Split (3)

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Through the last half century, the techniques used by certain historians of African art for judging the precise tribal origins of African sculptures on the basis of style have been greatly refined. However, as one recent critic of the historians' classificatory assumptions has put it, the idea that the distribution of ...	200606_3-RC_2_11	[ "Some of the sculptures that the Konaté family produces are practically indistinguishable from those produced by certain other sculptors far from Burkina Faso.", "The carving styles used by some members of the Konaté family are distinctly different from those used by other members.", "Other families of sculptor...	3	The passage provides the most support for which one of the following inferences?
Through the last half century, the techniques used by certain historians of African art for judging the precise tribal origins of African sculptures on the basis of style have been greatly refined. However, as one recent critic of the historians' classificatory assumptions has put it, the idea that the distribution of ...	200606_3-RC_2_12	[ "use of nontraditional materials in sculptures", "production of sculptures in several distinct styles that are nevertheless very similar to one another", "stylistic innovations that have influenced the work of other sculptors in a large geographical area", "adoption of a carving style that was previously used...	1	Which one of the following does the author attribute to the Konaté sculptors?
Through the last half century, the techniques used by certain historians of African art for judging the precise tribal origins of African sculptures on the basis of style have been greatly refined. However, as one recent critic of the historians' classificatory assumptions has put it, the idea that the distribution of ...	200606_3-RC_2_13	[ "geographical areas in which masks and similar sculptures are for the most part interchangeable among a number of closely connected tribes who use them", "locations in which works of art are produced by sculptors using a particular style who then instruct other artists throughout large surrounding geographical ar...	2	Which one of the following most accurately expresses what the author means by "centers of style" (line 16)?
Surviving sources of information about women doctors in ancient Greece and Rome are fragmentary: some passing mentions by classical authors, scattered references in medical works, and about 40 inscriptions on tombs and monuments. Yet even from these fragments we can piece together a picture. The evidence shows that in ...	200606_3-RC_3_14	[ "There is a range of textual evidence indicating that the existence and professional activity of women doctors were an accepted part of everyday life in ancient Greece and Rome.", "Some scholars in ancient Greece and Rome made little distinction in their writings between learned women and learned men, as can espe...	0	Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
Surviving sources of information about women doctors in ancient Greece and Rome are fragmentary: some passing mentions by classical authors, scattered references in medical works, and about 40 inscriptions on tombs and monuments. Yet even from these fragments we can piece together a picture. The evidence shows that in ...	200606_3-RC_3_15	[ "diseases that were not curable in ancient times but are readily cured by modern medicine", "a specialized field of medicine that was not practiced by women in ancient Greece and Rome", "a scholar who has argued that Francesca de Romana was the first female doctor in any Western society", "the extent to which...	4	Which one of the following does the author mention in the passage?
Surviving sources of information about women doctors in ancient Greece and Rome are fragmentary: some passing mentions by classical authors, scattered references in medical works, and about 40 inscriptions on tombs and monuments. Yet even from these fragments we can piece together a picture. The evidence shows that in ...	200606_3-RC_3_16	[ "provide additional support for the argument presented in the first paragraph", "suggest that the implications of the argument presented in the first paragraph are unnecessarily broad", "acknowledge some exceptions to a conclusion defended in the second paragraph", "emphasize the historical importance of the ...	0	The primary function of the third paragraph of the passage is to
Surviving sources of information about women doctors in ancient Greece and Rome are fragmentary: some passing mentions by classical authors, scattered references in medical works, and about 40 inscriptions on tombs and monuments. Yet even from these fragments we can piece together a picture. The evidence shows that in ...	200606_3-RC_3_17	[ "So it is only by combining the previously mentioned fragments of ancient writings that historians have been able to construct a fairly complete account of some of these women's lives.", "That there were women doctors apparently seemed unremarkable to these writers who cited their works, just as it did to Plato."...	1	Which one of the following could most logically be appended to the end of the final paragraph?
Surviving sources of information about women doctors in ancient Greece and Rome are fragmentary: some passing mentions by classical authors, scattered references in medical works, and about 40 inscriptions on tombs and monuments. Yet even from these fragments we can piece together a picture. The evidence shows that in ...	200606_3-RC_3_18	[ "wary that they might be misinterpreted due to their fragmentary nature", "optimistic that with a more complete analysis they will yield answers to some crucial lingering questions", "hopeful that they will come to be accepted generally by historians as authentic documents", "confident that they are accurate ...	3	Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's attitude toward the sources of information mentioned in lines 1–5?
Surviving sources of information about women doctors in ancient Greece and Rome are fragmentary: some passing mentions by classical authors, scattered references in medical works, and about 40 inscriptions on tombs and monuments. Yet even from these fragments we can piece together a picture. The evidence shows that in ...	200606_3-RC_3_19	[ "acknowledged as authorities by other doctors", "highly educated", "very effective at treating illness", "engaged in general medical practice", "praised as highly as male doctors" ]	3	The tribute quoted in lines 45–46 is offered primarily as evidence that at least some women doctors in ancient times were
Surviving sources of information about women doctors in ancient Greece and Rome are fragmentary: some passing mentions by classical authors, scattered references in medical works, and about 40 inscriptions on tombs and monuments. Yet even from these fragments we can piece together a picture. The evidence shows that in ...	200606_3-RC_3_20	[ "Those who became doctors usually practiced medicine for only a short time.", "Those who were not doctors were typically expected to practice medicine informally within their own families.", "There is no known official record that any of them were licensed to practice general medicine.", "There is no reliable...	2	The passage most strongly supports which one of the following inferences about women in ancient Greece and Rome?
Every culture that has adopted the cultivation of maize—also known as corn—has been radically changed by it. This crop reshaped the cultures of the Native Americans who first cultivated it, leading to such developments as the adoption of agrarian and in some cases urban lifestyles, and much of the explosion of European...	200606_3-RC_4_21	[ "The greater productivity of maize, as compared with many other crops, is due to its C-4 photosynthetic process, in which the reactions that build sugars are protected from the effects of excess oxygen.", "Because of their ability to produce greater quantities and higher qualities of nutrients, those plants, incl...	0	Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
Every culture that has adopted the cultivation of maize—also known as corn—has been radically changed by it. This crop reshaped the cultures of the Native Americans who first cultivated it, leading to such developments as the adoption of agrarian and in some cases urban lifestyles, and much of the explosion of European...	200606_3-RC_4_22	[ "The author suggests that the widespread cultivation of a particular crop is due to its high yield, explains its high yield by describing the action of a particular enzyme in that crop, and then outlines the reasons for the evolution of that enzyme.", "The author explains some aspects of a biochemical process, de...	1	Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the material presented in the second and third paragraphs of the passage?
