Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-01798	How do scientists accurately reconstruct the faces of archeologically recovered skulls?	Well generally speaking they use the same techniques as forensic facial reconstruction which is part art and part science. They compare it to the closest thing they know of and they extrapolate facial features from there (at the most basic level). [Here]( URL_0 ) is a good write-up in Wikipedia.	[ "Reconstructions only reveal the type of face a person \"may\" have exhibited because of artistic subjectivity. The position and general shape of the main facial features are mostly accurate because they are greatly determined by the skull.\n\nSection::::Dog's head forensic reconstruction.\n\nAn image of the forens...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05015	Why does spicy food mess with our stomachs?	Capsaicin is a chemical compound that makes food spicy. In our digestive tract, capsaicin attaches to pain receptors and signals the body to get rid of whatever is causing the pain.. so you end up with cramps and other reactions. People with higher levels of pain receptors in their intestines have a greater reaction to spicy foods.	[ "One of the most causes of chronic stomach problems is use of medications. Use of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to treat various pain disorders can damage lining of the stomach and cause ulcers. Other medications like narcotics can interfere with stomach emptying and cause bloating, nausea...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00297	Why did Britain and France declared war on Germany over the invasion of Poland, but not the USSR?	Although the English and French were not on the best terms with the Soviet Union, the Soviets had not been acting aggressively for the last few years, unlike the Germans. Before the Polish invasion, the Germans broke the Treaty of Versailles, militarized the Rhineland, annexed Austria, invade the Sudetenland (a German part of Czechoslovakia), and then the rest of Czechoslovakia. The British and French had a valid cause to declare war on Germany for each of these transgressions, but they didn't. The final act that finally pushed the world into war was the German invasion of Poland. The Soviet invasion of western Poland was their first act. The English and French had to no agreement to protect Poland from the Soviet Union, nor did they warn the Soviet Union against expansion, nor was the Soviet Union bound by treat not to take up arms. Also, fighting a war against Germany made geographic sense, but not a war against the Soviet Union. The soldiers could attack Germany from France with support from across the English channel. However, attacking the Soviet Union would first require going through German, then through Poland, and into the heart of Russia. The English and French did not want to go to war at all, so spreading themselves across Europe was not going to happen. In fact, the English and French did do anything during the Polish invasion, which showed how unwilling they were to fight at that point in time.	[ "Further, neither the British Empire, nor the French, ever declared war upon the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland on 17 September 1939 (16 days after Nazi Germany invaded from the West) and held sway over the former-Polish territory at the war's conclusion, having become a part of the Allied front in the course o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04565	When someone has a heart attack while eating, lets say, a triple bypass burger, is it due to the food being eaten at that moment? Or is it just prior health issues with unlucky timing?	It is possible for a heart attack to occur as a sudden reaction to something else. For example, it is possible to scare someone, causing their body to release a substance called adrenaline, which at high enough levels could disrupt the heart's ability to function properly. I suppose that if someone was so excited by a burger, that could theoretically cause a heart attack. However, when it comes to absorbing nutrients and other materials from food, that requires the food to travel through various parts of your digestive system, which typically takes hours. It's unlikely that anyone could eat food and before they're done with the meal, they absorbed enough of something like cholesterol to kill them.	[ "On April 21, 2012, a woman fell unconscious while eating a Double Bypass Burger, drinking alcohol, and smoking.\n\nIn February 2013, an official spokesman and daily patron, 52-year-old John Alleman, died of an apparent heart attack while waiting at a bus stop in front of the restaurant.\n\nSection::::Reception.\n\...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02829	How does Caffeine keep you alert?	As your neurons fire throughout the day, a neurochemical called adenosine builds up in your body. Adenosine is responsible for making you tired. Caffiene molecules have the same size and shape as adenosine and block the neuroreceptors fooling your body into thinking you aren't tired. We interpret this as a jolt of energy. But it's just a temporary fix. Caffeine doesn't eliminate adenosine, it just blocks the signal. So when the caffeine wears off the withdrawal causes you to become increasingly tired, can cause headaches, etc due to the sudden increase of adenosine reaction in your nervous system. So caffeine isn't giving you energy so much as fooling your body into not being tired.	[ "In the absence of caffeine and when a person is awake and alert, little adenosine is present in (CNS) neurons. With a continued wakeful state, over time adenosine accumulates in the neuronal synapse, in turn binding to and activating adenosine receptors found on certain CNS neurons; when activated, these receptors...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00523	Why are billet parts structurally stronger than cast parts? And why are forged parts stronger than both?	It's all about the grain structure of the metal. Billets have a uniform grain structure from the extrusion operation that formed them before machining. However the grain structure is not oriented to the shape of the part. The act of forging will reshape the grain structure so that it follows the shape of the part thereby increasing its strength. Cast parts have no grain structure.	[ "A billet is a length of metal that has a round or square cross-section, with an area less than . Billets are created directly via continuous casting or extrusion or indirectly via hot rolling an ingot or bloom. Billets are further processed via profile rolling and drawing. Final products include bar stock and wire...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00514	When someone makes a weld, why are there sometimes colors that show up on the weld itself? What do they mean?	The colors you are seeing are the metal tempering at different temperatures. If you heat iron (not metal in general, just steel really) to a certain degree, it actually changes color. Then you can "set" that color by cooling the metal to room temp. Colors for steel range from straw-purple if I recall correctly. So you get the rainbow effect because a weld causes uneven heating.	[ "Section::::Notation.\n\nFillet welding notation is important to recognize when reading technical drawings. The use of this notation tells the welder exactly what is expected from the fabricator. \n", "Manufacturers also include the strength that the weld must be. This is indicated by a letter and number combinat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01309	How does compression clothing work and why doesnt it cut off blood circulation, especially on pieces like socks?	I wear compression clothing for health reasons every day and I can answer with certainty. There are two types of compression clothing: one is for athletic performance and the other is for medical necessity. There are distinct differences between the two. Athletic compression is basically a placebo except when lifting heavy weights. It does not get tight enough to produce any effects while the user is wearing the garment. It helps circulation after working out but there has been no scientific evidence to show that it helps during a workout. It makes the muscles feel tight, which DOES help produce short bursts of muscle strength but does not help with running. Medical compression is much tighter. So tight, in fact, that you need a prescription from a doctor to purchase it. What these do is tighten your fat and muscle so that it improves circulation. This helps prevent blood clots and aids the lymphatic system in removing waste. Medical compression socks go to your toes whereas athletic compression only goes to your ankle. If you needed medical compression and only wore athletic compression your feet and ankles would swell up to a dangerous size. By going to your toes, the medical compression makes sure nothing gets "stuck" down there.	[ "Compression garment\n\nCompression garments are pieces of clothing that fit tightly around the skin. In medical contexts, compression garments provide support for people who have to stand for long periods or have poor circulation. These come in varying degrees of compression, and higher degree compression sleeves,...	[ "Compression clothing is possibly unsafe and could cut off blood circulation." ]	[ "Compression clothing can get quite tight, but it actually tightens fat and muscle to the point where it improves circulation." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Compression clothing is possibly unsafe and could cut off blood circulation.", "Compression clothing is possibly unsafe and could cut off blood circulation." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Compression clothing can get quite tight, but it actually tightens fat and muscle to the point where it improves circulation.", "Compression clothing can get quite tight, but it actually tightens fat and muscle to the point where it improves circulation." ]
2018-05969	How can a nuclear bomb detonation in space deflect a meteor if there is no blast/shock wave?	There is a blast and shock wave, just not an air shockwave. The explosion still releases light, high energy particles and will cause the meteor to experience a shock wave. That said you do not want to use nukes to stop meteors, chances are you just turned a slug into a bunch of shot. You want to use lazors or paint to change it's course.	[ "In Cielo simulations conducted in 2011–2012, in which the rate and quantity of energy delivery were sufficiently high and matched to the size of the rubble pile, such as following a tailored nuclear explosion, results indicated that any asteroid fragments, created after the pulse of energy is delivered, would not ...	[ "There is no blast and shock wave when a nuclear bomb is detonated in space.", "A nuclear bomb has no blast or shock wave in space." ]	[ "There is a blast and shock wave, but it isn't an air shockwave.", "A nuclear bomb does cause a blast and shock wave, just not an air shock wave." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is no blast and shock wave when a nuclear bomb is detonated in space.", "A nuclear bomb has no blast or shock wave in space." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is a blast and shock wave, but it isn't an air shockwave.", "A nuclear bomb does cause a blast and shock wave, just not an air shock wave." ]
2018-01657	How do we know other planets cross sections?	There are a few techniques that we use to see this. The presence of active volcanoes and a magnetic field can let us know whether there is liquid magma beneath the crust or not. Seismic activity is another - large amounts of earthquakes and (or quakes in general on other planets) indicates a more fluid surface, with the possible presence of plate tectonics with a more "fluid" interior. Additionally, analyzing how these seismic waves propagate and resonate (think of it as an echo) can help us get a better idea of what is going on beneath the surface. With regards to gas giants, we can also analyze spectroscopic data (basically light signatures unique to different chemicals) to figure out what it's made of. Using that information, we can infer a lot about the properties and structure of the planet. This is also a technique used in the search for alien life - atmospheres that demonstrate certain patterns associated with life can key us in on potential planets. A lot of it is inference though - we obviously can't cut a planet in half and see what it really looks like. All we can do is use what we know about Earth and physics in general to make a good guess.	[ "Section::::Surface geology of inner solar planets.:Venus.\n\nThe surface of Venus is comparatively very flat. When 93% of the topography was mapped by \"Pioneer Venus\", scientists found that the total distance from the lowest point to the highest point on the entire surface was about 13 kilometres (8 mi), while o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00348	How do birds know which way south is when winter comes?	They can sense the magnetic poles of the Earth. They use this sense to orient themselves and fly the appropriate direction during seasonal migrations.	[ "In a pioneering experiment, Lockley showed that warblers placed in a planetarium showing the night sky oriented themselves towards the south; when the planetarium sky was then very slowly rotated, the birds maintained their orientation with respect to the displayed stars. Lockley observes that to navigate by the s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02507	How do we calculate the estimated life expectancy of the sun and is there only one way for it to expire?	