object drawn on the page completely replaced anything previously marked in the same location. In PDF 1.4 the imaging model was extended to allow transparency. When transparency is used, new objects interact with previously marked objects to...	[ "If a document is scanned, you shouldn't be able to select and copy text from it." ]	[ "When old documents were scanned, optical character recognition software turned the document into editable text." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "If a document is scanned, you shouldn't be able to select and copy text from it.", "If a document is scanned, you shouldn't be able to select and copy text from it." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "When old documents were scanned, optical character recognition software turned the document into editable text.", "When old documents were scanned, optical character recognition software turned the document into editable text." ]
2018-13826	Why do lightning bolts sometimes break into segments before disappearing?	Lightning is just the transfer of built up electricity from one place to another. Sometimes, it's strong enough to reach the ground. Other times, it can dissapate into nearby clouds before reaching the ground. So if you see it flash, but not hit the ground, that basically means there were two clouds near each other with fairly uneven charges in them, and the lightning is the flow of that charge from one to the other, to balance things out.	[ "Intra-cloud lightning most commonly occurs between the upper anvil portion and lower reaches of a given thunderstorm. This lightning can sometimes be observed at great distances at night as so-called \"sheet lightning\". In such instances, the observer may see only a flash of light without hearing any thunder.\n",...	[ "Lightning bolts all come from one cloud and break apart." ]	[ "Lightning bolts that do not hit the ground are from two different clouds." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Lightning bolts all come from one cloud and break apart.", "Lightning bolts all come from one cloud and break apart. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Lightning bolts that do not hit the ground are from two different clouds.", "Lightning bolts that do not hit the ground are from two different clouds. " ]
2018-03767	Why is it that sometimes original potato chips have a green shade to the chip?	That's because the potato that the chip was made from was green. Potatoes are grown underground, but when they are exposed to light, chlorophyll is produced and they turn green. Usually, the green potatoes are removed from food production. However, they sometimes slip through. [Source]( URL_0 )	[ "BULLET::::- The sprouts are red-violet with a spherical shape; the tip has a semi-open habit and is weakly pubescent with no pigment while the base is moderately pubescent with moderate pigmentation.\n\nBULLET::::- The leaves have an open silhouette and have a green color except on midribs and petioles, which are ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22416	If a Canadian gets an acting role from a company in LA and the film shooting takes place in Europe, how would they pay their taxes/with what government?	You'd still pay taxes in/to Canada. It depends how long you're working outside of Canada and determination of your factual residency. But for a few weeks or months, no, pay taxes as normal to Canada. If in doubt the lovely people at Canada Revenue's help line can sort you out. URL_0	[ "At the same time, US citizens working outside the country for 510 days during a period of 18 months would not be taxed on their earnings by the Internal Revenue Service. Though this scheme was developed for the aid of American humanitarian workers redeveloping nations destroyed in World War II, agents discovered t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16551	If resources are limited/non-renewable how can we maintain a continuous/infinite economic growth ?	We can't. We can only do so as long as these resources are available. Practically speaking, the Earth is huge, and we won't be running out of anything anytime soon, but the more of something we use, the harder it is to get the rest. Let's take oil for example. We're not running out of oil in the near future, but we're using up the oil that's easy to access. This means in the future if we continue to rely on fossil fuels, it will be more difficult and thus more expensive to access new oil deposits, These means higher costs for oil and everything that's made of oil or uses oil, and more environmental damage, including global warming. None of this is sustainable.	[ "Rapa Nui, best known as \"Easter Island\", is a typical example of malthusianism, specifically how the exponential growth of a populace leads to the end of a renewable resource. At a certain point, the compelling societal need forces exploitation of the resource above and beyond the resource's natural rate of rene...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08313	Why is red meat red and white meat white?	I might be wrong, but I believe it has to do with the fibers of the muscles. Red meats are called slow twitch muscle fibers, and they’re used to do work that is not as laborious. Fast twitch fibers are usually lighter in color and are used for running and overall stamina. Animals like cats, chickens, fish and frogs are known for having white meat. Cows have red meat since they don’t do all that much running. Predators usually have fast twitch muscle fibers.	[ "Under the culinary definition, the meat from adult or \"gamey\" mammals (for example, beef, horse meat, mutton, venison, boar, hare) is red meat, while that from young mammals (rabbit, veal, lamb) is white. Most poultry is white, but duck and goose are red. Most cuts of pork are red, others are white. Game is some...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12979	Why does it cost money to get a domain? And why does the price change for every company and domain ending I use?	The registry fee the ISPs pay is small yet many are greedy and figure most people are stupid or desperate to get the name they want so charge lots more for it.	[ "Since 2011 due to changes in currency exchange rate the price has decreased. The costs to use a .by domain is a 12 USD fee for the first year and second payment of 12 USD to maintain the domain. The renewal of the domain occurs yearly. The maximum upfront payment is 1 years. The payment of the fees occur by bank t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09524	Why can't lightning be captured with metal poles and the energy stored?	I'm not sure, but is done in some places. The problem is that lightning has an incredibly high voltage, so you need a good system to capture it without damaging the receiving end (voltage is like the force, so every strike hits hard). Like if you wanna power a little fan through very strong punches, you wanna make sure you don't break the fan with each punch ( sorry for pretty dumb analogy) Also we don't have an efficient way to store energy (specially DC), so in order to be usable as a replacement for other method, it would have to be very constant (which isn't). Same problem with solar power.	[ "Section::::Overview.\n\nA technology capable of harvesting lightning energy would need to be able to rapidly capture the high power involved in a lightning bolt. Several schemes have been proposed, but the ever-changing energy involved in each lightning bolt renders lightning power harvesting from ground-based rod...	[ "Lightning can't be captured and the energy stored. " ]	[ "It is done in some places. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Lightning can't be captured and the energy stored. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is done in some places. " ]
2018-05714	How do governments make trade deals with other governments?	Most trades happen between companies in the two countries. Diplomats, bureaucrats and politicians may attend these negotiations to help out but they do not have the authority to sign the trade deal on behalf of the company. But all trades are subject to the laws of the country. Especially when there are multiple countries with their own legislation and export/import specific legislation it can become difficult to find a trade deal. There may be different standards for measuring the quality of the product for instance or standards for how the products should be packaged and shipped, as well as of course tax rates and tariffs. Government officials can help by providing clarifications of their interpretation of the legislation and politicians can change the laws if needed. However when you see big "trade deals" between two or more countries it is often the case that there are no actual trades in the deals at all. Diplomats and officials can get together and sort out all the issues with the different sets of laws even before any companies have started negotiations. This will help companies that later on wants to do the trade as most of the legal issues have already been solved. It is quite common that such trade deals does require changes in the laws and therefore have to go though all countries parliament to be accepted.	[ "The Department is run by a Director-General, who oversees two deputies, one for Multilateral Trade, Regional Cooperation & Bilateral Trade and one for Bilateral Trade, Controls & Industries Support. The Department is then split into divisions, each run by an Assistant Director-General:\n\nBULLET::::- Multilateral ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13920	Why are user names not case sensitive?	In situations where the username is used as a displayed name, case sensitive usernames would enable someone to attempt to impersonate someone else just by registering a new account with a different permutation of capital/lowercase letters. The same applies for web domains. For emails, case sensitive addresses would result in a lot of undelivered emails from someone forgetting which letters were capitalized or not. Etc. Also worth noting that some companies, like Wells Fargo, do not use case sensitive passwords as an added convenience to the user. For passwords, passwords are supposed to be arbitrary, are not stored in plain text or ever displayed, and allowing case sensitive passwords enables a massively wider range of possible passwords to discourage guessing.	[ "From its original inception, Unix and its derivative systems were case-preserving. However, not all Unix-like file systems are case-sensitive; by default, HFS+ in macOS is case-insensitive, and SMB servers usually provide case-insensitive behavior (even when the underlying file system is case-sensitive, e.g. Samba...	[ "Case sensitive user names would be safe." ]	[ "Case sensitive user names would not be safe because case sensitive user names would enable impersonation attempts. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Case sensitive user names would be safe.", "Case sensitive user names would be safe." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Case sensitive user names would not be safe because case sensitive user names would enable impersonation attempts. ", "Case sensitive user names would not be safe because case sensitive user names would enable impersonation attempts. " ]
2018-03482	How do construction companies get cranes on top of sky scrapers that are hundreds of stories high?	Idk if I'll get deleted for linking this but I shot a lil time lapse for when these questions get asked. Note the weight hanging in the front for balance as well as the hydraulic ram on the backside of the tower, where the workers are moving. What u see them roll out is 20 foot tower section. So the crane grows and shrinks 20 feet at a time. URL_0	[ "Section::::Construction.:Equipment.\n\nThe construction of Phase 2 was aided by two tower cranes on either side of the structure. The cranes used at Phase 2 were the Liebherr 200 EC-H10 and the flat top Liebherr 200 EC-B 10.\n", "For the work at basement level at Phase 4, Bachy Soletanche used two support cranes...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00068	why do our teeth chatter when its cold	Your jaw shivers. Shivering is a response to cold - the rapid movement of the muscles generates warmth expending energy.	[ "Increased muscular activity results in the generation of heat as a byproduct. Most often, when the purpose of the muscle activity is to produce motion, the heat is wasted energy. In shivering, the heat is the main intended product and is utilized for warmth.\n", "Almost all Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Hun...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03110	Why do similar potato products such as potato waffles, smiley faces, chips etc taste different?	Ratio of surface area to interior place a factor. A thicker cut with more interior potato will be softer while a lot of surface area to little interior will be more crisp. It also matters how long they are fried, as a longer cook time will result in more crisp results.	[ "Potato chip flavorings include variations of barbecue, as well as sour cream and onion, sour cream and cheddar, salt and vinegar, ranch, jalapeno and cheese. \"Hot\" is a common flavor such as Jay's Hot Stuff and Better Made Red Hot. Better Made also make Rainbow chips, heavily cooked dark-colored chips which woul...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03066	Why is it that whenever we take a picture of the sun or moon it looks so much smaller in the picture than it does with our naked eye?	Because the human brain is horrible at estimating the size of things like the moon in the sky and our brain actually lies to us about their size. When you take and look at a picture, you're removing it from the context that the brain can't cope with and putting into a context that's more familiar. Here's an article that goes into detail about it and shows examples of the effect: URL_0	[ "The magnification reached in those conditions is the focal distance of the objective lens (\"f\") divided by the focal distance of the close-up lens; i.e., the focal distance of the objective lens (in meters) multiplied by the diopter value (\"D\") of the close-up lens:\n\nIn the example above, if the lens has a 3...