Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-14963	How does cancer end up killing a person?	Cancer cells steal the snacks of other cells. It then gets big and takes up space so other cells can't work.	[ "Section::::The medical problem.:Metastatic colorectal cancer.\n\nColorectal cancer (CRC), also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the western world. An estimated 1.6 million people are diagnosed with the disease worldwide every year. An estimated 50% of...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07581	why isn’t the top of my car made out of solar panels?	Fisker Karma. Also I think Tesla is working on one. That being said, the amount of electricity to run an electric vehicle is not possible to charge in real time. However, yes, you can get a charge for a limited number of miles if parked out for exposure to the sun.	[ "Section::::Solar panel charging.:The disadvantages.\n\nThe low solar conversion efficiency of 24% for the gallium arsenide based cell, and with the limited car size approximate 5.5 meter square. The solar panel could generating the most electricity of 3.3 KWH per day. In the uncertain the wether and quality issue,...	[ "There are no cars that do not have a top made out of solar panels." ]	[ "Some car manufacturers make cars with a solar panel on top." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are no cars that do not have a top made out of solar panels.", "There are no cars that do not have a top made out of solar panels." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Some car manufacturers make cars with a solar panel on top.", "Some car manufacturers make cars with a solar panel on top." ]
2018-00994	If one company buys out another company for a monetary fee, wouldn’t the money go back to the parent company, therefore the parent company essentially gained capital for free since they own the other company? How does that work?	No, because when the company is bought it is bought from its owners. You know, the shareholders? They get the money from the buyout. The only way it would stay with the company is if the company owned itself which is silly.	[ "To account for this type of investment, the purchasing company uses the equity method. Under the equity method, the purchaser records its investment at original cost. This balance increases with income and decreases for dividends from the subsidiary that accrue to the purchaser.\n\nTreatment of \"Purchase Differen...	[ "Money would go back to original company when buying another." ]	[ "Money goes to shareholders or founders of the bought out company." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Money would go back to original company when buying another." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Money goes to shareholders or founders of the bought out company." ]
2018-01972	Why does the air above a fire look rippled/distorted?	[When the air is heated, there is a change in density, which distorts the refractive angle of light. It's how mirage works in nature.]( URL_0 )	[ "BULLET::::- Flame structures consist of mud and are wavy or \"flame\" shaped. These flames usually extend into an overlying sandstone layer. This deformation is caused from sand being deposited onto mud, which is less dense. Load casts, technically a subset of sole markings, below, are the features which form alon...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00782	The use of Sodium Fluoride in Optics or Physics in a Cerenkov Radiator?	Refraction is how much it bends light. If you need to see spmething super small, then you need to make sure your photons are super accurate. If they get bent by whatever you send them through then it can throw off your measurement. Sodium flouride bends light the least so its best to look through.	[ "Section::::Component parts.\n\nIn principle any source of infrared radiation could be used, together with an optical system of lenses or mirrors to form the transmitted beam. In practice the following sources have been used, always with some form of modulation to aid the signal processing at the receiver:\n", "R...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00883	What is the difference between positive and negative pressure and why do patients with TB need to be placed in positive pressure rooms?	Positive pressure is more than atmospheric pressure. Negative (or “vacuum” ) pressure is less that atmospheric pressure. I do hope someone else can help with the second part of your question.	[ "Negative room pressure\n\nNegative room pressure is an isolation technique used in hospitals and medical centers to prevent cross-contaminations from room to room. It includes a ventilation that generates negative pressure to allow air to flow into the isolation room but not escape from the room, as air will natur...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04509	Why do watermelons or any fruit for that matter blows up when a bullet passes throught it rather than just leaving an entry to exit hole?	Did you ever notice when someone jumps into a pool they don't leave a neat hole? They splash. Imagine all that energy trapped inside a piece of fruit.	[ "While a bullet that penetrates through-and-through tends to cause more profuse bleeding, allowing a game animal to be bloodtrailed more easily, in some applications, preventing exit from the rear of the target is more desirable. A perforating bullet can continue on (likely not coaxial to the original trajectory du...	[ "When shot with a bullet, watermelons should not explode on impact. " ]	[ "Because watermelons have much heat inside of them, they are bound to explode after being shot. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "When shot with a bullet, watermelons should not explode on impact. ", "When shot with a bullet, watermelons should not explode on impact. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Because watermelons have much heat inside of them, they are bound to explode after being shot. ", "Because watermelons have much heat inside of them, they are bound to explode after being shot. " ]
2018-01899	Why does a vehicle need to go very fast to escape earth? Why cant it go very slowly but with a lot of power?	It can go slowly with a lot of power, but it will need to move a huge amount of fuel with it as it will have to keep burning for a very long time Escape velocity is the speed you need to get out of an object's(Earth's in this case) gravity well and continue off endlessly. The 11.2 km/s escape velocity of Earth is for an object near the surface that isn't impacted by air resistance, but if you move further away the speed requirement drops. By the time you get to 9000 km you only need to be moving about 7.1 km/s to escape Earth Your slow but powerful ship would just have to keep burning away from Earth until it gets far enough away that its speed exceeds the escape velocity at that distance. Unfortunately if you're going slowly you're going to need an obscene amount of fuel due to all the energy you lose to gravity, we go quickly so you spend as little time burning fuel to fight gravity as possible.	[ "With any current source of electrical power, chemical, nuclear or solar, the maximum amount of power that can be generated limits the amount of thrust that can be produced to a small value. Power generation adds significant mass to the spacecraft, and ultimately the weight of the power source limits the performanc...	[ "Vehicle cannot go slowly with a lot of power to escape earth orbit.", "Vehicles should be able to leave Earth without going very fast. " ]	[ "Vehicles can go slowly for a long time they just need to eventually get to a point where they are going faster than the escape velocity at that point. ", "It would take an excessive amount of fuel in order for a vehicle to escape Earth slowly, the amount of fuel needed is nearly impossible to obtain." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Vehicle cannot go slowly with a lot of power to escape earth orbit.", "Vehicles should be able to leave Earth without going very fast. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Vehicles can go slowly for a long time they just need to eventually get to a point where they are going faster than the escape velocity at that point. ", "It would take an excessive amount of fuel in order for a vehicle to escape Earth slowly, the amount of fuel needed is nearly impossible to obtain." ]
2018-00229	Can you get a "contact high" from living above a neighbor who smokes marijuana?	Get a testing kit, you can have traces in your system and not have been high. Unless you're hotboxing with her, i cant see u getting that high.	[ "Contact high\n\nA contact high is a psychological phenomenon that occurs in otherwise sober people and animals who come into contact with someone who is under the influence of drugs. It involves a supposed transfer of the physiological state of intoxication.\n\nA glossary of drug users' language from the 1970s des...	[ "You can get a contact high from living next to someone who smokes marijuana." ]	[ "You will not get high but you could have trace amounts in your system. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You can get a contact high from living next to someone who smokes marijuana." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You will not get high but you could have trace amounts in your system. " ]
2018-01228	why can't we make up a number that is the result of a division by 0, just like we did with i?	We could make up a number like that. The question is, does it unlock any interesting new mathematics? When we defined the square root of -1 to be i, it enabled very rich, new mathematical fields, with broad applications to not only other fields of math but also physics and engineering. Underpinning all of this was the fact that i had very well defined mathematical properties. The problem with making up a number for division by zero, is that its properties would have to be very weird and confusing, and nobody thinks that it would unlock any new fields of math or engineering.	[ "However, the generic resultant is a polynomial of very high degree (exponential in ) depending on a huge number of indeterminates. It follows that, except for very small and very small degrees of input polynomials, the generic resultant is, in practice, impossible to compute, even with modern computers. Moreover, ...	[ "Can't make up a number that is the result of division by zero." ]	[ "We could it just doesn't unlock and new fields of math. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Can't make up a number that is the result of division by zero." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We could it just doesn't unlock and new fields of math. " ]
2018-10360	What makes shutting puppy mills down so hard even though they are repeat offenders?	Running a puppy mill, by itself, isn't illegal in any state. Most counties have regulations that require dogs to be licensed or which restrict the amount of dogs that can be in any given area. But the penalty for violating those regulations is usually limited to a small fine. Additionally, proving that those regulations are being violated is difficult. Under normal circumstances it requires that the neighbors call animal control out to the house and that the dogs are visible from the street. Its really only when one of the dogs actually bites someone else that animal control is able to take action because at that point they can seize the dogs. In order to criminalize puppy mills, states would have to criminalize allowing dogs to breed, which isn't something that is practical or enforceable. The closest you can realistically do is what California did - which is to outlaw pet stores from selling "commercially raised animals," but even that doesn't do much since most pet stores have already stopped doing so.	[ "Section::::Legislative response.\n\nSection::::Legislative response.:United States.\n\nIn the United States, some elements of the dog breeding industry are regulated by the Animal Welfare Act of August 24, 1966.\n\nIn recent years, state legislatures have passed new laws aimed at eliminating the worst abuses at pu...	[ "Operating a puppy mill is illegal.", "Operating a puppy mill is illegal." ]	[ "Operating a puppy mill is legal as long as they follow regulations.", "Operating a puppy mill is legal as long as they follow regulations." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Operating a puppy mill is illegal.", "Operating a puppy mill is illegal.", "Operating a puppy mill is illegal." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Operating a puppy mill is legal as long as they follow regulations.", "Operating a puppy mill is legal as long as they follow regulations.", "Operating a puppy mill is legal as long as they follow regulations." ]
