Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-02943	Why does sad music make us cry?	Believe it or not, the harmonic and melodic structure of the majority of music is set up to sound like natural human emotions, two in particular most frequently, sighing and crying. Most melodic material tends to jump from lower notes to higher notes quickly and then gradually and slowly descend notes by smaller intervals giving these types of effects. Well trained musicians will amplify these effects by putting more tension in a higher note that resolves more relaxed into a slightly lower note. Music in general largely mimics sounds of crying and sighing which is hardwired into our brains to mean sadness and/or relaxing. This is why music hits us in these ways so strongly, we can't help it.	[ "...came about from a few different sources, but one was, you know, those sort of old movies that were called weepies, where you could basically be guaranteed that if you needed a good cry, you could go and see one of these and bring your hanky and have a good time. And we want to be able to provide that for people...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03967	Not sure if the right community to ask, but why don’t cemeteries bury our loved ones vertically? Wouldn’t it save more space to do so this way?	It would be MUCH harder to dig, as you'd need to dig far deeper so the body would have sufficient amount of dirt covering it.	[ "In nonstandard burial practices, such as mass burial, the body may be positioned arbitrarily. This can be a sign of disrespect to the deceased, or at least nonchalance on the part of the inhumer, or due to considerations of time and space.\n\nSection::::Burial methods.:Body positioning.:Orientation.\n", "Some co...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02450	is the brain wet or dry?	Having autopsied several people including their brains and scrubbing in on many neurosurgeries on live brains... ..it is very wet.	[ "Various comments by ancient physicians have been read as referring to CSF. Hippocrates discussed \"water\" surrounding the brain when describing congenital hydrocephalus, and Galen referred to \"excremental liquid\" in the ventricles of the brain, which he believed was purged into the nose. But for some 16 interve...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23130	Why do the mountains curve around the horizon, so it looks like they make a semi-circle?	> I know the Rockies are pretty much a straight line and don't curve I think this is the source of your confusion. The Rockies are only straight when you look at them from the perspective of a map showing thousands of miles in one view. When you're on the ground looking directly at them they absolutely can curve around the specific location that you're at.	[ "Sometimes, when the sun is low in the sky, there are luminous spots to the left and right of the sun and at the same elevation as the sun. These luminous spots are called \"sun dogs\" or \"parhelia\". (Often on these occasions, the sun is also surrounded by a luminous ring or halo, the angle between the sun and th...	[ "Mountains curve around the horizon." ]	[ "While mountains are straight on a map, at ground level mountains can curve around around the specific location one is at." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Mountains curve around the horizon." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "While mountains are straight on a map, at ground level mountains can curve around around the specific location one is at." ]
2018-05876	how does the bios know if theres an os in a drive ?	It knows to look at the [boot sector]( URL_0 ) at the start of the drive to find the code that starts loading the OS. If there's nothing in the boot sector, it assumes there's no OS on the drive. If you have a boot sector but no OS, the BIOS doesn't care, it's done its job.	[ "Hardware detection operates somewhat differently depending on whether or not Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) is supported by the hardware. It passes on the hardware details gathered from the BIOS onto the OS. If ACPI is supported, the list of found devices is handed to the kernel, Windows will ta...	[ "The BIOS knows if there is an OS in a drive." ]	[ "The BIOS does not know if there is an OS in a drive, it simply checks for codes within the boot sector that begins the loading of the OS. If it finds nothing, it assumes there is no boot sector but doesn't truly know if that's the case." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The BIOS knows if there is an OS in a drive." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The BIOS does not know if there is an OS in a drive, it simply checks for codes within the boot sector that begins the loading of the OS. If it finds nothing, it assumes there is no boot sector but doesn't truly know if that's the case." ]
2018-02286	How do deep sea diving mammals such as seals and whales survive the changes in pressure?	In general, there's no great depressurization sequence that has to be followed for deep-diving air-breathing mammals because they don't do "pressure dives". Humans could make deep dives, too, if they could hold their breath as long as seals and whales, and not have to depressurize. (In fact, some do. There are some Japanese and Pacific Islanders who spend most of their lives at sea and train themselves to hold their breath for many minutes at a time. This enables them to stay underwater long enough to where they could, if they wanted to, dive very deeply and still rise before they need another breath.) The decompression that some humans have to undergo is because when hard-hat divers work underwater they breathe pressurized air. That is, the air supplied has to be pumped down to them at greater and greater pressures in order to have any volume of air to breathe. What that means is that a volume of air that would fill their lungs at sea level would be compressed so much that at great depths it takes "a roomful" of sea-level air to compress to a breathable lung-full of air. As the diver's depth increases the corresponding sea-level volume of air also has to increase. The diver has to ascend slowly so that the pressurized air can work its way out of his system gradually - as he breathes and as the oxygen in his blood is exchanged over time through his lungs. In other words, it's not his respiration that has to change, but his circulation. Otherwise, "the bends" result from the over-pressurized oxygen in his blood expanding into actual bubbles that can cripple or kill him - painfully - if the pressure isn't acclimated to gradually. Conversely, this is why submariners (and high-altitude fliers in airplanes) do not normally have to de-pressurize themselves, since the atmospheres in the submarine and the airplane are kept within "normal" limits. That is, submarines are not highly pressurized cylinders, and airplanes are (because there's no air pressure to speak of outside an airplane at 35,000 feet altitude), and the plane itself has to be de-pressurized as it descends for landing.	[ "Weddell seals' metabolism is relatively constant during deep-water dives, so another way to compensate for functioning with a lack of oxygen over an extended period of time must exist. Seals, unlike other terrestrial mammals such as humans, can undergo anaerobic metabolism for these extended dives, which causes a ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16489	What causes the weather to act as if its got a schedule?	Most weather is caused by the sun heating part of the planet and then those parts cooling once the sunlight moves on. So as the sun moves predictably and warms one part of the planet it causes water vapor to enter the air and air currents to move. As the sun moves on the air cools, winds move in and colder air cannot hold as much water vapor and whammo rain. Same thing happens in Florida during the summer.	[ "The head of the Chilean Meteorological Directorate, Jaime Leyton, explained that the phenomenon \"is not similar to a frontal system of a defined trajectory, which has an hour of start and one hour of calculable term. In this case, the distribution of cloudiness and precipitation (rains) is irregular in space and ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15902	What purpose do grains serve to wheat and rice plants?	The grains produced by a plant are its seeds. Therefore, they serve the purpose of reproduction.	[ "The cultivation practices are quite similar to other wheat species, especially durum. As most of the Khorasan wheat is organically produced, the nutrient supply (especially nitrogen) should be granted by using an appropriate crop rotation, such as previous pasture legumes. The nutritional content of Khorasan wheat...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03078	why do stickers easily come off on fabric but hard to peel off on metal or other surfaces also leaving behind a sticky residue and sometimes not even being able to peel it all off?	Fabric is a relatively "rough" surface, so the sticker is only sticking to the highest points on the fabric, so there's less surface contact. Take the same sticker and stick it to the sandy side of sandpaper, same thing. Or, find a very smooth piece of silk to stick the sticker too, it likely still stick better. Lastly, when you peel the sticker off the fabric, look at the back of the sticker: it probably took a lot of fabric with in the form of lint, rather than leaving residue behind.	[ "Some artists also use self-adhesive stickers as a quick way to do catch ups. While certain critics from within graffiti culture consider this lazy, stickers can be quite detailed in their own right and often, are used in conjunction with other materials. Sticker tags are commonly executed on blank postage stickers...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-06542	ELI5 How was I able to hear an AM radio station from Ontario Canada on my radio in Philadelphia?	Im pretty sure a phenomenon occurs in which radio waves are reflected by the ionosphere and bounce the siginal away, in illinois sometimes i could get am radio from B.C	[ "Canada has made an informal agreement with the United States to allow Canadian stations operating on 1610, 1630, 1650, 1670 and 1690 kHz to be located closer to their common border than would normally be allowed, in exchange for allowing the U.S. the same privilege on the other frequencies. Therefore, all of its l...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16746	How do USB wall adapters convert large voltages in such a small cube?	This becomes a far more interesting problem when factoring in the fact that the wall output is AC and we need DC for USB. Alternating current is what is found in our wall outlets, the electricity goes back and forth really fast in a pattern like a sine wave. Direct current, the electricity just goes in one direction all the time. We need direct current to charge out phones and what not. Anyways, here is how it is done. The problem: we need to take the voltage down from 120 volts (in reality this is a bit less because of the capacitor smoothing mentioned before but still way more than 5) all the way down to 5. Transformers are devices which do this, however they require AC current and the slower the switching of the AC current is, the bigger the transformer needs to be and the more inefficient the transformation is (this also results in a lot of heat which brings its own problems). AC current from the wall alternates 60 times per second and this is too slow, we would need a massive brick to convert this directly, maybe a fan to cool the entire thing. We have tools which convert AC to DC, so that isn't a problem, but converting slow AC to faster AC isn't really possible without first turning it into DC. So the goal high voltage wall AC - > high voltage DC - > fast high voltage AC - > transform into low voltage AC - > low voltage DC. A rectifier is a device which makes it so that AC current is converted roughly to DC current. The problem is that it is choppy, [this image illustrates this]( URL_1 ). I won't get into the specifics of how a rectifier works, but it consists of devices called diodes which only allow electricity to move in one direction. You can look it up online for more details. But as you see, its main goal is to bring all the waves onto the positive side. We don't like choppy voltage so we use something called a capacitor, which is a device that holds charge temporarily like a battery however has a nice tendency of wanting to keep voltage constant on the wires (it charges up to higher voltage when the voltage is at the peaks in that image, reducing the voltage other devices connected to the same wires in parallel use, then when the voltage is low on those wires, it instead releases its charged up voltage, bringing the voltage back up on these wires). This isn't ideally smoothened, but its pretty good, [here is an image]( URL_2 ). Next, with the use of a transistor (this is just an electronic switch, imagine instead of you needing to physically flip a switch, there was an additional wire turning the switch on and off) and a clock circuit, we have this transistor turn on and off real fast, producing AC switching many thousands of times per second. Because the transistor is a switch, the current coming out is a rather blocky AC than a nice smooth sign wave but a transformer still works fine with this so it’s alright. This is fed into a transformer which converts it to low voltage. Finally through a second rectifier converting it to DC, finally through an another smoothing capacitor, and out into the USB port. One of the nice additional features is that the "jitter" of smoothening I showed in the second image above is less noticeable the higher frequency the AC is. This jitter generally is not much of a problem in most cases but IIRC batteries prefer smoother current for their longevity and computers become unstable with if the jitter is bad enough so its best to minimize it. This process has been innovated with things like computer chips regulating everything inside (mainly the transistor speed, which happens to allow for control over a lot) but the basic principle remains. This is a lot of stuff to do in a small USB charger. In fact, [we can barely cram everything needed for it into the brick]( URL_0 ). But it works and it fits.	[ "As the catoms are scaled down, an onboard battery sufficient to power it will exceed the size of the catom itself, so an alternate energy solution is desired. Research is being done into powering all of the catoms in an ensemble, utilizing the catom-to-catom contact as a means of energy transport. One possibility ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04861	If the temperature of a place is determined mostly by the amount of sunlight it receives, how come different places have such varying temperatures at night?	temperature is not determined by sunlight alone. altitude, latitude and weather conditions also have to be considered.	[ "The IPCC stated that \"it is well-known that compared to non-urban areas urban heat islands raise night-time temperatures more than daytime temperatures.\" For example, Barcelona, Spain is cooler for daily maxima and warmer for minima than a nearby rural station. A description of the very first report of the UHI b...	[ "Temperature is determined mostly by sunlight.", "The temperature of places is determined solely by the amount of sunlight the area receives." ]	[ "Temperature is determined by other things including altitude, latitude, and general weather. ", "Temperature is not determined by sunlight alone, many other determining factors to consider such as altitude, longitude and weather conditions. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Temperature is determined mostly by sunlight.", "The temperature of places is determined solely by the amount of sunlight the area receives." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Temperature is determined by other things including altitude, latitude, and general weather. ", "Temperature is not determined by sunlight alone, many other determining factors to consider such as altitude, longitude and weather conditions. " ]