Basically, we know roughly the rate at which the sun is burning hydrogen and other elements, and we know its composition (what proportion is made up of each element) size, and age. From observations of other stars, and calculations, we can work out roughly how long it will be until our sun collapses into a white dwarf - corrected by the chap below.	[ "Section::::Lifetime sun exposure.\n\nThere are currently no recommendations on a safe level of total lifetime sun exposure. According to epidemiologist Robyn Lucas at Australian National University, analysis of lifespan versus disease shows that far more lives worldwide could be lost to diseases caused by lack of ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05542	How is linear algebra used in machine learning algorithms?	We use matrices to represent data and relationships between data. We do all kinds of matrix stuff; we multiply them, add them, find covariance, find eigenvectors etc. Multiplying two matrices with say 1000 entries each helps relate 2000 units of data in just one operation, multiplication. Matrices make organization in ML easy. Operations just work if you know the algorithm. For a Machine Learning student, matrices are just a way to list stuff basically, but if you can understand the mathematical implication behind matrices and how they affect space, aka Linear Transformations, and other Linear Algebra intuitions, like what exactly are you doing to your data units when you find their eigenvectors, it can help you understand your ML algos better. Other than this, ML tools have highly optimised algos for matrices and if you were to use normal non matrix operations, it'll be much slower. These are the main reasons I think Linear Algebra is used in ML.	[ "Some active learning algorithms are built upon support-vector machines (SVMs) and exploit the structure of the SVM to determine which data points to label. Such methods usually calculate the margin, , of each unlabeled datum in and treat as an -dimensional distance from that datum to the separating hyperplane.\n",...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03294	Why do car manufacturers allow cars to go way faster than speed limits?	You are allowed to go faster in order to overtake. Different speed limits in different countries. Top speed limits change over time (in NZ we just changed ours to 110 km/hr). Marketing and bragging rights. The customer is always right.	[ "On December 12 - Need For Speed No Limits Christmas 2018 Update - Get behind the wheel of 3 incredible cars: the iconic BMW M3 GTR from Need for Speed Most Wanted in the Urban Legend which will begin on December 12\n\nSection::::Development.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1985, the Texas's State Department of Highways and ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18205	what actual, day to day powers does England have over Canada as part of the constitutional monarchy? Is it purely symbolic?	England doesn't have any power over Canada, nor does the United Kingdom (the country you were probably thinking of). While Queen Elizabeth II is the queen of the UK and Canada, those are completely separate governments & the nations are completely independent.	[ "As foreign affairs are a matter of royal prerogative, the power to declare war and deploy the armed forces belongs to the Crown, though only in its federal Cabinet (the federal government), as outlined in sections 9 and 15 of the Constitution Act, 1867. Neither legislation nor any other type of parliamentary appro...	[ "England has power over Canada because Canada is part of the constitutional monarchy.", "England is the country that has a monarch" ]	[ "Queen Elizabeth II is the queen of both England and Canada but they are separate governments and independent nations.", "The United Kingdom is the country that has a monarch." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "England has power over Canada because Canada is part of the constitutional monarchy.", "England is the country that has a monarch" ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Queen Elizabeth II is the queen of both England and Canada but they are separate governments and independent nations.", "The United Kingdom is the country that has a monarch." ]
2018-18781	Why do motorcycles need gear mechanism, but a lot of scooters are gearless ?	Many modern scooters (and some cars) have a continuously variable transmission with a centrifugal clutch. Many older scooters did have gear shifts. Few motorcycles are automatic because riders prefer manual shifting.	[ "Scooter engine sizes range smaller than motorcycles, , and have all-enclosing bodywork that makes them cleaner and quieter than motorcycles, as well as having more built-in storage space. Automatic clutches and continuously variable transmissions (CVT) make them easier to learn on and to ride. Scooters usually hav...	[ "Scooters are gearless." ]	[ "Scooters of the past and current times all use gear mechanisms of some sort." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Scooters are gearless.", "Scooters are gearless." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Scooters of the past and current times all use gear mechanisms of some sort.", "Older scooters did have gear shifts. " ]
2018-04902	Why, as an adult, do you usually wake up to pee in the middle of the night but as a kid it is more common to not wake up and wet the bed?	It's all a matter of getting the neurons which link the signals from the nerves (full bladder) towards the right reaction (wake up). A child’s bladder can fill up two to three times per night. If the nerves that tell the child to wake up when the bladder is full are not fully mature, then the child may not wake up to urinate in the toilet.	[ "After age 5, wetting at night—often called bedwetting or sleepwetting—is more common than daytime wetting in boys. Experts do not know what causes nighttime incontinence. Young people who experience nighttime wetting tend to be physically and emotionally normal. Most cases probably result from a mix of factors inc...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03946	why is it always most slippery the first hour of rain	Because of all the oil on the road that cars leak out, the water makes it more slick, something along those lines is how it's always been explained to me.	[ "In Japan, most releases of the album included the original cover art.\n\nSection::::Release and reception.\n", "\"I liked what Bryan Adams had done with Tina Turner,\" Bon Jovi explained, \"so I suggested we do something similar: I write a song for someone like her, and then we do the song together. But that got...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20391	Why are the Arabic numerals (0-9), unlike languages, consistent and widely recognized among almost all modern cultures?	The Arabic numerals are from India originally and came to Europe from the middle Eastern mathematicians including al-Khwarizmi. He is considered the father of algebra. His books were translated into Latin in 12th century and some were used by universities until 16th century. So basically the numerals are used because they were the ones used when math was invented.	[ "In Christian Europe, the first mention and representation of Hindu-Arabic numerals (from one to nine, without zero), is in the \", an illuminated compilation of various historical documents from the Visigothic period in Spain, written in the year 976 by three monks of the Riojan monastery of San Martín de Albelda....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03690	When completing in luge, what exactly are the athletes doing to control themselves and maximize their speed?	The sled rides on two sharp-bottomed blades known as runners, the only part of the sled that makes contact with the ice. In order to steer the sled, the slider uses his or her calves to apply pressure to one of the runners, or shifts their weight using their shoulders. Considering the extreme speed, athletes only need to make slight adjustments in order to steer.	[ "In a team relay competition, one man, one woman, and a doubles pair form a team. A touchpad at the bottom of the run is touched by a competitor signaling a teammate at the top of the run to start.\n\nRules and procedures for races are very precise:\n", "Section::::Athletic career.\n\nSection::::Athletic career.:...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-23962	How were early generation ICBM's guided, and how were they "controlled" from their silos prior to Internet communication?	They are not controlled via internet by the way. That would be a horrendously dangerous setup	[ "Section::::Working environment.\n\nThe missile launch control environment also varied by system. Early missiles such as Thor and Atlas, relied on support facilities above ground, with crews protected in a shelter of some sort. Later systems were buried underground, either with the missiles located nearby (i.e. Tit...	[ "ICBM's are guided using the Internet,", "Early ICBMs were guided by internet from the silos." ]	[ "The Internet is not used to control ICMBs.", "They were not guided in this way as that would be very dangerous. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "ICBM's are guided using the Internet,", "Early ICBMs were guided by internet from the silos." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The Internet is not used to control ICMBs.", "They were not guided in this way as that would be very dangerous. " ]
2018-12827	Is our moon moving away from Earth? If so, what's causing it?	The moon recedes from Earth at about 4 centimeters per year. In other words, Apollo 11 would need to travel about 2 meters (6.5 feet) farther if it were launched today. It has to do with tides. Earth's gravity pulls on the moon, but the moon's gravity also pulls on the earth. So the moon doesn't really orbit the earth: both bodies orbit around a center of mass. This center happens to be inside the earth, but since it's not directly in the middle of the planet, Earth "bulges" as it rotates. This makes the oceans slosh around, which is what tides are. It also has the effect of slowing down the rotations of both the earth and the moon: the moon has already slowed down so much that it's "locked" with Earth...it still rotates, but at the same rate it orbits, so we always see the same side. This is happening to Earth too, but at a much slower rate. The other effect of this tidal dance is that the moon is pulling so hard that it's pulling itself away from Earth...again, very, very slowly. It'll be a couple hundred million years before it will no longer be able to cover the sun during an eclipse. It will never break free of its orbit around Earth, however...the sun will have expanded to engulf both our planet and our moon long before then.	[ "From the observed change in the Moon's orbit, the corresponding change in the length of the day can be computed:\n\nHowever, from historical records over the past 2700 years the following average value is found:\n\nThe corresponding cumulative value is a parabola having a coefficient of T (time in centuries square...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-16669	What purpose/benefit does fruit serve to a fruit-bearing tree/plant?	In the wild, fruits are typically evolved to be tasty to animals that are good at spreading seeds of the plant, while possibly being painful or toxic to animals that are not. For example, chilli fruits are sweet to birds (that will swallow seeds whole and poop them out miles away), gives a burning sensation to mammals (who might otherwise destroy the seeds while chewing due to molars), and toxic to insects (because they don't do anyone any good). In this way, chilli plants have their seeds spread over vast areas, increasing the chance many of them will survive to have seeds of their own.	[ "Certain tree types can also serve as fodder for livestock. Trees may produce fruit or nuts that can be eaten by livestock while still on the tree or after they have fallen. The leaves of trees may serve as forage as well, and silvopasture managers can utilize trees as forage by felling the tree so that it can be e...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00591	Why does uploading something affect my download speed while upload and download speeds are listed as seperate?	Because part of how downloading works is that your computer has to acknowledge to the sender that each TCP packet has been received. When someone is saturating your upstream connection, those acknowledgements slow down, which slows down the speed at which you can download files.	[ "Both ratios are then compared and the lower one is used as the modifier. A few conditions exist:\n\nBULLET::::- If the Uploaded Total is less than 1 MB, then the modifier will remain at 1.\n\nBULLET::::- If the client uploads data but doesn't download any, the modifier will be fixed at 10.\n\nBULLET::::- The modif...	[ "If upload and download speeds are listed as separate, than uploading something should not effect downloading anything." ]	[ "The computer needs to be able to acknowledge to the sender that the TCP packet has been received, when the upstream connection is saturated, the acknowledgements needed slow down, which affects download speed. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "If upload and download speeds are listed as separate, than uploading something should not effect downloading anything.", "If upload and download speeds are listed as separate, than uploading something should not effect downloading anything." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The computer needs to be able to acknowledge to the sender that the TCP packet has been received, when the upstream connection is saturated, the acknowledgements needed slow down, which affects download speed. ", "The computer needs to be able to acknowledge to the sender that the TCP packet has been received, w...