2018-08728	How lava mixing with sea water creates that terrifying lava haze (laze).	Hydrogen and chloride are components of salt water (hydrogen part of water and chloride part of salt). Upon the lava entering and flash-boiling the water it can produce a cloud which contains hydrochloric acid, a corrosive substance that can easily harm the delicate structures of the lungs. The lava will also break apart and solidify into tiny crystals and shards of glass. Typically formed from silica or quartz, the major components of sand, lava is of course composed of similar substances which when released in a fine airborne powder present another hazard to the delicate structures of the human body such as the lungs and eyes. A giant steam cloud full of acid and tiny glass knives is understandably not a great thing to stand in and breath.	[ "Laze (geology)\n\nLaze is acid rain and air pollution arising from steam explosions and large plume clouds containing extremely acidic condensate (mainly hydrochloric acid), which occur when molten lava flows enter cold oceans. The term \"laze\" is a portmanteau of \"lava\" and \"haze\".\n\nLaze, created by the in...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19532	Why does rain calm many people down?	i read a similar question not long ago and somone else said basically its that most of our primitive predators wouldnt hunt during rain. so its kinda like you can kick back and relax that you wont get eaten. made sense to me.	[ "Section::::Impact.:In culture and religion.\n", "When Travis began to perform this song at the 1999 Glastonbury Festival, after being sunny for several hours, it began to rain exactly when the first line was sung.\n\nIn a poll by listeners of Absolute Radio the song was ranked 39th on a list of the top 100 songs...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13782	Why does it seem that, on television, when some music is played at the place of the filmed event, people sing along but always seconds late ?	In the example scene you cited, the microphone and the person talking into it are in a different place from the people on camera. Sound waves from the speakers were hitting the microphone before they hit the ears of the singing people (who synched their singing to the song at the time they heard it). This means the person with the microphone was closer to the speakers than the singers were. A couple of viewings suggested to me that the people on camera sang about a quarter of a second after the corresponding lyrics were audible, and sound travels at 343 meters per second, so I surmise the person with the microphone was about 85 meters closer to the speakers than the people on camera.	[ "The miming policy on the show also led to the occasional technical hitch. A famous example of this is the performance of \"Martha's Harbour\" in 1988 by All About Eve where the televised audience could hear the song but the band could not. As the opening verse of the song beamed out of the nation's television sets...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00620	How do white blood cells teach each other when identifying new threats?	White blood cells don't really “teach” one another about threats. That's what the thymus gland does, and it's much bigger in young humans and other animals because it's still “teaching” the immune system about threats. It shrinks with age because there's less to teach.	[ "According to this theory, the most important for stimulation of immune response are normal tissues. When tissue cells are distressed because of injury, infection and so on, they start to secrete or express on their surface so called \"Danger signals\". \"Danger signals\" are also introduced into extracellular spac...	[ "White blood cells teach each other." ]	[ "The thymus gland is what teaches the white blood cells what to do before they are created." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "White blood cells teach each other." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The thymus gland is what teaches the white blood cells what to do before they are created." ]
2018-07392	How did Phineas gage survive?	The rod missed the parts of the brain that control systems vital to survival. Beyond that, he also got very lucky to avoid serious infection.	[ "Gage was thrown onto his back and gave some brief convulsions of the arms and legs, but spoke within a few minutes, walked with little assistance, and sat upright in an oxcart for the ride to his lodgings in town. About 30 minutes after the accident physician Edward H. Williams, finding Gage sitting in a chair out...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15961	What happens when you uninstall a program from your computer?	The uninstaller program runs to delete files that the program created during installation. When it's done, it deletes itself.	[ "ZSoft Uninstaller\n\nZSoft Uninstaller is a freeware software utility from ZSoft Software for the Microsoft Windows operating system. When programs are deleted using the default program uninstaller, it may leave behind some files and registry entries. ZSoft Uninstaller provides a way to completely remove leftover ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02484	how do scientists and historians know what colour dinosaurs (and other pre-human animals) were?	For the most part, they don't, and it is mostly guesswork. Of course, it is tried to include as much science as is possible (most marine animals are dark on top and paler on the bottom as this is a good form of camouflage, so when drawing an extinct marine reptile, we might also use that colouring) There are a few feathered dinosaurs (Microraptor, for example) where we have been able to study their fossilised feathers and find out what colour they are through that. Interestingly, what we can tell sometimes if we have good skin impressions, is if there are any differences in texture which can indicate that a particular animal had a pattern on its skin. Due to a very well preserved fossilised skin imprint from Edmontosaurus, we suspect that these dinosaurs had, at the very least, a striped tail.	[ "In some stratigraphic sequences, there is clearly a variation in color between different strata. Such color differences often originate from variations in the incorporation of transition metal-containing materials during deposition and lithification. Other differences in color can originate from variations in the ...	[ "Scientists and historians know what colour dinosaurs were.", "Scientists and historians are knowledgeable on the color of prehistoric animals such as dinosaurs. " ]	[ "Scientists and historians don't know for sure what colour dinosaurs were, but they use science to make a best guess.", "Scientists don't actually know the true color of dinosaurs, most of the colors portrayed are simply guesses." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Scientists and historians know what colour dinosaurs were.", "Scientists and historians are knowledgeable on the color of prehistoric animals such as dinosaurs. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Scientists and historians don't know for sure what colour dinosaurs were, but they use science to make a best guess.", "Scientists don't actually know the true color of dinosaurs, most of the colors portrayed are simply guesses." ]
2018-02057	Why can some feelings, like being hungry or tired, get progressively worse but after enough time has passed without eating or sleeping your body no longer feels as bad as it did before?	Because your body assumes that you're staying up late/not eating for an important reason and so adapts. Haven't slept in awhile? Your body thinks "Well I must be awake because I need to in order to survive" and gives you what people call a "second wind". This keeps you alert and focused so that you can do whatever it is that you need to do. It doesn't last forever though, and you'll eventually conk out. Same with going hungry. If you're hungry and don't eat for awhile, your metabolism will slow and your body will start burning off reserves instead.	[ "Coupled with deprivation of sleep and oxygen, another form of deprivation includes fasting. Fasting can occur because of religious purposes or from psychological conditions such as anorexia. Fasting refers to the ability to willingly refrain from food and possibly drinks as well. The dissociation caused by fasting...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18076	If the US purchased the land to then build the Panama Canal, why did Jimmy Carter give it away?	It's not that simple. The US wanted to control an area of Colombia that would make an excellent place for a canal. Colombia wouldn't allow it, so the US backed a war to make a portion of Colombia break away and become a new nation that the US could control. The US-backed forces won and the nation of Panama was created. The US-backed government then of course immediately (like, within days) made a treaty with the US to make a big chunk of territory within the country into a US territory, to be called The Panama Canal Zone, and which also gave a certain amount of control within Panama to the US. The zone was in the middle of the country, from coast to coast, so Panama was divided into two different sections. The US controlled it and had US military there. So basically the creation of the country was a coup led by a foreign power so that that foreign power could control a valuable resource. This is the kind of imperialist endeavor that is often frowned upon as being an abuse of power. The US paid the Panamanian government a small amount of money every year for it, but that doesn't take away the fact that the US only controlled it due to using coercive and violent methods, and that any nation has the right to decide how to use land within its territory and to negotiate its treaties. As time went on, the citizens of Panama were not happy with this arrangement and there were repeated protests and clashes. President Jimmy Carter was concerned about the unfairness of the situation historically and was willing to renegotiate the treaty and grant control of the canal to Panama.	[ "Torrijos died shortly after the inauguration of US President Ronald Reagan, just two months after Ecuadorian president Jaime Roldós died in strikingly similar circumstances. Like other Republicans when the canal treaty came before the U.S. Senate, Reagan alleged that Democratic U.S. president Jimmy Carter had \"gi...	[ "The US purchased the land to then build the Panama Canal", "The US purchased the land just for the Panama Canal." ]	[ "To gain control of the land to build the Panama Canal, rather than purchasing the land, the US backed a war in Colombia which enabled a portion of Colombia to break away and become a new nation under US control.", "The Panama Canal Zone also gave a certain amount of control within Panama to the US." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The US purchased the land to then build the Panama Canal", "The US purchased the land just for the Panama Canal." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "To gain control of the land to build the Panama Canal, rather than purchasing the land, the US backed a war in Colombia which enabled a portion of Colombia to break away and become a new nation under US control.", "The Panama Canal Zone also gave a certain amount of control within Panama to the US." ]
2018-08341	How come after sitting in a car all day during a road trip, you still feel physically tired when you reach a hotel, even if it’s no where near to your bedtime	Even though it's not physically exhausting, the demands on your attention and reactions are mentally exhausting. You think that's bad, try a few hours on a motorcycle. Whew!	[ "In some cases, driving after 18–24 hours without sleep is equivalent to a blood alcohol content of 0.05%–0.10%.\n\nSection::::Types.\n\nFatigue can be both physical and mental. Physical fatigue is the inability to continue functioning at the level of one's normal abilities; a person with physical fatigue cannot li...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00949	Why do psychedelic mushrooms almost ubiquitously cause people to experience a deeper connection with nature? Why is this phenomenon not reported as often with use of other psychedelics like LSD?	It's an ego separator. Your connections to the world break down, that's the 15 minute jitters at the beginning. Those preconceptions break down and then you form the world new in ways you hadn't imagined.	[ "Those who ingest psychoactive drugs often report similar experiences of ecological awareness. Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann, Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss, British religious studies scholar Graham Harvey, and American mycologist Paul Stamets have all written about the shared ecological message of the psychedelic ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02405	How is source code kept from the public?	In a nutshell, program source code isn't everywhere. A program gets compiled from source and turned into a binary format. That is what gets installed and distributed when you download a program. The source is typically only used to compile the program once. (Ignoring interpreters, JIT, etc). That said, there are decompilers but they can only do so much. Comments and variable names are lost and the optimization process often makes a non human readable mess of things.	[ "For proprietary software, the provisions of the various copyright laws, trade secrecy and patents are used to keep the source code closed. Additionally, many pieces of retail software come with an end-user license agreement (EULA) which typically prohibits decompilation, reverse engineering, analysis, modification...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16798	Why does random walk in 3D not have a probability of returning to the origin when given infinite time?	