2018-16322	Why we have to grind our teeth when we are angry or when getting into a fight	I'm not an expert here but I don't think we "have to" grind teeth when angry or prepping for a fight. I've been in plenty of fights and been plenty mad at times and never "ground" my teeth. Clinched my teeth, sure. You don't want a sloppy jaw in a fight. That is how you get chipped/broken teeth or bite your tongue. If your just angry don't grind your teeth anyway. It's a just a habit. One that the older version of yourself will thank you for ridding yourself of. No really, train yourself out of grinding your teeth. They don't come back and not even dentist's mothers like dentists.	[ "Section::::Society and culture.\n\nClenching the teeth is generally displayed by humans and other animals as a display of anger, hostility or frustration. It is thought that in humans, clenching the teeth may be an evolutionary instinct to display teeth as weapons, thereby threatening a rival or a predator. The ph...	[ "Humans have to grind teeth when angry or preparing for a fight. ", "People are required to grind their teeth before a fight." ]	[ "When angry or prepping for a fight humans do not have to grind teeth.", "People clench their teeth to protect their jaw in a fight." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans have to grind teeth when angry or preparing for a fight. ", "People are required to grind their teeth before a fight." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "When angry or prepping for a fight humans do not have to grind teeth.", "People clench their teeth to protect their jaw in a fight." ]
2018-19207	What exactly happens during a food coma?	Your autonomic nervous system (which controls most involuntary functions of your body), is split in two. The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic is the "fight-and-flight" reflex, which activates in high stress situations to raise heart rate and blood pressure, increase sweating, and all that. The parasympathetic system is controls your "rest and digest" cycle. It slows down heart rate and blood pressure, and tells your GI tract to start digesting food. Digesting food is pretty energy intensive, so the parasympathetic nervous system tells the rest of your body to spend less energy. All these changes also make it easier for you to sleep, although sleep is a very complicated system and this is only part of it. But when you eat a ton of food, your parasympathetic nervous system gets revved up, and those changes make it easier for you to sleep, so you take one hell of a nap.	[ "Section::::In popular culture.\n\nMeal replacements have been a regular feature of science fiction, especially the space travel genre, at least since the film \"Santa Claus Conquers the Martians\" (1964) and TV's \"Lost in Space\" (1965).\n\nSection::::Countries.\n\nSection::::Countries.:EU.\n", "The symptoms of...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03950	Why does a song get better or “grow on me” after a couple listens, but it progressively gets worse after the next hundred listens or so?	It could be you appreciate it differently or notice something about it in the second or third pass that you missed the third time. After a hundred listens, the well's pretty much dry.	[ "Section::::Reception.\n\nThis Is How The Wind Shifts was met with critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 82, based on four reviews. \n", "Regarding the album's lo-fi aesthetic, Vile noted, \"[th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14760	Why are tattoos not removed with layers of skin?	That is why tattoos do fade over time and why they become less sharp looking but the ink is too deep for it to come out completely. But with lazer treatment it breaks up the pigment so your body can metabolize it and flush it from your system.	[ "While tattoos are considered permanent, it is sometimes possible to remove them, fully or partially, with laser treatments. Typically, black and some colored inks can be removed more completely than inks of other colors. The expense and pain associated with removing tattoos are typically greater than the expense a...	[ "Tattoos are not affected when layers of skin are lost." ]	[ "Tattoos fad as layers of skin are lost, just not completely." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Tattoos are not affected when layers of skin are lost.", "Tattoos are not affected when layers of skin are lost." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Tattoos fad as layers of skin are lost, just not completely.", "Tattoos do fade somewhat as layers of skin are lost, just not completely." ]
2018-09659	Does eating a certain amount of food increases your weight initially by the same amount?	depends on the time frame really. if you drink 2 lbs of water, you will be 2 lbs heavier right away. But your body expels the water over time bringing you back to your real weight. eat 2 lbs of lard? and you might be working that off for a while.	[ "Section::::Key components of weight management.:Thermogenic Effect of Food.\n\nThe thermogenic effect of food is another component of a person's daily energy expenditure and refers to the amount of energy it takes the body to digest, absorb, and metabolize nutrients in the diet. The amount of energy expended while...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04406	Why and how are atomic fountain clocks the most accurate time keepers?	Atoms are very small and extremely stable oscillators. The atoms we use for clocks, mostly cesium, can be kept in a little ball in a vacuum by cooling them with lasers. Alas, in the little ball the signal from each atom gets combined with the others in a non-synchronized way. This makes the signal muddy and not as accurate. To improve accuracy, only a few atoms are tossed up from the ball, like the way a fountain tosses a little bit of its water up into the air, hence the name. When the atoms are floating around as individuals, they can be excited and their vibration measured to enormous accuracy. They fall back into the ball, and so the fountain has to knock new ones up to look at all the time. If we could get individual atoms to hang around, that would be even better, but atoms have mass so that's a problem here on Earth. Without the laser stuff they all just settle to the bottom of the vacuum chamber; sad. [This great article on the NIST site]( URL_0 ) has some great youtube videos on how the thing works, with animations and all.	[ "Similar atomic fountain clocks, with comparable accuracy, are operated by other time and frequency laboratories, such as the Paris Observatory, the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the United Kingdom and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Germany.\n\nSection::::Accuracy.\n\nAs of 2013, the clock's u...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13161	Why can a person feel faint after getting out of a hot bath?	While you're in a hot bath, you're body works hard to keep you cool. this means a lot of blood is pumped away from the center of your body, to nearer the skin surface where it can lose some heat to the cooler atmosphere. ...Except, there's a problem: there is no atmosphere, just hot water. so the blood doesnt cool. and now your body works harder at the same thing. More blood into the extremes. The upshot is your blood pressure drops, and less blood goes to the brain Add to that when you stand to exit the bath your blood pressure drops a little more anyway (because now your heart has to pump blood vertically again and takes a moment to change gear) - again less blood to the brain so: you feel faint. incidentally, if you notice that water condenses on your skin after a hot bath, thats not moisture in the air condensing, its sweat from your skin that cant evaporate due to the humidity.	[ "Heat syncope occurs in a warm environment when blood pressure is lowered as the body dilates (widens) arterioles (small blood vessels) in the skin to radiate heat. This condition occurs within five days of heat acclimatization, before the blood volume expands. The result is less blood to the brain, causing light-h...	[ "A person can feel faint after getting out of a hot bath." ]	[ "A person can feel faint when standing to exit the bath as their blood pressure drops a little more." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A person can feel faint after getting out of a hot bath." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A person can feel faint when standing to exit the bath as their blood pressure drops a little more." ]
2018-01709	Why do astronauts grow taller in during their time in space?	They don't really grow taller, their spine just stretches out due to the zero G environment. They shrink back when they go back to Earth. The same thing happens every night when you sleep, actually.	[ "However, since the mean fiber size was also reduced, the number of capillaries per unit of CSA of skeletal muscle tissue remained the same. \n", "Section::::Historical overview.:Experimental animal studies.:Effects of spaceflight and hindlimb suspension on muscle mass, protein content and gross morphological pro...	[ "Astronauts grow taller in space.", "Astronauts actually grow taller in space." ]	[ "Astronauts do not grow taller their spine just expands in space and shrinks back down on earth. ", "Astronauts do not grow, their spines just elongates due to the lack of consistent downward gravity directly pushing it together. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Astronauts grow taller in space.", "Astronauts actually grow taller in space." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Astronauts do not grow taller their spine just expands in space and shrinks back down on earth. ", "Astronauts do not grow, their spines just elongates due to the lack of consistent downward gravity directly pushing it together. " ]
2018-14662	Why do religious people have death anxiety	This is somewhat of a false premise and a gross generalization. Many people have death anxiety. Why? Because avoiding death is the most powerful biological urge there is. Even those that fully accept that life will just move on and they will in fact move to a better place, can be afraid of change for its own sake.	[ "The thought of death may cause different degrees of anxiety for different individuals, depending on many factors.\n\nA 2012 study involving Christian and Muslim college-students from the US, Turkey, and Malaysia found that their religiosity correlated positively with an increased fear of death.\n\nOther studies ha...	[ "religous people have a death anxiety.", "Religious people have death anxiety. " ]	[ "This s a false premise and a gross generalization.", "It is inaccurate to say that religious people have death anxiety, many people fear death, and many do not, religion in most cases doesn't determine whether one is anxious to die or not." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "religous people have a death anxiety.", "Religious people have death anxiety. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "This s a false premise and a gross generalization.", "It is inaccurate to say that religious people have death anxiety, many people fear death, and many do not, religion in most cases doesn't determine whether one is anxious to die or not." ]
