id stringlengths 10 10 | question stringlengths 18 294 | comment stringlengths 28 6.89k | passages list | presuppositions list | corrections list | labels list | raw_presuppositions list | raw_labels list | raw_corrections list |
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2018-03379 | Why do Internet sites/Internet based apps become extremely successful, then damage their success with unwanted changes? | A lot of times after startups attain a certain level of success, they get pressured to start being profitable. This leads to the company changing things it shouldn't change. The culture evolves. Talent leaves. The product suffers. It's a circle. | [
"Clients may not know exactly what their requirements are before they see working software and so change their requirements, leading to redesign, redevelopment, and retesting, and increased costs.\n\nDesigners may not be aware of future difficulties when designing a new software product or feature, in which case it... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04734 | Do stop lights at an intersection actually have sensors if so how do they work? | Many though not all do. Generally it is a metal or mass detector embedded in the pavement. Often these aren’t sensitive enough to be triggered by motorcycles or bikes. That can be very annoying. Usually you can tell when they have sensors by looking at the pavement. They will have cuts in the pavement the shape of a rectangle whose corners have been clipped off. | [
"In some cities in the US, other methods of pedestrian detection are being or have been tested, including infrared and microwave technology, as well as weight sensors built in at curbside. A 2000 study of these detectors in Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Rochester found that the infrared and microwave technologies both ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-14263 | How are TV shows/movies that were originally released in 4:3 aspect ratio remastered to 16:9 ratios? | In most cases, yes, they were originally shot on wide-screen format and then cropped to fit 4:3. In many cases there are actually parts of the shot that weren't supposed to be visible but ended up in the frame when it was recut for wide-screen. | [
"While the CGI shots were mastered in a 16:9 aspect ratio for future applications, they were initially broadcast in the U.S. and Canada – along with the live-action footage – in a 4:3 aspect ratio to respect the show's original composition. If the producers were to choose to reformat the entire show for the 16:9 ra... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-03027 | What are people actually dying from when they "die from the flu"? | They can die from a variety of things. It is a common misconception that the flu alone cannot kill you if you are young and healthy but this is not true. The 5 year old answer is that the flu can make you stop breathing and you can die. The more detailed response is that even in healthy people the bodies own response to the virus can lead to a condition called ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome). The lungs are damaged by the immune response to the virus and are flooded with immune cells and cells that make scar tissue. Many young healthy people die from this way from the flu and even sometimes other cold viruses such as coronavirus and RSV. It is also true that the flu also kills in other people by triggering heart attacks, asthma attacks, heart failure, and other problems in those already suffering from pre-existing conditions. | [
"As of February 2008, the \"median age of patients with influenza A (H5N1) virus infection is approximately 18 years [...] The overall case fatality proportion is 61% [...] Handling of sick or dead poultry during the week before the onset of illness is the most commonly recognized risk factor [...] The primary path... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-19337 | Why aren't books on formal logic (e.g. Principia Mathematica) taught to little kids? | There's no *good* reason not to. Studies show formal philosophy training (including logic, I'm sure) [improves everything]( URL_0 ) all the way down to base numeracy and literacy. Why isn't philosophy taught? Probably because it's the art of critical thinking, and as much as schools are ostensibly about education, critical thinking can be more harm than good to entrenched authorities and institutions... Hopefully this will change. There's currently a lot of lip service to such changes in schools trying to be '21st Century' friendly, but not a lot of systemic change. More practically it also requires teacher training, and philosophy hasn't been a part of most undergraduate teacher programs. So you've got staff who don't know how to do it and don't believe it's in their remit, and others coming through the pipeline learning how to teach (and even what to value) from those who are entrenched in the system. | [
"In the past few years there has been considerable effort expended to see if the Progymnasmata could be adapted for use in elementary, middle and high school education. One of the leaders in this effort is James Selby, the author of the Classical Composition series, who has reduced the composition curriculum used b... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00731 | How can a person who's married to an American citizen be deported? | If the spouse is a legal resident, it's simple, register with the government and change their status. If the spouse is undocumented, any attempt to change the status will likely result in deportation proceedings. There is no simple way to change from undocumented to legal status without the spouse leaving the country and applying for entry as a fiancée, which can take a very long time and will be rejected if there is any record of them being in the US illegally. | [
"Justice Stephen Breyer wrote a dissent in which he argued that consular officials had denied Din due process by preventing her from living with her husband. He wrote that the Supreme Court \"has long recognized, the institution of marriage, which encompasses the right of spouses to live together and to raise a fam... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-22352 | Why do low quality videos look worse in darker scenes and better in brighter scenes? | This is a camera artifact, and really doesn't have much to do with low resolution video, just cheap and/or small cameras in generally. In full sun cameras work well, the aperture (hole in the lens that determines how much light gets in, it also affects focus) can be any size and the shutter speed required will still be quick and result in utilizing the entire brightness range of the sensor. Using the entire range of the sensor is important because all sensors have noise, that is they randomly detect light when it's not there, and this generally results in a very dim static getting applied over the entire picture. In low light though there is barely enough light for the sensor to operate, so you open up the aperture to let in more light (which will make things in the background blurry generally), you slow down the shutter (which will make moving things blurry, including the camera moving), and then after doing this you end up with a picture that is too dim for the sensor and doesn't use it's available range of brightness. Typical cell phone cameras and such then take this and brighten it way up, but this has the effect of brightening up the normal background static as well. So many cameras will then additionally apply an anti-static filter which is basically a blur function to try and make the static less visible. All of this extra stuff to try and brighten up the dark picture is what makes it look like crap. In general, the root cause is not enough light hitting the sensor, and the only real fix is a physically bigger lens (so those big pro cameras will always have much better low light performance than an iPhone). Older phones had particularly poor low light performance so it was even worse on those phones. | [
"Sources should be of pristine quality. There should be no visible coding artifacts or other properties that would lower the quality of the original sequence.\n\nSection::::Measurement.:Settings.\n\nThe design of the HRCs depends on the system under study. Typically, multiple independent variables are introduced at... | [] | [] | [
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2018-13129 | How come in the US, Chinese food is synonymous with takeout/fast food, while Japanese food is relatively up-scale? | In many (or most) parts of the US, Chinese-American fast food is the only available "Chinese food". It is generally not very good. In places with larger Chinese populations, there are more traditional Chinese restaurants, often focused on a regional cuisine, some of which are up-scale. Some up-scale Chinese restaurants are modern/innovative takes on the traditional cuisine. In such places (I'm blessed to live near one of them), Chinese food is not synonymous with takeout/fast food. | [
"Section::::Chinese fast-food restaurants vs American fast food.\n",
"Section::::Supporting characters.:Totsuki 92nd Generation students.:Subaru Mimasaka.\n",
"BULLET::::- China Coast – Closed in 1995; owned by General Mills Corporation, formerly 52 locations throughout the United States\n\nBULLET::::- Chinese ... | [
"In the US, Chinese food is considered to be takeout/fast food."
] | [
"There are more upscale Chinese food restaurants in US regions with larger Chinese populations."
] | [
"false presupposition"
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"In the US, Chinese food is considered to be takeout/fast food.",
"In the US, Chinese food is considered to be takeout/fast food."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
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"There are more upscale Chinese food restaurants in US regions with larger Chinese populations.",
"There are more upscale Chinese food restaurants in US regions with larger Chinese populations."
] |
2018-16432 | Are buildings (especially skyscrapers) always designed to fall "straight down" to minimize collateral damage, or does it depend on what type of damage it receives?? | No it's not an intentional safety feature. The twin towers used a non conventional load bearing system to open up the floor plans of each floor. They transferred the bulk of the weight to be carried by the out side walls and not a conventional internal frame work of columns. This allowed the company's to do more and remodel each floor to their choosing. The straight down collapse is called a pancake collapse. What made the towers continue their straight down path was that principal. And once the steel at the top failed it was only a matter of dominos falling over from the prior as each floor above hit the next floor down it exceed the working load of the floor below it. Since the collapse started at the top and not the bottom the pancake collapse was much more likely to take place over any other type of collapse. There is alot more about shear forces and beam strength under load and building floor load types. But this is the basics. | [
"BULLET::::- All buildings to which the public are admitted and which contain floor areas exceeding 2000 m² but not exceeding 5000 m² at each storey.\n\nBULLET::::- Car parking not exceeding 6 storeys.\n\nConsequence class 3, high consequences of failure:\n\nBULLET::::- All buildings defined above as Class 2 Lower ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Buildings are always designed to collapse straight down."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Buildings are not designed intentionally to collapse straight down."
] |
2018-01654 | why is the us goverment shutting down? | U.S. laws requires Congress to approve a budget by X date. Without an approved budget, the vast majority of our government is forbidden from spending money (special exception is made for "essential services"). Currently our Congress and President are bickering, and thus they haven't approved a budget. So our government has effectively "Shut Down". This is somewhat common, and happens every few years. The current record for length of shutdown is like 21 days. | [
"The shutdown of January 2018 was the first to occur during the Presidential term of Donald Trump and was centered around a disagreement on the issue of immigration. By the start of October 2017, Congress had failed to approve an appropriation bill to fund the US government in 2018, and instead passed three CRs to ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
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2018-02091 | Why some computer programs output text like "1 connection(s)" even though they clearly know the count? | Partly it's laziness on the part of the developer, but it's also because getting plurals correct internationally is a lot of work. Let's say your program needs to be translated into 20 languages. In English we have one form for one item (singular) and another form for zero, two or more (plural). But other languages don't always work that way! Some languages have different forms for zero or two, or other complicated rules. So, software that puts a lot of effort into being very user-friendly and customized for every language will go to the effort to do it right. Software that just needs to work will skip that extra effort and do it the simple way. It's uglier but it's clear. | [
"Troubleshooting at the unit, network, or Super Network level is enabled by the reporting of monitoring and statistical data. Each unit's SNC also validates all message data sent to it by the DLP before processing the message, and reports success or failure of each message back to the DLP. If the validation fails, ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
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2018-16957 | How do snakes breathe when consuming a large meal? | Snakes contract muscles between their ribs in order to inhale and exhalation is passive. Basically they can reduce pressure within their body cavity by flexing their ribs, and the rear of their right lung (the left is typically vestigial) is mostly just an air sack to regulate pressure within their abdomen. | [
"In some sea snakes, cutaneous respiration can account for up to 30 percent of total oxygen uptake, and is important when diving, during which blood is shunted away the lungs and towards capillaries in the skin, in some cases causing the skin to turn pink. \n\nSection::::Taxonomic diversity.:Mammals.\n",
"One of ... | [
"Snakes cannot breathe when their airway is blocked while eating food."