Well I can at least offer some intuition, though I can't give a LI5 proof. The more dimensions you have, the more directions you have to choose from for each step, and most of those directions will take you further away from the origin than you were before. For example, after you've taken the first step in 3 dimensions, you're a distance of 1 from the start, but 5 out of 6 directions for the next step will take you further away, to a distance of 2 away. For your third step, either 4 out of 6 or 5 out of 6 of the directions will put you even further from the start (depending if your first two steps were in a straight line or an L shape) Essentially, at each step you are more likely to end up further away, and that likeliness is high enough that even given infinite time, your walk often never meanders back close to where you started. ^ Assuming your 2nd step didn't take you back to the start	[ "Will the person ever get back to the original starting point of the walk? This is the 2-dimensional equivalent of the level crossing problem discussed above. In 1921 George Pólya proved that the person almost surely would in a 2-dimensional random walk, but for 3 dimensions or higher, the probability of returning ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17227	Why there are still Kings and Queens in some countries and how effective they are in modern world?	Most monarchies are constitutional monarchies where the king or queen is mostly a figurehead. They still exist because mainly because those countries have had them for hundreds of years and haven't felt the need to get rid of them. How effective they are depends on what you expect them to do. They don't do much ruling (except in some countries like Saudi Arabia), but you don't really want them to because that's the job of the elected government. Their main job these days is representing their country. I'd say the UK's queen does that pretty well. She's widely recognised and a key part of the UK's identity, in the eyes of both British and non-British people (that's not to say everyone loves her though). I can't really say about other countries, their monarchs are less well known.	[ "The twentieth century saw the abolition of several monarchies - some constitutionally or violently overthrown by revolution or by war, some disappearing as part of the process of decolonisation. By contrast, the restoration of monarchies has occurred rarely in modern times:\n\nBULLET::::- the autocratic Ukrainian ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03671	how do radio stations pay for the songs they play?	Commercial am and fm stations pay hardly anything since it's considered free exposure for the artist. It's 12 cents per play, so if it was nonstop 3 minutes songs that's less than $60 per day. See a more in depth answer here with the answer that begins "In the USA, larger commercial radio stations " URL_0	[ "In October 1998, the US Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), one result of which is that performance royalties are to be paid for satellite radio and Internet radio broadcasts in addition to publishing royalties. In contrast, traditional radio broadcasters pay only publishing royalties and ...	[ "It may be expensive for radio stations to pay for the music they play." ]	[ "Radio stations hardly pay anything for the music they play on air as it's considered free exposure for the artist." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It may be expensive for radio stations to pay for the music they play.", "It may be expensive for radio stations to pay for the music they play." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Radio stations hardly pay anything for the music they play on air as it's considered free exposure for the artist.", "Radio stations hardly pay anything for the music they play on air as it's considered free exposure for the artist." ]
2018-17207	ELIF: Why is sweating one of the responses to eating spicy food?	Sweating is a counter measure to being hot. Spicy food automatically makes your body "think" you are warmer when you eat it although you technically arent* The body registers the fact that you are hotter and starts sweating to cool you down *Edit: u/Use_the_Sauce pointed it out	[ "Gustatory sweating refers to thermal sweating induced by the ingestion of food. The increase in metabolism caused by ingestion raises body temperature, leading to thermal sweating. Hot and spicy foods also leads to mild gustatory sweating in the face, scalp and neck: capsaicin (the compound that makes spicy food t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-17308	Why does the longevity of a cell phone battery decrease over time?	Well you know what happens when you use a pencil right? Eventually you have to resharpen (charge) it. What happens when you do this? The pencil gets shorter. ie. its lifespan shortens. Why? You're using all the lead up slowly (electrolytes in a battery). Same way in a battery, as you use the electrolytes in the battery with each charge, some of them are no longer able to hold a charge, all the way until current can no longer flow and the battery is dead. EDIT: Some comments are rightly pointing out that not all batteries are liquid cells. This is correct. However the principal in my explanation is the same. Batteries that rely on chemical reactions never maintain 100% efficiency, so you lose some potential each time you reverse the reaction. Do this enough times, and eventually there's barely enough left to charge at all. It's a slow process, but the same in practical terms none the less.	[ "Section::::Hardware.:Battery.\n\nThe average phone battery lasts 2–3 years at best. Many of the wireless devices use a Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) battery, which charges 500-2500 times, depending on how users take care of the battery and the charging techniques used. It is only natural for these rechargeable batteries to...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03400	How did old LPs go from mixed/negative reviews upon release to critical acclaim nowadays?	Well, the LP hasn’t changed, but the entire music scene and all of society has changed continuously since that LP was put out. When someone creates new music, a new sound, no one is used to it yet. A lot of people will hear it as harsh and nerve jangling just because it’s unfamiliar. The more people hear a ‘sound’ the more they will start to hear what is actually there in the way of instrumentation, vocals, composition, meaning etc. something that first sounds harsh can start to sound exciting. Something else that sounds boring can sound subtle, nuanced, entrancing. Even harsh sounds can become nuanced and full of subtleties once you are accustomed to them. There’s two main ways new ‘bad’ music can become ‘good’ old music. One way, entire genres spring up around the new sound. Many other artists create similar music and people become acclimated and appreciative of something they used to dislike, or at least found strange. The second way of course is when one particular example never goes away and becomes a classic. The Beatles albums are what, 50 or 60 years old now? But although they aren’t played everywhere, they have always been played somewhere. People still like them, and young people who are exposed generally like them too. They have staying power simply because many people respond very positively to that music. It wasn’t liked much by ma y people at first, simply because nothing before had sounded like that. It was a new sound.	[ "In this new format, B-plus records were only reviewed occasionally and most were filed under an \"Honorable Mention\" section, featuring one short phrasal statement for each album alongside its recommended tracks. Records he considered poor were relegated to a list of ungraded \"Duds\" or featured in a special Nov...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14617	When exhaling underwater, why does the air go up in loads of smaller bubbles rather than one big bubble?	There are multiple reasons. First of all, you can't exhale that fast. The most important thing is however the surface tension. Water "doesn't like" having big surfaces, so it wants to minimise the surface ot has with the bubble(s). The orb is the 3D body that has the smallest surface compared to its volume, so the water tries to form the big bubble into an orb. It doesn't work because the water is relatively dense and the bubble has high lift, so it brakes into smaller bubbles. However, in theory, if you somehow generate a huge, perfectly round air bubble, it will stay together.	[ "Fine bubble diffused aeration is able to maximize the surface area of the bubbles and thus transfer more oxygen to the water per bubble. Additionally, smaller bubbles take more time to reach the surface so not only is the surface area maximized but so are the number of seconds each bubble spends in the water, allo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06306	Do you get electrocuted if you touch overhead electrical wires? Why?	> Wouldn't the wires be coated in rubber or something similar? They are not coated. To do so would be prohibitively expensive and would make them much heavier, requiring more structure to support them. Touching power lines absolutely can electrocute you, which I was under the impression was ubiquitously known.	[ "Overhead lines should cross the route of an aerial tramway only above it, if at all.\n\nThe necessary protection distances from overhead lines to the ropes of an aerial tramway are subject to regulations concerning the construction of aerial tramways and overhead lines. In the case of an undercrossing of an aerial...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06955	Why is it that you need to be pregnant for you to be able to breastfeed? Why can’t all women breast feed without having been pregnant before?	Mammals only start producing milk part way through the pregnancy process (toward the end of it) and for a limited amount of time after giving birth. This can be extended by constant/regular milking to varying degrees of success based on species but even this has a limited duration. Humans being mammals have these same limitations.	[ "These techniques require the mother's commitment over a period of weeks or months. However, even when lactation is established, the supply may not be large enough to breastfeed exclusively. A supportive social environment improves the likelihood of success. As the mother's milk production increases, other feeding ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04848	What happens to submarines during tsunamis?	TL;DR: Not much, generally, when they're out to sea. They will get shoved or moved up and down. But that shoving process is usually slow and the sub doesn't bang into anything, so it survives just fine. A tsunami is a one or more very high-volume waves usually caused by an underground-under-water earthquake. A sudden drop or rise in one part of the sea floor when another part stays at the exact same level causes all of the water directly over the changing part to shift up or down... and when that's cubic MILES of water shifting even just an inch or two, it's a TREMENDOUS amount of energy. But it's not an instant and lethal shockwave like you can sometimes see in an in-air explosion [like this youtube clip]( URL_0 ). Usually the shifts that cause tidal waves come from miles deep in the rock underground, and the release of energy muted by the rock isn't so explosive as a result, kind of like how a distant thunderclap is a rumble rather than a sharp crack. So you get big volumes of water shifting up or down in waves with a very long time between their crests, and since the sub's in the middle of the water, it shifts up or down slowly with those waves too. But that doesn't sound so dangerous. Why do tsunamis destroy so much then? That's the result of when this very long wave interacts with land. The water is now actually contacting something besides more water... and that something - the coast - is fixed in place. So the tsunami causes the water to rise slowly, sure... but rise a LOT. And all that rising gets COMPRESSED at the shore and makes a tremendous wave that can really pile up high depending on local terrain underwater. And then all that water it contains causes it to wash everything it contacts back out to sea. And it's that massive washing-in and then washing-out effect that kills so many and destroys so much. So if the sub were to be very close to the coast, such as if it were heading into dock, it would get sucked in and out with the rest of the debris you see in all that wrecked-village footage... but subs usually stay far out to ocean where the water is so deep that they don't get washed into any rocks or anything.	[ "Section::::Hazards.\n\nThe primary hazards associated with submarine landslides are the direct destruction of infrastructure and tsunami.\n", "The effects of a submarine landslide on infrastructure can be costly and landslide generated tsunami can be both destructive and deadly.\n\nSection::::Prehistoric submari...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04618	Why do intense emotional responses leave us feeling distinctly un-hungry/ unable to eat?	IIRC from another post, intense emotion gives a sort of fight-or-flight reaction, putting your energy into vital organs, like heart, lungs, and brain. Digestion takes energy, so the body directs that energy into other more important functions.	[ "Geliebter and Aversa (2003) conducted a study comparing individuals of three weight groups: underweight, normal weight and overweight. Both positive and negative emotions were evaluated. When individuals were experiencing positive emotional states or situations, the underweight group reporting eating more than the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03551	Why do the things that dont orbit in the same direction as the majority, orbit that way?	It could be a captured object, or it could have collided with another object which changed the orbit. Another objects orbit might be involved.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Floating\" objects in a spacecraft in LEO are actually in independent orbits around the Earth. If two objects are placed side-by-side (relative to their direction of motion), they will be orbiting the Earth in different orbital planes. Since all orbital planes pass through the center of the Earth, an...