Split (3)

train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages list	presuppositions list	corrections list	labels list	raw_presuppositions list	raw_labels list	raw_corrections list
2018-10245	How do smart phones differentiate touch input between your finger vs any other object?	Usually they react to the electrical conductivity of your finger. This is why electronic stylus work on most touch screens.	[ "The \"capacitive shunt method\", described in an application note by Analog Devices (not to be confused with analog devices), senses the change in capacitance between a transmitter and receiver that are on opposite sides of the sensor. The transmitter creates an electric field which oscillates at 200–300 kHz. If a...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-12150	How the licence plate system is working in the USA ?	As far as I know, each state handles their own plates. So they are free to create as many custom plate styles as they see fit. Most of the custom plates are local government trying to get more money from you, as you have to pay more for these.	[ "Licence plate lookup systems of New Zealand\n\nSection 236 and 237 of the Land Transport Act 1998 (LTA) allows public access to the Motor Vehicle Register maintained by the NZ Transport Agency. The Motor Vehicle Register records information about vehicles used on New Zealand roads and the persons responsible for t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01799	Why do soup cans have ridges?	Strength. It's the same sort of reason old metal fuel cans have the embossed X on the side of them. It makes the whole shape stiffer.	[ "BULLET::::- Seam bump - Seam bumps are a relatively short area of the double seam, where the seam thickness suddenly increases by 0.004\" (0.1 mm) or more. They are predominantly found on welded and two-piece cans with long body hooks and are usually seen on the can filler's end when hot filled products exceed 185...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-21664	If I turn on the hot water tap, why does it slowly warm up instead of being cold for a bit and then instantly hot?	along with the water in the pipes being cold, the pipes themselves are also cold. As the cold water clears out, the hot water comes in, and the cold pipes steal some of the heat from the water, hence the first of the hot water comes out just warm, with it taking a little while before the pipes are warmed up enough to not steal most of the heat from the water. & #x200B; There's also a small amount of mixing of the hot and cold water at the point where they meet, but mostly it's the pipes thing.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Intermittent-use:\" There is a short delay (1–3 seconds) between when the water begins to flow and when the heater's flow detector activates the heating elements or gas burner. In the case of continuous-use applications (showers, baths, washing machines) this is not an issue as the heater never stops...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-08900	why after a big meal you get sleepy	Digestion requires a lot of energy so a lot of oxygen rich blood is now going to your stomach/intestines instead of all to your brain or muscles	[ "Section::::Physiology.:Parasympathetic activation.\n\nIn response to the arrival of food in the stomach and small intestine, the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system increases and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system decreases. This shift in the balance of autonomic tone towards the parasympath...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-23166	What exactly causes sudden, explosive bursts of productivity, usually cleaning-based?	It's emergent stress of some sort. Could be caused by something you're worried about, could be caused by boredom. But it gives your body something productive to do and lets your brain fire off dopamine as you can see definable tasks being accomplished.	[ "As well as physical pressure, mental stress from the workplace can cause \"karōshi\". People who commit suicide due to mental stress are called \"\"karōjisatsu\" (過労自殺).\" The ILO also lists some causes of overwork or occupational stress that include the following:\n\nBULLET::::1. All-night, late-night or holiday ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02274	Why is it that we can seemingly hear errors when someone is playing music, even if we have never heard that piece before.	In very simple terms, when an inaccurate note is played, it breaks the rhythm, cadence, or flow of the music. So in different terms, if we go 1,2,4,8 we see a pattern. We know that, in theory, 16 should come after. When 13 pops up it breaks the pattern, and looks weird, requiring us to reconsider the data set. Similarly with music, we don't know exactly what comes next, but ilwe expect it to fit a pleasing flow, or pattern. When it becomes discordant, it sounds "wrong" and we determine they made a mistake. In fact music designed to be unsettling often uses unusual patterns of tones to create a sense or unease.	[ "There is also a phenomenon known that while crossing a street, an individual can hear the sound of an oncoming car. However, when they look to the left the next car is a few blocks away so it is safe to cross. But when they look to the right, there is a car that is passing them that they did not even notice before...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02502	What is the difference between lux, lumens, and candela	Candela is commonly referred to as candlepower. It is the base measurement for describing luminous intensity. It tells you how bright the light source is. The more candela, the further away it can still be seen. Lux measures illuminance, which is the amount of light on a surface per unit area. For example, if you place a 100 lumen light source so it shines on an area of 2m×2m, that surface will be lit at 25 lux. Lumen — luminous flux — measures the total amount of light output by a source. A 1 candela light bulb outputs ~12.6 lumen. If you obscure half the bulb, it only outputs ~6.3 lumen. ^[source]( URL_0 )	[ "BULLET::::- \"Polana helara\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Polana helvola\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Polana icara\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Polana inclinata\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Polana inimica\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Polana insulana\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Polana insulia\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Polana intricata\"\n\nBULLET::::- \"Polana julna\"\n\nBULLET:::...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09099	Why does your cellphone get poor reception in some areas/rooms?	Depending on how the building is designed a lot of wires and piping could run around that room which would cause a room to act a bit like a faraday cage and block signals. Also, you have more layers of brick and building materials to degrade the signal the more inside you get. I have really bad signal in my work bathroom because 1) all the bathrooms' pipes are all near each other, the bathroom is basically the center of the building, and there are 4 floors above it.	[ "BULLET::::- multipath reflection along the street\n\nBULLET::::- diffraction through windows, and attenuated passage through walls, into the building\n\nBULLET::::- reflection, diffraction, and attenuated passage through internal walls, floors and ceilings within the building\n\nThe combination of all these effect...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-06105	Why are the ends of fish hooks bent slightly to the right/left side?	There are many types of hooks used for many reasons, and also due to preference, not all are bent. If you slid a flat hook over a flat surface, it wouldn't catch, it would just slide over it. A bent hook would catch, however, if laying on the correct side. This can increase the chances of hooking a fish rather than the hook sliding out. A straight hook does require less force to set it, so there are some advantages to each. Some hooks are designed to prevent fouling a fish as well, and their shape affects how the tip can hook a fish, many of these will have a straight hook.	[ "The hook point is probably the most important part of the hook. It is the point that must penetrate fish flesh and secure the fish. The profile of the hook point and its length influence how well the point penetrates. The barb influences how far the point penetrates, how much pressure is required to penetrate and ...	[ "The ends of fish hooks are bent." ]	[ "Hooks can be bent and hooks can be straight because, fish hooks are used for different reasons and preferences." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The ends of fish hooks are bent.", "The ends of fish hooks are bent" ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Hooks can be bent and hooks can be straight because, fish hooks are used for different reasons and preferences.", "Not all fish hooks have bent ends." ]
2018-00940	How does it work, when you flip the connector to the outlet 180°, it still works even when + and - are flipped?	That's because the current that comes into our homes is AC(Alternating current) which means that the polarity or flow of current changes from positive to negative and negative to positive after every specific interval. As the polarity of the points keep changing after fixed time intervals, The polarity of the switch board or the plug doesn't matter.	[ "In each case, the upper right output remains positive, and lower right output negative. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from an AC input, it can also provide what is sometimes called \"reverse-polarity protection\". That is, it permits normal functioning...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04575	why people snore when they sleep but not while awake	I think it's because your throat muscles are relaxed when you sleep. Also, if you snore then there's a good chance that you have sleep apnea. Adding another sentence so my reply doesn't get deleted.	[ "Set point of ventilation is different in wakefulness and sleep. pCO2 is higher and ventilation is lower in sleep. Sleep onset in normal subjects is not immediate, but oscillates between arousal, stage I and II sleep before steady NREM sleep is obtained. So falling asleep results in decreased ventilation and a high...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07140	How big do batteries scale? Could a 55-inch smartphone still have 7-ish hours of battery life?	Battery capacity will be proportional to the battery's weight and volume. Assuming the device remains the same shape, i.e., it gets thicker as much as it gets longer and wider, then the battery volume will go up as the cube of the size whereas the screen area will only go up as the square of the size. So a much larger phone could have a screen with the same surface brightness (in nits) and still have a much longer battery life.	[ "Lithium-ion cells in pouch format are being investigated to power battery electric vehicles. While it is possible to use a large number of cells of small capacity to obtain required levels of power and energy to drive a vehicle, some manufacturers and research centres are looking into large-format lithium-ion cell...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03533	How come constellations are the same no matter where you are on the planet?	The earth is spinning around its north-south axis once every 24 hours. From the equator, Japan and the USA are about the same distance to the north pole. From the perspective of the sun, the place where the USA is now will be the same where Japan will be in about eight hours (give or take, I'm not sure what the distance is nor is it relevant). As such the star constellations you see in Japan are the same as the ones you will see in the USA. If Japan and the USA would have been at the opposite site of the equator, like Japan and Australia are, then you would see different constellations.	[ "The eighty-eight modern constellation names and boundaries were standardised by Eugene Delporte for the IAU in 1930, under an international agreement, removing any possible astronomical ambiguities between astronomers from different countries. Nearly all former or defunct constellations differ in their designated ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Constellations are the same no matter where you are on the planet" ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Countries on the opposite side of the equator see different constellations." ]