] | [
"Snakes contract muscles between their ribs in order to breathe."
] | [
"false presupposition"
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"Snakes cannot breathe when their airway is blocked while eating food.",
"Snakes cannot breathe when their airway is blocked while eating food."
] | [
"false presupposition",
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"Snakes contract muscles between their ribs in order to breathe.",
"Snakes contract muscles between their ribs in order to breathe."
] |
2018-02689 | How come whenever I'm exposed to the cold my hands always get slow and sluggish? | In response to cold, your body will prioritize keeping your core warm as that's where all your important organs are. Because of this the circulation to your hands and feet are reduced, especially if they aren't doing any work that needs extra oxygen. This results in cold sluggish hands. It's also why clapping your hands can warm them up briefly, the pain causes your body to send more blood to your hands to deal with possible injury. But the best way to deal with your hands in the cold is to get active. One time during a rather strenuous hike i needed to stick my hands in the snow to cool them down (helped keep me from sweating) | [
"Vasoconstriction occurs first to reduce heat loss, but also results in strong cooling of the extremities. Approximately five to ten minutes after the start of cold exposure, the blood vessels in the extremities will suddenly vasodilate. This is probably caused by a sudden decrease in the release of neurotransmitte... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
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2018-04830 | How does regenerative braking work on electric/hybrid cars? | Spinning a magnet in a coil (or vice versa) creates electricity, it also creates resistence. Doing it while the car is moving would be a great idea except it slows down the car (more than the energy it generates speeds it up). So instead they work that system into the breaks, so while its braking it also generates electric power for the battery. | [
"An AC/DC rectifier and a very large capacitor may be used to store the regenerated energy, rather than a battery. The use of a capacitor allows much more rapid peak storage of energy, and at higher voltages. Mazda uses this system in some current (2018) road cars, where it is branded i-ELOOP.\n\nSection::::Convers... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
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2018-11964 | Why does black absorb more heat than white? | "Black" is the name for the color of things that don't have light coming off of them, even when light is shining onto them. All the energy in the light that's shining on black things has to go somewhere. | [
"Absorption of light is contrasted by transmission, reflection and diffusion, where the light is only redirected, causing objects to appear transparent, reflective or white respectively. A material is said to be black if most incoming light is absorbed equally in the material. Light (electromagnetic radiation in th... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
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2018-17691 | How was the flute discovered? | I doubt anyone knows exactly, since its that long ago. I would imagine a range of things happened including things like: - Working with bones/wood/bamboo etc. to make weapons or jewellery, and someone noticed that the hollow tube made noises at the far end while working at the near end. - Children playing with decorative jewellery and blowing through it like we all do with pen lids. - Wind blowing across tubes left out hanging to dry. - Listening to shells at the beach. We are naturally very inquisitive creatures, and despite what free market nutjobs want you to believe, we invent and innovate just for the joy of what we can accomplish. Having noticed that the effect occurs in a pipe, it doesn't take a huge amount of tinkering to place a few holes - I've done it with a fast food straw. | [
"Flutes are also mentioned in a recently translated tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem whose development spanned the period of approximately 2100–600 BCE. Additionally, a set of cuneiform tablets knows as the \"\"musical texts\"\" provide precise tuning instructions for seven scale of a stringed instrume... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-23649 | What causes people to become less flexible? | Flexibility comes from our ligaments and tendons, the fibers that hold our muscles together and anchor them to our bones. Over time, they start to harden. Your genes only care about you as long as you can reproduce. There's no incentive to maintain the body past a reproductive age, so we start to deteriorate. Presbyopia is a really interesting example of this exact pattern. | [
"Each individual is born with a particular range of motion for each joint in their body. In the book Finding Balance by Gigi Berardi, the author mentions three limiting factors: Occupational demands, movement demands and training oversights.\n\nSection::::Limits of Flexibility.:Internal Factors of Flexibility.\n",
... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-02653 | Why does foamy water appear to be white or cloudy? | It doesnt change the colour of the water it just scatters the light. Take glass - it is transparent - light goes through without bending. Ground up the glass to make sand -it is now white. Whenever light gets to an interface (water-air, glass-air etc) it bends. Have enough small interfaces and the light bends all over the place, some will go this way and some that way. Same thing happens in clouds, frosted glass. | [
"Section::::Characteristics.\n",
"Cheerios effect\n\nIn fluid mechanics, the Cheerios effect is the phenomenon that occurs when floating objects that don't normally float attract one another. Wetting, an example of the \"Cheerios effect,\" is when breakfast cereal clumps together or clings to the sides of a bowl ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-12738 | If I am not supposed to clean my ears deep with a q-tip, why does it feel so good and sometimes clear my sinuses? | There are lots of things that feel good that carry some kind of risk. Doing meth feels good, but is probably a bad idea if you value your long term health. The reason people advise against using Q-tips in your eats is two-fold. For one, sticking it in your ear canal too aggressively can damage or rupture your ear drum. For two, it can push bits of wax down into your ear canal that get so compacted your body's natural processes can't remove it. Do that enough and it'll start to affect your hearing and require a professional cleaning. The reason it can sometimes cause sinus relief is because your nose, eyes, ears, and throat are all connected together. If you create pressure or suction in one place you can feel it elsewhere. It's the same thing as when you plug your nose and blow to pop your ears. EDIT: Autocorrect | [
"Section::::Personal hygiene.:Excessive body hygiene.:Excessive body hygiene of internal ear canals.\n",
"Gurah has been studied by an ENT specialist from Gadjah Mada University, who said that \"a patient with sinusitis will feel relief as the mucus can easily flow through the dilated blood vessels after applicat... | [
"Cleaning ears with a q-tip is not harmful to a person because the cleaning feels good. "
] | [
"Cleaning ears with a q-tip is bad for a persons health even though the cleaning feels good. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
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"Cleaning ears with a q-tip is not harmful to a person because the cleaning feels good. ",
"Cleaning ears with a q-tip is not harmful to a person because the cleaning feels good. "
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"Cleaning ears with a q-tip is bad for a persons health even though the cleaning feels good. ",
"Cleaning ears with a q-tip is bad for a persons health even though the cleaning feels good. "
] |
2018-02584 | Why does, with age, the hairline always recede from the top of the head, and not from back, or from sides? | To start I should mention that it doesn't always start from the top. However, you're correct in the assumption that it usually does. Typically the start of receding hair lines begins at the above the temples - the front 'corner' - though it often begins at the crown for people as well. As for why it typically happens here specifically, I'm uncertain. Hair loss is typically due to damage to hair follicles over time. Most often it is associated with male-pattern baldness, which is usually linked to genetics. As genetic issues like this tend to present similarly most cases, it would make sense if this were part or all of why it happens this way. | [
"Classic male-pattern hair loss begins above the temples and vertex (calvaria) of the scalp. As it progresses, a rim of hair at the sides and rear of the head remains. This has been referred to as a 'Hippocratic wreath', and rarely progresses to complete baldness. Pattern hair loss is classified as a form of non-sc... | [
"Hairline always recedes from the top.",
"With age, the hairline always recedes from the top of the head and never on the sides or the back."
] | [
"Hairline doesn't always start by receding from the top, that is just a common spot for it to start from. It can also start from the front corner of the head. ",
"Receding hairlines don't always start at the top of the head."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Hairline always recedes from the top.",
"With age, the hairline always recedes from the top of the head and never on the sides or the back."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Hairline doesn't always start by receding from the top, that is just a common spot for it to start from. It can also start from the front corner of the head. ",
"Receding hairlines don't always start at the top of the head."
] |
2018-12060 | What is the difference between toilets where you press a button and it flushes automatically, and toilets that draw water only as long as you keep the button pressed? | Usually, the flapper has a void area that traps air so that it stays afloat by buoyancy until the weight of the incoming water used to fill the tank overcomes the buoyancy of the flapper. [ URL_2 ]( URL_2 ) Usually, the "non-automatic" flappers do not have this feature. [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) | [
"Automatic flush compensates for users who do not bother to flush. Also, since the fixtures are always flushed, there is no need for a urinal cake, or other odor reduction. Sensor-operated toilets also have automatic flush. Sensor-operated faucets and showers save water. For example, while a user is lathering up wi... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
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2018-22207 | Why are deer stunned or startled by vehicle headlights? | I saw a random red light hovering in the fast lane one night....the light kept getting closer and I couldn’t figure out what it was until I realized it was a truck on its side with one taillight out but the other one still on....at the same time I noticed a guy who I’m assuming was drunk standing in between the fast lane and the two lane....I barely had time to swerve from the 1 to the 3.... I would assume the deer have no clue wtf it is and are scared as well..... I’ve had headlights peep out of the fog headed towards us driving the wrong way on the freeway, luckily my friend who was driving did not have the “deer in the headlights” reaction | [
"BULLET::::- If deer could hear ultrasound, it is unknown if it would alarm them or induce a flight response.\n\nIn addition to the Georgia and Wisconsin studies, a study by the Ohio State Police Department indicated the whistles are ineffective. \n",
"Spotlighting or lamping (also jacklighting and pit-lamping) i... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-06371 | How did musical notes get their names? | It was somewhat arbitrary, letters (A through **G** not F) are a functional and easy to use labeling system. One of the notes has to be "first" (A), it was likely picked as it was the first note used by a particular instrument, scale, etc. It may not be universally significant as the "first" note in other contexts, but it's easier for everybody to use the same names than to rename notes based on which comes first in your song or whatever. Chords are sets of notes spaced a certain distance apart. The note the chord is named after is *one of* the notes in it. It is often the most emphasized or clearly audible note in the chord... but that depends on the instrument and context as well. Naming chords is again done consistently, just for consistency's sake. Not because the name of the chord "perfectly" represents the whole combination of notes in it. | [
"The introduction of these new notes was principally a product of polyphony, which required the placing of a perfect fifth not only above the old note B, but also below its newly created variant, this entailing, as a result of the ‘original sin‘ committed by the well-meant innovation B, the introduction of the stil... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
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2018-10397 | Why aren't patients, especially children, given something to numb the surface skin before getting a shot? | Because it would slow down the process significantly, as well as adding cost and more time for the kid to think about how he/she is totally about to get a shot, instead of just getting it over with. Since the areas we get shots are typically not especially sensitive to the pain, it is a very minor inconvenience and much of the discomfort is psychological rather than physical. | [
"BULLET::::- Lidocaine/tetracaine patch. A self-heating patch containing a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and tetracaine is available in several countries, and has been specifically approved by government agencies for use in needle procedures. The patch is sold under the trade name \"Synera\" in the United States an... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-11035 | How does stuff from in the ground become oil in sunflowers and other plants? | Oils are made of big molecules that contain three atoms: carbon (C), oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H). These atoms are present all around us in the form of smaller molecules. Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen can make a water molecule (H2O). Water is present in the ground where the plant grows. One carbon and two oxygen atoms can make carbon dioxide (CO2), which is part of the air that the plant breathes. The cells of the plant are able to perform complicated chemistry that shuffles the atoms of water and carbon dioxide around and recombines them into bigger molecules like sugars and oils. For example, one of the oil molecules that makes up sunflower oil is called 'oleic acid', and it contains 18 carbon, 34 hydrogen, and 2 oxygen atoms. This process, of building big molecules out of smaller ones, requires energy that the plants get from sunlight. The plant makes these molecules as a way of storing energy for later. It uses the energy from the sunlight to make the bonds that are necessary to hold these big molecules together. Later, the plant can destroy these bonds again, releasing the energy and making it available to do things with (e.g. to build materials to allow the plant to grow). Or, we can eat the plant instead, and then we get to use the energy in its sugars and oils. So plants make oil by rearranging the atoms of water and carbon dioxide into larger molecules. And note that the carbon dioxide doesn't actually come from the ground, it comes from the air. So if you see a bottle of sunflower oil, it's interesting to think that a lot of that stuff actually came out of the air, just like the air that you breathe. | [
"Section::::Production.:Solvent extraction.\n\nThe processing of vegetable oil in commercial applications is commonly done by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived hexane. This technique is used for m... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Materials in the ground are used to produce the oil in sunflowers and other plants."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Most of the materials that are used to produce the oil in sunflowers and other plants come out of the air."