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09827	What happens to the seddiments when they reach the bottom of the ocean?	It collects and collects and collects. As it collects the weight and pressure increases and it becomes sedimentary rock.	[ "Section::::Effects of pollution.\n", "Another key process occurring in this zone is the diel vertical migration of certain species, which move between the euphotic zone and mesopelagic zone and actively transport particulate organic matter to the deep. In one study in the Equatorial Pacific, myctophids in the me...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00872	Why do beech trees and hedges retain dead leaves on their branches, while most other species of tree shed them?	They give off the appearance that they are keeping them but really the leaves are fully abscised, that is, the plant has cut off all nutrients from the leaf by walling it off. The only reason why it stays attached to the tree is because of the connective tissue in between the dead leaf and the tree is thicker in those species than others. When the tree flushes out in the spring the new leaves will knock off the old ones or the dead portions of the connective tissue between the leaf and the tree will weaken enough by weathering for the leaves to fall off.	[ "Some ecologists suggest that marcescence has adaptive significance for trees growing on dry, infertile sites. Beech and oak often grow relatively well and can outcompete other species on such sites. The hypothesis is that retaining leaves until spring could be a means of slowing the decomposition of the leaves (wh...	[ "Beech trees retain dead leaves on their branches" ]	[ "Beech trees cut off all nutrients to the leaves and new leaves will knock the old leaves off in the spring." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Beech trees retain dead leaves on their branches" ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Beech trees cut off all nutrients to the leaves and new leaves will knock the old leaves off in the spring." ]
2018-00762	How is USB data organized when traveling through a wire?	USB is fairly similar to a network protocol in the ways you describe. The host controller (your PC) detects attachment of various devices and by exchanging packets, interrogates their capabilities. Amongst the items negotiated are the speed of transfers, and how often the device would like to "speak." There are a few different transfer modes used by the devices which optimize for bulk bandwidth (for a harddrive) and realtime requirements (for a mouse or audio interface.) A single peripheral can expose multiple "endpoints" for these different types of data. For example, an audio interface may expose an endpoint for realtime audio in, a second endpoint for audio out, and a third endpoint for command/control/configuration. Once negotiated, the PC continually sends out frames down the chain, directed at the different peripheral devices and their endpoints. Downstream data is contained in these frames, and upstream data can only be transmitted directly after a peripheral receives an "invitation to speak" from the host. Essentially, the peripherals can only speak when spoken to, so there is no problem with multiple peripherals trying to contend on the bus at the same time. The host controller detects all the devices on the chain (you might have a hub, etc) and attempts to makes sure that their combined requests for bandwidth, realtime latency, and power drain are achievable. If you attach too many devices, you may get an error that the device requirements cannot all be satisfied and that something must be disconnected. There is a nice guide here: URL_0 And the official specs are here: URL_1	[ "The type of each device is also entered in a different file, linked to the device name. E.g. A01 is identified as a 74C00.\n\nA computer program then \"explodes\" the device list, coordinates, and device descriptions into a complete pin list for the board by using templates for each type of device. A template is m...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02247	Why does food poisoning take up to 12 hours rather than immediately?	When you first eat the contaminated food, there may only be a few harmful bacteria. There simply isn't enough of them to secrete enough harmful chemicals for your body to react to. But given time in your gut, they multiply. At which point their collective secretions are enough to trigger your digestive system to react and transition into purge mode.	[ "Bacteria are a common cause of foodborne illness. In the United Kingdom during 2000, the individual bacteria involved were the following: \"Campylobacter jejuni\" 77.3%, \"Salmonella\" 20.9%, 1.4%, and all others less than 0.56%. In the past, bacterial infections were thought to be more prevalent because few place...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-13457	If space is vacuum, how are rockets, ISS, satellites is moving?	Rockets move because for every action there is a positive or negative reaction. Satellites and the ISS move because being in "orbit" actually just means they're basically constantly falling to Earth by Earths gravity, but their horizontal velocity is so great that it keeps them from getting too close to Earths atmosphere	[ "BULLET::::1. With things moving around in orbits and nothing staying still, the question may be quite reasonably asked, stationary relative to what? The answer is for the energy to be zero (and in the absence of gravity which complicates the issue somewhat), the exhaust must stop relative to the \"initial\" motion...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00066	How can 2 different metals create a micro current between them?	electrons like to move. Different metals have different electronegativities. When near enough to each other metals can have a very very slight electromagnetic imbalance. this can make electrons move from one area to a more favorable area to them. This movement of electrons on a tiny scale is a micro-current.	[ "If two metals having differing work functions are touched together, one steals electrons from the other, and the opposite net charges grow larger and larger; this is the Volta effect. The process is halted when the difference in electric potential (electrostatic potential) between the two metals reaches a particul...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01942	Why are there no (or few?) green mammals?	[From this]( URL_1 ), it would seem that the reason that there are no naturally green mammals -- I'm not counting sloths, whose green pigmentation comes about from algae in their fur -- is because hair colour is determined by melanin. Melanin doesn't have a green form. In birds and lizards, the skin is capable of [scattering blue light]( URL_2 ), which leaves a greenish or bluish colour that you don't often see in mammals. (Other species, especially invertebrates, are capable of producing blue or green pigmentation.) Mammals never really benefited from vibrancy of colour in the same way that a lot of species did: to my knowledge there are no poisonous mammals, so that takes out the benefit of being brightly coloured as a warning in the way that tree frogs might be, and they tend not to have quite as much reliance on vivid colour for mating rituals in the way that, say, birds might. From an evolutionary perspective, mammals spent most of their time trying to go unnoticed and keep warm, which lends itself to brown fur. (There are [brightly-coloured mammal species]( URL_0 ) -- mandrills and such -- but they seem to be recent evolutionary branches, at least on a lizard timeframe.)	[ "As other members of the genus \"Chlorocebus\", the green monkey is highly social and usually seen in groups. They usually live in groups of up to 7 to 80 individuals. Within these groups, there is distinct social hierarchy evidenced by grooming behaviors and gender relationships.\n", "Green iguanas are primarily...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04278	Why and How do woman die or are close to dying during childbirth?	Most women who die in childbirth die due to blood loss. They have a hemorrhage that isn't promptly treated. Cardiac arrest is probably second but that might be seizure or stroke caused by preeclampsia (high blood pressure).	[ "A mother's water has to break before internal (invasive) monitoring can be used. More invasive monitoring can involve a fetal scalp electrode to give an additional measure of fetal heart activity, and/or intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC). It can also involve fetal scalp pH testing.\n\nSection::::Complications....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11183	How does the wheel on a pirate ship control the ship?	There's a rudder on the rear-bottom of the ship. When the wheel is turned, so is the rudder, which changes the direction of the vessel.	[ "Section::::Mechanism.\n", "Ship's wheel\n\nA ship's wheel or boat's wheel is a device used aboard a water vessel to steer that vessel and control its course. Together with the rest of the steering mechanism, it forms part of the helm. It is connected to a mechanical, electric servo, or hydraulic system which alt...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02533	Why does food taste better when it’s prepared by someone else?	The theory is that since taste is closely associated with smell, you become partially desensitized to the smell of food you have been cooking since you are exposed to it, whereas food someone else prepares won't have that happen, so you will smell it fresh for the first time as you eat it.	[ "Leary and Kowalski define impression management in general as the process by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others form of them. Previous research has shown that certain types of eating companions make people more or less eager to convey a good impression, and individuals often attempt to ach...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03261	Why do winter hats have pom poms on the top? Is there any purpose to them?	It doesn't really have a purpose aside from being decorative. However, that shouldn't stop you from enjoying the rich history of the pom, which can be traced way, way back to Norse mythology and beyond. It seems many of the northern countries have some sort of legend or myth that has a prominent character (Freyr, in Norse) that wore a pom on their helmet or hat, and the tradition may derive loosely from that. Winter nations defined what our winter clothes came to look like, which means we have poms sometimes. But there really is no definitive, perfect explanation for it. It's just one of those things that has become a tradition for no real reason, other than that it did.	[ "Red pom-poms form a conspicuous part of the uniform of French naval personnel, being sewn onto the crown of their round sailor caps. Belgian sailors wear a light blue version.\n\nTraditional Italian wedding shoes have small pom-poms, as do some Turkish dancing shoes.\n\nSection::::Clothing.:Roman Catholic clergy.\...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08151	If noise-canceling headphones emit sound waves to counter the outside noise, why do the emitted sound waves not themselves harm your hearing?	For the same reason that they cancel the sound. The way noise-cancelling headphones work is that they cancel the sound before it reaches your eardrum. So your eardrum doesn't get vibrated, and you don't hear a sound. Since there's no vibration of your eardrum, there's no harm. Of course, in reality, noise cancelling headphones don't work quite that perfectly, which is one of the reasons that you don't use them to protect your hearing. The other reason is that they really only work well for repetitive sounds in certain frequency ranges. They are best for ambient noise like the sounds of an airplane.	[ "Section::::Applications.\n\nApplications can be \"1-dimensional\" or 3-dimensional, depending on the type of zone to protect. Periodic sounds, even complex ones, are easier to cancel than random sounds due to the repetition in the wave form.\n", "Noise-cancelling headphones\n\nNoise-cancelling headphones, or noi...	[ "Vibration from noise canceling headphones reaches the eardrum." ]	[ "Vibration from the noise canceling headphones is unable to reach the eardrum.." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Vibration from noise canceling headphones reaches the eardrum.", "The sound waves used by noise-canceling headphones may harm hearing." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Vibration from the noise canceling headphones is unable to reach the eardrum..", "Noise-canceling headphones cancel the sound before it reaches your eardrums." ]