2018-03896	Why do paper cuts hurt so bad?	Paper cuts are typically shallow in the skin and bleed very little, leaving the damaged nerves exposed and easily irritated (causing the sensation of pain)	[ "Paper cut (disambiguation)\n\nA paper cut is a gap in skin opened by an edge of a piece of paper.\n\nPaper cut or papercut also may refer to: \n\nSection::::Media.\n\nBULLET::::- \"Paper Cut\", a character in the American children's television series \"The Adventures of Pete & Pete\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Paper Cuts\" ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08668	Why does every website want permission to give me notifications?	Chrome has a notification API, and other browsers may have adopted it also. The intent was to make web apps more like native apps. Chrome has a background process that runs even if you close the browser that will show notifications, so yes you will see these notifications if you're on a different website or if your browser is closed. The websites want to send you notifications because it's a way to get you back to their site. News sites will probably use it to notify you of new stories. I believe you can disable this background process by going into Chrome's settings, expanding the Advanced settings (bottom of page), then going to the System section and turning off "Continue running background apps when Chrome is closed".	[ "As of 10.8 Mountain Lion, OS X provides desktop notifications via Notification Center. Previous versions of OS X have no built-in desktop notification feature; however, Growl is a popular application that provides similar functionality and enjoys broad support from third party software. iOS also includes Notificat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02535	Why can't emulated GameCube games, for example, be pre-translated for the computer?	Emulation generally doesn't run slow because of issues with translating the code, but rather the fact that the code is optimized for hardware that your computer doesn't have. Think of it like this. I have two calculators. One of them can do addition really well, it can do any addition problem in 1 second. This also means it can do multiplication by turning things like 3x5 into 3+3+3+3+3=15, though that means it takes 5 seconds to do that problem. This is your computer. I have another calculator that isn't near as fast as the first one, it takes it 3 whole seconds to do any addition problems. But this calculator has a special "multiplication circuit" on it that lets it do multiplication problems directly in only 2 seconds! So it doesn't need to break down 3x5 into addition, it can just chug for 2 seconds and then say "=15". This is the console being emulated. I give both of these calculators a sheet of multiplication problems (a video game); which one finishes first? Of course you would answer the second one, because every time the first one needs to do a problem it needs to break it down into addition steps. This is why emulation is slow and why you can't "pretranslate" a game in the method you are thinking of (the closest would be to prewrite the problems as addition instead of multiplication, which is what an official port of the game would be). Of course this doesn't mean emulations can't run fast or faster than the original. What if my first calculator was so good it only took .01 seconds to do an addition problem? Then even if it had to break every single multiplication problem up it would still probably be faster than the calculator with the special circuit that took 2 seconds to do a multiplication problem. This is what happens when you emulate older, smaller hardware like a game boy on modern computers and why it's more feasible; you basically are just overpowering the problem rather than actually making it easier. Newer consoles are much closer to normal computers in power, however, and that is the reason why emulating them well either runs much slower or requires a much more powerful PC.	[ "For instance, a successful x86-to-x64 static recompilation was generated for the procedural terrain generator of the video game \"Cube World\" in 2014.\n\nAnother example is the NES-to-x86 statically recompiled version of the videogame \"Super Mario Bros.\" which was generated under usage of LLVM in 2013.\n\nIn 20...	[ "Emulated games cannot be pre translated." ]	[ "They can be pre translated, that is just not the issue with why they run slow. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Emulated games cannot be pre translated." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "They can be pre translated, that is just not the issue with why they run slow. " ]
2018-01926	How can old games be put into resolutions like 4K and 1080p or maxed at 60fps?	Imagine I describe to you how to paint the flag of France: * Paint a blue band that covers the left third of the canvas. * Paint a white band that covers the middle third of the canvas. * Paint a red band that covers the right third of the canvas. I don't need to know how large your canvas is when I give these instructions to you. In fact, these instructions are valid regardless of whether you have a small canvas or a very big one! When an emulator renders an old video game at a high resolution, it is essentially just following the old instructions, but painting on a larger canvas.	[ "An example of a game that has had its original graphics re-rendered at higher resolutions is \"Hitman HD Trilogy\", which contains two games with high resolution graphics: \"\" and \"\". Both were originally released on PC, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. The original resolution was 480p on Xbox. With the remaster, the g...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01153	When something enters the sea does it make the seas level rise?	Yes, but since the sea is extremely wide, the effect is too small to measure. If all the ice on Greenland fell into the sea, that would raise global sea levels by a few metres.	[ "Many ports, urban conglomerations, and agricultural regions are built on river deltas, where subsidence of land contributes to a substantially increased \"relative\" sea level rise. This is caused by both unsustainable extraction of groundwater (in some places also by extraction of oil and gas), and by levees and ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08862	Why does the water go from super hot to lukewarm (even when turning the tap to cold) around 5-6am?	There are two reasons I can think of, the first is if the water is sitting in the pipes over time it will become the same temperature as the ambient temperature, if it is running through warm places that could make that initial burst of water warm. The other reason and what I'm thinking is the most likely is you have a hot water circulator running, perhaps on a timer. What happens is typically when you first turn on the hot water it will be cold until the warm water travels from the water heater to the faucet. People will hook up a pump that will circulate the water automatically so that when you go to use it, the water is already hot. But in order to circulate the water it has to go somewhere, your choices are to run a new pipe back to the input to the hit water heater, or you can take the easy route and just feed it into your existing cold water pipe, but the downside to that method is now when you use your cold water it is warm for a period of time.	[ "Abnormally hot temperatures can cause electricity demand to increase during the peak summertime hours of 4 to 7 p.m. when air conditioners are straining to overcome the heat. If a hot spell extends to three days or more, however, nighttime temperatures do not cool down, and the thermal mass in homes and buildings ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01890	How does a chimney not let air back in the house even when the fire is not lot?	1. Flues (already been covered by other posts) 2. Hot air rises. In general warm air exits through the chimney and cold air enters through cracks/openings in your houses exterior such as doors, windows and attic. This is true whether there is a fire burning or not. 3. Pressure differential - when wind blow across the top of your chimney, it creates a low pressure zone that “sucks” air upward like a straw. Sometimes the air currents around the exterior serve to reverse this movement (ie low pressure in the house pulling cold air down the chimney) but not often.	[ "Section::::Prevention.\n\nSteps to prevent this buildup of deposits include only running appliances hot during the initial ignition phase regularly, only building short and hotter fires, regular cleaning of flues using a chimney sweep, and only using internal chimney structures where possible versus a chimney atta...	[ "Chimneys don't let air back into the house." ]	[ "Chimneys do let air back into the house, but not often. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Chimneys don't let air back into the house.", "Chimneys don't let air back into the house when a fire is not lit." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Chimneys do let air back into the house, but not often. ", "Air can get back into the house when a chimney is not lit, it is just not that common. " ]
2018-04711	Why do our hands and feet get dry more /faster than the rest of our skin?	I agree with the other poster regarding clothing but also there’s a few more reasons - first because you tend to use your hands and feet more- washing up, walking etc so there’s the trauma element. Secondly the skin on the soles of your feet and palms of your hands tends to be thicker than average skin so the layers of the surface have been dead for longer (as it were) thus being more dehydrated and harder. The skin also has a slightly different structure to other body skin - think no hair follicles, more sweat glands etc. This may lead to a lack of oils and greater dehydration compared to the rest of the body. Thirdly these are extremities so nutrients from the blood and cellular waste products have further to travel to be used and/or eliminated. The structures for this tend to be smaller than the ones more proximal to the core of the body. HTH	[ "Keratolysis exfoliativa normally appears during warm weather. Due to excessive sweating and friction, in for example athletic shoes, the skin can start to exfoliate. Other factors that can cause exfoliation are detergents and solvents.\n\nAnother very common cause has been reported from salt water fishermen, who o...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-12797	Why are baker's hats shaped the way they are?	seems like it was just a popular sort of hat in general at the specific time french bakers got prominent so that random fashion of the time got stuck as the 'traditional" hat of bakers. It's like how all flight attendant uniforms look vaguely 1950s because plane flight got popular enough in the 1950s to have a standard uniform and even if stuff changes it still keeps elements of what everyone thinks of when they think of what a normal uniform would look like.	[ "Baker's guilds in Europe have used the kringle or pretzel as a symbol for centuries. It is told (but currently unconfirmed by historic documents), that when Vienna was besieged by the Turkish Ottoman armies in 1529, local bakers working in the night gave the city defence an early warning of the attacking enemy. Fo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02791	Why does it feel like you’re having a mini heart attack when something suddenly scares you?	It’s a fight or flight reaction your body has when startled. A long with this increased heart rate, your pupils dilated (allowing you to be able to take more in), your blood vessels also constricted. Increased heart rate + vasoconstriction = higher blood pressure. This is done due to the release of epinephrine, which is a vasopressor, and adrenaline. When your body this, it’s making a split second decision “am I going to fight, or am I going to run” This is as simple as I can make it. Feel free for anyone to add on	[ "The physiological response of surprise falls under the category of the startle response. The main function of surprise or the startle response is to interrupt an ongoing action and reorient attention to a new, possibly significant event. There is an automatic redirection of focus to the new stimuli and, for a brie...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-10311	How can video games that have been in development for 6-7 years have graphics that are up to or beyond todays standards?	When I developed games a two years ago, I was in charge of developing the "logic" without any visual assets (only using Unity built-in squares and spheres). Once this part is done, we 'skin' the game using real assets. I have no idea how is this done (or possible) in big companies developing AAA games. The /r/Simulated may make my idea clearer.	[ "Section::::Software.\n\nThere is a large variety and amount of software that will generate scenery and allow for editing of it. These can include: \n\nGame engines with terrain generation:\n\nMost game engines whether custom or proprietary will have terrain generation built in\n\nBULLET::::- See: List of Video Ga...	[ "Video game graphics are developed during the entire game development process." ]	[ "Video game logic is completed before finally \"skinning\" the game using real assets, these two aspects of game development are not done simultaneously." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Video game graphics are developed during the entire game development process." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Video game logic is completed before finally \"skinning\" the game using real assets, these two aspects of game development are not done simultaneously." ]