] |
2018-03219 | Whatever happened to all those 1-900 psychic / astrology lines from the 1990's and early 2000's? Why isn't that a thing anymore? | They moved online, hotline number s like that just changed with the time as More people got intratnet. | [
"On July 18, 2012, the Las Vegas Sun reported that The Psychic Friends Network was back, saying while \"the company went bankrupt in the late '90s, founder Mike Lasky kept it on life support. The company relaunched this summer with a new web platform full of social media, e-alerts and instant messaging, so you can ... | [
"Physic hotlines don't exist anymore."
] | [
"They do exist they are just on the internet instead."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Physic hotlines don't exist anymore."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"They do exist they are just on the internet instead."
] |
2018-00899 | How is Putin so rich and why is no one suspicious? | 1. Corruption and he's ex-KGB, he knows where the bodies are buried and isn't afraid to add to them. 2. See #1. | [
"The report describes the alleged enrichment of Vladimir Putin and his friends, including the 26 palaces and five yachts used by Putin and Medvedev. Table of contents:\n\nBULLET::::- Introduction\n\nBULLET::::- The Enrichment of the Members of the Ozero Dacha Condominium\n\nBULLET::::- Putin and his Billionaire Fri... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"No one is suspicious of Putin's finances"
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"People may be suspicious but are concerned about being killed."
] |
2018-03778 | Why are things sticky on my fingers but not inside my mouth? (Ie: Candy) | In general you mouth has a very good lubricant(saliva) that lines it causing most things to slip by it without attaching to it. Your teeth don’t and thus candy can stick to them, especially if your teeth are unsmooth or have crevices and that is why you can get candy stuck in your teeth and why it can stick to your hands. | [
"Section::::Saliva.\n",
"Section::::History.\n",
"Information can be sticky for a number of reasons. Much information that humans have is tacit, and therefore is difficult to communicate when sharing information. Additionally, some technical information is composed of a very large number of parts. Sometimes it ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01485 | Why Do Old CRT TVs Make A High Pitched Hissing Noise? | The noise was usually attributed to the fly back transformer that was used to generate high voltages for the crt tube. Transformers generate an alternating magnetic flux that would separate the laminations in to core and cause them to vibrate with the alternating current. | [
"“I brought it back to the lab, and I thought it might possibly make a good mid-range if I coated it,” Hecht recalls. “So I coated it with a thin rubber coating and put noise through it with a signal generator. To my absolute surprise, it went beyond 12K; that was quite a shock.” \n",
"Section::::New development.... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00947 | Why does gum become harder to chew after drinking water with it in your mouth? | The gum base is very sensitive to temperature changes. When you drink water (Particularly cold water), the elasticity of the gum base goes down and it becomes stiff and hard to chew. The temperature range of gum base is very narrow. | [
"While hydrophobic polymers beneficially repel water and contribute to chewiness, they also detrimentally attract oil. The stickiness of gum results from this hydrophobic nature, as gum can form bonds and stick when it makes contact with oily surfaces such as sidewalks, skin, hair, or the sole of one's shoe. To mak... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-20327 | What the effects would be if humidity went above 100% and went to let's say, 200%. | Humidity is how much water is in the air, as a measure of the total capacity it can store before rain happens. Once it gets to 100%, it should start raining. (there are some odd incidents that it doesn't happen quite when our instruments read 100%, but what's really happening is our instruments are not precise, and we're at like 99% humidity). This is kind of like asking "what effects would happen if I put 2 gallons of water in a 1 gallon jug?"; You just can't actually do that. The water will fall out way before you get there. | [
"The basic principles for buildings, above, also apply to vehicles. In addition, there may be safety considerations. For instance, high humidity inside a vehicle can lead to problems of condensation, such as misting of windshields and shorting of electrical components. In vehicles and pressure vessels such as press... | [
"Humidity can go above 100%, and can go to let's say, 200%.",
"Humidty can raise to 200%."
] | [
"Once humidity reaches 100%, it starts raining; humidity cannot go over 100%.",
"Humidty is a measure of the total water possible so it cannot go above 100%. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Humidity can go above 100%, and can go to let's say, 200%.",
"Humidty can raise to 200%."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Once humidity reaches 100%, it starts raining; humidity cannot go over 100%.",
"Humidty is a measure of the total water possible so it cannot go above 100%. "
] |
2018-22749 | Can water freeze while there's an electrical current going through it? | Yes, though it really depends on how large of an electric current. If it's a tiny amount, there will be no issue. If it is large enough to keep the water warm, then it will not freeze. | [
"The compressed ice was then transported to the University of Rochester where it was blasted by a pulse of laser light. The reaction created conditions like those inside of ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune by heating up the ice thousands of degrees under a pressure a million times greater than the earth's atmo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02203 | What is that weird thing that you see in your eyes after looking at a bright light? | A couple things actually... "Floaters" are the shadows cast by bits of debris and protein clumps floating around between the retina and the center of the eye. These are completely harmless and you can see them fumbling around your eyes from time to time. In your eyes you also have capillaries(very thin blood vessels,) and through these, red and white blood cells are carried. Because white blood cells are larger and of more abnormal shape, they tend to not get filtered by your brain when processing what your eyes are seeing, they just look like white specks following a track. Finally, when you rub your eyes, you're physically altering pressure in your eyes and stimulating photo-receptors and releasing chemicals called phosphenes in your brain. These cause the pretty colors and weird shapes much like applying pressure to an LCD screen. "Picture burn" which is what I believe you're referring to is simply the heavy intake of a bright source of light(i.e. the sun) and having the image retained in the form of a black splotch. This is what I believe to be the work of your brain filtering that area of your vision in order to preserve the eye(which is ironic because it only allows you to look at the sun for longer-causing more damage) [A video by Tom Scott]( URL_0 ) explains this well. | [
"BULLET::::- The inner-ear condition Ménière's disease can be aggravated by flicker. Sufferers of vertigo are recommended to not use fluorescent lights.\n\nBULLET::::- Polymorphous light eruption is a condition affecting the skin thought to be caused by an adverse reaction to ultraviolet light. Its prevalence acros... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-03661 | How does economics remain reliable even though it was founded on the principle of the rational consumer? | The axioms that constitute rationality: * given a choice between A and B, a person can say which they prefer or if they are indifferent * if they prefer A to B and B to C, they prefer A to C Are not actually all that demanding. They are fulfilled in the vast majority of decision making contexts or are close enough to fulfilled that it doesn't matter. If you want to poke a bigger hole in the conclusions of most economic models, ask their authors' about how realistic their assumptions about information are. That said, an imperfect model is vastly preferable to no model. Economic models have been vastly important in correctly justifying countless policies. | [
"BULLET::::- Modern economic models incorporate the reaction of the public and market to the policy maker's actions (through game theory), and this feedback is included in modern models (following the rational expectations revolution and Robert Lucas, Jr.'s Lucas critique of non-microfounded) models. If the respons... | [
"Economics can only remain reliable if the consumer is rational."