2018-00612	What happens on a microscopic level that makes washing our hands for 20 seconds the best bet to rid our hands of germs?	Bacterias' membranes are made out of lipids, so soaps (substances solluble in both lipids and water) destroy their membranes by allowing water from exterior to enter the cell and cell's interior to exit the cell. It's metabolism is destroyed almost instantly. SIDE NOTE: Antibacterian soap is just as good as normal soap, maybe worse because this way, bacterias evolve resistence to antibiotics.	[ "The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) provides information on work practices and personal protective equipment that may reduce the risk of infection. This document is available in English and Spanish.\n\nA review paper exists which includes information on locations in which histoplas...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13557	How does the OpenBSD hyperthreading exploit work exactly sharing cores?	Hyperthreading is a hardware feature which virtually splits a physical core into 2 logical cores. This enhances processor usage because when one logical core currently waits for data from RAM or so, the physical core can just switch to the other logical core instead of waiting and doing nothing, which happens pretty often. For this to work some parts of the processor have to be duplicated, like registers, while other parts can be shared. One of the shared parts seems to be the TLB. Now the TLB is basically a cache to faster convert virtual addresses to physical addresses. Virtual addresses are used by the running program, while physical addresses are used by the RAM (basically). The OS can configure the virtual adresses so that each running program thinks it has it's own RAM. When the TLB does not have information about a virtual address it asks the OS what to do. That takes time, which is why this information is put into the TLB so that subsequent access to that virtual address can be resolved faster. Like every cache the TLB cannot keep information for all virtual addresses, so it kicks out an entry when a new entry shows up. The way it decides which entry is kicked out depends on implementation. Now if the encryption program and the attacker program run on the same physical core and on different logical cores, they both use the same TLB in turns. And because access to virtual addresses takes longer when the TLB does not have the information, the attacker program can detect which of its entries have been kicked out. Now with the knowledge about the implementation which entries are kicked out of the TLB, the attacker program knows which virtual addresses the encryption program could have accessed, and thereby can determine which part of the code of the encryption program has run recently. With that it might be able to determine parts of the key the encryption program uses or the message it encrypts. OpenBSD's solution simply is to not use hyperthreading. Other than that the OS could avoid to run any other process with the encryption program on the same physical core, but for this the encryption process would need to be marked specifically. Another solution, which is mentioned in the article, is to write the encryption program in such a way that knowing which way the process walked through the code does not share any information about the data it processes. Edit: I hope this is ELI5 enough, if not I can happily answer questions.	[ "BULLET::::- Variants B and C can remotely execute copies of themselves through the ADMIN$ share on computers visible over NetBIOS. If the share is password-protected, a dictionary attack is attempted, potentially generating large amounts of network traffic and tripping user account lockout policies.\n\nBULLET::::-...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24062	why does covering your eyes with your hands look so much different than closing your eyelids?	Light penetrates your eyelids much more easily than your hand. & #x200B; Your hand blocks more light.	[ "Section::::Themes and interpretation.:Use of Venetian masks.\n", "Section::::Music video.\n", "In April 1985, the single was discussed by Molly Meldrum and Queen singer Freddie Mercury on the Australian music show \"Countdown\". Mercury was impressed and predicted the band would be \"very, very big\".\n\nThe \...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01492	Why is the "Sexy Son Hypothesis" presented by Prof. Richard Dawkins scientifically substantiated?	> Why is the "Sexy Son Hypothesis" presented by Prof. Richard Dawkins scientifically substantiated? This sort of sounds like a loaded question as it assumes the hypothesis is "scientifically substantiated", whatever that means. The general idea is that the most important aspect by which a female would choose her mates is the chances of the male to produce promiscuous male offspring. Female offspring of the female are only going to be able to pass on their genes once every breeding cycle, while conceptually a successful male could do so many times with different females per cycle. Therefore a female would be selecting a mate based on their ability to produce a "sexy son" as opposed to a "sexy daughter".	[ "Section::::Context.\n\nFemale mating preferences are widely recognized as being responsible for the rapid and divergent evolution of male secondary sex characteristics. In 1976, prior to Weatherhead and Robertson's paper, Richard Dawkins had written in his book \"The Selfish Gene\":\n", "Section::::Sexual confli...	[ "Assuming hypothesis is substantiated." ]	[ "Hypothesis is not substantiated." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Assuming hypothesis is substantiated." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Hypothesis is not substantiated." ]
2018-04435	How is it that the average human can store tens of thousands of words in its vocabulary, but if asked to list them all by hand it would be very difficult to name from memory even a fraction of that?	The way I see it is, we don’t remember just words we remember the ideas behind and relationships of the words. That makes it really hard to remember words if we aren’t thinking of the context of the words.	[ "Mnemonist\n\nThe title mnemonist, derived from the term mnemonic, refers to an individual with the ability to remember and recall unusually long lists of data, such as unfamiliar names, lists of numbers, entries in books, etc. The duration of superior retention can be minutes, hours, days, or decades. Mnemonists m...	[ "Humans recall words from memory alone. " ]	[ "Humans remember ideas and relationships behind words, not words themselves." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans recall words from memory alone. ", "Humans recall words from memory alone. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans remember ideas and relationships behind words, not words themselves.", "Humans remember ideas and relationships behind words, not words themselves." ]
2018-03688	I was born in the UK in the early 90s, why aren't I allowed to donate blood?	They’re worried that you might be carrying Mad Cow disease. The UK had an outbreak during the period you were born and because the disease can have little to no side effects for years it’s still a slight risk. Edit: Also, generally speaking blood banks are very conservative about the blood they except. If they have even a slight suspicion that you might have a particular disease, then they’ll reject your blood.	[ "In New Zealand, the New Zealand Blood Service (NZBS) in 2000 introduced measures to preclude permanently donors having resided in the United Kingdom (including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands) for a total of six months or more between January 1980 and December 1996. The measure resulted in ten percent of N...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-06995	How does equity splits when someone invests in a start up	Either you sell them 20% of your 30%, or your partner sells them 20% of their 70%, or you sell them 6% and your partner sells them 14% (proportional split) or some other numbers you and your partner make up.	[ "BULLET::::- First, for each of the three cases, a scenario specific, \"internally consistent\" forecast of cashflows - see discussion under Financial modeling - is constructed for the years leading up to the assumed divestment by the private equity investor.\n\nBULLET::::- Next, a divestment price - i.e. a Termina...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22844	Why does a bottle of soda begin to fizz as soon as you crack the seal?	Because the pressure that is keeping the carbon dioxide gas dissolved in the liquid is released. The gas comes out of solution, forms bubbles and fizzing ensues.	[ "Although re-pressurizing the bottle with an ordinary atmospheric mixture of gases does not affect the equilibrium state, because it only slightly changes the CO partial pressure in the headspace, it does affect the kinetics of how that equilibrium state is reached. The increased overall pressure slows down the rat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03140	what does it mean when people say all carbs turn into sugar once consumed?	First thing to understand is that sugar is a pretty general term. When we talk about sugar in terms of our own bodies, we generally mean the molecule glucose. Secondly, chemical bonds (the links between atoms) can be though of as energy storage and transfer devices. We use and obtain energy by breaking and forming these bonds. Our body uses glucose by breaking it in half and fiddling with each half. By doing this, we can convert the energy stored into a form useable by the body, because most of our processes don't know what to do with pure glucose. Now, glucose is a monosaccharide, which means it is the smallest unit of sugar that is still considered sugar. Fructose (fruit sugar) is also a monosaccharide. When we talk about carbs in a food context, we are generally talking about the ways that we can link multiple monosaccharides together into a chain for energy storage. Our body only generates energy from glucose, so when we consume carbs, our body has to first break down these chains into individual units for it to be functional edit: typo, said fructose is almost a monosaccharide	[ "In the strict sense, \"sugar\" is applied for sweet, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.\n\nSection::::Structure.\n", "Section::::Usage.\n\nThe principal definition of free sugars was to split the term \"carbohydrate\" into elements that relate more directly to the impact on health rather than...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10859	What causes the clouds to look purple during a thunderstorm?	The sky is usually blue. Similar to a sunset, the storm clouds cause a small amount of red light to scatter. Blue + red = purple.	[ "A cumulonimbus cloud that appears to have a greenish or bluish tint is a sign that it contains extremely high amounts of water; hail or rain which scatter light in a way that gives the cloud a blue color. A green colorization occurs mostly late in the day when the sun is comparatively low in the sky and the incide...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19238	Why are Disneyworlds 3D "movies" so much better than movie theaters imax3D and RealD?	Normal movies are shot to be viewed in both 2D and 3D, this results in some compromises and relatively limited usage of 3D Disney knows that the movie will only be shown in 3D in that specific venue so they can specifically cater it to 3D and where the audience will be located which lets them achieve much more striking results Many modern 3D movies are also shot as 2D and then 3D'd later which results in rather disappointing 3D. Avatar was the first big 3D movie and it make fantastic use of 3D and was as striking as the Disney "movies" are, we really haven't seen another film that has made as good of use of 3D in the 9 years since Avatar released unfortunately.	[ "In November 2004, \"The Polar Express\" was released as IMAX's first full-length, animated 3D feature. It was released in 3,584 theaters in 2D, and only 66 IMAX locations. The return from those few 3D theaters was about 25% of the total. The 3D version earned about 14 times as much per screen as the 2D version. Th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "The superior quality of Disney World's 3D movies is a function of the theater they are shown in." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Disney World's 3D movies look better because they are only filmed in 3D, without having to take into account how they will look in 2D." ]
2018-04027	Why are almost all flavored liquors uniformly 35% alcohol content, while their unflavored counterparts are almost all uniformly 40% alcohol content?	Alcoholic beverage developer here! The main reason is the solubility of sugar. Most of these flavored spirits have a large amount of sugar in them, and sugar is not very soluble in alcohol. Therefore, to get the sweetness they want, they have to dilute the strength of the spirit.	[ "Since the 1890s, standard vodkas have been 40% alcohol by volume (ABV) (80 U.S. proof). The European Union has established a minimum alcohol content of 37.5% for vodka. Vodka in the United States must have a minimum alcohol content of 40%. \n", "For example, in the United States, a standard drink contains about ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04237	You often hear about people obsessed with Asia (Sinophiles, Japanophiles, etc) but not other peoples really, why is that?	If you're talking about America, that's simply not true. Go to any big Reddit thread and you'll see hundreds of comments talking about what a glorious socialist utopia Europe is. Many Americans also have varying degrees of obsession with British culture. Half the women in my family got up at 3 in the morning to watch Prince William and Kate Middleton's wedding live. See also: the British Invasion of the 1960's Historically, France was seen as the epitome of class and elegance as well.	[ "Easterns provide a counterpoint to familiar mythologies and conventions of the original genre, particularly as the makers were on the other side of a propaganda war without parallel, the Cold War, and this is partially why many have never been shown in the west, at least not until after the Cold War ended. In a wa...	[ "People are only obsessed with Asia. " ]	[ "People can be obsessed with any place or type of people. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People are only obsessed with Asia. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People can be obsessed with any place or type of people. " ]