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19960	What would fresh cell therapy do and is it like stem cell therapy?	> Is there any proof that it works? No. There is a lack of evidence and strong reasons to suspect it would be detrimental because, as you expected, those cells would be considered invaders by our immune system. The entire idea of such "therapy" is based on a primative "like cures like" philosophy which motivates other quack cures such as homeopathy. With the information available right now I would consider it yet another potentially harmful folk remedy.	[ "Another stem-cell therapy called Prochymal, was conditionally approved in Canada in 2012 for the management of acute graft-vs-host disease in children who are unresponsive to steroids. It is an allogenic stem therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow of adult donors. MSCs are puri...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01563	Why does a Bachelor's in Math say it's one of Arts? Isn't math a science?	The "arts" referenced in the "Bachelor of the Arts" (BA) are the "liberal arts", defined as: > academic subjects such as literature, philosophy, mathematics, and social and physical sciences as distinct from professional and technical subjects Basically, all of your academic disciplines, other than business & engineering, fall under the "liberal arts". Many universities have a college of "arts & sciences" that covers them. When talking about "art" (music, painting, etc.), you're looking at a "Bachelor of the Fine Arts" (BFA).	[ "The term has also figured in higher education. For example, by 1889 students at Swarthmore College were sorted into two categories of study: \"Arts and Letters\" or \"Science and Engineering.\" Since 2010, course requirements at the University of Pennsylvania College of Arts and Sciences have included a \"sector\"...	[ "Math is a science, not an art." ]	[ "Math is part of the liberal arts." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Math is a science, not an art." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Math is part of the liberal arts." ]
2018-01950	Newton's Cradle...	In physics, 99% (if not 100%) of the time, the answer to “does it go on forever” is no. Our universe just doesn’t like having things go on forever. Much of the cradle energy is transferred into heat. Some into light. Some even into gravitational wave energy. Eventually it will stop.	[ "Section::::Physics explanation.:Simple solution.\n", "Section::::Physics explanation.:Simple solution.:Other examples of this effect.\n", "Section::::Physics explanation.:Effect of different types of balls.\n", "Section::::Physics explanation.:Heat and friction losses.\n", "Newton's cradle\n\nNewton's crad...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01185	How does Drano work? Drain cleaners that unclog sinks and bathtubs.	Drano and many other such cleaners are basically lye which will dissolve oils and biological tissue, clearing clogs and allowing the remainder to go down the pipes. As you suspected it is a little of both.	[ "Drano\n\nDrano (styled as Drāno) is a drain cleaner product manufactured by S. C. Johnson & Son. \n\nSection::::Crystal Drano.\n\nAccording to the National Institutes of Health's Household Products Database, the crystal form is composed of:\n\nBULLET::::- Sodium hydroxide (lye), NaOH\n\nBULLET::::- Sodium nitrate,...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15714	Why does root mean squared not equal 0?	Because when you square positive numbers you get something > 0, and when you square negative numbers you also get something > 0. Average a bunch of these together, you're going to see a positive average.	[ "Subtleties can occur when taking the \"n\"th roots of negative or complex numbers. For instance:\n\nSince the rule formula_43 strictly holds for non-negative real radicands only, its application leads to the inequality in the first step above.\n\nSection::::Simplified form of a radical expression.\n\nA non-nested ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18600	How are solids able to flow?	They don't, you've been misinformed. People love to pass around the myth that glass is a liquid that just flows super slowly. The "evidence" for this is that windows on older homes are thicker at the bottom but that's just how windows were made back in the day. As for plastic, it has a relatively low melting point so it will transition to liquid and flow at low temps but at room temp it's definitely a solid	[ "Section::::Key application areas.:Process development.\n", "Section::::Function.:Capillary exchange.:Bulk flow.\n", "The region of space enclosed by open system boundaries is usually called a control volume. It may or may not correspond to physical walls. It is convenient to define the shape of the control vol...	[ "Solids are able to flow.", "Solids are able to flow. " ]	[ "Solids do not flow, you've been misinformed.", "Solids aren't actually able to flow." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Solids are able to flow.", "Solids are able to flow. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Solids do not flow, you've been misinformed.", "Solids aren't actually able to flow." ]
2018-08064	how do flies avoid hitting each other in a swarm but will constantly slam into their own reflection in a mirror?	A fly on a collision course with another fly only needs to adjust its course slightly to pass harmlessly by the other fly. In contrast a fly approaching its own reflection would need to completely reverse its course as passing its reflection is impossible, something the fly probably cannot even comprehend. Instead the fly is confronted with an apparent oncoming fly which somehow perfectly predicts and matches its evasive maneuvers as it attempts to reach a place that simply doesn't exist. Of course it is going to fail, any attempt to pass through a mirror will result in striking its own reflection.	[ "It is also worth noting that the Cleaner Wrasses, when tested, spent a large amount of time with the mirror when they were first getting acquainted to it, without any training. The most important thing is that the Cleaner Wrasses performed scraping behavior with the colored mark, and they did not perform the same ...	[ "Flies should run into each other in a swarm." ]	[ "Flies need to adjust their course slightly to pass harmlessly by another fly." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Flies should run into each other in a swarm.", "Flies should run into each other in a swarm." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Flies need to adjust their course slightly to pass harmlessly by another fly.", "Flies need to adjust their course slightly to pass harmlessly by another fly." ]
2018-20101	How do our bodies develop immunity to certain illnesses?	After the body fends of an infection the body produces what is called Memory cells that remember the infection if it ever gets into the body again and fends it off this time with greater success having the antibodies for the job	[ "The parts of the innate immune system have different specificity for different pathogens.\n\nSection::::Immune evasion.\n\nCells of the innate immune system prevent free growth of microorganisms within the body, but many pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade it.\n", "Bacteria and fungi may form complex biof...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13645	How are firefighters able to determine what caused a fire to start? Ex. A fire was started by a match or a lit cigarette. Wouldn't the evidence be burned up by that point?	Often fires burn away from the ignition point. Plus, fire forensics investigators study burn patterns, so they know from the scorch marks the location of the source of the fire and the likely ignition cause, based on the patterns they see in the burns. They might not, for example, know if the fire was started by a match or a cigarette, but they'll know that it's started by a small low-burning ignition source on the sofa as opposed to an electrical fault in the wall or rags doused in accelerant.	[ "When arsonists attack, there is very rarely much evidence left at the scene. However, arsonists usually use accelerants to speed up a blaze. Forensic scientists use technologies to heat samples taken from the scene causing any residue to separate. This sample is then analyzed to determine the chemical structure. S...	[ "Evidence of a fire's origin would be destroyed by the fire.", "The evidence of how a fire started will be burned up in the fire." ]	[ "Evidence of a fire's origin can be determined from the fire's burn patterns.", "Fire forensics investigators can often determine how a fire started by burn patterns." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Evidence of a fire's origin would be destroyed by the fire.", "The evidence of how a fire started will be burned up in the fire." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Evidence of a fire's origin can be determined from the fire's burn patterns.", "Fire forensics investigators can often determine how a fire started by burn patterns." ]
2018-03058	Why do old houses have that "old house" smell?	I know it's a cliché but houses are the people that live inside them. Years of cooking, different people's smells, pets, spills, burns, smoke, etc. all gets caught in the woodwork and insulation. Add to this basic wear and tear to the house itself (mold, weather, paint, garden chemicals, etc) and you get a "smell".	[ "One large old Monterey pine to the east of the house and side drive remains and other younger Monterey pines to the house's east. Otherwise apart from the many old elms on the garden's edges, the road and paddocks, some very old shrubs, such as common lilac (Syringa vulgaris cv.), Cotoneaster sp., fruit trees such...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01934	Why do dextro and levo isomers show such different properties?	For most purposes they will have the same properties, until they start interacting with other things that are isomers themselves. You can imagine two keys that are mirror images for each other that don’t fit in the same lock. It’s more or less the same thing going on, but scaled down to a very tiny size.	[ "BULLET::::- 7-Ethyl-3,4-dimethylnonane\n\nSection::::With nonane backbone.:Diethyl.\n\nBULLET::::- 3,3-Diethylnonane\n\nBULLET::::- 3,4-Diethylnonane\n\nBULLET::::- 3,5-Diethylnonane\n\nBULLET::::- 3,6-Diethylnonane\n\nBULLET::::- 3,7-Diethylnonane\n\nBULLET::::- 4,4-Diethylnonane\n\nBULLET::::- 4,5-Diethylnonane\...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Dextro and Levo Isomers have different properties." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "They have similar properties until they react with other things." ]
2018-11737	How come when you swim in the ocean, salt water irritates your eyes but when you cry it doesn’t?	The ocean is very salty compared to your tears. Theres other crap in oceans as well like microbes and pollution and tiny suspended air bubbles/particles. Probably sand in there as well. Id say its mostly just really salty	[ "Water in the eye can alter the optical properties of the eye and blur vision. It can also wash away the tear fluid—along with it the protective lipid layer—and can alter corneal physiology, due to osmotic differences between tear fluid and freshwater. Osmotic effects are made apparent when swimming in freshwater p...	[ "If swimming in the ocean causes irritation in the eyes, then crying should also cause irritation." ]	[ "The ocean is much more salty than tears, other particles in the ocean would cause much more irritation as well. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If swimming in the ocean causes irritation in the eyes, then crying should also cause irritation.", "If swimming in the ocean causes irritation in the eyes, then crying should also cause irritation." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The ocean is much more salty than tears, other particles in the ocean would cause much more irritation as well. ", "The ocean is much more salty than tears, other particles in the ocean would cause much more irritation as well. " ]
2018-13483	Why do stairs always exhaust me so easily if I’m in pretty good shape?	You need to output a lot of energy, more than you might realize, compared to walking a similar speed on flat ground. When walking, it takes energy to get your body moving. But the only thing holding you back afterwards is inefficiency in moving your own bones/muscles. Think of how easy it is to get a bike moving on a flat surface, then glide without pedaling very much. Or how efficient trains are, which can maintain momentum instead of needing to start/stop wastefully. Each stair you climb requires enough energy to move your body mass that distance directly against the force of gravity. There is no equivalent force directly opposing your movement while walking/jogging on a flat surface.	[ "It is easy to incorporate endurance, flexibility and strength activities into your daily routine for active living. Activities such as normal household chores can fit into more than one of the above categories, and it is simple enough to switch to using the stairs instead of taking the elevators at work.\n\nSectio...	[ "If a person is in good shape, they should not be exhausted by walking up stairs." ]	[ "Walking up the stairs causes a massive output of energy, that will cause people to exert more energy than they'd expect. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If a person is in good shape, they should not be exhausted by walking up stairs.", "If a person is in good shape, they should not be exhausted by walking up stairs." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Walking up the stairs causes a massive output of energy, that will cause people to exert more energy than they'd expect. ", "Walking up the stairs causes a massive output of energy, that will cause people to exert more energy than they'd expect. " ]