2018-06962	Why does water not help against spicy food?	Spice is carried on an oil, which is hydrophobic. Most it will do is spread the heat around. Something with fat in it, like milk, has a better chance of washing away the spicy oil.	[ "Capsaicinoids are the chemicals responsible for the \"hot\" taste of chili peppers. They are fat soluble and therefore water will be of no assistance when countering the burn. The most effective way to relieve the burning sensation is with dairy products, such as milk and yogurt. A protein called casein occurs in ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00271	Why do NFL teams demand hundreds of millions of dollars in public funding for their stadiums when their owners / ownership groups are billionaires?	Because they can. Why pay billions when someone else will just give it to you? I live in Las Vegas, and apparently our city was so desperate to get a NFL team, they offered to pay for most of the stadium. And because the people who live here refuse to take on a tax increase to pay for it, it will go to the "resort fee" that tourists pay when they stay in a hotel here.	[ "Over time, a market for subsidies has come into existence. Sports teams have realized their ability to relocate at lower and lower costs to their private contributors. Because local governments feel that keeping their sports teams around is critical to the success of their cities, they comply and grant teams subsi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02557	How did they print pictures in early days of newspaper ? I recently watched the movie The Post and the entire time I was wondering how they printed pictures with the movable metal type ?	They used a filter on photos that broke the image into tiny dots, called [halftone]( URL_0 ). You aren't actually seeing grey or varying shades of black, but dots getting smaller and further apart to create the illusion of grey tones. The image was then transferred to a plate, right along with the type, that was then inked and the image transferred to the paper by pressing the inked plate against it.	[ "Several different kinds of screens were proposed during the following decades, but the first half-tone photo-engraving process was invented by Canadians George-Édouard Desbarats and William Leggo Jr. On October 30, 1869, Desbarats published the \"Canadian Illustrated News\" which became the world's first periodica...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01641	Why do Formula 1 pit stop crew wear all white?	The Williams team wears white because that's their car's color scheme. The Ferrari team wears Ferrari Red, and Red Bull Racing wears Red Bull Blue. All the teams use a specific color scheme on their cars and crews.	[ "Marshals of top racing leagues dress in flame retardant overalls, usually white or orange so drivers see them clearly and so any flag displayed can be seen and comprehended more quickly. Warm layered clothing may be necessary underneath the overalls, since workers often must stand in one place for periods as long ...	[ "All Formula 1 pit stop crews wear all white." ]	[ "Other teams wear other colors. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All Formula 1 pit stop crews wear all white." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Other teams wear other colors. " ]
2018-02248	in WWE, how do the crowd know to make signs about whats going to happen on the show?	There are tons of WWE rumor sites out there which will tell you what is going to happen in the future.	[ "Special ring entrances are also developed for big occasions, most notably the WrestleMania event. For example, WrestleMania III and VI both saw all wrestlers enter the arena on motorized miniature wrestling rings. Live bands are sometimes hired to perform live entrance music at special events. John Cena and Triple...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01538	Why isn't the 2000s called the 20th century and the 1900s, the 19th etc?	Well, just go back and count from the beginning. 0001-0100 = 1st century 0101-0200 = 2nd century 0201-0300 = 3rd century ... 0901-1000 = 10th century ... 1801-1900 = 19th century 1901-2000 = 20th century 2001-2100 = 21st century	[ "Aughts\n\nThe \"aughts\" is one way of referring to the first decade of a century, in American English, such as 2000s (decade). In modern history, the numbering of the first decade of the 1900s and the first decade of the 2000s became challenging for societies that had grown accustomed to referring to prior decade...	[ "The 2000s should be called the 20th century and the 1900s should be called the 19th. " ]	[ "The first century starts from year 0 to 100. Therefore when calculating, it is not incorrect to state that we currently live in the 21st century. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The 2000s should be called the 20th century and the 1900s should be called the 19th. ", "The 2000s should be called the 20th century and the 1900s should be called the 19th. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The first century starts from year 0 to 100. Therefore when calculating, it is not incorrect to state that we currently live in the 21st century. ", "The first century starts from year 0 to 100. Therefore when calculating, it is not incorrect to state that we currently live in the 21st century. " ]
2018-19573	How fast would you have to drive over a landmine (or minefield) not to be affected by the resulting explosion(s)?	As fast or faster than the shrapnel being expelled from the landmine you just ran over. It's all relative. For example, a claymore has a muzzle velocity of 1218 meters per second. If you are going faster than that there's no way it can catch you.	[ "Secondary injuries from a blast mine are often caused by the material that has been torn loose by the mine's explosion. This consists of the soil and stones that were on top of the mine, parts of the victim's footwear and the small bones in the victim's foot. This debris creates wounds typical of similar secondary...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02233	Why did adultery become decriminalised in many western countries?	In a secular society, a marriage is just a contract. There are no criminal penalties for violating other types of contracts (aside from things like fraud,) and no harm to society from violating a marriage contract. So it makes no sense to criminalize a matter that's ultimately between two people, when there's already civil courts to deal with the financial consequences of adultery (i.e divorce, alimony, division of assets, etc)	[ "Many couples of the time chose to petition on the grounds of adultery, even when no adultery had been committed. In this situation, a popular solution was what was known as \"hotel evidence\": the man and an uninvolved woman would travel to a seaside resort for a weekend, and go around publicly and ostentatiously ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16413	How does flash paper not leave any ash when burned?	The paper or cotton are treated with Nitric and sulfuric acid. The process uses nitric acid to convert cellulose into cellulose nitrate and water because chemistry!	[ "The residue left after complete combustion of paper at high temperature is known as ash content of the paper. It is generally expressed as percent of the original test sample and represents filler content in the paper. Ash content is not an important property of paper but it helps to know the level of fillers in t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "All paper leaves ash when burned." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Nitric acid converts cellulose into cellulose nitrate and water leaves no ash when burned." ]
2018-14991	How does the military (any military) do air-to-air weapons testing?	They have drones. Sometimes there are purpose built drones like the [Chukar]( URL_0 ), sometimes they'll rig a mothballed old fighter from the boneyards in Arizona and remote control it. The 82nd aerial targets unit out of Tyndall AFB fly old F-4s as full size targets.	[ "APR 85 - JAN 90: Colonel G R Owens\n\nJAN 90 - MAY 93: Colonel S A S Hill\n\nMAY 93 - DEC 96: Colonel R M A Joy\n\nDEC 96 - MAY 98: Colonel T R Bradwell\n\nCommanding Officer JATEU\n\nMAY 98 - AUG 99: Wing Commander C M Eames RAF\n\nAUG 99 - AUG 01: Lieutenant Colonel T Mills REME\n\nAUG 01 - AUG 03: Lieutenant Co...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03893	How does a human who doesn't know any language "think" (speak to himself) ?	[Here's an article about a person who was born deaf and didn't learn sign language until adulthood.]( URL_0 ) He's not interested in answering your question though: > What is it like to live without language? Unfortunately, Ildefonso doesn’t help us too much with that: > > It’s another frustration that Ildefonso doesn’t want to talk about it. For him, that was the dark time. Whenever I ask him, and I’ve asked him many, many times over the years, he always starts out with the visual representation of an imbecile: his mouth drops, his lower lip drops, and he looks stupid. He does something nonsensical with his hands like, “I don’t know what’s going on.” He always goes back to “I was stupid.” > > It doesn’t matter how many times I tell him, no, you weren’t exposed to language and… The closest I’ve ever gotten is he’ll say, “Why does anyone want to know about this? This is the bad time.” What he wants to talk about is learning language.	[ "The language of thought hypothesis has been both controversial and groundbreaking. Some philosophers reject the LOTH, arguing that our public language \"is\" our mental language—a person who speaks English \"thinks\" in English. But others contend that complex thought is present even in those who do not possess a ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Humans who don't know language think to themselves." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "While we aren't totally sure, the example of Ildefonso seems to indicate we may not think if we don't know language. At least not in the way we traditionally define \"thinking\"." ]
2018-21584	How do the same programs run on different operating systems?	There are development languages that are cross platform. This is one way this can be accomplished. The same code base will run in various environments (Linux/BSD/Windows) and then OS specific code can be ran inside the software that is called based on what environment the code detects. Also, a second way would be runtime emulation such as WINE, but I don't think that is what you are referring to	[ "Another approach is to implement VMs on the operating system level, so all VMs run on the same OS instance (or incarnation), but are fundamentally separated to not interfere with each other.\n\nSection::::Classes by function.:Workstations.\n", "Both 'Program Files' and 'Common Program Files' can be moved. At sys...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21356	How many Humans have existed??	The first "modern" homo sapiens, who looked like we do today first appeared roughly 50,000 years ago. It is currently estimated that approx 100-120 Billion of us have been born since then.	[ "Historical migration of human populations begins with the movement of \"Homo erectus\" out of Africa across Eurasia about a million years ago. \"Homo sapiens\" appear to have occupied all of Africa about 150,000 years ago, moved out of Africa 50,000 - 60,000 years ago, and had spread across Australia, Asia and Eur...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20972	Why does your ring finger move when you flex your pinky finger?	Tendons you have in your forearm control your fingers. The ring and pinky fingers share tendons. It's fun to squeeze your forearm and see your fingers slightly move without you consciously moving them	[ "All four non-thumb digits (index finger, middle finger, ring finger and little finger) contain three bones called the \"phalanges\" that are aligned in a linear row like box cars in a train. These bones are designated the proximal phalanx (closest to the palm), the middle phalanx, and the distal phalanx (farthest ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04354	After getting off a treadmill why does it fill like you're still on it?	URL_0 Basically, it's velocitization. On a treadmill you can be running 12+ mph, but as soon you get off you got back to 0 or 2 mph. The difference of speed makes you feel like you're still moving even though you're not moving much. You might also feel dizzy, with high heart bpm because you didn't slow down for a period of time.	[ "Among the users of treadmills today are medical facilities (hospitals, rehabilitation centers, medical and physiotherapy clinics, institutes of higher education), sports clubs, Biomechanics Institute, orthopedic shoe shops, running shops, Olympic training centers, universities, fire-training centers, NASA, test fa...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10354	How do so many countries commit war crimes, and yet there seems to be little action against it?	There is no world court that can go around arresting people for committing war crimes. The closest thing you have to that is the International Court of Justice. But the ICJ is more of a Western European political tool than anything else. It would never prosecute a Western European leader, and cannot operate in countries that are not militarily controlled by a Western European country. But there is also a problem with your question, which is the assumption that the commission of war crimes is widespread. There is reason for that because the media in general, and people on the internet in particular, like calling every action by countries they deem to be their enemy a war crime. In order for a civilian killing to be a legal war crime, the killing needs to be done intentionally, with knowledge of the civilian's status, and there cannot be a military purpose behind the killing. That means that if a bomb misses its intended target and strikes a civilian that is not a war crime, because there was no intention to kill civilians. That means that if a building is reasonably believed to be housing solely combatants, but it turns out to be a civilian building instead that is not a war crime because there was no intention to kill civilians. That means that if combatants are hiding amongst a group of civilians, the killing of those civilians is not a war crime because the killing had a military purpose. In the modern world, the overwhelming majority of civilians that are killed by a military are killed because their government intentionally deceives it's opponent into thinking that civilian buildings are in fact military buildings or because militants attempt to use civilians as human shields. When civilians are killed under those circumstances it does not give rise to the commission of a war crime.	[ "War crimes trials have become a critically important component of nation building. PILPG’s War Crimes Practice Area was established in 1996, with an agreement between Richard Goldstone and PILPG to provide research assistance to the International Prosecutor on issues pending before the ICTY. In the past, the War C...	[ "Commission of war crimes is widespread. " ]	[ "The commission of war crimes is not widespread, media and internet wrongfully call enemy actions war crimes. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Commission of war crimes is widespread. ", "Many countries commit war crimes." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The commission of war crimes is not widespread, media and internet wrongfully call enemy actions war crimes. ", "The commission of war crimes is not widespread, as they must have no military purpose." ]