2018-04299	Why does licking or otherwise wetting your lips cause them to be more chapped/dry?	the air around us contains less water than our skin does, so the air flowing over our bodies absorbs a little bit of water from it constantly. To prevent this from getting too bad our skin is covered in a little bit of "grease" It's a realy thin layer so we dont notice it, but by licking our lips we remove the layer of grease. (which is already quite thin on our lips) The liquid you apply with your spit only lasts a short while and after that the dry air continues to drain fluid from your lips. So licking your lips isnt realy bad, you just need to do it continuesly all the time for it to be usefull. Lip balm has a similar effect, but for a longer time. So lip balm protects your lips, untill it is gone and then your lips are more vulnerable. This is a realy simplified explenation and I'm quite certain that it's not realy called "grease" but you get the point.	[ "Section::::Background and release.\n", "Redness around the lips in circumoral distribution with dryness and scale is typical. Chapping may also occur, especially in cold weather.\n\nSection::::Causes.\n\nRepeated licking resulting in a cycle of wetting and drying causes the redness, fissuring and scale. IIt can ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03039	Is there any logical reason as to why must there be a column of water in the toilet bowl?	Yes, the water acts as an air seal to prevent sewer gas rising up from the toilet into your room. Most people don't want to smell old poop water.	[ "The lower water level in a dual-flush toilet bowl may be slightly off-putting to visitors to Australia from countries where toilets with a full tank and one lever/button are the norm. However, the lower water level in the bowl was a standard feature of Australian toilets before the introduction of the dual-flush f...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00991	How does a software know when it crashed in order to keep a log of the crash?	There are several different ways. The old school C programming way is based on the concept of signals. When a process does something that would normally trigger the OS to kill it you can ask the OS to let you do something else. This means that you can write a general function that creates a crash report and then ask the OS to call that function whenever the OS detects that you should crash (e.g. by reading a piece of memory you're not supposed to have access to). A more modern way is with exceptions and exception handlers. When a program detects a bad value (e.g. about to read a bad piece of memory, being asked to divide by zero, etc) it can "throw an exception." This allows the program to record some data about what it was doing and then start "unwinding the stack." If function A called function B and B called C then C throws an exception then C ends early and B gets a chance to handle the exception. If B doesn't handle it then A gets a chance. If A doesn't then the program crashes. Many developers working in a language that uses the exception model will wrap the whole program in an exception handlers and, upon receiving an exception, they will start the crash reporter. Another possibility is to have multiple threads running in a program. When the crash reporting thread detects that the main thread has terminated unexpectedly it pops up to try to send relevant data to the developers. As with most questions in programming there are a ton of ways to go about implementing a solution. What the answer ultimately comes down to is the fact that crashes don't just happen. They're a designed behavior at some layer, where software detects that it is in a state that it shouldn't be in and aborts. Reporting that crash comes down to getting whatever layer detected the exceptional state to communicate that fact to a piece of software that will report it to the developers.	[ "BULLET::::- the binary result - the only status visible to the host was presence or absence of a notification\n\nBULLET::::- the unidirectional communications - the drive firmware sending notification\n\nThe technology merged with IntelliSafe to form the Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART)....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12159	Why do People Riot After Major Sports Victories?	People get increasingly stupider in groups... Good decision making goes straight out the window and is replaced by just trying to fit in... on the other hand, when you are surrounded by a violent crowd, fitting in generally keeps you from sticking out... and sticking out gets you killed. Mob mentality is a thing... a scary thing.	[ "Sports riots such as the Nika riots can be sparked by the losing or winning of a specific team or athlete. Fans of the two teams may also fight. Sports riots may happen as a result of teams contending for a championship, a long series of matches, or scores that are close. Sports are the most common cause of riots ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05840	why does live tv look “cleaner” / different than a pre-recorded show?	People have become accustomed to how certain shows "look". Live TV has a certain "look" to it, 3-camera sitcoms have a certain look, soap operas have a certain look, movies have a [certain look]( URL_0 ). The audience expects a show to look a certain way... so the programmers deliver.	[ "BULLET::::6. While TV studio audiences may feel that they are at a public “live” performance, these performances are often edited and remixed for the benefit of their intended primary audience, the home audiences which are viewing the mass broadcast in private. Broadcasts of “Great Performances” by PBS and other t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03606	Why are people more likely to yawn when they see someone else yawn?	It's called a mirror effect, when a member of a species observes a stimulus from a member of the same species mirror neurons fire off causing to impulsively mirror the response. It synchronizes the mood of herd.	[ "In a study involving gelada baboons, yawning was contagious between individuals, especially those that were socially close. This suggests that emotional proximity rather than spatial proximity is an indicator of yawn contagion.\n", "There is still substantial disagreement in the existing literature about whether...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05023	What is the significance of the falcons that SpaceX continues to launch?	I can't speak to the NASA space x connection But...spaceX is utilizing reusable boosters. This is a huge deal because prior to space X...the boosters utilized in rocket launches were dumped over the ocean. Hence the location that NASA launches from. This is important because it moves space travel more into the same realm as air travel. A good analog is that spaceX makes planes that can take off and land. Prior to spacex, NASA had planes that could launch, deliver their payload in the air...and then smashed into the ground. That's a lot of money down the drain over and over. So now spaceX just has to, after they get better at designing rockets, worry about fuel and upkeep. Not starting from the ground up over and over.	[ "BULLET::::- For the second time, SpaceX successfully lands the first stage of its Falcon 9 rocket on a platform floating in the Atlantic Ocean off Florida after a launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station which placed a Japanese satellite in orbit. The first successful landing had occurred four weeks earlier, o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02743	Why does a phone camera flash twice before actually taking the picture?	> When you press the shutter release, aTTL flash will fire a pre-flash before the actual shot, the camera will then measure the pre-flash with the ambient light level to calculate the power needed in the actual flash for the shot. Basically what you're seeing is a preflash. The camera uses that to measure how much power the actual flash requires.	[ "Most high-end camera phones and some mid-range phones, and a few low end ones, provide burst shooting. For example, the Samsung Galaxy SIII Mini can capture 20 photos continuously at 3.3 fps by tapping and holding the shutter button. Other examples include: Samsung Galaxy Note 3 at 4-5 fps, Apple iPhone 5S at 10 f...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04377	If power utility companies make money selling electricity, why do they want their customers to make their homes as efficient as possible? Won't that mean less utility sold?	Different power sources have different costs associated with them. Some cost you $X/day whether you use 0% or 100% of their capacity, some cost $X/day+$Y/MWh so their costs scale with how much power you pull from them. Power companies want to generate the most cost effective power possible because they're selling it to you at a fixed price. If the demand on the grid goes up they have to make more MWh and have to use their less cost effective plants to do so. By making customers' homes more efficient they can reduce their costs which increases their profit margins by only generating the most cost effective power. Some areas have issues where the grid gets overloaded in the summer with HVAC systems, in these places its extra important to push for efficiency because getting everyone to install LED bulbs could save them from having to spend $100M to build a new power plant to avoid brown outs.	[ "Utilities invest in energy efficiency for the following reasons:\n\nBULLET::::1. Social interests: environmental issues and resource conservation\n\nBULLET::::2. Economic interests: to prevent costly construction of power plants or the purchase of more energy\n\nThe end result is that utility companies have more e...	[ "Power companies profit more from selling more power." ]	[ "Power companies profit by selling power and by reducing their costs." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Power companies profit more from selling more power.", "There is infinite power sources and power companies should maximize their profits." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Power companies profit by selling power and by reducing their costs.", "Using too much power can cause blackouts and reduce efficiency, leading to less profits for power companies." ]
2018-01121	Why does sunlight through a window still bring warmth even if outside is freezing tempuratures? Why isn't the outside temperature more affected by the sun's heat?	The Earth loses heat about as fast as it gains it. (That's why the temperature doesn't go from "this is okay" to "I'm sure there was an ocean there the other day, why is it all steam now?" Or from "I can breathe" to "I'm swimming in liquid oxygen, send help.") In winter, the sun isn't visible for as much of the day, so your neck of the woods isn't getting as much incoming heat. But it's still losing heat as fast as normal. That's why it gets cold. You're inside a house that was designed to keep heat in. It's also got windows. They're designed to slow down heat from flowing through them using conduction. But they let heat come through in the form of light. So the sun heats the area under the window just as well as it heats the outside, and your house keeps that heat from leaving.	[ "One type of coating (low-e coatings) reduces the emission of radiant infrared energy, thus tending to keep heat on the side of the glass where it originated, while letting visible light pass. This results in glazing with better control of energy - heat originating from indoors in winter remains inside (the warm si...	[ "Temperature outside should be warm because it is warm in the house standing in the sunlight.", "If it is freezing cold outside, but also sunny, the cold outside should overwhelm the heat from the light that enters the window." ]	[ "Houses are insulated and keep heat in and don't allow the wind to strip it of heat. Outside the wind drastically reduces the temperature. ", "Homes are designed to keep the warmth inside, therefore they don't allow too much of the cold weather inside, however the heat from light is unaffected." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Temperature outside should be warm because it is warm in the house standing in the sunlight.", "If it is freezing cold outside, but also sunny, the cold outside should overwhelm the heat from the light that enters the window." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Houses are insulated and keep heat in and don't allow the wind to strip it of heat. Outside the wind drastically reduces the temperature. ", "Homes are designed to keep the warmth inside, therefore they don't allow too much of the cold weather inside, however the heat from light is unaffected." ]