2018-11704	Why does the camera add 10 pounds?	It’s a psychological pick at your own brain. Long story short, you finally get to see yourself “as is”, and because of that people feel the notion that they’re too fat, have too many wrinkles, or have to dye their hair to look more youthful, simply because they don’t like how they see themselves.	[ "BULLET::::- Weston Harris as a child in the social service office\n\nSection::::Production.\n", "BULLET::::- The latter (e.g., Google Glass, GoPro), are commonly mounted on the head, and capture conventional video (around 35fps) that allows to capture fine temporal details of interactions. Consequently, they off...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02376	Just how much less nutritious is food that has been frozen such as frozen fruits/meals	Calories should stay exactly the same. Mineral content will also be exactly the same. Some vitamins can be changed by various environmental factors including temperature. Vitamin C, for example, is degraded by exposure to oxygen. Freezing can actually help protect against oxidizing since liquid water more efficiently transports oxygen than frozen water. I honestly don't know chemistry details on most of the other vitamins, so hopefully someone else can weigh in there. Freezing will primarily change the texture of food. This happens mostly because cell walls and other microstructures in the food get destroyed by the expansion and crystallization of water when it freezes. This is why thawed frozen fruits are almost always more mushy than fresh fruits. This destruction will make the food degrade very fast after the food is thawed. This is why most frozen foods are meant to be eaten directly after defrost and often instruct you to avoid refreezing them. With frozen meals, the makers know that freezing will change textures to be less palatable. This is often alleviated by making meals that are heavily dependent on sauces which usually means adding considerable salt and simple sugars. Carb-heavy foods like potatoes are also more likely to reheat deliciously than most meats, fruits, and some veggies. This can make frozen meals tough to fit with some diet goals.	[ "A 1997 study performed by the University of Illinois, 2007 study performed by University of California - Davis and a 2003 Austrian study support that canned or frozen produce has no substantial nutritional difference not attributable to the presence of added salt, syrup or other flavouring, and in fact suggest tha...	[ "Frozen food is less nutritious.", "Frozen food is less nutritious than fresh food." ]	[ "Frozen food can be just as nutritious, it just changes texture which can affect the taste.", "Frozen food is just as nutritious as fresh food. It is only the texture and ability of the food to last after thawing that changes." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Frozen food is less nutritious.", "Frozen food is less nutritious than fresh food." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Frozen food can be just as nutritious, it just changes texture which can affect the taste.", "Frozen food is just as nutritious as fresh food. It is only the texture and ability of the food to last after thawing that changes." ]
2018-13250	why can you feel a large thunderclap shake the floor?	It's vibrating through air. If you're really close the vibrations can reach the floor and shake it	[ "Section::::Echo.\n\nClapping hands or snapping one’s fingers whilst standing next to perpendicular sheets of corrugated iron (for example, in a fence) will produce a high-pitched echo with a rapidly falling pitch. This is due to a sequence of echoes from adjacent corrugations. \n", "Intra-cloud lightning most co...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-07020	Cars) Why can't cylinder deactivation be used at idle?	Idle can be defined as the lowest rpm at which an engine will operate. It will turn no slower without stopping. So at that low speed it needs all the cylinders firing smoothly.	[ "The 'dead centre' of a piston engine with cranks is when the piston is at the \"exact\" top or bottom of the stroke and so the piston cannot exert any torque on the crankshaft. If a steam engine stops on dead centre, it will be unable to restart from that position.\n", "In order to deactivate a cylinder, the exh...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-20049	Why does a red sky at night mean sailor’s delight, while a red sky in morning means sailors take warning?	The rhyme is a rule of thumb used for weather forecasting during the past two millennia. It is based on the reddish glow of the morning or evening sky, caused by haze or clouds related to storms in the region.[2][3][5] If the morning skies are red, it is because clear skies over the horizon to the east permit the sun to light the undersides of moisture-bearing clouds. The saying assumes that more such clouds are coming in from the west. Conversely, in order to see red clouds in the evening, sunlight must have a clear path from the west, so therefore the prevailing westerly wind must be bringing clear skies. There are occasions where a storm system might rain itself out before reaching the observer (who had seen the morning red sky). For ships at sea however, the wind and rough seas from an approaching storm system could still be a problem, even without rainfall. Source: Wikipedia following a quick search.	[ "Red sky at morning\n\nThe common phrase \"red sky at morning\" is a line from an ancient rhyme often repeated by mariners:\n\npoem\n\nRed sky at night, sailors' delight.\n\nRed sky at morning, sailors take warning\n\n/poem\n\nThe concept is over two thousand years old and is referenced in the New Testament as esta...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01614	when playing music at a rock show, what's the purpose of feeding a loudspeaker back into a microphone?	Guitar amps & speakers aren't like stereo amps & speakers. They tend to color (or even distort) the sounds coming out of them based on how loud they are. If a guitarist likes the amp sitting at a "6" but you need a "9" to be heard, it will ruin the sound. You also need to consider that guitar amps just aren't big enough to give you good sound in a large club or stadium. To get that level of volume, you need PA system with much larger amplifiers (that, ideally, don't distort sounds). If you mic up all the guitar amps, you can run it all through a central mixing board where the sound guy and make sure everyone's playing at the right volume to sound good everywhere in the venue.	[ "BULLET::::- In room miking a distant mic, referred to as the room mic, is used in conjunction with a close mic, \"typically placed far enough past the critical distance in a room that the room's ambience and reverberations transduce at an equivalent, if not greater, volume than the sound source itself.\" Ubiquitou...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04098	Why can't an insect with an exoskeleton grow to be the size of a car?	Oxygen content in the air. They don't have developed circulatory system and uses diffusion to get their cells oxygenated. Bigger the body, more complex the network of oxygen transfer needs to be and they cannot support their body with current oxygen contents in the air	[ "Nervous systems are one of the principal factors that limit shrinking body size. The entire central nervous system forms 6% of the body mass of \"M. mymaripenne\", and the brain itself makes up 2.9%. Of the wasp's 7400 neurons, 4600 are located in the brain. A small insect from other families often deals with the ...	[ "An insect with an exoskeleton should be able to grow to be the size of a car." ]	[ "Insects don't possess the developed circulatory system and/or the use of diffusion to get their cells oxygenated." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "An insect with an exoskeleton should be able to grow to be the size of a car.", "An insect with an exoskeleton should be able to grow to be the size of a car." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Insects don't possess the developed circulatory system and/or the use of diffusion to get their cells oxygenated.", "Insects don't possess the developed circulatory system and/or the use of diffusion to get their cells oxygenated." ]
2018-00679	What is thunderbolt 3 and why are laptops without it thought to be "non-future-proof"?	Thunderbolt was originally developed as a faster alternative for USB, which also offers some additional functionality like being able to connect screens. However, unlike USB, the chips needed for thunderbolt devices, connectors and cables could only be made by intel, and they charged a lot of money for it. For most users, the hefty price tag wasn't worth the advantages over USB, so it never caught on outside of Apple devices. Starting this year, intel allows third party companies to make their own thunderbolt hardware, so it is going to become a lot cheaper than it was until now. But regardless of that, "non-future-proof" is just marketing language. Connectors like that tend to stick around for years after they've become all but obsolete: For example, the display port connector, introduced more than a decade ago, still has not completely replaced the older HDMI and DVI connectors in spite of being superior in many ways. You will still be able to buy USB devices in 10 years, even if Thunderbolt is going to replace it. And we still don't know if that is even going to happen.	[ "Thunderbolt 3 was introduced in late 2015, with several motherboard manufacturers and OEM laptop manufacturers including Thunderbolt 3 with their products. Gigabyte and MSI, large computer component manufacturers, enter the market for the first time with Thunderbolt 3 compatible components.\n\nDell was the first t...	[ "Laptops without Thunderbolt 3 connectors are non-future-proof." ]	[ "USB devices will still be available in the future." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Laptops without Thunderbolt 3 connectors are non-future-proof." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "USB devices will still be available in the future." ]
2018-00640	Why large store chains closing down?	Retail has always been a challenging business due to cash flow issues for maintaining inventory, selecting the correct inventory, etc. Certainly eCommerce has hurt a great deal... both because people choose it out of convenience and also because it allows for easy price comparison shopping. It cuts down on margins and means stores have to be more competitive on pricing as well as experience. Those that are failing also fall into a middle ground where they are neither discount nor luxury. Shoppers used to stick to particular chains based on socioeconomic class — you were Wal-Mart people, JC Penny people, Nordstrom people, etc. Now people trade up and down all the time in particular categories. So those who would’ve shopped at high end stores might buy their work suits there but buy cheap workout clothes at Wal-Mart. The lower income person who loves to cook might splurge on luxury cookware while shopping dollar stores for everything else. And due to cash limitations, chains like Sears, K-Mart and JC Penny haven’t invested in modernizing stores or category mix to entice shoppers in. They feel dated and depressing so people don’t want to shop there. They are more costly than all out discounters and frumpier than quick fashion places like H & M, etc. or outlet store options. They don’t offer the glamor or style of high end places. They don’t offer the prices of Home Depot or national electronics/appliance retailers.	[ "Since at least 2010, various economic factors have resulted in the closing of a large number of North American retailers, particularly in the department store industry. For instance, Sears Holdings, which had 4,038 Kmart and Sears stores in the United States and Canada in 2011 with 312,000 employees (the company h...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09782	How do the carcinogens in cigarettes cause the cell mutation that causes cancer?	At least one mechanism I know of has to do with the shape of the molecule. You've seen pictures of your DNA that look like ladders, right? Well some chemicals are flat and can slip in-between the steps on the ladder. But these molecules also really really want to change so sometimes they can slip inside the ladder, then change and not be able to come out again. When your body makes new cells it needs to be able to slide easily along this ladder and make a copy of it. If there's a molecule that got stuck in there it's going to get in the way and mess up the copy. And if the copy gets messed up enough times in enough ways then it changes what your cell actually does and can lead to cancer. Hopefully that was ELI5 enough, it's a bit of a complex subject.	[ "Section::::Due to tobacco.\n\nThe most important chemical compounds in smoked tobacco that are carcinogenic are those that produce DNA damage since such damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer. Cunningham et al. combined the microgram weight of the compound in the smoke of one cigarette with th...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21466	When you get a stomach bug and vomit, why do nausea and vomiting continue even after the stomach is empty?	You usually vomit in response to toxins produced by the microbe in your stomach and intestines. These toxins irritate the lining of your guts, causing nausea and vomiting. Even once you throw up, the lining of your stomach is still extremely irritated and some of the toxins may still be present. You will continue to feel crappy until the irritation goes away and your gastrointestinal tract has purged out the rest of the microbes and their nastiness.	[ "Taking a thorough patient history may reveal important clues to the cause of nausea and vomiting. If the patient's symptoms have an acute onset, then drugs, toxins, and infections are likely. In contrast, a long-standing history of nausea will point towards a chronic illness as the culprit. The timing of nausea an...	[ "Vomiting completely empties the stomach.", "Once your stomach is empty, you should stop vomiting." ]	[ "After vomiting, some toxins may still be present in the stomach lining.", "You can continue to have toxins in your body which your body wants to get rid of even after vomiting all of the stomach's contents." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Vomiting completely empties the stomach.", "Once your stomach is empty, you should stop vomiting." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "After vomiting, some toxins may still be present in the stomach lining.", "You can continue to have toxins in your body which your body wants to get rid of even after vomiting all of the stomach's contents." ]