Every culture that has adopted the cultivation of maize—also known as corn—has been radically changed by it. This crop reshaped the cultures of the Native Americans who first cultivated it, leading to such developments as the adoption of agrarian and in some cases urban lifestyles, and much of the explosion of European...	200606_3-RC_4_23	[ "Water is split into its constituent elements in specialized chlorophyll-containing structures in the bundle sheath cells.", "An enzyme with which oxygen cannot bind performs the role of rubisco.", "The vascular structures of the leaf become impermeable to both carbon dioxide gas and oxygen gas.", "The specia...	1	Assuming that all other relevant factors remained the same, which one of the following, if it developed in a species of plant that does not have C-4 photosynthesis, would most likely give that species an advantage similar to that which the author attributes to C-4 plants?
Every culture that has adopted the cultivation of maize—also known as corn—has been radically changed by it. This crop reshaped the cultures of the Native Americans who first cultivated it, leading to such developments as the adoption of agrarian and in some cases urban lifestyles, and much of the explosion of European...	200606_3-RC_4_24	[ "It indicates why certain atmospheric conditions can cause excess oxygen to build up and thus hinder photosynthesis in non-C-4 plants as described in the previous paragraph.", "It supports the claim advanced earlier in the paragraph that oxygen is not the only atmospheric gas whose presence in the leaf can interf...	3	The author's reference to "all other atmospheric gases" in line 46 plays which one of the following roles in the passage?
Every culture that has adopted the cultivation of maize—also known as corn—has been radically changed by it. This crop reshaped the cultures of the Native Americans who first cultivated it, leading to such developments as the adoption of agrarian and in some cases urban lifestyles, and much of the explosion of European...	200606_3-RC_4_25	[ "In rice plants, atmospheric gases are prevented from entering the structures in which water is split into its constituent elements.", "In rice plants, oxygen produced from split water molecules binds to another type of molecule before being released into the atmosphere.", "Rice is an extremely productive crop ...	3	The passage contains information sufficient to justify inferring which one of the following?
Every culture that has adopted the cultivation of maize—also known as corn—has been radically changed by it. This crop reshaped the cultures of the Native Americans who first cultivated it, leading to such developments as the adoption of agrarian and in some cases urban lifestyles, and much of the explosion of European...	200606_3-RC_4_26	[ "Maize's impressive productivity cannot be understood without an understanding of its cultural influences.", "Maize is an example of a plant in which oxygen is not released as a by-product of photosynthesis.", "Maize's high yields are due not only to its use of C-4 but also to its ability to produce large quant...	4	The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?
Every culture that has adopted the cultivation of maize—also known as corn—has been radically changed by it. This crop reshaped the cultures of the Native Americans who first cultivated it, leading to such developments as the adoption of agrarian and in some cases urban lifestyles, and much of the explosion of European...	200606_3-RC_4_27	[ "In many plants, rubisco is not isolated in airtight tissues in the center of the leaf.", "A rubisco molecule contains four carbon atoms.", "Rubisco is needed in photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide to a nongas molecule.", "In maize, rubisco helps protect against the detrimental effects of oxygen buildup ...	0	The passage provides the most support for which one of the following statements?
One of the most prominent characteristics of the literature by United States citizens of Mexican descent is that it is frequently written in a combination of English and Spanish. By not limiting itself to one language, such writing resonates with its authors' bicultural experiences. Their work is largely Mexican in its...	200609_1-RC_1_1	[ "Mexican American literature is characterized by a strong sense of transition, which is due to its writers' physical distance from Mexico and their clear vision of the future of Mexican culture.", "Unlike Mexican writing, which is largely tied to an urban literary establishment, Mexican American writing is a move...	2	Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the passage?
One of the most prominent characteristics of the literature by United States citizens of Mexican descent is that it is frequently written in a combination of English and Spanish. By not limiting itself to one language, such writing resonates with its authors' bicultural experiences. Their work is largely Mexican in its...	200609_1-RC_1_2	[ "While Mexican American writers are in the process of shaping their body of literature, one of their goals is to create a literary establishment in the U.S. essentially like the one concentrated in Mexico City.", "The use of a mixture of both Spanish and English in current Mexican American literature is evidence ...	3	It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which one of the following statements?
One of the most prominent characteristics of the literature by United States citizens of Mexican descent is that it is frequently written in a combination of English and Spanish. By not limiting itself to one language, such writing resonates with its authors' bicultural experiences. Their work is largely Mexican in its...	200609_1-RC_1_3	[ "stylistic innovations that distinguish their work from that of Mexican writers", "recognition from a U.S. literary establishment that is significantly different from that of Mexico", "an identity that resists absorption by U.S. culture", "critical acceptance of bilingual forms of literary expression", "the...	2	It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage that many Mexican American writers tend to value which one of the following?
One of the most prominent characteristics of the literature by United States citizens of Mexican descent is that it is frequently written in a combination of English and Spanish. By not limiting itself to one language, such writing resonates with its authors' bicultural experiences. Their work is largely Mexican in its...	200609_1-RC_1_4	[ "What is an example of a specific literary work by a Mexican American writer?", "For what reason are many Mexican American writings concerned with agrarian themes or topics?", "What is the prevailing view of Mexican American literature among critics in the United States?", "How has the literature of the Unite...	1	To which one of the following questions does the passage most clearly provide an answer?
One of the most prominent characteristics of the literature by United States citizens of Mexican descent is that it is frequently written in a combination of English and Spanish. By not limiting itself to one language, such writing resonates with its authors' bicultural experiences. Their work is largely Mexican in its...	200609_1-RC_1_5	[ "Mexican American literature advocates an agrarian way of life as a remedy for the alienation of modern culture.", "The Mexican American \"in-between\" character is an instance of a type found in the literature of immigrant groups in general.", "A predominant strength of Mexican American writers is that they ar...	3	It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage that the author holds which one of the following views?