2018-03813	Why do our brains go into autopilot mode?	It's easier. Doing things intentionally takes up mental resources, so our brains are always trying to put behaviors on autopilot to save bandwidth, so to speak.	[ "Evidence has pointed to disruptions in the DMN of people with Alzheimer's and autism spectrum disorder.\n\nSection::::History.\n\nHans Berger, the inventor of the electroencephalogram, was the first to propose the idea that the brain is constantly busy. In a series of papers published in 1929 he showed that the el...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03063	What's the practical use of supply and demand curves?	An acquaintance of mine works for Coca Cola as an economist, and her job basically consists on estimating its demand curve. At least where I live, most of the tasks an economist has when working at a company are estimating demands. Now, what's the point of having these demand curves? First, it allows you to plan production and avoid over and under supply. For example, Coca Cola considered in their demand equation a month dummy, the average temperature of the past 30 days, the growth in income, the inflation rate, the price of their main local competitors, and many more that I have forgotten. Based on this information, they can project how many units they'll need to produce in a given month, and purchasing their inputs accordingly. In addition, demands are useful for determining your pricing policy. Firms tend to work as monopolists for their product, and as you probably saw in basic Micro, the demand curve is what determines the behavior of a monopolists. Taking into consideration all the variables mentioned above, they can pick the optimal price. Supply curves are also used, for example when the government regulates public services. Knowing how producers react to different policies is important in making policy decisions.	[ "Demand curves are usually considered as theoretical structures that are expected to exist in the real world, but real world measurements of actual demand curves are difficult and rare.\n\nSection::::Shape of the demand curve.\n\nDemand curves are often graphed as straight lines, where \"a\" and \"b\" are parameter...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-10067	Why are some metals/plastics/papers recyclable and others are not?	All metals are recyclable as they can all be melted down, paper must be separated and if it's wax impregnated like in the case of cups or milk cartons it takes more energy to separate the wax from the paper than it is worth. Thermal plastics like milk jugs can easily be melted down but must be separated. If your recycling center doesn't separate plastics then most likely it is being downcycled into a lower grade product like carpet. Thermoset plastics, on the other hand are much more difficult to recycle since they are created by mixing two components together and don't readily melt, they burn instead. Glass fiber reinforced plastic also makes it less recyclable	[ "PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS (see resin identification code) are also recyclable. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products (such as computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additional...	[ "Some metals are not recyclable.", "Some metals can't be recycled." ]	[ "All metals are recyclable as they can all be melted down.", "All metals can be recycled after they are melted down." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some metals are not recyclable.", "Some metals can't be recycled." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "All metals are recyclable as they can all be melted down.", "All metals can be recycled after they are melted down." ]
2018-10499	Why do boat steering wheels need so much more turning than car steering wheels?	What you're talking about is Mechanical Advantage. Depends on the size and design of the rudder and steering gear. However the idea is that turning the rudder or propeller stem shouldn't require excessive effort on the wheel. This, regardless of the total force or torque on the rudder itself produced by water flowing around it. A fairly large rudder on a boat of 100 tons displacement is going to take a lot of force to turn over underway, so the wheel will have a fairly high gear ratio to give the helmsman easy control, and to prevent loss of control in high seas. In general boats don't need to turn quickly to avoid sudden obstacles because they don't tend to move quickly and there's usually plenty of room to manoeuvre. So having to turn the wheel a couple dozen times from extreme port to extreme starboard, isn't really a problem. Also makes it easier to trim the rudder slightly to maintain a straight course.	[ "Section::::Land vehicle steering.\n\nSection::::Land vehicle steering.:Basic geometry.\n\nThe basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing in the desired directions. This is typically achieved by a series of linkages, rods, pivots and gears. One of the fundamental concepts is that of \"caster an...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "The steering wheel of a boat could turn the rudder just as easily as the steering wheel of a car turns the tires." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The force required to turn a rudder depends on the displacement of the rudder." ]
2018-22698	Why do our faces scrunch up when we taste something too sweet or sour?	To express disgust. Facial reactions begin development early on when we are babies to show whether we like something or not to our carers. This is how babies communicate before learning to speak.	[ "Modiolus (face)\n\nIn facial anatomy, the modiolus is a chiasma of facial muscles held together by fibrous tissue, located lateral and slightly superior to each angle of the mouth. It is important in moving the mouth, facial expression and in dentistry. It is extremely important in relation to stability of lower d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01096	Why can't salt water fish survive short term in fresh water.	Well, I typed out an explanation, but then did a quick search to see if I could phrase things better. I am an aspiring marine biologist, but this fisheries scientist put it pretty well a year ago. I suggest you read his explanation. @mynameismrguyperson --- "Fisheries scientist here. I am seeing a lot of incomplete or partially correct answers here. This might be more ELI15. Freshwater fishes tend to have much higher concentrations of ions (like sodium) in their blood compared with the concentrations in the water. Their bodies are designed to expel large volumes of very dilute urine frequently. This works to their advantage in a freshwater environment because they are surrounded by water with low salt concentrations. So, just pee a lot and hang onto what little salts you have. They also have specialized cells in their gills to allow them to directly take up sodium and chloride from the water to fine-tune the salt balance in their blood and cells. Saltwater fishes face the opposite problem. They need to maintain salt concentrations in their blood that are much lower than the surrounding environment. To do this, they actively drink water and form a highly-concentrated urine to expel the excess salts. They also actively expel salts at their gills. So the basic freshwater strategy is to pee like hell and absorb salt. The basic saltwater strategy is to drink and hold it so they can absorb as much of the water (while leaving behind the salts) as possible. Put either of these fishes in the opposite environment, and these critical systems fail to function. The "pee like hell" strategy will quickly deplete cells of water in a saltwater environment, while the "drink and hold it" strategy will completely water-log them. These salt concentrations are critical to many bodily functions. Just think about what happens to people when they get dehydrated or, in some cases, drink TOO MUCH water. They are at real risk of death. Same for these fish. What about things like salmon? Or sharks? Many salmon and their relatives live in both fresh and saltwater at different points in their lives. Pacific salmon (e.g., Chinook salmon) are born in freshwater. They have nice, normal freshwater adaptations. However, when they reach a certain age and are ready to leave their rivers, they go through dramatic physical transformations during which they develop the necessary adaptations to live in a marine environment. When they are old enough, and are ready to breed in freshwater as adults, they undergo yet another transformation. This, and the energy required to to migrate and produce eggs/sperm, exacts such a toll on the fish that they almost always die immediately after spawning. Moving between fresh and saltwater is not easy. What about sharks, like bullsharks? How do they move between fresh and saltwater? Sharks are very different from what people normally call "fish". They also have a completely different strategy for surviving in saltwater, which will inform us about how some survive in freshwater. Rather than deal with the threat of constant water loss by drinking saltwater and excreting the extra salt, a shark's blood is filled with urea (a nitrogen-based compound that makes your pee stink [EDIT: the stink is actually from the urea decomposing into ammonia; urea is odorless on its own]). In fact, they store so much of it that their blood ion concentrations are actually close to that of sea water. Sharks that can spend time in freshwater are able to expel excess urea (which is just a metabolic waste product, hence why it's in your pee) rather than retain it in their blood. This allows them to adjust the levels of dissolved ions in their blood so that they can flexibly move between salt and freshwaters. Now, this doesn't cover everything (there are 25,000+ fish species), but hopefully it gives a more complete overview... EDIT: There has been some confusion regarding my use of the word "fishes." My use of this word is completely intentional. "Fishes" has a particular use among ichthyologists and fisheries scientists. "Fish" can be singular or plural. We use it as a general plural, as in, "there are 20 fish over there." "Fishes" is used when one is discussing multiple types (species, genera, whatever), as in, "a red fish and a blue fish makes two fishes". When I say "fishes", I am referring to more than one type. When I say "fish", I am referring to multiple fish of the same type." URL_0	[ "In nature, this species often travels to the limits of where salt water becomes fresh water, so they can be kept in fresh water for brief times. For long-term care, however, they should be kept in salt water. A salt concentration equal to 1/4th of ocean levels is suitable for younger fish, but adult fish spend mos...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-10466	How do scientists discover the specific functions of tiny structures such as cytokines or neurotransmitters?	I think the current answer is pretty whack. The answer has historically gone like this: Some biologist crushes up some organ, usually brain or kidney, and through various extraction procedures, comes up with something with some powder that they reckon is a single compound, though because it's the 1920-40s, they aren't sure. The put it on some piece of tissue (like a loop of gut, or a blood vessel), and see if it does anything. And if it does something unusual, or if it isn't blocked by drugs which other people have shown blocks other extracts from that same organ, then the biologist says they have extracted a new compound. It's the 1950s and Chemistry gets better, and then people find out which of these extracts are single compounds, and what there structure is. They often give them new names at this point, when they realize that compounds that they thought were unrelated are actually related, or even the same thing. People also develop a technology called "immunohistochemistry". It used the ability of antibodies to bind to very specific things. For instance, if you inject rabbits with small amounts of a foreign protein, after a while, you can find antibodies to that protein in their blood. You can separate out those proteins, and bind a chemical to them: maybe one that glows, or maybe one that makes visible chemicals. If you treat tissue with these antibodies, you can find where that protein you started with is. This allowed us to see where receptors, and some neurotransmitters lived within a cell, and continues to be an incredibly important technique to this day. In the 1960s people start making really good drugs which allow you to figure out exactly what receptors exist, e.g. they might think a neurotransmitter binds to a single receptor, but they found out that with a new drug they could block some of the effects of the neurotransmitter, but not others. This made them conclude that there were in fact more than one receptor. This goes on, and something like serotonin goes from binding to two receptors, to something like 16. During this time, basic pharmacologists keep injecting cells, tissues and animals with lots of drugs, figuring out how individual receptors had an effect. In the 1990s, people got good at messing with genes. They found lots of new receptors this way, because they gene of one receptor usually looks a lot like the gene for another. (These dates are approximate, but give you some idea).	[ "In 1985, research by neuropharmacologist Candace Pert, of the National Institutes of Health at Georgetown University, revealed that neuropeptide-specific receptors are present on the cell walls of both the brain and the immune system. The discovery that neuropeptides and neurotransmitters act directly upon the imm...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03831	Why do some businesses prefer to be paid in cash?	Probably because credit card processing companies charge them a percentage per transaction and with cash, they get to keep it all. That’s why you see places have a credit card minimum — transactions under a certain amount probably aren’t worth it for them because of the associated fees.	[ "In some countries COD remains a popular option with internet-based retailers, since it is far easier to set up for small businesses and does not require the purchaser to have a credit card. Many small businesses prefer cash payment to credit card payment, as it avoids credit card processing fees. Some shops also o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-15773	Why are human eyeballs white?	It is theorized that humans evolved whites of the eyes as a form of nonverbal communication. Because your eyes have whites, I can look at your eyes and see what you’re looking at. I can see if you’re making eye contact with me, or looking down. You can silently catch my eye, and then gesture with your eyes, like “look at the caboose on her!”. You can open them wide and express surprise, or narrow them and appear angry or suspicious. Just one more way to interact socially, which is about all we do.	[ "The structure of the mammalian eye has a laminar organization that can be divided into three main layers or \"tunics\" whose names reflect their basic functions: the fibrous tunic, the vascular tunic, and the nervous tunic.