2018-08612	Why is it that hot or even warm water causes our sunburns to hurt more?	Hot water increases blood flow to the skin. More blood means more sensitivity, more sensitivity means more pain.	[ "Minor sunburns typically cause nothing more than slight redness and tenderness to the affected areas. In more serious cases, blistering can occur. Extreme sunburns can be painful to the point of debilitation and may require hospital care.\n\nSection::::Signs and symptoms.:Duration.\n\nSunburn can occur in less tha...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-18932	What’s the difference between the urine that women excrete when they’re pregnant and regular urine?	A higher concentration of pregnancy related hormones. That's what pregnancy tests measure (and I'm guessing the basis for the question).	[ "Urine contains proteins and other substances that are useful for medical therapy and are ingredients in many prescription drugs (e.g., Ureacin, Urecholine, Urowave). Urine from postmenopausal women is rich in gonadotropins that can yield follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone for fertility therapy. O...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05215	why do spacecraft re-enter the earth’s atmosphere so quickly? Why can’t they just gently descend?	Plus, gravity is pulling on them at 9.82m/s^2, so it's nearly impossible to come in gently.	[ "Even in the case of an airless body, there is a limit to how close a spacecraft may approach. The magnitude of the achievable change in velocity depends on the spacecraft's approach velocity and the planet's escape velocity at the point of closest approach (limited by either the surface or the atmosphere.)\n", "...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14504	Why does light / images bend or curve in the infinite void created when two mirrors reflect each other?	Basically its because the two mirrors are never perfectly flat and parallel with one another. The slight difference (which is probably significantly less than a degree) is multiplied with every subsequent reflection, so it doesn't take many repeats (of which you can probably see 30-40 or more) before the difference becomes very noticeable. Plus, the mirrors don't reflect all the light. Even a very good mirror reflects only 95% of the light, so every reflection absorbs 5'% of the light. That's why it doesn't take very long at all before the image darkens to the point where you can't see anything.	[ "All the conic sections share a \"reflection property\" that can be stated as: All mirrors in the shape of a non-degenerate conic section reflect light coming from or going toward one focus toward or away from the other focus. In the case of the parabola, the second focus needs to be thought of as infinitely far aw...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04988	If DNA contains informations about our whole body, why can we not regenerate certain body parts if they gets removed?	IKEA instructions do not equal a finished IKEA cabinet :) similarly, if you build the cabinet you no longer have the materials to build another one, even though you still have the instructions. You need more materials (which, for humans, basically boils down to stem cells). This isn’t perfectly 1 to 1, though. Most of the genetic information that our bodies utilize is for the internal processes on the cellular level to ensure that things run smoothly and you stay alive. The most marked development that we make, which is in the womb, is only possible because of the highly malleable nature of stem cells. Those stem cells change into different cells once we’re born and are spread all over our respective internal systems, thus limiting their uses. What I can’t answer, though, is why humans are unable to regenerate while other animals can. It’s definitely something that researchers are investigating, but there is no real concrete answer yet. The Darwinian explanation is that over the millions of years that those animals developed, evolution by natural selection ‘selected’ for traits that are most beneficial for that species’ survival. Evidently, humans did not need significant regeneration to survive!	[ "Almost any piece from a \"Schmidtea mediterranea\" individual can regenerate an entire organism in a few days. This is in part enabled by the presence of abundant pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts. Transplantation of a single neoblast to a fatally injured animal has been shown to rescue the animal \n", "In...	[ "DNA should have enough information to regenerate body parts." ]	[ "DNA contains instructions but not materials." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "DNA should have enough information to regenerate body parts." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "DNA contains instructions but not materials." ]
2018-20713	Why the airplane's black box is orange and what does the black refers to?	Orange because it’s bright and easy to find after crush. Black box means you have no idea what’s inside until after you open it.	[ "By 1967 when flight recorders were mandated by leading aviation countries, the casual misnomer had found its way into general use: “These so-called ‘black boxes’ are, in fact, of fluorescent flame-orange in colour.”\n\nNevertheless, the technically precise terms used among aviation experts today are “flight data r...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "The black box should be black, not orange" ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "\"Black\" refers not to the color of the box to the fact that you have no idea what's inside until after you open it." ]
2018-12349	How do cemeteries make money after all plots are bought?	In the US there are several kinds of Cemetery. 1) Family cemeteries on private land which earn no income. 2) Government owned cemeteries maintained by tax money. Some are federal like Arlington, some are locally or State operated. While they often sell plots that is not their primary funding 3) Privately owned cemeteries operated for public use. These sell plots and utilize that money for maintenance. There are laws that require all cemeteries open to the public to take a large percentage of the money they get selling plots to be put into investment trusts that are used to generate interest that are then used for maintaining the cemetery. This is done even by the government operated ones even though they are supplemented by taxes. Some cemeteries also have a limited amount of time that you own the plot and after that time your body is exhumed and moved to a mausoleum, osuery, or some kind of crypt. This allows them to sell the plot again. This is not common in the US as most burial plots are in perpetuity here, but it is somewhat common in Europe and other parts of the world.	[ "Originally graves in this cemetery were sold in lots of 16. The LDS Church charged $20 for 16 graves. That price was later increased to $50 per grave. In the 1980s cemetery management began selling graves one at a time instead of in lots of 16. In the 1990s the price of graves was increased to $425. In 2012 the pr...	[ "All cemeteries can make money after all plots are bought.", "Cemeteries make money after all the plots are sold." ]	[ "Family cemetaries earn no income, government owned cemetaries are maintained by tax money, and privately owned cemetaries gain income from not only selling plots but by reselling plots if a body is exhumed and moved to a mausoleum, osuery, or crypt.", "Selling plots is not a primary money-making source for cemet...	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "All cemeteries can make money after all plots are bought.", "Cemeteries make money after all the plots are sold." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Family cemetaries earn no income, government owned cemetaries are maintained by tax money, and privately owned cemetaries gain income from not only selling plots but by reselling plots if a body is exhumed and moved to a mausoleum, osuery, or crypt.", "Selling plots is not a primary money-making source for cemet...
2018-13115	What exactly happened at the Helsinki Conference and why was it traitorous?	We don't know exactly what happened, as the full content of the discussion has not been made available. A point that has drawn considerable criticism from both Democratic and Republican officials was a speech by US President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin, in which Trump expressed confidence in Putin's denials of foreign interference in US elections, and appeared to dismiss the findings of US intelligence agencies. For example: > “All I can do is ask the question. My people came to me, Dan Coats came to me and some others. They said they think it’s Russia. I have President Putin. He just said it’s not Russia. I will say this. I don’t see any reason why it would be. I have confidence in both parties.” Emphasis added. Whether one considers that traitorous is a separate question. However generally the discussion has centered on the perception of those actions by Russia as hostile, and as such Russia as a hostile force, and Trump's actions in turn providing cover for them against law enforcement in the United states.	[ "BULLET::::- The BHHRG based part of a Latvia report on an interview with Alfreds Rubiks, the Communist who led the \"National Salvation Committee\" which would have co-ordinated repression had the coup against Gorbachev not failed in 1991.\n", "In the CSCE terminology, there were four groupings or baskets. in th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "What happened at the Helsinki Conference may have been traitorous." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Donald Trump's actions at the conference provided cover for Russia against law enforcement in the US ." ]
2018-23728	Why are presidents typically able to step down instead of going to jail for their crimes?	Typically there isn't evidence beyond reasonable doubt that a president has committed a crime punishable by jail time.	[ "The president has power to nominate federal judges, including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States. However, these nominations require Senate confirmation before they may take office. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish ...	[ "We know that presidents commit crimes and let them step down instead of going to jail." ]	[ "We may not have enough evidence to prove the crime, but they still step down to avoid pressure. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We know that presidents commit crimes and let them step down instead of going to jail.", "We know that presidents commit crimes and let them step down instead of going to jail." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "We may not have enough evidence to prove the crime, but they still step down to avoid pressure. ", "We may not have enough evidence to prove the crime, but they still step down to avoid pressure. " ]
2018-14749	Why does turning down the heat while cooking give off more steam?	The steam you see at a low boil is actually tiny drops of liquid water condensing in the (somewhat) cooler air above the pot. "Dry" steam is an invisible gas, so when the air above the pot is hot enough - for example, when more water is boiling off more rapidly - the invisible dry water gas can't condense into visible droplets.	[ "A cooking technique called flash boiling uses a small amount of water to quicken the process of boiling. For example, this technique can be used to melt a slice of cheese onto a hamburger patty. The cheese slice is placed on top of the meat on a hot surface such as a frying pan, and a small quantity of cold water ...	[ "Turning down the heat while cooking gives off more steam." ]	[ "There are two types of steam: dry steam is an invisible gas given off liquid when it's hot enough to do so, and visible steam is made up of condensing visible droplets at a lower temperature." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Turning down the heat while cooking gives off more steam.", "Turning down the heat while cooking gives off more steam." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "There are two types of steam: dry steam is an invisible gas given off liquid when it's hot enough to do so, and visible steam is made up of condensing visible droplets at a lower temperature.", "There are two types of steam: dry steam is an invisible gas given off liquid when it's hot enough to do so, and visibl...