2018-00988	How can Netflix get away with making one season of a show that already has multiple seasons, before signing with Netflix, and still call it a “Netflix Original”?	"Netflix Original" is a term Netflix made up. There's no law preventing it, so there's nothing to "get away" with.	[ "Not long after the announcement, the show's producing studio Sony Pictures Television entered in talks with CBS in hopes of a revival for the series to air to the network's streaming service CBS All Access. A clause in Netflix's contract with SPT however prevents another streaming provider from carrying new episod...	[ "Netflix is getting away with something when they call something a Netflix Original.", "Netflix should not be able to call a show a Netflix original if they posted it online before signing with the show." ]	[ "Netflix created the term and can use it for whatever they want. ", "The term Netflix original is actually false, and there is no law that prevents Netflix from making their false claim." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Netflix is getting away with something when they call something a Netflix Original.", "Netflix should not be able to call a show a Netflix original if they posted it online before signing with the show." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Netflix created the term and can use it for whatever they want. ", "The term Netflix original is actually false, and there is no law that prevents Netflix from making their false claim." ]
2018-06565	How does the digital twin concept make manufacturing more efficient?	You make a model of the system inside a computer. Then you can experiment with the computer simulation in order to find good ideas for improvement — which you then implement in the real one.	[ "Section::::Manufacturing industry.:Firm-level dynamics.\n\nWhen looking more specifically on a firm-level, several incumbent firms are investing in a digital twin increase effectiveness. Some of these firms are: General Electric, Arctic Wind, and Mechanical Solutions Inc.\n", "In the sense of the manufacturing i...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00659	How is light a longitudinal wave?	First, you've got your terminology backward: an oscillation perpendicular to the direction of travel is a transverse wave. Light is in fact transverse, not longitudinal. But second, don't think about photons: remember that light behaves as both a particle and a wave, and the transverse vs longitudinal thing only makes sense from the wave perspective. As a wave, light is an oscillation in the electric and magnetic fields. These fields point perpendicular to the direction of travel, which is why we say light is transverse. But unlike other kinds of waves, nothing's actually moving perpendicular to the direction of travel... Light's weird.	[ "To explain the origin of colors, Robert Hooke (1635–1703) developed a \"pulse theory\" and compared the spreading of light to that of waves in water in his 1665 work \"Micrographia\" (\"Observation IX\"). In 1672 Hooke suggested that light's vibrations could be perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Christ...	[ "light is a longitudinal wave", "Light is considered a longitudinal wave. " ]	[ "light is actually a transverse wave", "Light is not a longitudinal wave, the correct term for the wave of light is a transverse wave." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "light is a longitudinal wave", "Light is considered a longitudinal wave. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "light is actually a transverse wave", "Light is not a longitudinal wave, the correct term for the wave of light is a transverse wave." ]
2018-03514	What's actually happening to your body that gives you that weird elevator feeling when going up or down?	This is force due to acceleration. When we change how fast we are going, we experience a force. The normal experience is when the elevator first starts to move. We are quit familiar with going from stopped to moving. We are also familiar with going from moving to stopped......in a car. In the car we can usually see that we are about to stop or slow down. We are mentally prepared for it. Elevators don't have windows and while they do have floor indicators, for the most part we aren't sure when the elevator will start to slow down. It feels weird because we are suddenly experiencing a force even though we are slowing down.	[ "Elevators are typically controlled from the outside by a call box, which has up and down buttons, at each stop. When pressed at a certain floor, the button (also known as a \"hall call\" button) calls the elevator to pick up more passengers. If the particular elevator is currently serving traffic in a certain dire...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-23480	After seeing Peter Jackson's Restored Footage, why is a lot of old footage look like it's in fast-forward?	So, video of all sorts is just a series of still images that gets changed really quickly. Each image is called a frame, and how many images you see per second is called the framerate. Old footage, as people have noted, used hand-cranked reels to expose the pictures, and these had a pretty low framerate that wasn't quite consistent. However, playback devices would play that film back at a single standard speed. Let's say for math's sake that 30 frames per second is your playback speed. If you recorded at about 15 frames per second, then each "second" of your video is only going to take half of a second when played back, making it look like your video is running in fast motion. Similarly, slow-motion cameras that we have today record in speeds of like 5,000 frames per second, but we play them back at 30 or 60 frames per second (Depending on the format), and so every 1 second of original video takes ~10-20 seconds to replay. Nowadays, with digital video files, if you have something that was recorded at 30 frames per second and need to replay it at 60 frames per second due to a newer standard, it will insert computer-generated "tween" frames that try to get a good approximation of what should happen between the two frames to make sure the film plays at its' original runtime and doesn't look sped up.	[ "Section::::Usage in video.\n\nAnalogue VCRs provided fast-forward by simply playing the tape faster. The resulting loss of synchronization of the video was accepted because it was still possible to make out approximately what was happening in the video to find the desired playback point. Modern digital video syste...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-05554	Why do finger nails grow at a much higher rate than toe nails?	Resource management! Fingernails are the protective covers for our work tools. And because our top work tools (hands) are used and damaged much more than our bottom work tools (feet) they get replacement parts/ protective covers at a different interval. Now, if we never invented shoes, and still used our toes to dig around in the ground, hands and feet would get new protective covers at same intervals.	[ "In mammals, the growth rate of nails is related to the length of the terminal phalanges (outermost finger bones). Thus, in humans, the nail of the index finger grows faster than that of the little finger; and fingernails grow up to four times faster than toenails.\n\nIn humans, nails grow at an average rate of a m...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03530	Why does a banana skin decompose quicker when its been peeled?	After the banana is peeled, the skin(peel) isn't sealed up anymore so air can get to the insides. The oxygen in the air causes a reaction with the insides that makes it turn brown faster. Non-5 explanation: There are enzymes within the skin and pulp of the peel that are released when the skin is bruised, peeled, or cut. When oxygen comes into contact with the enzymes a chemical reaction takes place that produces melanins that give a brown pigment.	[ "With additional process of blanching, dried mango can retain the content of its carotenoids and vitamin C.\n\nSection::::Types.:Shelf life.\n", "Bananas are a popular fruit consumed worldwide with a yearly production of over 165 million tonnes in 2011. Once the peel is removed, the fruit can be eaten raw or cook...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03761	How do distressing events or trauma lead to PTSD and other disorders?	In a very natural very human way. (It's a little more complex than this but it's the gist) If you are in a war zone for example, where your life is constantly in danger. Your body naturally reacts to protect you - this means highened awareness of surroundings, your body is more tense because it wants to be ready to run away or fight at any moment. The thing is, once your life/safety has been threatened (or when your body perceives a threat), your body often stays ready to fight or run away even when the danger is gone. Once your are in safety and your body is still acting like it's in danger, some problematic things can happen. You might have problems functioning "normally". Like you might be unable to trust enough to date or hold a job. Other people who haven't shared your experience won't understand why you act the way you do. They may think youre crazy since the threat isn't there anymore. Also, when your defenses are on all the time, physically it can very exhausting. Basically it's like high stress 24/7 - just unsustainable. Treatments for PTSD often involve teaching someone's brain and body that a) their reaction is normal but also b) the threat is gone.	[ "There has been some study with combat veterans, people who carry out executions or torture, police who shoot in the line of duty, people who commit criminal homicide, abortion staff, and others. Much of the study was previous to the official definition of PTSD, and symptoms have shown up in personal stories throug...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00702	When leaving the house for a few hours, is it more efficient to leave the heater on or should I turn it off and then back on upon return?	Off and back on. Ahoy, matey! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [Which is more cost effective; Turning the heat on/off throughout the day or leaving it at one temperature all day? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_ > 100 comments_) 1. [ELI5. Is it better to have your thermostat turned down when you are out of the house and have it come back on when you get home or to keep it at a constant temp? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_19 comments_) 1. [ELI5: In the winter, is it more energy/cost efficient to keep your house at a constant temperature during the day (say 71 degrees) even if you're away, or to lower it during the day when you're away, and reheat it when you come home. ]( URL_2 ) ^(_6 comments_)	[ "Storage heaters can provide two power circuits, one for on-peak and one for off-peak electricity, and two power switches, which are switched off during the summer when heat is not required. During other months the off-peak switch can be left on at all times, with the on-peak switch being used when insufficient ene...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00837	why can people drink coffee at the same temperature that can cause burns to the skin?	Your mouth makes saliva, which is mostly water (which takes a lot of energy to heat) and at your body's temperature. Mixing 10 mL (2 tsp) of very hot liquid and perhaps 20 mL of saliva, means that the very hot liquid is quickly cooled. Your skin has no saliva, so the heat from your coffee transfers to a small part of your body, dramatically raising the temperature of the affected area and giving you a burn.	[ "In \"Bogle v. McDonald's Restaurants Ltd.\" (2002), a similar lawsuit in England failed when the court rejected the claim that McDonald's could have avoided injury by serving coffee at a lower temperature.\n\nSince \"Liebeck\", major vendors of coffee, including Chick-Fil-A, Starbucks, Dunkin' Donuts, Wendy's, Bur...	[ "Humans should not be able to drink something that can burn skin." ]	[ "Saliva prevents the mouth from burning when drinking hot coffee." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Humans should not be able to drink something that can burn skin.", "Humans should not be able to drink something that can burn skin." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Saliva prevents the mouth from burning when drinking hot coffee.", "Saliva prevents the mouth from burning when drinking hot coffee." ]