2018-00542	Why are spiderwebs so durable and what are they made of? Do we have a synthetic equivalent?	It is made of spider silk, a sort of protein. And we do not have a synthetic equivalent - but we really would like to. That stuff is pure magic and a true SciFi material that would allow us to replace steel cables with something much lighter, thinner and stronger, would open whole new ideas reagarding super strong, super light fabric. It probably would even let us construct a [Space Elevator]( URL_0 ) if we had the ability to mass produce it.	[ "In traditional European medicine, cobwebs were used on wounds and cuts and seem to help healing and reduce bleeding. Spider webs are rich in vitamin K, which can be effective in clotting blood. Webs were used several hundred years ago as gauze pads to stop an injured person's bleeding.\n\nSpider web strands have b...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18959	Why is paper usually hot in a short time after printing?	Simply put: printers that use toner have a device within,called a fuser, which heats the toner, melting it to the paper. That’s why the paper is warm.	[ "Process: A special \"heat sensitized\" paper is fed into the copier in direct contact to the original. There is a strong lamp within the machine that heats both original and the \"heat sensitized\" copy paper. Due to its absorption of heat strokes of black colour areas in the original are hotter than the white are...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04008	Why do our face or ear turns red when we are embarrassed?	I'm not sure anybody knows for certain, but I've heard that it's essentially an involuntary reflex to show submission. When your face turns red, it's essentially showing "I'm vulnerable, so please don't hurt me". But I'm not totally sure.	[ "Flushing (physiology)\n\nFlushing is to become markedly red in the face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions. Flushing is generally distinguished, despite a close physiological relation between them, from blushing, which is milder, generally restricted to the face, cheeks or ear...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04404	Why do our noses run when we make the transition from being outside to inside where it is warm?	Your nose produces mucus when it's irritated. The sudden shift in temperate irritates it and causes it to run when you go inside. Hope that helps	[ "We use our nose and throat as a regenerative heat exchanger when we breathe. The cooler air coming in is warmed, so that it reaches the lungs as warm air. On the way back out, this warmed air deposits much of its heat back onto the sides of the nasal passages, so that these passages are then ready to warm the next...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20329	What is the "fresh" in fresh frozen plasma? After all, they aren't called fresh packed red blood cells, or fresh platelets.	Just means it was frozen as quickly as possible after being separated from other blood products (like red blood cells). Also, google? E: frozen within a set time frame, better answer	[ "The less-dense blood plasma is made into a variety of frozen components, and is labeled differently based on when it was frozen and what the intended use of the product is. If the plasma is frozen promptly and is intended for transfusion, it is typically labeled as fresh frozen plasma. If it is intended to be made...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-11166	How do Cheques work? Can someone just write someone else’s name and signature on a card, then write out a number with lots of zeros, and then cash it in?	It's a crime to do that, and you are likely to be caught and convicted. People don't do it frequently because going to prison is no fun.	[ "Section::::History.\n\nSection::::History.:England.\n\nCheques came into use in England in the 1600s. The person to whom the cheque was drawn (the \"payee\") could go to the drawer's bank (\"the issuing bank\") and present the cheque and receive payment. Before payment, the drawer's bank would check that the chequ...	[ "You can just write someone else's name and signature on a check and cash it." ]	[ "That would be a crime and you would go to jail." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You can just write someone else's name and signature on a check and cash it.", "You can just write someone else's name and signature on a check and cash it." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "That would be a crime and you would go to jail.", "That would be a crime and you would go to jail." ]
2018-20724	How does Captcha security verification work. Why does it sometimes ask to click on images but other times directly goes through without any tests ?	There is no single Captcha system. Basically any system designed to tell humans and machines apart automatically is a Captcha. Some are only designed to tell humans from machines. Others have a secondary function of also teaching machines. For example, when you're clicking those pictures, you might be confirming that you're a human, but you might also be helping to teach AI how to tell those pictures apart.	[ "BULLET::::- Chew et al. published their work in the 7th International Information Security Conference, ISC'04, proposing three different versions of image recognition CAPTCHAs, and validating the proposal with user studies. It is suggested that one of the versions, the anomaly CAPTCHA, is best with 100% of human u...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Captcha security verification is all the same system." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "There are multiple types and purposes of Captcha systems." ]
2018-03940	How can my phone have 6GB of RAM but my PCs 8GB RAM sticks are bigger than my phone?	There are different considerations taken in mind when both are manufactured. RAM for your phone has to be small, light, and efficient. PC RAM isn't constrained by those, so it can be bigger - which makes it significantly less expensive - and it can use as much power as it needs to - which makes it faster. That also makes it hotter, so it has to be bigger to have more surface area to dissipate heat. Your PC RAM is also interchangeable, since it's not built into the motherboard. It's the same question posed to laptop manufacturers: why is RAM designed for laptops smaller and usually more expensive? Well, smaller makes it more expensive, and it has to be more power efficient. Your phone's RAM is built into the board, it uses more expensive smaller parts, and it isn't as powerful.	[ "Previously, Windows Phone 7 devices were required to have 512 MB of RAM. As of the \"Tango\" update, the requirements were revised to allow for chipsets with slower processors, and for devices to have a minimum of 256 MB of RAM. Certain features of the operating system, and the ability to install certain resource-...	[ "Phone ram has a smaller shape, therefore it should not be able to hold nearly as much as PC RAM, which is much larger physically.", "Phone ram has a smaller shape, therefore it should not be able to hold nearly as much as PC RAM, which is much larger physically.", "Due to phones being physically smaller than P...	[ "Phones use more expensive parts when constructing the RAM, allowing it to carry a near equal amount of memory as PCs.", "Phones use more expensive parts when constructing the RAM, allowing it to carry a near equal amount of memory as PCs.", "Phones use more expensive parts that allow them to carry a large capa...	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Phone ram has a smaller shape, therefore it should not be able to hold nearly as much as PC RAM, which is much larger physically.", "Phone ram has a smaller shape, therefore it should not be able to hold nearly as much as PC RAM, which is much larger physically.", "Due to phones being physically smaller than P...	[ "false presupposition", "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Phones use more expensive parts when constructing the RAM, allowing it to carry a near equal amount of memory as PCs.", "Phones use more expensive parts when constructing the RAM, allowing it to carry a near equal amount of memory as PCs.", "Phones use more expensive parts that allow them to carry a large capa...
2018-09576	Why is atmospheric pressure high at the poles, but low at higher altitudes?	At higher altitudes you are above some of the atmosphere, so the remaining atmosphere upon you weighs less. Keep going up and you'll reach outer space, where the atmospheric pressure is zero.	[ "Section::::Pressure and temperature structure.:Pressure.\n\nThe pressure of the atmosphere is maximum at sea level and decreases with altitude. This is because the atmosphere is very nearly in hydrostatic equilibrium so that the pressure is equal to the weight of air above a given point. The change in pressure wit...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19802	Why does capsaicin taste like hot and mint tastes like cold?	Capsaicin triggers pain receptors that the brain interpretates as a burning sensation. I have no clue why mints cause a feeling of cooling	[ "Section::::Further sensations and transmission.:Coolness.\n\nSome substances activate cold trigeminal receptors even when not at low temperatures. This \"fresh\" or \"minty\" sensation can be tasted in peppermint, spearmint, menthol, ethanol, and camphor. Caused by activation of the same mechanism that signals col...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Flavors should not taste like a temperature." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some flavors trigger pain receptors which are interpreted as burning." ]
2018-01336	Why are certain countries paying up to 60% less for digital PC games?	The concept is termed 'differential pricing'. Imagine I sell widgets that cost essentially nothing to produce, but cost an enormous amount to design. My goal then becomes to make the most money possible, without regard for the cost of producing additional copies of my widgets. Now, if I charge $0.01 for my widgets, they'll fly out the door. Anyone who even vaguely wants a widget will purchase them and I'll completely saturate the market. But at $0.01, I won't be making all that much money because even with the massive customer base I'm making so little per customer. On the other hand, if I charge $100 for my widgets, no one will want to buy them - they just aren't worth that much. So I'll make $0. Somewhere in between those price points is an optimum solution to my problem - the point at which (price of widget) x (number of customers willing to pay that price) is highest. However, that optimum solution is different for different markets. The optimum price point in Westchester is not the same as the optimum price point in Mali. Ideally what I'd like to do is segment the market and choose the optimum price point for each market segment. Which is precisely how it works for most digital content and some other high-development-cost/low-per-unit-cost products like pharmaceuticals. If you live in a low cost-of-living nation, you get them cheaply. If you live in a high cost-of-living nation, they're expensive.	[ "In Uruguay the first idea of taxing the digital services from foreign suppliers appeared in 2015. As in Colombia the law regarding digital tax has come in effect in July 2018 being set at 22% as considered as VAT. As in most cases on of the main reasons was to make local suppliers competitive. It is estimated that...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08679	since babies are fed through umbilical cords, how do they just know to suck on their mothers breast if they’ve never eaten through their mouths?	Baby’s instinctually suck on their thumbs within the womb and this habit is passed on to the nipple	[ "Section::::Sucking reflex.\n\nThe sucking reflex is common to all mammals and is present at birth. It is linked with the rooting reflex and breastfeeding. It causes the child to instinctively suck anything that touches the roof of their mouth, and simulates the way a child naturally eats. There are two stages of t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05077	How do bubbles oxegenate water?	> If bubbles are released under water but immediately float to the top, how are they oxygenating the whole body of water? Oxygen dissolves into the water and does so more quickly the greater the surface area exposed to oxygen gas. By bubbling the air through the water it increases the surface area exposed greatly; the finer bubbles the better as there is more surface area for the volume of gas and water. You can't see the dissolved oxygen in the water but it is there.	[ "Section::::Commercialization.\n", "BULLET::::2. The bubbles form a foam which travels up a column and is discharged to the foamate stream of foam fractionation.\n\nThe rate at which certain non-ionic molecules can adsorb to bubble surface can be estimated by solving the Ward-Tordai equation. The enrichment and r...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11631	Why does wind feel so much colder when we are wet?	It’s called the windchill effect and it’s the same reason you can cool food off by blowing on it. You’re body heats the air around you and when that air is blown away it’s replaced by cooler air that your body also has to warm. This causes you to feel cold because your body is constantly losing heat to the air around it. This effect is magnified by water because water can absorb a lot of heat. When you’re wet, your body loses heat to the water (a lot of heat). The wind blows, and that heat is lost and the water continues to leech heat from your skin. Hope that explains it!	[ "Section::::Effects.\n", "Section::::Books.:\"Wind - Water - Sun\".\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aquilo\" (NNE) – Isidore relates it to water (\"acqua\"), because but probably from \"aquilus\", because it soaks up water from the ground. Pliny says the surface of the earth \"announces the approach\" of Aquilo by drying, a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18349	How is the human body able to regrow bone following laser dental surgery?	They don't grow, as in continuing to enlarge your proportions. However bones still 'grow' when it comes to repairs. Otherwise once a bone was broken it couldn't heal. I had a tooth pulled. They filled the hole in the jaw from where the root was with cadaver bone, so my jaw bone would grow across the hole. So they can install a implant later. As said, the plates are about proportional growth, not the creation of cells period.	[ "To achieve an adequate width and height of bone, various bone grafting techniques have been developed. The most frequently used is called guided bone graft augmentation where a defect is filled with either natural (harvested or autograft) bone or allograft (donor bone or synthetic bone substitute), covered with a ...	[ "Bones regrow after laser dental surgery.", "Bones regrow after laser dental surgery." ]	[ "Holes are filled with cadaver bone which assists with proportional growth, not the creation of new cells.", "Holes are filled with cadaver bone which assists with proportional growth, not the creation of new cells." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Bones regrow after laser dental surgery.", "Bones regrow after laser dental surgery.", "Bones regrow after laser dental surgery." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Holes are filled with cadaver bone which assists with proportional growth, not the creation of new cells.", "Holes are filled with cadaver bone which assists with proportional growth, not the creation of new cells.", "Holes are filled with cadaver bone which assists with proportional growth, not the creation o...