In many Western societies, modern bankruptcy laws have undergone a shift away from a focus on punishment and toward a focus on bankruptcy as a remedy for individuals and corporations in financial trouble—and, perhaps unexpectedly, for their creditors. This shift has coincided with an ever-increasing reliance on declara...	200609_1-RC_2_6	[ "The modern trend in bankruptcy law away from punishment and toward the maintenance of economic activity serves the best interests of society and should not be abandoned.", "Bankruptcy laws have evolved in order to meet the needs of creditors, who depend on the continued productive activity of private citizens an...	0	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
In many Western societies, modern bankruptcy laws have undergone a shift away from a focus on punishment and toward a focus on bankruptcy as a remedy for individuals and corporations in financial trouble—and, perhaps unexpectedly, for their creditors. This shift has coincided with an ever-increasing reliance on declara...	200609_1-RC_2_7	[ "are often surprised to receive compensation in bankruptcy courts", "have unintentionally become the chief beneficiaries of bankruptcy laws", "were a consideration, though not a primary one, in the formulation of bankruptcy laws", "are better served than is immediately apparent by laws designed in the first i...	3	In stating that bankruptcy laws have evolved "perhaps unexpectedly" (line 5) as a remedy for creditors, the author implies that creditors
In many Western societies, modern bankruptcy laws have undergone a shift away from a focus on punishment and toward a focus on bankruptcy as a remedy for individuals and corporations in financial trouble—and, perhaps unexpectedly, for their creditors. This shift has coincided with an ever-increasing reliance on declara...	200609_1-RC_2_8	[ "approval of changes that have been made to inefficient laws", "confidence that further changes to today's laws will be unnecessary", "neutrality toward laws that, while helpful to many, remain open to abuse", "skepticism regarding the possibility of solutions to the problem of insolvency", "concern that in...	0	The author's attitude toward the evolution of bankruptcy law can most accurately be described as
In many Western societies, modern bankruptcy laws have undergone a shift away from a focus on punishment and toward a focus on bankruptcy as a remedy for individuals and corporations in financial trouble—and, perhaps unexpectedly, for their creditors. This shift has coincided with an ever-increasing reliance on declara...	200609_1-RC_2_9	[ "offer a critique of both past and present approaches to insolvency", "compare the practices of bankruptcy courts of the past with those of bankruptcy courts of the present", "criticize those who would change the bankruptcy laws of today", "reexamine today's bankruptcy laws in an effort to point to further im...	4	The primary purpose of the passage is to
In many Western societies, modern bankruptcy laws have undergone a shift away from a focus on punishment and toward a focus on bankruptcy as a remedy for individuals and corporations in financial trouble—and, perhaps unexpectedly, for their creditors. This shift has coincided with an ever-increasing reliance on declara...	200609_1-RC_2_10	[ "Debt that has become so great that repayment is impossible is ultimately a moral failing and thus a matter for which the law should provide punitive sanctions.", "Because insolvency ultimately harms the entire economy, the law should provide a punitive deterrent to insolvency.", "The insolvency of companies or...	0	Which one of the following claims would a defender of the punitive theory of bankruptcy legislation be most likely to have made?
In many Western societies, modern bankruptcy laws have undergone a shift away from a focus on punishment and toward a focus on bankruptcy as a remedy for individuals and corporations in financial trouble—and, perhaps unexpectedly, for their creditors. This shift has coincided with an ever-increasing reliance on declara...	200609_1-RC_2_11	[ "Only when today's bankruptcy laws are ultimately seen as inadequate on a large scale will bankruptcy legislation return to its original intent.", "Punishment is no longer the primary goal of bankruptcy law, even if some of its side effects still function punitively.", "Since leniency serves the public interest...	1	Which one of the following sentences could most logically be appended to the end of the last paragraph of the passage?
In many Western societies, modern bankruptcy laws have undergone a shift away from a focus on punishment and toward a focus on bankruptcy as a remedy for individuals and corporations in financial trouble—and, perhaps unexpectedly, for their creditors. This shift has coincided with an ever-increasing reliance on declara...	200609_1-RC_2_12	[ "Bankruptcy laws always result from gradual changes in philosophy followed by sudden shifts in policy.", "Changes in bankruptcy law were initiated by the courts and only grudgingly adopted by legislators.", "The adjustment of bankruptcy laws away from a punitive focus was at first bitterly opposed by creditors....	3	The information in the passage most strongly suggests which one of the following about changes in bankruptcy laws?
In many Western societies, modern bankruptcy laws have undergone a shift away from a focus on punishment and toward a focus on bankruptcy as a remedy for individuals and corporations in financial trouble—and, perhaps unexpectedly, for their creditors. This shift has coincided with an ever-increasing reliance on declara...	200609_1-RC_2_13	[ "Extensive study of the economic and legal history of many countries has shown that most individuals who served prison time for bankruptcy subsequently exhibited greater economic responsibility.", "The bankruptcy of a certain large company has had a significant negative impact on the local economy even though vir...	4	Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the author's argument against harsh punishment for debtors?
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. A number of recent studies have argued that the anx...	200609_1-RC_3_14	[ "Either by ignoring a native culture's own self-understanding or by substituting fabricated traditions and rituals, imperial societies often obscure the heterogeneous cultures of the peoples they colonize.", "Attempts to reconstruct a native, precolonial culture by members of decolonized societies are essentially...	4	Which one of the following statements most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. A number of recent studies have argued that the anx...	200609_1-RC_3_15	[ "What kinds of influences affect the national identities people construct from their past?", "Why did nineteenth-century European commentators ignore some discussion of Greek culture by ancient Greek writers?", "In what ways did African cultural influence affect the culture of ancient Greece?", "Why was Queen...	2	The passage provides information to answer all of the following questions EXCEPT:
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. A number of recent studies have argued that the anx...	200609_1-RC_3_16	[ "overall agreement with their conclusion about influences on cultural identity", "reservation over their preoccupation with colonialism", "skepticism toward the relevance of the examples they cite", "concern that they fail to explain ancient Greek culture", "unqualified disagreement with their insistence th...	0	The author's attitude toward the studies mentioned in line 6 is most likely
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. A number of recent studies have argued that the anx...	200609_1-RC_3_17	[ "had been revived after centuries of neglect", "were legitimized by their historic use in the native culture", "exemplified the dominance of the imperial culture", "conferred spurious historical legitimacy upon colonial authority", "combined historic elements of imperial and native cultures" ]	3	The author's use of the word "traditional" in line 37 is intended to indicate that the jamborees
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. A number of recent studies have argued that the anx...	200609_1-RC_3_18	[ "Colonized nations should not attempt to regain their historical cultures.", "Imperial cultures should incorporate the traditions of their colonies.", "The cultural traditions of a nation should remain untainted by outside influences.", "A country's cultural identity partakes of many social and cultural domai...	2	The "purveyors of nationalist dogma" mentioned in line 62 would be most likely to agree with which one of the following?