\n\nBULLET::::- The fibrous tunic, also known as the \"tunica fibrosa oculi\", is the outer ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09036	how a black man and a white man with all the same size body parts have distinct voices where you can tell their nationalities apart before even seeing them	Accents don't have a physiological basis. It's learned behavior. There's nothing unique about people with the same accent.	[ "The process of intergroup distinctiveness, as theorized by Tajfel argues, \"... when members of different groups are in contact, they compare themselves on dimensions that are important to them, such as personal attributes, abilities, material possessions and so forth.\" In these \"intergroup social comparisons\" ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17281	Even with their increased speed, how do planes get places so much faster when their altitude means they have so much more distance to travel?	Their altitude typically adds less than 1% to the distance they have to travel. By contrast, they are about 700% as fast as a car on a freeway. And they can fly pretty straight, while a car must follow the road.	[ "The speed for greatest range (i.e., distance travelled) is the speed at which a straight line from the origin is tangent to the fuel flow rate curve. The curve of range versus airspeed is normally very flat and it is customary to operate at the speed for 99% best range since this gives about 5% greater speed for o...	[ "Altitude creates much more distance for planes that have to travel, making it difficult for planes to increase their speed.", "Increased altitude of planes adds so much more distance to travel." ]	[ "Altitude hardly causes any added distance for planes, they are also much faster than grounded vehicles and fly straight pretty often.", "Increased altitude of aircraft typically adds less than 1% to the distance they have to travel." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Altitude creates much more distance for planes that have to travel, making it difficult for planes to increase their speed.", "Increased altitude of planes adds so much more distance to travel." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Altitude hardly causes any added distance for planes, they are also much faster than grounded vehicles and fly straight pretty often.", "Increased altitude of aircraft typically adds less than 1% to the distance they have to travel." ]
2018-17742	Why can’t hurricanes hit land and turn into tornadoes or vice versa?	Because they're totally unrelated weather phenomenon. Superficially they might seem similar in that they both rotate and have high wind speeds, but that's where the similarities end.	[ "The broad rotation of a landfalling tropical cyclone, and vertical wind shear at its periphery, spawns tornadoes. Tornadoes can also be spawned as a result of eyewall mesovortices, which persist until landfall.\n", "The broad rotation of a landfalling tropical cyclone, and vertical wind shear at its periphery, s...	[ "Hurricanes and tornadoes are the same thing, but one occurs over water and the other occurs over land.", "When hurricanes hit land, they should be able to turn into tornadoes." ]	[ "Hurricanes and tornadoes are unrelated weather phenomenon, despite both rotating and having high wind speeds.", "Hurricanes and tornadoes are completely different weather phenomenons, therefore it is not possible." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Hurricanes and tornadoes are the same thing, but one occurs over water and the other occurs over land.", "When hurricanes hit land, they should be able to turn into tornadoes." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Hurricanes and tornadoes are unrelated weather phenomenon, despite both rotating and having high wind speeds.", "Hurricanes and tornadoes are completely different weather phenomenons, therefore it is not possible." ]
2018-03722	Would it be possible to only drink X ammount of water to keep you alive, while not having to pee at all?	Nope. You need to pee to get rid of waste byproducts, not to get rid of water. Frankly people don’t drink enough water but still pee. You would die if you didn’t pee.	[ "Megee said that he survived by eating leeches, insects, snakes, ants and lizards, and edible plants. He drank water from \"various dams and waterholes\" and scavenged in the bush every evening, eating \"only one meal a day, just enough to stay alive\". When water was unavailable, he drank his urine after chilling ...	[ "Possible to drink a minimal amount of water and never need to pee." ]	[ "You will always need to pee to remove waste product." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Possible to drink a minimal amount of water and never need to pee." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You will always need to pee to remove waste product." ]
2018-14034	Why is reading from a book considered a more worthy/constructive form of reading than browsing websites and articles?	I’ve also heard that you read differently when it’s on a screen. I was listening to a podcast and they referenced a study, (I can’t remember the group who did it)about reading in print vs. a screen. They found that when you read on a screen you are more likely to skim the article for the information needed. In a printed format you are more than likely to read the information more closely and read more of the article.	[ "Embedded hyperlinks in documents or Internet pages have been found to make different demands on the reader than traditional text. Authors, such as Nicholas Carr, and psychologists, such as Maryanne Wolf, contend that the internet may have a negative impact on attention and reading comprehension. Some studies repor...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19964	Why does everything sound loud at night?	In my experience, it’s just relative. Think of when you turn the AC way up in your car and then play the radio for a while. When you turn the fans off, the music seems kinda loud. The music didn’t actually get louder, but ambient noise decreased. At night, far far fewer people are out driving or operating machinery etc. so I’d think that would have quite an impact. I can hear even my microwave humming in a different room, so I imagine just the general use of appliances by thousands to millions of people might contribute a good deal to ambient noise too, which might decrease dramatically at night.	[ "Section::::European guidelines.\n\nThe European Union (EU) set up European guidelines in respect to noise pollution. For nighttime, it is advised to not exceed the 40 dB L threshold outside the residence. An interim threshold of 55 dB L is set as an upper bound, because above this limit, (sleeping) disorders are m...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00954	Colombia still produces hundreds of tons of cocaine each year, why aren't there cartels in the country like when the Cali and Medellin were big in the 80's and 90's? And if there aren't big cartels, who is moving all those drugs out of the country?	I know that the US gives Colombia a lot of money to shut down cartels before they become powerful...and they are pushed out of major cities and into the jungle. Its kind of like a win win. They get major cities back for tourism and the production of drugs is out of sight out of mind in the jungle somewhere. Also a lot of cartels moved to neighboring countries...ie Peru..	[ "A 1992 Central Intelligence Agency report acknowledged that \"the FARC had become increasingly involved in drugs through their 'taxing' of the trade in areas under their geographical control and that in some cases the insurgents protected trafficking infrastructure to further fund their insurgency.\" The report al...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "No cartels in the countries." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "There are cartels they are just forced out to the jungles where they are less visible. " ]
2018-00531	How can water be boiling but not evaporate?	First of all, the boiling temperature of water (and many other liquids) depends on the surrounding pressure, but let's leave that out for now. At sea level, the boiling point of water is indeed 100 degrees Celsius. The fact that water may be boiling a long time at 100 degrees C and just a little bit of water actually evaporates at first is because water needs loads of energy to go from one state to another. So the same is happening when melting ice. Water will need something like 4.2kJ/g (if I recall correctly from thermodynamics years back) to gain about 1 degree Celsius of temperature, but the amount of energy required to transform from liquid to gas is huge. IIRC, that term is called "latent heat". Let me quickly refer to that figure: URL_0 The ice is given a certain amount of energy (horizontal) and increases its temperature by a certain amount (vertical). At zero degrees C, loads of energy are required to melt the ice. Then there is the same linear behavior between energy and temperature before a lot of energy is required again to create steam. Edit: Added figure and short description of it.	[ "where \"P\", \"P\" are the vapor pressures at temperatures \"T\", \"T\" respectively, Δ\"H\" is the enthalpy of vaporization, and \"R\" is the universal gas constant. The rate of evaporation in an open system is related to the vapor pressure found in a closed system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapor pressure ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03961	What is the point of the immigration forms many countries make you fill out when traveling as a tourist?	At one point they didn't have computers all networked everywhere so it made sense to make you write down passport stuff so they could put it in a folder somewhere. It probably makes a lot less sense now and a few countries are starting to move towards 'scan your passport and this weird robot camera will take a picture of your face"	[ "According to the Schengen rules, hotels and other types of commercial accommodation must register all foreign citizens, including citizens of other Schengen states, by requiring the completion of a registration form by their own hand. This does not apply to accompanying spouses and minor children or members of tra...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12756	Why aren't the tickets you get while waiting for a seat/order in restaurants consecutive numbers?	In the mcdonalds they are consecutive, at least in my country. The only thing that might throw you off is people ordering at multiple counters at once, so somebody else has the number after you and your mate grts one after that	[ "Through the \"Childhood\" menu, Next sold tickets through their website in batches. Several tables would be opened up, and announcements were made on their Facebook and Twitter pages when tickets were available. The tickets sold rapidly. Next tickets are transferrable, but not refundable or exchangeable. This has ...	[ "The tickets you get while waiting for a seat/order in all restaurants are not consecutive numbers.", "The tickets given in restaurants while waiting for an order are not consecutive numbers." ]	[ "In McDonalds the ticket numbers for orders are consecutive.", "The tickets given in a restaurant are consecutive numbers except when orders are taken at multiple counters." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The tickets you get while waiting for a seat/order in all restaurants are not consecutive numbers.", "The tickets given in restaurants while waiting for an order are not consecutive numbers." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "In McDonalds the ticket numbers for orders are consecutive.", "The tickets given in a restaurant are consecutive numbers except when orders are taken at multiple counters." ]
2018-23223	In America on tv they are uslng shoes indoors, is this true? And if its true how cant the floors be dirty all the time?	America is too big and has too many people in it for this to be true of everyone. In America, many people take their shoes off at the door. And yes, also in America, many people don’t. There’s no universal truth. People who don’t take their shoes off at the door usually have floors that get dirty faster, yes. They either have dirty floors or they work harder to keep them clean, by mopping or vacuuming or shampooing the carpet.	[ "In Northern Europe and Austria, it is generally considered rude or unhygienic to keep one's shoes on when entering a house, in particular boots or outdoor walking shoes. There may be exceptions, especially when it is a short visit where it is not necessary to enter the interior rooms of the house or flat. Dress sh...	[ "Because Americans wear their shoes indoors, said households whereas Americans are wearing their shoes indoors should be dirty.", "Because Americans wear their shoes in doors, their floors should be dirty.", "Because Americans wear their shoes indoors, the floors should be dirty." ]	[ "Not every American wears their shoes indoors, and those who do can clean their floors by vacuuming and mopping, which would prevent the floors from being dirty. ", "Not every American wears their shoes indoors, and those who do can clean their floors with multiple appliances to rid the floor of dirt. ", "Not e...	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Because Americans wear their shoes indoors, said households whereas Americans are wearing their shoes indoors should be dirty.", "Because Americans wear their shoes in doors, their floors should be dirty.", "Because Americans wear their shoes indoors, the floors should be dirty.", "Americans wear their shoes...	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Not every American wears their shoes indoors, and those who do can clean their floors by vacuuming and mopping, which would prevent the floors from being dirty. ", "Not every American wears their shoes indoors, and those who do can clean their floors with multiple appliances to rid the floor of dirt. ", "Not e...