2018-14601	How do gears in a car/bicycle work?	The larger the wheel the greater its circumference, and the greater distance it covers turning once. If you take two wheels and put them together such that their edges touch and do not slip, if you turn one the other will turn as well. Now imagine the second wheel has a circumference twice as long as the first. This means you will need to turn the first wheel twice in order to make the second wheel turn once. Gears then can be used to increase or decrease the speed of a turning motion but they don't change the force; if you speed it up then it won't be turning as powerfully, but if you slow it down it becomes much more powerful.	[ "In many epicyclic gearing systems, one of these three basic components is held stationary; one of the two remaining components is an \"input\", providing power to the system, while the last component is an \"output\", receiving power from the system. The ratio of input rotation to output rotation is dependent upon...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02004	How does cold weather effect health	I would think it’s no problem, fresh air is always good and as long as you’re not sick you should be fine.	[ "Possible complications may include: infection, bleeding, dysrhythmias and high blood sugar. One review found an increased risk of pneumonia and sepsis but not the overall risk of infection. Another review found a trend towards increased bleeding but no increase in severe bleeding. Hypothermia induces a \"cold diur...	[ "Cold weather affects your health.", "Cold weather affects health" ]	[ "Cold weather does not affect your health.", "Cold weather doesn't directly affect your health." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cold weather affects your health.", "Cold weather affects health" ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cold weather does not affect your health.", "Cold weather doesn't directly affect your health." ]
2018-10031	why does washing produce reduce its shelf life?	Produce is often shipped with a thin layer of food grade wax on it. This wax helps inhibit oxygen absorption to slow rotting, and also acts as a barrier to keep out pests. Once you wash this wax off and the produce is allowed to absorb oxygen it begins to rot quicker. Also, certain things like tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers give off ethylene gases which can cause surrounding produce to rot quicker.	[ "The most important goals of post-harvest handling are keeping the product cool, to avoid moisture loss and slow down undesirable chemical changes, and avoiding physical damage such as bruising, to delay spoilage. Sanitation is also an important factor, to reduce the possibility of pathogens that could be carried b...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20375	How and why does blood feel sticky when there's large amounts of it?	When blood is exposed to air, it tries to coagulate (clump and solidify). The viscosity (thickness of the liquid) also contributes to it feeling 'sticky'.	[ "In early theoretical work, blood was treated as a non-Newtonian viscous fluid. Initial studies had evaluated blood during steady flow and later, using oscillating flow. Professor George B. Thurston, of the University of Texas, first presented the idea of blood being viscoelastic in 1972. The previous studies that ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01345	Why build tanks to drive on tracks instead of wheels?	Tracks spread out the weight of the vehicle, which helps it not sink in soft ground. Tracks are also a lot more durable than wheels, which is important on a vehicle designed to be shot at. Light vehicles can travel on wheels because they are relatively light and so their ground pressure isn't very high. A modern tank weighs upwards of 140,000 lbs (65,000kg). Even with huge wheels its ground pressure would be far too high to travel on anything but the hardest surfaces.	[ "When World War I broke out, with the problem of trench warfare and the difficulty of transporting supplies to the front, the pulling power of crawling-type tractors drew the attention of the military. With tanks coming onto the scene, however, the combination of tracks and wheels seemed impractical when fully trac...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Tanks should use wheels." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Wheels are less durable and would cause tanks to sink in soft ground." ]
2018-02212	Once oil runs out how will we build plastics, rubbers, and roads that use oil or one of it's by products.	Oil won't "run out", exactly. Our oil supply isn't like a big tank that runs empty one day. It's a huge variety of mineral deposits in a variety of places, and some are more expensive to drill and produce than others. As we use oil, the cheap-and-easy deposits get used up first, and so the price gradually rises as we have to spend more money to drill the more difficult deposits. (This is already happening.) Eventually we'll reach a point where oil is so expensive that it's too expensive to burn it for fuel. Other energy sources will be cheaper, so we'll switch to those. But there's still oil left in the ground at that point, it just costs more. And while nobody wants to buy gasoline at $20/gallon, manufacturers will probably be happy to pay $20 for that amount of rubber or plastic. So oil will shift from being mostly a fuel to mostly a feedstock for making materials. But today, only about 3% of crude oil is used as a feedstock, the rest as fuel, so if it gets too expensive to burn, the stuff still underground will last us a very very long time.	[ "Section::::Bioplastics.\n\nAnother major factor in petroleum demand is the widespread use of petroleum products such as plastic. These could be partially replaced by bioplastics, which are derived from renewable plant feedstocks such as vegetable oil, corn starch, hemp plants, pea starch, or microbiota. They are u...	[ "Oil can just run out.", "Oil can potentially eventually run out at one point. " ]	[ "Oil will not just run out, it will become more expensive over time and eventually be replaced when it is more expensive than other forms of fuel. ", "There are a multitude of oil deposits around the world where oil can be obtained, therefore the US doesn't exactly, run out of oil as if they take it all from a se...	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Oil can just run out.", "Oil can potentially eventually run out at one point. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Oil will not just run out, it will become more expensive over time and eventually be replaced when it is more expensive than other forms of fuel. ", "There are a multitude of oil deposits around the world where oil can be obtained, therefore the US doesn't exactly, run out of oil as if they take it all from a se...
2018-23970	If gravity is always pulling everything closer how is the universe constantly expanding?	Short answer is that we dont actually know. All we know is that everything in the universe is red shifting and the rate of the expansion is increasing. Currently we just chalk it up to dark energy, but we have no idea what this dark energy actually is, what produces it, where it is, if it exist, or how to measure it.	[ "In addition to slowing the overall expansion, gravity causes local clumping of matter into stars and galaxies. Once objects are formed and bound by gravity, they \"drop out\" of the expansion and do not subsequently expand under the influence of the cosmological metric, there being no force compelling them to do s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Because gravity is always pulling everything closer, the universe should not be expanding." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "We don't know about the relationship between gravity and universe expansion, however we do know that the universe's rate of expansion is increasing." ]
2018-02649	Why can’t you click the iPhone button when the phone is dead?	I assume you have a newer iPhone. On older ones, the home button is a physical button (like the power/lock button) that can be pressed when it's off. New iPhones: that's not actually a button! It's a touch-sensitive area that provides "haptic feedback": a little vibration at just the right time that convinces you that something was pressed. Look carefully and it's just an indentation the glass surface. That obviously won't work when there's no power or the phone is off.	[ "BULLET::::- Erase iPhone – completely erases all content and settings, which is useful if the device contains sensitive information, but the device cannot be located after this action is performed. Starting with iOS 7 or later, after the erase is complete, the message can still be displayed and the device will be ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "iPhone button should be clickable even when the phone is dead." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The click feeling is just a haptic feedback. There is no actual button to be clicked. It just feels like it. " ]
2018-18800	How can you tell the difference between 3D animation and 2D animation?	[Video that explains it]( URL_0 ). In general, 3D animation uses (3D) models that are animated, possibly using motion capture in order to simulate realistic movement, and then rendered into the scenes. The animation engine (the computer) also calculates and renders perspective, occlusion, shadows, and shades of color. The artist has to be talented at creating good-looking models. 2D animation, on the other hand, is like drawing each frame of a video, as a painting or hand drawing. The "animation" comes from the slight differences between each frame, and the "dimensions" come from cues like perspective, relative size, shadows, and color shades (which are drawn by the artist). The artist has to be talented at drawing scenes / paintings. EDIT: How can you tell the difference: because of the large number of frames that must be drawn, it's very rare that a 2D artist takes the time to do a [realistic drawing]( URL_2 ) with all the gradients required to give the impression of a 3D surface like a person's face. For example, [Aladdin]( URL_1 ) has a flat-tone for his face, no nose gradient, etc. On the other hand, for 3D animation, once the model is created in 3D, the computer automatically takes care of the [lighting]( URL_3 ) gradients that give the impression of 3D. Even without final colors and textures, you can still see light reflection and different shades on the surface of the face.	[ "Computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer. 2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects move and interact. 3D animation can c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05028	How come animals can drink from any water source(excluding salt water obviously) while we can’t drink it unless we purify most of the contaminants?	Animals can drink from any water sources. They can also die from doing so. We have stricter guidelines for humans because we don't want humans to die unnecessarily.	[ "Both agriculture and sewage treatment produce inputs into rivers with very high concentrations of bacteria and viruses including a wide range of pathogenic organisms. Even in areas with little human activity significant levels of bacteria and viruses can be detected originating from fish and aquatic mammals and fr...	[ "Animals can safely drink from any water source.", "Animals can drink any water without risk whilst humans can cause harm to themselves by drinking water that isn't purified. " ]	[ "Animals can't drink safely from anywhere. They could die from bad water just like us.", "Animals can also be harmed by drinking unpurified water. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animals can safely drink from any water source.", "Animals can drink any water without risk whilst humans can cause harm to themselves by drinking water that isn't purified. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animals can't drink safely from anywhere. They could die from bad water just like us.", "Animals can also be harmed by drinking unpurified water. " ]
2018-13417	Why would Apple want to make their own chips for Macs? What is wrong with using Intel chips?	Part of it is that Intel is profiting from chips that Apple buys from them. If they have the up-front money to invest and technical skill to produce them as cheaply as Intel can, they can keep the money that would otherwise be profit for Intel. Intel chips also use the x86-64 architecture which has been the standard for decades for Windows, and over a decade for Macs. It’s highly flexible and powerful, but many of its features are overkill for day-to-day use and drive up cost and power consumption unnecessarily. This is why almost no phones use Intel chips. ARM-type designs, which can be produced by multiple companies to their own specifications, are way more power efficient. Another way to look at this is if you’re limited by the amount of power available... they can actually be more powerful. Considering Apple focuses their computer efforts in the laptop market, especially thin, portable laptops... that could make ARM based processors better than Intel for a lot of Macs, not only cheaper. These factors already make them very good for iPhones. Now, you need to significantly rewrite code to work on those CPUs at all, which is why portable Windows phones/tablets ARM CPUs perform worse-than-expected, and don’t run existing Windows software (which would have been the main advantage of a Windows phone compared to Android for example). It’s also why iPhones do not currently run Mac software, or visa-versa. But if Apple pulled this switch off well, took advantage of the performance potential ARM CPUs offer and make sure that plenty of software is available right away to make the computers useful— they could really make Macs better than they are now, especially in the area of making battery life better or trying to keep performance high without sacrificing battery life.	[ "On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs, then CEO of Apple, announced that Apple would be transitioning from its long favored PowerPC architecture to the Intel x86 architecture because the future PowerPC road map was unable to satisfy Apple's needs. The first Macintosh computers containing Intel CPUs were announced on January...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04319	How do scientists know which dinosaur bones belong to which dinosaur?	It's extremely rare to find a complete, intact skeleton. Frequently, archaeologists will find only a few fossils and will have to make educated guesses about how the parts once fit together. In the past, many dinosaur skeletons on display in museums were assembled incorrectly. Younger dinosaurs are also often misidentified as a separate species rather than an adolescent version of a known dinosaur species. There are many thousands of bones or bone fragments in custody that remain unidentified. Since the bones are fossilized (all organic material replaced with mineral deposits), there is no way to identify bones based on DNA.	[ "BULLET::::- A study of the bone histology of \"Tenontosaurus tilletti\" is published by Sarah Werning (2012).\n\nBULLET::::- A study of the bone histology of \"Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki\" is published by Tom R. Hübner (2012).\n\nBULLET::::- A study questioning the interpretation of \"Torosaurus\" as a junior s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01600	How do voice actors match their voices perfectly to the mouths of the characters in animation movies? Do animators animate the mouth movements after the voice actors finish recording their parts?	For western animation, audio tends to be recorded first, for anime, the audio is usually recorded after the animation is complete due to differing production schedules. Note that this is no more than a rule of thumb, it does not apply to any and all cases. Akira is a notable example where the audio was recorded first. Of course, this changes with non-traditional animation. When working with 3D CGI it's generally easier to animate everything but the mouth movements then can fine tune them as needed (or even mo-cap the facial expressions) for the final product.	[ "Voice by\n\nBULLET::::- Jul Kohler (A Day in the Life of Tayo (2010) - Tayo's Christmas (2014), Thanks Gani (2018) - The Little Dinosaur Friend: Part 2 (2019)\n\nBULLET::::- Robyn Slade (A Day in the Life of Tayo (2010) - Hana's Special Day (2014)\n\nBULLET::::- Carol Tyler (Nice to Meet You Peanut (2016) - The Li...	[ "Voice actors must match their words to the action on screen." ]	[ "Most time s the audio is recorded first and then the CGI is done to make it look realistic. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Voice actors must match their words to the action on screen." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Most time s the audio is recorded first and then the CGI is done to make it look realistic. " ]