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. A number of recent studies have argued that the anx...	200609_1-RC_3_19	[ "an annual ceremony held by an institution of the colonizing culture to honor the literary and theatrical achievements of members of the native culture", "a religious service of the colonizing culture that has been adapted to include elements of the native culture in order to gain converts", "a traditional play...	3	Which one of the following would most likely be an example of one of the "rituals, ceremonies, and traditions" mentioned in lines 26–27?
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. A number of recent studies have argued that the anx...	200609_1-RC_3_20	[ "Apparent traditions may be products of artifice.", "National identity generally requires cultural uniformity.", "Most colonial cultures are by nature artificial and contrived.", "Historical and cultural experiences may cross national boundaries.", "Revolutionary cultures are often more authentic than imper...	0	In the context of the passage, the examples in the second and third paragraphs best exemplify which one of the following generalizations?
As the twentieth century draws to a close, we are learning to see the extent to which accounts and definitions of cultures are influenced by human biases and purposes, benevolent in what they include, incorporate, and validate, less so in what they exclude and demote. A number of recent studies have argued that the anx...	200609_1-RC_3_21	[ "argue for the creation of a global culture made up of elements from many national cultures", "explain how the desire for cultural uniformity supports imperialist attitudes", "stress the importance of objectivity in studying the actual sources of cultural identity", "advance the claim that present concerns mo...	3	The primary purpose of the passage is to
One of the foundations of scientific research is that an experimental result is credible only if it can be replicated—only if performing the experiment a second time leads to the same result. But physicists John Sommerer and Edward Ott have conceived of a physical system in which even the least change in the starting c...	200609_1-RC_4_22	[ "Sommerer and Ott's model suggests that many of the fundamental experimental results of science are unreliable because they are contaminated by riddled basins of attraction.", "Sommerer and Ott's model suggests that scientists who fail to replicate experimental results might be working within physical systems tha...	1	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
One of the foundations of scientific research is that an experimental result is credible only if it can be replicated—only if performing the experiment a second time leads to the same result. But physicists John Sommerer and Edward Ott have conceived of a physical system in which even the least change in the starting c...	200609_1-RC_4_23	[ "emphasize the extraordinarily large number of physical irregularities in a riddled basin of attraction", "emphasize the unusual types of physical irregularities found in Sommerer and Ott's model", "emphasize the large percentage of a riddled basin of attraction that exhibits unpredictability", "emphasize the...	3	The discussion of the chaos of physical systems is intended to perform which one of the following functions in the passage?
One of the foundations of scientific research is that an experimental result is credible only if it can be replicated—only if performing the experiment a second time leads to the same result. But physicists John Sommerer and Edward Ott have conceived of a physical system in which even the least change in the starting c...	200609_1-RC_4_24	[ "It is sometimes impossible to determine whether a particular region exhibits fractal properties.", "It is sometimes impossible to predict even the general destination of a particle placed in a chaotic system.", "It is sometimes impossible to re-create exactly the starting conditions of an experiment.", "It i...	2	Given the information in the passage, Sommerer and Ott are most likely to agree with which one of the following?
One of the foundations of scientific research is that an experimental result is credible only if it can be replicated—only if performing the experiment a second time leads to the same result. But physicists John Sommerer and Edward Ott have conceived of a physical system in which even the least change in the starting c...	200609_1-RC_4_25	[ "skeptical of the possibility that numerous unstable systems exist but confident that the existence of numerous unstable systems would call into question one of the foundations of science", "convinced of the existence of numerous unstable systems and unsure if the existence of numerous unstable systems calls into...	4	Which one of the following most accurately describes the author's attitude toward the work of Sommerer and Ott?
One of the foundations of scientific research is that an experimental result is credible only if it can be replicated—only if performing the experiment a second time leads to the same result. But physicists John Sommerer and Edward Ott have conceived of a physical system in which even the least change in the starting c...	200609_1-RC_4_26	[ "In the model, the behavior of a particle placed at any point in the system is chaotic; in a riddled basin of attraction, only water spilled at some of the points behaves chaotically.", "In a riddled basin of attraction, the behavior of water spilled at any point is chaotic; in the model, only particles placed at...	2	According to the passage, Sommerer and Ott's model differs from a riddled basin of attraction in which one of the following ways?
One of the foundations of scientific research is that an experimental result is credible only if it can be replicated—only if performing the experiment a second time leads to the same result. But physicists John Sommerer and Edward Ott have conceived of a physical system in which even the least change in the starting c...	200609_1-RC_4_27	[ "the set of all points on an area of land for which it is possible to predict the destination, but not the path, of water spilled at that point", "the set of all points on an area of land for which it is possible to predict both the destination and the path of water spilled at that point", "the set of all point...	3	Which one of the following best defines the term "basin of attraction," as that term is used in the passage?
One of the foundations of scientific research is that an experimental result is credible only if it can be replicated—only if performing the experiment a second time leads to the same result. But physicists John Sommerer and Edward Ott have conceived of a physical system in which even the least change in the starting c...	200609_1-RC_4_28	[ "A scientist is unable to determine if mixing certain chemicals will result in a particular chemical reaction because the reaction cannot be consistently reproduced since sometimes the reaction occurs and other times it does not despite starting conditions that are in fact exactly the same in each experiment.", "...	1	Which one of the following is most clearly one of the "metaphorical examples of riddled basins of attraction" mentioned in lines 52–53?
The work of South African writer Ezekiel Mphahlele has confounded literary critics, especially those who feel compelled to draw a sharp distinction between autobiography and fiction. These critics point to Mphahlele's best-known works—his 1959 autobiography Down Second Avenue and his 1971 novel The Wanderers—to illustr...	200612_2-RC_1_1	[ "All works of literature should articulate a vision of the future.", "It is not necessary for a writer to write works to fit predetermined categories.", "Literary categories are worth addressing only when literary works are being unjustifiably dismissed.", "Most works of literature that resemble novels could ...	1	Based on the passage, with which one of the following statements would Mphahlele be most likely to agree?
The work of South African writer Ezekiel Mphahlele has confounded literary critics, especially those who feel compelled to draw a sharp distinction between autobiography and fiction. These critics point to Mphahlele's best-known works—his 1959 autobiography Down Second Avenue and his 1971 novel The Wanderers—to illustr...	200612_2-RC_1_2	[ "Writing should provide a guide for achieving social change.", "Writing should have as its goal the transmission of ideas.", "Writing is most effective when it minimizes the use of real people and events to embellish a story.", "Good writing is generally more autobiographical than fictional.", "Fiction and ...	1	The passage states that Mphahlele believes which one of the following?