2018-04463	Why do bank tellers seperate money into two piles when counting?	As a bank teller, there's a million reasons. It could be personal habit- I like to make piles of £100 when counting notes it could be I've just been given some of the old style banknotes which, while retaining face value, are not legal tender and so are sent back seperately to the bank of england. And, sometimes, I seperate between nice, clean notes and ones that will jam my cash machine if i were to put them in.	[ "Various devices can also be used to facilitate counting, such as hand tally counters and abacuses.\n\nSection::::Inclusive counting.\n", "Traditionally, a count room would be operated by at least three people. The first two people independently counted stacks of currency and recorded the results on a count card....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00663	How do scientists know if one atomic clock is more accurate than the other?	By comparing many atomic clocks and taking an average. The US Naval Observatory uses around 80 atomic clocks. Statistics are gathered and a clock which is not stable is easily spotted.	[ "The accuracy of an atomic clock depends on two factors: the first is temperature of the sample atoms—colder atoms move much more slowly, allowing longer probe times, the second is the frequency and intrinsic linewidth of the electronic or hyperfine transition. Higher frequencies and narrow lines increase the preci...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02373	What's the difference between Chinese Taipei & Taiwan (if any)?	Once upon a time, "China" referred to both Mainland China and the Island of Formosa (now Taiwan). While, to most people, "China" and "Taiwan" very obviously refer to Mainland China (People's Republic of China - PRC) and the island of Formosa (Republic of China - ROC), the political status of the two countries is much more complicated. ROC was the government of both Chinas before the communist revolution. During the Revolution, the PRC took over the mainland and pushed the ROC government to Taiwan, ending in somewhat of a standstill. PRC, however, doesn't want to recognize the legitimacy of the ROC so they insist that Taiwan is just a rogue province under the control of a rebel group (ie - they're still the rightful ruler of Formosa). To further this, they put huge amounts of pressure on other nations and international organizations to not officially recognize ROC as a country. Because of this, you get things like "Chinese Taipei" that let the IOC recognize the reality of their being two Chinas without having to officially say "Taiwan is independent of China". Similarly, the US doesn't formally recognize Taiwan so we don't have "embassies" but we have an "American Institute in Taiwan" and they have the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representation Office" in the US. The idea of "nations" and "sovereignty" seems pretty straightforward until you start looking into it in detail. This is just one of the many special cases you're going to find around the world.	[ "BULLET::::- (1981)\n\nBULLET::::- (1983)\n\nBULLET::::- (1979)\n\nBULLET::::- (The Holy See) (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- Kingdom of Tungning, a Southern Ming stronghold in the early Qing Dynasty\n\nBULLET::::- Spanish Formosa, Spanish colonies on the island\n\nBULLET::::- Dutch Formosa, a Dutch colony headquartered ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-07388	Why was Euro Disney (Disneyland Paris) such a financial disaster when it opened ?	What i understand from my hospitality and culture classes, is that Disney tried to copy and paste Disney World into Disney Europe. Like everything was the same, company culture, work ethics whatsoever. Since Europeans and Americans are most definitely not the same type of people that completely backlashed and made them consider the cultural differences.	[ "Despite these efforts, in May 1992 daily park attendance was around 25,000 (some reports give a figure of 30,000) instead of the predicted 60,000. \"Euro Disney's\" stock price spiraled downwards and on July 23, 1992, the Resort announced an expected net loss in its first year of operation of approximately 300 mil...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13755	Why doesn’t reptiles and amfibians seem to mind just chilling in your hand, after you’ve caught them?	Usually freeze response from the fight-or-flight-or-freeze response. All different types of prey animals freeze and play dead so the predator looses interest.	[ "As said, temperature can play a part in the antipredator behavior of the common garter snake. Temperature can also be the factor that determines whether the snake stays passive or attacks when provoked by a predator. For example, one study found that snakes are less likely to escalate in response to an attack when...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04490	Why does smoking tobacco cause cancer, but smoking marijuana does not?	It does. It's the burning part that creates carcinogenic compounds. That's one of the major reasons that e-cigarettes are a better option (for both tobacco and marijuana). The incidence is lower with marijuana because most people smoke marijuana less frequently than tobacco.	[ "Some data on the correlation of an increase in the incidence of lung cancer and cannabis smoking are conflicting. A systematic review evaluating 19 studies from 1966 to 2006 found no significant tobacco-adjusted association between cannabis smoking and lung cancer development despite evidence of precancerous histo...	[ "Smoking marijuana does not cause cancer.", "Marijuana does not cause cancer. " ]	[ "Smoking marijuana can cause cancer, as the burning part creates carcinogenic compounds.", "Marijuana does cause cancer, it is just perceived to not cause it due to smokers smoking Marijuana less frequently than tobacco." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Smoking marijuana does not cause cancer.", "Marijuana does not cause cancer. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Smoking marijuana can cause cancer, as the burning part creates carcinogenic compounds.", "Marijuana does cause cancer, it is just perceived to not cause it due to smokers smoking Marijuana less frequently than tobacco." ]
2018-09256	Why is there an option to overwrite my hard drives with 0 MULTIPLE times when formatting	It's due to a theoretical attack to recover information. When you write a 1 or 0 to a mechnical harddrive you are basically stamping a magnet dot on the platter. However the exact placement of that dot is not precise. Since you need the head to be able to read that dot later on you make the dot big enough that even if the two are not lined up perfectly (the head over the exact center of the dot) the head will still be over part of the dot and so will read the correct information (a 1 or a 0). This creates the possiblity that someone could take apart the harddrive in a lab, scan it with a high precision head and then try to reassemble the data by looking for previous dots that where not perfectly overwritten - essentially looking for the edges of previous dots peeking out from under the current dot because it wasn't lined up perfectly with the old one. To my knowledge this hasn't actually been done in a practical scenario and most people that concerned someone would go to such lengths (such as governments or big companies) simply follow the practice of erasing the data and then violently shredding the harddrive.	[ "which disables the warning even if strict aliasing is in effect. This makes use of the fact that reading from a different union member than the one most recently written to (called \"[[type punning]]\") is common, and explicitly allowed even if strict aliasing is in force, provided the memory is accessed through t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04971	How are satellites for tv and radio able to broadcast thousands of signals at once? Do they have an individual antenna for each signal?	TV and radio satellites do have multiple antenna arrays that send out their signals on individual frequencies. Those antennas are called "transponders". Each satellite can have dozens of transponders, each receiving, amplifying and then re-broadcasting between 20 to a couple hundred channels. For more information, also see URL_0	[ "Satellite space segment: the satellite which comprises the platform and the payload\n\nBULLET::::- Control Segment: the ground equipment to control the satellite\n\nBULLET::::- Anchor facilities: while mesh configurations are possible most X band satcom systems use anchor facilities to exploit the link budget bene...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-10634	what determines each person's own food preferences?	Well I have heard that enjoying the taste of cilantro is genetic. There is a gene that makes it taste good or taste like dirt. I believe it's mostly what you were introduced to as a child. I have heard that your taste preference changes about every ten years. Humans are programmed to seek variety. So some things you like now you might not in the future due to wanting new a different.	[ "Many environmental cues influence food choice and intake, although consumers may not be aware of their effects (see mindless eating). Examples of environmental influences include portion size, serving aids, food variety, and ambient characteristics (discussed below).\n\nSection::::Environmental influences.:Portion...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01219	How do additive alphabetic numeral systems express decimals or numbers several orders of magnitude larger than their largest numeral? Or are they necessarily limited compared to positional numeral systems?	I believe I've seen some examples of using multiplication to describe large numbers, like "their army numbered one thousand thousands" and such. Decimals by definition require a numbering system like ours, but if in general you mean tiny fractions, I have seen expressions like "the hundredth part" or "like one drop in the ocean".	[ "This type of numeral systems employs the letters of a script, in the specified order of the alphabet, to express the numerals. Alphabet of a script is ordered to the numbers: 1 through 9, 10 through 90, 100 through 900, and so on, in the case of a decimal base system. Each exponent of 10, and multiple of the expon...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00411	Why do your hands hurt when you slap water flat?	Imagine a big heavy jug of water, the sort that would sit on top of a water cooler. They're heavy aren't they? That's because water has a fair bit of mass to it. It's dense stuff. If you slap down onto some water, the water has to flow out of the way to the sides, and it can't do that all that quickly, so it acts like something a lot more solid than it looks. If you translate that up to falling into water from a height, you can do real damage. That's one of the reasons oil rigs are as dangerous as they are. If there's a problem well simple, just jump over the railing into the water, right? Wrong. If you did that off an oil platform, that's typically at least 150 feet or so, and you'd probably be killed on impact with the water, or at the very least, break a leg.	[ "Stings are most common in the hours before and after low tide (especially at springs), so one possible precaution is to avoid bathing or paddling at these times. Weever stings have been known to penetrate wet suit boots even through a rubber sole (if thin), and bathers and surfers should wear sandals, \"jelly shoe...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03713	Ohm's law applies on alternate current till 220V but not further, why ?	Ohm's law always applies, I don't know where you heard it doesn't apply past 220V... sometimes Ohm's law can not be used for weird voltage curves (such as average voltage = 0, but alternates between + and -), but there's absolutely nothing special about 220V	[ "One case of voltage regulation is in a transformer. The unideal components of the transformer cause a change in voltage when current flows. Under no load, when no current flows through the secondary coils, \"V\" is given by the ideal model, where \"V = V*N/N\". Looking at the equivalent circuit and neglecting the ...	[ "Ohm's law applies on alternate current till 220V." ]	[ "Ohm's law always applies." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Ohm's law applies on alternate current till 220V." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Ohm's law always applies." ]