2018-02216	why train rail tracks have rocks between them	They don't just have rocks between them, they have rocks under them. The rails sit on thick wooden blocks called "ties". The ties are set into gravel which allows water to drain while supporting the enormous weight of the train without shifting. They spread out the weight so the rest of the ground can support it.	[ "BULLET::::- CSX offered to allow NJ Transit use of the ROW if the agency constructed sound barriers along the entire length of track for commuter operations.\n", "British Rail conducted research, in 1976, to determine the suitability of Sandite for use as an adhesion improver.\n\nSection::::Application.\n\nSandi...	[ "Rocks are between rail tracks.", "Train rail tracks have rocks in between them." ]	[ "Rocks are under the rail tracks and are used for drainage and support.", "Train rail tracks have rocks underneath them, not so much between them. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Rocks are between rail tracks.", "Train rail tracks have rocks in between them." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Rocks are under the rail tracks and are used for drainage and support.", "Train rail tracks have rocks underneath them, not so much between them. " ]
2018-10909	if mountain ranges occur from tectonic or volcanic activity on plate boundaries, how do mountain ranges like the Urals and the Alps exist far away from any tectonic boundary?	Plates move away from faults as new plate material is created and drive to the surface. You can see this clearly in North America where there are several parallel rows of mountains. The Sierras in California are young and jagged. The Rockies are moderately jagged but are still huge. The Appalachians to the East are old and well worn down, since they were created much earlier.	[ "The erosion of the mountains exposed numerous mineral resources e.g. silver and iron ore in the Harz as well as copper (the Rammelsberg is a type locality for SEDEX deposits), or uranium in the Ore Mountains.\n\nEven older are the Caledonian Mountains of Scotland and the rest of the plateaux and coastal mountains ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03641	Why do eggs only have that egg smell when they are hard boiled?	It’s actually only if they are boiled too long or too high. Do the quick boil — > reduce heat — > cover and steam for 10-15 minutes thing. Problem solved and no green yolks! edit: Didn’t really explain! When iron from the yolk reacts with hydrogen sulfide from the whites, it creates a sulfury smell because of the ferrous sulfide that builds up. Also, it’s why it turns green then gray.	[ "BULLET::::- Sous vide: Rather than cooking in boiling water, boiled eggs can be made by cooking/coddling in their shell \"sous vide\" in hot water at steady temperatures anywhere from . It turns out that the outer egg white cooks at and the yolk and the rest of the white sets from .\n", "BULLET::::- Vinegar: Som...	[ "Eggs possess a unique smell when they are hard boiled. " ]	[ "Eggs only possess said smell when they are hard boiled for way too long, when hard boiled correctly the smell isn't there." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Eggs possess a unique smell when they are hard boiled. ", "Eggs possess a unique smell when they are hard boiled. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Eggs only possess said smell when they are hard boiled for way too long, when hard boiled correctly the smell isn't there.", "Eggs only possess said smell when they are hard boiled for way too long, when hard boiled correctly the smell isn't there." ]
2018-12816	How does an inhaler work, how is the relief so quick.	Inhalers can have different types of medications, all of which have an effect on the airways in the lungs. The typical rescue inhaler prescribed for quick and short-term relief contains albuterol. Albuterol binds to receptors on the surface of smooth muscle cells lining the small airways in the lungs causing the muscles to relax and the airways become less constricted.	[ "Section::::Other substances – deliberate.:Medical use.:Therapeutic.\n\nGases and other drugs used in anaesthesia include oxygen, nitrous oxide, helium, xenon, volatile anaesthetic agents. Medication for asthma, croup, cystic fibrosis and some other conditions.\n\nSection::::Mechanism.\n", "Section::::Surfactant ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01348	What exactly happens to a muscle when it’s pulled?	> A muscle strain, or pulled muscle, occurs when your muscle is overstretched or torn. This usually occurs as a result of fatigue, overuse, or improper use of a muscle. Strains can happen in any muscle, but they’re most common in your lower back, neck, shoulder, and hamstring, which is the muscle behind your thigh.	[ "Section::::Form.:Insertion and origin.:Insertion.\n\nThe \"insertion\" of a muscle is the structure that it attaches to and tends to be moved by the contraction of the muscle. This may be a bone, a tendon or the subcutaneous dermal connective tissue. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-13127	If companies keep lowering wages for workers and pump their product prices, aren't they shooting them selves in the foot?	1. are they? lots of companies that are famous for this like amazon, walmart etc are actually making things cheaper by reducing labour costs - look at the relative cost of food now to 50 years ago for example 2. Assuming you're right, it depends on what they sell. doesn't really matter if my chandelier engineers can't afford my chandeliers since they never could anyway. 3. Businesses are incentivised to what makes them money in the next 5 years, what happens after that is anyone's guess anyway so they aren't that bothered about the company existing then.	[ "Finally, it is important to notice that, while the gray-area redistribution effect could be reversed by fiscal policy (i.e., taxing employers and transferring the tax revenue to the workers), this is not so for the yellow-area deadweight loss. The market failure can only be addressed in one of two ways: either by ...	[ "Companies are shooting themselves in the foot by lowering wages and increasing prices.", "Companies that reduce worker wages while increasing prices are destined to fail." ]	[ "They are not. Many companies are actually famous for doing this. It is porfitable for them to do so they do it. ", "Companies like Amazon have become successful by reducing labor costs and having the cheapest product prices." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Companies are shooting themselves in the foot by lowering wages and increasing prices.", "Companies that reduce worker wages while increasing prices are destined to fail." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "They are not. Many companies are actually famous for doing this. It is porfitable for them to do so they do it. ", "Companies like Amazon have become successful by reducing labor costs and having the cheapest product prices." ]
2018-04869	How do genetic and ancestry tests claim to be so accurate when their results seem to be based on nationality and not necessarily on ethnicity?	In general, they have analyzed the average genetics of a resident from that part of the world, and are using "Irish" as short hand for "This percentage of your ancestry likely came from people who lived in this part of the world, as certain genetic traits are common to them."	[ "Many companies offer a percentage breakdown by ethnicity or region. Generally the world is specified into about 20–25 regions, and the approximate percentage of DNA inherited from each is stated. This is usually done by comparing the frequency of each Autosomal DNA marker tested to many population groups. The reli...	[ "Genetic and ancestry tests can't be very accurate if results are based on nationality and not ethnicity." ]	[ "The tests are accurate because they take the average genetics of residents within the world, certain genetic traits are quite common. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Genetic and ancestry tests can't be very accurate if results are based on nationality and not ethnicity.", "Genetic and ancestry tests can't be very accurate if results are based on nationality and not ethnicity." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The tests are accurate because they take the average genetics of residents within the world, certain genetic traits are quite common. ", "The tests are accurate because they take the average genetics of residents within the world, certain genetic traits are quite common. " ]
2018-01015	How do smelling salts work. Is it as fast as shown in movies?	Basically, smelling salts release ammonia (NH3)- a not-so-nice substance which irritates the nose and lungs. This triggers an inhalation reflex, restarting breathing. As such, it acts as fast as in movies (or something similar). Menthol works differently- rather than irritating the membranes in your nose, it "cools" them and causes the blood vessels to contract, reducing inflamation.	[ "Ammonia gas is toxic in large concentrations for prolonged periods and can be fatal. Since smelling salts produce only a small amount of ammonia gas, no adverse health problems from their situational use have been reported. If a high concentration of ammonia is inhaled too close to the nostril, it might burn the n...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23353	How does rolling a tennis ball under your foot tone its muscles?	Muscle tone is a sort of "default state" of contraction which muscles are in without being ordered to contract by the nerves. If a sudden pull or stretch is applied to the muscles they will automatically increase tension, something which helps with balance. As you probably also know muscles are usually paired with an extensor and a flexor. A flexor bends a joint to decrease the angle between the parts of a limb, an example being the bicep. An extensor extends the joint, increasing the angle of the parts of the limb. An example is the triceps. The bicep and tricep are paired muscles, and if the muscle tone is completely lost in one it is likely there will be a cramp in the other. Rolling the ball under the foot is aimed to increase the muscle tone in those muscles, reducing the chances of cramping.	[ "Spasticity can be in the form of the clasp-knife response, in which there is increased resistance only at the beginning or at the end of the movement. Rigidity can be of the leadpipe type, in which there is resistance throughout to passive movement, or it may be of cogwheel type, in which the resistance to passive...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23727	Why does handedness matter for scissors?	Scissors work by creating shear force between the two blades, and to do this the sides of the blades must be pressed against each other. Due to the way our hands work the closing motion on the handles of the scissors will press the blades together when properly handed, but press them apart when used with the reversed handedness. When pushed apart a substance such as paper can just bend aside into the gap and avoid being cut.	[ "Most scissors are best-suited for use with the right hand, but \"left-handed\" scissors are designed for use with the left hand. Because scissors have overlapping blades, they are not symmetric. This asymmetry is true regardless of the orientation and shape of the handles: the blade that is on top always forms the...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-15774	Do animals such as bison or rams experience cte like humans do from repeated head trauma?	If I remember right some animals actually have automated systems that can increase the blood volume around there brain. so that there is more present when they butt heads. It acts like an additional protection. There was actually a studying being done to see if there was a way to replicate it in humans for sports like football. I not sure how valid the science is but it's called the q collar I think.	[ "After the suicide of Ashley Massaro, her lawyer relayed her wish for her brain to be studied by science.\n\nSection::::Mixed martial arts.\n\nIt is believed that former mixed martial artists Gary Goodridge and James Leahy have CTE, as a result of repeated head trauma from their fighting careers. Delayed onset is b...	[ "Animals experiece CTE like humans do.", "Animals experience CTE like humans do." ]	[ "There are systems in these animals that increase blood volume which adds protection which helps prevent CTE.", "Animals have a natural system in place that sends more blood to the head as a form of increased protection during impacts. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Animals experiece CTE like humans do.", "Animals experience CTE like humans do." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "There are systems in these animals that increase blood volume which adds protection which helps prevent CTE.", "Animals have a natural system in place that sends more blood to the head as a form of increased protection during impacts. " ]