] | [
"Economics can remain reliable when those axioms are mostly fulfilled most of the time which they are. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Economics can only remain reliable if the consumer is rational."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Economics can remain reliable when those axioms are mostly fulfilled most of the time which they are. "
] |
2018-12227 | Does the a large store need the same amount of employees as multiple smaller stores to sell the same amount of product? | No. This would fall under the economic theory of Economies of scale. There would be a need for more than 1 employee if one large store replaced 20 small stores, but not 20 employees. One location would be able to more efficiently, utilize the time of employees, so even if there were just as many customers they could specialize in tasks... say a couple working registers, a couple working the floor, a couple restocking inventory. Each could do so more efficiently than one person having to constantly juggle each of those tasks. it would also reduce downtime, as you need somebody in each store 100% of the time, even if there are no customers, while a single big store you can adjust staffing to better meet needs and/or have people working at full capacity. | [
"While a single, large, centrally-controlled firm may have higher ability to innovate and develop or market new products more effectively than when its resources are divided, it may lack the flexibility to offer individual customizations. Allowing the different retail locations to make decisions independent of the ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02854 | what would happen if the USA stopped asking for people's race on forms? | Racial data is collected because it's required by the government (if you decline to select a race when applying than your broker is required to choose one to the best of their abilities). The government collects this data, both to study, and to allow enforcement of equal opportunity acts (say if a broker has too few clients from protected classes, the government may investigate why that is the case). | [
"Section::::Background.:2020 Census.\n\nWilbur Ross, the United States Secretary of Commerce within the Trump administration following the 2016 presidential election, stated that the Bureau intended to add the question related to citizenship back to the \"short form\" sent to all households for the 2020 United Stat... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-01466 | When a person passes from an illness or disease, is the body still carrying said illness or disease? | Yes. There is a reason disposal of corpses is invaluable during epidemics. The disease remains until the body can no longer sustain it as a host. | [
"Section::::Types of asymptomatic carriers.\n\nAsymptomatic carriers can be categorized by their current disease state. When an individual transmits pathogens immediately following infection but prior to developing symptoms, they are known as an incubatory carrier. Humans are also capable of spreading disease follo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03938 | Why do people yawn when they’re bored? | There's an argument to say it's a natural reaction from evolution. To show the person's boredom. It's a social cue as much as smiling is a social cue. We smile when happy to display such to others. Yawning is another example to display our mood to others without the need for verbal communication. | [
"Another notion states that yawning is the body's way of controlling brain temperature. In 2007, researchers, including a professor of psychology from the University of Albany, proposed yawning may be a means to keep the brain cool. Mammalian brains operate best within a narrow temperature range. In two experiments... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15134 | How exactly did humans across different cultures figure out the recipe for making bread? | It's a fairly easy accidental discovery. If you leave flour in a bowl and it gets wet, and you ignore it for a week, it turns into bread dough. (You don't even need to add yeast; with enough time yeast from the air or from the original grain surface will grow.) Now you just need to cook it and you get bread. | [
"Since grains have been a staple food for millennia, the activity of baking is a very old one. Control of yeast, however, is relatively recent. By the fifth and sixth centuries BCE, the ancient Greeks used enclosed ovens heated by wood fires; communities usually baked bread in a large communal oven. Greeks baked do... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03115 | Why do some viruses live longer on inanimate surfaces than others? | Viruses are basically just a strand of RNA, covered by a capsule of proteins that has the ability to force that RNA into specific kinds of living cells. Where they are able to survive and for how long, depends on how the virus's exterior is build up and what environmental condition it's exposed to. Like, are there chemicals involved that damage the virus's hull or it's RNA? Or radiation (UV, perhaps?) that does so instead? It's a little bit like letting a car just stand in a forest for 30 years. How quickly it rusts and how long it 'survives' is dependent on how it is built and what environmental conditions the car is exposed to in said forest. | [
"The cell from which the virus itself buds will often die or be weakened and shed more viral particles for an extended period. The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is relatively sensitive to desiccation, heat, and detergents, therefore these viruses are easier to sterilize than non-enveloped viruses, have li... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15280 | Why do electrics showers always have bad thermostats? | Electric showers don't have thermostats. Temperature rise depends on the selected heater power and the flow rate. Flow rate is set by the flow restrictor valve, which is the main control. Outlet temperature depends on inlet temperature and temperature rise. | [
"There is a wide range of electric showers, with various types of heating controls. The heating element of an electric shower is immersed in the water stream, using a nichrome resistance element which is sheathed and electrically isolated, like the ones used in oil heaters, radiators or clothes irons, providing saf... | [
"Electric showers have thermostats.",
"Electric showers have bad thermostats. "
] | [
"Electric showers do not have thermostats.",
"Electric showers don't have thermostats at all. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Electric showers have thermostats.",
"Electric showers have bad thermostats. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Electric showers do not have thermostats.",
"Electric showers don't have thermostats at all. "
] |
2018-03324 | Why does one first see improvement the next day (or after a longer break) in any kind of sports, games, education etc. and not meanwhile? | This is because “information” and the like takes time to encode, which the brain does a heck of a lot of when you sleep. That is, it trims away memories/information of the day that it deems unnecessary (what you had for dinner, what socks you wore) and “saves” memories/information that you or your brain deem important and worth keeping. It writes these into your brain/HDD for easier access later. Things like spray patterns on the AK and your muscle memory in how to control it are learned in the waking moment, but only when your brain has had time to encode it does it become natural/learned. Recall is quicker and your brain has context, whereas when you’re learning it it’s all new and your brain is like “oh jeez what’s all this stuff okay neat what” | [
"These people tend to become very absorbed in their work. This is why they require recognition when a task is completed.\n",
"Progress Testing fosters knowledge retention: the repeated testing of the same comprehensive domain of knowledge means that there is no point testing facts that could be remembered if stud... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02352 | How can there be a maximum compatible memory in a camera, when the memory cards are all the same physical size? | Although cards has same physical size, they need different "software" to access the data. There are [three types of micro SD cards]( URL_0 ): SD, SDHC, and SDXC. The 32 GB card is a SDHC card and the 64 GB is a SDXC. If the dash cam only supports up to SDHC, then it can only take cards up to 32 GB. ELI5 what are the differences: There are 99 boxes with number 1-99 assigned to them. In order to get/store things in a box, you need to say the its corresponding number. If you can only say one number, you can only get/store things in boxes 1-9. But if you can say two numbers, you get to access all 1-99 storage boxes. The dash cam can only get/store 32 GB because it only know how to say the storage locations within 32 GB limit. | [
"Capacities above 4 GB can only be achieved by following version 2.0 or later versions. In addition, capacities equal to 4 GB must also do so to guarantee compatibility.\n\nSection::::Openness of specification.\n\nLike most memory card formats, SD is covered by numerous patents and trademarks. Excluding SDIO cards,... | [
"Because memory cards are the same size, they shouldn't be able to carry more memory than another."
] | [
"Different softwares are implemented into each card that allows it to access more memory than the other."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Because memory cards are the same size, they shouldn't be able to carry more memory than another.",
"Because memory cards are the same size, they shouldn't be able to carry more memory than another."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Different softwares are implemented into each card that allows it to access more memory than the other.",
"Different softwares are implemented into each card that allows it to access more memory than the other."
] |
2018-02914 | Why does putting salt on a slug kill it? | > I'm comfortable with the idea of diffusion (by which I understand that, due to the continued random movement of particles, a given substance will spread out in a fluid until there is no concentration gradient in the container). This is the key to understanding osmosis, along with the idea that **water is no exception to this rule**. The salt ions will try to move from one side of the slug's skin to the other until they're evenly distributed ... but they can't, because the slug's skin doesn't allow salt to cross. But the skin doesn't block the movement of water molecules, and they behave just like the salt: they move from one side of the slug's skin to the other until they're equal in concentration. The salty slime on the skin has a *lower concentration* of water than the inside of the slug, so water moves outward to make the concentrations equal. | [
"At a business lunch that day in the City Hotel, David Watson tries to secure a new contract with Edward Canning and Kenneth Riggs. David is overcome by a terrible headache until finally blood gushes from one of his nostrils and a long white worm slithers out of it. David falls onto a table dying as another slug bu... | [] | [] | [
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2018-21489 | Why do voter registration deadlines exist? | I suspect it's to allow for the preparation of voter rolls and such. For example, when I go to my polling place they have a book with the name of everyone registered in that area. When you come in to vote, they find your name in the book and you sign next to it so they know you've voted. That book takes time to lay out, print, and ship; so they would have to stop taking new registrations far enough in advance that they could get it done and out to the polling station. I imagine there are a number of other similar preparations that might likewise affect the timeline. | [
"In a 1980 landmark study, Raymond E. Wolfinger and Steven J. Rosenstone came to the conclusion that less restrictive registration requirements would substantially increase the electoral turnout. According to their probit analysis, if all states adopted the procedures of the most permissive state regulations, which... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02837 | does the human body really have a 24 hour body clock? | Kinda, yes. We have a [circadian clock]( URL_0 ), a biological mechanism that works by releasing certain hormones over a 24 hour period, as well as taking external cues such as the Sun. Without external cues, the circadian clock can actually run a bit longer or shorter than 24 hours, and in babies it's still all messed up (which is why they have an irregular sleep schedule). Not just humans have a circadian clock, almost every animal does. This has nothing to do with leap years though, since leap years just add a whole day, not messing with our circadian clock. | [
"The circadian rhythms of humans can be entrained to slightly shorter and longer periods than the Earth's 24 hours. Researchers at Harvard have shown that human subjects can at least be entrained to a 23.5-hour cycle and a 24.65-hour cycle (the latter being the natural solar day-night cycle on the planet Mars).\n\n... | [
"The human body has a 24 hour clock. "
] | [
"While the human body technically does have a 24 hour clock, sometimes the clock can run a little longer or spend less time than 24 hours."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The human body has a 24 hour clock. ",
"The human body has a 24 hour clock. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"While the human body technically does have a 24 hour clock, sometimes the clock can run a little longer or spend less time than 24 hours.",
"While the human body technically does have a 24 hour clock, sometimes the clock can run a little longer or spend less time than 24 hours."