2018-03826	Why do advertisers hold so much power? A lot of sites like Reddit are trying to be "advertiser friendly", to make money, but do advertisements really pay that much? Are ads really so useful to to the company that they will splash that much money?	For many entertainment platforms, advertisers are the only source of income, or the extreme majority of their income. If the advertisers are unhappy, than there is no money, than there is no show/website/ect.	[ "Contextual advertising has made a major impact on earnings of many websites. Because the advertisements are more targeted, they are more likely to be clicked, thus generating revenue for the owner of the website (and the server of the advertisement). A large part of Google's earnings is from its share of the conte...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00870	What is the difference between sterling and regular silver?	Fine silver, consists of 99.9% pure silver. On the other hand, sterling silver consists of approximately 92.5%. [Source]( URL_0 )	[ "Sterling silver\n\nSterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by weight of silver and 7.5% by weight of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum millesimal fineness of 925.\n", "Junk-silver coins are also available as sterling silver coins, which were officially minted...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01500	If all bananas are said to be clones, why is there different kinds of bananas?	The standard grocery store banana is made from cloned plants. But there are other strains of bananas as well, some are local and not good for transportation, others don't taste good or etc.	[ "A well known occurrence of disease susceptibility in crops lacking diversity concerns the 'Gros Michel', a seedless banana that saw world marketing in the 1940s. As the market demand became high for this particular cultivar, growers and farmers began to use the Gros Michel banana almost exclusively. Genetically, t...	[ "All bananas are clones.", "If bananas are clones, then there shouldn't be any other banana types. " ]	[ "Standard grocery store bananas are clones.", "Other strains of bananas exist as well, but aren't good for transportation. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All bananas are clones.", "If bananas are clones, then there shouldn't be any other banana types. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Standard grocery store bananas are clones.", "Other strains of bananas exist as well, but aren't good for transportation. " ]
2018-01881	Why does snow covered roads get those small long bumps in areas where cars are breaking?	The same effect occurs in the corners on dirt roads. Vehicles are supported by springs which oscillate up and down when the forces at the wheels change. On corners, or other places where vehicles regularly slow down, when brakes are applied two things happen. First, the tire slows its rotation which causes it to scrape a small amount of snow or dirt forward. Secondly, the front of the vehicle will dip slightly as the brakes cause a torque about the front axle. The suspension oscillates slightly after the initial compression and ever so slightly pushes the front back up. This allows the tire to roll over the small amount of dirt or snow that had been pushed forward. The wheel goes over that first bump and down behind it where it strikes more firmly, giving more grip and the process repeats but now with a more distinct oscillation in the suspension. The oscillation of future cars is set up by the bumps created by the first car and the bumps get deeper and the bumpy section gets longer. These sections of road are often referred to as washboard roads due to their texture.	[ "BULLET::::- In higher rainfall areas, the increased camber required to drain water, and open drainage ditches at the sides of the road, often cause vehicles with a high centre of gravity, such as trucks and off-road vehicles, to overturn if they do not keep close to the crown of the road\n\nBULLET::::- Excess dust...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-17099	If you're getting a normal amount of sleep, like 9hrs, does it matter if it's not from let's say 11PM to 8AM but rather from 3AM to 12PM?	Really good book by a renowned sleep scientist called “Sleep: The Myth of 8 Hours, the Power of Naps... and the New Plan to Recharge Your Body and Mind” . I think he would argue that no it’s not the same because you’re sleeping against humans natural circadian rhythm . Either way if you’re interested it’s a short interesting read or I’m sure you can find some lectures .	[ "Dement advises against doing these evaluations at night when sleep onset latency can naturally be lower, particularly in older people. Instead, he suggests testing sleep onset latency during the day, ideally at 10:00 a.m., 12:30 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. A sleep onset latency of 0 to 5 minutes indicates severe sleep depr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "A normal amount of sleep per day may be 9 hours." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Recommend reading the book: \"Sleep: The Myth of 8 Hours, the Power of Naps...\" written by a sleep scientist." ]
2018-03015	Why do broken bones still hurt if they aren't set back into place?	There could be nerve damage in the surrounding tissue. Bone is also covered by a thin membrane called periosteum, which can also be torn or stretched by the broken bone.	[ "The most common sites of preserved injury and disease in theropod dinosaur in the ribs and tail vertebrae. The least common sites of preserved injury are the cranium and forelimb in about equal frequency. The least common sites of preserved pathology are the weight-bearing bones like the tibia, femur and sacrum. T...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-21827	Why there aren’t hot air blowers for snow removal	Snow melts into water, which freezes into ice. Ice is slippery, more dangerous than snow. Also, heating elements are very energy inefficient. The alternative is infrared, which would be prohibitively expensive. Far more practical just to push the stuff out the way. Rich neighborhoods where I'm from have heated driveways. Very nice.	[ "Section::::Safety issues.\n", "Jet engines and other gas turbines are used for large scale propelling and melting of snow over rails and roads. These blowers first were used in Russia and Canada in the 1960s as the large amounts of snow fall were becoming problematic for their train tracks and road ways, and wer...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01049	How does a Chinese Buffet remain profitable offering unlimited food and multiple choices for $7.99 when a single dish for delivery is $7.99?	Very cheap labor Low rent High volume (lots of paying customers) Food bought cheap and in bulk	[ "In 2015, China's online food ordering and delivery market grew from 0.15 billion Yuan to 44.25 billion Yuan.\n\nAs of September 2016, online delivery accounted for about 3 percent of the 61 billion U.S. restaurant transactions.\n\nSection::::Service Types.\n\nSection::::Service Types.:Restaurant-controlled.\n", ...	[ "If a single meal is 7.99, then buffet spots should not be able to remain profitable offering the unlimited food for the same price." ]	[ "The buffet acquires the space, food, and labor for very cheap, and because food is offered so cheap, they acquire a large volume of paying customers." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If a single meal is 7.99, then buffet spots should not be able to remain profitable offering the unlimited food for the same price.", "If a single meal is 7.99, then buffet spots should not be able to remain profitable offering the unlimited food for the same price." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The buffet acquires the space, food, and labor for very cheap, and because food is offered so cheap, they acquire a large volume of paying customers.", "The buffet acquires the space, food, and labor for very cheap, and because food is offered so cheap, they acquire a large volume of paying customers." ]
2018-05099	Why is the exact place of the Kaaba so important?	It ties into the direction of prayer, or [Qibla]( URL_2 ), originally it was said that Muslims faced towards the Temple Mount of Jerusalem for prayer until one day Muhammad received a revelation from God to face towards Mecca and the sacred mosque in the city for the prayer, the Kaaba. The origin of the [Kaaba]( URL_0 ) its-self is the subject of some debate among Islamic and non-Islamic scholars. The Islamic interpretation is that tha Kaaba was origionally a temple dedicated to God by his angles so they could worship him. When Adam and Eve were on the Earth, a [ White Stone]( URL_1 ) fell from the sky and showed where he was to build an alter to god. The alter/temple was then later rebuilt by Abraham and Ismael and once again dedicated to god. Over time the tradition holds, the people of the area strayed from the true faith and fell into polytheism and idolatry (the Kaaba would famously become home to more than 300 idols), so when Muhammad became the prophet, he sought to cleanse the temple and rededicated it to the faith of the true god. One interesting thing is that the Qibla change I mentioned came when Muhammad and his early followers were still in exile in Medina. It would be another four or five years before they would be allowed to return to Mecca and it would be some time before Muhammad settled. TL:DR : Islamic tradition holds that the Kaaba was the first temple to God and later Muhammad received a revelation to pray in that direction.	[ "During Muhammad's lifetime (570–632 CE), the \"Kaaba\" was considered a holy site by the local Arabs. Muhammad took part in the reconstruction of the \"Kaaba\" after its structure was damaged due to floods around 600 CE. Ibn Ishaq's \"Sirat Rasūl Allāh\", one of the biographies of Muhammad (as reconstructed and tr...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21868	Are coalitions possible in the voting system of the United States?	So, while it is theoretically possible, the way that US elections are held make it effectively impossible for third parties to get elected to higher office. Unless we switch to ranked voting, and remove the "first past the post" rules, third parties will not be able to get serious support in the US.	[ "Powerful parties can also act in an oligocratic way to form an alliance to stifle the growth of emerging parties. Of course, such an event is rare in coalition governments when compared to two-party systems, which typically exist because of stifling of the growth of emerging parties, often through discriminatory n...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00664	How come high magnitude earthquakes off the coast do not always cause huge Tsunamis.. What are the factors?	It depends on how the plates move. If plates are sliding past each other, e.g. one North and the other South, then a slip doesn't displace any water = no Tsunami. If one plate is subducting under the other, then when the fault slips the top plate pops up, which displaces a bunch of water = Tsunami.	[ "Slower than normal rupture propagation is associated with the presence of relatively mechanically weak material in the fault zone. This is particularly the case for some megathrust earthquakes, where the rupture velocity is about 1.0 km per second. These tsunami earthquakes are dangerous because most of the energy...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01496	Why is refined sugar/high fructose corn syrup still so common as an added sugar despite far more healthy alternative sweeteners?	Because sugar is cheap, addictive, and easy to manufacture. Sweeteners dont have the addictibe quality that manufacturers of food products want. Also sweeteners may not be healthier, we dont really know the long term affects such as the links to asthma, cancer, allergies, mihranes etc.	[ "In the U.S., HFCS is among the sweeteners that mostly replaced sucrose (table sugar) in the food industry. Factors in the rise of HFCS use include production quotas of domestic sugar, import tariffs on foreign sugar, and subsidies of U.S. corn, raising the price of sucrose and lowering that of HFCS, making it chea...	[ "Refined sugar and corn syrup should be used less often because healthier options such as artificial sweeteners exist." ]	[ "Sugar is cheap and addictive, sweeteners don't possess the addictive quality and sweeteners may also not be healthier than regular sugar as people don't quite know the long term effects yet." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Refined sugar and corn syrup should be used less often because healthier options such as artificial sweeteners exist.", "Refined sugar and corn syrup should be used less often because healthier options such as artificial sweeteners exist." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Sugar is cheap and addictive, sweeteners don't possess the addictive quality and sweeteners may also not be healthier than regular sugar as people don't quite know the long term effects yet.", "Sugar is cheap and addictive, sweeteners don't possess the addictive quality and sweeteners may also not be healthier t...