2018-03545	Why do things sound significantly different when you listen to them with one ear vs both ears? For example when only using one out of a pair of headphones, even when listening to things recorded in mono.	For the same reason things look different when you look at them with one eye versus with two eyes (or at least, they should!). Just like we humans have binocular (bi-n-ocular, two eyes) vision, we have binaural (bi-n-aural, two ears) hearing. When you see something with just one eye, you lose a whole lot of information compared to seeing it with both eyes, such as the ability to tell how far away from you it is (depth perception). It's the same when you hear something with just one ear - you lose the same kind of information, and things sound much "flatter" and less vibrant. Plus there's the influence of whatever the other ear is hearing - maybe silence, maybe room noise, etc. The brain kind of mixes both channels to get a sense of the environment, and so it can have an impact on how you hear what goes into the other ear.	[ "Binaural recordings are made specifically to be heard through headphones rather than loudspeakers. When listening to sound through loudspeakers, the left and right ear can both hear the sound coming from both speakers. By distinction, when listening to sound through headphones, the sound from the left earpiece is ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09585	Why does eating certain foods make you almost immediately have to go to the bathroom, but no way the food went through your whole digestive tract?	If your digestive system wants to move that food out of your body quickly-- it has to get other stuff out of the way first.	[ "Along with social environmental factors, ingestive behaviors are also influenced by atmospheric environmental factors. Atmospheric factors include:\n\nSection::::Initiating ingestion.:Signals from stomach.\n", "Section::::Systematic response.:Digestive-system response.\n\nSection::::Systematic response.:Digestiv...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19028	Why does the speed of sound change with altitude, and what are the fastest/slowest speeds possible?	Sound requires a medium to travel through. Air in this case. At higher altitudes, air is a lot less dense so sound has to have more initial energy in order to travel as fast. I'm not sure fastest speeds, but air is around 343 m/s. There is a table online you can access in order to determine speed of sound in various mediums	[ "In the Earth's atmosphere, the chief factor affecting the speed of sound is the temperature. For a given ideal gas with constant heat capacity and composition, the speed of sound is dependent \"solely\" upon temperature; see Details below. In such an ideal case, the effects of decreased density and decreased press...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22031	do businesses benefit when we make charitable donations through them?	Even if they don't get to do a tax write-off, it can still generate positive PR by running a campaign or even letting the bell ringers for Salvation Army stand out front.	[ "Corporate charitable giving can be divided into direct cash and non-cash contributions. Direct cash giving comes from corporate headquarters, regional offices, or company sponsored foundations. Examples of direct cash contributions include:\n\nBULLET::::- Community grants to support local community efforts or nonp...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19445	Why is price a function of supply and demand?	If you make more money this tomato season, you can now buy more land to grow more tomatoes next year. Then your supply will match the demand to re-normalize the pricing.	[ "Cambridge economist Joan Robinson attacked the theory in similar line, arguing that the concept is circular: \"Utility is the quality in commodities that makes individuals want to buy them, and the fact that individuals want to buy commodities shows that they have utility\" Robinson also pointed out that if we tak...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13342	Why do women vomit during pregnancy?	A theory with a fair amount of evidence is that this has to do with plant toxins. Pregnancy sickness is typically restricted to the time when the fetus is quickly developing rather complicated and sensitive systems. During this time the fetus is particularly vulnerable to toxins found in a lot of plants that a grown human can deal with, but could cause birth defects in the fetus. During this period the fetus isn't rapidly gaining in mass, so caloric intake isn't as important as avoiding those toxins. Thus the throwing up, to help protect the fetus. Pregnancy sickness typically goes away once that period of development is done, and the fetus starts putting on mass, when calorie intake becomes important, and the danger of birth defect causing toxins is lower.	[ "Constipation is another GI symptom that is commonly encountered during pregnancy. It is associated with the narrowing of the colon as it gets pushed by the growing uterus found adjacent it leading to mechanical blockade. Reduced motility in the entire GI system as well as increased absorption of water during pregn...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03104	We grow from microscopic to full grown human, but we can't even heal some scars completely. Why?	As an embryo, the body has a type of cell that provides to be a sort of scaffolding that the body uses to grow the body. As we grow older, however, the body restricts these cells so we don't grow random body parts(which would be a hassle). As such, the body, once damaged to the point of scarring, the body doesn't have the "blueprints" necessary to heal up to be the same. The scars are, to my knowledge, just the body's method of fixing the body.	[ "Analysis using microarrays has also shown that gene expression profiles greatly differ between scar free fetal wounds and postnatal wounds with scar formation. In scarlesss wound healing there is a significant up-regulation in genes associated with cell growth and proliferation, thought to be a major contributing ...	[ "If embyro's can grow from a microscopic being to a full grown human, then humans should possess the ability to heal scars." ]	[ "Embyro's possess cells that serves as a scaffolding for body growth, as we grow the body begins to restrict these cells, making it difficult for the body to fix scar damage fully." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If embyro's can grow from a microscopic being to a full grown human, then humans should possess the ability to heal scars.", "If embyro's can grow from a microscopic being to a full grown human, then humans should possess the ability to heal scars." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Embyro's possess cells that serves as a scaffolding for body growth, as we grow the body begins to restrict these cells, making it difficult for the body to fix scar damage fully.", "Embyro's possess cells that serves as a scaffolding for body growth, as we grow the body begins to restrict these cells, making it...