] |
2018-13471 | How is the exchange rate for currencies determined? | Float : USD rate is depending on what the foreign exchange market believe it is to be worth. What causes it to go up and down simply is how much people are buying or selling the dollar for tradw uses/investment. Like apples ..if there are a lot of people wanting apples from Mr. John down the street and he's the only one but has limited amount of apples to sell..the value per apple will rise. If no one wants it or if Mr. John has too much apples..he will lower price to get some people to buy it..thus people will value the apple less. To get into the complexity of currency market is far beyond ELI5 especially with interesting rates and free flowing capital (the trifecta system..you can only control two). The other side is a fixed exchange rate: countries like China and others will tie their currency to USD or another currency..buying or selling that currency to keep their own value. Fun article to see what happens when a nation suddenly stops fixed currency. URL_0 There is a third way but I'm sure 5 year old tommy has gotten bored. | [
"Supply and demand for any given currency, and thus its value, are not influenced by any single element, but rather by several. These elements generally fall into three categories: economic factors, political conditions and market psychology.\n\nSection::::Determinants of exchange rates.:Economic factors.\n\nThese ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05109 | Are there 'half' dimensions? | There are fractal dimensions, which usually consist of infinitely detailed patterns of lines or shapes. Though if you get too much into what a fractal dimension really means, then it gets blurry as to what a dimension really is. Fractal dimensions only work in a mathematical terms, not in a spatial reality. In a mathematical sense, a dimension can usually be defined as the rate of expansion of its respective measurement of space. When you increase the length of the side of a square, its area is the length to the power of 2, therefore giving it 2 dimensions. When you do the same thing to a cube, the amount its volume increases the length to the 3rd. This applies to every other dimensions. You may ask, "how would we know whether to measure by volume or area or even cells?" Imagine a square in 3d space, with an expanding length. This would normally make absolutely no sense since the square is infinitely thin, but for the sake of math lets ignore that. As the length of the square expands, the total volume it takes up is still going to be the length to the second power, as the thickness of the mathematically 2 dimensional square never gets thicker. If the thickness of the square increased with the length, then volume would be the length to the 3rd power & therefore be 3 dimensional. When increasing the length of a 4 dimensional cube (known as a tesseract), the amount of space it takes up increases to the 4th power, & so on. Anything that doesn't expand in whole number proportions are things that exist within fractal dimensions. This is kind of hard to explain through pure text, but bare with me. Imagine taking a line, & adding more line to create a bump in it. Then add more line to create a smaller bump within that bump. Then do that an infinite number of times. You get a fractal dimension. If you measure this in 1 dimensions (length) it is infinitely long, but if you measure it by 2 dimensions (area) it equals zero. Congratulations, you have created a thing that exist in a fractal dimension. If you have no idea what i mean, search up some imagery of fractals. A famous example is the coastline of Britain, which is pretty much always used when explaining a fractal dimension. The coastline is impossible to measure, because as your unit of measurement increases, so does its length. If you measure it with a ruler a meter long, you'll get a lower reading that misses fine detail. If you measure with a ruler a centimeter long, you still miss the extremely fine detail, *and* your measurement is even longer. Mathematically, the coastline is infinitely long & is a fractal dimension of approximately 1.25 for the west coast. In a practical realistic sense, this is not useful since the edges of Britain don't actually warp into another field of space, telling someone the fractal dimension count doesn't help them at all, & the coastline changes constantly due to things like erosion. Despite this, it is useful as an example of how a real world fractal applies to fractal dimensions. Note that I'm saying things such as "imagine" & "infinite". This is because fractal dimensions don't work in the way you're used to thinking of dimensions, in reality. When you define a dimension as a direction of space, you cannot move halfway between one dimension & the next without creating a mathematical paradox. However in math when were talking about the expansion of its length/space, it works out fine. If you're still having trouble grasping this, try [this 3Blue1Brown video]( URL_0 ) which explains it very well. Also typing this made me wonder, can we have imaginary, complex, or negative dimensions? | [
"It has been argued by some physicists, e.g., M. J. Duff, that the laws of physics are inherently dimensionless. The fact that we have assigned incompatible dimensions to Length, Time and Mass is, according to this point of view, just a matter of convention, borne out of the fact that before the advent of modern ph... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00107 | Why do you feel nauseous and/or the feeling to throw up if you think about ingesting something gross? | Vomiting up disgusting things helps prevent you being poisoned. It's likely to be a primitive instinctive response present in many species. Similar things happen when you get drunk or motion sickness: your body decides you might have consumed poison and dumps your stomach. | [
"Studies have demonstrated that the insula is activated by disgusting stimuli, and that observing someone else's facial expression of disgust seems to automatically retrieve a neural representation of disgust. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the role of the insula in feelings of disgust.\n\nOne particular neu... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-06013 | How can a post-birth 'husband stitch' cause skin that didn't tear during surgery to fuse together? | You are right. It heals poorly—if at all. A suture like prolene or vicryl would be better than the standard “cat gut” because it lasts longer. The “husband stitch” is pretty much a myth because the tissue tied together is weak and it doesn’t do anything. If it did, if would cause pain for the woman. A real “husband stitch” would require you to find and tie the torn fascia together. You are absolutely right about healing. Whenever I have an abdominal skin incision not heal right, it’s because the Resident or medical student sewed or stapled the non-bleeding external keratinized skin. | [
"A perineoplasty procedure repairs damage to the perineum and damage to the Vulva that a woman might experience as a result of:\n\nBULLET::::- Child birth — the stretching of parturition can cause tears to the tissues, or might require cutting (episiotomy) should the woman’s birth canal prove too narrow to allow un... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02447 | Just how accurate are the best telescopes? Is there a limit to their fidelity? | Theres a limit to a telescopes “resolving power”, which is the telescopes ability to discern two closely separated objects as individual objects rather than a blur or oblong object. That limit is governed by the diameter of the main objective lens or mirror. No matter what magnification you use, objects below the resolution limit of the particular scope will not be resolved into discrete objects. | [
"Relatively cheap, mass-produced ~2 meter telescopes have recently been developed and have made a significant impact on astronomy research. These allow many astronomical targets to be monitored continuously, and for large areas of sky to be surveyed. Many are robotic telescopes, computer controlled over the interne... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04862 | How is the average lifespan decided for newborns? | Basically it's a best case scenario of statistical projection. So if people are easily living to their 80s/90s now and medicine is improving and other factors like access to food, water, hygiene are improving you can make a projection based off of that. The problem is they don't account for things like the emergence of superevolved diseases we can't treat yet or breakdown of society or our pending inevitable nuclear war or psychological fall out and things you just can't predict. Ultimately it's statistics that you should take with a grain of salt, but understand are still likely accurate without cataclysmic events. | [
"Other life tables in historical demography may be based on historical records, although these often undercount infants and understate infant mortality, on comparison with other regions with better records, and on mathematical adjustments for varying mortality levels and life expectancies at birth. \n\nFrom this st... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
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2018-23433 | Why is there internet download and upload limits. | Partly to help keep bandwidth available for other people to use; but mostly just because they can make money out of you that way. | [
"U.S. internet service providers have most recently asserted that data caps are needed in order to provide \"fair\", tiered services at different price points based on speed and usage.\n",
"The limits that users face on accessing information via mobile applications coincide with a broader process of fragmentation... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-16442 | Why do our eyes twitch when we have a lack of sleep? | It’s actually a magnesium deficiency that causes eye twitching. I’ve experienced this eye twitching with or without lack of sleep. | [
"Dr. David M. Maurice (1922-2002), an eye specialist and semi-retired adjunct professor at Columbia University, proposed that REM sleep was associated with oxygen supply to the cornea, and that aqueous humor, the liquid between cornea and iris, was stagnant if not stirred. Among the supportive evidences, he calcula... | [
"Our eyes twitch when we have a lack of sleep.",
"Eyes twitch when we have a lack of sleep."
] | [
"A magnesium deficiency causes eye twitching and the eye twitching can occur with or without lack of sleep.",
"Eyes twitch because of a magnesium deficiency ."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Our eyes twitch when we have a lack of sleep.",
"Eyes twitch when we have a lack of sleep."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"A magnesium deficiency causes eye twitching and the eye twitching can occur with or without lack of sleep.",
"Eyes twitch because of a magnesium deficiency ."
] |
2018-02532 | Why do kittens wiggle their ears while bottle-feeding? | Their ears move when swallowing.. If what you are observing is both ears going back a bit at the same time, then forward, that is swallowing. Funny thing - young lambs shake their tails when swallowing too. | [
"In cats, flattened ears generally indicate that an individual feels threatened and may attack. Having the mouth open and no teeth exposed indicates playfulness.\n\nSection::::Visual.:Ears.\n\nCats can change the position of their ears very quickly, in a continuum from erect when the cat is alert and focused, sligh... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00225 | Why does cheese go hard when you melt it then let it go cold? | When you heat the cheese up past a certain point, moisture is released, which when it cools down, makes it harder as it is more dense. Water in cheese makes it softer. | [
"Above room temperatures, most hard cheeses melt. Rennet-curdled cheeses have a gel-like protein matrix that is broken down by heat. When enough protein bonds are broken, the cheese itself turns from a solid to a viscous liquid. Soft, high-moisture cheeses will melt at around , while hard, low-moisture cheeses such... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-16708 | how a country like Venezuela in such financial and institutional chaos can ever recover. | Define "recover". The government may be deposed violently, a bunch of people may starve or flee the country, but they aren't entirely without resources so a smaller population could be supported. Alternatively the current government may see the opposition coming and institute a civil war / purge to reduce the population to a smaller, loyal base. After the death squads clear out the areas that oppose the current regime there are fewer people to support and it can be blamed on treason and foreign influence rather than mismanagement. | [
"Economy of Venezuela\n\nSince the mid-2010s, the economy of Venezuela has been in a state of total economic collapse.\n",
"According to Martinez Lázaro, professor of economics at the IE Business School in Madrid, the economic woes Venezuela continued to suffer under Maduro would have occurred even if Chávez were... | [
"Venezuela must eventually recover."
] | [
"Venezuela may not ever recover, but may continue to exist with a smaller population."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Venezuela must eventually recover.",
"Venezuela must eventually recover."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Venezuela may not ever recover, but may continue to exist with a smaller population.",
"Venezuela may not ever recover, but may continue to exist with a smaller population."
] |
2018-12640 | How can gaining salt water (drinking it) and losing salt water (sweating) BOTH dehydrate you? | Sweating is literally water leaving your body. How would that re-hydrate you? Drinking sea water will dehydrate but drinking salt water that's isotonic (has the same concentration of salt as the rest of the water in your body) will not. IV saline is water that has salt in. The reason sea water causes dehydration is because it has way more salt in it than your body can process. Human kidneys can only make urine that is less salty than salt water. Therefore, to get rid of all the excess salt taken in by drinking seawater, you have to urinate more water than you drank, which is what causes dehydration. | [
"Any activity or situation that promotes heavy sweating can lead to water intoxication when water is consumed to replace lost fluids. Persons working in extreme heat and/or humidity for long periods must take care to drink and eat in ways that help to maintain electrolyte balance. People using drugs such as MDMA (o... | [
"Drinking salt water dehydrates you.",
"Drinking salt water dehydrates you."
] | [
"While drinking sea water will dehydrate the body, drinking salt water that has the same concentration of salt as is in your body will not.",
"Only sea water will dehydrate you but isotonic salt water will not."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Drinking salt water dehydrates you.",
"Drinking salt water dehydrates you."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"While drinking sea water will dehydrate the body, drinking salt water that has the same concentration of salt as is in your body will not.",
"Only sea water will dehydrate you but isotonic salt water will not."