2018-03301	How do coaches find enough people that 1) have similarly missing limbs 2) desire and skill to be an athlete and 3) live within reasonable distance from each other to hold practices so they can win the paralimbpics?	> paralimbpics First it is "Paralympics". > 3) live within reasonable distance from each other to hold practices This isn't a limiting factor. Athletes who are driven and can perform well enough to be Olympic level will move to be close to each other and train together. It isn't generally a part-time thing, it is what they do professionally every day.	[ "While still involved in professional wheelchair basketball, Peter began mentoring youth, and specifically those who were paralyzed. In 2012, while training in Europe for the Paralympics, he flew back to visit with and introduce a recently paralyzed First Nations teen to wheelchair sports. During his playing a wish...	[ "Athletes need to live close enough to each other.", "It is improbable that coaches should be able to find many athletes within the same area to compete on the same team within paralimbpics. " ]	[ "Athletes can travel from all over to get to the competition. ", "Locations of athletes aren't limiting factors because athletes are able to relocate and most likely will in order to compete." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Athletes need to live close enough to each other.", "It is improbable that coaches should be able to find many athletes within the same area to compete on the same team within paralimbpics. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Athletes can travel from all over to get to the competition. ", "Locations of athletes aren't limiting factors because athletes are able to relocate and most likely will in order to compete." ]
2018-08403	How can I cool a swimming pool from 83 degrees to 73 degrees?	One method that I have seen used in outback Australia (where a swimming pool can get to blood heat) is to use a fountain to provide evaporative cooling. The fountain can be in the pool or next to it. If next to the pool, the water should be collected and returned to the pool.	[ "Temperature-controlled warm-water therapy pools are used to perform aquatic bodywork. For example, Watsu requires a warm-water therapy pool that is approximately chest deep (depending on height of the therapist) and temperature-controlled to about 35 °C (95 °F).\n\nSection::::Facilities, equipment, and supplies.:D...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00376	What causes the audible electric 'buzzing' sound from high voltage power lines?	It's oxygen molecules being charged with electricity. When the charged particles give back that energy they emit light and with a high enough charge the energy transformation of these particles can also be heard as a buzzing sound. The extreme example would be lightning - particles charged up to a million volt that will make a big boom when discharging, that is the thunder you will hear accompanying the lightning bolt.	[ "Section::::Corona breakdown.:Appearance.\n\nCorona is sometimes seen as a bluish glow around high voltage wires and heard as a sizzling sound along high voltage power lines. Corona also generates radio frequency noise that can also be heard as ‘static’ or buzzing on radio receivers. Corona can also occur naturally...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01710	How did scientists measure the age of the universe if spacetime is relative?	Measuring the age of the universe doesn't really involve relativity because we're not comparing reference frames from different observers. If have 2 observers in 2 different reference frames, they might not agree on the age of the universe, but that's not really useful information for us. The main way we've measured the age of the universe is by measuring it's rate of expansion and working backwards. The further away an object is, the faster it's accelerating away from us. From this, we were able to make a model of the universe's expansion, and work backwards to when it was first expanding.	[ "This measurement is made by using the location of the first acoustic peak in the microwave background power spectrum to determine the size of the decoupling surface (size of the universe at the time of recombination). The light travel time to this surface (depending on the geometry used) yields a reliable age for ...	[ "Spacetime being relative affects computation of age of universe.", "Because space time is relative, scientists shouldn't of been able to measure the age of the universe. " ]	[ "Spacetime being relative does not affect the computation of the age of the universe. ", "Measuring the universe doesn't exactly involve relativity, because reference frames are not compared from different observers." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Spacetime being relative affects computation of age of universe.", "Because space time is relative, scientists shouldn't of been able to measure the age of the universe. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Spacetime being relative does not affect the computation of the age of the universe. ", "Measuring the universe doesn't exactly involve relativity, because reference frames are not compared from different observers." ]
2018-22239	Why do phone batteries seem to die faster in colder weather?	Because lithium ion batteries perform worse in the cold. They need some heat in order for the ion flow (which makes the battery work) to work properly.	[ "When exposed to high temperatures, the lithium-ion batteries in smartphones are easily damaged and can fail faster than expected, in addition to letting the device run out of battery too often. Debris and other contaminants that enter through small cracks in the phone can also infringe on smartphone life expectanc...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03404	Why can't the Internet be made completely secure	There is always a trade off between security and usability. Take for example a login to a webpage: This list goes from low security - high usability to high security - low usability 1) only put in your username 2) put in your username and a password 3) username/password and mobile phone code generator 4) smartcard + pin (need smardcard reader etc) 5) send a copy of your ID everytime you will login 6) drive to Website HQ and personally ask for a login.. You see.. especially the last 2 are secure.. but no one wants to do things like this in reality. The more secure you make something the harder it is to use or to develop/operate (in most cases).	[ "However, developers of software and hardware are faced with many challenges in developing a system that can be both user friendly, accessible 24/7 on almost any device and be truly secure. Security leaks happen, even to individuals and organizations that have security measures in place to protect their data and in...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09399	If there is a ninth planet in our solar system ten times more massive than the Earth, why haven't we found it yet?	The thing about galaxies (clusters of stars) is that they are by definition very bright objects. And we detect exoplanets typically by pointing a telescope at a star and waiting for something to pass between the star and us. Any planet further than us from the sun will never pass between us and the sun - and will not give off any light. At this point, you're talking about a needle in a haystack a very very very very long ways away.	[ "In 2005, astronomer Mike Brown and his team announced the discovery of (later named after the Greek goddess of discord and strife), a trans-Neptunian object then thought to be just barely larger than Pluto. Soon afterwards, a NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory press release described the object as the \"tenth planet\"...	[ "It should be easy to find a massive planet in the Earth's solar system that hasn't been found yet." ]	[ "Planets further from the sun than Earth will never pass between Earth and the sun and don't give off light, so it's like finding a needle in a haystack." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It should be easy to find a massive planet in the Earth's solar system that hasn't been found yet.", "It should be easy to find a massive planet in the Earth's solar system that hasn't been found yet." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Planets further from the sun than Earth will never pass between Earth and the sun and don't give off light, so it's like finding a needle in a haystack.", "Planets further from the sun than Earth will never pass between Earth and the sun and don't give off light, so it's like finding a needle in a haystack." ]
2018-04888	how do drug addicts end up using their drug of choice, without becoming addicted to all drugs?	As a former drug addict (heroin for 7 years) I can give my experience as an answer also the education I've learned from rehabs and groups. Cross addiction (switching your drug of choice or addictions) is extremely common. This is mainly because of the drugs mechanism in our brains, releasing dopamine primarily. As long as we get the intended affect we are satisfied. But, different drugs have different nuanced feelings. Drug addicts tend to be trying to mask mental health problems, trauma, etc. it also can be a reflection of that person's personality. Heroin suited me because it dulled everything down. Made it so I couldn't feel anything. Alcohol didn't do it for me, neither did cocaine. But, I did end up becoming addicted to methamphetamine as well which Is completely different than heroin. The reason I got addicted to it as well is because of the massive dopamine it releases. At this point my "old" brain is doing all the thinking, my frontal lobe which makes rational decisions is shut off and my brain just craves dopamine. At this point it is less of a choice and more of a need. This is how addicts become addicted to many drugs. It's all about the brain taking over and demanding the release of these chemicals by any means nessecary. While a person's prefference over drugs remain. The effect will always prevail. All addicts have the potential to be addicted to a different drug. That is why in treatment for heroin, I was told not to drink alcohol. Because our brains will eventually adapt and still try and use something to release dopamine because at this point our addicted brains have been rewired and conditioned to want drugs. There are many cases of people entering rehab for one drug only to come back addicted to something else. It's less about the drug and more about the affect on the brain.	[ "According to Khantzian's view of addiction, drug users compensate for deficient ego function by using a drug as an \"ego solvent\", which acts on parts of the self that are cut off from consciousness by defense mechanisms. According to Khantzian, drug dependent individuals generally experience more psychiatric dis...	[ "Drug addicts are only addicted to their drug of choice.", "Drug addicts typically use one drug of choice, and don't become addicted to every drug. " ]	[ "Drug addicts can be cross addicted.", "Cross addiction is actually very common and many drug addicts switch between multiple different drugs as time passes. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Drug addicts are only addicted to their drug of choice.", "Drug addicts typically use one drug of choice, and don't become addicted to every drug. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Drug addicts can be cross addicted.", "Cross addiction is actually very common and many drug addicts switch between multiple different drugs as time passes. " ]
2018-14145	Why can our eyes only focus on one thing at a time?	Basically, the shape of our eyes and size of our retina is what plays a part in this. We have a lens that bends light. Ideally, the eye is shaped so that a lot of this light is funneled into our retina. Our retina feeds heavily into the optic nerve which sends information to the brain for processing. The drawback of this system is that the farther away from the retina the light hits, the less information we can pick up. So our brains get used to keeping our eyes trained on things we need to focus on and gather the most information from by keeping our center of vision on them. Secondly, Looking at a page of a book but not focusing on anything in particular isnt useful to our brains because there's a ton of information on them, but our brains arent suited to the task of quickly processing it all at once. We have to process and understand it piece by piece. Even if we could physically bring an entire page into visual focus, you would still have to process it word by word.	[ "Researchers have long suggested that there appears to be a processing bottleneck preventing the brain from working on certain key aspects of both tasks at the same time (e.g., ). Many researchers believe that the cognitive function subject to the most severe form of bottlenecking is the planning of actions and ret...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02537	how can the radius of the observable universe be 46 billion light years while the universe itself is only 13 billion years old?	The universe itself is expanding still and doing so faster than the speed of light. Where nothing inside the universe can move faster than the speed of light, the expansion of it can. (In my very limited understanding) Where something was observed at point A and now at point B they can tell that the expansion is X.	[ "Cosmologists distinguish between the observable universe and the global universe. The observable universe consists of the part of the universe that can, in principle, be observed by light reaching Earth within the age of the universe. It encompasses a region of space that currently forms a ball centered at Earth o...	[ "If the radius of the universe is 46 billion light years, then it should not be possible for the universe to only be 13 billion years old. " ]	[ "The universe is constantly expanding faster than the speed of light, and nothing else can actually expand faster than the speed of light, which allows the radius of the universe to be 46 billion light years, and the actual age to be 13 billion years old. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If the radius of the universe is 46 billion light years, then it should not be possible for the universe to only be 13 billion years old. ", "If the radius of the universe is 46 billion light years, then it should not be possible for the universe to only be 13 billion years old. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The universe is constantly expanding faster than the speed of light, and nothing else can actually expand faster than the speed of light, which allows the radius of the universe to be 46 billion light years, and the actual age to be 13 billion years old. ", "The universe is constantly expanding faster than the s...
2018-11152	Why is there such a drastic difference in US Employment rate, at 60.4%, and US unemployment rate, at 4.1%? Why are these calculated at such massively different percentages?	Because Children, the Retired, and the Disabled do not count as being unemployed. Neither do non-working college students. Unemployment only tracks abled bodied adults who are looking for work but unable to find it.	[ "BULLET::::- Another measure of workforce participation is the civilian employment-to-population ratio (EM Ratio), which fell from its 2007 pre-crisis peak of approximately 63% to 58% by November 2010 and partially recovered to 60% by May 2016. This is computed as the number of persons employed divided by the civil...	[ "US unemployment rate is a percentage of the total population." ]	[ "US unemployment rate only tracks able bodied adults who are looking for work, it does not factor in children, the retired, and the disabled." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "US unemployment rate is a percentage of the total population.", "US unemployment rate is a percentage of the total population." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "US unemployment rate only tracks able bodied adults who are looking for work, it does not factor in children, the retired, and the disabled.", "US unemployment rate only tracks able bodied adults who are looking for work, it does not factor in children, the retired, and the disabled." ]