2018-00408	What's special about mushroom cells?	Plants have cell walls made of cellulose and produce chlorophyll. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin. Animals don't have cell walls.	[ "Section::::Description.:Microscopic characteristics.\n", "Section::::\"Drosophila melanogaster\".:Cellular memory traces.\n", "Current research focuses on mushrooms that may have hypoglycemic activity, anti-cancer activity, anti-pathogenic activity, and immune system-enhancing activity. Recent research has fou...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-05039	How it is possible to have a cellphone conversation with a person on the other side of the planet in near real time...	No, they are radio waves. Sound waves are matter moving and compressing, just like a physical water wave. Light, radio waves, and the like, are electromagnetic waves that travel at the speed of light.	[ "In the 2000s (decade), many of the concepts seen in used in the early stages of the interplanetary communication and the developments made during the 1990s in MANETs were combined and used to develop and deploy a complete networking on satellites orbiting numerous planets. This network, often referred to as the In...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02857	Why do elderly people’s noses get so large and often bumpy? Does this serve a biological purpose? Can it be avoided?	Because your nose and ears are supported by cartilage instead of bone they keep growing your whole life. That is why they tend to get large. As to why they get bumpy, that is just how their noses grow.	[ "A common anatomic variant is an air-filled cavity within a concha known as a concha bullosa. In rare cases a polyp can form inside a bullosa. Usually a concha bullosa is small and without symptoms but when large can cause obstruction to sinus drainage.\n", "Section::::Diagnosis.\n\nNo consensus criteria exist fo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-23555	Why are the concrete floors at my work creaking?	It is the way the concrete and other materials are reacting to various temperature, humidity,and other environmental elements throughout the day and night. Think a house “settling” but on a larger building.	[ "LEED 2009 standards contain guidelines for using polished concrete flooring to qualify for LEED credits.\n\nSection::::New or retrofit.\n\nIn simple terms, the process of polishing concrete is similar to sanding wood. Heavy-duty polishing machines, for example concrete grinder, are used to gradually grind down sur...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18047	How does weather work? Where do weather fronts come from and why do they interact the way they do? Do storms only happen when two fronts meet? What the heck even is a weather front?!	The sun heats up half the Earth while the other half cools. This creates pressure differences in the air. Furthermore, the rotation of the Earth itself causes large cyclic currents of air. Combine these, and air is moving all over the Earth. Different temperatures result in different amounts of water being absorbed or condensed, affecting humidity and causing precipitation.	[ "If the air mass is relatively stable, rainfall will increase until the front reaches the location, at which time the clouds can extend all the way to the earth’s surface as fog. Once the front passes, the location experiences some warming and clearing. If the air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may precede and fol...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19135	How does dust get in closed places like closets and drawers that are rarely opened?	There are two main ways. Firstly there are cracks in the doors and panels which does allow air through which will bring some dust as well. Once inside there is less airflow so the dust tend to settle. Secondly most materials will give off dust by itself over time as it crumbles. If you were to study the dust in a drawer which have been closed for some time you will notice that most of the dust is tiny sawdust from the walls and ceiling of the drawer.	[ "The best way to prevent damage from dust is to control and prevent substantial buildup of dust in the first place. This can be done by using air filters in the heating and air conditioning systems as well as using vacuum cleaners equipped with HEPA filters when possible. Limiting the amount of exposed surface area...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04441	Why does someone lose all or part of their pension that they paid into for years and years if they are fired? At minimum shouldn't they get their investment back?	There's a subtle difference between a "pension" and a "retirement fund". A pension is a reward your employer gives you, paid for with their money for for years of service while a retirement fund is your money that you've invested.	[ "Pension spiking is often seen in public sector employers (who do not typically offer Golden Parachutes to employees the private sector does) and is an example of the principal–agent problem. In the classic principal–agent problem, a principal hires an agent to work on his behalf. The agent then seeks to maximize h...	[ "People should get pension back after being fired to get investment back." ]	[ "A pension is not an investment by the employee but a reward from the employer." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People should get pension back after being fired to get investment back." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "A pension is not an investment by the employee but a reward from the employer." ]
2018-02551	Why do different hose lengths affect water flow	Resistance. The interior of the hose is contacting the water and providing resistance. Flow rate is the difference between the pressure at either ends of the hose divided by the resistance. Resistance is calculated as (8 * viscosity of the liquid * hose length) / (pi * hose radius^4 ) See Poiseuille's law if you're interested. Also, if not on flat ground: gravity. Are you running the hose up hill at all?	[ "BULLET::::- Commonly carried on U.S. fire engines to pull water from fire hydrants for distribution with the engine's on-board pump. Some of these hoses will have Storz to 4.5-4 NH thread adapters (often with wide handles) already connected to them, in order to facilitate connection to fire hydrants without Storz ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-18756	Why do toothbrush commercials always demonstrate most of the dirt being brushed off but always leave a little bit left?	They probably cannot guarantee 100% of the bacteria to be gone. Most likely for legal reasons.	[ "It is mentioned in the film \"Withnail & I\" by the character Uncle Monty. \"I often wonder where Norman is now. Probably wintering with his mother in Guildford. A cat and rain. Vim under the sink and both bars on. But old now. Old. There can be no true beauty without decay.\"\n", "Depending on application, conv...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03067	Why do monkeys try to see human breasts?	confirmation bias. monkeys are curious little dudes that investigate the insides of everyone's clothes, breast or no	[ "Berger's 1980 volume \"About Looking\" includes an influential chapter, \"Why Look at Animals?\" It is cited by numerous scholars in the interdisciplinary field of animal studies. The chapter was later reproduced in a Penguin Great Ideas selection of essays of the same title.\n", "When assuming the absence of hu...	[ "Monkies try to see human breasts." ]	[ "Monkies are just curious and want to look inside of anything they can." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Monkies try to see human breasts." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Monkies are just curious and want to look inside of anything they can." ]
2018-03963	Why do skin tags bleed so much when you remove them?	Skin tags are benign tumours and so have their own blood supply. So, in a sense your body "knows" to deliver more blood to them. It does this by creating a greater network of vessels, some of which are larger than typical capillaries you would find in the outer layers of skin. So when removed, they typically bleed more because more clotting is required.	[ "Section::::Etiology.\n", "Metal tags usually have their information embossed or engraved onto, or stamped into, their surface. The characters created by embossing or engraving are made by removing some of the tag's surface and are not typically as deep as stamped characters, which are made by stamping the tag wi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04128	What's the difference between frozen rain, snow, sleet, hail?	Snow is frozen water foam, if you will. Aerated ice. Freezing rain is liquid and turns into ice on impact with the frozen ground. Hail is frozen rain drops. Sleet is similar to hail, but finer.	[ "BULLET::::- \"Winter storm\" — Winter storms may constitute any combination of sleet, snow, ice, and wind that accumulates or more of snow in 12 hours or less; or or more in 24 hours or of ice.\n\nSection::::Classification of snow events.:Precipitation.\n\nPrecipitation may be characterized by type and intensity.\...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02823	What causes fingers to readily leave fingerprints? How are they so easily found/recorded by police?	The body oils in your hands leave the prints. The police put powder on things and dust it off, the oils will keep the powder in the same spot.	[ "When a dysfunctional family gathers for Thanksgiving at their New England home, past demons reveal themselves as one son returns for the first time in three years.\n\nSection::::Cast.\n\nBULLET::::- Julianne Moore as Mia\n\nBULLET::::- Roy Scheider as Hal\n\nBULLET::::- Hope Davis as Margaret\n\nBULLET::::- Blythe...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01734	Does the body produce less testosterone with one testicle instead of two?	Nope, the procedure you're referring to (called an orchidectomy), usually comes without consequences when only one testicle is removed. Usually the other can make enough testosterone for the whole body. Remove both and it'll be a drastic difference.	[ "Possible monorchism of Adolf Hitler\n\nThe possibility that Adolf Hitler had only one testicle has been a fringe subject among historians and academics researching the German leader. The rumour may be an urban myth, possibly originating from the contemporary British military song \"Hitler Has Only Got One Ball\". ...	[ "The body could possibly produce less testosterone with one testicle than two." ]	[ "The body does not create less testosterone with one testicle than it does with two. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The body could possibly produce less testosterone with one testicle than two.", "The body could possibly produce less testosterone with one testicle than two." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The body does not create less testosterone with one testicle than it does with two. ", "The body does not create less testosterone with one testicle than it does with two. " ]
2018-05350	Why is it so hard to make emulators? And why do they work with some games and not others?	So there's two major factors You have to re-create EVERY function the original hardware had. In the same way, pretty much 01010101110011 perfect. That's a lot of work. And the other one is major lack of documentation. Programmers usually don't start from scratch, there's tons of library files you can use to automatically take care of common functions & most big companies will fall all over themselves to help you (if you're a paying customer). But when you have to re-create a computer chip in software, the creators of that computer chip probably aren't jonesing to spill each and every secret.	[ "BULLET::::- Emulators require better hardware than the original system has.\n\nSection::::In new media art.\n", "In contrast, some other platforms have had very little use of direct hardware addressing, such as an emulator for the PlayStation Vita. In these cases, a simple compatibility layer may suffice. This t...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-13694	Does Cooking Expiring Food Allow it to Last Longer?	Cooking kills bacteria, but not the bacteria poop. It's the poop that gets you. If the poop is already at an iffy level, cooking it will slow the accumulation, but it doesn't lower it. New bacteria will start adding to it after the cooking.	[ "Smoking can be done in four ways: cold smoking, warm smoking, hot smoking, and through the employment of \"liquid smoke\". However, these methods of imparting smoke only affect the food surface, and are unable to preserve food, thus, smoking is paired with other microbial hurdles, such as chilling and packaging, t...	[ "Cooking expired food allows it to last longer." ]	[ "Cooking expired food will kill the bacteria of food, but not the feces of the bacteria, therefore it won't last longer." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cooking expired food allows it to last longer.", "Cooking expired food allows it to last longer." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Cooking expired food will kill the bacteria of food, but not the feces of the bacteria, therefore it won't last longer.", "Cooking expired food will kill the bacteria of food, but not the feces of the bacteria, therefore it won't last longer." ]