2018-08258	Why are some tests/exams scored on seemingly arbitrary ranges instead of straight percentage?	For a lot of standardized tests it's not really feasible to get a zero. Failing a multiple choice test that badly would be impressive, since you should get some percentage of the questions correct simply by random chance. So tests have different ways to deal with this. Some consider any score below some threshold to be effectively the same as this random chance minimum score. Some subtract from your score for each wrong answer so that the random chance score is zero. the AP tests do this. They also often consider some questions harder than others, so getting 95% right is considered a lot more difficult than getting 90% right. In those tests, the results may not scale linearly with % correct. The ACT does this.	[ "With the exception of 2018, moderation was applied to account for variations in region sets (as then students in different regions would be answering different question papers). In 2018, when everyone around the world answered the same questions, this practice was renamed as \"standardisation,\" with the CBSE grad...	[ "Some tests/exams are scored on arbitrary ranges instead of a percentage." ]	[ "Multiple choice standardized tests have a random chance minimum score so the score is adjusted to account for that." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Some tests/exams are scored on arbitrary ranges instead of a percentage.", "Some tests/exams are scored on arbitrary ranges instead of a percentage." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Multiple choice standardized tests have a random chance minimum score so the score is adjusted to account for that.", "Multiple choice standardized tests have a random chance minimum score so the score is adjusted to account for that." ]
2018-24344	Why do some humans have crooked or spaced out teeth when every other animal pretty much always has straight teeth?	Take a mouse for example. Mice only have 4 teeth. 2 front teeth on the top and 2 front teeth on the bottom. These must be straight so they join in the middle to pinch/cut into food. If the teeth are not straight, they instead slide past eachother (sometimes resulting in their bottom tooth piercing into their top lip/snout and their top tooth piercing into their bottom lip/chin). This is called a malocclusion. Mice with this problem die very quickly because their teeth become worthless for feeding and the injuries get infected very quickly (eat, sleep, and roll around in their own excrements). Animals that rely on teeth for eating (most animals) will die at early ages from starvation, so you usually won't be around long enough for us to see them. Moreover, animals that have a genetic basis for having crooked teeth probably won't live long enough to reproduce. As humans, this isn't a big deal because we can choose to eat soft foods, and we have orthodontics like braces to correct malocclusions and crooked teeth. Additionally, we have veneers, dentures, bridges, crowns and other artificial contrivances to fix the issue. Humans that would have died out thousands of years ago for being unable to eat, can now live long and healthy lives. As a neuroscientist I work with rodents a lot and if the mice develop malocclusions, we try to correct it by shaving their teeth down so they have another shot to grow straight (mice grow teeth how we grow fingernails: continuously from the base) and supply a nutrient paste. If that doesn't work, we usually have to put them down because they won't be able to eat enough to sustain themselves.	[ "BULLET::::- Crowded teeth and poor sinus drainage, as human faces are significantly flatter than those of other primates and humans share the same tooth set. This results in a number of problems, most notably with wisdom teeth, which can damage neighboring teeth or cause serious infections of the mouth.\n", "The...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01759	How can the universe expand into something if the universe is considered everything?	> Why is it expanding? As far as we can tell it's always been expanding, and nothing is stopping it from continuing. In fact, our latest observations suggest it's picking up speed. Due to what? We have no idea: that's "dark energy". Figure that out, and there is almost certainly a Nobel Prize waiting for you. > What is there to expand into? If the universe is infinite, nothing. If the universe is finite, we can't know. The observable universe is definitely smaller than the universe, so if there is an edge out there, we have no way of observing or reaching it, ever. I know neither or these possibilities are very gratifying, but there it is.	[ "Over time, the space that makes up the universe is expanding. The words 'space' and 'universe', sometimes used interchangeably, have distinct meanings in this context. Here 'space' is a mathematical concept that stands for the three-dimensional manifold into which our respective positions are embedded while 'unive...	[ "Universe is expanding into something." ]	[ "We don't know if the universe is expanding into something or if it is infinite. Nor can we know what might be on the other side of this theoretical \"edge\"." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Universe is expanding into something." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "We don't know if the universe is expanding into something or if it is infinite. Nor can we know what might be on the other side of this theoretical \"edge\"." ]
2018-04644	How and why did humans develop speech and language?	We don't know. There are lots of conjectures, but most of them are, to put it in ELI5 terms, ridiculous. Because we didn't have any tape recorders to record the first human speech, we're relying simply on guesswork. Non-human mammals use sound to communicate, but they're usually mating calls, warnings, that kind of thing. Are those systems "languages"? By some definitions maybe, but in that case there likely never was a time when humans didn't have language. Did language develop from that? It seems a reasonable enough theory, but it's still just a wild guess. Dubious cases of sign-language-using gorillas aside (there's a lot of controversy about them), human language is distinct from other animals' communication systems in a few important ways. Most importantly, we can say anything we want to: in English, we have about forty different sounds, and we can arrange them in any manner we please, to convey any kind of message we want, even messages that have never been conveyed before -- and we can still be confident we'll be understood. Animals, on the other hand, can only say a small number of things: "I am here," or "Get out of my territory or I'll attack," or "Look out! Snake!" They cannot combine sounds in new and different ways to say something new. Perhaps the beginnings of a recognizably human language came about when our ancestors had words for things -- nouns -- and words for actions -- verbs. Perhaps their first sentences were simple combinations of one verb and one noun, and our languages grew from that. Perhaps. But we have absolutely no way of knowing. There were, as I said, no tape recorders; and writing wasn't invented until we already had highly sophisticated complete languages. Everything that happened before the invention of writing is unknown and (without a time machine) unknowable.	[ "Section::::Conceptual frameworks.:Speech act theory.\n\nOne way to explain biological complexity is by reference to its inferred function. According to the influential philosopher John Austin, speech's primary function is action in the social world.\n", "Section::::Conceptual frameworks.:Natural science or socia...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00660	What does the "strength" of an earthquake acutally mean?	As you may know, an earthquake occurs when two slabs of rock move relative to one another over a surface called a "fault". Moment magnitude is simply the product of the area of the fault ruptured, the relative movement across the fault, and the stiffness of the rock (called the shear modulus). It is closely related to the energy released in the earthquake, but the relation is not trivial. The moment magnitude does not take into account any other factors, so ignores the depth, duration, size of area affected, and so on. The moment magnitude is an important quantity in academia because it is directly related to the fault rupture itself. However, it is not of huge benefit for working out impacts because other parameters like proximity to population centres, building quality, depth and surface geology (the waves that cause the damage are surface waves that only represent a tiny fraction of the total earthquake energy, and these waves can be amplified or suppressed depending on the geology at the surface) are a lot more important than the moment magnitude. You may be interested in the USGS's [PAGER program]( URL_0 ) which tries to take these factors into account to estimate the economic and humanitarian impact of earthquakes when they happen.	[ "The small table is a rough guide to the degrees of the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. The colors and descriptive names shown here differ from those used on certain shake maps in other articles.\n\nSection::::Modified Mercalli Intensity scale.:Estimating site intensity and its use in seismic hazard assessment.\...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02380	Why do modern Game Consoles (i.e: Xbox One) seem to have less games than their predecessors (i.e: Xbox 360) despite having the same game companies?	If you look at big publishers, they're moving their focus to making money via their new term "live services" (so to them, you'd ideally play destiny 2 for 10 years, constantly giving them money through their own currency). EA made $4 Billion last year just from "live services" eclipsing what they make from game sales. Maybe it's a fad, but it does give independent games an "in" for people who don't like that model (assuming they don't also follow the same model, as it's a money factory).	[ "Many media reports include exclusive hardware and software as points of consideration for consumers. They also draw attention to the relevance of such exclusive titles for the developer, as there may be a potential for greater sales volume when releasing on multiple platforms. Firms such as Microsoft, Sony and Nin...	[ "Because modern consoles have the same game companies as their predecessors, they shouldn't have fewer games than the earlier consoles." ]	[ "Companies have opted to make more money off of live services than the video games themselves, resulting in less games." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Because modern consoles have the same game companies as their predecessors, they shouldn't have fewer games than the earlier consoles.", "Because modern consoles have the same game companies as their predecessors, they shouldn't have fewer games than the earlier consoles." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Companies have opted to make more money off of live services than the video games themselves, resulting in less games.", "Companies have opted to make more money off of live services than the video games themselves, resulting in less games." ]
2018-10746	If the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Norwegian & Swedish) are mutually intelligible, why are they considered distinct languages instead of different dialects of the same language?	Its kind of a semantic argument, you could make the same point for Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese. while it is a partially political distinction the many thing is that mutually intelligible is really hard to prove as a set concept. The main theory being that just because you can understand a few words doesn't mean you can hold a conversation. and there is a fuzzy line in there somewhere that splits dialects and languages. I wish there was a better answer but there is no golden rule.	[ "Some linguists claim that mutual intelligibility is, ideally at least, the primary criterion separating languages from dialects. On the other hand, speakers of closely related languages can often communicate with each other; thus there are varying degrees of mutual intelligibility, and often other criteria are als...	[ "Mutually intelligible languages means one can hold a conversation in that other language." ]	[ "Being able to understand a few words in a mutually intelligible language does not mean one can hold a conversation." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Mutually intelligible languages means one can hold a conversation in that other language.", "Mutually intelligible languages means one can hold a conversation in that other language." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Being able to understand a few words in a mutually intelligible language does not mean one can hold a conversation.", "Being able to understand a few words in a mutually intelligible language does not mean one can hold a conversation." ]
2018-19419	If I use a plastic straw and put it in the trash, how does it make it to the ocean.	Most developed countries dispose of their trash in relatively responsible ways. The biggest problem is underdeveloped countries that don't have a waste disposal infrastructure that end up throwing their garbage in rivers that flow into the ocean.	[ "Plastic debris from inland states come from two main sources: ordinary litter and materials from open dumps and landfills that blow or wash away to inland waterways and wastewater outflows. The refuse finds its way from inland waterways, rivers, streams and lakes to the ocean. Though ocean and coastal area cleanup...	[ "Plastic thrown in the trash will make its way to the ocean.", "Plastic thrown in the trash will make its way to the ocean.", "Plastic thrown in the trash will make its way to the ocean." ]	[ "Plastic in the trash will only go to the ocean in underdeveloped nations that don't dispose of their waste properly. ", "Plastic in the trash will only go to the ocean in underdeveloped nations that don't dispose of their waste properly. ", "Plastic in the trash will only go to the ocean in underdeveloped nati...	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Plastic thrown in the trash will make its way to the ocean.", "Plastic thrown in the trash will make its way to the ocean.", "Plastic thrown in the trash will make its way to the ocean.", "Plastic thrown in the trash will make its way to the ocean." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Plastic in the trash will only go to the ocean in underdeveloped nations that don't dispose of their waste properly. ", "Plastic in the trash will only go to the ocean in underdeveloped nations that don't dispose of their waste properly. ", "Plastic in the trash will only go to the ocean in underdeveloped nati...