2018-13896	How do we know how much people Genghis Khan or Josef Stalin killed?	This can be done in a variety of ways, and while I can't tell you specifically for Genghis or Stalin, here are some examples of ways you could go about it: 1. A survey of survivors to get the names of the missing and presumed dead. 2. A few mass graves can help make a statistical model for the dead. 3. If demographics are targeted (like homosexuals or Jews), surveys of populations before and after the event can shed light on it. 4. Economic output decrease can be correlated to loss of manpower, so GDP and similar numbers will suffer if a bunch of workers suddenly die. 5. If the birth rate doesn't recover after the event, it might be a good guess to say that lots of women died. 6. If the death rate afterwards gets too low, you might guess that lots of old people died earlier than expected. With enough data and some clever math, you can put together a model of death during the event. If multiple models agree roughly with the number of the dead, that number might become the accepted estimate.	[ "The title of each year's record is not always consistent, depending on incidents occurred in each year. Each annal firstly recorded the era of the King, the date and the member of the discussion in each month's council and then, the contents could be published. Therefore, the reader can find out what kinds of inci...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "There's no way to know how many people were killed by Genghis Khan or Josef Stalin." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "There's a number of ways to estimate through statistical models and indirect economic impacts how many people were killed." ]
2018-21878	How does going outside without a jacket make us ill?	It doesn't. You have to be exposed to the influenza virus to get a cold. You cant just get a cold from being in the cold. However exposure to cold temperatures can supress the immune system, so you will be more susceptible to any bacteria or viruses if you are cold. There is also just hypothermia if you are too cold which is when your core body temperature drops to dangerous levels. Tho it would have to be VERY cold for this to happen.	[ "BULLET::::- Place bedding in sunshine, which is related to a study done in a high-humidity area where damp bedding was common and associated with SBS.\n\nBULLET::::- Increased ventilation rates that are above the minimum guidelines.\n\nBULLET::::- Lighting in the workplace should be designed to give individuals co...	[ "Going outside without a jacket causes one to be ill. " ]	[ "Going outside without a jacket does not cause illness, one needs to be exposed to influenza virus in order to catch a cold." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Going outside without a jacket causes one to be ill. ", "Going outside without a jacket causes one to be ill. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Going outside without a jacket does not cause illness, one needs to be exposed to influenza virus in order to catch a cold.", "Going outside without a jacket does not cause illness, one needs to be exposed to influenza virus in order to catch a cold." ]
2018-00179	What is the significance of copy/pasting some random text during a captcha test?	It used to be really difficult for computers to read handwritten text- imagine trying to program that? How would you even start? You'd have to figure out how everyone writes every letter, not to mention distinguishing a print m and a cursive n. Of course, you can't just have people sitting around writing out words all day, so what do you do? You pick a random word, print it, and twist the image around, like someone with a really shaky hand did it. You can also add some random lines and dots to throw off the computer even more. Now, computers are a lot better, and basically anyone can get themselves set up with a neural network. Basically, a program that learns how to read captchas by having a huge list of captchas and their solutions, and figuring out what to look for. With enough training data, they can get pretty reliable. The new captchas with the single checkbox do something different. They monitor how you enter data into the form, how your mouse moves, etc. The reasoning goes, a bot's mouse would skip around quickly, land perfectly on each checkbox, write out an entire address in maybe a tenth of a second- not possible for a human. I believe this is how some games detect cheating, too.	[ "Note that \"CAPTCHA\" is an acronym for \"Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart\" so that the original designers of the test regard the test as a Turing test to some degree.\n\nSection::::Judgement of sufficient input.\n", "TVT does not compare the words seen on the monitor b...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03127	how is it possible for someone to refuse to use the toilet for 37 days and not die?	There's no way a human who was still eating and drinking could go for that length of time without eliminating waste. So the real question is, what did he do with it? (Or perhaps the question is, how diligent were they?) I have no idea. Used the toilet in another prisoner's cell would be my guess. But maybe he came up with something even more innovative.	[ "Section::::In fiction.\n\nBULLET::::- Georgia Lass, the protagonist of comedy-drama television series \"Dead Like Me\", is hit and killed in the pilot episode by a toilet seat falling from the deorbiting Mir space station.\n\nBULLET::::- The character Tywin Lannister in the book \"A Storm of Swords\", a novel from...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04700	How come when skulls are found, the nose is often missing?	No bones in the nose. It’s all cartilage. That decomposes and leaves just the bone of the skull.	[ "Section::::Desecration of remains.:Rediscovery.\n", "The left base of the skeleton's skull was missing. The cranium was broken near to the left middle-ear but this did not appear to be due to violence. The head and torso had become detached at some point through movement. A small amount of hair was found still a...	[ "Nose is a missing bone." ]	[ "Nose is not a bone. It is cartilage and decomposes." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Nose is a missing bone." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Nose is not a bone. It is cartilage and decomposes." ]
2018-16714	Does anyone know why these 'Metal soaps' that remove odour work?	The molecules in the steel bind with the sulfur molecules left on your fingers from things like garlic and onions, and when you rub your hands against the steel under cold water, the molecules are washed away.	[ "Stainless steel soap\n\nStainless steel soap is a piece of stainless steel, in the form of a soap bar or other hand-held shape. Its purported purpose is to neutralize or reduce strong odors such as those from handling garlic, onion, durian, guava, salami, or fish.\n", "All these techniques will, to a certain ext...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16589	Why does every movie trailer announcer sound the same? Are they all the same guy?	They're all trying emulate Don LaFontaine, who sadly passed away in 2008. Dude made over 5,000 movie trailers. Also, see John Facenda from NFL Films: URL_0	[ "BULLET::::- Eddie Palladino – Boston Celtics\n\nBULLET::::- Shawn Parker – Minnesota Timberwolves\n\nBULLET::::- Pat Pieper – Chicago Cubs\n\nBULLET::::- Ryan Pritt – Cleveland Indians\n\nBULLET::::- John Ramsey – Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Kings, Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Rams, Los Angeles Angels, USC...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06956	How does diet coke and Coke 0 have 0 calories?	I don’t remember exactly how but artificial sugars and sugar alcohols count as having no calories cause there’s like, no legitimate energy in them? But they still trigger your receptors the same way. Source: Chemistry classes and a vSauce and Mythbusters video	[ "Though sucralose contains no calories, products that contain fillers, such as maltodextrin and/or dextrose, add about 2–4 calories per teaspoon or individual packet, depending on the product, the fillers used, brand, and the intended use of the product. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows for any prod...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18665	Do space crafts have to be aerodynamic to fly through space, since there’s no wind in space?	Not in space since it's in the word "aero"... aerodynamic is to reduce air resistance, it doesn't have to anything with wind per se. Getting it into space though is a different story.	[ "Section::::Atmospheric flight testing of launch vehicles and reusable spacecraft.\n\nAll launch vehicles, as well as a few reusable spacecraft, must necessarily be designed to deal with aerodynamic flight loads while moving through the atmosphere.\n", "The initial concept study was produced by Aerospatiale in 19...	[ "Space crafts should not need to be aerodynamic since there is no wind in space." ]	[ "This is true in space, but there are aerodynamic concerns getting one into space." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Space crafts should not need to be aerodynamic since there is no wind in space." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "This is true in space, but there are aerodynamic concerns getting one into space." ]
2018-11211	Why is prolong learning or extreme usage of brainpower, such as math, so mentally (And sometimes physically) exhausting?	Our brain actually accounts for a lot of our energy consumption. Thinking requires neurons to send a lot of signals, and each of those is a small electric current being made and then transformed into a chemical signal and then back to an electrical signal in the next cell. (This is the way a signal gets from one signal to the next, now imagine a signal that has to go further) All of this requires energy, and when energy gets used you get tired	[ "Section::::Application.\n\nOne example of how ingenuity is used conceptually can be found in the analysis of Thomas Homer-Dixon, building on that of Paul Romer, to refer to what is usually called \"instructional capital\". In this case, Homer-Dixon used the phrase 'ingenuity gap' denotes the space between a challe...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02675	Why is seemingly every book in existence a "New York Times Bestseller"?	You'll note they don't say "The New York Times Bestseller of [date]." The bestseller list contains a bunch of books and comes out multiple times a year, so many books can claim to be on the list.	[ "Bestseller reports from companies such as Amazon.com, which appear to be based strictly on auditable sales to the public, may be at odds with bestseller lists compiled from more casual data, such as \"The New York Times\" lists' survey of retailers and publishers. The exact method for ranking \"The New York Times\...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06447	The physiological difference between tablet, gel-cap, chewable, and liquid medicines?	There really isn't a ton of difference. There is a reason that over-the-counter meds generally come in more forms than prescription meds, and the reason is that consumers like variety while doctors just like to pick the one that works. Over-the-counter meds have more bells and whistles because the average person likes bells and whistles, so companies can sell multiple versions of the same product in the guise of choice. To get to the nitty gritty: Tablet - medication in a base that dissolves at a steady rate. Gel cap - medication in a gel with a coating. The coating dissolves at a slower rate, then the gel dissolves at a faster rate. Generally a little easier to swallow than tablets. Chewable - medication in a gummy base that gets broken up into small pieces and then dissolved. Good for kids or people who hate swallowing pills. Liquid - dissolves the fastest. Good for people who want fast relief, kids, or people who hate pills. Bad for people who suck at pouring out the right dose. The faster dissolving methods are going to give you relief a little faster and wear off a little sooner. But really, assuming you take the same dose of each version you probably won't notice a ton of difference. So just buy the one that's the cheapest or whatever your personal preference is.	[ "The compressed tablet is the most popular dosage form in use today. About two-thirds of all prescriptions are dispensed as solid dosage forms, and half of these are compressed tablets. A tablet can be formulated to deliver an accurate dosage to a specific site; it is usually taken orally, but can be administered s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-20195	Why does drinking alcohol affect a man's ability to get an erection?	Erectile tissue works by constricting blood vessels so less blood leaves the tissue than enters it. Alcohol makes blood vessels dilate, counteracting the erectile tissue's function.	[ "In the presence of mechanical stimulation, erection is initiated by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system with minimal input from the central nervous system. Parasympathetic branches extend from the sacral plexus into the arteries supplying the erectile tissue; upon stimulation, these nerve ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19615	How do executives hold board of director positions at multiple fortune 500 companies?	The Board only meets occasionally to vote on more important matters. They don't really deal with day to day affairs like the CEO does.	[ "BULLET::::- The CEO may also hold the title of chairperson, in which case the board frequently names an independent member of the board as a lead director. This position is equivalent to the position of président-directeur général in France.\n\nSection::::Public corporations.:Executive chairperson.\n", "BULLET::...	[ "Executives who hold board of director positions at fortune 500 companies are involved in the day to day affairs." ]	[ "Executives who hold board of director positions only meet occasionally to vote on important matters." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Executives who hold board of director positions at fortune 500 companies are involved in the day to day affairs.", "Executives who hold board of director positions at fortune 500 companies are involved in the day to day affairs." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Executives who hold board of director positions only meet occasionally to vote on important matters.", "Executives who hold board of director positions only meet occasionally to vote on important matters." ]
2018-11880	Why does metal rust if I leave it out in the rain, but not when it's in jewelry that I wear in the shower?	Depends on the metal and also on the process that they receive to be able to withstand the conditions. Usually, jewelry will be coated with some metal that won’t rust or even paint to protect them and will be made of materials that are unlikely to rust.	[ "Moisture has strong effects on nearly all cultural heritage materials, with ceramics and glass being exceptions to these effects in most cases. Metals face the risk of corrosion as RH increases, a risk which is enhanced by surface contaminants and emphasizes the need for proper housing. Additionally, mold growth i...	[ "Metal rusts if left out in the rain or exposed to water, but jewelry does not." ]	[ "The metal that will rust when exposed to water depends on the material of the metal or the coating that shields the metal from water." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Metal rusts if left out in the rain or exposed to water, but jewelry does not." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The metal that will rust when exposed to water depends on the material of the metal or the coating that shields the metal from water." ]