The work of South African writer Ezekiel Mphahlele has confounded literary critics, especially those who feel compelled to draw a sharp distinction between autobiography and fiction. These critics point to Mphahlele's best-known works—his 1959 autobiography Down Second Avenue and his 1971 novel The Wanderers—to illustr...	200612_2-RC_1_3	[ "the critic believes that Mphahlele himself shows little interest in establishing guidelines that distinguish fact from fiction in literature", "the comment is unfairly one-sided and gives no voice to perspectives that Mphahlele might embrace", "the requirement of firsthand experiences mentioned in the comment ...	4	In lines 18–25, the author uses the phrase "negative subtext" in reference to the critic's comment to claim that
The work of South African writer Ezekiel Mphahlele has confounded literary critics, especially those who feel compelled to draw a sharp distinction between autobiography and fiction. These critics point to Mphahlele's best-known works—his 1959 autobiography Down Second Avenue and his 1971 novel The Wanderers—to illustr...	200612_2-RC_1_4	[ "It should not have been populated with real-world characters.", "It should have been presented as an autobiography.", "It does not clearly display Mphahlele's vision.", "It intends to deliver controversial social criticisms.", "It places too much emphasis on relationships." ]	0	According to the passage, critics offer which one of the following reasons for their dismissal of The Wanderers?
The work of South African writer Ezekiel Mphahlele has confounded literary critics, especially those who feel compelled to draw a sharp distinction between autobiography and fiction. These critics point to Mphahlele's best-known works—his 1959 autobiography Down Second Avenue and his 1971 novel The Wanderers—to illustr...	200612_2-RC_1_5	[ "demonstrate Mphahlele's eloquence as a writer", "provide a common goal of writing among novelists", "further elaborate the kind of writing Mphahlele values", "introduce the three literary forms Mphahlele uses to write social criticism", "show that Mphahlele makes no distinction among prose, poetry, and dra...	2	The author quotes Mphahlele (lines 55–58) primarily in order to
The work of South African writer Ezekiel Mphahlele has confounded literary critics, especially those who feel compelled to draw a sharp distinction between autobiography and fiction. These critics point to Mphahlele's best-known works—his 1959 autobiography Down Second Avenue and his 1971 novel The Wanderers—to illustr...	200612_2-RC_1_6	[ "his commitment to communicating social messages", "his blending of the categories of fiction and autobiography", "his ability to redefine established literary categories", "his emphasis on the importance of details", "his plan for bringing about the future he envisions" ]	0	Which one of the following aspects of Mphahlele's work does the author of the passage appear to value most highly?
The work of South African writer Ezekiel Mphahlele has confounded literary critics, especially those who feel compelled to draw a sharp distinction between autobiography and fiction. These critics point to Mphahlele's best-known works—his 1959 autobiography Down Second Avenue and his 1971 novel The Wanderers—to illustr...	200612_2-RC_1_7	[ "Mphahlele's stance as a humanist and an integrationist derives from an outlook on writing that recognizes a sharp distinction between fiction and autobiography.", "The social vision contained in a work is irrelevant to critics who feel compelled to find distinct categories in which to place literary works.", "...	3	Which one of the following is most strongly suggested by the information in the passage?
A vigorous debate in astronomy centers on an epoch in planetary history that was first identified by analysis of rock samples obtained in lunar missions. Scientists discovered that the major craters on the Moon were created by a vigorous bombardment of debris approximately four billion years ago—the so-called late heav...	200612_2-RC_2_8	[ "The LHB is an intense meteorite bombardment that occurred about four billion years ago and is responsible for the cratering on the Moon and perhaps on other members of the inner solar system as well.", "Astronomers now believe that they may never collect enough evidence to determine the true nature of the LHB.",...	4	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
A vigorous debate in astronomy centers on an epoch in planetary history that was first identified by analysis of rock samples obtained in lunar missions. Scientists discovered that the major craters on the Moon were created by a vigorous bombardment of debris approximately four billion years ago—the so-called late heav...	200612_2-RC_2_9	[ "ambivalence because the theory of the rock's migration to Earth is at once both appealing and difficult to believe", "caution because even if the claims concerning the rock's origins can be proven, it is unwise to draw general conclusions without copious evidence", "skepticism because it seems unlikely that a ...	1	The author's attitude toward arguments that might be based on the evidence of the rock mentioned in the passage as being from Mars (lines 44–46) can most accurately be described as
A vigorous debate in astronomy centers on an epoch in planetary history that was first identified by analysis of rock samples obtained in lunar missions. Scientists discovered that the major craters on the Moon were created by a vigorous bombardment of debris approximately four billion years ago—the so-called late heav...	200612_2-RC_2_10	[ "support a particular theory of the extent of the LHB", "question the lack of LHB evidence found on Earth", "advocate certain scientific models for the origins of life on Earth", "provide a reason why scientists are interested in studying the LHB", "introduce additional support for the dating of the LHB" ]	3	The author mentions that the LHB "should also have struck Earth" (lines 8–9) primarily to
A vigorous debate in astronomy centers on an epoch in planetary history that was first identified by analysis of rock samples obtained in lunar missions. Scientists discovered that the major craters on the Moon were created by a vigorous bombardment of debris approximately four billion years ago—the so-called late heav...	200612_2-RC_2_11	[ "the approximate duration of the LHB", "the origin of the debris involved in the LHB", "the idea that cratering decreased significantly after the LHB", "the idea that the LHB destroyed the life that existed on Earth four billion years ago", "the approximate amount of debris involved in the LHB" ]	2	The author implies that all theoretical approaches to the LHB would agree on which one of the following?
A vigorous debate in astronomy centers on an epoch in planetary history that was first identified by analysis of rock samples obtained in lunar missions. Scientists discovered that the major craters on the Moon were created by a vigorous bombardment of debris approximately four billion years ago—the so-called late heav...	200612_2-RC_2_12	[ "affected only the Moon", "was so brief that its extent had to be fairly localized", "consisted of so little debris that it was absorbed quickly by the planets in the inner solar system", "occurred more recently than four billion years ago", "may have lasted a long time, but all its debris remained within t...	1	According to the passage, the third group of scientists (line 31) believes that the LHB
A vigorous debate in astronomy centers on an epoch in planetary history that was first identified by analysis of rock samples obtained in lunar missions. Scientists discovered that the major craters on the Moon were created by a vigorous bombardment of debris approximately four billion years ago—the so-called late heav...	200612_2-RC_2_13	[ "An extensive survey of craters on Mars shows very little evidence for an increase in the intensity of projectiles striking Mars during the period from three billion to five billion years ago.", "Scientists discover another meteorite on Earth that they conclude had been knocked from the surface of the Moon during...	0	Which one of the following, if true, would lend the most support to the view that the LHB was limited to Earth and the Moon?