2018-01953	How do air-conditioners produce cold air when it's so hot outside?	An air conditioner can work as long as the compressed gas in the outside part can condense into a liquid. Let's look at how an air conditioner works. The science behind it is that when you squash a gas, it gets hot, and when you allow a gas to expand, it gets cold. You can feel this when you pump up a bike tyre - the pump gets hot as the gas is squashed. You can feel the other way when you use deodorant - the compressed gas expands as you release it, and becomes cold. So, an air conditioner has an amount of gas inside it. The pump squashes that gas, and it gets hot. This hot gas goes to the coils outside. As long as the outside is not as hot as the gas - 65°C is typical - it cools down, giving up that heat to the air outside. Provided it can give up enough heat, the gas condenses to a hot liquid, because of the high pressure. Then this liquid then passes through a valve that drops the pressure. Some of it instantly evaporates, and making that liquid evaporate (or, boil) takes heat energy. Just like that deodorant, the temperature of it drops. Now it is cold, and it is passed through the coils on the inside. Here it pulls heat out of the air inside the room, and this heat is used to boil off the liquid, back into a gas. This gas then flows back to the pump, to be compresed again, which heats it up, and it gives up the heat pulled from the inside of the room (together with heat from the work done by the pump) in the outside coils again. So as long as it is not too hot for the high pressure, hot gas to condense to a liquid, the air conditioner will work fine.	[ "Energy recovery systems sometimes utilize heat recovery ventilation or energy recovery ventilation systems that employ heat exchangers or enthalpy wheels to recover sensible or latent heat from exhausted air. This is done by transfer of energy to the incoming outside fresh air.\n\nSection::::Energy efficiency.:Air...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15008	How do people go about measuring the heights of mountains?	Today, you can just put a GPS Tracker on the top and measure it against the nearest height of the sea. Other methods can be: Measure the air pressure Triangulate by other visible objects Fly a Plane with radar over it	[ "Section::::Survey operation.\n\nAfter careful setup of the level, the height of the cross hairs is determined by either sighting from a known benchmark with known height determined by a previous survey or an arbitrary point with an assumed height is used.\n", "To measure an unknown slope, the surveyor first sigh...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21470	why is water not flammable	Hydrogen gas is flammable because it's easily "oxidized" - attacked by oxygen gas or another aggressive electron stealer. When things burn or rust, they're generally being chemically attacked by oxygen. Water is already fully oxidized, the oxygen has already pilfered two electrons (the only two they have to give) from two hapless hydrogen atoms and is now stable and happy. Water will still participate in other types of chemical reactions, but it's not going to further react with oxygen. An even more powerful oxidizing agent can displace (or even attack) the oxygen if you really wanted to "burn" water.	[ "Use of water in fire fighting should also take into account the hazards of a steam explosion, which may occur when water is used on very hot fires in confined spaces, and of a hydrogen explosion, when substances which react with water, such as certain metals or hot carbon such as coal, charcoal, or coke graphite, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02299	Why do some street lights buzz?	For the same reason that some fluorescent lights buzz. They contain a circuit to generate a high voltage (because that is needed to pull electrons off the gas in the bulb and ionize it). That high voltage circuit is oscillating, and the rapid current changes cause rapid magnetic field changes. The leads to [magnetostriction]( URL_0 ), where the magnetic field changes cause some materials to slightly deform rapidly. They literally get longer/shorter or bigger/smaller as the magnetic field effects them. Just not by very much. Or they can simply get moved back and forth. That can cause buzzing, whining, rattling, etc. It might not even be the thing undergoing magnetostriction that makes the noise; it could be shaking something else and that thing makes the noise. The same phenomenon can cause other gizmos to make noise. Transformer whine/buzz, capacitor whine. etc.	[ "In at least some parts of Sydney, the ripple frequency is 1042 Hz. The signal usually consists of several bursts of a few seconds on and off, followed by a period of up to 50 seconds on. This is coded to affect only selected equipment. Occurrences are very frequent, sometimes several times an hour throughout the d...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02860	Why is it wasting water when we let it run while we brush our teeth?	Water that goes down the drain has already been purified once, and will now have to be purified again before it can be discharged. The water itself can be reclaimed, but the energy used to purify it is wasted.	[ "Water used for agriculture is called \"agricultural water\" or \"farm water.\" Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of f...	[ "Wasting water when you let it go down the drain." ]	[ "You are wasting energy because the water can be reclaimed it just needs to be purified again. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Wasting water when you let it go down the drain." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You are wasting energy because the water can be reclaimed it just needs to be purified again. " ]
2018-06423	How does a modern phone determine what orientation it is? (vertical and horizontal)	The phone has a sensor that can sense acceleration. The thing is that everything is constantly affected by gravity, which means that the sensor will pick up a force of 9.81m/s² (or 1G) that points in some direction. The phone then knows that this direction is "down". If you would take your phone to e.g. a space station then the automatic orientation of the screen would no longer work, since the gravitational force is cancelled out by the space station rotating around earth.	[ "Picture orientation is recorded such that photos (but not videos) are always right-side-up, and are cropped on their ends if being viewed in the opposite orientation from which they were taken. However, the phone only recognizes upright (portrait) and rotated onto its left side (landscape), and does not recognize ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12072	How did the Thai soccer team get trapped in a cave?	Ya they walked in, then the cave flooded due to monsoon rains. Way out became blocked by water.	[ "Tham Luang cave rescue\n\nIn June and July 2018, a widely publicised cave rescue successfully extricated members of a junior football team trapped in Tham Luang Nang Non cave in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Twelve members of the team, aged eleven to sixteen, and their 25-year-old assistant coach entered the cave...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19974	How do we tell how old distant planets are?	Calculation and deduction from things we can detect. Stars for example work on a balance between gravity and fusion heat. Gravity pulls the star together but once the component materials such as hydrogen are compressed and heated enough they fuse together, releasing energy which pushes the material apart. This also slows the rate of reaction. So a bigger star then has more gravity and can burn more fuel (and is forced to do so). Heated elements also emit an identifiable spectra of light, so we can look at a star's light and determine what it is composed of. Then by gaging its brightness we can see how quickly it is burning fuel and as a consequence how massive it must be. From that we can conclude how old the star must be, and planets that orbit that star usually formed from the same field of material as the star. Different compositions of planet form at different speeds and so by determining the general makeup of the planet the estimate can again be narrowed down.	[ "BULLET::::- PSR B1620-26 b: On July 10, using information obtained from the Hubble Space Telescope, a team of scientists led by Steinn Sigurðsson confirmed the oldest extrasolar planet yet. The planet is located in the globular star cluster M4, about 5,600 light years from Earth in the constellation Scorpius. This...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01187	When you hold something hot in your hand, and have to let go, why does the pain you get come delayed for like 1 second?	The movement of the arm away from a hot object is a reflex action, your central nervous system doesn't wait for the message to reach the brain and instead the reflex is entirely handled by nervous system elements in your spine. The fact that you moved your hand away from the hot object before you 'felt' the pain (in your brain) draws your attention to the phenomena and makes it seem as though you chose to move your hand away before feeling anything hence the perceived delay.	[ "First, nociception is required. This is the ability to detect noxious stimuli which evoke a reflex response that rapidly moves the entire animal, or the affected part of its body, away from the source of the stimulus. The concept of nociception does not imply any adverse, subjective \"feeling\" – it is a reflex ac...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23169	where does the energy come from if we burn hydrogen	Atoms in molecules are held together with bonds. Since it takes energy to break these bonds, naturally, energy is released when they are formed. Whether a chemical reaction results in a net gain or loss of energy depends on the energy required to break the bonds of the reactants and the energy released in the formation of the binds of the products. In the case of burning hydrogen, you are breaking H-H bonds and O-O bonds and forming H-O bonds. The H-H and O-O bonds require less energy to break than is released in the formation of the H-O bonds, so you have excess energy.	[ "If carried out in atmospheric air instead of pure oxygen, as is usually the case, hydrogen combustion may yield small amounts of nitrogen oxides, along with the water vapor.\n\nThe energy released enables hydrogen to act as a fuel. In an electrochemical cell, that energy can be used with relatively high efficiency...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06673	How can paleontologists tell that they've discovered a new type of dinosaur and it wasn't simply a mutation or larger variant of an already discovered dinosaur.	If the bone structure is so different that no small mutations could explain it. There's room for error in borderline cases.	[ "BULLET::::- A study on the ornithomimosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Arundel Clay (Maryland, United States) published by Brownstein (2017), interpreting the fossils as indicative of the presence of two ornithomimosaur taxa in the Arundel, is criticized by McFeeters, Ryan & Cullen (2018).\n\nBULLET::::- A s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04017	Why do lights get brighter before they die?	An incandescent light bulb works by making a tungsten filament so hot that it glows in the visible spectrum. The main failure mode of a tungsten filament is that it is so hot that it slowly evaporates. It gets thinner and thinner until either on its own or due to a minor mechanical or thermal shock, it breaks. Just before this happens, it can get a very thin spot. That significantly increases the electrical resistance at that spot, which makes it get even hotter, and thus brighter. That increased brightness is temporary, since the increased temperature will shortly cause it to melt open and thus fail.	[ "Section::::Releases.\n", "Another phenomenon associated with HID lamp wear and aging is discoloration of the emitted light beam (\"fading\"). Commonly, a shift towards blue and/or violet can be observed. This shift is slight at first and is more generally a sign of the lamps being \"broken in\" whilst still bein...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00170	Why does nails of hands grow faster than nails on feet?	If I remember correctly, it is because of trauma to the fingernails. Toenails are usually protected, where your hands are constantly interacting with things. Don't remember all the specifics but this is ELI5.	[ "In mammals, the growth rate of nails is related to the length of the terminal phalanges (outermost finger bones). Thus, in humans, the nail of the index finger grows faster than that of the little finger; and fingernails grow up to four times faster than toenails.\n\nIn humans, nails grow at an average rate of a m...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09720	In car racing, how do they keep the cars organized into a clearly defined "front" of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc when the cars are constantly doing pit stops?	If you go into a pit stop and another car that is still racing overtakes you than you lose that place So if you are in first and go for a pit stop and the cars in 2nd and 3rd skip the pit stop and go past you, you'll be in 3rd place when you come out of the pit stop Timing your pit stops is a big part of the strategy in car racing because every car needs to do them, but when you do them $and how quickly$ can have a major impact on where you finish in a race	[ "A second variation is used in the Australian GT Championship invitational Highlands 101 at Highlands Motorsports Park in New Zealand. It integrates both the Le Mans start and the Land Rush start. The drivers are behind the wheel already, but the co-drivers are equipped with flags approximately from their cars on t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03890	How does computer code deteriorate over time	It doesn't, but the environment in which it is run changes. The operating system changes, the hardware it runs on changes, and so code that used to work just fine may at some point break. Not because the program code itself has changed, but because its behavior depended on some quirk of the computer it ran on. For example, old games tended to rely on the speed of the CPU to determine the speed of the game. That worked great at the time, but 10 years later, you had much, much faster CPU's, and suddenly the game ran too fast for anyone to play it. Or some very old programs assumed that when they asked the OS how much free disk space was available, the result would be less 2 gigabyte, because back then no one had that big hard drives. And so, some years pass, and suddenly people have much bigger hard drives than the program was able to handle, and so when it asks the OS how much disk space is available, the result is bigger than the program expects, and so it wraps around and the program thinks you have minus 2GB free disk space and refuses to install. Or the program relies on a bug in the OS, which has since been fixed.	[ "Section::::Maintenance Factors.\n\nImpact of key adjustment factors on maintenance (sorted in order of maximum positive impact)\n\nNot only are error-prone modules troublesome, but many other factors can degrade performance too. For example, very complex spaghetti code is quite difficult to maintain safely.\n\nA v...	[ "Computer code itself deteriorates over time.", "Computer code deteriorates over time." ]	[ "The code doesn't deteriorate, the environment in which it is run changes which can make old code not run the same way anymore. ", "Computer code does not deteriorate over time." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Computer code itself deteriorates over time.", "Computer code deteriorates over time." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The code doesn't deteriorate, the environment in which it is run changes which can make old code not run the same way anymore. ", "Computer code does not deteriorate over time." ]