] |
2018-16745 | Why does the music when you're on hold sound so crappy/distorted? | Traditional telephone lines can only transfer sound frequencies between 300 and 3,400 hertz. Humans can hear from 20 to 20,000Hz and this is roughly the same range as music uses. Therefore, on a phone line you will lose lot of the bass (low frequencies) and treble (high frequencies) which causes the music to sound crappy. | [
"Section::::Complaints about noise.\n",
"With the application of newer equipment, music on hold devices can now interact with the caller. No additional programs are required on the platform, as all the logic is done with the MoH device. This can include services such as 'polling on hold', rating your customer ser... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-21559 | Why was the Iceland christmas advert about the orangutan banned for being too political? | In the UK, TV broadcasting first started with the BBC, which is funded by a television licence. As such the BBC required no advertising to pay its way. Commercial broadcasting came along later, and with it came worries about the power and persuasive influence of TV advertising. Because of this laws, regulations and codes of conduct were drawn up to restrict what could be shown. One of the very first things to be banned was any form of political advertising. Instead TV channels are required to give space during elections for parties to air their own Party Political Broadcasts. It is this restriction that the Iceland advert has fallen foul of. Because the advert is not selling a service, but promoting a cause - it been judged to have contravened the above rules. | [
"In November 2018, Iceland submitted a version of an animated short starring a fictional orangutan named Rang-tan (originally released by Greenpeace) to Clearcast, but the submission was denied. Iceland originally planned to utilise the short as the television advertisement for Christmas season that year, and it wa... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-14682 | why do “overweight” people tend to snore more than average weighted people? | The extra weight on the throat, combined with the extra weight on the chest compressing the lungs making breathing more difficult. | [
"There are two types of sleep apnea, obstructive and central. Obstructive sleep apnea is more common among overweight patients, and occurs when the airway is fully or partially blocked at times during sleep. Any air that does sneak by the blocked passage can cause loud snoring. The second type of sleep apnea, centr... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-22040 | Could I photograph the exact moment of light spreading inside my room? | You would need a very fast camera. Light travels at speed of 300 thousand km a second. Human requires 0.1 sec to react. In that time, light has already spread in the room. You would have to build a circuit with a very fast camera so that you would record at very high fps the moment you press the button. There is a TED talk by Ramesh Raskar in which he told about a camera that records at a trillion fps. He captured light traveling in it. | [
"When Germany invades France in 1940, Marie-Laure and her father flee to the coastal town of Saint-Malo to take refuge with her great-uncle Etienne, a recluse suffering shell-shock from the Great War. Etienne spends all his days indoors but reveals to Marie-Laure that he and his deceased brother Henri used to broad... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18730 | What prevents flat wires from getting tangled compared to round wires? | Wire will curl in the path of least resistance and so flat wire will naturally try to turn in on itself in the direction of one of the flat sides where as round wire can twist and curl easily in any direction it needs to and this can end in a tangled mess quite effectively. The reason round wire is used more for daily applications such as phone chargers, vacuum cleaners, or extension cords is because these wires are moved around a lot and need the mobility of the round wire for practical ease of use because the wire will be malleable and move in the direction you want it to where as a flat wire won’t easily bend or turn in the direction of the thin edges and has a chance of damaging if forced to do so. | [
"Wire comes in solid core, stranded, or braided forms. Although usually circular in cross-section, wire can be made in square, hexagonal, flattened rectangular, or other cross-sections, either for decorative purposes, or for technical purposes such as high-efficiency voice coils in loudspeakers. Edge-wound coil spr... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-12241 | How does the air stay so hot in the nighttime when the sun isn’t even out? And how is it that the sun makes the temperature only like 5-10 degrees warmer during the daytime in the summer? | The same reason the inside of an oven doesn't return to room temperature the instant you turn it off. Both the atmosphere and the ground absorb heat during the daytime. It takes time for this heat to dissipate after the sun sets. Furthermore, and this answers some of the second part of your question as well, air doesn't stay in one place. There are both local and global weather phenomenon that move air around, so warm air can be coming from elsewhere on the planet. As for your claim that it's only 5-10 degrees (I assume you mean Fahrenheit) cooler at night, that's your personal observation in your specific location for a short period of time, not fact. There are tons of historical weather records from all over the world at different times of year and different points in history that show the actual daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal highs and lows, and I think you'll find there's a ton of variation. | [
"As solar energy strikes the Earth's surface each morning, a shallow layer of air directly above the ground is heated by conduction. Heat exchange between this shallow layer of warm air and the cooler air above is very inefficient. On a warm summer's day, for example, air temperatures may vary by from just above th... | [
"Air is 5-10 degrees warmer during the daytime in the summer.",
"The sun only makes the temperature 5-10 degrees warmer during the daytime in the summer."
] | [
"Globally there is a lot of variation in daytime and nightime temperatures, and the difference between them.",
"Historical weather data shows more variance than 5-10 degrees."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Air is 5-10 degrees warmer during the daytime in the summer.",
"The sun only makes the temperature 5-10 degrees warmer during the daytime in the summer."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Globally there is a lot of variation in daytime and nightime temperatures, and the difference between them.",
"Historical weather data shows more variance than 5-10 degrees."
] |
2018-04799 | Why do universities have gymnastics teams? | > but rather from the aspect that there is future in the sport after college Realistically there's no athletic future for 99% of college athletes in any sport. The sports exist because there's enough interest from the student body and the athletic boosters to keep them around, regardless of career track. | [
"With the passage of the 1972 Title 9 Amendment which provided for the inclusion of women in sports, The University of Alabama Gymnastics team existed as a club sport. With the first team acting as a club sport In 1972, The University of Alabama Gymnastics Team existed and competed with such teams as Jacksonville S... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01686 | If electrons move in a copper wire not by each electron travelling all the way, but by bumping into the one ahead and pushing it forward, how can electricity travel faster than the speed of sound of copper? | The electrons don't bump into each other, they can't as their charges will repel them from one another. The propagation of electricity through a conductor is solely due to the propagation of the electric field not due to the motion of electrons. The speed of sound in copper is 4.6 km/s, electric signals move at a good fraction of the speed of light, but electrons in 12 gauge wire carrying 1 amp of current move at a whopping 2.3 x 10^-5 m/s. If you were waiting for electrons to bump into each other you'd be waiting a really long time, but luckily each electron is already pushing on other nearby electrons so as soon as one begins to move its electric field pushes on near by ones which move in the same direction so you're really just limited by how quickly the electric field can push on the next one which is a fraction of the speed of light. | [
"The energy/signal usually flows overwhelmingly outside the electric conductor of a cable; the purpose of the conductor is thus not to conduct energy, but to guide the energy-carrying wave.\n\nSection::::Electromagnetic waves.:Speed of electromagnetic waves in good dielectrics.\n\nThe speed of electromagnetic waves... | [
"Electrons \"move\" by bumping into each other."
] | [
"Electrons don't travel down the wire or bump into each other. They propogate an electric field due to their own motion at their specific location. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Electrons \"move\" by bumping into each other."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Electrons don't travel down the wire or bump into each other. They propogate an electric field due to their own motion at their specific location. "
] |
2018-24230 | Why do English singers sound American when they sing? | It really depends on the music, mainstream music tries to get a American appeal while indie music usually sings in "British" | [
"Many U.S.-based artists, such as Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson are recognized worldwide and have sold over 500 million albums each. Michael Jackson's album \"Thriller\", at 100 million sales, is the best-selling album of all time.\n\nThrough the study of vocabulary and spelling of English words in books and tw... | [
"English singers always sound American when they sing.",
"All English singers sound American when singing. "
] | [
"The genre of music dictates how English singers sound.",
"English singers attempt to appeal to American in Mainstream music, but singers sound \"British\" in Indie music. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"English singers always sound American when they sing.",
"All English singers sound American when singing. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The genre of music dictates how English singers sound.",
"English singers attempt to appeal to American in Mainstream music, but singers sound \"British\" in Indie music. "
] |
2018-01404 | why is it impossible to isolate a magnetic pole? | ELI5 attempt at an answer/counterquestion: can you isolate one end of a piece of string? You can cut off the end of the string, but the new, smaller piece now also has two ends. | [
"The same principle makes a small loop particularly sensitive to sources of \"magnetic\" noise in its near field. Likewise, a Hertzian (short) dipole couples directly with the electric field and is relatively immune to locally produced magnetic noise. However at radio frequencies nearby sources of magnetic interfer... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02393 | Why do video game cutscenes give me a constant 60FPS even if the game normally gives me way less? | Cutscenes are pre-rendered: this means you are basically watching a movies, which is just a bunch of pictures that a pre-made shown one after the other. Normal gameplay, however, requires the GPU to do a bunch of math calculations to determine what the image should look like based on the position of all the characters, the world, the abilities, etc. | [
"Section::::Types.:Interactive cutscenes.\n\nInteractive cutscenes involve the computer taking control of the player character while prompts (such as a sequence of button presses) appear onscreen, requiring the player to follow them in order to continue or succeed at the action. This gameplay mechanic, commonly cal... | [
"Because a video game cutscene is able to process 60FPS, then normal video games should be able to process similar speeds. "
] | [
"Video game cutscenes are pre-rendered unlike actual game play, and due to this, video game game play is unable to play at a constant rate of 60fps."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Because a video game cutscene is able to process 60FPS, then normal video games should be able to process similar speeds. ",
"Because a video game cutscene is able to process 60FPS, then normal video games should be able to process similar speeds. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Video game cutscenes are pre-rendered unlike actual game play, and due to this, video game game play is unable to play at a constant rate of 60fps.",
"Video game cutscenes are pre-rendered unlike actual game play, and due to this, video game game play is unable to play at a constant rate of 60fps."