2018-12537	Why do batteries have + and - sides	Electricity is the flow of charged particles (usually electrons). One side of the battery “attracts” electrons and the other side “releases electrons”, so you mark off which side is which with +/-. This is important because some devices only accept electrons in one direction (diodes commonly used in electronics). Putting it in reverse will do nothing or damage the device. You need a full circuit because air is a very good insulator. Electricity is like a river. The + and - terminals are like high ground and Low ground. If you place a Giant Boulder (air) to block it, the current will not flow anymore. Unlike water, it will just stay there instead of pooling at the boulder.	[ "L terminals consist of an L-shaped post with a bolt hole through the vertical side. These are used on some European cars, motorcycles, lawn and garden devices, snowmobiles, and other light duty vehicles.\n\nSome batteries sizes are available with terminals in two different configurations: 1) positive on left and n...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-14217	Would it be possible for a computer screen to flaah the same code as a remote control and change the channel?	Infra Red waves are not in the visible light spectrum, your monitor probably can not emit radiation in the same frequency as Infra Red "light so No.	[ "A UE searching for a WCDMA Node B will first use the primary and secondary synchronization channels (P-SCH and S-SCH respectively) to determine the slot and frame timing of a candidate P-CCPCH, whether STTD is in use, as well as identifying which one of 64 code groups is being used by the cell. Crucially this allo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Computer screens can flash codes that a TV can understand. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Computer screens don't emit infrared light, which is required for a TV to understand." ]
2018-01026	How do automatic transmissions "learn the driver's driving habits"? Does this truly increase efficiency(mpg)?	Nothing to do with piston wear. And most automatic transmissions do not have this feature. Instead they have an explicit switch for you to select sportier, medium, or more economical driving. What it really does: changes gear sooner (at lower RPMs) or later (at higher RPMs).	[ "Section::::Transportation.:Driving technique.\n\nMany drivers have the potential to improve their fuel efficiency significantly. These five basic fuel-efficient driving techniques can be effective. Simple things such as keeping tires properly inflated, having a vehicle well-maintained and avoiding idling can drama...	[ "Automatic transmissions learn the driver's driving habits.", "Automatic transmissions learn a driver's habit." ]	[ "Most automatic transmissions do not learn the driver's driving habits.", "Many automatic transmissions don't offer this feature. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Automatic transmissions learn the driver's driving habits.", "Automatic transmissions learn a driver's habit." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Most automatic transmissions do not learn the driver's driving habits.", "Many automatic transmissions don't offer this feature. " ]
2018-19400	Why do chess pieces look like they do?	Chess pieces were designed how they look today because before the design was thought of, people played with pieces that they couldn't easily distinguish. So, in 1849 Howard Staunton invented the chess pieces that we have today.	[ "Chess pieces used for play are usually figurines that are taller than they are wide. For example, a set of pieces designed for a chessboard with squares typically have a king around tall. Chess sets are available in a variety of designs, with the most well-known Staunton design, named after Howard Staunton, a 19th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02524	Why are stunt performers often necessary in movies? Why can't the actors just do it themselves?	Stunt performers spend years learning how to do dangerous and athletic stunts safely and properly and there is still always a great deal of risk involved. If the stuntman gets injured, they can replace him with another one. If the highly paid star of the movie is injured, filming can be delayed by weeks while they heal, which costs money.	[ "Section::::History.:Action movies.\n", "While modern computer-generated imagery (CGI) technology is considered by many stunt professionals to potentially be curtailing the industry to but a shadow of its former self, the costs of CGI on most films and for most scenes presently far outweigh the benefits. While CG...	[ "Stunt performers aren't exactly necessary and the actors should be capable of completing the stunts that stuntmen do. " ]	[ "Stuntmen spend much time vigorously training in order to perform the stunts they do, it isn't expected of actors to be able to replicate the stunts. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Stunt performers aren't exactly necessary and the actors should be capable of completing the stunts that stuntmen do. ", "Stunt performers aren't exactly necessary and the actors should be capable of completing the stunts that stuntmen do. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Stuntmen spend much time vigorously training in order to perform the stunts they do, it isn't expected of actors to be able to replicate the stunts. ", "Stuntmen spend much time vigorously training in order to perform the stunts they do, it isn't expected of actors to be able to replicate the stunts. " ]
2018-03597	How can we be getting live video and/or images from a spaceship that's hundreds of miles away?	> How can we be getting live video and/or images from a spaceship that's hundreds of miles away? Radio. We have had radios for a fairly long time and have been using them to transmit information. Video is just another kind of information which can be transmitted by radio. Of course we use big dishes to detect the signal, but satellite television has been around since 1962.	[ "On 8 July 2014, Russia launched the METEOR-M No. 2 weather satellite (also known as METEOR-M2) with LRPT on board.\n\nInstructions for receiving LRPT images from this satellite are posted on the\n\nInternet.\n\nSection::::See also.\n\nBULLET::::- High-resolution picture transmission (HRPT)\n\nSection::::Notes and ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02221	Can heat-seeking technology locate a person in 40 degree celcius heat? If so, how?	Same as scales where you can "zero" the scale to weigh the mass added from that point, you can re\-calibrate the devices. The temperature associated with the colours will change, and since body temperature is lower than 40, you will appear blue\-ish $indicated a cold spot$, then the rest which might bee warmer. As long as your temperature is different than the environment, it should be able to locate a person.	[ "In June 2014, the Canadian National Aerial Surveillance Program DHC-8M-100 aircraft mounted with infrared sensors was instrumental in the search for Justin Bourque, a fugitive who had killed three Royal Canadian Mounted Police members in Moncton. The plane's crew used its advanced heat-sensing camera to discover B...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09664	What property in substances cause light to speed up or slow down	Light is an electromagnetic wave. The atoms in a substance act as barriers to the propagation of the wave. At each barrier, the wave bends and interferes with other parts of the wave. All-in-all the wave will interfere with itself in such a way as to bend AND slow down the resulting wave crests, even though each part of the wave propagates at c (300,000 km/s). It's similar to the "bouncing around between atoms" explanation, but fundamentally has to do with wave propagation and interference rather than particle behavior.	[ "The phase velocity is important in determining how a light wave travels through a material or from one material to another. It is often represented in terms of a \"refractive index\". The refractive index of a material is defined as the ratio of \"c\" to the phase velocity \"v\" in the material: larger indices of ...	[ "Light speeds up or slows down in substances.", "There is some property in substances that causes light to slow down " ]	[ "Light waves moves at the speed of light, but the waves can interfere with each other.", "Light slows down in substances because it is bouncing around in the substance not due to some property the substance has. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Light speeds up or slows down in substances.", "There is some property in substances that causes light to slow down " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Light waves moves at the speed of light, but the waves can interfere with each other.", "Light slows down in substances because it is bouncing around in the substance not due to some property the substance has. " ]
2018-02873	Why isn’t water a good buffer?	A buffer solution resists a change in pH because the acid and base are present in high enough concentrations that a reaction with any given chemical will not really throw off the balance between the two. if you have 100 moles of base and 100 moles of acid, and react with 1 mole of either, the ratio becomes 99:100. With water, the self ionization results in very small amounts of acid and base, so the opposite happens. Any acid or base, in any appreciable amount, will throw off the balance. Water is a bad buffer because there isn't enough acid and base present in any given amount of water to make a difference when another acid or base is added.	[ "The strong attraction between these surfaces causes an extremely thin water film (a few molecules thick) to form on the mineral surface. These water molecules are much less mobile than the rest of the water in the soil, and have significant effects on soil dielectric permittivity and freezing-thawing.\n\nIn molecu...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02271	How do game designers create the logic or on what do they base the logic in sport video games to the deliver the correct commentary in the corresponding situation, e.g. football (soccer)?	My partner is a game dev so from what I've learnt from him: The dev will create a sequence of scenarios and imput them as codes with a yes or no answer to branch off from. for example in a soccer game I would assume it would be something along the lines of; does ball reach goal? If yes trigger audio 1. If no trigger audio 2.	[ "In the first two versions of the game, \"NSS 1\" (2003) and \"NSS 2\" (2004), the action on the field was a running text commentary of key elements of the match, where certain situations required intervention to make a decision on how the player acts, like whether to pass, tackle or shoot.\n\nSince the third versi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03080	Is it more difficult to be witty in sign language?	> humour relying on subtle linguistic characteristics like homonyms and synonyms wouldn't translate so well. Does this make it more difficult to be witty when signing? It can be a real handful.	[ "Some adjectival and adverbial information is conveyed through non-manual elements, but what these elements are varies from language to language. For instance, in ASL a slightly open mouth with the tongue relaxed and visible in the corner of the mouth means 'carelessly', but a similar non-manual in BSL means 'borin...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11296	How are people able to override self preservation and kill/ sacrifice themselves?	Your body is really good at reacting/letting you move away from negative stimuli. If the world and everything around/happening to you is viewed bad enough then suicide is easy because its not nearly as bad as continuing. Plus we have more control than we think, its hard but you can still do things to hurt yourself regardless of instincts.	[ "This dilemma of obedience in conscience to divine or state law, was demonstrated dramatically in Antigone's defiance of King Creon's order against burying her brother an alleged traitor, appealing to the \"unwritten law\" and to a \"longer allegiance to the dead than to the living\".\n", "Section::::Death though...	[ "People do not have control over self preservation. " ]	[ "People do have control over self preservation, and can hurt themselves. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People do not have control over self preservation. ", "People do not have control over self preservation. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "People do have control over self preservation, and can hurt themselves. ", "People do have control over self preservation, and can hurt themselves. " ]
2018-15392	Why is it so many languages have some form of "mama" and "papa" as one of their words for mother and father?	Way back when (around 5-10 thousand years ago), there was this group of people who lived in Central Asia who spoke a language called Proto-Indo-European. That language and those people became the ancestors of pretty much every language spoken in Europe, India, and parts of the Middle East. Guess what their words for mother and father were? "Mehter" and "Pehter"	[ "Mama and papa\n\nIn linguistics, mama and papa are considered a special case of false cognates. In many languages of the world, sequences of sounds similar to and mean \"mother\" and \"father\", usually but not always in that order. This is thought to be a coincidence resulting from the process of early language a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03136	Why does vegetable oil work as a substitute for traditional fuel in a diesel engine?	Diesel engines work by compression ignition; you add a small amount of hydrocarbon fuel during compression, it eventually combusts and the energy of combustion raises the pressure and drives the piston downwards, producing power. However, this autoignition isn't a magical property unique to diesel fuel; every hydrocarbon will autoignite at some temperature, and it just so happens that vegetable oils have similar energy contents, viscosities, and autoignition temperatures to standard ultra-low sulfur diesel. That being said, you typically want to run the vegetable oil through what's known as a transesterification process to lower the viscosity and make the fuel a little more stable, and help with cold-starting the engine. You add either ethanol or methanol to the oil, along with bases like soda ash or lye to keep the acidity down, and then mix it to produce fatty-acid ethyl/methyl esters (so, FAEE or FAME), along with glycerol that must be removed during processing. The FAEE and FAME products are known more popularly as biodiesel.	[ "The list of vegetable oils article discusses which types of vegetable oil are used for fuel and where different types are grown.\n\nSection::::Transportation.\n\nVegetable oil is used for transportation in four different ways:\n\nBULLET::::- Vegetable oil blends - Mixing vegetable oil with diesel lets users get so...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12779	why do images of things on a microscopic level not have color?	You are probably referring to electron microscope images which are taken with electron bombardment rather that visible light; indeed some of the structures may be too small to image with visible light because the wavelength is too large. Under such circumstances there is no color in the resulting image because color has no meaning.	[ "Artwork consists of many pigments with a wide range of spectral absorption properties, which determine their color. Due to the broad spectral features of these pigments, the identification of a specific pigment in a mixture is difficult. Pump-probe imaging can provide accurate, high resolution, molecular informati...	[ "Microscope images do not have color." ]	[ "Only electron microscopes don't have color because it doesn't use visible light. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Microscope images do not have color." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Only electron microscopes don't have color because it doesn't use visible light. " ]