2018-00318	Why is Dryer Lint so much more flammable and regular clothing?	I going to go with the fact that that the lint is a bunch of very small particles packed loosely together. This creates a whole lot more surface area for oxygen to react with the fiber	[ "Dryer lint, which collects on the lint screen of a clothes dryer, is highly flammable and therefore presents a fire hazard. However, because of this flammability, dryer lint may be collected for use as tinder, although burning man-made fibres can produce toxic fumes.\n\nSection::::Uses of lint.\n\nSection::::Uses ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04614	Why are phone batteries fine for years but portable battery packs can deform or 'bulge' within months?	This is a sign that you have a dangerously defective battery. You are just buying defective battery packs.	[ "Palm handheld modifications\n\nSeveral Palm (PDA) enthusiasts have successfully documented internal and external handheld battery modifications to allow longer charge times for their handheld device. Rapidly advancing battery technology allows smaller and longer-lasting batteries to be placed into the space of the...	[ "Battery packs bulge in a few months.", "If phone battery packs can last for years, then portable battery packs should not deform or bulge within months. " ]	[ "Battery packs should not do that. That is a sign of defective battery packs. ", "Portable battery packs should not deform or bulge within months, if they do it is likely that one is using a defective battery." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Battery packs bulge in a few months.", "If phone battery packs can last for years, then portable battery packs should not deform or bulge within months. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Battery packs should not do that. That is a sign of defective battery packs. ", "Portable battery packs should not deform or bulge within months, if they do it is likely that one is using a defective battery." ]
2018-04285	How come wheels don't occur naturally in nature?	Wheels are fantastic if you have hard flat paths to roll on. Not so much if you are mainly traveling across wild terrain. The caveman would stare in wonder as you fall off the bike every ten feet because you hit a rock or got stuck in a bush.	[ "Wheels incur mechanical and other disadvantages in certain environments and situations that would represent a decreased fitness when compared with limbed locomotion. These disadvantages suggest that, even barring the biological constraints discussed above, the absence of wheels in multicellular life may not be the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Wheels should occur naturally." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Wheels don't have a natural use." ]
2018-12451	Why does it seem difficult to look at something directly, in the dark?	Rod cells in your eye work well in low light conditions. These are located mostly in the periphery of your retina. Your cone cells, which are used for color and detail, are concentrated in the center of your retina.	[ "Section::::Debate over role of attention.:More recent evidence reasserting the need for focused attention.\n", "Averted vision works because there are virtually no rods (cells which detect dim light in black and white) in the fovea: a small area in the center of the eye. The fovea contains primarily cone cells, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00727	Where do all the chromosomes “go” during mitosis?	All the chromosomes split like the 1 or 2 you see in the pictures. It's just so much easier to see what's going on and to fit a diagram on the page without drawing every single chromosome. For example, [here's what mitosis looks like in onion cells.]( URL_0 ) The cells look really crowded and onions only have 8 chromosomes, so you can probably imagine how tough it would be to look at a picture with all 46 chromosomes in human cells. Additionally, the way mitosis works is the same for all the chromosomes, so a complete image wouldn't provide much useful information that couldn't be seen on a simplified diagram. When mitosis is not occuring, the chromosomes become less tightly packed, so they lose their distinctive shapes and just look like a single blob inside the nucleus.	[ "When mitosis begins, the chromosomes condense and become visible. In some eukaryotes, for example animals, the nuclear envelope, which segregates the DNA from the cytoplasm, disintegrates into small vesicles. The nucleolus, which makes ribosomes in the cell, also disappears. Microtubules project from opposite ends...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Chromosomes go somewhere during mitosis." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Chromosomes simply lose their shape and become less recognizable. " ]
2018-04630	Why is a tattoo artist's stencil always purple?	Not from tattooing knowledge, but medical skin marker is purple, so it might be simply because they're using approved body-safe pigments.	[ "The pure essence of purple was approximated in pigment in the late 1960s by mixing fluorescent magenta and fluorescent blue pigments together to make \"fluorescent purple\" to use in psychedelic black light paintings. This tone of purple was very popular among hippies and was the favorite color of Jimi Hendrix. Th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12786	Why do streaming services care so much about people with a family plan living under the same address?	They want the amount of subscriptions sold to match the amount of pairs of eyes consuming their products as closely as possible. If they could, they'd sell 1 subscription per person, not even per family. Obviously they would lose customers if they started demanding you pay an additional fee for each of your kids or your spouse, so they have to accept that families are going to share a subscription. But they're not just going to let you share it with as many people as you want. If you've got an apartment building or a dorm with 10 unrelated people of legal age, that's 10 subscriptions. They're not just going to be cool with selling 1 or 2 instead of 10 and eat the loss in possible revenue. They're running a business selling a product, not a charity. So they say you can share with your family (because customers demand it) and that you can't share with a bunch of strangers. One way to determine if someone signing on to an account is family or not is if they live at the same address. Families tend to live together, random strangers tend not to. So it's a good enough method to try to get as close to possible to their target goal.	[ "The ethical dilemma lies in that upon the agreement to register for SNSs, the personal information disclosed is legally accessible and managed by the sites privately established online security operators and operating systems; leaving access of user data to be \"under the discretion\" of the site(s) operators. Giv...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23941	Why are maggots sold by the pint and not in grams or pounds?	Weighing the maggots for packaging is an extra step costing the company selling the maggots more time and effort (and therefore a loss of productivity) to complete the same task. It's just simpler and easier to scoop a pint of maggots into a container for packaging and shipment than weighing them and having to adjust to match the normal product amount. Efficiency is the short answer I suppose.	[ "BULLET::::- Original costs and prices:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Magnet\" refers to Magnet Bitter from John Smith's Brewery, widely available in Yorkshire. Some people claim that the second line is really \"Like a gallon of maggots\". Maggots are obtained from fishing tackle outlets in denominations of imperial pints a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04538	How do potholes form in a road, and why is tar used to fill them instead of asphalt?	Car wheels are like 500 lb rolling hammers, and truck or bus wheels are even heavier. To say vehicles 'pound' the road is an understatement. Over time, heat, cold and water cause cracks in the road surface. Water and debris make the cracks worse over a few weeks or months. When the crack is large enough that a car's wheel might even fit a little inside, then every wheel that goes over it could take a chunk out. Depending on traffic and weather, this can turn a small crack into a dangerous pothole in as little as a few hours. Asphalt is mixed with rock and uses a tar-like substance to hold the rocks together. It's more work to lay asphalt than just the tar by itself, and tar on its own more easily flattens. Often, repairing a pothole is just temporary until the entire road can be repaved. Again depending on traffic and weather, this can/should be done about once a decade, more or less. (Small infrastructure budgets and small towns notwithstanding.) Potholes don't damage the road all that much because the thing that actually does the work of carrying the weight of cars and trucks is actually a thick gravel layer underneath the asphalt: the surface just keeps those rocks dry and protected from things moving them around.	[ "Asphaltic patch materials consist of a binder and aggregate that come in two broad categories, hot mix and cold mix. Hot mixes are used by some agencies, they are produced at local asphalt plants. The FHWA manual cites three types of cold mixes, those produced by a local asphalt plant, either 1) using the availabl...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10181	Why does it hurt when water goes up your nose?	So you don't die. Water doesn't go there, and when it does, you can be at risk of drowning. Having a severe reaction to even a little water up your nose it a good way to keep you out of trouble.	[ "There is a risk of infection if the water is not sterile or the device is not cleaned after use. If the device is used improperly this can be harmful. In fact, proper application suggests the use of boiled water or saline water. In 2018, a patient was reported to have contracted \"Balamuthia mandrillaris\" after u...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12193	If brains use electricity to send and recieve messages, why do EMPs not shut down brains?	The answer has two parts: 1. EMP's have an effect on metals. The EM pulse is a pulse - a rapidly-changing electric and magnetic field, and because of [induction]( URL_0 ), it causes mirrored electric and magnetic currents in metals in the vicinity. Electronic chips have a lot of thin metal wires in them, and even a little bit of static electricity (1 volt going the wrong way) can fry these sensitive wires / chips. That's what the EMP does. 2. The brain (neurons) don't have metals and don't use electricity in the way you imagine (electrons moving through metals). If you look at a [basic explanation]( URL_1 ) of a neuron firing, the neuron cell creates a moving wave of extra sodium^+ ions, followed by potassium^+ ions; it's more of a chemistry pulse than an electrical pulse. But, technically, you do have "charged particles" (the ions) moving down the length of the cell, so technically you do have an "electrical current". But it's really a chemistry pulse, and once it reaches the end (the dendrites), it activates neurotransmitters, which are purely chemical and not electrical at all, to actually signal into the next neuron cell. So, TLDR, neuron transmission is chemical. This is why human [reaction time]( URL_2 ) is a quarter of a second (1/4th of a second), rather than speed of light (electricity would move at the speed of light, and speed of light from your head to your toes would be 1/100,000,000th of a second).	[ "The range of NNEMP weapons is much less than nuclear EMP. Nearly all NNEMP devices used as weapons require chemical explosives as their initial energy source, producing only 10 (one millionth) the energy of nuclear explosives of similar weight. The electromagnetic pulse from NNEMP weapons must come from within the...	[ "The electricity in the brain is the same as electricity in metals." ]	[ "The brain's electricity is a chemistry pulse more than an electrical pulse." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The electricity in the brain is the same as electricity in metals.", "The electricity in the brain is the same as electricity in metals." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The brain's electricity is a chemistry pulse more than an electrical pulse.", "The brain's electricity is a chemistry pulse more than an electrical pulse." ]
2018-00128	How is it possible to make hd versions of (not too) old movies ?	While we wait for a better explanation: the movie was originally recorded on film that is way better quality than what you get broadcast or on a dvd/vhs/betamax/laserdisc. As our viewing screens and home media get better they can revisit making new higher quality copies of the film for you.	[ "If so, it would arguably be the first digital high definition movie, using a film-friendly 50 Hz field rate, 7 years before \"Vidocq\" and 8 years before \"\".. For a historical perspective on HD-originated movies, one can mention early attempts such as 'Harlow', shot in 1965 using a near-HD analogue 819 lines pro...	[ "HD versions of old movies are made now." ]	[ "The old movie was originally HD but it was not broadcast in HD." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "HD versions of old movies are made now." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The old movie was originally HD but it was not broadcast in HD." ]
2018-04150	why are NCAA tournament basketball games rarely played near either school?	Tournament venues are selected well in advance of knowing who's actually going to be playing. They are spread out around all member schools with sufficient facilities to help spread out both the costs of hosting the tournament and the profits derived from sales.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Trinity (TX) 1971–73\"\n\nBULLET::::- Troy 1994–present\n\nBULLET::::- Tulane 1948–85, 1990–present\n\nBULLET::::- Tulsa 1948–present\n\nSection::::U.\n\nBULLET::::- UAB 1979–present\n\nBULLET::::- UC Davis 2005–present\n\nBULLET::::- UC Irvine 1978–present\n\nBULLET::::- UC Riverside 2001–present\n\...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23342	why homes are used as offices rather than housing.	It may be that the area is converted from a residential zone to a commercial zone. Rather than tear down a building that's in good condition in this rezone, it may be cheaper to simply convert it into a commercial space. Just the same, it may be that the buyer of a new property decides it's cheaper to buy a residential property and have it rezoned rather than invest in already-constructed commercial property.	[ "Von Clemm came from Boston and when he looked through the porthole at Shed 31, a simple brick-concrete infill, he commented that it reminded him of the warehouses in Boston harbour which had been converted into back up offices and small business premises. Reg Ward, at the time LDDC Chief Executive, remembers him s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.