Specialists in international communications almost unanimously assert that the broadcasting in developing nations of television programs produced by industrialized countries amounts to cultural imperialism: the phenomenon of one culture's productions overwhelming another's, to the detriment of the flourishing of the la...	200612_2-RC_3_14	[ "determine which of two hypotheses considered by a certain discipline is correct", "discredit the evidence offered for a claim made by a particular discipline", "argue that a certain discipline should adopt a particular methodology", "examine similar methodological weaknesses in two different disciplines", ...	2	The primary purpose of the passage is to
Specialists in international communications almost unanimously assert that the broadcasting in developing nations of television programs produced by industrialized countries amounts to cultural imperialism: the phenomenon of one culture's productions overwhelming another's, to the detriment of the flourishing of the la...	200612_2-RC_3_15	[ "The author takes issue with an assertion, suggests reasons why the assertion is supported by its proponents, introduces a new view that runs counter to the assertion, and presents examples to support the new view.", "The author takes issue with an assertion, presents examples that run counter to the assertion, s...	1	Which one of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?
Specialists in international communications almost unanimously assert that the broadcasting in developing nations of television programs produced by industrialized countries amounts to cultural imperialism: the phenomenon of one culture's productions overwhelming another's, to the detriment of the flourishing of the la...	200612_2-RC_3_16	[ "Lacking such an emphasis, we cannot judge conclusively the degree to which cultural relationships can be described by an abstract model.", "Without such an emphasis, we can be confident that the dominance view asserted by communications specialists will survive the criticisms leveled against it.", "Unless they...	2	Which one of the following is the most logical continuation of the last paragraph of the passage?
Specialists in international communications almost unanimously assert that the broadcasting in developing nations of television programs produced by industrialized countries amounts to cultural imperialism: the phenomenon of one culture's productions overwhelming another's, to the detriment of the flourishing of the la...	200612_2-RC_3_17	[ "provide to international communications specialists a model of cultural relationships", "describe to international communications specialists new ways of conducting their research", "highlight the flaws in a similar study conducted by international communications specialists", "cite evidence that contradicts...	3	The author most likely discusses an anthropological study in the second paragraph primarily in order to
Specialists in international communications almost unanimously assert that the broadcasting in developing nations of television programs produced by industrialized countries amounts to cultural imperialism: the phenomenon of one culture's productions overwhelming another's, to the detriment of the flourishing of the la...	200612_2-RC_3_18	[ "They will gradually come to prefer imported television programs over domestic ones.", "They are likely someday to give up oral poetry in favor of watching television exclusively.", "They would likely watch more television if they did not have oral poetry.", "They enjoy domestic television programs mainly bec...	4	Which one of the following can most reasonably be concluded about the television viewers who were the subject of the study discussed in the second paragraph?
Specialists in international communications almost unanimously assert that the broadcasting in developing nations of television programs produced by industrialized countries amounts to cultural imperialism: the phenomenon of one culture's productions overwhelming another's, to the detriment of the flourishing of the la...	200612_2-RC_3_19	[ "the viewing habits and tastes of the people in the society", "an accurate model of how imported cultural productions influence domestic ones", "the role of the external cultural influences in the daily life of the people in the society", "shared aspects of domestic and imported productions popular with mass ...	1	According to the author, an empirical study of the effect of external cultural influences on the lives of people in a society must begin by identifying
Specialists in international communications almost unanimously assert that the broadcasting in developing nations of television programs produced by industrialized countries amounts to cultural imperialism: the phenomenon of one culture's productions overwhelming another's, to the detriment of the flourishing of the la...	200612_2-RC_3_20	[ "How does the access to imported cultural productions differ among these nations?", "What are the individual viewing habits of citizens in these nations?", "How influential are the domestic television industries in these nations?", "Do imported programs attract larger audiences than domestic ones in these nat...	0	Suppose a study is conducted that measures the amount of airtime allotted to imported television programming in the daily broadcasting schedules of several developing nations. Given the information in the passage, the results of that study would be most directly relevant to answering which one of the following question...
Computers have long been utilized in the sphere of law in the form of word processors, spreadsheets, legal research systems, and practice management systems. Most exciting, however, has been the prospect of using artificial intelligence techniques to create so-called legal reasoning systems—computer programs that can h...	200612_2-RC_4_21	[ "Attempts to model legal reasoning through computer programs have not been successful because of problems of interpreting legal discourse and identifying appropriate precedents.", "Despite signs of early promise, it is now apparent that computer programs have little value for legal professionals in their work.", ...	0	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
Computers have long been utilized in the sphere of law in the form of word processors, spreadsheets, legal research systems, and practice management systems. Most exciting, however, has been the prospect of using artificial intelligence techniques to create so-called legal reasoning systems—computer programs that can h...	200612_2-RC_4_22	[ "a general assertion supported by two specific observations", "a general assertion followed by two arguments, one of which supports and one of which refutes the general assertion", "a general assertion that entails two more specific assertions", "a theoretical assumption refuted by two specific observations",...	0	The logical relationship of lines 8–13 of the passage to lines 23–25 and 49–53 of the passage is most accurately described as
Computers have long been utilized in the sphere of law in the form of word processors, spreadsheets, legal research systems, and practice management systems. Most exciting, however, has been the prospect of using artificial intelligence techniques to create so-called legal reasoning systems—computer programs that can h...	200612_2-RC_4_23	[ "arguing that computers can fundamentally change how the processes of legal interpretation and reasoning are conducted in the future", "indicating that the law has subtle nuances that are not readily dealt with by computerized legal reasoning programs", "demonstrating that computers are approaching the point wh...	1	In the passage as a whole, the author is primarily concerned with
Computers have long been utilized in the sphere of law in the form of word processors, spreadsheets, legal research systems, and practice management systems. Most exciting, however, has been the prospect of using artificial intelligence techniques to create so-called legal reasoning systems—computer programs that can h...	200612_2-RC_4_24	[ "These systems have met the original expectations of computer specialists but have fallen short of the needs of legal practitioners.", "Progress in research on these systems has been hindered, more because not enough legal documents are accessible by computer than because theoretical problems remain unsolved.", ...	4	The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about computerized automated legal reasoning systems?