2018-17343	How does your body create suction to suck up liquids?	The same way you suck in air. The basic key to it is that pressure always wants to equalize. If you have a higher pressure in one place, and a lower pressure in another, air will move to try and make that equal. Inside your chest, there's a sealed cavity in which your lungs sit. You have a big muscle at the bottom of that cavity called the diaphragm. When you inhale, what you're actually doing is moving that diaphragm muscle downwards. What that does is make that cavity larger. Because it's a fixed amount of air inside there, increasing the space that air occupies reduces the pressure the air is under. This causes the air pressure all around you (which is now at a greater pressure than inside your chest cavity), to rush into your mouth or nose and down into your lungs causing them to expand inside your chest cavity, and equalize the pressure in there again. What you do with a straw is very simple and very similar. You grip the straw between your lips ~~and then inhale~~ and you lower your jaw. That reduces the air pressure inside your mouth, much like lowering the diaphragm lowers the pressure in your chest cavity, which then reduces the pressure in the straw. Atmospheric pressure which is pushing down on the surface of the drink now has an advantage against the pressure in your mouth, and forces the liquid up the straw to attempt to compensate. Edited in response to a correction	[ "Suction feeding is a method of ingesting a prey item in fluids by sucking the prey into the predator's mouth. This is typically accomplished by the predator expanding the volume of its oral cavity and/or throat, resulting in a pressure difference between the inside of the mouth and the outside environment. When th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05713	How do Paleontologist and other scientists know what the skin of dinosaurs looked/felt like?	[There are fossils of dinosaur skin]( URL_0 ) and [dinosaur feathers]( URL_1 ). These offer a base from which to work, and for those species that don't have fossils of superficial features scientists don't "know" what their skin was like. Instead, they have theories about what they should have looked like considering the climate, region, and what other dinosaurs looked like in that area around that time.	[ "BULLET::::- Charles Mortram Sternberg described the fossilized skin of \"Chasmosaurus belli\". The skin was preserved as an impression of skin covering the right side of the animal's pelvic region. \"C. belli\" had skin covered in small \"nonimbricating\" polygonal scales interspersed with rows of larger rounded p...	[ "Paleontologists and other scientists know what the skin of dinosaurs looked/felt like.", "Scientists know what the skin of all dinosaurs looks and felt like. " ]	[ "Scientists get some clues from dinosaur fossils about what their skin looked like, and then they consider a number of other factors, and develop theories of how dinosaur skin is likely to have appeared.", "Scientists only have a theory of what some dinosaurs skin looked like. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Paleontologists and other scientists know what the skin of dinosaurs looked/felt like.", "Scientists know what the skin of all dinosaurs looks and felt like. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Scientists get some clues from dinosaur fossils about what their skin looked like, and then they consider a number of other factors, and develop theories of how dinosaur skin is likely to have appeared.", "Scientists only have a theory of what some dinosaurs skin looked like. " ]
2018-02683	How does moving water freeze?	Moving water freezes just like non-moving water does. First, imagine floating in a still pond that's beginning to freeze. Bits of water around you will start turning into small pieces of floating ice. The ice will grow and grow until it covers the surface of the pond. Now imagine floating in a moving stream. Bits of water around you will start turning into small pieces of floating ice, just the same as before. From your perspective as someone floating along with them, it looks identical to ice forming on a still pond. The only difference is that the whole process is moving downstream as it happens.	[ "Section::::How water freezes.\n", "However, even with this definition it is not clear whether \"freezing\" refers to the point at which water forms a visible surface layer of ice; the point at which the entire volume of water becomes a solid block of ice; or when the water reaches . A quantity of water can be at...	[ "Moving water can't freeze or freezes differently than other water. " ]	[ "Moving water freezes just like any other water." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Moving water can't freeze or freezes differently than other water. ", "Moving water can't freeze or freezes differently than other water. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Moving water freezes just like any other water.", "Moving water freezes just like any other water." ]
2018-15985	How is movie/theatrical makeup different from consumer makeup? Why don’t actors rub it off or smudge it when they touch their face in a scene?	I don't know if this is true for everything, but I worked at one of those amusement parks where I had to wear scary make up. What they did is put all the make up on me and then spray me with something (Make up setting spray I think?) that would then keep my make up from peeling or rubbing off. It was still possible for me to rub it off, but it was pretty hard to do so without make up wipes. I hope this helps and I hope you have an amazing day!	[ "As the film/television industry continues to grow, so do the capabilities of the technologies behind it. Since the debut of newer technologies, many have feared that CGI (Computer Generated Imagery) will put practical SFX makeup out of business. More can be done with CGI than can be done with makeup as some things...	[ "Movie makeup cannot rub off.", "Consumer makeup is different than theater makeup." ]	[ "The makeup can rub off, but it is hard to do so. Makeup setting spray is sprayed on the makeup to keep it from peeling off.", "It is the same makeup but they add a setting spray that makes it more difficult to come off. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Movie makeup cannot rub off.", "Consumer makeup is different than theater makeup." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The makeup can rub off, but it is hard to do so. Makeup setting spray is sprayed on the makeup to keep it from peeling off.", "It is the same makeup but they add a setting spray that makes it more difficult to come off. " ]
2018-21125	How do flight plan filings work with on-demand or just-in-time domestic flights?	In simple terms once the pilot knows his route and plans out what he intends to do. he calls the local atc center and files said plan. Flight plans are not asking for permission to fly they are informing that you intend to fly l. They also do not require and advance notice to file.	[ "The first step is to compute the modified due date for each flight. Since the current time is 0 and, in our example, we don’t have any flight whose due date is smaller than its processing time, the mdd of each flight is equal to its due date:\n\nThe flight with the smallest MDD (Flight n° 3) is then processed, and...	[ "Flight plans require advance notice to fly.", "flight plan filings and on demand flights need to work together." ]	[ "Flight plans do not require advance notice to fly.", "Flight plans are just notices of intent to fly." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Flight plans require advance notice to fly.", "flight plan filings and on demand flights need to work together." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Flight plans do not require advance notice to fly.", "Flight plans are just notices of intent to fly." ]
2018-17204	Why are galaxies disc shapped instead of a sphere?	Galaxies, like most celestial bodies spin around. Gravity holds them together, but the speed in which they spin is great enough, and the distance to the edge is great enough, that the material in the arms flattens out into a disc. The same action that causes this disc in a spiral galaxy is what makes the Sun and the Earth bulge out more at the equator, and it is what creates rings around gas giant planets. That said, not all galaxies are spiral, and some of them exist quite happily as a clump of stars, which has their own set of dynamics.	[ "Section::::Formation theories.:Disk growth via accretion.\n", "The discrepancies range from galaxies to clusters of galaxies. \"The main one that has attracted a lot of attention is the cuspy halo problem, namely that CDM models predict halos that have a high density core or have an inner profile that is too ste...	[ "Galaxies are disc shapped.", "Galaxies are disc shaped." ]	[ "Some galaxies spin quickly and are disc-shaped, while other galaxies are a clump of stars with different dynamics.", "It is the spiral galaxies that appear disc shaped and not all galaxies are spiral galaxies." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Galaxies are disc shapped.", "Galaxies are disc shaped." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some galaxies spin quickly and are disc-shaped, while other galaxies are a clump of stars with different dynamics.", "It is the spiral galaxies that appear disc shaped and not all galaxies are spiral galaxies." ]
2018-21030	Why can't we explain what water tastes like?	It depends on the water. Some water can be metallic, or full of minerals. If you think about it, you have to compare what you are tasting to what something else tastes like. So water must taste like something else, and if it doesn't, it just tastes like water. Like, explain what salt tastes like without using the word salty. Or explain what the color red looks like without referring to an object.	[ "Pure water is usually described as tasteless and odorless, although humans have specific sensors that can feel the presence of water in their mouths, and frogs are known to be able to smell it. However, water from ordinary sources (including bottled mineral water) usually has many dissolved substances, that may gi...	[ "Humans cannot explain what water tastes like " ]	[ "The taste of the water is dependent on what kind of water it is, for example, the water can be full of minerals and the taste can be compared to other things." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans cannot explain what water tastes like ", "Cannot explain what water tastes like." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "The taste of the water is dependent on what kind of water it is, for example, the water can be full of minerals and the taste can be compared to other things.", "You can explain waters taste. Sometimes it tastes metallic, or mineraly. " ]
2018-07996	What information does Newton's first law of motion contain that isn't already contained in Newton's second law?	I believe the other replies are a bit misleading. The first law isn't a special case of the second, at least not at heart. Newton's laws of motion are meant to create a very definitive understanding of how motion works, so while it's common to assume the definition of things like "reference frames" before even talking about Newton's laws, Newton's goal was to create a single consistent theory of motion, with no unspoken assumptions. The second law, F = ma, is only valid in so-called "inertial" reference frames. What is an inertial reference frame? Well... If you just started with the second law, you're stuck. It doesn't say anything about what an inertial reference frame is. The first law is what establishes this, and this is why it is stated before the second law. The first law defines inertial reference frames as frames where you the following properties are true: * Objects observed with no forces acting on them, which are at rest, stay at rest * Objects observed with no forces acting on them, which are moving at some constant speed, stay in motion with the same speed and direction Technically, the second law is useless unless you know in what kinds of reference frames (i.e. coordinates) it is valid in. If I measure forces and accelerations while spinning around on a merry-go-round, then F will not be equal to the mass times the acceleration, in that rotating frame. Of course, by the first law, we can tell that the merry-go-round reference frame isn't inertial. I think this is the closest thing to an explanation of why there are three laws of motion in Newtonian physics rather than just two. If anyone has any disagreement with it, I would be interested to know your thoughts. A longer explanation containing considerably more physics can be found [here]( URL_0 ).	[ "Section::::Examples.\n\nBULLET::::- According to Polybius, in 211 BC, Lyciscus of Acarnania argued that the Lacedaemonians should abandon their treaty with the Aetolian League because of fundamentally changed circumstances. That is perhaps the earliest recorded example of the principle of \"rebus sic stantibus\" a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-10792	Why does it seem like so many people hate the sound of other people chewing?	it's called misophonia (which means, literally, the hatred of sound) and it's awful, i know. it's apparently a type of synesthesia. it used to be just chewing for me but now it extends to breathing, sniffling, etc, really any "body sounds" here's a link with more info: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )	[ "BULLET::::- When Lois wipes off Stewie's fake pencil mustache, Stewie compares the saliva being cleaned on his upper lip to the time he had dinner with Martin Landau. A cutaway shows Martin Landau having a distinct speech pattern by not chewing up his food as he speaks.\n", "BULLET::::- The Smoking Family: A fam...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00810	Why is salt cube shaped?	Because of its crystal atomic structure, crystals arange them selves in a very organized fashion depending on what they are made up of.	[ "One of the more unusually shaped Haloarchaea is the \"Square Haloarchaeon of Walsby\". It was classified in 2004 using a very low nutrition solution to allow growth along with a high salt concentration, square in shape and extremely thin (like a postage stamp). This shape is probably only permitted by the high osm...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]

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