2018-21966	Why does the US have such a small amount of train routes compared to Europe?	The US rail network is just as extensive as Europe's. The difference is that it's primarily used for freight.	[ "Rail transportation in the United States\n\nRail transportation in the United States consists primarily of freight shipments, while passenger service, once a large and vital part of the nation's passenger transportation network, plays a limited role as compared to transportation patterns in many other countries.\n...	[ "US has a small amount of train routes compared to Europe.", "Europe has many more train routes than the US." ]	[ "The US railway network is just as extensive as Europe's.", "The US has just as many train routes as Europe." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "US has a small amount of train routes compared to Europe.", "Europe has many more train routes than the US." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The US railway network is just as extensive as Europe's.", "The US has just as many train routes as Europe." ]
2018-03435	Why are seats not integrated into the design of toilets?	i.e., why aren't they permanently attached? You want the toilet bowl to be ceramic. Resistant to stains, non-porus to bacteria, and can withstand the weight of even OP's mom. However, ceramic can be cold and generally you don't want cold on your tushie. Plus, you can customize your toilet seat, have a wood one, a padded plastic one, whatever.	[ "There are toilets on the market where the seats have integrated spray mechanicms for anal and genital water sprays (see for example Toilets in Japan). This can be useful for the elderly or people with disabilities.\n\nSection::::Usage.:Accessible toilets.\n\nAn accessible toilet is designed to accommodate people w...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00583	Why do your earbuds emit a high pitched noise whenever you walk past the detectors at a library?	Because the detectors transmit a signal that interferes with the amplifier in your audio player. Those detectors work in a couple of ways - One is where the signal they transmit is picked up by a coil in the book, which is connected to a small chip that transmits it's number whenever it gets power. The coils pick up this number, and the computer checks that the book linked to it has been properly checked out. The other is that the signal simply induces a current in a coil attached to the book, robbing energy from the system. The system detects this and knows that a tag is passing by. For these, the tag is either removed or disabled when the book is checked out. Both of these rely on signals that can be picked up by a simple audio amplifier.	[ "Dear Uncle Ezra,\n\nWhat is that sound coming from the Johnson Museum? It's a pingy type sound that I guess could be some kind of wind chime but it seems like it's coming from the building itself.\n\n— Just wondering\n\nDear Chiming In,\n", "NC level 35 is generally considered acceptable for most library functio...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01354	What makes mucous slimy?	Mucus is slimy because it has lots of proteins and other chemicals in it that like to stick together. That's really all it is. \* Mucus is the slimy stuff. Mucous is the quality of being like mucus, or of having or producing mucus. The difference is important.	[ "Section::::Growth and morphology.\n", "Section::::Chemistry.\n", "Section::::Reproduction.\n", "Mucosal immunology is the study of immune system responses that occur at mucosal membranes of the intestines, the urogenital tract and the respiratory system, i.e., surfaces that are in contact with the external e...	[ "Mucous is the slimy stuff. " ]	[ "Mucous is the quality of being like mucus, and mucus is the slimy stuff. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Mucous is the slimy stuff. ", "Mucous is the slimy stuff. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Mucous is the quality of being like mucus, and mucus is the slimy stuff. ", "Mucous is the quality of being like mucus, and mucus is the slimy stuff. " ]
2018-00965	Why do some videos when played on a computer have only specific points you can jump to?	Modern video compression works by only storing changes between frames (among many other tricks that are also used). Only every few seconds a full frame is stored. Those are called „keyframes“. If you video has keyframes at 0:20 and 0:24 and you jump to 0:22, the video Decoder can’t decode that specific frame without first going back to the previous keyframe or it can jump forward to the next. Probably depends on which one in closer and on the player software what it ends up doing.	[ "The data collection and computation also requires time. The audio feed goes to an audio delay to be synchronized with the delayed video. The total delay for the viewer from the live feed ends up being about 2/3 of a second.\n\nSection::::Final result.\n", "For Flash video seeking requires a list of seek points i...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00196	Why do metal objects like spoons make microwaves explode?	As someone who's stuck a spoon in a microwave, they don't exactly "explode". I mean... I lived to tell the tale. Metal reflects microwaves rather than absorbing them like food. If the metal is flat, it just acts a lot like the walls of the microwave itself, and is generally harmless. Those metal linings on Hot Pocket and microwave pizza "trays" are meant to do just this, to better cook the food. Pointy (foil) or weird-shaped objects (spoons n' stuff) cause the microwaves to reflect in strange ways. It may focus the microwaves into a small area by reflection, it may generate an arc because the microwaves cause a current to run along the metal, etc. This can set your food on fire, or ruin the microwave. Still won't explode, though.	[ "Any object containing pointed metal can create an electric arc (sparks) when microwaved. This includes cutlery, crumpled aluminium foil (though some foil used in microwaves is safe, see below), twist-ties containing metal wire, the metal wire carry-handles in paper Chinese take-out food containers, or almost any m...	[ "Metal objects make microwaves explode.", "Metal spoons can cause a microwave to explode." ]	[ "The microwave doesn't explode but a fire can start.", "Metal spoons can ruin a microwave but they can't really make a microwave explode." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Metal objects make microwaves explode.", "Metal spoons can cause a microwave to explode." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The microwave doesn't explode but a fire can start.", "Metal spoons can ruin a microwave but they can't really make a microwave explode." ]
2018-00830	Why is a rainbow curved?	Rainbows are sunlight reflected inside raindrops. They reflect at a fixed angle due to the way water bends light, but they can be in any orientation. All the sunlight is coming from the same direction (the sun). If you take light from one direction change its path by a fixed angle in all directions, you end up with a circle.	[ "Droplets (or spheres) composed of materials with different refractive indices than plain water produce rainbows with different radius angles. Since salt water has a higher refractive index, a sea spray bow doesn't perfectly align with the ordinary rainbow, if seen at the same spot. Tiny plastic or glass marbles ma...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23801	What is a long exposure photo and how are they taken?	To take a picture, we control for 3 variables - aperture, exposure time and ISO. ISO is the sensitivity of the sensor. Higher the sensitivity, higher the noise. Increase ISO only if the light is low and subject is moving. Aperture is how wide the lens is open. Larger the opening, more light falls into the sensor. Larger aperture also affects the depth of field. Exposure duration is how long the aperture is kept open. More the duration, more light flows in, and more the blur. We use large exposure duration to take static pictures (sky, stars, moon). We also use it to get silky smooth pictures of motion (waves in a sea or froth in a brook).	[ "Whereas there is no fixed definition of what constitutes \"long\", the intent is to create a photo that somehow shows the effect of passing time, be it smoother waters or light trails. A 30-minute photo of a static object and surrounding cannot be distinguished from a short exposure, hence, the inclusion of motion...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24125	How does this happen without the water freezing before it’s pulled out?	It looks like the water is supercooled. Ie it’s pure water that is below freezing temperature - when you cool water in this manner it won’t freeze until there is either an impurity for ice crystals to form around or if you shake the water (you can try this at home - buy a bottle of purified water and stick it in the freeezer for a few hours, carefully pull it out and it’ll likely still be liquid but will freeze if you shake it). When they dip the cherry in either ice crystals already on the cherry or the cherry itself provide a base for the ice crystals from the super cooled water to latch onto. The whole cup doesn’t freeze because forming ice releases heat energy into the surrounding environment (in the opposite process of how you need to add heat energy to ice to melt it), so the ice that does form warms the rest of the water to above freezing.	[ "Sometimes the freeflow will not stop when the backpressure is increased. This may be caused by very cold water freezing the first or second stage valve open, or a malfunction of either the first or second stages. If the freeflow is caused by freezing it will generally not be corrected except by closing the cylinde...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02239	Why does if take so long for a movie to release on DVD/Blu-ray after it stops showing in theaters?	Because if the movie came out immediately, then no one would see it in theaters and movie theaters won’t bother to show a movie no one is going to see.	[ "Radius-TWC announced a release date in the United States of February 13, 2015, simultaneously releasing it in select theatres and on VOD. It was previously set for release in the United Kingdom on December 12, 2014, but was later pushed back to February 6, in line with its US release. Icon Film Distribution then p...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03295	How does belly button lint happen? This thought has crossed my mind since my childhood, so I call on Reddit to end my lifelong quest for the sacred knowledge.	Belly button lint is the combination of static electricity (from your body hair rubbing your clothes) and the particles of those same clothes that are attracted to the static electricity.	[ "It is possible to compost lint retrieved from the lint screen on a dryer by adding it to other materials being composted. The texture of the material allows the organic matter within it to compost quickly and easily, but depending on the source, it may include inorganic fibers and materials which never break down....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-14616	In sports betting what is the difference between -145 and +145 on the over and under?	A positive sign means you bet 100 to win that value, a negative sign means you need to bet that amount to win 100.	[ "The purpose of a straddle is to \"buy\" the privilege of last action, which on the first round with blinds is normally the player in the big blind. A straddle or sleeper blind may count as a raise towards the maximum number of raises allowed, or it may count separately; in the latter case this raises the maximum t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-21848	If cancer gets caused because the cells don’t stop dividing then why are the chances so low of getting it at aan early age	What causes cells to go haywire is genetic damage. Some damage can be repaired, some has no effect, some causes the cell to be inefficient, or to die. A very small percent of genetically damaged cells will turn cancerous though. When cells divide they copy their genetic instructions over to the new cell. That means they copy the damaged bits along with the good bits. So as you age, and accumulate more and more genetically damaged cells the risk of one of them becoming cancer increases.	[ "Familial and genetic factors are identified in 5-15% of childhood cancer cases. In <5-10% of cases, there are known environmental exposures and exogenous factors, such as prenatal exposure to tobacco, X-rays, or certain medications. For the remaining 75-90% of cases, however, the individual causes remain unknown. ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04845	Why does the spicy sensation linger in your mouth after eating spicy foods?	Typically if you're eating something spicy it contains peppers that have oils that cause "burning" on your tongue. Water and milk aren't super effective because they aren't removing the oil from the peppers from your tongue.	[ "Capsaicinoids are the chemicals responsible for the \"hot\" taste of chili peppers. They are fat soluble and therefore water will be of no assistance when countering the burn. The most effective way to relieve the burning sensation is with dairy products, such as milk and yogurt. A protein called casein occurs in ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04987	Why does the middle of ice get all milky/cloudy?	Near the surface of the ice, dissolved gasses are able to be forced out as the water freezes. Further down, the gasses are forced out of solution as it freezes and are trapped. This is also why slowly freezing ice makes it clearer than quickly.	[ "Relatively small amounts of regular ice appear white because plenty of air bubbles are present, and also because small quantities of water appear to be colorless. In glaciers, on the other hand, the pressure causes the air bubbles, trapped in the accumulated snow, to be squeezed out increasing the density of the c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02438	Why do you see scientists use electron microscopes for small bugs when normal microscopes can even see cells?	That electron microscope shot is zoomed out far so you can see what you're looking at. 80x is barely any zoom, they can get beyond 10,000x with a well prepared sample which is far beyond an optical microscope. [This is a far better demonstration of it's capabilities]( URL_0 ) Electron microscopes are used when you need to see really tiny things. They're often used in failure analysis of electronics so you can see which tiny transistor blew up.	[ "One of the latest discoveries made about using an electron microscope is the ability to identify a virus. Since this microscope produces a visible, clear image of small organelles, in an electron microscope there is no need for reagents to see the virus or harmful cells, resulting in a more efficient way to detect...	[ "Normal microscopes can see everything they would need to see." ]	[ "Normal microscopes cannot see nearly as much as an electron microscope. However sometimes it is still usefull to see an only slightly zoomed image which an electron microscope can still achieve so it is easier to just use one microscope that can produce any image you need. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Normal microscopes can see everything they would need to see." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Normal microscopes cannot see nearly as much as an electron microscope. However sometimes it is still usefull to see an only slightly zoomed image which an electron microscope can still achieve so it is easier to just use one microscope that can produce any image you need. " ]

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