] |
2018-03176 | How did humans survive for so long without toothpaste? | A lot of it has to do with the difference in diet and lifestyle of then vs now. Back then (say, before the industrial revolution, at least), humans didn't eat any refined foods. They ate a lot of "basic" foods - wheat, rice, barley, potatoes, and the like. As you probably know, sugar is terrible for your teeth, so this low-sugar diet made it easier to get away with not brushing your teeth. Nowadays, however, just about everything you eat has sugar (or high fructose corn syrup), which would just rot your teeth away if you didn't brush. Even with the diet differences, our teeth are healthier now than ever before. Few people had pearly whites like many do today - there were many brown, unhealthy, dying teeth, but they just had so many other maladies to worry about, that people didn't focus on teeth too much. Finally, they did have some level of dental care back then. They used toothpick-like objects and sometimes mouth-cleaning elixirs as well. | [
"By 1924, diatomaceous earth was mined for tooth powder. In modern times, baking soda has been the most commonly used tooth powder, although this has now been mostly supplanted by commercial toothpastes. \n\nThe use of powdered substances such as charcoal, brick, and salt for cleaning teeth has been historically wi... | [
"Humans couldn't survive without toothpaste.",
"Humans shouldn't of been able to survive without toothbrushes. "
] | [
"Toothpaste is a requirement due to our diets degrading over time.",
"The diet of humans in the past is not similar to humans in the present. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Humans couldn't survive without toothpaste.",
"Humans shouldn't of been able to survive without toothbrushes. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Toothpaste is a requirement due to our diets degrading over time.",
"The diet of humans in the past is not similar to humans in the present. "
] |
2018-11738 | Weather conditions impact on the human body | Can only speak from a personal standpoint, but my migraines are triggered from the weather. When the barometric pressure drops, I get severe migraines. I live in Southeast Georgia and it has been thunder storming for the past month with bouts of sun, this doesn’t allow me to become acclimated to the low pressure before it levels out again (the struggle is real). I also just received a storm notification as I was typing this lol. | [
"Effects of weather on sport\n\nThe effects of weather on sport are varied, with some events unable to take place while others are changed considerably. The performance of participants can be reduced or improved, and some sporting world records are invalid if set under certain weather conditions. While outdoor spor... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00100 | How do psychology researchers obtain informed consent without tipping their subjects off on the subject of the study? | You have to tell them what will happen to them during the study. You don't have to tell them why you are doing it or what conclusions you will draw, except in the vaguest of terms. "You will answer a series of timed questionnaires while being observed by our researchers, to increase our knowledge about how people make decisions". Maybe they don't care about your answers to the quizzes, only your facial expressions while you take them. | [
"Research involving deception is controversial given the requirement for informed consent. Deception typically arises in social psychology, when researching a particular psychological process requires that investigators deceive subjects. For example, in the Milgram experiment, researchers wanted to determine the wi... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00950 | What was the Vietnam war about? | During the Cold War, the US had a foreign politics policy of "Containment" - stopping the spread of Communism around the world and stopping the spread of the Soviet Union's influence around the world. This was an example of a proxy war fought between pro-democratic/US-forces and pro-communist/USSR/Chinese forces. Right after the end of World War 2, in 1946, there was the First Indochina War that pitted nationalist Vietnam forces against French forces (as the area was a French colony for a long time prior). At the conclusion of the war, Vietnam was divided into two territories - essentially North (Communist) and South Vietnam (Democratic). Due to various political events that transpired in South Vietnam, the North made a move to reunify the country under one blanket communist government, leading to the rise of violence and ultimately war in the area. | [
"Outline of the Vietnam War\n\nThe following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Vietnam War:\n",
"Section::::Names.\n\nVarious names have been applied to the conflict. \"Vietnam War\" is the most commonly used name in English. It has also been called the \"Second Indochina War\" and th... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04230 | Why are greek/ roman gods not worshipped anymore? | very very aggressive religious subjugation by the Catholic church over a millenia. They had crusades over it, they actively killed pagans, it was messy. its 2.5 thousand years of government and people changing over a given plot of land. The big one that set it up though was the roman empire adopting christianity. they owned all of europe and what they say goes. r/askhistorians may get you a more exact answer | [
"As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability.\n",
"From the 350s, new laws prescribed the death pen... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05047 | How do head massages help relieve headaches? | Well fist let me explain what a headache is. A head ache can be caused by many things and there are over 200 types, but they usually happen from when a blood vessel or nerve in you head (not your brain) are swollen or pinched causing pain. Your actual brain has no nerves in it so massaging your brain would feel like nothing and would probably give you brain damage if it didn’t kill you. People get brain surgery all the time and most of them require cutting a hole in the skull and they usually need you conscious to make sure you’re still functioning so they know they’re not messing up (don’t worry, they get numbed). The brain can’t feel anything which is why when people get brain damage they sometimes don’t know it. So your brain doesn’t hurt it’s your head, your nerves realize something is wrong and make you know by causing pain, when you message it you’re soothing those nerves and/or pushing the extra blood in the blood vessels along relieving the pain | [
"Also, relaxation therapy can involve mental techniques to decrease body tension. The first is called \"focused imagery\". Focused imagery involves concentration on relaxed body parts, followed by focus on tense muscles and imagining that the tense areas are being worked on or relaxed. The next mental technique inv... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01696 | How can certain animals such as frogs and flies freeze solid and survive, but most mammals suffer extreme tissue damage? | At least part of the answer is that some animals evolved [ice-binding proteins or antifreeze proteins]( URL_0 ). These proteins prevent the growth of ice crystals which can rupture cells. | [
"Freeze tolerance, in which organisms survive the winter by freezing solid and ceasing life functions, is known in a few vertebrates: five species of frogs (\"Rana sylvatica\", \"Pseudacris triseriata\", \"Hyla crucifer\", \"Hyla versicolor\", \"Hyla chrysoscelis\"), one of salamanders (\"Hynobius keyserlingi\"), o... | [
"If animals and insects such as frogs and flies are able to survive freezing solid without dying, then most mammals shouldn't suffer severe tissue damage. "
] | [
"The animals that are able to freeze solid and survive have antifreeze proteins within them, something many mammals don't possess."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"If animals and insects such as frogs and flies are able to survive freezing solid without dying, then most mammals shouldn't suffer severe tissue damage. ",
"If animals and insects such as frogs and flies are able to survive freezing solid without dying, then most mammals shouldn't suffer severe tissue damage. "... | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The animals that are able to freeze solid and survive have antifreeze proteins within them, something many mammals don't possess.",
"The animals that are able to freeze solid and survive have antifreeze proteins within them, something many mammals don't possess."
] |
2018-03206 | How are those marbled Crayfish able to reproduce without a partner? | It’s called parthenogenesis, is the females ability to clone themselves, it happens with a few species in the animal kingdom. It has a few advantages (they don’t need to find a partner) but because all of the descendente is the same they should have a hard time adapting to new conditions. | [
"Section::::Model organism.\n\nMarbled crayfish are the only known decapod crustaceans to reproduce only by parthenogenesis. All individuals are female, and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent. Marbled crayfish are triploid animals, which may be the main reason for their parthenogenetic reproducti... | [
"Every animal should need a partner in order to reproduce."
] | [
"Some animals possess the ability to clone themselves, in which they don't require a partner."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Every animal should need a partner in order to reproduce.",
"Every animal should need a partner in order to reproduce."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Some animals possess the ability to clone themselves, in which they don't require a partner.",
"Some animals possess the ability to clone themselves, in which they don't require a partner."
] |
2018-01639 | How did they manage to melt gold in Ancient Rome? | Smelting metals actually predates Ancient Rome, metal smelting goes back more than 8000 years (so about 6000 years before the founding of Rome). The bronze age is so named because of the ability to make and use metals like bronze. you can melt lead & tin in an open fire. For copper or gold you need a furnace or kiln which people already had plenty of. Also gold can be found in veins or nuggets and hammered without even needing to be melted. | [
"At around the same time indigenous Ecuadorians were combining gold with a naturally-occurring platinum alloy containing small amounts of palladium, rhodium, and iridium, to produce miniatures and masks composed of a white gold-platinum alloy. The metal workers involved heated gold with grains of the platinum alloy... | [
"They melted gold in Ancient Rome."
] | [
"Gold could be hammered and shaped without being melted. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"They melted gold in Ancient Rome.",
"They melted gold in Ancient Rome."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Gold could be hammered and shaped without being melted. ",
"Gold could be hammered and shaped without being melted. "
] |
2018-17007 | If D.I.D patients can have different allergies per alter, how does this work physically? Is it placebo? | I studied brain science in university. I assume you're talking about dissociative identity disorder, and alternative personalities. It can be a placebo affect, but we can also hypothesize that there's a hormonal effect. Hormones can affect swelling and immune response, and are hormone release can be modulated by the brain. | [
"In an international, double-blind, parallel group study of 1603 patients with psoriasis (affecting at least 10% of one or more body regions), more patients on once-daily Cal/BD ointment had controlled disease, defined as having absence or very mild disease at 4 weeks (56.3%) compared with Cal 50 µg/g (22.3%). In a... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-24317 | Why do humans have the noses we have? | Our primate ancestors switched to an emphasis on vision, specifically amazing colour vision for daytime, over smell, and colour vision is excellent for locating fruit. As for our noses compared to the other great apes, one thing we do that they don't is *run*. Our noses are well adapted for warming air flowing in and retaining moisture from air flowing out, important adaptations for our specialization in long distance running | [
"Acting as the first interface between the external environment and an animal's delicate internal lungs, a nose conditions incoming air, both as a function of thermal regulation and filtration during respiration, as well as enabling the sensory perception of smell. \n",
"Primates are phylogenetically divided into... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03558 | if earth does a full rotation of it’s axis in 24 hours in an eastward direction, what (theoretically) prevents a transport system from being built which would go straight up, and then straight back down again in a place west of your origin, taking advantage of the earths rotation? | If you go straight up, you will still retain your momentum you had from being grounded. So going straight up means you keep rotating relatively parralel to Earths surface. You would need to decrease your relative momentum by accelerating against the rotation. There is nothing that can break your rotaion for you, since Earth Athmosphere is rotating too and outside of athmosphere there is nothing to friction against. | [
"A good example of actually using earth's rotational energy is the location of the European spaceport in French Guiana (on S. American continent). Wiki: Guiana Space Centre. This is within about 5 degrees of the equator, so space rocket launches (for primarily geo-stationary satellites) from here to the east obtain... | [
"Going into the air allows you to escape the rotation of the earth under you. ",
"Because Earth does a full rotation, nothing is preventing the construction of a transport system that heads straight upwards."