2018-00438	Why are states like Indiana considered to be in the midwest, while clearly being on the eastern side of the United States?	When the United States was founded, all of the states were along the Atlantic coast. All the unsettled territories were in the west--and the admission of new states was provided for by laws like the "Northwest Ordinance," which covered areas like Ohio. As the United States acquired more land in the Lousiana Purchase, and then in the Mexican-American War, "west" came to be further and further away. So the states that were formerly the western frontier were now the Midwest, in contrast to those far west of the Mississippi.	[ "The Northwest Ordinance region, comprising the heart of the Midwest, was the first large region of the United States that prohibited slavery (the Northeastern United States emancipated slaves in the 1830s). The regional southern boundary was the Ohio River, the border of freedom and slavery in American history and...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-04302	Why does the moon sometimes look much larger/smaller? And does this difference in appearance have a bearing on the tides?	The moon’s proximity to the horizon makes it appear larger, but it’s the same size. There are times when it’s marginally nearer to the Earth but it doesn’t make a huge visible difference.	[ "The changing distance separating the Moon and Earth also affects tide heights. When the Moon is closest, at perigee, the range increases, and when it is at apogee, the range shrinks. Every lunations (the full cycles from full moon to new to full), perigee coincides with either a new or full moon causing perigean s...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-11027	How is a big open-world video game (like GTA 5) made?	Everyone is giving you detailed descriptions, but the truth is, the workflow differs greatly between studios and development teams. Some tend to rely on touched-up or even ingame procedural generation while others prefer to have it mostly handmade by designers, some place important locations on the map and fill in the blank while others start from one end and moving from there, etc. There is no single approach here to describe.	[ "In addition to community feedback, Slightly Mad Studios have acquired the professional services of racing driver and \"Top Gear\"'s former The Stig, Ben Collins, Clio Cup and European Touring Car Cup racing driver Nicolas Hamilton, and former Formula Renault 3.5 and current WEC driver Oliver Webb. Cars in the cons...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02181	how do Lactaid (supplementary lactose enzyme) pills work?	It's in the name; they contain the lactose enzyme. The reason people are lactose intolerant is because they don't produce the enzyme lactase (or at least don't produce enough of it) which is what breaks down lactose. The pills contain lactase so people who are intolerant can eat dairy products without discomfort, as the lactase in the pill does the job.	[ "Section::::Clinical significance.:Oral Care.\n", "Section::::Proposed mechanism.\n", "Results: Seven of the ten children took the supplement over the six-week trial and tolerated it well. Two children discontinued after two weeks due to possible side effects: one due to gastrointestinal disturbance and one due...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22475	How do flash drives keep data stored when they have no power	The flash storage device use what is known as a floating gate transistor. That is a transistor where one of the wires are not connected to anything. Therefore you can charge this wire and then later check the charge of the wire by checking the state of the transistor. However if you do not have any power to the transistor the charge in the floating gate will just be left there as it is not connected to anything. There is nothing to discharge it. So this charge can be maintained for a very long time before it becomes impossible to detect any longer.	[ "Some SSDs, called NVDIMM or \"Hyper DIMM\" devices, use both DRAM and flash memory. When the power goes down, the SSD copies all the data from its DRAM to flash; when the power comes back up, the SSD copies all the data from its flash to its DRAM. In a somewhat similar way, some SSDs use form factors and buses act...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-22787	Why do movie trailers reveal so much of the plot and twists?	So first things first, trailers are meant, most of the time, to get you to see the film in theatres. The majority of viewers don't like to be surprised when they watch a movie in theatres. When they go in, they want to know what they are going to watch. Why? Lots of reasons, but mostly I think because going to the movies is an ordeal and most people generally want to know they are going to have a good time before they commit. This is partly why genre movies like superhero films are so successful: when I buy my ticket I know exactly what I'm in store for, and then I take pleasure in the subtle variations of essentially the same film over and over. Movies with built in hype due to brand recognition or whatever, like the marvel films for instance, don't need to give much away in their trailers because they can guarentee sales just bases on their name alone, because the viewer already knows what to expect. This is not true of movies with no built in brand recognition, so to get people to go see the film they give a lot of the plot away so that the viewer knows what to expect. Market research backs these ideas up: people, in general, like to not be surprised at the movies. This doesn't explain every instance of trailers giving away all the details but a lot of the time this is why	[ "Section::::Composition.\n\nTrailers tell the story of a film in a highly condensed fashion to have maximum appeal. In the decades since film marketing has become a large industry, trailers have become highly polished pieces of advertising, able to present even poor movies in an attractive light. Some of the elemen...	[ "Movie trailers reveal a lot of the plot and twists." ]	[ "Not all trailers give away the plot and twists, it depends on brand recognition." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Movie trailers reveal a lot of the plot and twists.", "Movie trailers reveal a lot of the plot and twists." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Not all trailers give away the plot and twists, it depends on brand recognition.", "Not all trailers give away the plot and twists, it depends on brand recognition." ]
2018-02582	What causes the burning sensation on your tongue when you drink a very cold carbonated drink?	Reading your question, I suspected the carbonation might be the cause. Carbonation dissolves into the liquid as carbonic acid, which would certainly create a burning sensation. But, there are some problems with that explanation. First, the amount of CO2 present is going to be constant regardless of temperature. It's a sealed can after all. Second, there is less CO2 dissolved as carbonic acid in a cold drink. Last, I don't think that has a significant effect on the pH. By chance I had 2 bottles in my fridge -- one that had gone flat and one that was unopened. Both were around 2.9°C. I popped my pH meter into a sample from each, and got 2.52 for the fresh one and 2.61 for the flat one. So at first glance it seems like the carbonation really isn't a factor. My guess would be that your taste buds are reacting to the combination of cold, and the other acids present (citric acid, phosphoric acid, etc) to give you something you perceive as a burning sensation. The word perceive is important -- organoleptic evaluation (how people actually perceive tastes, textures, and flavors) can vary wildly from person to person. I would love to hear if someone else can chime in with more specific research. [Edit: some others have (correctly) pointed out that the dissolution of CO2 is more complicated, and may be the opposite of what I stated. I definitely defer to those with more specific knowledge. The basic (ha, ha) point stands though -- the pH of flat soda wasn't much different from fresh soda]	[ "BULLET::::- For a CO pressure typical for bottled carbonated drinks (formula_4 ~ 2.5 atm), we get a relatively acidic medium (pH = 3.7) with a high concentration of dissolved CO. These features contribute to the sour and sparkling taste of these drinks.\n\nBULLET::::- Between 2.5 and 10 atm, the pH crosses the p\"...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-05030	Why do people seemingly instinctively put their hands on the back/top of their head when they see something bad happen?	Protect the valuables. Any experience with danger triggers an emergency reaction by the brain and body. Seeing danger makes the brain assume you are in danger. If you are in danger, you should protect the most important part of your body, your head.	[ "Another reason we continue to use counterfactual theory is to avoid situations that may be unpleasant to us, which is part of our approach and avoidance behavior. Often, people make a conscious effort to avoid situations that may make them feel unpleasant. However, despite our best efforts, we sometimes find ourse...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-14023	What differentiates a blackbody and normal body?	"A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. A white body is one with a "rough surface [that] reflects all incident rays completely and uniformly in all directions." -taken from google	[ "Section::::Realizations.\n\nA realization of a black body is a real world, physical embodiment. Here are a few.\n\nSection::::Realizations.:Cavity with a hole.\n", "The idea of a black body originally was introduced by Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 as follows:\n\nA more modern definition drops the reference to \"infi...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Blackbody is different from a normal body." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Blackbody is just an idealized physical body." ]
2018-04851	Why don’t people patent certain things?	You actually have it a bit backwards. In most cases, companies attempt to patent freaking everything they possibly can, even if its not theirs, not patent-able, questionable or what. You just apply and hope it gets approved. The whole patent process is insanity of a glut of patents being applied for.	[ "The right to exclude others from entering market with copies is, however, potentially extremely valuable as it can mean total exclusivity in that market for the duration of the patent (generally 20 years from filing). For example, worldwide sales of a patented pharmaceutical can be millions of dollars per day, whe...	[ "People are not patenting things.", "People don't attempt to patent things enough. " ]	[ "Companies are trying to patent anything and everything they can.", "People constantly attempt to patent things, however the process on patenting something is very difficult." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People are not patenting things.", "People don't attempt to patent things enough. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Companies are trying to patent anything and everything they can.", "People constantly attempt to patent things, however the process on patenting something is very difficult." ]
2018-02226	Why are there top loader and front loader specific laundry detergents?	The main difference between the top loader and front loader detergent is the suds or lather formula in the detergent. Since a front loading washing machine uses less water, it requires a high efficiency (HE) low suds formula detergent. from URL_0	[ "With the more completed legislative files and contexts coming towards the laundry industry. The environmentally unfriendly synthetic surfactants and phosphate salts are no longer allowed to use without any usage limit. Consequently, synthetic surfactants are then used with lower concentration in combination with e...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-17895	In most machines and appliances, why does an engineer choose, for example, a Philips head screw for one component but a flathead or hex for another? One would think that what matters are the specs of the screw itself rather than the head.	Philips are designed to "cam out" once a certain torque is reached. Flat heads are a bit more difficult to use drills or automatic equipment on, meaning they're likely installed by hand. Flat heads are quite difficult to really torque down, forcing operators to not crank it like arm wrestling a gorilla. Hex can take more torque and may be used for applications requiring more clamping.	[ "Given the unique nature of the delivered product, clients may accept certain quality risks as a consequence of meeting delivery dates. Testing and trial periods may also be limited by the nature of the product, the manufacturing required, and the metrics established for quality controls. As each product is essenti...	[ "The specs of the screw itself matter more than the head." ]	[ "Different types of screw heads require different amount of torque, thus are useful for different applications." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "The specs of the screw itself matter more than the head.", "The specs of the screw itself matter more than the head." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Different types of screw heads require different amount of torque, thus are useful for different applications.", "Different types of screw heads require different amount of torque, thus are useful for different applications." ]