Computers have long been utilized in the sphere of law in the form of word processors, spreadsheets, legal research systems, and practice management systems. Most exciting, however, has been the prospect of using artificial intelligence techniques to create so-called legal reasoning systems—computer programs that can h...	200612_2-RC_4_25	[ "Focusing on the doctrinal nature of law is the fundamental error made by developers of automated legal systems.", "Contemporary computers do not have the required memory capability to store enough data to be effective legal reasoning systems.", "Questions of interpretation in rule-based legal reasoning systems...	3	It can be most reasonably inferred from the passage's discussion of requirements for developing effective automated legal reasoning systems that the author would agree with which one of the following statements?
Computers have long been utilized in the sphere of law in the form of word processors, spreadsheets, legal research systems, and practice management systems. Most exciting, however, has been the prospect of using artificial intelligence techniques to create so-called legal reasoning systems—computer programs that can h...	200612_2-RC_4_26	[ "The major problem in the development of these systems is how to store enough cases in their knowledge bases.", "These systems are more useful than rule systems because case-based reasoners are based on a simpler view of legal reasoning.", "Adding specific criteria for similarity among cases to existing systems...	2	Based on the passage, which one of the following can be most reasonably inferred concerning case-based reasoners?
Computers have long been utilized in the sphere of law in the form of word processors, spreadsheets, legal research systems, and practice management systems. Most exciting, however, has been the prospect of using artificial intelligence techniques to create so-called legal reasoning systems—computer programs that can h...	200612_2-RC_4_27	[ "complexity of syntax", "unavailability of relevant precedents", "intentional vagueness and adaptability", "overly narrow intent", "incompatibility with previous statutes" ]	2	Which one of the following is mentioned in the passage as an important characteristic of many statutes that frustrates the application of computerized legal reasoning systems?
Computers have long been utilized in the sphere of law in the form of word processors, spreadsheets, legal research systems, and practice management systems. Most exciting, however, has been the prospect of using artificial intelligence techniques to create so-called legal reasoning systems—computer programs that can h...	200612_2-RC_4_28	[ "substantiate the usefulness of computers in the sphere of law", "illustrate a vulnerability of rule systems in computerized legal reasoning", "isolate issues that computer systems are in principle incapable of handling", "explain how legal rules have been adapted to novel situations", "question the value o...	1	The examples of situations that are open to differing interpretations (lines 25–30) function in the passage to
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	200706_4-RC_1_1	[ "Rita Dove's work has been widely acclaimed primarily because of the lyrical elements she has introduced into her fiction.", "Rita Dove's lyric narratives present clusters of narrative detail in order to create a cumulative narrative without requiring the reader to interpret it in a linear manner.", "Working ag...	4	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	200706_4-RC_1_2	[ "A chef combines nontraditional cooking methods and traditional ingredients from disparate world cuisines to devise new recipes.", "A professor of film studies becomes a film director and succeeds, partly due to a wealth of theoretical knowledge of filmmaking.", "An actor who is also a theatrical director teams...	3	Which one of the following is most analogous to the literary achievements that the author attributes to Dove?
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	200706_4-RC_1_3	[ "poetry should not involve characters or narratives", "unlike the writing of poetry, the writing of fiction is rarely an academically serious endeavor", "graduate writing programs focus on poetry to the exclusion of fiction", "fiction is most aesthetically effective when it incorporates lyrical elements", "...	0	According to the passage, in the U.S. there is a widely held view that
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	200706_4-RC_1_4	[ "perplexity as to what could have led to the development of such a rift", "astonishment that academics have overlooked the existence of the rift", "ambivalence toward the effect the rift has had on U.S. literature", "pessimism regarding the possibility that the rift can be overcome", "disapproval of attitud...	4	The author's attitude toward the deep rift between poetry and fiction in the U.S. can be most accurately described as one of
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	200706_4-RC_1_5	[ "poets and fiction writers each tend to see their craft as superior to the others' craft", "the methods used in training graduate students in poetry are different from those used in training graduate students in other literary fields", "publishers often pressure writers to concentrate on what they do best", "...	3	In the passage the author conjectures that a cause of the deep rift between fiction and poetry in the United States may be that
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	200706_4-RC_1_6	[ "suggest that the habit of treating poetry and fiction as nonoverlapping domains is characteristic of English-speaking societies but not others", "point to an experience that reinforced Dove's conviction that poetry and fiction should not be rigidly separated", "indicate that Dove's strengths as a writer derive...	1	In the context of the passage, the author's primary purpose in mentioning Dove's experience in Germany (lines 32–36) is to
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	200706_4-RC_1_7	[ "Each of Dove's works can be classified as either primarily poetry or primarily fiction, even though it may contain elements of both.", "The aesthetic value of lyric narrative resides in its representation of a sequence of events, rather than in its ability to evoke inner states.", "The way in which Dove blends...	0	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to believe which one of the following?
For decades, there has been a deep rift between poetry and fiction in the United States, especially in academic settings; graduate writing programs in universities, for example, train students as poets or as writers of fiction, but almost never as both. Both poets and writers of fiction have tended to support this sepa...	200706_4-RC_1_8	[ "The number of writers who write both poetry and fiction will probably continue to grow.", "Because of the increased interest in mixed genres, the small market for pure lyric poetry will likely shrink even further.", "Narrative poetry will probably come to be regarded as a sub-genre of fiction.", "There will ...	0	If this passage had been excerpted from a longer text, which one of the following predictions about the near future of U.S. literature would be most likely to appear in that text?
Passage ADid music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of one...	200706_4-RC_2_9	[ "What evolutionary advantage did larger brain size confer on early hominids?", "Why do human mothers and infants engage in bonding behavior that is composed of musical elements?", "What are the evolutionary origins of the human ability to make music?", "Do the human abilities to make music and to use language...	2	Both passages were written primarily in order to answer which one of the following questions?
Passage ADid music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of one...	200706_4-RC_2_10	[ "bonding between humans", "human emotion", "neurological research", "the increasing helplessness of hominid infants", "the use of tools to produce sounds" ]	1	Each of the two passages mentions the relation of music to
Passage ADid music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of one...	200706_4-RC_2_11	[ "the increase in hominid brain size necessitated earlier births", "fewer differences than similarities exist between the neurological processing of music and human language", "brain size increased rapidly over the course of human evolution", "the capacity to produce music has great adaptive value to humans", ...	3	It can be inferred that the authors of the two passages would be most likely to disagree over whether
Passage ADid music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of one...	200706_4-RC_2_12	[ "Does it manifest itself in some form in early infancy?", "Does it affect the strength of mother-infant bonds?", "Is it at least partly a result of evolutionary increases in brain size?", "Did its evolution spur the development of new neurological systems?", "Why does it vary so greatly among different indi...	2	The authors would be most likely to agree on the answer to which one of the following questions regarding musical capacity in humans?