] | [
"When you are on the earth and when you leave you still have the momentum of the rotation of the earth. You need to apply a force opposite to that.",
"If headed upwards, the momentum from being grounded would be sustained, meaning nothing would be able to break your own rotation. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Going into the air allows you to escape the rotation of the earth under you. ",
"Because Earth does a full rotation, nothing is preventing the construction of a transport system that heads straight upwards."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"When you are on the earth and when you leave you still have the momentum of the rotation of the earth. You need to apply a force opposite to that.",
"If headed upwards, the momentum from being grounded would be sustained, meaning nothing would be able to break your own rotation. "
] |
2018-02834 | How is a show depicting illegal activities allowed to be aired on live television? | *Moonshiners* is laughably fake. The whole thing is staged, and nobody is committing any crimes. As for other shows, like documentaries about gangs or the drug trade, the police can certainly use them as evidence. Which is why the subjects are often given fake names and have their faces obscured. | [
"\"Live Show\" created a public outcry in the Philippines. The Catholic Church severely criticized the Philippine government for allowing the screening of the film, which shows upper frontal nudity. After running for about two weeks, then President of the Philippines Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo suspended \"Live Show\"'... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02817 | What determines how someone will act when they’re drunk. Does drunkeness reveal someone’s true selves? | I think it does reveal a persons 'true self' in some ways because if you would never do or say a particular thing then you simply won't.. but if you only never do or say those things because you are aware of consequences then it is likely you will do or say them whilst drunk | [
"One example is \"The Hangover\", where three groomsmen lose the groom during a bachelor party in Las Vegas, so they retrace their steps to find him. The characters still had functioning implicit/procedural memory, which allowed them to carry out the many acts they performed that night, but their episodic memory wa... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05129 | When lips dry out because of lack of water in the body, why does wound always appear in lower lip before upper lip? | I wouldn't say it always appears in the lower lip first, but it's probably more likely because the lower lip tends to be larger, with more areas to dry out and crack | [
"Some patients are allergic to the common local anesthetics like lidocaine and probably should not consider lip injections. Some react badly to the skin test that patients must take before receiving collagen. Other patients who should forego procedures to the lip include those who have active skin conditions like c... | [
"Cracking of the lips always appears in the lower lip first.",
"Wounds within dry lips always appear in the lower lip before the upper. "
] | [
"Does not agree that lip cracking always appears in the lower lip first.",
"Wounds don't always occur within the lower lip before the upper. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Cracking of the lips always appears in the lower lip first.",
"Wounds within dry lips always appear in the lower lip before the upper. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Does not agree that lip cracking always appears in the lower lip first.",
"Wounds don't always occur within the lower lip before the upper. "
] |
2018-21916 | Why do accidental notes in music have word accident in them? | In old-school philosophy things were described as having an *essential nature*. Objects behaved according to their essential nature - rocks fell downwards, smoke rose upward, dogs barked, water flowed, old men were grumpy, and so on. Anything that happened that was contradictory to something's essential nature was *accidental*. So if you threw a rock upwards, that was accidental motion of the rock. If you dammed a river to stop it from flowing, that was accidental motion of the water. Make an old man happy, that was an accidental mood, and so on. Expanding that into music, the key signature at the start of the piece sets the "essential nature" of the notes. If there are notes that go against this essential nature, that have to be marked with their own sharps or flats, those are accidental notes. | [
"In Restoration England, in the French modelled, Lullist influenced works of Henry Purcell, William Croft, Jeremiah Clarke and their contemporaries, the short–long slurred pairs of \"notes inégales\" can be found throughout the musical literature, and often variant sources \"write out\" the short–long \"snapped\" \... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15753 | How can we see Venus on the night sky ? | Venus is always closer to the Sun that Earth is, but Venus is not always in between the Earth and the Sun. If Venus is directly in between or directly behind the Sun, you cannot see it, but if Venus is on the side (in its orbital position), then you will have a great view of Venus during dawn and dusk. Here is a [diagram]( URL_0 ). | [
"After the Sun, the second-brightest object in the Mercurian sky is Venus, which is much brighter there than for terrestrial observers. The reason for this is that when Venus is closest to Earth, it is between the Earth and the Sun, so we see only its night side. Indeed, even when Venus is brightest in the Earth's ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02000 | When companies report the current sales of an item, where do they get the figures from? Is it from how much they sell to their retailers/distributors? Or do they have their retailers report back how much they sold? | Vendors generally require distributers and resellers to report sales all the way through to end users as part of thier trade agreements. They call it "sell in" from vendor to disti. "Sell out" from disti to reseller and "Sell through" from reseller to end users. All easily tracked at any point in time. When they announce global sales they are only talking about sell through. | [
"Direct marketing businesses must record the revenues and profits received from merchandise sales in order to satisfy basic legal requirements and calculate tax liabilities. Sales of individual items must be tracked in order to fulfill customer orders and manage inventories. As a result, the gross profit and profit... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05029 | What's so special about TV studio lenses? | The lenses are round. However, they typically have a rectangular shade to keep the studio lights from entering and causing reflections; and they often sport motorized zoom and/or focus controls. If this doesn't explain the type you're thinking of, maybe provide a link or two to some pictures or items? | [
"A different type of teleconverter called a teleside converter can be mounted on the front of the camera's lens rather than between the primary lens and the camera body. These are popular with users of video cameras and bridge cameras with fixed lenses, as they represent the only way to add more reach to such a cam... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03327 | Can You drink warm tap water or only cold? (without boiling) | I would seriously advise against it as it isn’t made to be drank I’ve heard that the tanks for hot water aren’t as clean so don’t do it x. | [
"In tropical countries, like Singapore and India, a storage water heater may vary from 10 L to 35 L. Smaller water heaters are sufficient, as ambient weather temperatures and incoming water temperature are moderate.\n\nSection::::Types of water heating appliances.:Point-of-use (POU) vs centralized hot water.\n",
... | [
"You can drink warm tap water just like cold tap water."
] | [
"Hot water tanks are not as clean so don't do it."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"You can drink warm tap water just like cold tap water."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Hot water tanks are not as clean so don't do it."
] |
2018-01384 | If a basketball player could dunk by jumping from the 3 point line, would the basket count as 2 or 3 points? | 3 points, per the NBA rule book. > A successful field goal attempt from the area outside the three-point field goal line shall count three points. (1) The shooter must have at least one foot on the floor outside the three-point field goal line prior to the attempt. (2) The shooter may not be touching the floor on or inside the three-point field goal line. (3) The shooter may contact the three-point field goal line, or land in the two-point field goal area, after the ball is released. So landing in the 2 zone is ok. | [
"The three-point line is the line that separates and the two-point area from the three-point area; any shot converted beyond this line counts as three points. If the shooting player steps on the line, it is counted as two points. Any foul made in the act of shooting beyond the three-point line would give the player... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18285 | Why do some states require you to reveal your identity when you win the lottery? | It's to prove that it wasn't a scam. The lottery is generally regulated by the government to some capacity and so they want to ensure that it's transparent. If you didn't require to reveal the identity of the winner it would be very easy to see a situation where the governor's siblings all just happen to be the winners each time and no one would be able to find out. This was the case for McDonald's Monopoly game for many years when it first came out. | [
"Section::::Work with the New Jersey Lottery.\n",
"Section::::See also.\n\nBULLET::::- Lexow Committee\n\nBULLET::::- Lottery\n\nSection::::Further reading.\n\nBULLET::::- New York Times; October 8, 1905; \"Al\" Adams Has Quit. Says He's Dropped Policy Forever and Would Forget Past Troubles. By Albert J. Adams. M... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02642 | How does green Jewellery stains occur? | This is common with fake gold jewelry. The reason being that the “gold” is made up of a gold and copper mix to make it cheap. When you sweat, the acid in your sweat reacts with the copper to form green colored slats that absorb into the skin. | [
"Some irradiated diamonds are completely natural; one famous example is the Dresden Green Diamond. In these natural stones the color is imparted by \"radiation burns\" (natural irradiation by alpha particles originating from uranium ore) in the form of small patches, usually only micrometers deep. Additionally, Typ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17969 | If the earth is constantly moving, how come we see the same stars every night? How is there such a thing as the "northern star"? | Imagine you are riding on a Ferris wheel. The Earth is the basket thing you ride in and the sun is the center of the Ferris wheel. And theres a clock tower far away on the horizon. Every time you look out the left side (lets say) of the basket you'd see the same clock tower no matter where you are in the full rotation of the wheel. Constellations do change seasonally, so you might see a river on the upswing of the Ferris wheel and a mall on the downswing, but no matter what the clock tower would always be out there on the left. | [
"The precession of the Earth's axis has a number of observable effects. First, the positions of the south and north celestial poles appear to move in circles against the space-fixed backdrop of stars, completing one circuit in approximately 26,000 years. Thus, while today the star Polaris lies approximately at the ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"If the Earth moves then stars will be completely different in the sky every night."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Constellations do change seasonally, but will always be in view in the sky."
] |
2018-04013 | Why do people throw up after high intensity and strenuous activity such as cardio? | It's not really a reaction by the body to get rid of something toxic or poisonous. During an extreme physical event such as running, your muscles need a huge supply of oxygen, and your body responds by decreasing blood flow to your stomach and intestines and other internal organs, and increasing the blood flow to your heart and muscles. The decreased blood flow to your stomach means that it is not able to digest food as efficiently, so it may try to get rid of the food by vomiting. This is why serious long-distance runners will try to keep their energy up with those energy gel packs that are easy to digest, because it's basically just carbohydrates. | [
"Exercise-induced nausea\n\nExercise-induced nausea is a feeling of sickness or vomiting which can occur shortly after exercise has stopped as well as during exercise itself. It may be a symptom of either over-exertion during exercise, or from too abruptly ending an exercise session. People engaged in high-intensit... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00350 | Why do diabetes 2 patients sometimes need amputations?? | They are generally also at high risk to develop peripheral artery disease, where plaque deposition in the arteries of the limbs starts restricting blood flow. Eventually flow is too restricted to properly support the tissue, and it can die or become severely infected. | [
"BULLET::::- Diabetic foot, often due to a combination of sensory neuropathy (numbness or insensitivity) and vascular damage, increases rates of skin ulcers (diabetic foot ulcers) and infection and, in serious cases, necrosis and gangrene. It is why it takes longer for diabetics to heal from leg and foot wounds and... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04351 | Why is paper white when trees are brown? | They are very heavily bleached. You can look at papyrus for what a more normal color of cellulose would be | [
"Bleaching of wood pulp\n\nBleaching of wood pulp is the chemical processing of wood pulp to lighten its color and whiten the pulp. The primary product of wood pulp is paper, for which whiteness (similar to, but distinct from brightness) is an important characteristic. These processes and chemistry are also applica... | [
"Paper is white directly from the tree."
] | [
"Paper is bleached to be white. Papyrus is a more natural color that resembles the color of the wood it was made from. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Paper is white directly from the tree."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Paper is bleached to be white. Papyrus is a more natural color that resembles the color of the wood it was made from. "
] |
2018-18941 | Why do you feel incredibly cold when your body is actually burning hot when you are sick and vice versa? | When you are sick with something like the flu, the bodies natural defense is to raise your body temperature to help kill off invading bacteria/viruses. The feeling of being cold is your blood temperature being colder than your bodies new set point | [
"Symptoms of an infection of \"P. oryzihabitans\" are actually quite vague and similar to the signs that can indicate other illnesses or diseases, so it is relatively difficult to identify when only looking at symptoms. However, in several cases, these infections result after an individual's immune system has been ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01402 | Why is propane in liquid form in a tank, but gas form in a bottle or bucket? | Pressure. In a tank there's so much pressure that the gas 'sticks' together condensing into a liquid | [
"One hazard associated with propane storage and transport is known as a BLEVE or boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion. The Kingman Explosion involved a railroad tank car in Kingman, Arizona in 1973 during a propane transfer. The fire and subsequent explosions resulted in twelve fatalities and numerous injuries.... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03240 | How do Olympic figure skaters spin without getting dizzy? | Apparently they get used to it after many many hours of training, their bodies adapt to the spinning (always counter-clockwise) and the “dizzy” affect goes away almost immediately after they’re done spinning. | [
"When performing some types of spin, an elite skater can complete on average six rotations per second, and up to 70 rotations in a single spin. However, this is rarely seen in modern competitions because it would gain no extra points for the spin.\n",
"Spins are normally entered on the ice, but they can also be e... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03841 | How many sides can a shape have before it becomes a circle and does the concept of geometry exist on the very small scale? | In geometry, regular polygons become closer to circles the more sides they have. In that sense, you might say a circle is a regular polygon with an infinite number of sides. Real world objects can be neither perfect circles or perfect regular polygons. Eventually imperfections will crop up, at the molecular level, if not before. | [
"Timeline of geometry\n\nA timeline of algebra and geometry\n\nSection::::Before 1000 BC.\n\nBULLET::::- ca. 2000 BC — Scotland, Carved Stone Balls exhibit a variety of symmetries including all of the symmetries of Platonic solids.\n\nBULLET::::- 1800 BC — Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, findings volume of a frustum\n... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
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