2018-06470	when someone describes a pickup as "1/2 ton" or "3/4 ton", what does that mean?	they don't mean much today. but back in the day, it was their towing capacity. today, they're just a general classification. meaning full ton can tow more than 3/4 ton can tow more than 1/2 ton. there's really no standardization for what these mean. it's like a compact, midsize, full size sedan. you just know that one is bigger than the other, generally.	[ "Towing and payload capacity ratings for Rounded-Line C/K-Series pickups varied, depending on how they were configured. Factors such as engine and transmission combination, differential gear ratio, curb weight, and whether the pickup was two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive decided how much the pickup could safely t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-17401	Why are some drugs (like cocaine) sniffed instead of orally taken?	Cocaine is a drug that has a very poor bioavailability (aka a lot of it is not absorbed or is metabolized quickly) when taken orally, and is also eliminated very quickly. Similar logic applies for morphine/heroin As such, other routes of administration, such as snorting or IV administration, are popular.	[ "Oral administration is often denoted \"PO\" from \"per os\", the Latin for \"by mouth\".\n\nSection::::Choice of routes.:Local.\n\nBy delivering drugs almost directly to the site of action, the risk of systemic side effects is reduced. However, skin irritation may result, and for some forms such as creams or lotio...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01588	Why are court cases named (e.g. “Roe v. Wade”) instead of just given an alphanumeric code? Are all cases that go through courts given a name or just the famous ones? Is it the same practice in all countries?	"Roe v. Wade" refers to Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). The "full name" is "Jane Roe, et al. v. Henry Wade, District Attorney of Dallas County". US court cases are generally identified as "plaintiff versus defendant" (or, in criminal cases, e.g. "state versus accused"), but are also identified by numbers. In the above, 410 refers to volume 410 of the SCOTUS' collected cases, and Roe v. Wade is case 113 in that volume. Famous cases become known by the "short form" of plaintiff vs. defendant.	[ "In most systems, the governing body responsible for overseeing the courts assigns a unique number/letter combination or similar designation to each case in order to track the various disputes that are or have been before it. The outcome of the case is recorded, and can later be reviewed by obtaining a copy of the ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01308	Why when we become self-aware of something, such as blinking, we have an increased urge to do it?	Take a second to think about blinking. Now that you’re thinking about it, you probably stopped blinking to see what would happen. In this time, you may have missed several blinks that would’ve happened naturally and not really even been noticed. Now, you’re brain is going to go “oh crap, I didn’t blink! Let me make up for it right now!” and you’ll blink several times to “get caught up” from the blinks you “missed.” Now that your brain has reset itself on blinking, you’ll think “have o blinked enough? Maybe I should throw in a couple more JUST IN CASE,” this the increased urge to do it.	[ "A reflex blink occurs in response to an external stimulus, such as contact with the cornea or objects that appear rapidly in front of the eye. A reflex blink is not necessarily a conscious blink either; however it does happen faster than a spontaneous blink. Reflex blink may occur in response to tactile stimuli (e...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02166	How does a mobile phone "try" to find a signal?	A mobile phone generally does a couple of things when it is just kinda lounging around: 1. It has to tell the world where it is - this is so that the tower can route incoming calls to the phone. This is done with an amount of power based on its current "status" of connection. So...power consumption here is _variable_, based on signal strength. 2. When it doesn't have a connection, it will attempt to do so. This "find a connection" signal is sent out at _full power_. It does this after anytime it's lost its connection to a cell. So...no, it's not just listening passively - it's initiating and maintaining conversations with cells, so to speak.	[ "When a mobile is \"searching\", it is attempting to find pilot signals on the network by tuning to particular radio frequencies, and performing a cross-correlation across all possible PN phases. A strong correlation peak result indicates the proximity of a BTS.\n", "In active mode, the StingRay will force each c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-22096	why do some microphones have a metal mesh, some have a flat cloth and some have a sponge?	In my understanding the basic aim of all those solutions is to reduce wind noise. The basic foam acts as a windscreen, with higher density foams being able to function in more challenging conditions. In addition they can have "windjammers" which are furry covers designed to cut down more energetic exterior winds. Higher end mics can add a "blimp" or a metal cage to which foam can be attached, allowing the microphone greater isolation within the protected area of the foam. You may also be referring to the "pop filter", a screen placed in front of the microphone to block the explosive rushes of air from the mouth when saying some phonemes. Nylon is inexpensive but can be delicate and difficult to clean, while metal is more expensive, durable, and generally easier to clean. However there is some reports that metals may interfere with some microphones via proximity, and while metal is theoretically stiffer and may block pops better it isn't clear which is superior.	[ "In the studio and on stage, pop-screens and foam shields can be useful for reasons of hygiene, and protecting microphones from spittle and sweat. They can also be useful coloured idents. On location the basket shield can contain a suspension system to isolate the microphone from shock and handling noise.\n", "Th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02296	Why does orange juice after brushing my teeth with mint tooth paste feel like the gods are punishing me?	Orange juice is very sour and very sweet. Your tooth paste temporarily makes you unable to taste sweetness. Without the sweet there to balance it, the sourness of orange juice becomes kinda overwhelming. [A similar thing happens with the miracle berry, which blocks sour and salty tastes]( URL_0 )	[ "Mint is a young girl who also happens to be the princess of the world of dreams and magic. The natural environment of her world is only a reflection of the dreams of the people on Earth. It is now in danger as people lose faith in their dreams and let darkness enter their hearts; this is causing the environment of...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03194	How Did the 1995 Sarin Gas Attack in Tokyo Only Kill 12?	I believe a big part of it was the way they chose to deliver the Sarin. They used liquid sarin in plastic bags wrapped in newspaper, which they punctured so that it would evaporate out into the air. So it wasn't as deadly as if they'd flooded the place with Sarin gas, so the vast majority of the victims weren't severely effected by the gas.	[ "The fatalities included Yutaka Kobayashi, a 23-year-old salaryman, and Mii Yasumoto, a 29-year-old medical school student.\n\nSection::::Investigation.\n\nPolice received an anonymous tip implicating Aum Shinrikyo after the gas attacks but the sect was not officially implicated in the incident until after the late...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01441	If aluminum cans are recyclable, then why do you never see scratches or scuff marks, or bends on the aluminum when buying a new can of soda?	They are not reused, they are recycled. This means they are melted down to liquid aluminum, and new cans made.	[ "The easy-open aluminum end for beverage cans was developed by Alcoa in 1962 for the Pittsburgh Brewing Company and is now used in nearly all of the canned beer market.\n\nSection::::Recycling.\n\nAluminum cans are often made with recycled aluminum; approximately 68% of a standard North American can is recycled alu...	[ "Recycled cans should show signs of wear.", "When cans are recycled they should show signs of previous use." ]	[ "The cans are completely melted down to a pure metal to be re made into a fesh can. ", "When cans are recycled they are melted and then recreated into new cans, eliminating signs of previous use." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Recycled cans should show signs of wear.", "When cans are recycled they should show signs of previous use." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The cans are completely melted down to a pure metal to be re made into a fesh can. ", "When cans are recycled they are melted and then recreated into new cans, eliminating signs of previous use." ]
2018-11239	What stops a website from using my credit card and taking all my money?	Because it's a crime and they will be charged. More importantly, the credit card company will not work with them again.	[ "Section::::Profits, losses, and punishment.:Credit card companies.\n\nTo prevent being \"charged back\" for fraud transactions, merchants can sign up for services offered by Visa and MasterCard called Verified by Visa and MasterCard SecureCode, under the umbrella term 3-D Secure. This requires consumers to add add...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08667	How can documentaries like "Dope" on Netflix find and interview people doing clearly illegal things?	I’m currently doing a doco on what some people have described as a “weed cult”. The way we found them was after doing a doco on hypnotherapy a buddy of mine was talking to a client of the therapist. They told him about the cult and then blew him off for months he got the info. I don’t know how they get away with it. Last time they had anyone film in their “church” they got raided.	[ "During the shooting of an interview with three drug dealers in Beek, Netherlands for the third season of the show, local police invaded their home and arrested the men whilst the camera was rolling. According to local newspaper \"De Limburger\", police had been monitoring one of the dealers and thus found out abou...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03277	How do computers still keep the date and time, even if they’re not connected to any power source at all?	There is a CMOS battery on the motherboard that keeps the clock ticking, even when powered off.	[ "With current technology, most modern computers keep track of local civil time, as do many other household and personal devices such as VCRs, DVRs, cable TV receivers, PDAs, pagers, cell phones, fax machines, telephone answering machines, cameras, camcorders, central air conditioners, and microwave ovens.\n", "No...	[ "When a computer is powered off, it shouldn't be able to keep record of a date and time." ]	[ "The CMOS battery attached to the motherboard keep the clock ticking even when the computer is powered off. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "When a computer is powered off, it shouldn't be able to keep record of a date and time.", "When a computer is powered off, it shouldn't be able to keep record of a date and time." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The CMOS battery attached to the motherboard keep the clock ticking even when the computer is powered off. ", "The CMOS battery attached to the motherboard keep the clock ticking even when the computer is powered off. " ]
2018-14987	How does fish get to isolated pool or high up a waterfall?	In north America, if it's trout, bass or bluegill, it's most likely introduced by humans, especially explorers and frontiersmen of European origin. For example URL_0 In generic terms, some fish can swim up stream very well, that waterfall might not have always existed, geological and climate changes may have occurred.	[ "Salmon regularly migrate thousands of miles to and from their breeding grounds.\n\nSalmon spend their early life in rivers, and then swim out to sea where they live their adult lives and gain most of their body mass. After several years wandering huge distances in the ocean where they mature, most surviving salmon...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Waterfalls that are in existence have always been there." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Waterfalls may have been created by geological or climate change." ]
2018-15458	how do parasitic worms get treated with medicine in our body and what happens to their corpses	Depends on the type of parasite but the general idea is that you make yourself uninhabitable be it through poisoning them or isolating them. What happens to their corpses depends on where in the body they die. Generally they get their sustenance from our bowels because that's where they could leech most efficiëntly. You'd lose them when you go poopie.	[ "Another medication administered to kill worm infections has been pyrantel pamoate. For some parasitic diseases, there is no treatment and, in the case of serious symptoms, medication intended to kill the parasite is administered, whereas, in other cases, symptom relief options are used. Recent papers have also pro...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03832	Why is the mouth so much more high maintenance compared to the rest of the body?	Our modern diet leads to a lot of bacterial activity in the mouth, much more than our ancestors (with a low-sugar diet) usually had. To be fair, the female genitals also require a lot of maintenance, perhaps as much as the mouth or more.	[ "Human mouth\n\nIn human anatomy, the mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and produces saliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth.\n\nIn addition to its primary role as the beginning of the digestive system, in humans the mouth also pla...	[ "The mouth is more high mantienance than all other body parts. " ]	[ "There are other body parts that require as much or possibly even more than the mouth." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The mouth is more high mantienance than all other body parts. ", "The mouth is more high mantienance than all other body parts. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are other body parts that require as much or possibly even more than the mouth.", "There are other body parts that require as much or possibly even more than the mouth." ]