2018-02339	How are chip-readers more secure than magnetic strips?	It's not necessarily the reader, but the card itself. In an eli5 sense, a magnetic stripe says "I am X" when swiped. It is extremely easy to create a copy of the card that also says "I am X". A chip card, when read, initiates a conversation like "If you say you are card X, please complete this math problem using your secret ID number and give me the result". Because the whole card's information is not transmitted during a transaction, it is much harder to create a copy. If a second authentication factor (such as a PIN) is not used, chip cards are still weak to physical theft and malicious usage of a card, neither do they protect against fradulent online usage.	[ "There exists a software implementation written in Python supporting Mode 1, Mode 2 and Mode 2 with TDS to be used for educational purposes only.\n\nNote that using this software for real financial operations can lead to some risks. Indeed, the advantage of using a standalone reader is to isolate the banking card f...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01573	Why does sand stick to everything even though it doesn't feel sticky?	Sand sticks to things in many ways just like flour does. Flour particles aren't sticky at all (while dry), but small enough to be caught in tangles of fabric fibers, attracted by even the slightest charges, or "grabbed" by microscopic droplets of water or oil (and the human body is literally covered with oil-drop and water-drop emitting organelles: sweat glands and sebaceous glands). Flour is many times smaller, so more sticks of course, but at the size level of a grain of sand a human body is covered in a rough shag of fibers, and sticky oil and water films. None of these hold on very tightly, but tight enough to resist gravity and most movement, so the sand doesn't just fall off when you stand up. Brushing the area is more forceful, and tends to knock off every grain of sand hit - but again, sand is so small it can "hide" in the fabric or get missed by a rough hand brushing.	[ "Sand grains will always stick together unless the sand is reasonably fine. While dry sand is loose, wet sand is adherent if the proper amounts of sand and water are used in the mixture. The reason for this is that water forms little \"bridges\" between the grains of sand when it is damp due to the forces of surfac...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00335	if the atom bomb works by splitting atoms (correct me if I’m wrong), how is splitting an atom possible? And why does it cause an explosion that big even though it’s just splitting atoms?	The atom core is protons and neutrons. The atom gets shot with more neutrons. It gets so heavy that it collapses and the strong force in the atoms core gets released. That means energy in form of heat is radiating. Also more netrons get shot at other atoms and a big variety of electromagnetic waves.	[ "Section::::Continuous flow fast atom bombardment.\n", "Some atoms, notably uranium-238, do not usually undergo fission when struck by slow neutrons, but do split when struck with neutrons of high enough energy. The fast neutrons produced in a hydrogen bomb by fusion of deuterium and tritium have even higher ener...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-01161	Why do bears go away after using bear spray?	It contains 1-2% capsaicin, the ingredient that makes hot peppers hot, in amounts far higher than pepper spray used on humans. (0.2-1 percent) So it's incredibly painful, immediately shocking, but causes no long lasting harm. The bear is going to perceive you and the area as dangerous and painful and it's going to flee.	[ "BULLET::::- All bear-inflicted injuries (n = 3) associated with defensive spraying involved brown bears and were relatively minor (i.e., no hospitalization required).\n\nBULLET::::- In 7% (5 of 71) of bear spray incidents, wind was reported to have interfered with spray accuracy, although it reached the bear in al...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01631	what happens when someone loses their voice? Are there different causes (screaming, sickness, etc)?	To speak, you need your vocal chords to vibrate. If they become inflamed, they swell and become unable to vibrate properly to produce speech. As you stated, there are different ways that they may become inflamed such as overuse by screaming too much or from illness.	[ "People with vocal cord dysfunction often complain of \"difficulty in breathing in” or “fighting for breath”, which can lead to subjective respiratory distress, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness. They may report tightness in the throat or chest, choking, stridor on inhalation and wheezing, which can resemb...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-03394	How come damp is bad for your lungs but steam rooms are supposedly good for them?	It all comes to way too many things to consider. One is that while steam rooms are nice and clean, a regular humid room will grow mold, and that's not good. Another one is that there's too many old wives tales to clearly define which is good and which is not	[ "Nor was Wilson shy of saying what needed to be said in the promotion of sanitary reform. In Metcalfe's (1877) work on sanitary reform and all the above-mentioned overlaps, he describes the Chinese vapour baths. After describing the bathing establishments as a whole, he describes the bathing room itself, \"which is...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-23249	How is Tesla worth more than General Motors even though they only sell around 250k cars and GM sells 4.7 million cars each year?	Investors are investing in the company they believe has their best interest for profits in the future.	[ "These successful companies were built on sheer innovation and we can see how valuable they have become in the short time they have been around or have been focusing on innovation. When Tesla's value is compared to that of General Motors, we see that the market capitalization of General Motors is $53.98 billion tod...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-16525	Why does being too hot make one feel nauseous?	When it’s hot your body will try to cool itself by sweating more. By sweating more, you lose fluids and sodium. If you don’t compensate enough, your blood pressure will go down. Because of that, less blood (with nutrients and oxygen) will reach your organs and brain. This results in feeling dizzy, nauseous etc etc	[ "BULLET::::- Pathological conditions of the vestibular system: a disturbance of the vestibular system such as in motion sickness or Meniere's disease can induce the emetic reflex. Such disturbances of the vestibular system could also be cancer related such as in cerebral or vestibular secondaries (metastasis), or c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00543	How does a constant force spring work?	A constant force spring is basically a sheet of steel rolled up similar to a roll of tape. When the spring is completely rolled up, it’s in its “relaxed” state. When the spring is unrolled, the force delivered from the spring is held constant due to the equal distribution of the circularly rolled steel (no angles or sides means there’s no resistance). Honestly, the best comparison I can make is one of those rubber snap bracelets. When they’re rolled up, if you try to unroll it the force is the same (constant) until it’s completely straight. Not the best example but the only one I can think of at the time. Edit: by no resistance I mean that there’s nothing that keeps the spring from not maintaining a constant force	[ "Constant-force spring\n\nAn ideal constant-force spring is a spring for which the force it exerts over its range of motion is a constant, that is, it does not obey Hooke's law. In reality, \"constant-force springs\" do not provide a truly constant force and are constructed from materials which do obey Hooke's law....	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03733	Why can't files (documents, pictures, presentations etc.) open in some program be moved to a new folder while they're open?	It's to maintain version control. Let's say there are 3 people in my department at work who are required to keep a specific file updated. I start making changes at 12:05, but I haven't saved the file. The person next to me makes changes at 12:06 and then saves the file. I then save the file I have open. Well, all the changes the person next to me made are now gone because I've saved the file with the version I was working on. The easiest way to do this is to lock files. Granted, this isn't a great system because this situation would be better handled with a database, and not something like an excel file. A database records transactions (changes) as they happen in order. That said file locking is important for all operating systems so that important OS files that are in use aren't changed while in use, or the machine would crash.	[ "Files are accessed by applications in Windows by using \"file handles\". These file handles can be explored with the Process Explorer utility. This utility can also be used to force-close handles without needing to terminate the application holding them. This can cause an undefined behavior, since the program will...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-24367	why do periods hurt so much?	ok, the tl:dr fast version, the uterus lining and blood and such has to dissolve, but then it has to be escorted out. so the organ has to squeeze like a muscle, a lot. like a serious lot. so imagine working out and getting muscle cramps, or abdominal cramps from whatever. also occasionally the hormones and signals misfire and you do get some abdominal cramps too.	[ "Since every pregnancy is different, a doctor, midwife or other competent professional should always be consulted before any action is taken to reduce the pain. Some popular methods may be harmful to the mother and/or the baby, or may actually worsen the pain or lengthen the labour.\n\nUterine contractions during c...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-02126	Why is it when you bury something there's less dirt then needed?	If you put the dirt that's removed in a tarp or a wheelbarrow or something, it'll be the opposite. You pull out compacted earth. You move it to the side. Some of it gets scattered, stepped on, or just gets below any grass or plants and isn't easily picked back up by shovel or hand. The type of soil matters too. Something like red clay earth isn't going to lose as much as potting soil, which loses less than sand. Mind you, unless the hole is pretty small, you shouldn't be losing enough to not be able to fill the hole back in, especially if you're putting something else in there. Usually, solid things like fence posts or the like take up enough space there's no way you'll run out. But sometimes things like plants with really loose roots will end up taking enough back in that loss through scattering can be visible as a declivity. Plus, the amount of moisture can play a role. Really moist but not wet soil can dry out enough over a few hours of working in a garden that there's less volume left when it's time to move it back. Combine that with loss of material and it can be significant.	[ "Section::::Production.:Casting.\n", "In the field\n", "Use of large and heavy machineries for agriculture often causes not only topsoil but subsoil compaction. Subsoil compaction is more difficult to be regenerated than topsoil compaction. It should be noted that not only may the weight of machineries i.e. axl...	[ "There is less dirt left to bury something than needed.", "When digging up dirt with the goal of burying something, there is never enough dirt to bury the object, animal, or person afterwards." ]	[ "Some dirt can be scattered or lost but there should be enough to re fill a hole that was made especially if something else is put in the hole.", "This can be avoided by using a wheelbarrow or another type of container, it is not always the case of not having enough dirt to bury a product after digging up enough ...	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "There is less dirt left to bury something than needed.", "When digging up dirt with the goal of burying something, there is never enough dirt to bury the object, animal, or person afterwards." ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some dirt can be scattered or lost but there should be enough to re fill a hole that was made especially if something else is put in the hole.", "This can be avoided by using a wheelbarrow or another type of container, it is not always the case of not having enough dirt to bury a product after digging up enough ...