Passage ADid music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of one...	200706_4-RC_2_13	[ "Investigations of the evolutionary origins of human behaviors must take into account the behavior of nonhuman animals.", "All human capacities can be explained in terms of the evolutionary advantages they offer.", "The fact that a single neurological system underlies two different capacities is evidence that t...	4	Which one of the following principles underlies the arguments in both passages?
Passage ADid music and human language originate separately or together? Both systems use intonation and rhythm to communicate emotions. Both can be produced vocally or with tools, and people can produce both music and language silently to themselves. Brain imaging studies suggest that music and language are part of one...	200706_4-RC_2_14	[ "Passage A and passage B use different evidence to draw divergent conclusions.", "Passage A poses the question that passage B attempts to answer.", "Passage A proposes a hypothesis that passage B attempts to substantiate with new evidence.", "Passage A expresses a stronger commitment to its hypothesis than do...	0	Which one of the following most accurately characterizes a relationship between the two passages?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	200706_4-RC_3_15	[ "Since distribution of a document placed on a Web page is controlled by the author of that page rather than by the person who creates a link to the page, creating such a link should not be considered copyright infringement.", "Changes in copyright law in response to the development of Web pages and links are ill-...	0	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	200706_4-RC_3_16	[ "made more restrictive", "made uniform worldwide", "made to impose harsher penalties", "dutifully enforced", "more fully recognized as legitimate" ]	0	Which one of the following is closest in meaning to the term "strengthened" as that term is used in line 8 of the passage?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	200706_4-RC_3_17	[ "Such documents cannot receive adequate protection unless current copyright laws are strengthened.", "Such documents cannot be protected from unauthorized distribution without significantly diminishing the potential of the Web to be a widely used form of communication.", "The nearly instantaneous access afforde...	4	With which one of the following claims about documents placed on Web pages would the author be most likely to agree?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	200706_4-RC_3_18	[ "allowing everyone use of a public facility and restricting its use to members of the community", "outlawing the use of a drug and outlawing its sale", "prohibiting a sport and relying on participants to employ proper safety gear", "passing a new law and enforcing that law", "allowing unrestricted entry to ...	2	Based on the passage, the relationship between strengthening current copyright laws and relying on passwords to restrict access to a Web document is most analogous to the relationship between
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	200706_4-RC_3_19	[ "There are no creators of links to Web pages who are also owners of intellectual property on Web pages.", "The person who controls access to a Web page document should be considered the distributor of that document.", "Rights of privacy should not be extended to owners of intellectual property placed on the Web...	1	The passage most strongly implies which one of the following?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	200706_4-RC_3_20	[ "Such messages are carried by an electronic medium of communication.", "Such messages are not legally protected against unauthorized distribution.", "Transmission of such messages is virtually instantaneous.", "People do not usually care whether or not others might record such messages.", "Such messages hav...	4	According to the passage, which one of the following features of outgoing messages left on telephone answering machines is most relevant to the debate concerning copyright infringement?
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	200706_4-RC_3_21	[ "compare and contrast the legal problems created by two different sorts of electronic media", "provide an analogy to illustrate the positions taken by each of the two sides in the copyright debate", "show that the legal problems produced by new communication technology are not themselves new", "illustrate the...	3	The author's discussion of telephone answering machines serves primarily to
The World Wide Web, a network of electronically produced and interconnected (or "linked" ) sites, called pages, that are accessible via personal computer, raises legal issues about the rights of owners of intellectual property, notably those who create documents for inclusion on Web pages. Some of these owners of intel...	200706_4-RC_3_22	[ "allow completely unrestricted use of any document placed by its author on a Web page", "allow those who establish links to a document on a Web page to control its distribution to others", "prohibit anyone but the author of a document from making a profit from the document's distribution", "allow the author o...	3	According to the passage, present copyright laws
In tracing the changing face of the Irish landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily on evidence from historical documents. However, such documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many of the r...	200706_4-RC_4_23	[ "Analysis of fossilized pollen is a useful means of supplementing and in some cases correcting other sources of information regarding changes in the Irish landscape.", "Analyses of historical documents, together with pollen evidence, have led to the revision of some previously accepted hypotheses regarding change...	0	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
In tracing the changing face of the Irish landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily on evidence from historical documents. However, such documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many of the r...	200706_4-RC_4_24	[ "The moldboard plough was introduced into Ireland in the seventh century.", "In certain parts of County Down, cereal grains were not cultivated to any significant extent before the seventh century.", "In certain parts of Ireland, cereal grains have been cultivated continuously since the introduction of the mold...	1	The passage indicates that pollen analyses have provided evidence against which one of the following views?
In tracing the changing face of the Irish landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily on evidence from historical documents. However, such documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many of the r...	200706_4-RC_4_25	[ "documented results of analyses of fossilized pollen", "the kinds and quantities of fossilized pollen grains preserved in peats and lake muds", "written and pictorial descriptions by current historians of the events and landscapes of past centuries", "government and commercial records, maps, and similar docum...	3	The phrase "documentary record" (lines 20 and 37) primarily refers to
In tracing the changing face of the Irish landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily on evidence from historical documents. However, such documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many of the r...	200706_4-RC_4_26	[ "The Irish landscape had experienced significant flooding during the seventeenth century.", "Cereal grain was not cultivated anywhere in Ireland until at least the seventh century.", "The history of the Irish landscape during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was well documented.", "Madder was not used ...	4	The passage indicates that prior to the use of pollen analysis in the study of the history of the Irish landscape, at least some historians believed which one of the following?
In tracing the changing face of the Irish landscape, scholars have traditionally relied primarily on evidence from historical documents. However, such documentary sources provide a fragmentary record at best. Reliable accounts are very scarce for many parts of Ireland prior to the seventeenth century, and many of the r...	200706_4-RC_4_27	[ "The second paragraph proposes a hypothesis for which the final paragraph offers a supporting example.", "The final paragraph describes a problem that must be solved before the method advocated in the second paragraph can be considered viable.", "The final paragraph qualifies the claim made in the second paragr...	2	Which one of the following most accurately describes the relationship between the second paragraph and the final paragraph?

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