2018-00400	how do people put oxygen in a oxygen tank?	> how do people put oxygen in a oxygen tank? The first step is to isolate the oxygen. In an industrial scale this is usually done by compressing air, allowing it to cool, then letting it expand in order to cool even more. Different gasses precipitate out at different temperatures which means they can be distilled into nearly pure forms. At that point liquid oxygen can be shipped around and oxygen tanks filled from pressurized containers.	[ "Breathing oxygen is delivered from the storage tank to users by use of the following methods: oxygen mask, nasal cannula, full face diving mask, diving helmet, demand valve, oxygen rebreather, built in breathing system (BIBS), oxygen tent, and hyperbaric oxygen chamber.\n", "Hoses or tubing connect an oxygen mas...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-20595	Where does the UK's military budget come from, and is the tax we pay involved at all?	From taxes; the tax you [British people] pay is involved in that it's the source of the money.	[ "BULLET::::- English local authorities, under the supervision of the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government\n\nBULLET::::- Scottish local authorities, under the supervision of the Cabinet Secretary for Finance, Employment and Sustainable Growth\n\nBULLET::::- Welsh local authorities, under the supe...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01279	If human cells get changed so often, why do scars retain for a long time?	Imagine your body as a house where the blueprints were lost during construction. One day, the neighbor's kid manages to smack a baseball through a window. It's pretty easy to tell that there is a shattered window that needs replacement within a window frame even without the blueprints. You get some new glass, install it, and the house looks as good as new. Now, think of the damage if a distracted driver plows a truck though the wall to your living room, taking out a large chunk of wall and an entire window frame. Your first concern is to seal the hole so that the inside of your house is not exposed to the outside. With the hole sealed, you realize that you don't remember what the original wall and window looked like and you don't have the blueprints. You can repair what you can based on the edges but it may look very off both physically and functionally. The seal probably lacks the same insulation and the actual window, but at least nothing can get in or out. This is a scar. Your body only can regenerate (repair back to the new state) parts when it knows what it is based on its surroundings. If it takes too much damage, it won't be able to correctly regenerate and seals it with a scar. The cell replacement acts constantly but can only swap out what is already there. Since there are no blueprints, it cannot make what it doesn't know.	[ "Proteins and cell surface receptors found in the ECM differ in fetal and adult wound healing. This is due to the early up regulation of cell adhesion proteins such as fibronectin and tenascin in the fetus. During early gestation in the fetal wounds of rabbits, the production of fibronectin occurs around 4 hours af...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-06104	Why is it so difficult to fake a convincing sneeze?	A true sneeze involves a lot of involuntary reflexes and muscles you either can't or basically never utilize voluntary control over. Thus accurately recreating it is extremely difficult to impossible.	[ "Section::::Risks.:Medical procedures.\n\nUncontrollable fits of sneezing are common in patients under propofol sedation who undergo periocular or retrobulbar injection. A sneeze by a sedated patient often occurs upon insertion of a needle into or around their eye. The violent and uncontrollable movement of the hea...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12750	How do artists pay taxes when they have world tours?	They owe taxes to each country they perform in. Since it is pretty easy to figure out what they made form each individual performance (since the number of tickets sold and the artist's cut are both known amounts) it is fairly straight forward to calculate their income earned at any given venue.	[ "the main taxing jurisdiction may exempt foreign-source income from tax,\n\nthe main taxing jurisdiction may exempt foreign-source income from tax if tax had been paid on it in another jurisdiction, or above some benchmark to not include tax haven jurisdictions,\n\nthe main taxing jurisdiction may tax the foreign-s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00945	Why does entropy always go up?	Because it's more likely than it going down. No, seriously, that's the answer. Entropy is essentially the number of ways you get the same answer when doing a bunch of random things. For example, you roll two dice. There's two different ways to get 11 (65,56), but 5 different ways to get 8 (62,53,44,35,26). And, as it happens, 8 is more probable than 11, for precisely the reason that there's more outcomes that give 8 than 11. The highest entropy state is simply the most likely to happen. So as for why entropy always increases, imagine you have 10 dice. Currently, they total 20. You then grab one at random and reroll it. Since they currently total 20, there's more dice that are 3 or below than there are 4 and above. So it's more likely you grabbed a low die than a high die, which means this new roll will be more likely to increase the total than decrease it (it's about twice as likely). If you keep doing this, the total will increase until it reaches 35, at which point there are roughly as many high dice as low dice. And sure enough, 35 is the most likely outcome of rolling 10 dice--the highest entropy state. Now you might notice that there is still a chance that the die you rolled is less than the previous roll. And that's true--the total sometimes goes down after a roll, even though on average it gets closer to 35. However, that's because we only looked at 10 dice. In physics, we look at systems with a trillion trillion dice, and reroll a billion trillion of them at a time. If there are about twice as many low dice as high dice (just like before), this reroll is trillions of trillions of times more likely to increase the total than decrease it. And at that point, rather than say there's less than a 1:1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 chance that the entropy goes down, we just say that it always goes up. (That's actually a ridiculous overestimate for the scenario given--I would hit the character limit trying to write all the zeros in the real probability. Physical systems usually have more like a 1:10^(200) chance of having the entropy go down, which is still unimaginably less likely than the 1:10^(24) shown above.)	[ "However, as calculated in the example, the entropy of the system of ice and water has increased more than the entropy of the surrounding room has decreased. In an isolated system such as the room and ice water taken together, the dispersal of energy from warmer to cooler always results in a net increase in entropy...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04340	how exactly does milk get 'evaporated'? (Like for baking etc) shouldn't cans of evaporated milk be empty?	Evaporated milk has ~60% of the water removed, but everything else remains (milk fats and solids). It can be made at home by simmering down milk to around half its original volume. Evaporation of aqueous (water based) solutions doesn't result in their complete disappearance, only the water in the mixture actually evaporates. For example, evaporate salt water and you'll be left with dry salt.	[ "The process involves the evaporation of 60% of the water from the milk, followed by homogenization, canning, and heat-sterilization.\n\nSection::::Evaporated milk infant formulas.\n", "The shelf life of canned evaporated milk varies according to both its added content and its proportion of fat. For the regular u...	[ "Evaporated milk should be an empty can.", "Evaporation applies to all parts of milk in evaporated milk. " ]	[ "Only the water in the milk is evaporated, the milk solids are left behind. ", "In evaporated milk the only part of the milk that is evaporated is water. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Evaporated milk should be an empty can.", "Evaporation applies to all parts of milk in evaporated milk. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Only the water in the milk is evaporated, the milk solids are left behind. ", "In evaporated milk the only part of the milk that is evaporated is water. " ]
2018-01353	How come the very bottom of the ocean is cold even though it’s closer to the mantle?	It's cold because it's much harder for the heat from the sun to reach it. There is heat from other sources, but not as much.	[ "An upper bound on the amount of water in the mantle can be obtained by considering the amount of water that can be carried by its minerals (their \"storage capacity\"). This depends on temperature and pressure. There is a steep temperature gradient in the lithosphere where heat travels by conduction, but in the ma...	[ "Because the bottom of the ocean is closer to the mantle, it should actually be warm and not cold." ]	[ "The heat from the sun is unable to reach the bottom of the ocean, therefore it is much colder than every other portion of the ocean. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Because the bottom of the ocean is closer to the mantle, it should actually be warm and not cold.", "Because the bottom of the ocean is closer to the mantle, it should actually be warm and not cold." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The heat from the sun is unable to reach the bottom of the ocean, therefore it is much colder than every other portion of the ocean. ", "The heat from the sun is unable to reach the bottom of the ocean, therefore it is much colder than every other portion of the ocean. " ]
2018-20789	Why does the Moon cause high tides on the side of the Earth opposite of it?	Imagine you're participating in the hammer throw at the Olympics, you're swinging the ball around but the centre of rotation is somewhere between you and the ball, meaning you are also being flung outwards in the opposite direction. Replace yourself with earth and the hammer with the moon and you've got roughly the same situation, the sea is literally being flung outwards on the opposite side of the moon due to the earth and the moon orbiting eachother.	[ "When the Earth, Moon, and Sun are in line (Sun–Earth–Moon, or Sun–Moon–Earth) the two main influences combine to produce spring tides; when the two forces are opposing each other as when the angle Moon–Earth–Sun is close to ninety degrees, neap tides result. As the Moon moves around its orbit it changes from north...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03134	Why do some countries call 911 while others call 999, 000, etc?	Back when rotary phones were a thing, higher numbers took longer to dial. 999 was chosen as an emergency numbwr, but could easily be misdialed during stressful situations. When it was adopted here 911 was decided as easier number to dial. All largely irrelevant now that those phones barely exist outside of museums.	[ "In Singapore, the number 999 was inherited from British rule and continued after independence. The number is attributed more to requesting for the police, with the number 995, established in 1984, used for direct lines to the fire brigade and ambulance services of the Singapore Civil Defence Force. Because most of...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-23659	Countries such as the United States have a very high standard of living whilst being in tremendous amounts of debt; why can’t less fortunate countries operate in the same way?	There's not really a correlation. Less wealthy countries are less wealthy because their economies are not developed for whatever reason. The United States does not have a particularly high amount of debt. Remember, sovereign debt is not personal debt. When you go to get a loan for your house or use your credit card, you are asking the bank for money. The United States (and other nations) asks "who wants to buy treasury bonds?", which people buy (including the US government, and US private citizens, remember the US owns more than 60% of US debt).	[ "Section::::Theories.:How democracy affects economic performance.\n\nGiven that the factors leading to democratic vs. dictatorial regimes, the second part of the story in \"Why Nations Fail\" explains why inclusive political institutions give rise to economic growth.\n\nThis argument was previously and more formall...	[ "United States is in a tremendous amount of debt and should not be able to withhold a high standard of living while other countries can't operate similarily.", "United States is in a tremendous amount of debt, and due to this they shouldn't be able to maintain a high standard of living compared to other countries...	[ "The United States is not in a particularly high amount of debt, therefore the high standard of living is maintainable. ", "The United States is not in a particularly high amount of debt, other economies are simply underdeveloped. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "United States is in a tremendous amount of debt and should not be able to withhold a high standard of living while other countries can't operate similarily.", "United States is in a tremendous amount of debt, and due to this they shouldn't be able to maintain a high standard of living compared to other countries...	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The United States is not in a particularly high amount of debt, therefore the high standard of living is maintainable. ", "The United States is not in a particularly high amount of debt, other economies are simply underdeveloped. ", "The United States is not in a particularly high amount of debt." ]
2018-10036	What are the actual consequences if you download Movies/Shows/Music off torrent sites? I’m aware it’s not legal but I’ve never come across anyone who has been punished for this. Is it not something that is widely prosecuted or is this actually enforced more than most people are aware of?	I worked at a university once and a few students who were living in the dorms got their lives destroyed when the Feds subpoenaed the campus IP addresses and caught people downloading torrents, hit them with bank shattering fines. My understanding was that since it was a publicly funded school they were able to get their internet records, which would be hard to do on your personal home. So I guess if you avoid using public connection you should be good.	[ "Downloading media files involves the use of linking and framing Internet material, and relates to copyright law. Streaming and downloading can involve making copies of works that infringe on copyrights or other rights, and organizations running such websites may become vicariously liable for copyright infringement...	[ "Prosecution seems to be rare for people who illegally download material from torrent sites." ]	[ "Feds are able, and do, surveil public connections and prosecute for this type of activity." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Prosecution seems to be rare for people who illegally download material from torrent sites.", "Prosecution seems to be rare for people who illegally download material from torrent sites." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Feds are able, and do, surveil public connections and prosecute for this type of activity.", "Feds are able, and do, surveil public connections and prosecute for this type of activity." ]
2018-21210	Why do wind turbines obscure radar?	Radar engineer here. We hate wind turbines! ELI5 version is radars are really good at detecting physical things. Planes, buldings, mountians, all things. But we only care about moving things, so there are filters that throw out stationary objects and only show moving objects on the display. Wind turbines are tall enough to be in the radar beams path, and they have a moving signal so it shows up. A whole field of them will look like a field of helicopters just hovering. And a real plane flying over would just blend in.	[ "BULLET::::- On 4 February 2008, according to British Ministry of Defence turbines create a hole in radar coverage so that aircraft flying overhead are not detectable. In written evidence, Squadron Leader Chris Breedon said: \"This obscuration occurs regardless of the height of the aircraft, of the radar and of the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-22146	How did curse words come to be curse words	There are a few theories, some are probably more right than others and multiple theories could also be true. One theory, curse words usually have something in common: they refer to physical drives or body parts used to fulfill those urges. Now consider the dichotomy of the spiritual world and physical world that dominated philosophy for so long(maybe still does in some areas). The thinking is that a person should keep their mind, and by extension their language, on the spiritual rather than the physical world. So try not to say things that refer to a beastial nature. Just take it all with a grain of salt, for the most part it’s just a measure of manners.	[ "BULLET::::- German people, including the Pennsylvania Dutch speak in terms of hexing (from \"hexen\", the German word for doing witchcraft), and a common hex in days past was that laid by a stable-witch who caused milk cows to go dry and horses to go lame.\n\nSection::::Tecumseh's curse.\n", "In Ancient Egypt, s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]

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