2018-04448	How do flat land areas flood?	Thing is, Australian soil is really bad at absorbing water. Soil that absorbs water is absorbent because there is a thick network of grasses and such that actively soak up the water, and because said network creates a porous, organic soil that has to be completely saturated before water can fill it up and start pooling. Australian soil is generally dense and inorganic (mostly populated with shallow root plants that don't have wide root matting). When it rains the total amount of water being dumped is HUGE, so the lack of active/passive absorption really causes problems with flooding. That's also why deforested areas have problems with soil erosion and flooding.	[ "Mass wasting may occur at a very slow rate, particularly in areas that are very dry or those areas that receive sufficient rainfall such that vegetation has stabilized the surface. It may also occur at very high speed, such as in rockslides or landslides, with disastrous consequences, both immediate and delayed, e...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-03021	Why is the "fast talk" at the end of radio commercials allowed to be so fast?	It isn't allowed. "Fast talk disclaimers" are a violation of FTC advertising policies, known as the [four Ps]( URL_0 ): Prominence, Presentation, Placement, and Proximity. If you hear such an ad, you can report the company to the FTC.	[ "Some TV and radio commercials are concluded with \"fast talking\", which is barely audible or comprehensible to most. While it is this very message that states all necessary disclaimers and exceptions to the advertisement, it is often stated too fast for the viewer or listener to comprehend. This is often coupled ...	[ "Fast talk at the end of commercials is allowed to be that fast.", "Fast talk at the end of the radio commercials are allowed to be fast. " ]	[ "It is NOT allowed to be that fast and should be reported to the FTC when it happens. ", "Fast talk at the end of the radio commercials are not allowed and are a violation of FTC advertising policies." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Fast talk at the end of commercials is allowed to be that fast.", "Fast talk at the end of the radio commercials are allowed to be fast. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is NOT allowed to be that fast and should be reported to the FTC when it happens. ", "Fast talk at the end of the radio commercials are not allowed and are a violation of FTC advertising policies." ]
2018-08399	Where does mature scar tissue go when it's massaged away?	You cannot massage away scar tissue, that is a myth. You can cause the muscles surrounding scar tissue to relax making the scar less noticeable, but you cannot massage the scar tissue away.	[ "Keratinocytes continue migrating across the wound bed until cells from either side meet in the middle, at which point contact inhibition causes them to stop migrating. When they have finished migrating, the keratinocytes secrete the proteins that form the new basement membrane. Cells reverse the morphological chan...	[ "You can massage scar tissue away." ]	[ "It is a myth that you can massage away scar tissue." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "You can massage scar tissue away." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "It is a myth that you can massage away scar tissue." ]
2018-00149	How do surfers speed up to escape a crested wave?	It's mostly unweighting off the bottom of the wave, the "flats", and hopping the board up onto the face of the wave, even ever so slightly like you see when she is near the white water. By unweighting and getting the board up, she can then redirect the board down and use both gravity and the push of the wave from behind to generate speed. There may be other subtle factors, like if she's riding a three fin board they create a bit of drag when going straight and release when turned using two of the three fins, but it's mostly the unweighting, hopping up, and coming down to make speed.	[ "On 12 March 2012, Jeff Rowley paddled into Mavericks Left, California, and became the first Australian to accomplish this task. Mavericks is traditionally known as a right-hander wave and Rowley pushed the boundaries of what was possible at the Mavericks Left hander, a task that wasn't without its challenges, requ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-09891	How does water put out fire?	Water has an extremely high heat capacity. This means that water can cool the fire until it is no longer possible for the area on fire to maintain the on fire state. There are videos of things like red hot lead balls being dropped in ice and they are rather quickly cooled as they sink into the ice demonstrating the massive thermal capacity of water.	[ "Use of water in fire fighting should also take into account the hazards of a steam explosion, which may occur when water is used on very hot fires in confined spaces, and of a hydrogen explosion, when substances which react with water, such as certain metals or hot carbon such as coal, charcoal, or coke graphite, ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21889	Why do injuries feel hot?	The immune response produces chemicals which promote blood flow to the injured area. It also causes the capillaries (smallest blood vessels) around the injury to become “leaky” so that plasma and immune system cells can more easily get to the injury. The end result is swelling and redness around the area. Because there is more blood flow to the injured spot, it feels warmer to the touch.	[ "BULLET::::- Arteriolar vasodilation occurs. The smooth muscle walls of the arterioles relax allowing increased blood flow through the artery. This redirects blood into the superficial capillaries in the skin increasing heat loss by convection and conduction.\n\nSection::::In hot and humid conditions.\n", "BULLET...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04505	How do smart phones dissipate the heat created by the processor?	I think some of the answers are great, but missing a major point that I want to add: The chips in smartphones ([SoCs]( URL_0 )) are built from the ground up to turn the energy in the battery into useful work as efficiently as possible. In industry terms, smartphone SoCs have truly insane Performance Per Watt, which is a unit of how much screen brightness, CPU speed, etc can be achieved using only a joule of energy every second. So to answer the question, mainly because they barely produce any heat. Heat is what happens when energy from the battery is lost, and not turned into useful work. This is why the mobile device revolution only happened recently. Chips this efficient are a very new invention.	[ "Section::::Computer types.:Mobile devices.\n\nMobile devices usually have no discrete cooling systems, as mobile CPU and GPU chips are designed for maximum power efficiency due to the constraints of the device's battery. Some higher performance devices may include a heat spreader that aids in transferring heat to ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-04507	How have trains managed to stay relevant through the progression of technology?	Because they work well. Thats the core of it, aociety works heaving on a “if it isn’t broken don’t fix it” mentality. That being said it is still basically the best option for large-scale freight over land, durable, quick, and cheap.	[ "Steam power continued to be the dominant power system in railways around the world for more than a century.\n\nSection::::Electric power introduced.\n", "BULLET::::- 1939 - Diesel-electric railroad locomotion entered the mainstream in the U.S. when the Burlington Railroad and Union Pacific start using diesel-ele...	[ "Due to technology advancing, trains should have become obsolete by now." ]	[ "Trains work well, therefore there has been no real need to replace them." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Due to technology advancing, trains should have become obsolete by now.", "Due to technology advancing, trains should have become obsolete by now." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Trains work well, therefore there has been no real need to replace them.", "Trains work well, therefore there has been no real need to replace them." ]
2018-11202	How does the underground ecosystem of a cemetery compare to that of a normal, untouched field of grass?	Most modern graves place the coffin in a sealed vault, so there would be little impact to the environment, beyond having a bunch of concrete in the ground now. Even with vaults, bodies buried in a cemetery represent a tiny fraction of the ecosystem there and remain biologically active for a very short time. Having a regularly watered lawn likely has a much greater impact than the bodies do.	[ "The vegetation of Gore Hill Cemetery comprises original plantings of ornamental species, self-sown plants derived from these over the years, invasive weeds, and remnants of indigenous vegetation, also with self-sown offspring. As with many historic cemeteries, the original ornamental plantings at Gore Hill Cemeter...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "There may be a difference in the ecosystem of cemetery ground compared to the ground of an untouched field." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Due to burial practices the ecosystem of cemetery ground would not be impacted much." ]
2018-04841	How is it possible that satellites and space stations don't get hit by astroids or other flying objects all the time?	First off: collisions do occur and have become more and more of a problem as time has gone by. Why isn't it happening all the time? The amount of space they are flying through is HUGE. Imagine a huge freeway that goes in one giant 100 mile loop and then imagine putting 30,000 individual grains of sand on it, the vast majority of them going the same direction, and the vast majority of them [edit:] at roughly the same velocity. The chances of these grains of sand hitting each other are vanishingly small. Well in a very rough (guesswork) way I just described kind of what the orbital neighborhood is like around earth. It's a huge highway and there are about 30,000 grains on sand running on it. They will rarely every connect. [thank you to LoneStarG84 for pointing out the typo]	[ "Space debris and meteoroids can impact spacecraft at high speeds, causing mechanical or electrical damage. The average speed of space debris is 10 km/s while the average speed of meteoroids is much greater. For example, the meteoroids associated with the Perseid meteor shower travel at an average speed of 58 km/s....	[ "Satellits don't get hit by asteroids or flying objects" ]	[ "They do actually get hit by objects." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Satellits don't get hit by asteroids or flying objects" ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "They do actually get hit by objects." ]
2018-01025	Why do some animals like to keep particularly clean, whilst others are happy being dirty?	Do you mean by 'dirty' that they cover themselves in mud? So many animals keep clean because their skin or fur, feathers or scales lose important properties when covered in dirt. Feathers for example lose it's perfect properties that allow birds to fly if they are soaking wet (thus diving birds usually cover their feathers in an oily substance to prevent this) or covered in a sticky substance. Fur also needs to be clean as well, since once you get dirty and smelly, potential predators can detect you more easily, and potential prey detects you as well. Smell actually is important for communication in many animals, so they don't want this to be disturbed by other smells. Mud on the other hand has interesting properties. It can keep you cool on hot days, acting like a sunscreen, and/or makes it harder for insects to bite trough. So many animals that cover themselves in mud do this for these reasons. Some do it to disguise themselves (or rather the smell) as well.	[ "Section::::Purpose of Comfort Behaviours.\n\nThere are many adaptive and functional purposes for comfort behaviours among a diverse group of animals. One function of comfort behaviours is hygiene, particularly in the form of ectoparasite removal. The animal removes the ectoparasites through the scratching or brush...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01269	Why did techonology seem to jump right from 1080p to 4k? Why didn't we have an extended period where 1440p was the standard?	it's really, REALLY hard to get the entire industry to pick a standard. Computers and video games can flex with, but movie formats, TV broadcasts and other things have a lot of "dumb" hardware in the delivery system that can't. Everyone's gotta buy new video cameras and recorders and whatnot that all support it, so when a movie studio invests in an upgrade to support a new standard they invest A TON, and they don't like regularly doing that. So if you're gonna pick a new standard, go BIG. Don't just jump to a high resolution, jump high as hell and change the rules on what color depth and encoding bitrates you can use. Then you can live with that standard for a while succesfully.	[ "In autumn 2006, Chi Mei Optoelectronics (CMO) announced a 47\" 1440p LCD panel to be released in Q2 2007; the panel was planned to finally debut at FPD International 2008 in a form on autostereoscopic 3D display.\n\nIn relation to smartphones, 1440p displays are sometimes marketed as \"Quad HD\", as it is four tim...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-21501	How and why do wisdom teeth just suddenly develop in late teens	Dental hygienist here. All teeth develop as the jaws get bigger. Children have 20 baby/deciduous teeth and small jaws. Wisdom teeth are developing in the jaws years before they erupt. Adults have 32 teeth when they about 18 years old, if their jaws are large enough to accommodate them. Otherwise, they will remain unerupted or trapped in the jaw (impacted).	[ "Generally wisdom teeth are stated as erupting most commonly between age 17 and 21. Eruption may start as early as age 13 in some groups. Sometimes they can erupt up to age 25. If they have not erupted by age 25, oral surgeons generally consider that the tooth will not erupt spontaneously by itself.\n\nSection::::F...	[ "Only wisdom teethe develop when a jaw gets bigger." ]	[ "All teeth develop as a jaw gets bigger." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Only wisdom teethe develop when a jaw gets bigger.", "Only wisdom teethe develop when a jaw gets bigger. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "All teeth develop as a jaw gets bigger.", "All teeth develop as a jaw gets bigger. " ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.